query: what is the closest relative to the triceratops

pos: Triceratops genus first identified from a pair of skulls in 1891, two years after the identification of "Triceratops". The genus "Torosaurus" resembles "Triceratops" in geological age, distribution, anatomy and size and it has been recognised as a close relative. Its distinguishing features are an elongated skull and the presence of two fenestrae, or holes, in the frill. Paleontologists investigating dinosaur ontogeny (growth and development of individuals over the life span) in the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, US, have recently presented evidence that the two represent a single genus. John Scannella, in a paper presented in Bristol, UK at the conference of

pos: Titanoceratops of material assigned to "Titanoceratops" means it is quite well known, along with genera like "Triceratops", "Vagaceratops", "Pentaceratops", "Chasmosaurus", "Centrosaurus", "Styracosaurus", and "Anchiceratops". Originally assigned to "Pentaceratops", "Titanoceratops" was found by Longrich in its description to not be closely related to that taxon, and instead found it to share characteristics with "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus", for while Longrich established the clade Triceratopsini. The skeleton has many derived features that are shared between "Triceratops" and its closest relatives. Although the author that originally assigned it to "Pentaceratops" has decided to ignore this in subsequent publications, most recent studies find "Titanoceratops" to be

pos: Torosaurus with epiparietals. "Torosaurus" has a squamosal that is thickened at the inner side and concave at the outer surface while the "Triceratops" squamosal is concave at the inner side and flat on top; transitional forms are unknown. The "Torosaurus" squamosal is also, independent from absolute size, more elongated. Longrich pointed out that when "Torosaurus" and "Triceratops" specimens are combined to create a single growth sequence, as Scanella and Horner had done, "Torosaurus" specimens ANSP 15192 and YPM 1831 were outliers relative to the regression line because their squamosals were more elongated than could be explained by allometry. Longrich admitted that

pos: Torosaurus "toromorph" hypothesis implied three such predictions. Firstly, if "Torosaurus" were identical to "Triceratops", their fossils should be found in the same locations. In fact, their geographical ranges do not perfectly coincide: in the very north no "Torosaurus" fossils have been found, while from the south only "Torosaurus utahensis" is known. However, this situation could be an artefact of the relative scarcity of "Torosaurus" remains and imperfect sampling. Longrich therefore concluded that the hypothesis was corroborated by the first prediction. Secondly, the hypothesis predicted that all "Torosaurus" specimens would be adults, while no "Triceratops" specimens would be very old. According to

pos: Nedoceratops belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Greek for "horned faces", "Κερατόψια"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 66 million years ago. All ceratopsians became extinct at the end of this era. Several authors have suggested that "Nedoceratops" may be directly ancestral to "Triceratops", or perhaps its nearest relative. An ongoing debate concerns the status of "Triceratops", "Torosaurus", and "Nedoceratops". In a series of publications, John B. Scannella and John R. Horner (2010 and 2011) and claimed that the USNM 2412 skull (i.e., of

pos: Eotriceratops has been preserved of the parietal bones forming the centre of the neck shield. "Eotriceratops" was in 2007 placed in the Chasmosaurinae. In a cladistic analysis, it was recovered as a close relative of "Triceratops", "Nedoceratops" and "Torosaurus". It would have been the sister species of "Triceratops". In view of its greater age, the describing authors considered it more likely that "Eotriceratops" was in fact basal to, lower in the evolutionary tree than, the other three genera. Eotriceratops Eotriceratops (meaning "dawn three-horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs which lived in the area of North America during the

pos: Triceratopsini years has been controversial, as some genera such as "Torosaurus", "Tatankaceratops", and "Nedoceratops" are wrapped up in debate as to whether they are ontogenetic (growth) stages of "Triceratops", specimens or species of "Triceratops", or unique genera based on morphometrics. In addition there is a genus, "Agathaumas", which is considered to be a "nomen dubium" as it is based on ambiguous fragmentary fossils. For his phylogenetic analysis of "Titanoceratops", Longrich (2011) only recognized three genera, with "Eotriceratops", "Ojoceratops", and "Nedoceratops" resolved as junior synonyms of "Triceratops", as well as recognizing "Torosaurus utahensis" as a species of "Triceratops": In 2015 authors Caleb

pos: Triceratops the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (25 September 2009) reclassified "Torosaurus" as especially mature "Triceratops" individuals, perhaps representing a single sex. Jack Horner, Scannella's mentor at Bozeman Campus, Montana State University, noted that ceratopsian skulls consist of metaplastic bone. A characteristic of metaplastic bone is that it lengthens and shortens over time, extending and resorbing to form new shapes. Significant variety is seen even in those skulls already identified as "Triceratops", Horner said, "where the horn orientation is backwards in juveniles and forward in adults". Approximately 50% of all subadult "Triceratops" skulls have two thin areas in the frill that correspond

pos: Triceratops best known genus of the Ceratopsidae, a family of large, mostly North American horned dinosaurs. The exact location of "Triceratops" among the ceratopsians has been debated over the years. Confusion stemmed mainly from the combination of short, solid frills (similar to that of Centrosaurinae), and the long brow horns (more akin to Chasmosaurinae). In the first overview of horned dinosaurs, R. S. Lull hypothesized two lineages, one of "Monoclonius" and "Centrosaurus" leading to "Triceratops", the other with "Ceratops" and "Torosaurus", making "Triceratops" a centrosaurine as the group is understood today. Later revisions supported this view, formally describing the first, short-frilled

pos: Triceratops "age" a "Triceratops" into a "Torosaurus" would be without precedent among ceratopsids. Such changes would include the growth of additional epoccipitals, reversion of bone texture from an adult to immature type and back to adult again, and growth of frill holes at a later stage than usual. A study by Nicholas Longrich and Daniel Field analyzed 35 specimens of both "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus". The authors concluded that "Triceratops" individuals too old to be considered immature forms are represented in the fossil record, as are "Torosaurus" individuals too young to be considered fully mature adults. The synonymy of "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus"

pos: Triceratops cannot be supported, they said, without more convincing intermediate forms than Scannella and Horner initially produced. Scannella's "Triceratops" specimen with a hole on its frill, they argued, could represent a diseased or malformed individual rather than a transitional stage between an immature "Triceratops" and mature "Torosaurus" form. Given the abundance of fossils, particularly of "Triceratops", additional field discoveries are expected to settle the debate in time. Opinion has varied on the validity of a separate genus for "Nedoceratops". John Scannella and Jack Horner regarded it as an intermediate growth stage between "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus". Andrew Farke, in his 2011 redescription

pos: Torosaurus the frill. No "Torosaur" juveniles are known but a considerable number of "Triceratops" juveniles have been found. "Triceratops" differs from other chasmosaurines in the retention as an adult of a juvenile trait: the short squamosals, a case of paedomorphosis. In 2009 John Scannella, investigating dinosaur ontogeny in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, concluded that this situation could be best explained by the hypothesis that "Triceratops" and "Torosaurus" were growth stages of a single genus. The "Torosaurus" specimens would be fully mature individuals of "Triceratops". "Torosaurus" would be a junior synonym of "Triceratops", the latter name having priority. In 2010

