query: when was the union of south africa formed

pos: Union of South Africa Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa (, ) is the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony. It included the territories that were formerly a part of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. Following the First World War, the Union of South Africa was granted the administration of South West Africa (now known as Namibia) as a League of Nations mandate. It became treated in most respects

pos: Governor-General of South Africa 30 April 1961, after he signed the new republican constitution into law. Chief Justice Lucas Cornelius Steyn became Officer Administering the Government under a transitional arrangement until 31 May 1961, when the Republic of South Africa was declared and Swart become the first State President of South Africa. Governor-General of South Africa The Governor-General of the Union of South Africa (, ) was the highest state official in the Union of South Africa between 31 May 1910 and 31 May 1961. The Union of South Africa was founded as a self-governing Dominion of the British Empire in 1910 and the

pos: Law of South Africa 1652 landing of the Dutch in the Cape of Good Hope, the Roman-Dutch legal system and its legislation and laws took increasing hold, holding sway until the Union of South Africa as a dominion of the British Empire was formed on 31 May 1910. Even after this and to date, wherever English law does not stand, Roman-Dutch law forms the bedrock to which South Africa turns in its search for clarity in its law. From the union of the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1910 as a dominion within the British Empire called the Union of

pos: Postal orders of South Africa orders have evolved, on example being M-PESA. These were issued from 31 May 1910. Some of the pre-decimal issues were overprinted 'UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA'. From 14 February 1961 to 30 May 1961, British postal orders were overprinted 'UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA' with denominations and poundages in cents and rand. For a short period from 31 May 1961, the decimal postal orders of the Union of South Africa were additionally overprinted 'REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA'. It is not yet known when these were exhausted, and replaced by postal orders overprinted 'REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA' only. The republican overprinted ones are

neg: Union Defence Force (South Africa) Union Defence Force (South Africa) The Union Defence Force (UDF) was the military force of the Union of South Africa from 1 July 1912, when the Defence Act (No 13 of 1912) took effect, two years after the creation of the Union of South Africa, until 1957 when it was reorganised and renamed the South African Defence Force. After the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, General Jan Smuts, the Union's first Minister of Defence, placed a high priority on creating a unified military out of the separate armies of the union's four provinces. The South African Defence

neg: LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa 60009 Union of South Africa is an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive built in Doncaster in 1937. It is one of six surviving Gresley A4s, and is currently operational and mainline certified until April 2019 when it will be permanently withdrawn. It was briefly renamed "Osprey" during part of the 1980s and 1990s due to political opposition against apartheid South Africa at the time. Built by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) in 1937 at Doncaster and originally numbered 4488, it was named after the then newly formed Union of South

neg: Cape Colonial Forces They were disbanded when the Union Defence Forces (UDF) were formed in 1912, and in 1913 most of the CCF units were incorporated into the UDF. The remainder were disbanded. Cape Colonial Forces The Cape Colonial Forces (CCF) were the official defence organisation of the Cape Colony in South Africa. Established in 1855, they were taken over by the Union of South Africa in 1910, and disbanded when the Union Defence Forces were formed in 1912. The colonial forces were established after Britain granted the Cape Colony "representative government" in 1853. The colony was encouraged to assume some of the

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Prime Minister of South Africa of government, as part of its overarching goal of avoiding a single party South African state.

 Prime Minister of South Africa The Prime Minister of South Africa ( was the head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984. The position of Prime Minister was established in 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed. He was appointed by the head of state—the Governor-General until 1961 and the State President after South Africa became a republic in 1961. In practice, he was the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Assembly. The

neg: Prime Minister of South Africa Prime Minister of South Africa The Prime Minister of South Africa ( was the head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984. The position of Prime Minister was established in 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed. He was appointed by the head of state—the Governor-General until 1961 and the State President after South Africa became a republic in 1961. In practice, he was the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Assembly. The first Prime Minister was Louis Botha, a former Boer general and war hero during the Second Boer War.

neg: Supreme Court of South Africa Supreme Court of South Africa The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was the highest appellate court in the country. It is not to be confused with the modern Supreme Court of Appeal, established in 1997. The Supreme Court was created by the South Africa Act 1909 when the Union of South Africa was formed. The Supreme Courts of the four former colonies (the Cape Colony, the

neg: Cape Province Cape Province The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (), commonly referred to as the Cape Province () and colloquially as The Cape (), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, and had Cape Town as its capital. Following the end of the Apartheid era, the Cape Province was split up to form the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, along with part of the North West. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, the original Cape Colony

neg: National Convention (South Africa) the South African Colonies and States as may agree thereto". It would have modeled the South African union on the Canadian model, but "South Africa had hardly been consulted" in its promulgation and no Cape parliamentarians were willing to sponsor it locally. The Act expired in August 1882, without being implemented. The First Boer War (1880 to 1881) intervened in the journey toward union, and it was not until 1889 when a customs union was formed between the Cape and the Free State, which were joined in 1899 by the other territories with the exception of the Transvaal. The Second

neg: Cape Colonial Forces Cape Colonial Forces The Cape Colonial Forces (CCF) were the official defence organisation of the Cape Colony in South Africa. Established in 1855, they were taken over by the Union of South Africa in 1910, and disbanded when the Union Defence Forces were formed in 1912. The colonial forces were established after Britain granted the Cape Colony "representative government" in 1853. The colony was encouraged to assume some of the responsibility for its own defence, and in 1855 three separate military organisations were formed: the para-military "Frontier Armed and Mounted Police" (FAMP); the Burgher Force; and the Volunteer Force. The

neg: Constitutional history of Zimbabwe full dominion status—and opposed Southern Rhodesia's proposed integration into the recently formed Union of South Africa. The accession of territories governed by the British South Africa Company was explicitly provisioned for by Section 150 of the "South Africa Act 1909", the British Act of Parliament which created the union in 1910 by consolidating the Empire's Cape, Natal, Orange River and Transvaal Colonies into a unitary dominion. The Company originally stood against Southern Rhodesia's addition, fearing the territory's potential domination by Afrikaners, but changed its tune dramatically when, in 1918, the Privy Council in London ruled that unalienated land in the

