query: when did the english come to south africa

pos: History of South Africa effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. Much later, in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave Great Britain. Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth. British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers,

pos: South African English 1904, and brought with them a diverse variety of English dialects. These last two waves did not have as large of an influence on South African English (SAE), for "the seeds of development were already sown in 1820". However, the Natal wave brought nostalgia for British customs and helped to define the idea of a "standard" variety that resembled Southern British English. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, English and Dutch were the official state languages, although Afrikaans effectively replaced Dutch in 1925. After 1994, nine other languages from the Bantu subfamily of Niger Kordorfanian languages

neg: Avery Brundage had come around to the position that South Africa's racist policies were inconsistent with the ideals of the Olympic movement. At the 1963 IOC session in Baden-Baden (moved there from Nairobi when Kenyan officials refused to issue visas to South African representatives), the IOC voted to suspend South Africa from the Olympics unless its NOC and government adopted non-discrimination policies regarding Olympic selection. This did not come to pass, and South Africa did not participate in 1964. In 1968, Brundage and the IOC invited a South African team (supposedly to be multiracial) to the Mexico City Games, but under a

neg: Derrick Robins Africa from 1971 to 1981 article. He also took first-class teams to Sri Lanka in 1977–78 and New Zealand in 1979–80. He died in South Africa at the age of 89. Derrick Robins Derrick Harold Robins (27 June 1914 – 3 May 2004), often known as D. H. Robins, was an English cricketer and sports promoter, at one time chairman of Coventry City Football Club. He was born in Bexleyheath, Kent. Robins played two matches for Warwickshire in 1947, but did little and never played county cricket again. Extraordinarily, his third first-class appearance would come 22 years later, when he

neg: Graham Onions the way he bowled in South Africa, where he was unlucky not to take more wickets than he did. He bowled really well there, and I was expecting him come to these conditions and bowl well here as well." The injury prevented Onions from playing most of the English cricket season. He also underwent surgery on his left knee to repair cartilage. Speaking of his disappointment at not being able to play for England, Onions said "The last few months have been massively frustrating. When you've had a place in the team for a while and you lose it it's

neg: Albert Rose-Innes Albert Rose-Innes Albert Rose-Innes (16 February 1868 in Port Elizabeth, South Africa – 22 November 1946 in East London, South Africa), was a South African cricketer. His first-class cricket career began at the same time that South Africa’s did, in 1889, with the first representative match between England and South Africa to be accorded Test status. Prior to this, Rose-Innes would have taken part in recreational matches between teams of unequal numbers or between teams with more than eleven players. But when R.G. Warton brought an English side to South Africa and played the hosts at Port Elizabeth on level

neg: South Africa national cricket team the case with all early matches involving the erstwhile 'South African XI' against all touring teams, did not receive the status of official 'Test' matches until South Africa formed the Imperial Cricket Conference with England and Australia in 1906. Neither did the touring English team organized by Major Warton even claim to be representing the English cricket team; the matches were marketed as 'Major Warton's XI' v/s 'South African XI' instead. Even the players who participated did not know that they had played international cricket, and the side that played South Africa was regarded to be of weak county strength.

neg: British diaspora in Africa British diaspora in Africa The British diaspora in Africa is a population group broadly defined as English-speaking white Africans of mainly (but not only) British descent who live in or come from Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority live in South Africa and other Southern African countries including Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), Namibia (South West Africa), Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate), Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Lesotho (Basutoland) and Swaziland (Formerly under British rule). There are also sizable numbers in Kenya (Kenya Colony), Nigeria (British Nigeria) and Ghana (Gold Coast Colony). Their first language is usually English. The majority of white Africans who speak English as a

neg: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 the English Test selectors being accused of pandering to the racist regime in South Africa. Then, when a vacancy became available through another player dropping out, D'Oliveira was selected in his place. But South African Prime Minister John Vorster opposed his selection, saying that it was not a team of the Marylebone Cricket Club, but of the Anti-Apartheid Movement. England did not tour. However, Australia did tour in 1969/70, with the Proteas whitewashing them 4-0, making them unofficial world champions of the sport. They did not play another official Test match for 22 years. Their tour to England was called

neg: Jack Bannister Sunday League games until 1999, and had a full role at the BBC's coverage of the 1999 Cricket World Cup. In later life, he provided commentary on and summaries of England international cricket matches on talkSPORT. During the 1995 South Africa vs England test match series in South Africa, he promised he would eat a newspaper if South Africa won. He eventually did, when South Africa won. For many years he wrote the highly regarded cricket column in the Birmingham Post Jack Bannister John David "Jack" Bannister (23 August 1930 – 23 January 2016) was an English cricket commentator and

neg: Salisbury Sports Club tournament in 1970 to be racially homogenous, this also applied to visiting squads. The South African government provoked overseas ire in 1968 when it refused entry to the England cricket team because its proposed tour party included Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured. Amid the ensuing scandal, Marylebone Cricket Club (which then governed English cricket) called off the tour. Two years later, a tour of England by the South Africa cricket team was cancelled by the English Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) at a week's notice following public protests and immense pressure from the UK government. South Africa did not play another official

neg: Ferdie Aston Aston captained South Africa again on 29 August against the British Isles in Kimberley, which South Africa also lost, three points to nine. He did not skipper the final game on 5 September in Cape Town at Newlands, though South Africa won this game, five to nil. He did not play for South Africa again after the tour. Aston died in 1926. Ferdie Aston Fitzmaurice "Ferdie" Thomas Drake Aston (18 September 1871 – 15 October 1926) was an English-born South African rugby union player. He was capped four times for South Africa, captaining them in three Tests. Aston made his

neg: English cricket team in South Africa in 1898–99 captained by Murray Bisset. Hawke's team was generally average in quality and nothing like a full-strength England team, but it did include three of the best players of the time in Schofield Haigh, Johnny Tyldesley and Albert Trott, although Trott's previous Test cricket had been for Australia. English cricket team in South Africa in 1898–99 An English cricket team, organised and led by Lord Hawke, toured South Africa from December 1898 to April 1899. The team played two matches against the South Africa national cricket team which were retrospectively awarded Test status. There is uncertainty about the status of South