pos: Titanoceratops valid and distinguished from "Pentaceratops." The below cladogram follows Longrich (2015), who named a new species of "Pentaceratops", and included nearly all species of chasmosaurine. "Titanoceratops" was provided with a list of characters found by Longrich in its description that differ it from other taxa. The features below distinguish it from other Chasmosaurines: the possession of thin squamosals ("Triceratops"); an unsealed parietal fenestrae ("Triceratops"); an epijugal resembling a hornlike structure ("Triceratops"); a narrow median bar of the parietal ("Triceratops", "Torosaurus"); a narial strut oriented vertically with a narrow base ("Triceratops", "Torosaurus"); an enlarged epoccipital on the rear end of the

pos: Torosaurus Scanella and Jack Horner, Scannella's mentor at Montana State University, published research on the growth patterns in thirty-eight skull specimens (twenty-nine of "Triceratops", nine of "Torosaurus") from the Hell Creek formation. They concluded that "Torosaurus" indeed represents the mature form of "Triceratops". Horner stressed that the frill of ceratopsian skulls consisted of metaplastic bone. A characteristic of metaplastic bone is that it can lengthen and shorten over time, extending and resorbing to form new shapes. Significant development is seen even in those skulls already identified as "Triceratops", Horner observed, "where the horn orientation is backwards in juveniles and forward in

pos: Triceratops published in 2010 suggested that the contemporaneous "Torosaurus", a ceratopsid long regarded as a separate genus, represents "Triceratops" in its mature form. The view was immediately disputed and examination of more fossil evidence is expected to settle the debate. Individual "Triceratops" are estimated to have reached about 7.9 to 9.0 m (25.9–29.5 ft) in length, in height, and 6.1–12.0 tonnes (13,000–26,000 lb) in weight. The most distinctive feature is their large skull, among the largest of all land animals. The largest known skull (specimen MWC 7584, formerly BYU 12183) is estimated to have been in length when complete, and could

pos: Nedoceratops "Nedoceratops") belonged to a "young adult" "Triceratops". Evidence for this hypothesis included the shapes of the epoccipital and squamosal bones, and a neck frill (parietal bone) that had "incipient" openings (contrasting with no openings in subadult "Triceratops" and large openings in adult "Triceratops" formerly assigned to "Torosaurus"). The authors were of the opinion that the nasal horn of the USNM 2412 skull could have been lost when the animal was alive or when it became fossilized., and that all three "genera" actually represent different aged individuals of "Triceratops". In 2012, Farke proposed a counter argument, and suggested that the bone

pos: Triceratops with the placement of "holes" in "Torosaurus" skulls, suggesting that holes developed to offset the weight that would otherwise have been added as maturing "Triceratops" individuals grew longer frills. A paper describing these findings in detail was published in July 2010 by Scannella and Horner. It formally argues that "Torosaurus" and the similar contemporary "Nedoceratops" are synonymous with "Triceratops". The assertion ignited debate. Andrew Farke had in 2006 stressed that, apart from the frill, no systematic differences could be found between "Torosaurus" and "Triceratops". He nevertheless disputed Scannella's conclusion by arguing in 2011 that the proposed morphological changes required to

pos: Titanoceratops squamosal ("Triceratops", "Torosaurus", "Eotriceratops"); an extremely enlarged premaxillary fossa ("Triceratops", "Torosaurus", "Eotriceratops"); and in lacking a narial process of the premaxilla that is dorsally inflected ("Triceratops", "Torosaurus", "Eotriceratops"). "Titanoceratops" is known from OMNH 10165, a skeleton from the lowermost Fruitland Formation, or from the uppermost Kirtland Formation. The Fruitland Formation is about thick, and consists of sandstones, mudstones, and coals deposited in a coastal floodplain. The Kirtland Formation, which it is overlain comfortably by, is approximately thick, and is made up of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and shale. Both formation are last Campanian in age, with the Fossil Forest Member of

pos: Torosaurus have measured about long and weighed four to six tonnes. "Torosaurus" is distinguished from the contemporary "Triceratops" by an elongate frill with large openings (fenestrae), long squamosal bones of the frill with a trough on their upper surface, and the presence of five or more pairs of hornlets (epoccipitals) on the back of the frill. "Torosaurus" also lacked the long nose horn seen in "Triceratops prorsus", and instead resembled the earlier and more basal "Triceratops horridus" in having a short nose horn. Three species have been named, "Torosaurus latus", "T. gladius" and "T. utahensis". "T. gladius" is no longer considered

neg: Ojoceratops is probably a junior synonym of "Triceratops", while Holtz (2010) noted that it is probably ancestral to "Triceratops" and possibly synonymous with the contemporary "Eotriceratops". Ojoceratops Ojoceratops ( meaning "Ojo Alamo horned face") is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaur which lived in what is now New Mexico, United States. "Ojoceratops" fossils have been recovered from strata of the Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), dating to the late Cretaceous period (probably Maastrichtian age, 68 million years ago). The type species is "Ojoceratops fowleri". It is very similar to its close relative "Triceratops", though it is from an earlier time period and

neg: Ojoceratops Ojoceratops Ojoceratops ( meaning "Ojo Alamo horned face") is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaur which lived in what is now New Mexico, United States. "Ojoceratops" fossils have been recovered from strata of the Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), dating to the late Cretaceous period (probably Maastrichtian age, 68 million years ago). The type species is "Ojoceratops fowleri". It is very similar to its close relative "Triceratops", though it is from an earlier time period and has a more squared-off frill. Nick Longrich, in 2011, noted that the squared-off frill is also found in some true "Triceratops" specimens and that "Ojoceratops"

neg: Ceratopsidae bone of the neck frill); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor. Since the "Triceratops" wounds healed, it is most likely that the "Triceratops" survived the encounter and managed to overcome the "Tyrannosaurus". Paleontologist Peter Dodson estimates that in a battle against a bull "Triceratops", the "Triceratops" had the upper hand and would successfully defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the "Tyrannosaurus" using its sharp horns. The clade Ceratopsidae was in 1998 defined

neg: Feeding behaviour of Tyrannosaurus assailant. Phil Bell of Pipestone Creek further stated that the skull injuries were consistent with Tyrannosaur bitten bones. There is also evidence for an aggressive interaction between a "Triceratops" and a "Tyrannosaurus" in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a "Triceratops" brow horn and squamosal (a bone of the neck frill); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor. Since the "Triceratops" wounds healed, it is most likely that the "Triceratops" survived

neg: Triceratops ever been more dramatic. It's somehow fitting that those two massive antagonists lived out their co-evolutionary belligerence through the very last days of the very last epoch of the Age of Dinosaurs." Triceratops Triceratops is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur that first appeared during the late Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous period, about 68 million years ago (mya) in what is now North America. It is one of the last known non-avian dinosaur genera, and became extinct in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. The name "Triceratops", which literally means "three-horned face", is derived from the