neg: Namibia national rugby union team 28 May 2018 they are ranked 24th in the world. Rugby union has been played in Namibia since 1916 when it was introduced by soldiers from South Africa who had invaded the German-run colony. Before Namibia gained its independence in 1990, the team, as South West Africa, played in South Africa's domestic club competition, the Currie Cup. The team achieved their best result in the 1988 season, where they finished third. The Namibia Rugby Union was formed in March 1990, and it joined the International Rugby Board in the same month. Independence came too late for Namibia to qualify for

neg: KwaZulu-Natal Division its seat in Pietermaritzburg. In 1856 Natal was detached from the Cape and became a separate colony, and in 1857 the District Court was replaced by a Supreme Court of Natal. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, the Supreme Court of Natal became the Natal Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa; at the same time, the circuit court at Durban became the Durban & Coast Local Division. When the current Constitution of South Africa came into force in 1997, the courts became High Courts, and in 2009 they were renamed the KwaZulu-Natal High

neg: Trade unions in South Africa of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) was formed, with the Council of Unions of South Africa (CUSA) being created in the following year. What was to become one of the largest unions in South Africa, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) was created in 1982, and was deeply involved in the political conflict against the ruling National Party. The union embraced four "pillars" of action - armed struggle, mass mobilisation (ungovernability), international solidarity, and underground operation. The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was formed in 1985, and FOSATU merged into it in the same year(more formally known in

neg: Cape Government Railways network played a significant role in supporting and supplying the British forces during the Second Boer War. After the war, when the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, all railways in South Africa, including the CGR, the Natal Government Railways and the Central South African Railways, were taken over by the newly formed South African Railways (SAR). According to a 2017 study, "Built largely to support the early mining industry, the Cape Colony’s railway substantially reduced the cost of transport to the interior and account for 22–25 percent of the increase in the Colony’s labor productivity from 1873

neg: Rugby union in Namibia Rugby union in Namibia Rugby union in Namibia is a popular team sport in Namibia and its predecessor province of South West Africa. Because Namibia was formerly ruled by South Africa, rugby in Namibia was frequently influenced by events in that country, and its domestic competition. The Namibia Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Namibia. The organisation was formed in March 1990, the same month that it joined the International Rugby Board (IRB). Before independence in 1990, the governing body was the South African Rugby Board. Earlier bodies operating in South West Africa, from 1916 to

neg: Trade unions in South Africa ins before 1911. The first trade union to organise black workers was the Industrial Workers of Africa (IWA), formed in September 1917 by the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League (ISL). The IWA merged into the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa (ICU), formed in 1919, in 1920. The ICU was initially a union for black and coloured dockworkers in Cape Town and formed by Clements Kadalie and Arthur F. Batty. It was the first nationally organized union for black workers who would eventually include rural farm workers, domestic and factory workers, dockworkers, teachers and retailers. By the 1920s it

neg: Lesotho–South Africa relations colony) in 1884. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, there were moves by the UK to include Lesotho. However, in October 1966, the Kingdom gained full independence. Despite formal independence, the white-controlled government in South Africa played a major role in its neighbour's economic and political affairs, including supporting the government of Lesotho Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan. In 1986, South Africa supported the coup d'état in Lesotho which brought Justin Lekhanya to power. In turn, Lekhanya's government expelled African National Congress members as well as technicians from North Korea, which led to significantly better relations

neg: Flag of Transvaal Flag of Transvaal The Flag of Transvaal was the official flag of the Transvaal colony in South Africa from "circa" 1903 to 1910. It formed part of a system of colonial flags that was used throughout the British Empire. It was superseded by the flag of the Union of South Africa. In a series of decisions made in 1864, 1865, and 1869, the British government decided that every colony should have a distinctive badge, to be displayed on flags at sea. The governor was to display the badge in the centre of the Union Jack when travelling by sea; vessels

neg: Pietermaritzburg refused, and he was removed from the train at Pietermaritzburg. Shivering through the winter night in the waiting room of the station, Gandhi made the momentous decision to stay on in South Africa and fight the racial discrimination against Indians there. Out of that struggle emerged his unique version of nonviolent resistance, Satyagraha. Today, a bronze statue of Gandhi stands in Church Street, in the city centre. In 1910, when the Union of South Africa was formed, Natal became a province of the Union, and Pietermaritzburg remained the capital. During apartheid, the city was segregated into various sections. 90% of

neg: History of Botswana part of the northwest province of South Africa; the majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa. The Tati Concessions Land, formerly part of the Matabele kingdom, was administered from the Bechuanaland Protectorate after 1893, to which it was formally annexed in 1911. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 out of the main British colonies in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland (the "High Commission Territories") were not included, but provision was made for their later incorporation. However, a vague undertaking was given to consult their inhabitants, and although successive South

neg: Free State Division State became the Orange River Colony, and a new High Court was established for the colony. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 this court became the Orange Free State Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa. In 1997, on the adoption of the current Constitution of South Africa, it became a High Court, and in 2009 it was renamed the Free State High Court by the Renaming of High Courts Act. In 2013, in the restructuring brought about by the Superior Courts Act, it became the Free State Division of the High Court of

neg: Neopaganism in South Africa South African Pagan Rights Alliance (SAPRA), the South African Pagan Council (SAPC), the Correllian Nativist Tradition South Africa (CNTSA) and the Circle of the African Moon (CAM). The South African Pagan Council (SAPC) was also registered as a tax-exempt Public Benefit Organization (PBO) by the South African Revenue Service in 2008. Prior to the passing of the Civil Union Act in 2006, the Pagan Federation of South Africa (PFSA) formed in 1996, the South African Pagan Rights Alliance (SAPRA) formed by Damon Leff in 2004 and the Circle of the African Moon (CAM) formed by Donna Vos in 2001 lobbied