neg: Willem Alberts whitewash. However, his exploits were not enough and the Boks lost the game. His third cap came the following weekend against England at Twickenham. Alberts would come onto the field once more in the number 19 jersey and would score another try, this time in the corner which buried the English side and Alberts was branded "Super Sub". Willem Alberts made his run on debut against the Barbarians at Twickenham in the unfamiliar open side flanker berth. Although he did not score a try the test did not count as an official cap and Alberts returned to South Africa with

neg: Martinus Theunis Steyn lay a formal protest against the proclamation of sir Theophilus Shepstone that there will come an end to the South African Republic. Steyn and Vels did preparatory studies under W.F.P. Enklaar and Dr. B. Wisselink at the Gymnasium in Deventer. In September 1879 they would have written their admission exams for the Leiden University, however, they decided to move to England. This decision was made as they needed an English certificate and training to be allowed to practice law in South Africa. Steyn wrote his admission exam in January 1880 for the Inner Temple in London. Steyn was called to

neg: Puff Johnson soundtrack and appeared on his album "Me Against The World". In 1997, Johnson toured Europe as an opening act for Michael Jackson and 3T. She did not release any further material and slipped out of the limelight. However, she was listed as a co-writer of three tracks of the 2005 album "A Change Is Gonna Come" by U.S. singer Leela James ("Good Time", "When You Love Somebody", and "Prayer"). Johnson lived in South Africa beginning in January 2009, following her concert in Johannesburg. She attributed her decision to relocate to South Africa to the friendly and warm people that she

neg: South African Border War failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of the indigenous inhabitants of South West Africa, and had thus disavowed its own mandate. The UN thereby assumed that the mandate was terminated, which meant South Africa had no further right to administer the territory, and that henceforth South West Africa would come under the direct responsibility of the General Assembly. The post of United Nations Commissioner for South West Africa was created, as well as an ad hoc council, to recommend practical means for local administration. South Africa maintained it did not recognise the jurisdiction of the

neg: NJ Oosthuizen his first start in the semi-final, as South Africa faced three-time champions England. However, the hosts proving too strong for South Africa, knocking them out of the competition with a 39–17 victory. He was again named on the bench against Argentina in the third-place play-off final, but failed to come on as Argentina beat South Africa – as they did in the pool stages – convincingly winning 49–19 and in the process condemning South Africa to fourth place in the competition. NJ Oosthuizen Nicolaas Jacobus Oosthuizen (born 19 November 1996 in George, South Africa) is a South African rugby union

neg: Charles Coventry (British Army officer) is, a county without first-class status. He was described as "a fair bat with a free style who can hit hard". When the English tour to South Africa in 1888-89 was being put together, because the South Africans were considered weak, weaker players were selected for the English team. Coventry was one of those players selected. England still won the two games against representative South African sides easily, though Coventry did not feature greatly in either game: he batted at number 10 and did not bowl. Coventry played no first-class cricket other than in those two Tests. Coventry married, in

neg: Angola–South Africa relations had taken control of 60% of the country. Savimbi called the situation UNITA's "deepest crisis" since its creation. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on November 15, 1994 to boost support symbolically for the Lusaka Protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. Savimbi met with South African President Nelson Mandela in May. Shortly after, on June 18, the MPLA offered Savimbi the position of Vice President under dos Santos with another Vice

neg: Gubby Allen then under apartheid. The South African government did not want D'Oliveira, himself South African-born, in the England team because of his colour. The MCC were aware that there was opposition to a tour taking place, and that D'Oliveira's place in the team would be an issue, but wanted the tour to go ahead. The Shadow Foreign Secretary and former MCC President Sir Alec Douglas-Home visited South Africa in January 1968 and met the South African Prime Minister B. J. Vorster, who privately did not want D'Oliveira to come to South Africa under any circumstances. Vorster suggested to Douglas-Home that the

neg: South Africa national rugby league team South Africa national rugby league team The South Africa national rugby league team are a rugby league football team that represents South Africa. South Africa to date have competed at two Rugby League World Cups in 1995 and 2000 but have failed to win a game in the competition. Rugby league was originally introduced to South Africa in the 1950s with the staging of several series tournaments within the country that saw fixtures between the English and the French however this concept failed to generate the needed interest and was not upheld. The South Africans did not see further international

neg: South African English African English dictionary, "The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary." Subsequent editions of this dictionary have tried to take a "broad editorial approach" in including vocabulary terms native to South Africa, though the extent of this inclusion has been contested. Rhodes University (South Africa) and Oxford University (Great Britain) worked together to produced the 1978 "Dictionary of South African English," which adopted a more conservative approach in its inclusion of terms. This dictionary did include, for the first time, what the dictionary writers deemed "the jargon of townships", or vocabulary terms found in Black journalism and literary circles. Dictionaries specializing in

neg: English cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05 English cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05 The England cricket team toured South Africa in 2004–05. England won the five-Test series 2–1, achieving their first series win in South Africa for 40 years, when MJK Smith's side were victorious in 1964–65; however, South Africa won the seven-match ODI series 4–1, one match finishing as a tie and the other as "no result". The Test series saw the awarding of the inaugural Basil D'Oliveira Trophy, named for the South Africa-born England cricketer Basil D'Oliveira. England went into the series having won all seven Test matches they played during the English

neg: National Party (South Africa) Africa between the pro-republican NP and the anti-republican UP (under Strauss). What it meant was that, even if South Africa did become a republic, it did not automatically have to sever all of its ties with the UK and the British Commonwealth. This gained the movement further support from the English-speaking populace, which was less worried about being isolated; and the republican ideal looked closer than ever to being fulfilled. Although he could not yet make South Africa a republic, Malan could prepare the country for this eventuality. In his term of office, from 1948 to 1954, Malan took a

neg: J. M. Coetzee Coetzee said that "I did not so much leave South Africa, a country with which I retain strong emotional ties, but come to Australia. I came because from the time of my first visit in 1991, I was attracted by the free and generous spirit of the people, by the beauty of the land itself and – when I first saw Adelaide – by the grace of the city that I now have the honour of calling my home." When he initially moved to Australia, he had cited the South African government's lax attitude to crime in that country as

