query: how many chinese letters are in the alphabet

pos: Chinese characters system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world by number of users. Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the "Jōyō kanji"); hundreds more are in everyday use. Due to

neg: Cursive National Primary Schoolteachers' Union has proposed replacing all three with Grundschrift, a simplified form of non-cursive handwriting adopted by Hamburg schools. The "Russian Cursive Cyrillic" alphabet is used (instead of the block letters) when handwriting the modern Russian language. While several letters resemble Latin counterparts, many of them represent different sounds. Most handwritten Russian, especially personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet. Most children in Russian schools are taught in the 1st grade how to write using this Russian script. Cursive forms of Chinese characters are used in calligraphy; "running script" is the semi-cursive form and "rough

neg: Alphabet Clement of Ohrid, who was their disciple. They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or influenced by the Greek alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet. The longest European alphabet is the Latin-derived Slovak alphabet which has 46 letters. Beyond the logographic Chinese writing, many phonetic scripts are in existence in Asia. The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet, but because these writing systems are largely consonant-based they are often not considered true alphabets. Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia are descended from

neg: Cyrillization of Chinese н and нг. Traditional: Simplified: How are you? This is a Chinese sentence written in Cyrillic alphabet. Cyrillization of Chinese The Cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Palladius System is the Russian official standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian, and other languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet. It was created by Palladius Kafarov, a Russian sinologist and monk who spent thirty years in China in the nineteenth century. Note that because the Russian version of the Cyrillic alphabet has no letters for "dz" or "dzh" (although

neg: Alphabet up one type-space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block). Zhuyin (sometimes called "Bopomofo") is a semi-syllabary used to phonetically transcribe Mandarin Chinese in the Republic of China. After the later establishment of the People's Republic of China and its adoption of Hanyu Pinyin, the use of Zhuyin today is limited, but it is still widely used in Taiwan where the Republic of China still governs. Zhuyin developed out of a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary. Like an

neg: Writing system clusters and diphthongs are written with single letters); as the latter, it is equivalent to an abugida but with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Other scripts are intermediate between the categories of alphabet, abjad and abugida, so there may be disagreement on how they should be classified. Perhaps the primary graphic distinction made in classifications is that of "linearity". Linear writing systems are those in which the characters are composed of lines, such as the Latin alphabet and Chinese characters. Chinese characters are considered linear whether they are written with a ball-point pen or a calligraphic brush, or

neg: Alphabet the Brahmi script, which is often believed to be a descendant of Aramaic. In Korea, the Hangul alphabet was created by Sejong the Great. Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a featural alphabet, where many of the letters are designed from a sound's place of articulation (P to look like the widened mouth, L to look like the tongue pulled in, etc.); its design was planned by the government of the day; and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as Chinese characters, to allow for mixed-script writing (one syllable always takes

neg: Written Chinese one time, many Chinese characters (called hanja) were introduced into Korean for their meaning, just as in Japanese. Today, Korean is written almost exclusively using the Hangul alphabet with a small number of Chinese characters. Each square block character contains Hangul symbols, or letters, that together represent a syllable. Similarly, the use of Chinese and Chinese-styled characters in the Vietnamese chữ nôm script has been almost entirely superseded by the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters are still actively used in South Korea today, mostly for signs, newspapers, books, and government documents. Chinese characters are also used within China to write

neg: Sejong the Great the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. His intention was to establish a cultural identity for Korea through its unique script. King Sejong presided over the introduction of the Korean alphabet (which numbered 28 letters at its introduction, of which four letters have become

neg: Filipino orthography letters "K" and "W", which are both used extensively in most Philippine languages today due to the imposition of the Abakada alphabet. Relics of this Abecedario alphabet can still be seen in the way "Castilianized" indigenous and Chinese-origin surnames are written. Some examples of indigenous Filipino surnames are "Macasáquit", "Guintô", "Bañaga", "Guipit", "Abucajo", "Abueg", "Bangachon", "Dagohoy", "Valarao" and "Dimaculañgan". Some examples of Chinese-origin surnames are "Guanzón", "Cojuangco", "Siapuatco", "Yapchulay", "Locsín", "Quisumbing", "Tuazon" and "Yuchengco". Many indigenous place names are also written using Spanish orthography, often either coexisting or competing with their indigenized forms if they exist ("Bulacán" or "Bulakán", "Caloocan"

neg: Indonesian language exactly the same as in English and ISO basic Latin alphabet. Indonesian follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet. Indonesian alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing loanwords. In addition, there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet: As a modern variety of Malay, Indonesian has been influenced by other languages, including Dutch, English, Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, and Persian. It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords

