query: how many ivy league schools are there in the united states

pos: Ivy League Ivy League The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term "Ivy League" is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context. The eight members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. "Ivy League" has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official only after the formation of

pos: Ivy League and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard. When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates since 2018 being 10% or less at each of the universities. Admitted students come from around the world, although students from New England and the Northeastern United States make up a significant

pos: Ivy League Stanford University and Northwestern University. Besides selectivity, these Ivy Plus colleges are thought to share similar values around academic and professional excellence, intellectual curiosity, leadership and civil engagement." Ivy League The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term "Ivy League" is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context. The eight members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. "Ivy League" has

pos: Education in the United States apply to these schools gain admission. Included among the top 20 institutions identified by ARWU in 2009 are six of the eight schools in the Ivy League; 4 of the 10 schools in the University of California system (Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco); the private Universities of Stanford, Chicago, and Johns Hopkins; the public Universities of Washington and Wisconsin; and the Massachusetts and California Institutes of Technology. Also renowned within the United States are the so-called Little Ivies and a number of prestigious liberal arts colleges. Certain public universities (sometimes referred to as Public Ivies) are also

pos: Ivy League to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations, university affiliations, or endowment comparisons. In his book "Untangling the Ivy League", Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non–Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included. The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well." In their 2015 book "Acing Admissions", Mehta and Dixit write, "The ["Ivy Plus" schools] include, but are not limited to: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),

pos: Ivy Council Ivy Council are only representative of the undergraduate students of the eight Ivy League schools. They are not in any way taken nor made on behalf of the Ivy League itself, nor its member institutions themselves as distinct corporate entities. The Ivy Council organizes three different activities throughout an academic year. First, the Ivy Council hosts semi-annual conferences where student leaders gather to research and seek solutions to issues of the day at their schools, across the Ivy League, or to student populations as a whole. Recent issue topics have included affirmative action in admissions, post-season football, the drug-free provisions

pos: Kudzu League Kudzu League The "Kudzu League" are a loosely defined group of prestigious universities in the southern United States. The term is a parody of the term "Ivy League" (used to designate a set of eight prestigious universities in New England and the mid-Atlantic states) and alludes to the proliferation of kudzu in the American South since its introduction from Japan in the late 1800s for erosion-control purposes. Schools frequently labeled with the term include: The prestigious institutions Emory University and The College of William and Mary, located respectively in Atlanta, Georgia, and Williamsburg, Virginia, are often listed as additional members

pos: Kudzu League due to their academic excellence and location. However, as they do not participate in FBS-level college football, they are sometimes omitted. Kudzu League The "Kudzu League" are a loosely defined group of prestigious universities in the southern United States. The term is a parody of the term "Ivy League" (used to designate a set of eight prestigious universities in New England and the mid-Atlantic states) and alludes to the proliferation of kudzu in the American South since its introduction from Japan in the late 1800s for erosion-control purposes. Schools frequently labeled with the term include: The prestigious institutions Emory University

pos: Ivy League proportion of students. In the most recent academic year, seven of the eight Ivy League schools reported record-high application numbers; seven also reported record-low acceptance rates. Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings. In addition to the broad rankings listed in the accompanying chart, several Ivy League schools are highly ranked in the current "2018 US News & World Report" assessment of Best Undergraduate Teaching: 1. Princeton; 2. Dartmouth; 3. Brown; 10. Yale. The "Wall Street Journal" rankings place all eight of the universities within the top 20 in the country. Further, Ivy League members

pos: Ivy Rugby Conference Ivy Rugby Conference The Ivy Rugby Conference is an annual rugby union competition played among the eight member schools of the Ivy League. The Ivy Rugby Conference was formed in 2009. The Ivy Rugby Conference was formed to foster better competition among rugby teams from the Ivy League schools and to raise the quality of play. Ivy Rugby formed committees to manage the league, independently of the LAUs and TUs. The Ivy Rugby Conference, and specifically its sevens tournament, has enabled the Ivy schools to tap into existing rivalries and fan bases. Ivy Rugby has had consistent success in attracting

pos: Ivy League Digital Network Ivy League Digital Network Ivy League Digital Network was an Internet television website and operated by the Ivy League. The internet network was first available to subscribers in the fall of 2013, and covered all eight of the Ivy League schools. The site used technology provided by NeuLion to feature live and on-demand content from a variety of sports across the eight schools and conference championship events. On April 4, 2018, it was announced that the Ivy League and ESPN agreed having the ESPN platform carry Ivy League athletic competitions. Under the ten year deal, over 1,100 Ivy League events

pos: Ivy Council Moreover, Conference materials are posted online in the Student Government Forum and Policy Database to encourage further discussion and archived information sharing. Such documents are accessible to all Ivy League students, not just Ivy student government leaders and members. Ivy Leadership Summit (ILS) is an annual two-day conference hosted by the Ivy Council to bring together students from the eight Ivy League universities along with leaders from the business, government, academics, and non-profit sectors of society. The conference is usually held in February and its location is rotated each year through the campuses of the schools in the Ivy League.