neg: History of antisemitism the right to practice different faiths. These sentiments go as far back to the first President of the United States, George Washington, when he asserted his belief of religious inclusion. Rubinstein believes that though instances of antisemitism definitely existed in Britain and America, the moderation of antisemitism was limited in English-Speaking countries largely because of political and social ideologies that come with a constitutional government. While English-speaking countries usually points towards the United States and Britain, antisemitism was also low in other English-speaking countries such as Canada, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. Australia has had a historically bright outlook

neg: Cricket in South Africa to South Africa. The ICC reinstated South Africa as a Test nation in 1991 after the deconstruction of apartheid, and the team played its first sanctioned match since 1970 (and its first ever One-Day International) against India in Calcutta on 10 November 1991. Cricket was traditionally popular among English-speaking whites, and the Asian/Indian community, though the latter were not able to compete in top level South African cricket in the Apartheid era. Since the end of the Apartheid era a higher proportion of white players have come from Afrikaans-speaking backgrounds like Lance Klusener, Kepler Wessels, Hansie Cronje, Allan Donald, Boeta

neg: White Africans of European ancestry as well as South Africa. Those Germans who migrated to South West Africa retained German culture, religion, and even language, while those in South Africa often had to learn English or Afrikaans as a first language and adopt another culture. Unlike other Europeans in Africa, when many African states gained independence, the Germans (along with the English and Dutch/Afrikaners) stayed in Southern Africa because they retained political dominance (now being a mandate under South African control). The country was administered as a province of South Africa during the apartheid era (though South African rule was not widely recognized internationally.) German

neg: Metamorfoz in Europe, Asia, Japan, North America, South America, Australia. Tarkan's last Turkish language album was "Dudu", in 2003. His first English language work, "Come Closer" did not bring satisfactory results when compared to the sales of his previous albums. It did not even reach gold sales, according to the list published by MÜ-YAP (Turkish Phonographic Institute). After the failure of "Come Closer" Tarkan decided to release a new, Turkish album and in the beginning of 2007 he declared that he was working on new songs. However, release dates were continuously being postponed. The Turkish daily "Hürriyet" reported that the album

neg: Languages of South Africa Languages of South Africa There are eleven official languages of South Africa: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, SiSwati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. Fewer than two percent of South Africans speak a first language other than an official one. Most South Africans can speak more than one language. Dutch and English were the first official languages of South Africa from 1910 to 1925. Afrikaans was added as a part of Dutch in 1925, although in practice, Afrikaans effectively replaced Dutch, which fell into disuse. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, the official relationship changed such that

neg: German language in Namibia and 1920 about half of the Germans were transferred out of the country. In 1920 Dutch (later to be superseded by Afrikaans) and English replaced German as the official languages of the country. The German-speaking population wished German to be reinstated as an official language and in 1932 the Treaty of Cape Town encouraged South Africa to do so. It was hoped that this would throw a spanner in the works against South Africa annexing South West Africa into the Union of South Africa. South Africa did not officially recognise German; however, de facto German was added to Afrikaans and

neg: West Indian cricket team in England in 1988 next match, against Sri Lanka at Lord's later in 1988, in which he achieved his first victory as captain. England did not tour that winter - in large part due to India's objection to Gooch as England captain thanks to his participation in the 1981 rebel tour of South Africa (for which he had served a three-year ban), and due to other English players having played club cricket in South Africa. Exceptions might have been made for the rank and file players (as indeed they had been for Gooch, when India raised no objection to his representing England in the

neg: Military history of Canada in favour of raising 8,000 troops for service in South Africa. English Canadian opinion was also overwhelmingly in favour of active Canadian participation in the war. However, French Canadians almost universally opposed the war, as did several other groups. This split the governing Liberal Party deeply, as it relied on both pro-imperial Anglo-Canadians and anti-imperial Franco-Canadians for support. Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier was a man of compromise. When deciding to send soldiers to South Africa, Laurier was worried about conflict between Anglo- and Franco-Canadians on the home front. Intimidated by his imperial cabinet, Laurier initially sent 1,000 soldiers of

neg: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid South Africa with the All Blacks, and the tour was cancelled. New Zealand made a decision not to convey an authorised rugby team to South Africa again. B. J. Vorster took Verwoerd's place as PM in 1966 and declared that South Africa would no longer dictate to other countries what their teams should look like. Although this reopened the gate for sporting meets, it did not signal the end of South Africa's racist sporting policies. In 1968, Vorster went against his policy by refusing to permit Basil D'Oliveira, a Coloured South African-born cricketer, to join the English cricket team on

neg: Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries incarceration. According to Michelle Alexander, the United States "imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid". The black imprisonment rate of South Africa could not have come close to today’s American rate simply due to limited room. Notably, there’s something of an international theme in countries comparing themselves to apartheid South Africa. There were instances where Australian journalists were drawing the same contrast relative to rates of imprisonment in their country. In the Huffington Post piece "Mass Incarceration's Failure", attorney Antonio Moore states "The incarceration rate for young black men ages

neg: Hyron Andrews was used as a replacement in their 40–8 win against Samoa and their 46–13 win over Australia to help South Africa finish top of Pool B to qualify for the semi-finals with the best record pool stage of all the teams in the competition. He was named on the bench for their semi-final match against England, but did not come on as South Africa lost 20–28 to be eliminated from the competition by England for the second year in succession. He also didn't feature in their third-place play-off match against France, which South Africa won 31–18 to secure third place

neg: English cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05 summer, demolishing the West Indies and New Zealand. English cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05 The England cricket team toured South Africa in 2004–05. England won the five-Test series 2–1, achieving their first series win in South Africa for 40 years, when MJK Smith's side were victorious in 1964–65; however, South Africa won the seven-match ODI series 4–1, one match finishing as a tie and the other as "no result". The Test series saw the awarding of the inaugural Basil D'Oliveira Trophy, named for the South Africa-born England cricketer Basil D'Oliveira. England went into the series having won all