neg: Triceratops Triceratops Triceratops is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur that first appeared during the late Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous period, about 68 million years ago (mya) in what is now North America. It is one of the last known non-avian dinosaur genera, and became extinct in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. The name "Triceratops", which literally means "three-horned face", is derived from the Ancient Greek words τρί- ("tri-") meaning "three", κέρας ("kéras") meaning "horn", and ὤψ ("ōps") meaning "face". It has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889,

neg: Torosaurus the fact that Horner in his histological study could only find "Triceratops" subadults was suggestive, but offered the alternative explanation that "Triceratops" differed from its relatives in retaining a relative young bone structure until old age. On the other hand, bone remodelling is not a reliable estimator of maturity, in view of experimental studies demonstrating that differences in the mechanical strain conditions of various bones can significantly alter the rate or degree of such remodelling and may generate the illusion of old bone tissue. Longrich foresaw that Scanella and Horner would respond to his second test of their hypothesis by

neg: The Magic School Bus In the Time of the Dinosaurs a "Triceratops" herd in a field. A pack of carnivorous "Troodon" chase a baby "Triceratops", and the smaller "Troodon" are scared off by the larger "Triceratops". Meanwhile, Arnold and Phoebe chase the "Ornithomimus". It sniffs the air, and it drops the egg when it realizes a sleeping "Tyrannosaurus" is nearby. Arnold and Phoebe are unaware, and as they look, Arnold finds the egg near a large "rock". Phoebe helps him pull it free saying, "Something tells me we shouldn't be here". As Arnold asks, "Like what?", they wake the T-Rex and Phoebe exclaims, "Like that!" The two run as the

neg: Triceratops 1917 and 70 years later by Robert Bakker. There is evidence that "Tyrannosaurus" did have aggressive head-on encounters with "Triceratops", based on partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a "Triceratops" brow horn and squamosal; the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. Which animal was the aggressor is not known. Since the "Triceratops" wounds healed, it is most likely that the "Triceratops" survived the encounter. "Tyrannosaurus" is also known to have fed on "Triceratops", as shown by a heavily tooth-scored "Triceratops" ilium and sacrum. In addition to combat with predators using horns, "Triceratops" are popularly

neg: Eyewitness memory the group. In a simultaneous lineup, the photos or suspects are viewed together. Sequential lineups produce fewer identifications, since they are more challenging, and require absolute judgement. This means that the decision regarding the matching of the memory to the photo is independently made. On the other hand, a simultaneous lineup requires relative judgement, as the decision is not independent of the other possibilities. An absolute judgment is a judgment that requires the person to be 100 percent certain in their choice where a relative judgment is when someone makes up their mind based on what looks the closest. However,

neg: Tyrannosaurus been described from Montana with healed tyrannosaur-inflicted damage on its tail vertebrae. The fact that the damage seems to have healed suggests that the "Edmontosaurus" survived a tyrannosaur's attack on a living target, i.e. the tyrannosaur had attempted active predation. There is also evidence for an aggressive interaction between a "Triceratops" and a "Tyrannosaurus" in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a "Triceratops" brow horn and squamosal (a bone of the neck frill); the bitten horn is also broken, with new bone growth after the break. It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction

neg: The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs is shown that if the "Tyrannosaurus" makes a surprise attack, it might kill the "Triceratops", but if the herbivore discovers the trap, it could beat his opponent and kill it. Outcome 1: (Winner, "Tyrannosaurus") The "T. rex" is seen stalking the "Triceratops". It suddenly runs out of hiding, and being faster it overtakes the "Triceratops". The "T. rex" bites into the "Triceratops"' neck, knocks it over, and eats it. Outcome 2: (Winner, "Triceratops") The "T. rex" is wandering through the forest looking for food. It soon comes across two fighting "Triceratops". When the two are done fighting, the "T. rex"

neg: Anchiceratops The skulls are different with respect to their proportions (e.g. size of the supraorbital horn cores, the dimensions of the frill) which had led researchers to conclude that the disparity is ontogenetic. The genus name "Anchiceratops", means "near horned face", and is derived from the Greek words "anchi" (αγχι-) meaning "near", "keras" (κερας) meaning "horn", and "ops" (ωψ) meaning "face". "Anchiceratops" was described and named by American paleontologist Barnum Brown, in 1914, as he believed that this dinosaur represented a transitional form closely related to both "Monoclonius" and "Triceratops" and intermediate between them, but closest in the development of the

neg: Chiloglottis triceratops refers to the similarity between the dinosaur "Triceratops" and the tall calli on the labellum of this orchid. The three-horned bird orchid is widespread and common in Tasmania, growing in shrubby and heathy forest, often in dense colonies. Chiloglottis triceratops Chiloglottis triceratops, commonly known as the three-horned bird orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to Tasmania. It has two broad leaves and a greenish brown to purplish brown flower with a few column-like calli near the mid-line of the labellum. "Chiloglottis triceratops" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with two leaves long and wide. A single greenish brown to

neg: Ceratopsia Ceratopsia Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( or ; Greek: "horned faces", Κερατόψια) is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic. The earliest known ceratopsian, "Yinlong downsi", lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago. The last ceratopsian species, "Triceratops prorsus", became extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, . Early members of the ceratopsian group, such as "Psittacosaurus", were small bipedal animals. Later members, including ceratopsids like "Centrosaurus" and "Triceratops", became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and

neg: Triceratops group as Centrosaurinae (including "Triceratops"), and the second, long-frilled group as Chasmosaurinae. In 1949, Charles M. Sternberg was the first to question this and proposed instead that "Triceratops" was more closely related to "Arrhinoceratops" and "Chasmosaurus" based on skull and horn features, making "Triceratops" a ceratopsine (chasmosaurine of his usage) genus. He was largely ignored, with John Ostrom, and later David Norman both placing "Triceratops" within Centrosaurinae. Subsequent discoveries and analyses upheld Sternberg's view on the position of "Triceratops", with Lehman defining both subfamilies in 1990 and diagnosing "Triceratops" as ceratopsine (chasmosaurine of his usage) on the basis of several

neg: Triceratops the long-frilled subfamily Ceratopsinae, a likely ancestor may have resembled "Chasmosaurus", which thrived some 5 million years earlier. In phylogenetic taxonomy, the genus "Triceratops" has been used as a reference point in the definition of Dinosauria; dinosaurs have been designated as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of "Triceratops" and Neornithes (i.e. modern birds). Furthermore, the bird-hipped dinosaurs, Ornithischia, have all been designated dinosaurs with a more recent common ancestor to "Triceratops" than modern birds. Although "Triceratops" are commonly portrayed as herding animals, there is currently little evidence that they lived in herds. While several other genera of

neg: Chiloglottis triceratops Chiloglottis triceratops Chiloglottis triceratops, commonly known as the three-horned bird orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to Tasmania. It has two broad leaves and a greenish brown to purplish brown flower with a few column-like calli near the mid-line of the labellum. "Chiloglottis triceratops" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with two leaves long and wide. A single greenish brown to purplish brown flower long and wide is borne on a flowering stem high. The dorsal sepal is spatula-shaped to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long and wide. The lateral sepals are linear to narrow lance-shaped,