neg: Cyrillization of Chinese Cyrillization of Chinese The Cyrillization of Chinese is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. The Palladius System is the Russian official standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for Ukrainian, Belarusian, and other languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet. It was created by Palladius Kafarov, a Russian sinologist and monk who spent thirty years in China in the nineteenth century. Note that because the Russian version of the Cyrillic alphabet has no letters for "dz" or "dzh" (although ѕ and џ are found in Serbian Cyrillic), the digraphs цз and чж are used respectively. In

neg: Icelandic orthography Icelandic orthography Icelandic orthography is the way in which Icelandic words are spelled and how their spelling corresponds with their pronunciation. The Icelandic alphabet is a Latin-script alphabet including some letters duplicated with acute accents; in addition, it includes the letter eth (), transliterated as "d", and the runic letter thorn (), transliterated as "th" (see picture); and are considered letters in their own right and not a ligature or diacritical version of their respective letters. Icelanders call the ten extra letters (not in the English alphabet), especially thorn and eth, ("specifically Icelandic" or "uniquely Icelandic"), although they are not.

neg: Hangul The chart below shows names used in South Korea for consonants of the Korean alphabet. The letters are arranged in the South Korean alphabetic order, and the letter names are romanised in the Revised Romanization system, which is the official romanization system of South Korea. The tense consonants are described with the word "ssang" meaning "double". Letters in the Korean alphabet have adopted certain rules of Chinese calligraphy, although and use a circle, which is not used in printed Chinese characters. For the iotized vowels, which are not shown, the short stroke is simply doubled. Scripts typically transcribe languages at

neg: Chinese Internet slang and foreign culture amongst others. The categories given below to distinguish the different kinds of Chinese internet slang are not exclusive. Some phrases may belong in more than one category. Chinese users commonly use a QWERTY keyboard with pinyin enabled. Upper case letters are quick to type and require no transformation. (Lower case letters spell words which are changed into Chinese characters). Latin alphabet abbreviations (rather than Chinese characters) are also sometimes used to evade censorship. Chinese Internet slang Chinese Internet slang is informal language coined to express ideas on the Chinese Internet in response to events, the influence of

neg: German orthography special letters. German uses three letter-diacritic combinations (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, Ü/ü) using the umlaut and one ligature (ß (called "Eszett" (sz) or "scharfes S", sharp s)) which are officially considered distinct letters of the alphabet. While the Council for German Orthography considers Ä/ä, Ö/ö, Ü/ü, and ẞ/ß distinct letters, disagreement on how to categorize and count them has led to a dispute over the exact number of letters the German alphabet has, the number ranging between 26 (special letters are considered variants of A, O, U, and S) and 30 (all special letters are counted separately). The diacritic letters "ä, ö"

neg: Swedish Dialect Alphabet decorations. There are also a number of diacritics representing prosodic features. The alphabet has been used extensively for the description of Swedish dialects in both Sweden and Finland. It was also the source of many of the symbols used by the Swedish sinologist Bernhard Karlgren in his reconstruction of Middle Chinese. Three of the additional letters were included in version 5.1.0 of Unicode (U+2C78 to U+2C7A) for use in a dictionary of Swedish dialects spoken in Finland. A proposal to encode a further 106 characters was made in 2008. , this proposal is still outstanding. Swedish Dialect Alphabet The Swedish

neg: Bilingual name Alexander are known as: Or variations thereof. Some languages don't have this or other names. This is the case with many Chinese names that are not translatable into English. Today, personal names are seen as untranslatable, but this has not always been the case. George Walker Bush is referred to as George Walker Bush except in places where that name is impossible to render in the local alphabet. For example, in Azerbaijani the name is rendered because the Azerbaijani alphabet lacks the letters J and W, but has a letter ş which corresponds to the English "sh" sounds. Historically, learned

neg: Vietnamese language as many as the rest of the family combined. Its vocabulary has borrowings from Chinese, and it formerly used a modified set of Chinese characters called chữ nôm given vernacular pronunciation. The Vietnamese alphabet (chữ quốc ngữ) in use today is a Latin alphabet with additional diacritics for tones and certain letters. As a national language, Vietnamese is the official language used by everyone in Vietnam. It is similar to Yue Yu (越语) spoken by the Gin in southern Guangxi Province in China. However, the language spoken by the Gin is unintelligible to Vietnamese, although they share many similarities. A