neg:
History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries with the territory finally achieving independence as the Republic of Namibia in 1990. As a result, when the Lions played South-West Africa in 1968, 1974 and 1980 they were technically playing an independent nation that should have been called Namibia, but a nation that was yet to come into existence.
see:
1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
1962 British Lions tour to South Africa
1968 British Lions tour to South Africa
1974 British Lions tour to South Africa
1980 British Lions tour to South Africa The British and Irish Lions have made three official non-tour appearances, all of which

neg: Clarence Gamble the YWCA and similar organizations internationally for 30 years when Clarence met her in Hawaii in 1954 and asked her to go to Africa and South America. Clarence and his fieldworkers adapted written materials and tailored their social interactions to local culture. In Puerto Rico, mothers were happy to have a visiting nurse come into their homes. In Hong Kong, this was not acceptable. In Sri Lanka, in 1954, a woman did not walk the streets alone; Margaret Roots made sure that another woman accompanied her when she went out or when she visited a male authority. Always, Clarence advocated

neg: Paralegal South African School of Paralegals, Intec College Diploma in Paralegal, South African Law School Qualification in Paralegal, Damelin College Paralegal, Boston City Campus Paralegal certificate. Salaries range from R60,000 to R450,000 per year depending on experience. Newly established law firms in South Africa are likely to hire qualified Paralegals with 3 year qualification in Legal Studies to provide Legal assistance. Though the South African Law Society and The Minister of Justice do want to come with regulation to guide paralegals in South Africa just like Canada and the USA, many practicing attorneys and Advocates did disprove in many instances however

neg: Come Dine with Me South Africa The show then returned to BBC Brit for a fourth season in 2018. Come Dine with Me South Africa Come Dine With Me South Africa is a television series that made its debut on BBC Entertainment in South Africa in October 2011. The series is produced by Rapid Blue, proved to be a success attracting over 100,000 viewers per premiere episode and reaching more than 2.5 million DStv viewers overall. "Come Dine With Me South Afric"a follows four strangers as they visit one another’s homes for dinner and attempt to outwit and impress fellow guests with their culinary and hospitality

neg: Come Dine with Me South Africa Come Dine with Me South Africa Come Dine With Me South Africa is a television series that made its debut on BBC Entertainment in South Africa in October 2011. The series is produced by Rapid Blue, proved to be a success attracting over 100,000 viewers per premiere episode and reaching more than 2.5 million DStv viewers overall. "Come Dine With Me South Afric"a follows four strangers as they visit one another’s homes for dinner and attempt to outwit and impress fellow guests with their culinary and hospitality skills in a bid to win a cash prize and Pick n Pay

neg: Blayney Hamilton match against South Africa a few days after the I Zingari match, one match against the MCC in 1895, and matches against the MCC and I Zingari in 1896. He again took ten wickets in a match against the MCC in the 1896 match. He did come back to the Irish team on two occasions however, playing against South Africa in June 1901 after an almost five-year absence from the team, and again against South Africa in August 1907 after a more than six-year gap. His final match for Ireland was also his only first-class match. In all matches for

neg: Miriam Makeba "When Afrikaaners sing in my language, then I will sing theirs." English was seen as the language of political resistance by black South Africans due to the educational barriers they faced under apartheid; the Manhattan Brothers, with whom Makeba had sung in Sophiatown, had been prohibited from recording in English. Her songs in African languages have been described as reaffirming black pride. Makeba said that she did not perform political music, but music about her personal life in South Africa, which included describing the pain she felt living under apartheid. She once stated "people say I sing politics, but what

neg: British diaspora in Africa term "Anglo-African" has been used historically to describe people living in the British Empire in Africa, although it has also been used to self-identify by people of mixed British and indigenous African ancestry. "The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketch-Book" published in London in 1905 contains details of prominent British and Afrikaner people in Africa at that time. British diaspora in Africa The British diaspora in Africa is a population group broadly defined as English-speaking white Africans of mainly (but not only) British descent who live in or come from Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority live in South Africa and other

neg: Kwaito where several Kwaito clothing lines have emerged including Stoned Cherrie and Black Coffee Label. When Kwaito first emerged in the early 1990s, "the look" was based around street threads and floppy Kangol hats. Today it is a blend of black urban style and modern influences. Though there is a fear of gimmicky marketing and loss of authenticity in the Kwaito music industry, this will not occur so long as the industry remains controlled by the South African youth. Kwaito did come from the first black owned record companies in South Africa. The music will continue to be profitable to the

neg: John Fairbairn (educator) on Prince Edward Island and claimed the islands for South Africa. The meteorological station is known as Fairbairn Settlement and is on Transvaal Cove. In 2007, Fairbairn's great great great granddaughter, Tessa Fairbairn, was awarded the Order of Simon of Cyrene. She was the head of St. Cyprian's School, a progressive girls’ boarding and day school in Cape Town, South Africa for 17 years. “Few men could have lived lives as full of worthwhile activity as John Fairbairn did. Few men could have got so little recognition from history”. When an English-medium co-educational high school was established in Goodwood, Cape

neg: Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948) Hertzog, citing that he did not view his job as party-political in its nature. Hertzog allowed him to stay on, even when Hofmeyr appointed an Englishman as Director of Education in the Transvaal while Nationalists were urging him in the strongest terms to appoint an Afrikaner. It was a time when language policy was shaping the political landscape in South Africa. The Nationalist platform was to elevate Afrikaans and Afrikaners as a political force, with the eventual desire of creating a South African republic; while the South African Party wanted to create a "fusion government", which meant unifying English speaking

neg: History of cricket in South Africa to 1918 cricket was itself officially defined by MCC and the leading English counties in December 1894. The first match at Port Elizabeth is, therefore, both the inaugural Test played by South Africa and the inaugural first-class match played in South Africa. The tour was successful, although it did not achieve a financial profit, in that it introduced South Africa to international cricket and provided the domestic game with a huge stimulus. This was underwritten by tour sponsor Sir Donald Currie, founder of the Castle Shipping Line, who donated a trophy for the domestic champions. This was the Currie Cup, first awarded

neg: German Namibians opportunity of acquiring citizenship. At the start of World War II, South Africa aligned itself to the English by a slim majority, although the country did not intervene in the war. In 1939 those in Southwest Africa of German origin were put under house or farm arrest and then in 1940 transferred to South Africa to be interned in camps, where they would remain until 1946. From 1942 their British citizenship, afforded to them in 1923, was revoked. The Apartheid policy of South Africa came under increasing criticism and resulted in the founding and strengthening of the black resistance movement,