neg: History of the South Africa national rugby union team History of the South Africa national rugby union team The History of the South Africa national rugby union team dates back to 1891, when the British Lions first toured South Africa where they played against South African representative sides. The South Africa national rugby union team played few international matches during a period of international sanctions due to apartheid. Since the end of apartheid in 1990–91, South Africa has once again fully participated in international rugby. The most iconic moment in South Africa rugby history is when South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup, with Nelson Mandela

neg: 2nd Infantry Division (South Africa) engagements: 2nd Infantry Division (South Africa) The South African 2nd Infantry Division was an infantry division of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The division was formed on 23 October 1940 and served in the Western Desert Campaign and was captured (save for one brigade) by German and Italian forces at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. The remaining brigade was re-allocated to the South African 1st Infantry Division. The division was formed on 23 October 1940 with its divisional HQ at Voortrekkerhoogte, South Africa. On 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the

neg: 2nd Infantry Division (South Africa) 2nd Infantry Division (South Africa) The South African 2nd Infantry Division was an infantry division of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The division was formed on 23 October 1940 and served in the Western Desert Campaign and was captured (save for one brigade) by German and Italian forces at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. The remaining brigade was re-allocated to the South African 1st Infantry Division. The division was formed on 23 October 1940 with its divisional HQ at Voortrekkerhoogte, South Africa. On 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division

neg: Orders, decorations and medals of South Africa Orders, decorations and medals of South Africa South African orders, decorations and medals are those military and civilian orders, decorations and medals issued by the Government of South Africa. The following is a (non-exhaustive) list of these: The Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, as a self-governing dominion in the British Empire. A medal was issued to commemorate the event. As a dominion, the Union came under the British honours system, and South Africans featured in the semi-annual British honours lists. South Africans also received British civilian decorations for bravery. The nationalist government stopped the conferment of titles

neg: Union of South Africa invitation was in turn rejected by the Union, which subsequently did not modify the administration of South West Africa and continued to adhere to the original mandate. This caused a complex set of legal wranglings that were not finalised when the Union was replaced with the Republic of South Africa. In 1949, the Union passed a law bringing South West Africa into closer association with it including giving South West Africa representation in the South African parliament. Walvis Bay, which is now in Namibia, was originally a part of the Union of South Africa as it was a part of

neg: British South Africa Company 1915 and 1921, BSAC again failed to set up a single administration for both Rhodesias. In part, this was because the Southern Rhodesian settlers feared that it more would be difficult for a united Rhodesian state to achieve responsible government. In 1917, the Responsible Government Association was formed as a political party to press for responsible government, and fought the 1920 Legislative Council election in opposition to those advocating union with the Union of South Africa. When the British courts decided that the ultimate ownership of all land which had not already been alienated into private ownership lay with the

neg: Company rule in Rhodesia government" to its colonies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa as a precursor to full dominion status. Sir Charles Coghlan, a lawyer based in Bulawayo, led the RGA from 1919. The RGA opposed the proposed integration of Southern Rhodesia into the Union of South Africa, which had been formed in 1910 by the South Africa Act 1909, Section 150 of which explicitly provisioned for the accession of territories governed by the British South Africa Company. The Company originally stood against Southern Rhodesia's addition, fearing the territory might become dominated by Afrikaners, but abruptly changed its stance when, in

neg: 2nd Infantry Brigade (South Africa) of the Second Battle of El Alamein), the Officer Commanding was Brig. W.H.E. Poole and the brigade comprised the following units: 2nd Infantry Brigade (South Africa) The 2nd South African Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The Brigade formed part of the South African 1st Infantry Division and was formed on 13 August 1940. It served in East Africa and the Western Desert and was disbanded on 1 January 1943. In September 1939 Niehorster lists the brigade as being part of Eastern Province Command. In the East

neg: 2nd Infantry Brigade (South Africa) 2nd Infantry Brigade (South Africa) The 2nd South African Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The Brigade formed part of the South African 1st Infantry Division and was formed on 13 August 1940. It served in East Africa and the Western Desert and was disbanded on 1 January 1943. In September 1939 Niehorster lists the brigade as being part of Eastern Province Command. In the East African Campaign, the Brigade was led by Brigadier F.L.A. Buchanan and consisted of: During the Western Desert Campaign (at the time

neg: 5th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) 5th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) The 5th South African Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The Brigade formed part of the South African 1st Infantry Division and was formed on 13 August 1940. It served in East Africa and the Western Desert and was disbanded on 1 January 1943. Officer Commanding: Brigadier Bertram Frank Armstrong The 5th Brigade was almost totally wiped out by the German 15th Panzer and Italian Ariete Divisions at Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941. Although partially re-staffed and re-equipped, the Brigade never

neg: 5th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) served operationally after this defeat. 5th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) The 5th South African Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The Brigade formed part of the South African 1st Infantry Division and was formed on 13 August 1940. It served in East Africa and the Western Desert and was disbanded on 1 January 1943. Officer Commanding: Brigadier Bertram Frank Armstrong The 5th Brigade was almost totally wiped out by the German 15th Panzer and Italian Ariete Divisions at Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941. Although partially re-staffed

neg: Responsible Government Association Bulawayo lawyer originally from South Africa, the RGA was formed in 1917, and fought the 1920 election to the colony's Legislative Council. The party's main platform was one in favour of responsible government for Southern Rhodesia within the British Empire, and against incorporation into the Union of South Africa, which had been formed in 1910 by the British South Africa Act, 1909. In this campaign the RGA was allied to the Labour Party, whilst its main opponents were the Unionists, who advocated integration into South Africa. A government referendum was organised in 1922, and responsible government won the day. Southern

neg: African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa the "APUDUSAN Newsletter". African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa The African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa (APDUSA) is a Trotskyist political group in South Africa. Formed in 1961, it emerged from the Non-European Unity Movement, and was closelt associated with I.B. Tabata, a leading Marxist who died in exile in 1990. Its aim was to end white minority domination of South Africa and ultimately achieve a socialist revolution supported by an alliance of the urban proletariat and peasantry. APDUSA was involved in armed struggle in the 1960s, but suffered heavy repression from the apartheid state. APDUSA remains active