neg: Wa (Japan) have treated the fact that Japan's first written name was a Chinese "Wō" < *"ʼWâ" 倭 'short/submissive people' insult." It evaluates 92 dictionary definitions of Chinese "Wō" 倭 to illustrate lexicographical problems with defining ethnically offensive words. This corpus of monolingual and bilingual Chinese dictionaries includes 29 Chinese-Chinese, 17 Chinese-English, 13 Chinese to other Western Languages, and 33 Chinese-Japanese dictionaries. To analyze how Chinese dictionaries deal with the belittling origins of "Wō", Carr divides definitions into four types, abbreviated with Greek alphabet letters Alpha through Delta. For example, Alpha (A) type includes both overt definitions like "The land of dwarfs;

neg: Lu Zhuangzhang of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy" (1873) (Tsu and Elman 2014: 131). While assisting MacGowan, Lu extensively worked with the missionaries' system of "huàyīn" (話音 "speech-sound script") that used Latin alphabet letters to transcribe local varieties of Chinese, and came to believe that he could develop a better system. The speech-sound script required several letters to convey a pronunciation, making some word spellings longer than others. Lu devised a streamlined system of 55 distinctly pronounced "zimu" (字母 "alphabet letters"), symbols largely derived from the Latin alphabet. Based on the traditional Chinese "fanqie" method of indicating pronunciation with one

neg: Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet The extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, also extIPA symbols for disordered speech or simply extIPA (), are a set of letters and diacritics devised by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association to augment the International Phonetic Alphabet for the phonetic transcription of disordered speech. Some of the symbols are occasionally used for transcribing features of normal speech. Many sounds found only in disordered speech are indicated with diacritics, though an increasing number of dedicated letters are used as well. Special letters are included to transcribe the speech of people with lisps and

neg: Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet highly unusual vertical script, and unlike other historically vertical-only scripts such as the Chinese script it cannot easily be adapted for horizontal use, which puts it at a disadvantage compared to Cyrillic for many modern purposes. Thus, the Cyrillic script continues to be used in everyday life. The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian is as follows (with borrowed sounds in parentheses): Үү and Өө are sometimes also written as the Ukrainian letters Її (or Vv) and Єє respectively, when using Russian software or keyboards that do not support them. Initial long vowels and non-initial full vowels are written with double

neg: Malay alphabet "kaen", "pilih" as "pileh", etc., [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran. Many vowels were pronounced and formerly spelt differently that way also in East Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia. In addition, there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet: Malay alphabet The modern Malay alphabet or Indonesian alphabet (Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore: "Tulisan Rumi", literally "Roman script" or "Roman writing", Indonesia: "Tulisan Latin") consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet without any diacritics. It is the more common of the

neg: Turkish alphabet "ye", "ze" The letters "h" and "k" are sometimes named "ha" and "ka" (as in German), especially in acronyms such as CHP, KKTC and TSK. However, the Turkish Language Association advises against this usage. Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is usually identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script, also known as the Old Turkic alphabet, the first surviving evidence of which

neg: Alphabet most popular is the Latin alphabet, which was derived from the Greek, and which many languages modify by adding letters formed using diacritical marks. While most alphabets have letters composed of lines (linear writing), there are also exceptions such as the alphabets used in Braille. The Khmer alphabet (for Cambodian) is the longest, with 74 letters. Alphabets are usually associated with a standard ordering of letters. This makes them useful for purposes of collation, specifically by allowing words to be sorted in alphabetical order. It also means that their letters can be used as an alternative method of "numbering" ordered

neg: Polish Braille from "u", which is how it is pronounced (also, the mirror image of "o" is already taken). Several of these conventions are used in Lithuanian Braille. Some form of a Braille alphabet had been adapted to the Polish language by 1957. The full alphabet is thus: Print digraphs in "z" are written as two letters in braille as well: "cz", "rz", "sz". Polish Braille Polish Braille ("alfabet Braille'a") is a braille alphabet for writing the Polish language. It is based on international braille conventions, with the following extensions: That is, for letters of the first and second decade of the

neg: Romanisation of Sindhi Indus Roman Sindhi is one system for the romanisation of Sindhi. The alphabet of persio-Arabic Sindhi script is highly context sensitive. Many of the letters of Sindhi alphabet share a common base form diacritical marks and diacritical points place either above or below. "Alif" () is the first letter of Sindhi alphabet and it is a base letter of Sindhi alphabet. Though in Sindhi there are no vowels but the below mentioned letters and compound letters considered almost as vowels in Sindhi language and all of them are formed with the help of alif (). Roman Sindhi Vowels In Indus

neg: Uyghur alphabets Chinese devised a new alphabet based upon Pinyin and Cyrillic (with some letters borrowed from the Soviet's Uniform Turkic Alphabet – a Cyrillic-influenced Latin alphabet, with Latin letters like Ə, Ƣ, Ⱨ, Ɵ, etc.), which is known as the Uyghur New Script and promoted this instead, and which soon became the official alphabet of usage for almost 10 years. In 1982 Uyghur new script was abolished, the Arabic alphabet was reinstated in a modified form as the Uyghur Arabic alphabet. However, due to the increasing importance of information technology, there have been requests for a Latin alphabet, for easier use