neg: Tatankaceratops a brief re-evaluation of "Tatankaceratops". Longrich suggested that "Tatankaceratops" appeared to possess a bizarre mix of characteristics from adult and juvenile "Triceratops" specimens. Longrich noted that this animal could represent a dwarf "Triceratops" species or simply a "Triceratops" specimen with a developmental disorder which caused it to stop growing prematurely. Other paleontologists, including Thomas R. Holtz, Jr., have written that they "strongly suspect" "Tatankaceratops" is merely a juvenile specimen of "Triceratops". Tatankaceratops Tatankaceratops (meaning "Bison horn face") is a controversial genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. It is a small chasmosaurine ceratopsian which lived during the Late Cretaceous period (latest Maastrichtian

neg: Feeding behaviour of Tyrannosaurus at moderate speed could have generated enough force to topple "Triceratops" and would have only taken 2–3 seconds. Their study suggested that a "Tyrannosaurus" impacting the "Triceratops" at a conservative estimated speed of 7.5 meters per second would have enabled it to topple "Triceratops" without injuring itself, though there could be some variance depending on the sizes of the animals ("Tyrannosaurus" could have attacked a smaller "Triceratops"). Furthermore, their study noted that "Triceratops" would have experienced some difficulty quickly getting back up from being toppled on to its side. According to the study, modern day analogues of "Triceratops" such as

neg: Psittacosaurus "Psittacosaurus" would have been similar to other ceratopsians with low Encephalisation Quotients. Russell and Zhao (1996) believed "the small brain size of psittacosaurs implies a very restrictive behavioural repertoire relative to that of modern mammals of similar body size". However, the 2007 study dispelled this theory when it found the brain to be more advanced. There is generally negative allometry for brain size with development in vertebrates, but this was shown not to be true in "Psittacosaurus". The EQ score for "P. lujiatunensis" is 0.31, significantly higher than genera such as "Triceratops". A higher EQ correlates with more complex behaviour,

neg: Edmontosaurus the dinosaurs. Small dinosaurs are not known in as great of abundance here as in the Hell Creek rocks, but "Thescelosaurus" once again seems to have been relatively common. "Triceratops" is known from many skulls, which tend to be somewhat smaller than those of more northern individuals. The Lance Formation is the setting of two edmontosaur "mummies". As a hadrosaurid, "Edmontosaurus" was a large terrestrial herbivore. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its broad beak to cut

neg: Kota the triceratops It has some functionality to accept a folded "leaf" food and move its jaw and make appropriate chomping noises. Kota the triceratops Kota the Triceratops is an animatronic toy dinosaur made by Hasbro and Playskool. It is modeled after a triceratops, and intended for children aged 3 to 6. The toy debuted at the New York Toy Fair in February 2007, building on the reception of Ugobe's earlier Pleo robotic dinosaur toy, and went on sale in October 2007 for approximately US$300 as listed by the company website. A review by IEEE Spectrum indicated that it had 11 sensors over

neg: Kota the triceratops Kota the triceratops Kota the Triceratops is an animatronic toy dinosaur made by Hasbro and Playskool. It is modeled after a triceratops, and intended for children aged 3 to 6. The toy debuted at the New York Toy Fair in February 2007, building on the reception of Ugobe's earlier Pleo robotic dinosaur toy, and went on sale in October 2007 for approximately US$300 as listed by the company website. A review by IEEE Spectrum indicated that it had 11 sensors over its body to sense touch and pressure, and makes appropriate noises (like roars) or movements (like tail-wagging) in response.

neg: Paleontology in Montana the area closest to the Rocky Mountains became an expanding desert. Eastern Montana was hot and humid, by contrast, as the coastal plain was also expanding as a result of the marine regression. By the late Maastrichtian stage large rivers flowed across the eastern part of the state, depositing the sediments that would one day become the Hell Creek Formation. At the time, Montana was home to some of the most famous dinosaurs; creatures including "Edmontosaurus", "Pachycephalosaurus", "Triceratops", and "Tyrannosaurus". During the early Cenozoic era, the sea began to retreat from Montana for the last time. Extreme tectonic activity helped

neg: Tyrannosaurus was, though: either animal could have been the aggressor. Since the "Triceratops" wounds healed, it is most likely that the "Triceratops" survived the encounter and managed to overcome the "Tyrannosaurus". In a battle against a bull "Triceratops", the "Triceratops" would likely defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the "Tyrannosaurus" using its sharp horns. Studies of Sue found a broken and healed fibula and tail vertebrae, scarred facial bones and a tooth from another "Tyrannosaurus" embedded in a neck vertebra, providing evidence for aggressive behavior. "Tyrannosaurus" may have had infectious saliva used to kill its prey, as proposed by William

neg: Triceratops as fossils, allowing variations between species and individuals to be studied. "Triceratops" remains have subsequently been found in the American states of Montana and South Dakota (in addition to Colorado and Wyoming), and in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada. An earlier specimen, also recovered from the Lance Formation, was named "Agathaumas sylvestris" by Edward Drinker Cope in 1872. Originally identified as a hadrosaur, this specimen consists only of post-cranial remains and is only provisionally considered an example of "Triceratops". Within the first decades after "Triceratops" was described, various skulls were collected, which varied to a lesser or greater

neg: Psittacosaurus based on the proportions and relative size of the brain. It may have been active for short periods of time during the day and night, and had well-developed senses of smell and vision. "Psittacosaurus" was one of the earliest ceratopsians, but closer to "Triceratops" than "Yinlong". Once in its own family, Psittacosauridae, with other genera like "Hongshanosaurus", it is now considered to be senior synonym of the latter and an early offshoot of the branch that led to more derived forms. The genera closely related to "Psittacosaurus" are all from Asia, with the exception of "Aquilops", from North America. The

neg: Eotriceratops Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology and the Canadian Museum of Nature mounted an expedition to the Dry Island. The expedition's cook, Glen Guthrie, that year by accident rediscovered the skeleton. "Eotriceratops" was named and described by Xiao-Chun Wu, Donald B. Brinkman, David A. Eberth and Dennis R. Braman in 2007. The type species is "Eotriceratops xerinsularis". The generic name combines a Greek ἠώς, "èos", "dawn", with the name of the genus "Triceratops", in reference to an older age relative to that form. The specific name "xerinsularis", means "of the dry island", from Greek ξηρός, "xèros", "dry", and Latin "insula", "island" and

neg: Chasmosaurus long brow horns, was in fact the male of "C. belli" of which the females would have short ones. In 1927 C.M. Sternberg concluded that of the two skeletons he had mounted in the Canadian Museum of Nature, the smaller one, NMC 2245, was the male and the larger, NMC 2280, the female. However, today the two are referred to different species. A juvenile "Chasmosaurus belli" found in Alberta, Canada by Phil Currie et al., reveals that "Chasmosaurus" may have cared for its young, like its relative, "Triceratops", is hypothesized to have done. The juvenile measured five feet long and