neg: African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa The African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa (APDUSA) is a Trotskyist political group in South Africa. Formed in 1961, it emerged from the Non-European Unity Movement, and was closelt associated with I.B. Tabata, a leading Marxist who died in exile in 1990. Its aim was to end white minority domination of South Africa and ultimately achieve a socialist revolution supported by an alliance of the urban proletariat and peasantry. APDUSA was involved in armed struggle in the 1960s, but suffered heavy repression from the apartheid state. APDUSA remains active today and publishes

neg: Griffons (rugby team) Currie Cup, attracting crowds of around 4,000 to home games in at North West Stadium in Welkom. Their traditional rivals are the Free State Cheetahs and North West Province Leopards. The Griffons rugby union was formed in 1968 when the late Dr Danie Craven, the president of SA rugby, had a vision to spread the game to rural areas in South Africa. The Griffons were one of four new provincial teams formed, originally known as Northern Free State (or Noord Vrystaat in Afrikaans). In 1996, with the start of professional rugby, the then South African rugby football union, under Louis

neg: Union of South Africa that repealed the South Africa Act. The features of the Union were carried over with very little change to the newly formed Republic. The decision to transform from a Union to Republic was narrowly decided in the referendum. The decision together with the Government's insistence on adhering to its policy of apartheid resulted in South Africa's de facto expulsion from the Commonwealth of Nations. The South Africa Act dealt with race in two specific provisions. First it entrenched the liberal (by South African standards) Cape Qualified Franchise system of the Cape Colony which operated free of any racial considerations (although

neg: Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold old on 6 January 1943 when he rescued the two-year-old Neville Roberts from a 40 feet deep well with deep water into which he had fallen at Parys in the Orange Free State. Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold was the highest South African civilian decoration during the period between 1910 and 1961, when the country was a constitutional monarchy in the British Commonwealth. The medal was instituted by King George VI on 23 June 1939. The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold, the

neg: Abraham Fischer Abraham Fischer Abraham Fischer (4 September 1850 – 16 November 1913) was a South African statesman. He was the sole Prime Minister of the Orange River Colony in South Africa, and when that ceased to exist joined the cabinet of the newly formed Union of South Africa. Fischer was born on November 4, 1850 in Green Point, Cape Town in to Johannes Jacobus George Fischer (1807-1861) and Catherina Anna Margertha Brink.He is the grandson of Petrus Ulrich Fischer(1764-1826), who was a Captain in the Artillery. He was educated at the South African College, and became a lawyer in Cape Colony,

neg: Abraham Fischer in 1912. He was the father of Percy Fischer, a Judge President of the Orange Free State. He was the grandfather of Bram Fischer, a noted anti-apartheid activist. Abraham Fischer Abraham Fischer (4 September 1850 – 16 November 1913) was a South African statesman. He was the sole Prime Minister of the Orange River Colony in South Africa, and when that ceased to exist joined the cabinet of the newly formed Union of South Africa. Fischer was born on November 4, 1850 in Green Point, Cape Town in to Johannes Jacobus George Fischer (1807-1861) and Catherina Anna Margertha Brink.He is

neg: Zulu Kingdom conflicts with rivals. In 1906 Dinuzulu was accused of being behind the Bambatha Rebellion. He was arrested and put on trial by the British for "high treason and public violence". In 1909, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on St Helena island. When the Union of South Africa was formed, Louis Botha became its first prime minister, and he arranged for his old ally Dinuzulu to return to South Africa and live in exile on a farm in the Transvaal, where he died in 1913. Dinuzulu's son Solomon kaDinuzulu was never recognised by South African authorities as the Zulu

neg: Transvaal (province) Transvaal (province) The Province of the Transvaal (), commonly referred to as the Transvaal (; ), was a province of South Africa from 1910 until the end of apartheid in 1994, when a new constitution subdivided it. The name "Transvaal" refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the country's executive capital. In 1910, four British colonies united to form the Union of South Africa. The Transvaal Colony, which had been formed out of the bulk of the old South African Republic after the Second Boer War, became

neg: 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States From the 1940s to the 1960s, the South African apartheid affected team selection for the All Blacks: the selectors passed over Māori players for some All Black tours to South Africa. Opposition to sending race-based teams to South Africa grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Prior to the All Blacks' tour of South Africa in 1960, 150,000 New Zealanders signed a petition supporting a policy of "No Maoris, No Tour". The tour still happened, and in 1969 Halt All Racist Tours (HART) was formed. During the 1970s public protests and political pressure forced on the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRFU)

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of South Africa Boer War, some cities issued their own stamps. These were: The first stamp of the Union of South Africa was a 2d stamp issued on 4 November 1910. It portrayed the monarch King George V and the arms of the four British colonies which formed the Union: Cape Colony, Natal, Orange River Colony and Transvaal. Most South African stamps issued between 1926 and 1951 were in pairs. One was inscribed 'SOUTH AFRICA' and the other 'SUIDAFRIKA' or 'SUID-AFRIKA'. The first set of the Republic was issued on 31 May 1961. From 1961 to 1966, stamps were inscribed "REPUBLIC OF SOUTH

neg: 4th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) 4 Field Company SAEC). Order of Battle as at 20 June 1942 4th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) The 4th South African Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The Brigade formed part of the South African 2nd Infantry Division. The brigade served in the Western Desert Campaign until it was captured by German and Italian forces at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. It appears to have been formed within the Orange Free State Command, as it was within the command boundaries on 3 September 1939. On that day

neg: 4th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) 4th Infantry Brigade (South Africa) The 4th South African Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the army of the Union of South Africa during World War II. The Brigade formed part of the South African 2nd Infantry Division. The brigade served in the Western Desert Campaign until it was captured by German and Italian forces at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. It appears to have been formed within the Orange Free State Command, as it was within the command boundaries on 3 September 1939. On that day it comprised Regiment President Steyn, Regiment Louw Wepener, Regiment De Wet, and