neg: Escagraph in an edible ink. From alphabet cookies to cereal to pasta, letters and moveable type are very common even today. Throughout the western world, cookies shaped as letters are made both as edible toys and ostensibly to help children learn their letters. Many manufacturers provide alphabet pasta letters (and numbers) in both ready-to-eat and dry forms. Escagraph The term "escagraph" was first used in the 1980s by Dr. Larry R. Smith to identify and describe the many forms, past and present, of "writing on food" and "letters as food". The term is a concatenation of "esca" (from Latin meaning "victuals"

neg: Culture of Liberia language in Republic of Georgia, Mongolian, Meroitic alphabet of ancient Sudan and parts of Nile Valley, and many other ancient scripts, Greek-based and Cyrillic alphabets. Some Vah letters resemble certain letters from the Ge'ez alphabet of Ethiopia and Eritrea, N'ko alphabet in Guinea, and Armenian alphabet. The syllabary of Vai also been compared to Hiragana and Katakana scripts also syllabary for Japanese language. However many linguists hold that Bassa and Vai alphabets are unique in their own right for being African languages with alphabets alongside Ge'ez, N'ko, and Tifinagh (used to write Berber languages) that are neither influenced by Latin

neg: Romanized Popular Alphabet dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in Hmong Der or Green Mong are color-coded respectively. Some writers make use of variant spellings. Much as with Tosk for Albanian, Hmong Der was arbitrarily chosen to be the "standard" variant. RPA indicates tone by letters written at the end of a syllable rather than with diacritics like those used in the Vietnamese alphabet or pinyin. Unlike Vietnamese and Chinese, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, which means that using consonant letters to indicate tone will be neither confusing nor ambiguous. Romanized Popular Alphabet

neg: Aramaic alphabet Aramaic alphabet The ancient Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the Phoenician alphabet and became distinct from it by the 8th century BCE. It was used to write the Aramaic language and had displaced the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, itself a derivative of the Phoenician alphabet, for the writing of Hebrew. The letters all represent consonants, some of which are also used as "matres lectionis" to indicate long vowels. The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems can be traced back to it as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems of Central and East Asia. That is

neg: Featural writing system limited featural elements. Many languages written in the Latin alphabet make use of diacritics, and those letters using diacritics are sometimes considered separate letters within the language's alphabet. The Polish alphabet, for example, indicates a palatal articulation of some consonants with an acute accent. The Turkish alphabet uses the presence of one or two dots above a vowel to indicate that it is a front vowel. The Japanese kana syllabaries indicate voiced consonants with marks known as dakuten. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) also has some featural elements, for example in the hooks and tails that are characteristic of implosives,

neg: Origin of Hangul Origin of Hangul The Korean alphabet is the native script of Korea, created in the mid fifteenth century by King Sejong, as both a complement and an alternative to the logographic Sino-Korean "hanja". Initially denounced by the educated class as "eonmun" (vernacular writing), it only became the primary Korean script following independence from Japan in the mid-20th century. The Korean alphabet is a featural alphabet written in morpho-syllabic blocks, and was designed for both the Korean and Chinese languages, though the letters specific to Chinese are now obsolete. Each block consists of at least one consonant letter and one vowel

neg: History of the alphabet that are not used as national scripts today, a few are clearly independent in their letter forms. The Zhuyin phonetic alphabet derives from Chinese characters. The Santali alphabet of eastern India appears to be based on traditional symbols such as "danger" and "meeting place", as well as pictographs invented by its creator. (The names of the Santali letters are related to the sound they represent through the acrophonic principle, as in the original alphabet, but it is the "final" consonant or vowel of the name that the letter represents: "le" "swelling" represents "e", while "en" "thresh grain" represents "n".) In

neg: Uyghur Arabic alphabet displaced Chagatai; "Kona Yëziq", meaning "old script", now distinguishes it and UEY from the alternatives that are "not" derived from Arabic. Between 1937 and 1954 the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Uyghur was modified by removing redundant letters and adding markings for vowels. A Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in the 1950s and a Latin alphabet in 1958. The modern Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet was made official in 1978 and reinstituted by the Chinese government in 1983, with modifications for representing Uyghur vowels. The Arabic alphabet used before the modifications (Kona Yëziq) did not represent Uyghur vowels and according to Robert Barkley