pos: Columbia Lions Columbia Lions The Columbia University Lions are the collective athletic teams and their members from Columbia University, an Ivy League institution in New York City, United States. The current director of athletics is Peter Pilling. The eight-institution athletic league to which Columbia University belongs, the Ivy League, also includes Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The Ivy League conference sponsors championships in 33 men's and women's sports and averages 35 varsity teams at each of its eight universities. The League provides intercollegiate athletic opportunities for more men and women than

pos: Ivy League automatic bid. The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the Southeastern Conference. Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament. On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded

pos: Ivy Rugby Conference commercial sponsors. Sponsors have included H2H, Royall Lyme and Boathouse Sports. The Ivy League schools have a rich rugby tradition that pre-dates the formation of the Ivy conference. The eight Ivy League schools competed in the Ivy Rugby Championship Tournament from 1969 until the Ivy Rugby Conference was formed in 2009. The Ivy Rugby logo was developed in 2005. In addition to the traditional 15-a-side rugby union competition, the teams play yearly for the Ivy Rugby 7s Championship held the first Saturday in November. Ivy Rugby Conference The Ivy Rugby Conference is an annual rugby union competition played among the

pos: Ivy League Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army. In 1935, the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools: Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's

neg: Ivy League These counterparts are often referred to in the American media as the "Ivy League" of their respective nations. Additionally, groupings of schools use the "Ivy" nomenclature to denote a perceived comparability, such as American liberal arts colleges (Little Ivies), lesser known schools (Hidden Ivies), public universities (Public Ivies), and schools in the Southern United States (Southern Ivies). Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world, which allows the universities to provide many resources for their academic programs and research endeavors. , Harvard University has an endowment of $37.1 billion, the highest of any US

neg: Black Ivy League Black Ivy League The Black Ivy League is a colloquial term that at times referred to the historically black colleges in the United States that attracted the majority of high-performing and affluent African American students prior to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Similar groups include: Public Ivies, Southern Ivies, and the Little Ivies, among others, none of which have canonical definitions. Generally, these schools have avoided using the term "Black Ivy League" to describe themselves. These schools are not affiliated with the Ivy League, which is a registered trademark owned by an NCAA sports conference. There is no

neg: Black Ivy League Nashville, Tennessee, and Los Angeles, California. , these four medical schools "reportedly account[ed] for more than half of all Black medical school graduates" in the United States. Tuskegee has had a School of Veterinary Medicine since the 1930s and began awarding PhDs in the 1980s. Regarding extension and outreach, many of the HBCUs which are not in the Black Ivy League are land grant universities, founded in response to the Second Morrill Act of 1890. As a result, those institutions receive annual federal and state appropriations to conduct extension activities, which are not available to the Black Ivy League schools,

neg: Hidden Ivies universities that emulate them. "The Hidden Ivies: 50 Top Colleges - From Amherst to Williams - That Rival the Ivy League", the second edition of the guide published in 2009, evaluates 50 "renowned academic institutions." Nine of the 50 schools in the second edition are located in the Midwestern United States, 24 in the Northeastern United States, 11 in the Southern United States, and six in the Western United States. "Hidden Ivies" discusses the college admissions process and attempts to evaluate 63 colleges in comparison to Ivy League colleges. The schools are examined based on academics, admissions process, financial aid,

neg: Ivy League other national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition, including football titles and retroactive Helms Foundation titles. The term "Ivy" is often used to connote a positive comparison to or association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the Little Ivies, a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States. Other uses include the Southern Ivies, Hidden Ivies, and the Public Ivies. The 2007 edition of "Newsweek's How to Get Into College Now", the editors designated 25 schools as "New Ivies". The term "Ivy Plus" is sometimes used

neg: Lake Forest Academy is based on the House system which is found in British schools; however unlike British schools, students are not divided up based on what dorm they are in. This is similar to the house system in the Harry Potter series, and as such the students often debate which LFA house corresponds with that in the series; there is never any consensus on this. Lake Forest Academy is well-recognized as one of the strongest college preparatory schools in the United States . All graduates attend a 4-year college or university, and many of them attend Ivy League schools, "Little Ivies", and

neg: Rhode Island Providence. There are four NCAA Division I schools in Rhode Island. All four schools compete in different conferences. The Brown University Bears compete in the Ivy League, the Bryant University Bulldogs compete in the Northeast Conference, the Providence College Friars compete in the Big East Conference, and the University of Rhode Island Rams compete in the Atlantic-10 Conference. Three of the schools' football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision, the second-highest level of college football in the United States. Brown plays FCS football in the Ivy League, Bryant plays FCS football in the Northeast Conference, and Rhode Island plays

neg: College admissions in the United States admissions, was more likely to waitlist financially needy applicants, according to one report. One view was that financial aid depends on how a specific student compares with other students: By contrast, other schools practice need-blind admission, such as Ivy League Universities, but there are exceptions. A report in "The New York Times" suggested that Trump advisor and son-in-law Jared Kushner gained admission to Harvard after his father promised a $2.5 million gift. One view was that state schools strive to admit students from "all parts of a state," which suggests that applicants who live farther away from a given school

neg: Black Ivy League agreement as to which schools are included in the "Black Ivy League", and sources list different possible members. The 1984 book "Blacks in Colleges" by Dr. Jacqueline Fleming, states that "... schools that make up the 'Black Ivy league' [include] Fisk, Morehouse, Spelman, Dillard, Howard, Clark Atlanta, Hampton, Tuskegee." Fleming further notes that, "[t]he presence of Black Ivy League colleges pull the best and most privileged black students... [A]ll seven are unique schools, with little overlap among them." Bill Maxwell, in a 2003 series on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), coincides with Fleming in describing the Black Ivy League

neg: Ivy League the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league. A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The "Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League"

neg: Black Ivy League except for Tuskegee University, which began to receive Cooperative Extension funding in 1972. However, the Black Ivy League schools have received Part B federal aid under the Higher Education Act of 1965 as HBCUs. Black Ivy League The Black Ivy League is a colloquial term that at times referred to the historically black colleges in the United States that attracted the majority of high-performing and affluent African American students prior to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Similar groups include: Public Ivies, Southern Ivies, and the Little Ivies, among others, none of which have canonical definitions. Generally, these schools