neg: Hydraulic fracturing in South Africa dykes intruding into targeted shale, which makes accessing the natural gas much more difficult and uncertain. While commercial interest did not come until 2008, oil companies have seen potential in the Karoo since the 1960s, when companies found “gas-bearing geological formations” in the area. However, because the formations were deep underground and technology was not advanced enough to pursue such interests, commercial interest did not follow until recent times. The first application for energy exploration in the Karoo came in 2008 from Bundu Oil and Gas, but was not approved. The next application from Royal Dutch Shell came in 2011,

neg: Science and technology in Ivory Coast Senegal (est. 2013), South Africa (est. 2003) and Tanzania (est. 2014). The one in Senegal teaches in both English and French. Each institute provides academic programmes in basic and applied mathematics, including cosmology, finance and computing, as well as interdisciplinary fields like bioinformatics. Each also provides community services. The first institute was the brainchild of South African cosmologist Neil Turok. It is planned to develop 15 centres of excellence across Africa by 2023 within the Next Einstein Initiative, a name inspired by the idea that the next Einstein could come from Africa. The project is supported by numerous governments in

neg: Science and technology in Benin situated in Cameroon (est. 2013), Ghana (est. 2012), Senegal (est. 2013), South Africa (est. 2003) and Tanzania (est. 2014). The one in Senegal teaches in both English and French. Each institute provides academic programmes in basic and applied mathematics, including cosmology, finance and computing, as well as interdisciplinary fields like bioinformatics. Each also provides community services. The first institute was the brainchild of South African cosmologist Neil Turok. It is planned to develop 15 centres of excellence across Africa by 2023 within the Next Einstein Initiative, a name inspired by the idea that the next Einstein could come from Africa.

neg: Sherry Chen (politician) Sherry Chen (politician) Sherry Chen () is a South African businesswoman and member of Parliament. Chen immigrated to South Africa in 1981, first working at a textile factory as an English secretary for a Taiwanese firm that later went bankrupt. She then did odd jobs for a while before getting a job at a travel agency. Chen eventually went on to found four highly successful companies involved in a myriad of different commercial activities. Chen became involved in politics in 1994 through her activities with the Chinese community in South Africa. Due to business commitments she did not run for

neg: English cricket team in South Africa in 1895–96 substantial margins. Tim O'Brien captained England in the first Test, although Hawke was playing, and Hawke was captain in the second and third Tests. The South African teams were captained by Ernest Halliwell (first two Tests) and Alfred Richards (third Test). Hawke's team was generally average in quality and nothing like a full-strength England team, but it did include four of the best players of the time in Tom Hayward, C. B. Fry, George Lohmann and Sammy Woods. England won the Test series 3-0. English cricket team in South Africa in 1895–96 An English cricket team, organised and led by

neg: South Africa A cricket team away against other national A teams, and competed against other first-class opposition. Their first tour was to Zimbabwe in 1994–95, when they played three first-class matches and three one-day matches, including one match against Zimbabwe A. They played their first Twenty20 in November 2009, facing an England XI as part of the English tour of South Africa. South Africa A cricket team The South Africa A cricket team is a national cricket team representing South Africa. It is the 'second-tier' of international South African cricket, below the full South Africa national cricket team. Matches played by South Africa A are

neg: White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa writers to come to terms with the South African landscape and their tenuous place within it. The seven essays concern a wide range of works written in both English and Afrikaans, including the nineteenth-century travel writing of William Burchell, which compares the landscapes of England and South Africa, always to the latter's detriment, is discussed in relation to subsequent engagements by Thomas Pringle, WEG Louw, WC Scully and Roy Campbell. In addition to landscape, land ownership and pastoralist ideologies, the studies address the versions of race developed, implicitly or explicitly, in writings by authors as diverse as Pauline Smith, Mikro,

neg: Aubrey Faulkner form into his next series, against Australia in Australia in 1910/11. In the five Test series, Faulkner scored 732 runs at 73.20, including a highest score of 204 in the second Test at Melbourne and took 10 wickets at 51.40. Following the Australian tour, Faulkner married and moved to England, settling in Nottingham, with the intention of playing county cricket. However this did not come to be and Faulkner instead limited his appearances to South African matches in England and the occasional festival match. He never played in South Africa again. South Africa toured England again in 1912 for the

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa The First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa made changes related to the oath of office of the Acting President and to the jurisdiction of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It was enacted by the Parliament of South Africa, and signed by President Mandela on 28 August 1997. However it was deemed to come into effect retroactively, from 4 February 1997, the date when the constitution itself came into force. The Act made three technical modifications to the Constitution: This last change allowed the TRC to deal with various violent events,

neg: Namibia–South Africa relations Namibia–South Africa relations Namibia–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Namibia and South Africa. South Africa conquered the area now known as Namibia from Germany during World War I and occupied it until 1990, when it gained independence. During those 75 years, thousands of South Africans settled in Namibia and South Africa treated the area as an internal province rather than occupied foreign entity, imposing apartheid laws in Namibia as it did in South Africa. Although Pretoria's power has receded in the last decades, the relation is still hierarchical. South Africa conquered and occupied what was

neg: Rugby league in South Africa The first attempted expansion of the code into South Africa was primarily put together by the English and encouraged by the French for the purpose of expanding the game into new nations, that would inevitably bring more tests to the English and French shores, ensuring a lucrative future. At least, that was the plan; however it was not to be, the South African public did not take to the sport and the expansion plans were stopped prematurely causing a third scheduled match in London to not be played. The second attempted expansion was a strange double act in the 1960s

neg: The Story of My Experiments with Truth racial discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi became known among Indians all around the world as "Mahatma," or "Great Soul." In South Africa with the Family, the Boer War, Bombay and South Africa Again. In 1896, Gandhi made a brief return to India and returned with his wife and children. In India, he published another pamphlet, known as the Green Pamphlet, on the plight of Indians in South Africa. For the first time, Gandhi realized that Indians had come to admire his work greatly and experienced a taste of his own popularity among the people, when he visited Madras, an Indian