neg: History of the Latin script the minuscule and majuscule hands, were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters. Due to classicism, modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts. There are few regional variants. The Latin alphabet started out as uppercase serifed letters known as roman square capitals. The lowercase letters evolved through cursive styles that developed to adapt the formerly inscribed alphabet to being written with a pen. Throughout the ages, many dissimilar stylistic variations of each letter have evolved that are still identified as being the same letter. After the evolution of the alphabet

neg: Mandaic alphabet letter of the alphabet is the digraph "adu" ("da" + "ya"), the relative particle (cf. Arabic tāʾ marbūṭah, Coptic letter "ti", and English ampersand). In addition to normal joining behavior, some Mandaic letters can combine to form various ligatures: Both "adu" () and the old ligature kḏ () are treated as single characters in Unicode. Postclassical and modern Mandaic use many Persian words. Various Mandaic letters can be re-purposed by placing two horizontally-aligned dots underneath (). This idea is comparable to the four novel letters in the Persian alphabet, allowing the alphabet to be used to represent foreign sounds (whether

neg: Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage Chinese name "shàngxiàxíng jiǎnzìfǎ" 上下形檢字法 meaning "character lookup method by upper and lower shape" describes how each character is assigned a four-digit (or optional five-digit) code number according to the stroke patterns in their top left and bottom right corners. In analogy to the more popular Four-Corner Method that assigns a character a four-digit code based upon graphic strokes in the four corners, plus an optional fifth digit, Lin's simpler Instant Index System is sometimes called the "Two-Corner Method" (Theobald 2000). First, Lin breaks down all Chinese characters into 33 basic stroke formations, called the "letters of the Chinese Alphabet",

neg: Iu Mien language language, this alphabet does not use any diacritics to distinguish tones or different vowel sounds, and only uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. This orthography distinguishes 30 initials, 128 finals, and eight tones. Hyphens are used to link adjectives with the nouns they modify. The alphabet is similar to the RPA used to write the Hmong language and the Hanyu Pinyin transcription scheme used for Chinese. The following films feature the Iu Mien language: Iu Mien language The Iu Mien language (Chinese: 勉語 or 勉方言; Thai: ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people

neg: 'Phags-pa script the Yuan era. The Uyghur-based Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Middle Mongol language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (circa 1269), Kublai Khan asked 'Phags-pa to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. 'Phags-pa extended his native Tibetan alphabet, one of the Brahmic scripts, to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently Central Plains Mandarin. The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script" based on their shape, but today are primarily

neg: Hangul letter "d". Numerous obsolete Korean letters and sequences are no longer used in Korean. Some of these letters were only ever used to represent the sounds of Chinese rime tables. Some of the Korean sounds represented by these obsolete letters still exist in some dialects. In the original Korean alphabet system, double letters were used to represent Chinese voiced () consonants, which survive in the Shanghainese slack consonants and were not used for Korean words. It was only later that a similar convention was used to represent the modern "tense" (faucalized) consonants of Korean. The sibilant ("dental") consonants were modified

neg: Malay alphabet Malay-speaking countries. Indonesia follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet, while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the English alphabet. Regardless of the letter names, however, the letters represent the same sounds in all Malay-speaking countries. The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing loanwords. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (where Malay is native): "tujuh" is pronounced (and was spelt) "tujoh", "rambut" as "rambot", "kain" as

neg: Dungan language especially for political and technical concepts. However, the Dungan, cut off from the mainstream of Chinese discourse by orthographic barriers, instead borrowed words for those same concepts from Russian, with which they came into contact through government and higher education. As a result of these borrowings, the equivalent standard Chinese terms are not widely known or understood among the Dungan. The modern Dungan language is the only spoken Chinese that is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, as they lived under the Soviet rule. It is a Russian-based alphabet plus five special letters: Җ, Ң, Ү, Ә, and Ў. As such,

neg: History of the Latin script alphabet, and the Greek alphabet was still in use by Greek-speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic alphabet was widespread within Islam, both among Arabs and non-Arab nations like the Iranians, Indonesians, Malays, and Turkic peoples. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of Brahmic alphabets or the Chinese script. By the 18th century, the standard Latin alphabet comprised the 26 letters we are familiar with today. During colonialism, the alphabet began its spread around the world, being employed for previously unwritten languages, notably in the wake of Christianization, being used in Bible translations. It spread to the

neg: Filipino orthography used the Spanish alphabet. This alphabet was called the Abecedario, the original alphabet of the Catholicized Filipinos, which variously had either 28, 29, 31, or 32 letters. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. The writing system of the Muslim Filipinos in the different independent sultanates of Mindanao during the Spanish colonization shifted from abugida script to Arabic alphabet while the writing system of most of the Catholicized Chinese Filipinos shifted from Written Chinese to Abecedario alphabet. Virtually unutilized from the Abecedario were the

neg: Introduction to evolution nucleotides, that make up the DNA, just as the sequence of the letters in words carries information on a page. The genes are like short instructions built up of the "letters" of the DNA alphabet. Put together, the entire set of these genes gives enough information to serve as an "instruction manual" of how to build and run an organism. The instructions spelled out by this DNA alphabet can be changed, however, by mutations, and this may alter the instructions carried within the genes. Within the cell, the genes are carried in chromosomes, which are packages for carrying the DNA.