neg: Rugby Africa been governed by the mainly white South African Rugby Board and the mainly black South African Rugby Union). In March 1992 these were formally combined to form the South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU). The Confederation now has 37 member nations. The "African Rugby Charter" was signed by the President of CAR, Abdelaziz Bougja, the then President of the South African Rugby Union (SARFU) Brian van Rooyen, in the presence of former South African president Nelson Mandela, and the South African Minister of Sport, Makhenkesi Stofile. Tournaments run by Rugby Africa include: The CAR formed agreements in 2014 which allowed

neg: South Africa national rugby union team South Africa national rugby union team The South Africa national rugby union team, commonly known as the Springboks, is governed by the South African Rugby Union. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts, and their emblems are the Springbok and the King Protea. The team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891, when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team. Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups

neg: South Africa Red Ensign South Africa Red Ensign The South Africa Red Ensign was used as the unofficial flag of the Union of South Africa between 1910 and 1928. The flag was a red ensign defaced with the Coat of arms of South Africa on a white disc. When the Union of South Africa was created in 1910, the only flag that had official status within it was the Union Jack as part of the British Empire. A new coat of arms was created in September of that year, with Admiralty warrants being issued in December authorising usage of the arms on a red

neg: Trade unions in South Africa several smaller unions in 1997, the three main union organizations were established. COSATU, with a membership of 1.8 million, is followed by FEDUSA with 560,000 members and NACTU with almost 400,000 members including the powerful mineworkers union. All three are affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation. A fourth national trade union centre was formed in 2003. The Confederation of South African Workers' Unions (CONSAWU) is affiliated with the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). The 2006 ICFTU Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights noted South Africa: "Serious violations were reported during the year, including the death of two

neg: Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver is the lesser of two classes of a South African civil decoration for acts of bravery that was in use from 1939 to 1952, when the country was a constitutional monarchy in the British Commonwealth. The medal was instituted by King George VI on 23 June 1939. The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver, the lesser of two classes of South Africa's highest civilian decoration for bravery, was instituted by Royal Warrant of 23 June 1939, published in

neg: Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold was the highest South African civilian decoration during the period between 1910 and 1961, when the country was a constitutional monarchy in the British Commonwealth. The medal was instituted by King George VI on 23 June 1939. The Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold, the senior of two classes of South Africa's highest civilian decoration for bravery, was instituted by Royal Warrant of 23 June 1939, published in Government Gazette no. 2671 dated 25 August 1939, and amended

neg: History of rugby union most recent addition to the 6 Nations Italy (1928). In the southern hemisphere the traditional rugby powers of South Africa and New Zealand formed their Unions before the end of the 19th century. The white South African Rugby Board merged with the non-racial South African Rugby Union in 1992 following the fall of apartheid. In Australia the third traditional southern rugby power, the Southern Rugby Union (later the New South Wales Rugby Union) and the Northern Rugby Union (later the Queensland Rugby Union) were formed in 1874 and 1883 respectively, before eventually helping form the Australian Rugby Union, now known

neg: Coat of arms of South Africa (1910–2000) the sinister side An Oryx (Gemsbuck) both proper together with the motto EX UNITATE VIRES"." When Cape Colony, Transvaal Colony, Natal Colony, and the Orange River Colony joined together as the Union of South Africa, it was determined that as a dominion within the British Empire, South Africa should have its own symbol. In 1910, King George V issued a royal warrant for a coat of arms for the Union of South Africa. The arms were then used to create the South Africa Red Ensign used unofficially as the national flag of South Africa until 1928, when the Oranje, Blanje,

neg: William Henry Solomon of Transvaal established a Supreme Court of Transvaal in April 1902. The governor, Lord Milner, appointed Wessels as one of three puisne judges, with Sir James Rose Innes as Chief Justice. Solomon was transferred to this Supreme Court too, and he was appointed to the 1st Appeal Court for the new Union of South Africa when it was formed in 1910. He was appointed Chief Justice of South Africa in 1927. At the end of his career he also sat on the UK Privy Council. He is buried in the Solomon Family Plot in Brookwood Cemetery. William Henry Solomon Sir

neg: South Africa national rugby union team rugby union was later chronicled in John Carlin's book "", which in turn inspired Clint Eastwood's 2009 Academy Award-nominated film "Invictus" starring Matt Damon as Pienaar and Morgan Freeman as Mandela. South Africa national rugby union team The South Africa national rugby union team, commonly known as the Springboks, is governed by the South African Rugby Union. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts, and their emblems are the Springbok and the King Protea. The team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891, when they played their first test match

neg: Botswana Protectorate. During the 1890s the new territory was divided into eight different reserves, with fairly small amounts of land being left as freehold for white settlers. During the early 1890s, the British government decided to hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the British South Africa Company. This plan, which was well on its way to fruition despite the entreaties of Tswana leaders who toured England in protest, was eventually foiled by the failure of the Jameson Raid in January 1896. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 from the main British colonies in the region, the High

neg: James Percy FitzPatrick where four British colonies were consolidated into the Union of South Africa. He went on to serve as a member of the parliament of the Union of South Africa, and successfully defended his Pretoria seat in 1906 and 1910. FitzPatrick and General J.B.M. Hertzog worked out the agreement that recognised English and Dutch as the official languages of the Union. FitzPatrick kept wild animals that he brought back to Johannesburg after hunting trips at what now is Zoo Lake. Some of these animals formed the first stock of the Johannesburg Zoo. He also helped establish citrus farming in South Africa.