neg: Special Activities Division of the U.S. special missions units. SAD, like most of the CIA, requires a bachelor's degree to be considered for employment. Many have advanced degrees such as Master's and law degrees. Many candidates come from notable schools, many from Ivy League institutions and United States Service Academies, and the majority of recruits today come from middle-class backgrounds. SAD officers are trained at Camp Peary, Virginia (also known as "The Farm") and at privately owned training centers around the United States. They also train its personnel at "The Point" (Harvey Point), a facility outside of Hertford, North Carolina. In addition to

neg: Southern Ivy Southern Ivy Southern Ivy is an informal term, and not an official body, that has been used in the U.S. to compare Southern universities to the schools of the northeastern Ivy League in some way, usually in academic quality or in social prestige. The "Southern Ivy League," referred to as the "Magnolia League", was also a failed attempt to construct an athletic conference with schools that had similar "academic missions and philosophies". Given that the term is colloquial, there is no comprehensive, objective or definitive list of schools that are considered "Southern Ivies". The effort to create a Southern athletic

neg: Ivy League "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets." Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education— George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business

neg: Ethical Culture Fieldston School the Ivy Preparatory School League against other private schools in the region. The school's hockey team as well as the girls and boys ultimate frisbee teams, however, do not play in the league and schedule their own games. Among its many notable alumni and former students are: Ethical Culture Fieldston is a part of the Ivy Preparatory School League, with many of the city's elite private schools. The three high schools Fieldston, Riverdale, and Horace Mann together are known as the "Hill schools," as all three are located within a short walking distance of each other in the Riverdale section

neg: Ivy League was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874. Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale, Simmons, Bryn Mawr and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879. The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965). The first known instance of the term "Ivy League" being used appeared in "The Christian Science Monitor" on February 7, 1935. Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from

neg: Hidden Ivies and student experiences. The book argues the importance of a liberal arts education and goes on to inquire about the qualities of Ivy League schools in general, and how such qualities apply to higher education. Hidden Ivies Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence is a college educational guide published in 2000. It focuses on college admissions in the United States. The authors define both the title of this book as well as their goals in writing it as: "to create greater awareness of the small, distinctive cluster of colleges and universities of excellence that are available to gifted college-bound students."

neg: Black Ivy League distinct disadvantage. Today, many of these institutions are struggling to keep pace with white institutions in terms of course offerings, facilities, athletics, and student services." Yet, Black Ivy League schools enroll more black National Merit Scholars than elite traditional schools, such as Harvard, Yale, and Stanford, perhaps because these students have financial aid independent of the school they attend. As reported by the "Washington Post", "Top-tier schools—including Howard, Hampton University, and Spelman and Morehouse colleges—vie with Harvard and Princeton for top black students and faculty." Since the 1960s, the Ivy League has actively recruited blacks who now play prominent roles

neg: 1988 United States presidential election Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets." Governor Dukakis attempted to quell criticism that he was ignorant on military matters by staging a photo op in which he rode in an M1 Abrams tank outside

neg: United States National Women's Rowing Team development of their women's rowing programs because they were also spending large amounts on their men's teams. This spread out the competition nationally, and eliminated the program divide between Ivy League schools and large public universities. Today, there are women's programs in all three divisions of the NCAA. Both private and public colleges competitively race, and the sport continues to grow in popularity. The development in women's collegiate crew programs directly impacted the success of the women's national team. Women's teams across the United States were becoming faster, and the talent pool for the national team began to grow. During

neg: Sprint football shifted its resources to club football. A number of other Ivy League schools have historically had sprint football teams, including the Yale Bulldogs, Harvard Crimson, and Columbia Lions, all of whom had dropped the sport many years earlier; of the Ivy League schools, only Penn and the Cornell Big Red remain. For its first 83 seasons, the CSFL did not sponsor playoff or bowl games (a tradition due in no small part to the Ivy League schools, who, like the rest of the Ivy League, abstain from all football postseason play to encourage academic performance). The season championship was decided

neg: Graduate science education in the United States from engaging in external employment during the course of their graduate training. As a result, PhD students at U.S. universities typically receive a tuition waiver and some form of annual stipend. The source and amount of funding varies from field to field and university to university. Many U.S. PhD students work as teaching assistants or research assistants. Graduate schools increasingly encourage their students to seek outside funding; many are supported by fellowships they obtain for themselves or by their advisers' research grants from government agencies such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. Many Ivy League

neg: College admissions in the United States discovered, while working among disadvantaged peoples, that "all persons were the same". Admissions officers seek to learn how a person thinks, what kind of person they are, and their level of intellectual promise. Essays are generally important only in borderline cases. One report was that at Ivy League universities, 40% of students were so-called "special cases" including student-athletes, minorities, low-income, legacies, and development cases, and that admissions standards were typically lowered for these groups. While there is general agreement that chances for admission are higher for students who are prepared to pay the full price, there are indications that this

neg: Black Ivy League Greenstone, found that between the 1970s and the 1990s, "there is a wage penalty" in attending a HBCU over those attending historically white colleges, "resulting in a 20% decline in the relative wages of HBCU graduates between the two decades." Unlike the Ivy League, the main focus of the Black Ivy League has been on undergraduate education. However, Howard University has several graduate-level professional programs, including a medical school, and Morehouse at one time had a medical school, which has since become independent. There are two other historically black medical schools not affiliated with Black Ivy League-identified colleges, located in