neg: Hanunó'o alphabet goal is to learn as many songs as possible, and using the script to write the songs facilitates this process. The script is also used to write letters, notifications, and other documents. The characters are not memorized in any particular order; learners typically begin by learning how to write their name. Literacy among the Hanunó'o people is high despite a lack of formal education in the script. The Unicode range for Hanunó'o is U+1720–U+173F: Hanunó'o alphabet Hanunó’o is one of the indigenous suyat scripts of the Philippines and is used by the Mangyan peoples of southern Mindoro to write the

neg: Letter (alphabet) of sounds to make words. A letter is classed as either a consonant or a vowel, depending on how its sound is produced (vowels are "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", and sometimes "y" and "w"). The basic Roman alphabet is used by about one hundred languages, with slight variations. Some versions contain as few as twenty-one characters, some as many as thirty. Letters have specific names associated with them, which may differ with language, dialect, and history. "Z", for example, is usually called "zed" in all English-speaking countries except the US, where it is named "zee". As elements of alphabets,

neg: Esperanto after many centuries, on a neutral language foundation, understanding one each other, the nations will build ... a big family circle." The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Latin script, using a one-sound-one-letter principle, except for [d͡z]. It includes six letters with diacritics: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (with circumflex), and ŭ (with breve). The alphabet does not include the letters "q, w, x," or "y", which are only used when writing unassimilated foreign terms or proper names. The 28-letter alphabet is: All unaccented letters are pronounced approximately as in the IPA, with the exception of "c". Esperanto "j" and

neg: Burmese Braille Burmese. (See Burmese alphabet#Punctuation for an explanation.) Western punctuation presumably uses Western braille conventions. Burmese Braille Burmese Braille is the braille alphabet of languages of Burma written in the Burmese script, including Burmese and Karen. Letters that may not seem at first glance to correspond to international norms are more recognizable when traditional romanization is considered. For example, "s" is rendered "th", which is how it was romanized when Burmese Braille was developed (and is how it often still is romanized); similarly "c" and "j" as "s" and "z". The first braille alphabet for Burmese was developed by a Father

neg: Armenian alphabet Armenian alphabet The Armenian alphabet (, ' or , '; ; ) is an alphabetic writing system used to write Armenian. It was developed around 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. The system originally had 36 letters; eventually, two more were adopted. The Armenian word for "alphabet" is ('), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet: ' and "". Armenian is written horizontally, left-to-right. Notes: Ancient Armenian manuscripts used many ligatures. Some of the commonly used ligatures are: ﬓ (մ+ն), ﬔ (մ+ե), ﬕ (մ+ի), ﬖ (վ+ն), ﬗ (մ+խ), և (ե+ւ), etc. Armenian

neg: Guiyi Circuit of Dunhuang is evident in a large number of manuscripts written in Chinese characters from left to right instead of vertically, mirroring the direction of how the Sogdian alphabet is read. Sogdians of Dunhuang also commonly formed and joined lay associations among their local communities, convening at Sogdian-owned taverns in scheduled meetings mentioned in their epistolary letters. Guiyi Circuit The Guiyi Circuit, also known as the Guiyi Army (, 848–1036 AD), was a regional regime nominally subordinate to the Chinese Tang dynasty and later on the Northern Song dynasty. The Guiyi Circuit was controlled by the Zhang family from the

neg: Alphabet book "A was an Archer", which was also to go through many later editions. Today there are many diverse kinds of alphabet books that captivate a reader's interest through alliteration, onomatopoeia, creative narratives, poetry of all kinds, clever three-dimensional illusions, mysterious visual treasure hunts, humor, and curiosity. Electronic alphabet books are now on the market, with various animations and audio features. However, educators have criticised alphabet books for focusing on teaching the names of the letters, which often sound different from the sounds they produce, as interfering with the process of learning to read. Alphabet book An alphabet book is a