neg: SANZAAR SANZAAR SANZAAR (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is the body which operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship competitions in Rugby Union. SANZAAR meets annually and is composed of the CEOs from its member unions. It was formed as SANZAR in 1996 as a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, the New Zealand Rugby Union and the Australian Rugby Union. From the 2016 season, its name was changed to SANZAAR following the inclusion of the Argentine Rugby Union as a full member of the organisation. SANZAR was formed in 1995, shortly after rugby's move to

neg: Rugby union in South Africa to Kimberley and Johannesburg. The game was strong enough in the Western Cape for the Western Province Rugby Football Union to be formed that same year; Griqualand West followed in 1886; Eastern Province in 1888; Transvaal in 1889 and in 1889 the South African Rugby Board was founded. Kimberley was the founding city of the South Africa Rugby Football Board in 1889. In 1889 the first nationwide tournament was held at Kimberley, with the Western Province (rugby team) prevailing over Griqualand West, Eastern Province and Transvaal. The first-ever tour of the British Isles by a team from Southern Africa (drawing

neg: London South Africa RFC offer and the Rugby Football Union also prohibited the attempt. As such, London South Africa were formed as a new club and made an application to join the Surrey Rugby Football Union. Their application was successful and they started playing in the bottom tier of English rugby. They initially started playing in Wimbledon but moved to Imber Court in Esher, Surrey. The club's name was challenged in court by a man who claimed he owned the trademark to the London South Africa name since 2000. However the claim was denied as there was no evidence of him using the name

neg: Rugby union in Namibia 53-28 in Windhoek to qualify in Pool B for the World Cup 2019 in Japan. This marks Namibia's sixth RWC qualification. Rugby union in Namibia Rugby union in Namibia is a popular team sport in Namibia and its predecessor province of South West Africa. Because Namibia was formerly ruled by South Africa, rugby in Namibia was frequently influenced by events in that country, and its domestic competition. The Namibia Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Namibia. The organisation was formed in March 1990, the same month that it joined the International Rugby Board (IRB). Before independence

neg: Dominion New Zealand, Canada, and Newfoundland used the word Dominion in the official title of the nation, whereas Australia used Commonwealth of Australia and South Africa Union of South Africa. New Zealand adopted the Statute of Westminster in 1947 and in the same year legislation passed in London gave New Zealand full powers to amend its own constitution. In 1986, the New Zealand parliament passed the Constitution Act 1986, which repealed the Constitution Act of 1852 and the last constitutional links with the United Kingdom, formally ending its Dominion status. The Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 from the

neg: Jaap Marais when his successor BJ Vorster authorised the presence of Māori players and spectators during the tour of New Zealand rugby union team in South Africa in 1970. Marais considered this measure as a concession under pressure that would result in other concessions until the whole political order in South Africa, at the time based on racial and cultural differentiation, separate group areas and white rule, had been dismantled. Jaap Marais was thrown out of the Broederbond shortly after the HNP was formed, and all other identified HNP members or sympathisers were also purged from the Broederbond. The HNP found it

neg: Dylan Smith (rugby union) Dylan Smith (rugby union) Dylan Thomas Smith (born 26 February 1994 in Durban, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for the in Super Rugby. His regular position is loosehead prop. He first earned a provincial call-up when he was selected to represent the at the 2011 Under-18 Craven Week, the premier high school rugby union tournament in South Africa, when still at Under-17 level. He was once again selected in the squad for the 2012 tournament, held in Port Elizabeth, and also called up into the South Africa Schools squad, although he failed to make any appearances

neg: Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union killed over 30 strikers. The AMCU now represents over 70% of Lonmin employees, compared to the 20% representation of the NUM. It is also the majority union at Anglo American Platinum (Amplats) and Impala Platinum. http://www.labourguide.co.za/general/registered-trade-unions-in-south-africa-561 http://terrybellwrites.com/2012/08/15/no-angels-in-bloody-sa-mine-clashes/ Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union The Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) was formed in Mpumalanga, South Africa, in 1998 as a breakaway faction of the COSATU-affiliated National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). It was formally registered as a union in 2001. According to Mining Weekly, the union sees itself as distinct from NUM in that it is "apolitical and noncommunist". Competition

neg: Rugby union Second World War. When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these countries. The official union of Oman was formed in 1971. Bahrain founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the Dubai Sevens, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with Israel, as of 2011, being the only member union from the Middle East to be included in the IRB World Rankings. In 1875, rugby was introduced to South Africa by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town. During the late

neg: Griqualand West Griqualand West Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km² that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province. It was inhabited by the Griqua people - a semi-nomadic, Afrikaans-speaking nation of mixed-race origin, who established several states outside the expanding frontier of the Cape Colony. It was also inhabited by the pre-existing Tswana and Khoisan peoples. In 1873 it was proclaimed as a British colony, with its capital at Kimberley, and in 1880 it was annexed by the Cape Colony. When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, Griqualand West

neg: Union of South Africa South Africa. Politician Sir Charles Coghlan claimed that such membership with the Union would make Southern Rhodesia the "Ulster of South Africa". Prior to the referendum, representatives of Southern Rhodesia visited Cape Town where the Prime Minister of South Africa, Jan Smuts, eventually offered terms he considered reasonable and which the United Kingdom government found acceptable. Although opinion among the United Kingdom government, the South African government and the British South Africa Company favoured the union option (and none tried to interfere in the referendum), when the referendum was held the results saw 59.4% in favour of responsible government for

neg: Baptist Union of Southern Africa 16 miles from Grahamstown, began in 1834. A German settlement around 1860 brought the first German Baptist work led by Carsten Langheim. A German pastor, Carl H. Gutsche, baptized J. D. Odendall, who founded the first Dutch-speaking Baptist church in South Africa in 1886. The "Baptist Union" was founded in 1877 by four English-speaking churches and one German-speaking church. The "South African Baptist Missionary Society" was formed in 1892. Black Baptist churches united to form the "Bantu Baptist Church" in 1927, under the auspices of the "South African Baptist Missionary Society". In 1951, the Baptist Union establishes the "Baptist Theological

neg: South Africa Army cricket team South Africa Army cricket team The South Africa Army cricket team represented the British Army in South Africa, the Union of South Africa having not yet been formed at the time. The team appeared only once at first-class level. In January 1906, they played MCC at Thara Tswane, Pretoria, the only first-class match ever played there. It was a one-sided affair, with MCC winning by an innings and 218 runs. The margin might have been wider still without the efforts of Philip Mitford, playing his only first-class game: in the Army's first innings, his 65 not out was the only