neg: State school as those of the Ivy League, which are often very expensive and extremely selective in the students they accept. In several states, the administrations of public universities are elected via the general electoral ballot. State school State schools (also known as public schools outside England and Wales) are generally primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. These schools are generally inclusive (non-selective) in admitting all students within the geographical area that they serve. While state schools are to be found in virtually every country, there are

neg: Rhodes Preparatory School Rhodes Preparatory School Rhodes Preparatory School was a private school located at 11 West 54th Street in Manhattan, New York City, United States. It included a lower school with students in seventh and eighth grades and an upper school for students from grades nine through twelve. For a brief period in its history, it also had fifth and sixth grade classes. There was also an evening school for adults. Rhodes was a college preparatory school. It attracted students from all over the world. Many graduates went on to Ivy League or Seven Sisters schools, and to other prestigious institutions around

neg: Ivy League five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding. "Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935. Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools. After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students. They had always had

neg: College admissions in the United States rank colleges according to various measures, sell guidebooks, and use their rankings as an entry into college admissions consulting services. College Board launched a website called BigFuture in 2012 with tools to help the admissions process. There are services to help expedite the college admissions process, including a web-based service that sells copies of applications that gained the applicant admission to Ivy League colleges. Companies such as the College Board have offered services to help students prepare for their tests and provide other services, usually web-based, to help students compare schools. Some firms work with schools to provide test preparation

neg: Higher education in the United States to provide the best luxury facilities, and asked whether college was worth the expense in an era of "predatory loan systems" and job scarcity and rampant inequality. One analyst argued that second-tier schools with "Ivy League Envy" had become "so obsessed with rising up the academic hierarchy" that they focused too heavily on research while neglecting undergraduate education, and argued that schools should embrace Internet technology and online software to streamline costs. Another issue is the rising cost of textbooks. There are textbook exchanges for students who will accept a used text at a lower price. Lower priced alternatives offered

neg: College rowing (United States) the best placed boat from an Ivy League school being crowned Ivy League Champion. Prior to the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Rowing Conference, the nine charter member schools — Bryn Mawr College, Franklin & Marshall College, Johns Hopkins University, Marietta College, the University of Mary Washington, North Park University, Richard Stockton College, Rutgers University–Camden, and Washington College — enjoyed an affiliation due to their annual competition at the Mid-Atlantic Division III Rowing Championships, formerly the Atlantic Collegiate League Sprints Championships. In late 2008, the rowing programs at the nine schools expressed a common desire to formalize their association in order

neg: Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association The Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA) is an NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling conference. It held its first championship tournament in 1905, making it the oldest wrestling conference in the NCAA; the charter members were Columbia, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale. Thirty-two different schools have been members of the EIWA during its history, all schools from the Eastern United States. Its current members are schools in the Northeast whose main conferences do not sponsor wrestling, including the Patriot League, America East Conference, Northeast Conference, and Colonial Athletic Association, as well as all of the Ivy League schools

neg: College rowing (United States) member starting with the 2011 championship, and longtime WCC member Portland added a varsity rowing team the following season. The ECAC/Metro League is a women's rowing conference. The participating schools are: Buffalo, Colgate, Delaware, Fordham, UMass, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Villanova, and West Virginia. Most of these schools have dual conference memberships in rowing. The Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) was formed in 1946. It is a men's rowing conference composed of the Ivy League schools plus other select universities. Each year the EARC schools race at the Eastern Sprints regatta on Lake Quinsigamond in Massachusetts, which, for the

neg: St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) out of its 75 graduates, or 33%, to an Ivy league School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, or Stanford, making its matriculation one of the best in the country. The class of 2013 similarly fared well, with 21 graduates attending Ivy League schools or Stanford and 2 each attending the University of Chicago and the United States Military Academy. From the 76 member class of 2014, 16 headed to the Ivy League, 2 to Stanford, 1 to Duke, and 4 to the University of Chicago. As of 2015, St. Albans students had the highest average SAT scores

neg: Big Three (colleges) process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as “lineage.” Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of "Harvard Schmarvard", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: “It does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.” The "Big Three" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale

neg: Cornell Law School Cornell Law School Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is one of the five Ivy League law schools and offers three law degree programs (J.D., LL.M., and J.S.D.) along with several dual-degree programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. Established in 1887 as Cornell's Department of Law, the law school is ranked 13th in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. Cornell Law alumni include business executive and philanthropist Myron Charles Taylor, namesake of the law school building, along with

neg: College admissions in the United States or basketball can have a "significantly greater advantage in admissions" than others. Some Ivy League coaches, seeking to improve the average academic performance of their teams, would admit mediocre athletes with top academic skills as a means to balance out the stellar athletes with below-average academic ability. To fix this "average score" arrangement in which there had been a temptation to admit an extremely poor student with great athletic ability, many schools went to a "banding" arrangement. For example, coaches would consider all wrestling applicants within a specified range or "band" of academic performance, and coaches could admit more wrestler-applicants

neg: Public university was later followed by other colleges and universities in the District of Columbia, including Gallaudet University (1864), Howard University (1867), and American University (1893). Historically, many of the prestigious universities in the United States have been private, most notably the Ivy League. However, some public universities are also highly prestigious and increasingly selective: Richard Moll designated such prestigious public universities Public Ivies. UC Berkeley, for instance, is often ranked as a top-ten university in the world and the top public university in the United States. There are a number of public liberal arts colleges, including the members of the Council