neg: Rose Zwi Rose Zwi Rose Zwi (born 8 May 1928) is a Mexican-born South African-Australian writer best known for her work about the immigrants in South Africa. Born in Oaxaca, Mexico, to Jewish refugees from Lithuania, her family moved to South Africa when she was a young girl. In 1967 Zwi graduated from the University of Witwatersrand (Johannesburg) with a BA (Hons) in English Literature. Zwi lived briefly in Israel, but returned to South Africa until 1988 when she relocated to Australia. She became an Australian citizen in 1992 and now lives in Sydney, New South Wales. "Another Year in Africa" is

neg: 1906–07 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe the South African threat. As one commentator wrote, "There was nothing in the South African's play to forbid Welsh hopes of repeating their success of last season...", harking back to Wales' famous victory over the All Blacks. When a Glamorgan XV team, which contained many Welsh caps that were to face South Africa, could only manage a drew against Gloucester, it caused some people to re-think the team's chances of winning. This caused an outcry for Welsh star, Gwyn Nicholls, to come out of international retirement to face South Africa. Even the South African players' voiced their disappointment at not

neg: Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa The Standard Encyclopædia of Southern Africa (SESA) is a 12-volume encyclopaedia that is principally about the Republic of South Africa and nearby countries. About 1400 people contributed to the encyclopaedia. The first two volumes were published in August 1970; the 12th and final volume was published in September 1976. Originally, "SESA" was to be written in Afrikaans, to focus entirely on South Africa, and to be published in six volumes. However, not only did this significantly limit the target market, many of the encyclopaedia's writers submitted their copy in English. The publishers decided to prioritise

neg: Matthew Vandrau Matthew Vandrau Matthew James Vandrau (born 22 July 1969) is a retired English-born South African-raised cricketer. Having moved to South Africa at an early age, he first appeared in first-class cricket playing for Transvaal in 1990. He moved to England in 1993 to play for Derbyshire in two stints between 1993 and 1997. These were separated by Transvaal's entry into the UCB Bowl, a competition in which Vandrau participated yearly between 1994, when his Transvaal team shared the trophy with Western Province after a draw, despite Vandrau's absence from the team, and 1995, when they did not progress beyond the

neg: Michelle Toro x 100 m freestyle relay heats, with the team swimming the third fastest time. She then had to make way for teenage star Penelope Oleksiak in the final, where Oleksiak helped anchor the team to the bronze medal. In an interview after the event, Williams said "we've come a long way, this group of us. It's our medal and it's our medal for Canada, it's just so amazing." Williams was born in Pretoria, South Africa and speaks fluent Afrikaans alongside English, she often goes back to South Africa to visit her family in Jeffreys Bay. In December 2016, shortly after

neg: South Africa women's national cricket team record by opponent South Africa women's national cricket team record by opponent The South Africa women's national cricket team has represented South Africa in international women's cricket since 1960, when they hosted England, contesting four Test matches. Their next officially recognised series was against New Zealand, more than eleven years later. In 1977, they were excluded from competing in international sporting events, when the Commonwealth of Nations signed the Gleneagles Agreement as part of the international campaign against apartheid. Although the men's national team returned to international cricket in 1991, the women's team did not compete again until 1997, when they toured Ireland

neg: Postal orders of South Africa known to have been issued as late as 1972. It is not yet known when the issue of British postal orders ceased in South Africa. Postal orders of South Africa Postal orders were issued in South Africa from 31 May 1910. South Africa issued both its own postal orders and British postal orders. South Africa began issuing its own postal orders some time during 1933. They are denominated in both Afrikaans and English. It is not yet known what the smallest denomination is in the pre-decimal issue, but after the change over to decimal currency on 14 February 1961, there

neg: British and Irish Lions rugby bodies, established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere. Three years after the first tour, the Western Province union invited rugby bodies in Britain to tour South Africa. Some saw the 1891 team – the first sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union – as the English national team, though others referred to it as "the British Isles". The tourists played a total of twenty matches, three of them tests. The team also played the regional side of South Africa (South Africa did not exist as a political unit in 1891), winning all three matches.

neg: Arthur Lennox Ochse 1927–28, when an English team toured, he was picked for a South African XI in a non-Test first-class match against the touring team and took three wickets. That performance did not get him into the Test team, but when Eastern Province played a first-class match with MCC in early January, Ochse took five wickets for 31 runs as the tourists were dismissed in their first innings for just 49; they recovered to win the match by 10 wickets courtesy of an unbroken second-innings opening stand of 187. South Africa had lost the first two Tests of the series, and Ochse

neg: Medical school of Medicine of South Africa (CMSA), following British tradition, or as a Magisterial degree by the university (usually the M Med, Master of Medicine, degree). The Medical schools and the CMSA also offer Higher Diplomas in many fields. Research degrees are the M.Med and Ph.D. or M.D., depending on university. Medical students from all over the world come to South Africa to gain practical experience in the country's many teaching hospitals and rural clinics. The language of instruction is English but a few indigenous languages are studied briefly. The University of the Free State has a parallel medium policy, meaning

neg: Louis Hartz developed the idea that the nations that developed from settler colonies were European "fragments" that in a sense froze the class structure and underlying ideology prevalent in the mother country at the time of their foundation and did not experience the further evolution experienced in Europe. He considered Latin America and French Canada to be fragments of feudal Europe, the United States, English Canada, and Dutch South Africa to be liberal fragments, and Australia and English South Africa to be "radical" fragments (incorporating the nonsocialist working class radicalism of Britain in the early 19th century). Hartz led a normal life

neg: Coal in South Africa Coal in South Africa South Africa produces in excess of 255 million tonnes of coal (2011 estimate) and consumes almost three quarters of that domestically. Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal and 92% of coal consumed on the African continent is produced in South Africa. The use of coal in South Africa dates back to the iron age (300–1880 AD), when charcoal was used to melt iron and copper, but large-scale exploitation of coal did not occur until the mid-19th century. The largest coal deposits in South Africa are to be found in the