neg: Triceratops "T. horridus" specimens that were previously attributed to the defunct species "T. serratus". Longrich observed that another newly described genus, "Tatankaceratops", displayed a strange mix of characteristics already found in adult and juvenile "Triceratops". Rather than representing a distinct genus, "Tatankaceratops" could as easily represent a dwarf "Triceratops" or a "Triceratops" individual with a developmental disorder that caused it to stop growing prematurely. "Triceratops" lived during the Late Cretaceous of North America, its fossils coming from the Evanston Formation, Scollard Formation, Laramie Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, and Hell Creek Formation. These fossil formations date back to the time of

neg: The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs singles out one of them as a potential target. After picking its victim, the "T. rex" charges, but the "Triceratops" sees it just in time and turns around to face its attacker. The "T. rex" seizes the horn of the "Triceratops" and breaks it off. The herbivore tries to retreat, but the "T. rex" chomps on the "Triceratops"' frill. After doing a mock charge, the "Triceratops" slashes its horns into the "T. rex's" belly. "T. rex" limps away, falls down, and slowly dies. The "Triceratops" watches it die and then goes back to foraging. The ankylosaur would win, although "Velociraptor"

neg: Atelopus ignescens Atelopus ignescens Atelopus ignescens, the Jambato toad or Quito stubfoot toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the northern Andes of Ecuador. This once abundant species was believed to be extinct until its rediscovery in 2016. The specific name "ignescens" means "to catch fire", presumably in reference to the orange ventral color of this species. A closely related, perhaps undescribed species might exist in Colombia. Alexander G. Ruthven believed "Atelopus ignescens" to be the closest relative of the Guajira stubfoot toad ("Atelopus carrikeri"). Later studies have indicated that its closest relative is an

neg: Plasmodium falciparum It is derived from the Latin "falx", meaning "sickle" and "parum" meaning "like or equal to another". "P. falciparum" is now generally accepted to have evolved from "Laverania" (a subgenus of "Plasmodium" found in apes) species present in gorilla in Western Africa. Genetic diversity indicates that the human protozoan emerged around 10,000 years ago. The closest relative of "P. falciparum" is "P. praefalciparum", a parasite of gorillas, as supported by mitochondrial, apicoplastic and nuclear DNA sequences. These two species are closely related to the chimpanzee parasite "P. reichenowi", which was previously thought to be the closest relative of "P. falciparum".

neg: Dodo Dodo The dodo ("Raphus cucullatus") is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest genetic relative was the also extinct Rodrigues solitaire, the two forming the subfamily Raphinae of the family of pigeons and doves. The closest living relative of the dodo is the Nicobar pigeon. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of Réunion, but this is now thought to have been confusion based on the Réunion ibis and paintings of white dodos. Subfossil remains show the dodo was

neg: Mascarene teal Mascarene teal The Mascarene teal ("Anas theodori"), also known as Sauzier's teal and Mauritian duck, is an extinct dabbling duck that formerly occurred on the islands of Mauritius and Réunion. It was a small teal of the "Anas gibberifrons" superspecies of the "Anas" subgenus "Nettion". Its closest relative is probably Bernier's teal from Madagascar and, apart from having stronger wings and being considerably bigger (between a Sunda teal and a mallard in size), it seems to have looked very similar to that species. Earlier, it was proposed that Meller's duck, also from Madagascar, is the closest living relative of "A.

neg: Acantholiparis caecus Acantholiparis caecus Acantholiparis caecus is one of the two snailfishes within the genus "Acantholiparis", along with "A. opercularis", the spiny snailfish. Its generic name comes from the Greek for thorny (akantha) and fat (liparis); its specific name comes from the Latin word for blind. "Acantholiparis caecus" grows to a maximum length of 5.7 cm, which is slightly less than what is known of its closest relative, the spiny snailfish. Females are larger than males, whose maximum size is 3.9 cm. "A. caecus" is known from depths stretching from 1,300m to 2,122m, in the bathyal or midnight zone of the ocean.

neg: Brochuchus is the early ape "Proconsul". Although there is no direct evidence for what "Brochuchus "ate, it may have preyed on "Proconsul". If this is the case, "Brochuchus" may have been one of the earliest anthropoidophagous ("ape-eating") crocodilians. Brochuchus Brochuchus is an extinct genus of crocodile known from the Miocene Hiwegi Formation of Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, Kenya. It contains a single species, Brochuchus pigotti. "Brochuchus" belongs to the subfamily Crocodylinae, which includes all living crocodiles. The closest living relative of "Brochuchus" is "Osteolaemus", the dwarf crocodile. Compared to "Osteolaemus", which has a small body and blunt snout, "Brochuchus" has

neg: Puerto Rican tody The Puerto Rican tody is the closest relative to the motmots of Central America. It is thought that the Jamaican tody ("Todus todus") gave rise to the Puerto Rican tody after hurricane dispersals, but the relationship between both species has not yet been confirmed. Studies show the "Todus" group probably developed before the Pleistocene. Mitochondrial gene studies point to the motmots as their closest relative, although egg white protein electrophoresis studies suggest a relationship to kingfishers. The Puerto Rican tody is a small, brightly colored, non-passerine forest bird. It is one of the smallest representative of the order Coraciiformes, with

neg: Arrhinoceratops Arrhinoceratops Arrhinoceratops (meaning "no nose-horn face", derived from the Ancient Greek "a-/α-" "no", rhis/ῥίς "nose" "keras/κέρας" "horn", "-ops/ὤψ" "face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. The name was coined as its original describer concluded it was special because the nose-horn was not a separate bone, however further analysis revealed this was based on a misunderstanding. It lived during the latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, predating its famous relative "Triceratops" by a few million years, although it was contemporary with "Anchiceratops". Its remains have been found in Canada. Described by William Arthur Parks in 1925, "Arrhinoceratops" is

neg: Musgravea Musgravea Musgravea is a genus of rainforest tree from north-eastern Queensland. It was published in 1890 by Ferdinand von Mueller, and named in honour of Sir Anthony Musgrave, Governor of Queensland from 1883 to 1888. Together with its closest relative "Austromuellera", it lies within the subtribe Musgraveinae of tribe Banksieae in the Grevilleoideae subfamily of family Proteaceae. After "Austromuellera", its closest relative is "Banksia". There are two species, "M. stenostachya" (Crater Silky Oak) and "M. heterophylla" (Briar Silky Oak). "M. stenostachya" is the type species for the genus; it was published by Mueller at the same time as the genus.