neg: Ivy Bowl Ivy Bowl The Ivy Bowl (also known as the Epson Ivy Bowl) was an international college football game played between an American, 43-man all-star team (composed of only Ivy League players) versus a team of college all-stars from Japan. The first Epson Ivy Bowl occurred on January 8, 1989, and the final game occurred at the conclusion of the 1996 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The United States won every match-up. The wins, because they were not between two NCAA-affiliated schools and some of the years were mixed school (all-star) teams do not count toward official win-loss records. Despite the

neg: Hopkins School a Hopkins' Student is 2100 (Math: 690, Reading: 700, Writing: 710), and the average ACT score is 34. This can be compared to the National averages, which are 1720 and 26. Hopkins is also known for having the highest number of National Merit Scholarship Semi-Finalists out of all private and public Connecticut high schools for multiple years. In addition, many students from Hopkins attend Ivy League and other highly competitive schools. Almost 10% of each graduating class attends the nearby Ivy League School, Yale University. The school's Ivy/MIT/Stanford matriculation is approximately 25%. Students have varying levels of power and responsibility

neg: College rowing (United States) is intense, lightweight programs often don't exist, and if they do, they are typically underfunded club sports. This has not always been the case, however, as many lightweight programs have deteriorated or disappeared over time. This is especially apparent in the west, where California Lightweight Crew remains the sole program for men's lightweight rowing. However, on the east coast, most Ivy League and EARC schools have excellent, well-funded men's lightweight teams; the lightweight men's events at Eastern Sprints and the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship (IRAs) are fiercely contested. Since the NCAA Rowing Championships does not have a lightweight event for

neg: Japanese Americans the SAT and ACT may often exceed the national averages. Japanese Americans have the largest showing of any ethnic group in nationwide Advanced Placement testing each year. A large majority of Japanese Americans obtain post-secondary degrees. Japanese Americans often face the "model minority" stereotype that they are dominant in math- and science-related fields in colleges and universities across the United States. In reality, however, there is an equal distribution of Japanese Americans between the arts and humanities and the sciences. Although their numbers have declined slightly in recent years, Japanese Americans are still a prominent presence in Ivy League schools,

neg: Zhengzhou Foreign Language School students are prepared for the TOEFL, SATs, and AP tests. Seniors are guided in completion and submission of the Common Application for university admission to the Ivy League and other top schools in the United States. The AP Program graduates over 38 seniors each year and all seniors are admitted to select American schools. In a 2016 ranking of Chinese high schools that send students to study in American universities, it ranked number 17 in mainland China in terms of the number of students entering top American universities. A total of 76 students were sent to Tsinghua University and Peking

neg: Black Ivy League in 1934, where he published his last major work, Black Reconstruction in America (1935) and remained until his retirement in 1944. Prior to the 1960s, African-American students and staff experienced serious discrimination in United States higher education. During that era, these schools attracted the best African-American students and faculty. However, since the 1960s, these institutions have had great difficulty in competing with Ivy League and other historically white colleges for top students and faculty The "North Star" News notes, "As Blacks enrolled in predominantly white colleges and southern states did not invest in Black colleges, HBCU’s were put at a

neg: Ivy League in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so. The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference. The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016-17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including

neg: College ice hockey 60 schools competing in Division I, with 59 of them organized into six conferences, plus one team (Arizona State) playing as an independent program with no conference affiliation. The conferences are: The Ivy League recognizes ice hockey champions for both sexes, but it does not sponsor the sport; it instead uses the results of regular-season ECAC Hockey matches involving two Ivy League schools to extrapolate an Ivy champion (all six Ivy League schools that sponsor varsity hockey do so for both men and women, and compete in the ECAC). The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference sponsored D-I men's hockey, but dropped

neg: Osterburg, Pennsylvania Osterburg, Pennsylvania Osterburg is a small unincorporated community in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, United States, between Bedford, Claysburg, and Imler. The ZIP Code for Osterburg is 16667. It is part of the Chestnut Ridge School District. Logging and dairy farming are leading parts of the economy of the Osterburg area. Local businesses include Osterburg Post Office, Slick's Ivy Stone Restaurant, First Commonwealth Bank, and Osterburg Country Store as well as Peights windows. Osterburg is served by the Chestnut Ridge School District which operates two elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school. Although small, there are many recreational activities in

neg: Occupational Employment Statistics levels. A good example is that OES estimates calculate how many primary school teachers (including their wages) work in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA MSA, which can be aggregated to how many primary school teachers (including their wages) work in California, which in turn can be aggregated to how many primary school teachers (including their wages) work in the United States. The main occupational-based estimates that are calculated are: There are many customers who are interested in OES data, such as colleges and trade schools whose students would like to obtain occupational information before entering the work force, temporary employment

neg: Black Ivy League in each of its institutions, including faculty holding endowed professorships, head athletic coaches, deans, and one president, Ruth Simmons (Dillard graduate) of Brown University. From 1967 to 1976, black enrollment in Ivy League colleges rose from 2.3% to 6.3%. In addition, Ivy League alumni who are African-American have formed the Black Ivy Alumni League, as well as separate black alumni groups for each individual university. The Black Ivy Alumni League notes that "over 50,000 alumni of African descent connected through our Ivy League experiences." African Americans who earned undergraduate degrees at Ivy League schools include President Barack Obama; his wife,

neg: NOVA-MBA Association member. However, graduates of other programs figuring in the list of United States graduate business school rankings, and most notably the Yale School of Management, the Ross School of Business, and the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration are generally accepted as well. Note that all six Ivy League business schools are included (Wharton, Tuck, HBS, CBS, Cornell, Yale). Brown University and Princeton University do not have business schools (although Brown offers a joint Executive MBA program with Spain's Instituto de Empresa Business School). As of 2012, the association is in the process of evaluating extending membership to graduates of