neg: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid principle had a significant consequence for South Africa's relationships with Western nations. When Vorster brought forth his strategy, it appeared to them that South Africa might be loosening her grip. At the same time, the West regarded the apartheid administration as a significant friend in the Cold War. Economically, such nations as Britain and America had numerous concerns in South Africa, and, although they did not endorse apartheid, these concerns led them to a more moderate stance on the country and to vote against financial sanctions against her at UN conferences. When South Africa pulled out of the Commonwealth in

neg: Jabu Mahlangu Games. during the departure for the World Cup, the president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, was handshaking the players wishing them good luck and when he came to Jabu he said "Jabu, you must behave yourself". The most defining moment for Jabu Mahlangu that hurt him and not himself but the South African Nation. It was in 2010 when South Africa Hosted the FIFA World Cup. His unbecoming behavior costed him not making the selection for the National team. It was a painful time when the National Team did not progress from group stages when South Africa had talented soccer

neg: Union of South Africa invitation was in turn rejected by the Union, which subsequently did not modify the administration of South West Africa and continued to adhere to the original mandate. This caused a complex set of legal wranglings that were not finalised when the Union was replaced with the Republic of South Africa. In 1949, the Union passed a law bringing South West Africa into closer association with it including giving South West Africa representation in the South African parliament. Walvis Bay, which is now in Namibia, was originally a part of the Union of South Africa as it was a part of

neg: South Africa and weapons of mass destruction nations pressed South Africa not to test. The French foreign minister warned on 22 August of "grave consequences" for French-South African relations. Although he did not elaborate, his statement implied that France was willing to cancel its contract to provide South Africa with the Koeberg nuclear power reactors. In 1993, Wynand de Villiers said that when the test site was exposed, he ordered its immediate shutdown. The site was abandoned and the holes sealed. One of the shafts was temporarily reopened in 1988 in preparation for another test, which did not take place; the move was intended to strengthen South

neg: Dicynodont reptilian fossils during his surveys of South Africa. Bain described these fossils in an 1845 letter published in "Transactions of the Geological Society of London", calling them "bidentals" for their two prominent tusks. In that same year, the English paleontologist Richard Owen named two species of dicynodonts from South Africa: "Dicynodon lacerticeps" and "Dicynodon bainii". Since Bain was preoccupied with the Corps of Royal Engineers, he wanted Owen to describe his fossils more extensively. Owen did not publish a description until 1876 in his "Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the

neg: Ronald Gerrard Championship. He did not affect any of the matches, amassing just 36 runs from his five innings. A Major during World War II, Gerrard fought in North Africa and was killed in action near Tobruk. Ronald Gerrard Major Ronald Anderson Gerrard (26 January 1912 – 22 January 1943) was an English rugby union international. He also played first-class cricket for Somerset. Gerrard was a member of two successful Home Nations campaigns with England in 1932 and 1934, the latter a Triple Crown. The Hong Kong born centre played a Test against South Africa when they toured Britain in 1932 and

neg: Ralph Angel widely in Europe, North Africa, and Central and South America. He commented in the “Afterword” to his translation of the Federico García Lorca collection, Poema del cante jondo: “I come from a household of three languages—Ladino, Hebrew, and English— one that I could understand but not speak, one that I could sing but not understand, and one that is the language of my country, at some distance, always, from my home.” When he came to translate Lorca’s poetry, he noted that he was familiar with the music that the poems paid homage to: “It resembled the incantatory medieval singing of

neg: Flintheart Glomgold with them in that story against Scrooge, he still dares to ask what did he do to deserve that. Notable is the fact that Flintheart Glomgold's first coin could not be a rand because the South African Rand did not come into existence until 1961. Before a unified South Africa in 1910 (whereupon the South African pound was introduced), many authorities in the region issued coins and banknotes in their own currencies, often equivalent to the Pound Sterling of the Cape of Good Hope colony that had existed since 1825. Adding it to the fact that Don Rosa's stories usually

neg: Yeshiva Toras Moshe Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik. One of the senior faculty, Rabbi Moshe Twersky, was murdered along with four others in a terrorist attack on the morning of 18 November 2014 while praying in the Kehilat Bnei Torah synagogue in Har Nof, in the 2014 Jerusalem synagogue massacre. All of the students are English-speaking (mainstream English). The vast majority come from all parts of Canada and the United States. A minority of students come from other countries such as South Africa and England. In keeping with the yeshiva's philosophy of building personal connections between staff and students, many alumni remain connected to the

neg: Apartheid and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa". Violence persisted right up to the 1994 elections. Lucas Mangope, leader of the Bophuthatswana homeland, declared that it would not take part in the elections. It had been decided that, once the temporary constitution had come into effect, the homelands would be incorporated into South Africa, but Mangope did not want this to happen. There were strong protests against his decision, leading to a coup d'état in Bophuthatswana on 10 March that deposed Mangope, despite the intervention of white right-wingers hoping to maintain him in power. Three AWB militants

neg: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 suffer bans as a result of it. Robins' aim was for his XI "to do so well that you will invite us back again". His players were also aware that England's Test selectors would notice how they performed. There was some criticism of his decision to come to apartheid South Africa, which Robins dismissed by saying, "I do not want to answer political questions, but I'll say this: we are a team of English cricketers on a private tour, here to play anyone our hosts want us to play against." However, an attempt to mobilise opposition in England soon fizzled

neg: Olga Kirsch her poetry from Afrikaans into English and Hebrew. When unable to write, she would draw from nature, carve in wood, and embroider. Her sensitivity to nature affected her work in these media as well. The first of her seven books published in Afrikaans, "Die soeklig" (the projector) was written while she was still studying in South Africa and the second, "Mure van die hart" (Walls of the heart), in 1948, was written on the year of her departure for Israel. With the exception of a few poems in English in the Jewish Frontier, she did not publish anything after leaving

neg: Angolan Civil War and commune administrators. The government would release all prisoners and give amnesty to all militants involved in the civil war. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on 15 November 1994 to boost support symbolically for the protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. The agreement created a joint commission, consisting of officials from the Angolan government, UNITA, and the UN with the governments of Portugal, the United States, and Russia observing, to

neg: 1990s in Angola ministers, ambassadors, the governorships of Uige, Lunda Sul, and Cuando Cubango, deputy governors, municipal administrators, deputy administrators, and commune administrators. The government would release all prisoners and give amnesty to all militants involved in the civil war. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on November 15, 1994, to boost support symbolically for the protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. The agreement created a joint commission, consisting of officials from the Angolan

neg: Battle of Agincourt only "after" the initial volley of arrows from the English. It is unclear whether the delay occurred because the French were hoping the English would launch a frontal assault (and were surprised when the English instead started shooting from their new defensive position), or whether the French mounted knights instead did not react quickly enough to the English advance. French chroniclers agree that when the mounted charge did come, it did not contain as many men as it should have; Gilles le Bouvier states that some had wandered off to warm themselves and others were walking or feeding their horses.