neg: Musgravea "M. heterophylla" was published in 1969 by Lindsay Stewart Smith. Musgravea Musgravea is a genus of rainforest tree from north-eastern Queensland. It was published in 1890 by Ferdinand von Mueller, and named in honour of Sir Anthony Musgrave, Governor of Queensland from 1883 to 1888. Together with its closest relative "Austromuellera", it lies within the subtribe Musgraveinae of tribe Banksieae in the Grevilleoideae subfamily of family Proteaceae. After "Austromuellera", its closest relative is "Banksia". There are two species, "M. stenostachya" (Crater Silky Oak) and "M. heterophylla" (Briar Silky Oak). "M. stenostachya" is the type species for the genus; it was

neg: Amis people how "Amis" came to be used to address the Pangcah. One supposition is that it was originally used by the Puyuma to call the Pangcah, as the Pangcah lived to the north of them. Another supposition holds that those who lived in the Taitung Plain called themselves "Amis" because their ancestors had come from the north. The later explanation is recorded in the "Banzoku Chōsa Hōkokusho", indicating this might originate from what is classified by anthropologists as Falangaw Amis, the Amis group located from today's Chenggong to the Taitung Plain. Their closest genetic relative appears to be the Filipinos. According

neg: Kajkavian Austrian Burgenland and a number of enclaves in Hungary along the Austrian and Croatian border and in Romania. Although speakers of Kajkavian are primarily Croats, and Kajkavian is generally considered a dialect of Serbo-Croatian, its closest relative is the Slovene language, followed by Chakavian and then Shtokavian. Kajkavian is part of a dialect continuum with Slovene and Chakavian. Historically, the classification of Kajkavian has been a subject of much debate regarding both the question of whether it ought to be considered a dialect or a language, as well as the question of what its relation is to neighboring vernaculars. Autonyms

neg: Sister group of extinct groups branching off before coming to the last common ancestor of birds and crocodiles. Thus, the term sister group must be seen as a relative term, with the caveat that the sister group is the closest relative only among the groups/species/specimens that are included in the analysis. Sister group A sister group or sister taxon is a phylogenetic term denoting the closest relatives of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: A, B, and C each represent a taxon: The sister group to A is B; conversely, the sister

neg: Shansisuchus to the family Erythrosuchidae and proposed to be the closest relative of the genus "Vjushkovia" (now considered a synonym of"Garjainia"). A phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 found that "Vjushkovia" was more closely related to "Erythrosuchus", and that "Shansisuchus" lied outside the "Vjushkovia"+"Erythrosuchus" clade as a more basal erythrosuchid. Below is a cladogram from the 2013 analysis: Shansisuchus Shansisuchus (meaning "Shansi Province crocodile") is an extinct genus of archosauriform reptile belonging to the family Erythrosuchidae that lived during the Middle Triassic in what is now China. The first fossils of "Shansisuchus" were discovered from the Ermaying Formation of Shansi Province in

neg: Liberian mongoose Liberian mongoose The Liberian mongoose ("Liberiictis kuhni") is a small carnivoran belonging to the mongoose family (Herpestidae). It is the only member of the genus Liberiictis. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the Liberian mongoose is closely related other small, social mongooses and that the banded mongoose is its closest relative. It was discovered in Liberia in 1958. Little was known about the animal, except what local natives related. They typically forage in packs consisting of 3-8 individuals, but larger groups have been observed. Their diet consists of earthworms and various insects. The exact distribution is unknown, but may extend from

neg: Andria (comedy) would be terrible if Chremes had come on the scene and not him. Chremes reveals himself and says the wedding is off. Crito arrives in Athens, and on learning of Chrysis' death berates his ill fortune because, as Glycerium is in reality an orphan, he is Chrysis' closest relative and will need to take a case to law to claim her estate ahead of Glycerium who will no doubt be defended by some gallant protector. Chremes berates Simo for enticing him into giving permission for the wedding again. Simo mollifies his rage saying what he saw was a ruse orchestrated

neg: Earth religion societal order. An additional idea on the origins of religion comes not from man's cognitive development, but from the ape. Barbara J. King argues that human beings have an emotional connection with those around them, and that that desire for a connection came from their evolution from apes. The closest relative to the human species is the African ape. At birth, the ape begins negotiating with its mother about what it wants and needs in order to survive. The world the ape is born into is saturated with close family and friends. Because of this, emotions and relationships play a

neg: Macedonian language dialects form a continuum with Bulgarian dialects; they in turn form a broader continuum with Serbo-Croatian through the transitional Torlakian dialects. The name of the Macedonian language, as well as is its distinctiveness compared to Bulgarian, are a matter of political controversy in Bulgaria. The modern Macedonian language belongs to the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages in the Indo-European language family, together with Bulgarian and the extinct Old Church Slavonic. Macedonian's closest relative is Bulgarian, with which it has a high degree of mutual intelligibility. The next closest relative is Serbo-Croatian. Language contact between Macedonian

neg: Nertz known in Britain as Demon, was created in the 1890s and seems to be the closest relative in the family tree of cards games. In fact, if one were to attempt to play Nertz alone, one would essentially be playing Canfield, a variant of Klondike Solitaire or Patience. The National Nertz Association is a U.S.-based organization offering free international membership that claims to be committed to the growth and welfare of the game of Nertz. It also states that its goal is to someday host a major Nertz tournament. What makes Nertz different from Solitaire (aside from the fact that

neg: Reid Oliver talk about funeral arrangements and discuss what to do with Reid's body. They have the funeral home director come over to talk, and he is a homophobe, so Lily immediately orders him to leave, after the director says they need to find his closest living relative before they can do anything, it is the law. Holden and Lily the commence a search for Reids uncle, whom they find, and he gives them his consent over "power of attorney." He also gives them a chess piece, which was the one that he gave to Reid when he lost his first chess

neg: Mierasaurus American sauropods. The genus name honours Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco, the first European scientist to enter what is now Utah. The type species for "Mierasaurus" is Mierasaurus bobyoungi, named after Robert Glen Young, a paleontologist who researched the Early Cretaceous of Utah. Along with its closest relative "Moabosaurus", also from the Early Cretaceous of Utah, "Mierasaurus" is among the last-surviving members of the Turiasauria, an otherwise Jurassic and European group which can be distinguished by heart-shaped teeth, slender humeri, and the presence of an extra depression on the surface of the ulnae, among other characteristics. "Mierasaurus" differs from "Moabosaurus"

neg: Jandaya parakeet "Sun conure#Taxonomy". Based on size, morphology, and plumage, this species is believed to be a close living relative of the extinct Carolina parakeet, possibly the closest, though that has not been confirmed by molecular phylogenetics which found the nanday parakeet to be the Carolina parakeet's closest living relative among the species tested. The plumage of this bird is very close to that of the Carolina's and can be distinguished from the Carolina parakeet by having a yellow neck and shoulders, and a black beak instead of a buff-colored beak as the Carolina parakeet had. An earlier molecular study found the

neg: Football in England structure allowing promotion and relegation between different levels. The primary motivation for this drive is to maintain the possibility that any club in England may dream of one day rising to the very top, no matter what status they currently hold. In a study made by FIFA in 2006 there are around 40,000 clubs registered with the FA, which is 11,000 more than any other country, the closest being the Brazilian Football Confederation who have 29,000 registered clubs. Even without taking relative population into account, England has more football clubs than any other country in the world. The Premier League

neg: A Voice Through a Cloud change from fair to dark; now he could feel no more, but what was left to me?" He is moved to another hospital where the specialist can visit him regularly; later his brother arranges his move to a nursing home near an unspecified seaside town in Kent. (His brother seems to be his closest relative; it is mentioned that his mother died when he was eleven; there is no mention of his father.) At the nursing home, where his doctor is Dr. Farley, he starts to take regular walks, and sometimes takes a bus into town; on one occasion Dr.