neg: Full-service community schools in the United States families face differences in regards to childrearing and children's health—including vision, hearing, oral health, lead exposure, asthma, use of alcohol, smoking, birth weight, and nutrition—and have difficulty attaining and fully utilizing government aid. While these differences, may not significantly affect the academic achievement gap between classes on an individual basis, "together, they add up to a cumulative disadvantage for lower-class children that can't help but depress average performance. While there is no clear agreement on how many full-service community schools there are in the country, there are many schools that have instituted relevant pieces of the FSCS model, including extended

neg: Gimhae Foreign Language High School of Gyeongnam Education and Gimhae city fund full scholarships for special activities such as touring the Ivy League universities of the United States. Like most schools in Korea, GIMFL's school year begins in March, the second semester begins in September, and graduation takes place in February. Students can gain admission to GIMFL by demonstrating ability in a variety of areas, although the most common way students are accepted is through passing GIMFL's own admissions exams, which include an English test and a brief interview. GIMFL applicants are generally in the top 4% of their middle schools. All GIMFL students are

neg: Leiden University common in elite universities in the UK (Oxford and Cambridge), and the Ivy League in the United States. In addition, most departments, affiliated (research) institutes or faculties offer doctorate programmes or positions, leading to the PhD degree. Most of the PhD programmes offered by the university are concentrated in several research schools or institutes. Leiden University has more than 50 research and graduate schools and institutes. Some of them are fully affiliated with one faculty of the university, while others are interfaculty institutes or even interuniversity institutes. Of the eighty-nine Spinozapremie (the highest scientific award of The Netherlands), twenty-two were

neg: ECAC Hockey varsity intercollegiate ice hockey program. Penn supported an intercollegiate varsity hockey program in the past and was an ECAC Hockey member from 1966 to 1978 before the team was disbanded. The Ivy school that has the best record against other Ivy opponents in regular season ECAC games is crowned the Ivy League ice hockey champion. The Ivy League schools require their teams to play seasons that are about three weeks shorter than those of the other schools in the league. Thus, they enter the league schedule with fewer non-conference warm-up games. Harvard competes in the annual Beanpot Tournament. The ECAC

neg: Big Three (colleges) Big Three (colleges) The Big Three is a historical term used in the United States to refer to Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University. The phrase Big Three originated in the 1880s, when these three colleges dominated college football. In 1906, these schools formed a sports compact that formalized a three-way football competition which began in 1878. This early agreement predated the Ivy League by exactly half a century. The rivalry remains intense today, though the three schools are no longer national football powerhouses, and schools continue to refer to their intercollegiate competitions as "Big Three" or "Harvard-Princeton-Yale" meets.

neg: Preppy Preppy Preppy (also spelled preppie) or prep (all abbreviations of the word "preparatory") refers to a subculture in the United States associated with old private Northeastern university-preparatory schools. The terms are used to denote a person seen as characteristic of a student or alumnus of these schools. Characteristics of preps in the past include a particular subcultural speech, vocabulary, dress, mannerisms, etiquette, reflective of an upper-class upbringing. The term "preppy" derives from the private, university-preparatory or "prep" schools that some American upper class and upper-middle-class children attend. The term "preppy" is commonly associated with the Ivy League and oldest universities

neg: Collegiate fencing school's overall performance and to calculate how it should be placed in a given tournament. According to official NCAA regulations, colleges are limited to granting five full ("free ride") fencing scholarships per year. Collegiate fencing Collegiate fencing has existed for a long time. Some of the earliest programs in the US came from the Ivy League schools, but now there are over 100 fencing programs in the US. Both clubs and varsity teams participate in the sport, however only the varsity teams may participate in the NCAA championship tournament. The first NCAA fencing tournament was held at Northwestern University in

neg: Ivy Day (United States) stones at the annual ivy day preceding commencement. Students may also have a selective procession prior to the official commencement walk to honor each stone being placed on the buildings. On some occasions students plant ivy in front or on the side of their ivy stones. Princeton University also places class ivy stones on the walls of its buildings, a few days prior to their commencement. Students are known to give speeches at Ivy Day to commemorate their time and work at the college. Select medical schools also participate in Ivy Day prior to their White Coat Ceremony. Ivy Day

neg: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School (HWRHS) is a public high school in South Hamilton, Massachusetts, United States. It is the only high school in the Hamilton-Wenham Regional School District, which has its administrative offices in Wenham, Massachusetts. The school's athletic teams are called the Generals, named after General George S. Patton, who lived in Hamilton. Students' average SAT scores are above the state average and the school regularly sends top students to Ivy League schools. In 2010, Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School placed in the top 10% of Massachusetts schools, ranking number 12, according to the Boston Magazine's

neg: John Carter (musician) Records, "What More Do You Want" as the Ivy League. Their luck changed when Herman's Hermits recorded "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat" and took it to number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States. In the UK it was a smaller hit for Goldie and the Gingerbreads. They then provided backing vocals for "I Can't Explain", by the Who. In 1965 and 1966, The Ivy League scored four UK chart hits, including "Tossing and Turning", which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and "Funny How Love Can Be" top 10 hit. By early 1966 Carter