neg: Mosaic coevolution "Zaluzianskya microsiphon", a flowering plant endemic to South Africa. They suspected, as Darwin did in 1862, that flowers would adapt to become longer in order to force the fly to insert more of its body into the flower in order to reach the nectar. This causes the fly's body to come in contact with the flower's pollen. The two characteristics were measured at several different geographic locations and it was found that the length of the fly's proboscis caused strong selective pressures on the length of the corolla of the flower. An increase in proboscis length was selected for, when

neg: Die Son so rapidly that they decided in the same year to expand the sales to the whole of South Africa. In the first half-year (2005) the print run of the daily paper was estimated at 50 000; that on Fridays for the whole of South Africa averaged 220 000 copies. The other Afrikaans-language dailies (also from Naspers), like "Die Burger", did not suffer from the dramatic growth of "Die Son". The English-language edition and the Afrikaans edition share most of the content (both news and advertisement), except minor differences such as that the English does not have the "Page 3" girl

neg: Law of succession in South Africa to legacy arises from the fact that, It follows that, if the testator bequeaths specified property which does not in fact belong solely to him, problems arise which are not met with in inheritance. The Roman-Dutch notions of legitimate portion and "lex hac edictali" in testamentary succession were abolished at the turn of the 20th century under the influence of English law. Similarly, South Africa did not adopt the family provision and dependants’ relief of English law under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act 1975. An interest or benefit under a will may, on the death of the

neg: South Africa Act 1909 remaining franchise qualifications, except for the age limit of 21, were removed for white voters, but kept in place for Black and "Coloured" voters (including the demand that voters be male). In 1956, the Apartheid government removed all remaining suffrage rights for "non-whites" in what became known as the Coloured vote constitutional crisis. Overall the Act did little to protect black Africans during the time period in which the South Africa Act was the constitution of South Africa, and ultimately enabled the establishing of fifty years of apartheid and racial discrimination. The Act established English and Dutch as the official

neg: BBC World Service million times. The BBC World Service in English employs a team of seven announcers and newsreaders. The following relief newsreaders can also be heard on the network: The BBC World Service website lists more than 80 FM stations in Africa which broadcast BBC content. The BBC World Service broadcasts a few hours in the morning and evening on shortwave to Africa from Ascension Island, Mauritius, South Africa, the UK, Madagascar and the UAE. Broadcasts have traditionally come from the UK, Cyprus, the large BBC Atlantic Relay Station on Ascension Island, and the smaller Lesotho Relay Station and Indian Ocean Relay

neg: Hendrik Verwoerd overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports—starting with cricket—started the international movement to ostracise South Africa from international sporting competition. Their last Olympic Games—until the abolition of apartheid—was in 1960, South Africa was expelled from FIFA in 1976, and whenever South African teams did participate in sports, protests and disruptions were the result. When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion, the usual response was: "Who started it?", in reference to Verwoerd. On 9 April 1960, Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park, Johannesburg, to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa. After

neg: His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937 Abdication, rather than 11 December when the Abdication Act had come into force in the UK. It also declared that actions taken in the name of Edward VIII after the abdication but before the passage of the South African act were deemed to be valid. The act was repealed by the South African Constitution of 1961 when South Africa became a republic. His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937 His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937 (Act No. 2 of 1937) was an act of the Parliament of South Africa that ratified the abdication of King

neg: Idols South Africa Brewster and Penny Lebyane in season one; Brewster and Lebyane did not return for the second season and were replaced by Mara Louw-Thomson and Gareth Cliff) who provided critiques of each contestant's performance. Viewers have several hours following the broadcast of the show to vote by phone, SMS or online for their favourite contestant. On the following night's episode, the contestant(s) with the fewest votes is sent home. English series key: Afrikaans series key: English series key: Afrikaans series key: The first season of Idols South Africa started in March 2002. Auditions were held in January. After Poland, it was

neg: Unified English Braille still more recently it has come to be called Unified English Braille (UEB). On April 2, 2004, the International Council on English Braille (ICEB) gave the go-ahead for the unification of various English braille codes. This decision was reached following 13 years of analysis, research, and debate. ICEB said that Unified English Braille was sufficiently complete for recognition as an international standard for English braille, which the seven ICEB member-countries could consider for adoption as their national code. South Africa adopted the UEB almost immediately (in May 2004). During the following year, the standard was adopted by Nigeria (February 5,

neg: R. N. Currey R. N. Currey Ralph Nixon "R.N." Currey (14 December 1907 – 18 November 2001) was a South African born poet, who wrote in English. He was born in Mafeking, South Africa. His father was an English Methodist minister who had come out with the British troops at the end of the Boer War. He attended Kingswood School, Bath and Wadham College, Oxford. Currey married Stella Martin in 1932. He taught at Colchester Royal Grammar School from 1934 to 1973. He was called up in 1941 to the Royal Corps of Signals before transferring to the Royal Artillery where he received

neg: Alfred Richards (sportsman) Britain won the match 4 points to nil. He was capped again on 29 August in Kimberley, which Great Britain also won, 3 to nil. On 5 September, he was chosen as the captain to lead South Africa out against Great Britain once again, in Cape Town at Newlands. The tourists also won the match, four points to nil. Richards did not play for South Africa again after the tour. Richards did however referee one match in 1896, when Britain returned, at Newlands, which South Africa won five points to nil. He died in Salisbury, Rhodesia in 1904. Richards' older