neg: Kalash people of ancient Greece, but they are much closer to Indo-Iranian (pre-Zoroastrian-Vedic) traditions. The Kalash have fascinated anthropologists due to their unique culture compared to the rest in that region. The Kalasha language, also known as Kalasha-mun, is a member of the Dardic group of the Indo-Aryan languages. Its closest relative is the neighbouring Khowar language. Kalasha was formerly spoken over a larger area in south Chitral, but it is now mostly confined to the western side valleys having lost ground to Khowar. There is some controversy over what defines the ethnic characteristics of the Kalash. Although quite numerous before the

neg: Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History of Psittacosaurus, an early ancestor of Triceratops, and a complete Confuciusornis, a relative of both the raptor-like dinosaurs and modern birds. Rare, virtually complete skeletons of early mammals, fish, and reptiles are also available for viewing. Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History The Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History is a science, nature and cultural history museum in Bryan, Texas, United States. The museum also maintains memberships in American Alliance of Museums, Natural Science Collections Alliance, and the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections. The Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History maintains collections in the fields of archaeology,

neg: Red wattlebird and Big Desert parks to the north. The differences in plumage are not generally prominent enough to be noticeable in the field. Analysis of DNA showed that the closest relative of the red wattlebird is the yellow wattlebird of Tasmania, the pair splitting from the ancestor of the regent honeyeater—their next closest relative. Honeyeaters are related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in the large Meliphagoidea superfamily. The sexes of the red wattlebird are similar in size and plumage, the length of the adult male ranging from and adult female . With

neg: Next of kin Next of kin A person's next of kin (NOK) is that person's closest living blood relative or relatives. Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal definition of "next of kin". In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, "next of kin" may have no legal definition and may not necessarily refer to blood relatives at all. In some legal systems, rights regarding inheritance (which imply a decision-making capacity — for example, in a medical emergency — where no clear will or instructions have been given, and where the person has no spouse) flow to the closest relative

neg: Nedoceratops common among ceratopsians, "ceratops", means "horned face". It was named in reference to its lack of a nasal horn. The nearly complete skull known as "USNM 2412" is the only fossil of "Nedoceratops". Like Hatcher's other "Triceratops" skulls, it was found in eastern Wyoming, i.c. in 1891 in Niobrara County near Lightning Creek. Superficially, it resembles that of "Triceratops", but on closer examination, it differs: there is just a rounded stump where the nasal horn should be and the occipital (brow) horns stand almost vertically. Compared to other "Triceratops" skulls, it is slightly larger than average (1.8m in longest length),

neg: Nicobar pigeon as possible closest living relative of the Raphinae, the Nicobar pigeon makes a more plausible candidate than for example the group of imperial-pigeons and fruit-doves, which seems to be part of the same radiation. Whether it is possible to clarify such deep-time phylogenies without a comprehensive study of all major lineages of living Columbidae remains to be seen. The primitive molecular clock used to infer the date the ancestors of the Nicobar pigeon and the didines diverged has since turned out to be both unreliable and miscalibrated. But what little evidence is available still suggests that the Nicobar pigeon is

neg: Triceratops than postcranial bones for "Triceratops", suggesting that the skull had an unusually high preservation potential. "Triceratops" were herbivorous, and because of their low head, their primary food was probably low growth, although they may have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns, beak, and bulk. The jaws were tipped with a deep, narrow beak, believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting. "Triceratops" teeth were arranged in groups called batteries, of 36 to 40 tooth columns in each side of each jaw, with 3 to 5 stacked teeth per column, depending on the size

neg: Cyttaria gunnii "Nothofagus menziesii" while the Australian ones are only found on "Nothofagus cunninghamii" and are hence found in southern Victoria and Tasmania. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "This edible fungus is found on the branches of Fagus Cunnittghamii, or native Beech. Tasmania." The evolution of the genus parallels that of the host genus "Nothofagus"; hence "C. septentrionalis", the closest relative, parasitises Antarctic beech ("Nothofagus moorei"), the closest relative of myrtle beech. Ancestors of the two species are thought to have diverged from the South American and New Zealand "Cyttaria" species between 28 and 44 million

neg: Nedoceratops but its face is rather short. There also are large holes in the frill, unlike other "Triceratops" skulls known. Some of these may be pathological, others seem to be genetic. Lull suggested that the holes in the frill were the result of "accidental gorings" from another dinosaur. However, this issue is still up for debate. The following traits of USNM 2412 have been tentatively proposed by Andrew Farke as distinguishing "Nedoceratops" from "Triceratops": It lacks a recognizable nasal horn. It has almost vertical postorbital horncores. It has small parietal fenestrae (lacking in "Triceratops"). The type species is "Nedoceratops hatcheri". "Nedoceratops"

neg: Triceratops horned dinosaurs are known from bonebeds preserving bones from two to hundreds or thousands of individuals, to date there is only one documented bonebed dominated by "Triceratops" bones: a site in southeastern Montana with the remains of three juveniles. It may be significant that only juveniles were present. In 2012, a group of three "Triceratops" in relatively complete condition, each of varying sizes from a full-grown adult to a small juvenile, were found in Wyoming, near Newcastle. The remains are currently under excavation by paleontologist Peter Larson and a team from the Black Hills Institute. It is believed that the

neg: Triceratops including at least one complete individual skeleton. Paleontologist John Scannella observed: "It is hard to walk out into the Hell Creek Formation and not stumble upon a "Triceratops" weathering out of a hillside." Forty-seven complete or partial skulls were discovered in just that area from 2000 to 2010. Specimens representing life stages from hatchling to adult have been found. As the archetypal ceratopsid, "Triceratops" is one of the most popular dinosaurs, and has been featured in film, postal stamps, and many other types of media. Bearing a large bony frill and three horns on its large four-legged body, and possessing

neg: Judean date palm 2005, before knowing the gender of the palm tree, Dr. Solowey was hoping that it would turn out to be female, for which there was a 50% chance, because that would have allowed it to give fruit; on the contrary, "if it's a male, it will just be a curiosity." Methuselah flowered in March 2011 and is male. As of 2012, there were tentative plans to crossbreed the palm with what was considered its closest extant relative, the Hayani date from Egypt, to generate fruit by 2022. By 2015 Methuselah had produced pollen that has been used successfully to pollinate

neg: Chiloglottis triceratops long and about wide. There is a glandular tip long on the end of all three sepals. The petals are lance-shaped but curved, long, wide and curve forwards. The labellum is broadly egg-shaped to heart-shaped, long and wide with a brown to black column-like callus tall in the centre surrounded by similar but shorter calli. The column is greenish brown with dark red streaks, long and wide with narrow wings. Flowering occurs from November to January. "Chiloglottis triceratops" was first formally described in 1998 by David Jones and the description was published in "Australian Orchid Research". The specific epithet ("triceratops")