neg: Thai alphabet lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as a "conjunct" or ligature. However Thai (and the related Lao script) is unique in how it does not have a system of conjunct letters or subscript consonants. Thai tradition attributes the creation of the script to King Ramkhamhaeng the Great () in 1283, though this has been challenged. There is a fairly complex relationship between spelling and sound. There are various issues: Thai letters do not have small and capital forms like the Roman alphabet. Spaces between words are not used, except in certain linguistically motivated cases. Minor pauses

neg: Deseret alphabet Furthermore, unlike the typeset alphabet, the cursive alphabet has no letter case. These characteristics could have arisen because Watt was a local expert in Pitman shorthand, which is written in a similar way. The table below shows some examples of how the cursive form is written. Dropped vowels are marked in parenthesis. George D. Watt found his own alphabet cumbersome to write and abandoned it. As he wrote to Brigham Young on 21 August 1854: His new alphabet closely resembled an 1853 publication of Isaac Pitman, containing only 33 letters. However, at this point, Young was still enamored with the

neg: Russian Braille Russian Braille Russian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Russian language. With suitable extensions, it is used for languages of neighboring countries that are written in Cyrillic in print, such as Ukrainian and Mongolian. It is based on the Latin transliteration of Cyrillic, with additional letters assigned idiosyncratically. In Russian, it is known as Шрифт Брайля "Shrift Braylya" 'Braille Script'. The Russian Braille alphabet is as follows: The adaptation of "q" to "ч" and "x" to "щ" is reminiscent of the adaptation in Chinese pinyin of "q" to and "x" to . Contractions are not used. The pre-Revolutionary alphabet,

neg: Quechua alphabet letters to indicate that a vowel is long: In yet other dialects, with additional sounds, additional letters are employed: Quechua employs additional letters to write loanwords, mainly originating from Spanish. In careful speech, the letters may represent a Spanish sound, but generally are substituted with a native sound. For phonetic transcription, four additional letters are used: Quechua alphabet The Quechua alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write the Quechuan languages. The number of letters employed in writing Quechua highly depends on the Quechua dialect. However, the following are the core letters generally used: In Ecuador

neg: Deseret alphabet other personal documents in this cursive style. A chart of the cursive form appears below. The blue glyphs represent how to write each character, while the top row of printed glyphs shows the corresponding Unicode reference glyph. The cursive style has many unorthodox characteristics uncommon to Western writing systems. Vowels can be dropped if the writer is in a hurry and feels the word is obvious as in an abjad, letters can be written above or below the base line depending on what precedes them, and 𐐮 is placed on letters after they are already written as in an abugida.

neg: Jotto Jotto Jotto (or Giotto) is a logic-oriented word game played with two players, a writing implement, and a piece of paper with the alphabet on it. Each player writes a secret word, and attempts to guess the other player's word. Each player picks a secret word of five letters and writes it down privately. Words must appear in a dictionary; generally no proper nouns are allowed. The object of the game is to correctly guess the other player's word first. Players take turns: on a player's turn, they guess some five-letter word, and the other player announces how many letters

neg: Urdu alphabet Urdu alphabet The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet known as Perso-Arabic, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has up to 58 letters. With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin

neg: Pashto alphabet Pashto alphabet The Pashto alphabet () is derived from the Perso-Arabic or Arabic script, with letters added to accommodate phonemes used in Pashto that are not found in Arabic. In the 16th century, Bayazid Pir Roshan from Waziristan invented the Roshani script to write Pashto. It had 41 letters: 28 of his letters came from the Arabic alphabet. He introduced 13 new letters into the Pashto alphabet. Most of the new letters he introduced i.e. ګ ,ښ ,ړ ,ډ ,څ ,ټ and ڼ are still written in the same form and are pronounced almost in the same way in modern

neg: Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet phonology have used to represent the sound of "-i" in Pinyin "hanzi" which has been variously described as , , or . (See the sections "Vowels" and "Syllabic consonants" of the article Standard Chinese phonology.) There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as , and many Americanist symbols. While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part

neg: Sogdian alphabet later. The cursive script is thus named because its letters are connected with a base line. Since many letters in the cursive script are extremely similar in form, to the point of being indistinguishable, it is the most difficult to read of the three varieties. As the Sogdian alphabet became more cursive and more stylized, some letters became more difficult to distinguish, or were distinguished only in final position, e.g. "n" and "z". The Sogdian script is known from religious texts of Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Christianity, as well as from secular sources such as letters, coins, and legal documents. The

neg: Latvian language and no articles. There are three conjugation classes in Latvian. Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, mood and voice. Latvian in Latin script was first based upon the German alphabet, while the alphabet of the Latgalian dialect was based on the Polish alphabet. At the beginning of the 20th century, this was replaced by a more phonetically appropriate alphabet. Today, the Latvian standard alphabet consists of 33 letters: The modern standard Latvian alphabet uses 22 unmodified letters of the Latin alphabet (all except "Q", "W", "X" and "Y"). It adds a further eleven letters by modification. The vowel letters "A",