neg: Colleges That Change Lives Colleges That Change Lives Colleges That Change Lives is a college educational guide, originally by longtime student advocate and former "New York Times" education editor Loren Pope. It was first published in 1996, with a second edition in 2000, a third edition in 2006 and a fourth edition in 2013. It concerns college admissions in the United States. The third edition profiles 40 choices for liberal arts colleges that, according to Pope, offer as much, if not more, than Ivy League schools: "The phrase 'Ivy League education' is an oxymoron when compared to the benefactions to mind and soul the

neg: Cambridge Assessment International Education addition, Cambridge provides Key Stage examinations for primary and secondary schools internationally. Cambridge qualifications are recognised for admission by UK universities (including Oxford and Cambridge) as well as universities in the United States (Stanford and all Ivy League universities), Canada, European Union, Middle East, West Asia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal as well as in other countries. Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Assessment International Education (CAIE or simply Cambridge, formerly known as CIE - (University of) Cambridge International Examinations) is a provider of international qualifications, offering examinations and qualifications to 10,000 schools in more than 160 countries.

neg: Educational inequality the Southwest of the United States Latinos were often segregated through the deliberate practice of school and public officials. This form of segregation is referred to as de facto segregation. American Indians experienced the enforcement of missionary schools that emphasized the assimilation into white culture and society. Even after "successful" assimilation, those American Indians experienced discrimination in white society and often a rejection by their tribe. It created a group that could not truly benefit even if they gained an equal education. American universities are separated into various classes, with a few institutions, such as the Ivy League schools, much

neg: History of women's ice hockey in the United States years later, the Bulldogs hockey program attained varsity status. In 1976, Brown hosted the first ever Ivy League women's ice hockey tournament. The other competing schools were Cornell, Princeton and Yale. The Big Red won the tournament. Dartmouth College welcomed women’s ice hockey on January 7, 1978. The Big Green defeated Middlebury by a 6-5 score. The Big Green finished their inaugural season with 7 wins, 7 losses, and 1 tie. Against Ivy League teams, the Big Green were 1-3-1. In the 1978-79 season, the Harvard Crimson iced a women's team. Their first game was a 17-0 defeat at the

neg: Independent School League (New England) School and St. George's joined during the mid-1970s. For 2017-2018, with the departure of St. Paul's, a new addition to the Independent School League is Tabor Academy (Massachusetts), joining the league in 2017 after playing as a non-league competitor against several of the schools for many years, and being one of the original founding members. ISL schools are noted for high tuition, wealthy students, academic excellence, superior college placement, athletics, and in many cases, storied histories. For example, the ISL features one of the United States' ten wealthiest boarding schools, Groton. The ISL features two of the United States' ten

neg: University Finance Lab developing more realistic trading rooms and also giving the students more capital to work with. At the time, the largest investments came at Ivy League schools, many of which had their finance labs developed by University Finance Labs. The need for University-based trading rooms has been present since the late 1990s. Finance Labs give students a greater understanding of awareness of the financial markets, how they operate in real-time, along with their rules and regulations. Finance rooms are typically used by economics and finance majors or minors, giving them real experiences while still in an academic environment. The change in

neg: Columbia Law School was a Major League Baseball player, and a spy for the United States. Alumni of the law school have been the president or founder of more than 30 colleges and universities in the nation. Columbia Law School Columbia Law School (often referred to as Columbia Law or CLS) is a professional graduate school of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. It has always been ranked in the top five law schools in the United States by "U.S. News and World Report". Columbia is especially well known for its strength in corporate law and its placement power in the

neg: TrendTopper MediaBuzz College Guide up-to-date perspective on which schools have the most popular brand. for example, it cites the Ivy League University of Pennsylvania (ranked fifth in 2010 by U.S. News) fared almost equivalently to Penn State (ranked 47th in 2010 by U.S. News), ranking 22nd and 24th respectively." The resulting tool, the group claims, gauges the relative value of the various institutions and how they change over time. The rankings are the only ones that contain specialty schools which are typically assigned to "unranked" or "other' categories. "The rankings include specialty (and for profit) schools as well, such as Art, Business, Design, Music,

neg: Atlantic College entered the College in 1971. The College was influential in the creation of the International Baccalaureate and continues to be actively involved in its development. IB graduates are typically accepted at the most competitive colleges and universities around the world, with many enrolling in Ivy League universities in the United States as well as British universities. Students at the college are eligible, after graduation, to participate in the Davis United World College Scholars Program, which funds undergraduate study (based on need) for UWC students at selected universities in the United States. Despite this, the stated aim of the College is

neg: Mid-Atlantic Prep League undefeated (not losing one game) in 2010-2011. Since its inception in 1999, the MAPL has been an extremely competitive league and arguably the best combination of academics and basketball in the United States. While producing NBA players Luol Deng, Charlie Villanueva and Royal Ivey (all from Blair), as well as Joakim Noah (Lawrenceville), the MAPL has also become a pipeline for Ivy League basketball programs. From 2004-2008 no league in the country produced more Ivy League players than the MAPL and no single school in the country produced as many players as The Hun School. Blair Academy has been the

neg: Ivy Day (United States) Ivy Day (United States) Ivy Day is an annual ceremony in which an ivy stone is placed on either a residential, academic or administrative building or ground to commemorate academic excellence. The ceremony is most known for being practiced among older colleges in the Northeastern United States. It is most associated with the Ivy League and a group of small liberal arts college known as the Little Ivies. Some institutions announce members of Phi Beta Kappa and specialized honor designations for students. Some classes donate to the college, in the form gates, facades, and door outlines, by inscribing or creating