neg: Thomas Falkingham member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. He was secretary of the Boilermakers' Union from 1933 to 1936, when he was expelled from the Labor Party as part of the split that formed the short-lived Industrial Labor Party. Falkingham died at Rose Bay in 1957. Thomas Falkingham Thomas Falkingham (5 February 1884 – 23 December 1957) was an English-born Australian politician. He was born in Yorkshire to Thomas Falkingham and Anne Swales. He was a boilermaker, living in South Africa from 1906 to 1908 when he migrated to New South Wales. On 31 July 1914 he married Nellie Crompton,

neg: 1915 South African general election 1915 South African general election The 1915 South African general election was held on 20 October 1915 for the 130 seats in the House of Assembly of the Union of South Africa. This was the second Union Parliament. The governing South African Party (SAP) of General Louis Botha emerged from the election as the largest party, but did not receive an overall majority. Botha formed a minority government, during the second successive term of the SAP in office, which survived with some parliamentary support from the official opposition Unionist Party. The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation

neg: New Zealand national rugby union team 45–29 semi-final win. They managed to take hosts South Africa to extra time in the final, before losing 15-12 to Joel Stransky's drop goal. The professional era in rugby union began in 1995, spurred by creation of the SANZAR group (a combination of South Africa, New Zealand and Australia) which was formed with the purpose of selling broadcast rights for two new competitions, the domestic Super 12 competition and the Tri-Nations. The first Tri-Nations was contested in 1996, with New Zealand winning all four of their tests to take the trophy. After a 1996 Tri-Nations match hosted by South Africa,

neg: Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa Presbyterian Church in South Africa (RPCSA). Under this contract, the two churches would join and become one: the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa (UPCSA). Article 13 of the basis of union states that, as a condition of the union, both churches are to bring 4 associations each and the 8 associations would unite to form only 4 associations (one women's association, one men's association, one girl's association and one youth association). Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa The Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa ("UPCSA") was formed and constituted in 1999 as the outcome of the union between the

neg: South African nationality law Law. During this period South Africans were regarded as: [British Subject: Citizen of the Union of South Africa/ Union National, a British Commonwealth Nation/ Citizen]. The passport’s format was similar to a CUKC passport and included the words “British Subject” inside as with all Commonwealth realms at the time. This was ended in 1961 when South Africa left the British Commonwealth on becoming a Republic, and formally abandoned all of its connections, with Union nationals becoming citizens of the Republic of South Africa. By the time South Africa returned to the Commonwealth in 1994, the phrase "British Subject" had been

neg: 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa The 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa was a series of matches played between June and August 1970 in South Africa and Rhodesia by the All Blacks. It was one of the longest tours for the All Blacks. It begun with two exhibition matches in Australia. An Australian player, Jamie Hendrie, was called to replace the scrum half Sid Going who did not play on Sunday. For the All Blacks it was a comeback 10 years after the tour of 1960 when the South African authorities imposed the

neg: National Interfaith Council of South Africa National Interfaith Council of South Africa The National Interfaith Council of South Africa (NICSA) is a co-operative interfaith religious body in South Africa formed by the merger of the National Religious Leaders Forum (NRLF) and the National Interfaith Leadership Council (NILC). The National Religious Leaders Forum (NRLF) interfaith body was formed in post-apartheid South Africa. When President Jacob Zuma took office in 2009, Pastor Ray McCauley of Rhema Bible Church formed a new interfaith organization called the National Interfaith Leadership Council (NILC) which subsequently merged with the National Religious Leaders Forum (NRLF) to form NICSA in 2011. NICSA comprises members

neg: Orders, decorations and medals of South Africa is gold coloured and has cream-coloured lion footprints upon it. Alexander, E. G. M., Barron G. K. B. and Bateman, A. J. (1986). "South African Orders, Decorations and Medals". Human and Rousseau. Monick, S. (1990). "South African Civil Awards 1910–1990". South African National Museum of Military History. Orders, decorations and medals of South Africa South African orders, decorations and medals are those military and civilian orders, decorations and medals issued by the Government of South Africa. The following is a (non-exhaustive) list of these: The Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, as a self-governing dominion in the British

neg: South Africa Army cricket team score in double figures. South Africa Army cricket team The South Africa Army cricket team represented the British Army in South Africa, the Union of South Africa having not yet been formed at the time. The team appeared only once at first-class level. In January 1906, they played MCC at Thara Tswane, Pretoria, the only first-class match ever played there. It was a one-sided affair, with MCC winning by an innings and 218 runs. The margin might have been wider still without the efforts of Philip Mitford, playing his only first-class game: in the Army's first innings, his 65 not

neg: Cape Provincial Council council), who together with the administrator formed the provincial executive committee. The four members were elected by single transferable vote, so were not necessarily all from the same party. It was provided, by Section 80 of the South Africa Act 1909, that “the executive committee shall on behalf of the provincial council carry on the administration of provincial affairs’’. Key to parties:- Cape Provincial Council The Cape Provincial Council was the provincial council of the Cape Province of South Africa. It was created by the South Africa Act 1909, with effect from the formation of the Union of South Africa

neg: Flag of South Africa (1928–1994) the Union Jack and the new Flag of the Union of South Africa were to have equal status as the flag of South Africa. The act came into force in 1928 when both flags were raised over the Houses of Parliament, Cape Town and the Union Buildings in Pretoria This dual status was ended in 1957 with the passing of the Flags Amendment Act which declared that the union flag would be the sole flag of South Africa with the act also declaring that "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" would be the country's sole anthem and dropping "God Save the Queen".