neg: Triceratops of skull lesions and periosteal reaction in "Triceratops" and "Centrosaurus" and showed that these were consistent with "Triceratops" using its horns in combat and the frill being adapted as a protective structure, while lower pathology rates in "Centrosaurus" may indicate visual rather than physical use of cranial ornamentation, or a form of combat focused on the body rather than the head. The frequency of injury was found to be 14% in "Triceratops". The researchers also concluded that the damage found on the specimens in the study was often too localized to be caused by bone disease. Histological examination reveals that

neg: Tyrannosaurus it had to hunt, noting that it had to hunt horned dinosaurs such as "Triceratops", armored dinosaurs such as "Ankylosaurus", and the duck-billed dinosaurs and their possibly complex social behaviors. He would suggest that this made precision more crucial for "Tyrannosaurus" enabling it to, "get in, get that blow in and take it down." In contrast, "Acrocanthosaurus" had limited depth perception because they hunted large sauropods, which were relatively rare during the time of "Tyrannosaurus". "Tyrannosaurus" had very large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves relative to their brain size, the organs responsible for a heightened sense of smell. This suggests

neg: Condemnations of 1210–1277 of Aristotelianism, and in this way marked the birth of modern science." The condemnations certainly had a positive effect on science, but scholars disagree over their relative influence. Historians in the field no longer fully endorse his view that modern science started in 1277. Edward Grant is probably the contemporary historian of science who comes closest to Duhem's vision. What historians do agree upon is that the condemnations allowed science "to consider possibilities that the great philosopher never envisioned." According to the historian of science Richard Dales, they "seem definitely to have promoted a freer and more imaginative way of

neg: Philip III of Macedon sources; what is certain is that no civil or military command was given to him in those thirteen years (336–323 BC). He was in Babylon at the time of Alexander's death on 10 June 323 BC. A succession crisis ensued. Arrhidaeus was the most obvious candidate, but he was mentally disabled and thus unfit to rule. A conflict then arose between Perdiccas, leader of the cavalry, and Meleager, who commanded the phalanx: the first wanted to wait to see if Roxana, Alexander's pregnant wife, would deliver a male baby, while the second objected that Arrhidaeus was the closest living relative

neg: Cusco–Collao Quechua Peruvian government and SIL International. In linguistic terms, the group is problematic. Concerning vocabulary, Cusco Quechua is closest to Ayacucho Quechua, with which it has 96% lexical similarity, whereas Puno Quechua and the Bolivian Quechua varieties have borrowed more lexicon and morphology from Aymara and Spanish (e.g. the diminutive suffix "-ita, -itu, -sita, -situ" instead of "-cha": cf. "small stone": "rumisitu" in Bolivia vs. "rumicha" in both Cusco and Ayacucho). Typical for Cusco-Collao dialects is the appearance of subordinating conjunctions, e.g. "imaraykuchus" (because) and "sichus" (if), or relative pronouns, e.g. "pitachus" (whom) or "imachus" (that, what), which are uncommon in

neg: Edmontonian as hypsilophodonts like "Parksosaurus" and the "(re)appearance" of basal neoceratopsians like "Montanoceratops" begin characterizing inland faunas. Paleontologist Thomas M. Lehman described the Edmontonian "Arrhinoceratops" as a likely ancestor for the Lancian "Triceratops". Ecological disturbance brought them to an end during the Edmontonian. Relative sea levels fell very rapidly due to the Laramide orogeny. Opportunistic generalist herbivores filled the vacated niches that were once filled by a diverse number of specialist forms. The newly formed ecosystems tended to be dominated by a single herbivorous species each. The new dominant herbivores were usually less ornamented and probably represent "survivors from indigenous lineages"

neg: Sheldon Cooper intellectually gifted son. The only member of his family to have actively encouraged his work in science was his grandfather, whom he cherished and affectionately called "Pop-Pop", and who died when Sheldon was five years old. Pop-Pop's loss is what caused Sheldon to despise Christmas when his Christmas wish to bring Pop-Pop back didn't come true. Sheldon's closest relative is his maternal grandmother whom he affectionately calls "Meemaw", and who in turn calls him "Moon Pie". His aunt also encouraged Sheldon by giving him medical equipment, "in case his work in physics failed, he'd have a 'trade' to fall back

neg: Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism result, in humans the muscles of the forehead (the occipitofrontalis) are only used for facial expressions. Increasing brain size has also been significant in human evolution. It began to increase around 2.4 million years ago but modern levels of brain size were not attained until after 500,000 years ago. Zoological analyses have shown that the size of human brains is significantly larger than what you would expect for our size. The human brain is in fact three to four times larger than its closest relative - the chimpanzee. Even with much modification, some features of the human skeleton remain poorly

neg: Sa'd ibn Ubadah people, you would not have said it." Sa'd's words triggered a loud quarrel in the mosque. Usayd ibn Hudayr retorted, "Liar yourself! We would certainly kill him, despite your efforts. You are a hypocrite who defends hypocrites! By God, if the Messenger desired the head of my closest relative, I would bring it to him before he could stand up. But I don’t know what the Messenger wants." Sa'ad told him: "You Aws insist on treating us with the resentment that was between us in the "Jahiliya". By God, there is no need to remember it. Surely you know who

neg: Pale-headed rosella ground. It readily adapts to aviculture and is sold as a cagebird. The pale-headed rosella was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1790. There are two subspecies, the better known "palliceps" (eastern Queensland), known as the blue-cheeked rosella, and "adscitus" (Cape York Peninsula). Its closest relative was thought to be the eastern rosella, which replaces it in southeastern Australia. Hybrids of the two taxa have been recorded where their ranges meet in northeastern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland. However, a 2017 mitochondrial study found that the closest relative was in fact the northern rosella, and that the

neg: Ceratopsidae by Paul Sereno as the group including the last common ancestor of "Pachyrhinosaurus" and "Triceratops"; and all its descendants. In 2004, it was by Peter Dodson defined to include "Triceratops", "Centrosaurus", and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Ceratopsidae Ceratopsidae (sometimes spelled Ceratopidae) is a family of marginocephalian dinosaurs including "Triceratops", "Centrosaurus", and "Styracosaurus". All known species were quadrupedal herbivores from the Upper Cretaceous, mainly of Western North America (though "Sinoceratops" is known from Asia as well as possible fossils in Japan, and Kazakhstan) and are characterized by beaks, rows of shearing teeth in the back of the

neg: When Dinosaurs Roamed America Cretaceous, "Anatotitan" and "Triceratops" browse on a rolling grassland bordered by tropical jungle, while "Ornithomimus" peck at roots and other plants in the area. Flying pterosaurs such as "Quetzalcoatlus" soar overhead, looking for carcasses. A young "Tyrannosaurus rex" arrives on the scene, and the "Triceratops" form a defensive circle around the juveniles and display their powerful horns whilst the "Tyrannosaurus" attempts to get through and roars repeatedly but the "Triceratops" stay to fight instead of fleeing. Unable to get past the horns of the defensive "Triceratops", the "Tyrannosaurus" attacks a "Quetzalcoatlus", but the pterosaur launches off and flies away from