neg: Public Ivy Public Ivy "Public Ivy" is a term coined by Richard Moll in his 1985 book "Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities" to refer to U.S. universities that are claimed to provide an Ivy League collegiate experience at a public university price. Public Ivies are considered, according to "The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education", to be capable of "successfully competing with the Ivy League schools in academic rigor … attracting superstar faculty and in competing for the best and brightest students of all races." Moll, who earned his Master of Divinity degree from Yale

neg: NCAA Division I as opposed to 105 at FBS schools (the three service academies that play FBS football are exempt from preseason practice player limits by NCAA rule). A few Championship Subdivision conferences are composed of schools that offer no athletic scholarships at all, most notably the Ivy League and the Pioneer Football League (PFL), a football-only conference. The Ivy League allows no athletic scholarships at all, while the PFL consists of schools that offer scholarships in other sports but choose not to take on the expense of a scholarship football program. The Northeast Conference also sponsored non-scholarship football, but began offering a

neg: Thomas Tomone after Lara breaks up with him, and helps him win her back. In "Everyone," Thomas has taken up athletics, being a very fast runner. After his skill is spied on by a local trainer, Thomas is pushed into getting an athletics scholarship to Harvard University in the United States (There is a flaw in the plot here as Ivy League schools prohibit the granting of athletic scholarships). He and Katie work towards getting Pandora back by pretending to be in a relationship, when he is, in fact, helping her with her French (French being his first language). At the end,

neg: Loyola Blakefield 1937 and 1987 graduates. Among high schools in the Baltimore area, Loyola Blakefield is highest-ranked in terms of its average graduating SAT scores, annual number of National Merit Finalists, passing AP exams taken, and numerous additional metrics of achievement. Loyola's students frequently attend leading universities in the United States including all institutions belonging to the Ivy League as well as Stanford. Past alumni have received prestigious honors such as the Rhodes Scholarship, Fulbright Scholarship, and Truman Scholarship. While the central curriculum emphasizing liberal arts and holistic development is standard for all students, there is increasing flexibility in course selection as

neg: Yale Rugby in 1969. In 2009, the men joined a newly established Ivy Rugby Conference that was formed to foster better competition among rugby teams from the Ivy League schools and to raise the quality of play. Ivy Rugby formed committees to manage the league independently of the Territorial Area Unions. The Ivy Rugby Conference, and specifically its sevens tournament, has enabled the Ivy schools to tap into existing rivalries and fan bases. The women began a full season of Ivy League play in the fall of 2011. The Yale vs. Princeton rugby rivalry has strong historic roots dating back to the

neg: Colonial colleges Colonial colleges The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution. These nine have long been considered together, notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature". Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference: Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Brown, and Dartmouth. (The eighth member of the Ivy League, Cornell University, was founded in 1865.) The two colonial colleges not in the Ivy

neg: Ekiden 2011 Top Team Results In addition to the abovementioned Hakone Ekiden at the beginning of the new year, there are many other collegiate ekiden races. The Izumo Ekiden in Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture of western Japan marks the beginning of the collegiate ekiden season and is for male university athletes. Teams come from all over Japan. The race is 6 stages (8k, 5.8k, 8.5k, 6.5k, 5k, 10.2k.) covering 43.1 kilometers. The 20th annual race was held on October 13, 2008. Since 1998, a select team of Ivy league alumni runners from the United States has competed and found the competition

neg: University of Minnesota and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris, and Rochester. The University of Minnesota is one of America's Public Ivy universities, which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as a Doctoral University – Highest Research Activity (R1) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity with $881 million in research and development

neg: Francis Parker School (San Diego) that sends its students to prestigious colleges and in 2011, CBS Moneywatch named it one of the best Ivy League feeder schools on the West Coast. During its founding in 1912, Francis Parker School was heavily influenced in both name and educational philosophy by the work of Colonel Francis Wayland Parker, a teacher, school administrator, civil war veteran, and pioneer of progressive education in the United States. Born in New Hampshire the mid 19th century, Parker was himself influenced by pedagogical views of many philosophers of the Enlightenment, particularly those of Johann Friedrich Herbart. Much of his educational values and

neg: Vestal High School #494 on the 2007 Newsweek list of the top 1,200 high schools in the United States based on participation of students in AP and IB programs. Many students have qualified for the National Merit Scholarship Program with a total of six finalists in 2006. A significant number of graduates have attended Ivy League universities. Languages taught include: French, German, Mandarin Chinese, and Spanish. The IB Program began during the 1999-2000 school year. The program has become increasingly popular at Vestal High School with the majority of the students taking at least one AP, IB, or Honors course. In 2005, 259

neg: Elementary school (United States) decisions are made but also in how teaching and learning take place. Some states and/or school districts impose more top-down mandates than others. In others, teachers play a significant role in curriculum design and there are few top-down mandates. Curricular decisions within private schools are made differently from those made in public schools, and in most cases without consideration of NCLB directives. At times, an individual school district identifies areas of need within the curriculum. Teachers and advisory administrators form committees to develop supplemental materials to support learning for diverse learners and to identify enrichment for textbooks. Many school districts

neg: Ivy League been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie "Animal House" includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a

neg: Ivy League (clothes) Ivy League (clothes) Ivy League is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s in the Northeastern United States, and said to have originated on college campuses, particularly those of the Ivy League. It was the predecessor to the preppy style of dress. Ivy League clothing is derived from the casual attire worn by the British and American upper classes during the 1920s, for sporting pursuits such as golf, polo, sailing, rugby football, hunting, Water Polo, and tennis. Typical summer attire for this time included navy two button blazers with gold buttons, striped college blazers, Ascot ties, cable