neg: Star of South Africa (1952) Star of South Africa (1952) The Star of South Africa, post-nominal letters SSA, is a military decoration for merit which was instituted by the Union of South Africa from 1952 to 1975. It was awarded to general and flag officers of the South African Defence Force for exceptionally meritorious service. The Star of South Africa was discontinued on 1 July 1975, when a new set of orders, decorations and medals was instituted. The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912, and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six

neg: Rugby union in Israel and the Israel Rugby Union (now Rugby Israel) formed in 1975. Israel's first international match was away to Switzerland on 25 May 1981, and ended 9-9. Israel rugby in this period countered its isolation, by building up contacts with British military teams based in Cyprus, and teams and organisations based in South Africa and France. The game was given a further shot in the arm when it was included in the four-yearly Maccabiah Games in 1981 - the so-called "Jewish Olympics" - in 1993, it was won by a South African national Jewish side. The high point of Israeli rugby

neg: Australia national rugby union team state bodies decided it was inappropriate to play football when so many young men were fighting overseas. The sport of rugby union was all but closed down causing many players to switch to rugby league – which did not cease playing during the war. In Queensland regular competitions did not commence again until 1929, and there was no official Australian team selected through most of the 1920s before the 1929 All Blacks tour. The New South Wales Waratahs were re-formed in 1920, however, and played regularly throughout the decade including series of matches against New Zealand and South Africa before

neg: South West Party Gibeon. The following year SWP and the National Party of South West Africa (NPSWA) merged to form the United National South West Party (UNSWP). The UNSWP formed the government of South West Africa from 1926 to 1950. South West Party The South West Party (in Afrikaans: "Suidwes Party", in German: "Südwestpartei") was a political party in South West Africa, today Namibia. Initially the party was known as Union Party ("Unie Party" in Afrikaans). The party was founded in Windhoek in September 1924 by F. van der Heever, A.P. Olivier, and Andries de Wet. It took the name SWP in 1926.

neg: International Socialist League (South Africa) a strong syndicalist influence on the early politics of the SACP. When the Industrial Workers of Africa, merged into the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union or ICU, in 1920, it too spread the ISL's syndicalist ideas within that union. The ICU would go on to play a major role in rural South Africa, as well as spread into several neighbouring countries. Articles Books International Socialist League (South Africa) The International Socialist League of South Africa was the earliest major Marxist party in South Africa, and a predecessor of the South African Communist Party. The ISL was founded around the syndicalist

neg: Rugby union in New Zealand New Zealand Schoolboys team is a great team to start out in and it brings you into the international scene early on. Famous past schoolboy players include Aaron Mauger, Mils Muliaina, and Joe Rokocoko. Super Rugby is an international competition featuring teams from New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. The competition, governed by SANZAR, was formed in 1996 as Super 12 after the game turned professional. It became Super 14 in 2006 with the addition of one team each from Australia and South Africa, and Super Rugby in 2011 when a fifth Australian team joined. The current format includes five

neg: SANZAAR team and one Japanese team split into a four-team Africa 1 Conference a four-team Africa 2 Conference. While a Japanese team has been invited to participate in the Super Rugby competition from 2016, Japan is not a member of SANZAAR at this stage. SANZAAR SANZAAR (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is the body which operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship competitions in Rugby Union. SANZAAR meets annually and is composed of the CEOs from its member unions. It was formed as SANZAR in 1996 as a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, the New

neg: South African Rugby Football Federation the newly constituted SARFF, while the remainder of the SACRFB's clubs formed the SACOS-affiliated South African Rugby Union under leadership of Abass. SARU promoted non-racial rugby instead of the racially segregated associations that existed under SARB's organisational umbrella. It should not be confused with the body founded in 1992 that presently governs rugby in South Africa. South African Rugby Football Federation The South African Rugby Football Federation was an association formed by the majority of "Coloured" rugby union clubs that broke away from the South African Coloured Rugby Football Board (SACRFB) in the 1960s to affiliate with the whites-only South

neg: Hendrik Verwoerd overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports—starting with cricket—started the international movement to ostracise South Africa from international sporting competition. Their last Olympic Games—until the abolition of apartheid—was in 1960, South Africa was expelled from FIFA in 1976, and whenever South African teams did participate in sports, protests and disruptions were the result. When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion, the usual response was: "Who started it?", in reference to Verwoerd. On 9 April 1960, Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park, Johannesburg, to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa. After

neg: Provincial council (South Africa) vote in its deliberations. Provincial council (South Africa) The provincial councils were the legislatures of the four original provinces of South Africa. They were created at the foundation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, and abolished in 1986 when they were replaced by a strengthened executive appointed by the State President. The four provincial councils were the Cape Provincial Council, the Natal Provincial Council, the Transvaal Provincial Council and the Orange Free State Provincial Council. The Union of South Africa was created in 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909. Four British coloniesCape Colony, Transvaal Colony,

neg: Provincial council (South Africa) Provincial council (South Africa) The provincial councils were the legislatures of the four original provinces of South Africa. They were created at the foundation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, and abolished in 1986 when they were replaced by a strengthened executive appointed by the State President. The four provincial councils were the Cape Provincial Council, the Natal Provincial Council, the Transvaal Provincial Council and the Orange Free State Provincial Council. The Union of South Africa was created in 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909. Four British coloniesCape Colony, Transvaal Colony, Natal Colony and Orange

neg: African National Congress Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911, "Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation." The SANNC was founded the following year on 8 January 1912. The government of the newly formed Union of South Africa began a systematic oppression of black people in South Africa. The Land Act was promulgated in 1913 forcing many black South Africans from their farms into the cities and towns to work, and to restrict their movement within South Africa. By 1919, the SANNC was leading a campaign against passes (an ID which black South Africans had to

neg: Union Medal African Coat of Arms. Conferment of the Union Medal was discontinued on 31 May 1961, when South Africa became a republic and the medal was replaced by the Permanent Force Good Service Medal. Union Medal The Union Medal was instituted by the Union of South Africa in 1952. It was awarded to Permanent Force members of the South African Defence Force for eighteen years of service and good conduct. The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces

neg: South African Army South African Army The South African Army is the army of South Africa, first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910. The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by Boer Commando (militia) forces, reinforced by the Afrikaners' historical distrust of large standing armies. It then fought as part of the wider British effort in World War II, but afterwards was cut off from its long-standing Commonwealth ties with the ascension to power of the National Party in South Africa in 1948. The National Party's introduction of the policy of apartheid, led