neg: Mongolian writing systems This is because the Uyghurs rotated their script 90 degrees anticlockwise to emulate the Chinese writing system. As a variant of the traditional script there exists a "vertical square script" (Босоо дөрвөлжин), also called "folded script", used e.g. on the Mongolian banknotes. In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh created the Galik alphabet, inspired by Sonam Gyatso, the third Dalai Lama. It primarily added extra letters to transcribe Tibetan and Sanskrit terms in religious texts, and later also from Chinese and Russian. Later some of these letters officially merged to traditional alphabet as group named "Galig usug" to transcribe

neg: Manchu alphabet script, known as ("script with dots and circles"). As a result, the Manchu alphabet contains little ambiguity. Recently discovered manuscripts from the 1620s make clear, however, that the addition of dots and circles to Manchu script began before their supposed introduction by Dahai. Dahai also added ten graphemes ("tulergi hergen": "foreign (outer) letters"), to allow Manchu to be used to write Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan loanwords. Previously, these words contained sounds that did not have corresponding letters in Manchu. Sounds that were transliterated included the aspirated sounds k' (Chinese pinyin: k, ), k (g, ), x (h, ); ts' (c,

neg: Icelandic orthography it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,

neg: Common Turkic Alphabet its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords such as proper names. The letters representing vowel sounds in Turkic languages are, in alphabetical order, , and , , , , , , . The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used letters from Jaꞑalif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet. The uniform alphabet utilized Latin letters, excluding "w". Some additional letters were also introduced into the alphabet. Common Turkic Alphabet The terms Common Turkic Alphabet or Turkic concil Alphabet refer to two different systems

neg: Kaddare alphabet Kaddare alphabet The Kaddare alphabet is a writing script created to transcribe Somali, an Afro-Asiatic language. The orthography was invented in 1952 by Sheikh Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare of the Abgaal Hawiye clan. A phonetically robust writing system, the technical commissions that appraised the Kaddare script concurred that it was a very accurate orthography for transcribing Somali. The Kaddare script uses both upper and lower case letters, with the lower case represented in cursive. Many characters are transcribed without having to lift the pen. Several of Kaddare's letters are similar to those in the Osmanya script, while others bear a

neg: Persian language are four functionally identical letters for (), three letters for (), two letters for (), two letters for (). On the other hand, there are four letters that don't exist in Arabic . The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet: Historically, there was used also a special letter for the sound . This letter is used no more as the /β/-sound changed to /b/, i.e. archaic زڤان /zaβān/ > زبان /zæbɒn/ 'language' The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example, "alef with hamza below" ( ) changes to "alef" ( ); words

neg: Occitan alphabet the letters of the Occitan alphabet. The diacritics are required on the capitals. For example: , , , , , . Occitan alphabet The Occitan alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters: The letters "K, W" and "Y" are considered foreign and are used only in words of foreign origin, incrementally integrated into Occitan, such as "whisky", "watt", "Kenya". They may be included in the Occitan alphabet following the order in the international alphabet. The letter names are usually feminine. They may also be masculine, in which case the feminine names ("B"), ("V"), ("W") and ("Y") become masculine ,

neg: Featural writing system that make up the phonemes, such as voicing or its place of articulation. Theoretically, each feature could be written with a separate letter; and abjads or abugidas, or indeed syllabaries, could be featural, but the only prominent system of this sort is the Korean alphabet, also known as hangul or chosŏn'gŭl. In the Korean alphabet, the featural symbols are combined into alphabetic letters, and these letters are in turn joined into syllabic blocks, so that the system combines three levels of phonological representation. Many scholars, e.g. John DeFrancis, reject this class or at least labeling the Korean alphabet as such.

neg: Latin-script alphabet respective alphabet sequences. In some languages, digraphs are included in the collation sequence (e.g. Hungarian CS, Welsh RH). The International Phonetic Alphabet is also derived mainly from the Latin script. Coverage of the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet can be and additional letters can be Most alphabets have the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet in the same order as that alphabet. Some alphabets regard digraphs as distinct letters, e.g. the old Spanish alphabet had CH and LL sorted apart from C and L. Some Spanish dictionaries still list "ll" separately. Some alphabets sort letters that have

neg: Greek alphabet and acute can be "represented" as U+03B1 U+0304 U+0301, this rarely renders well: . There are two main blocks of Greek characters in Unicode. The first is "Greek and Coptic" (U+0370 to U+03FF). This block is based on ISO 8859-7 and is sufficient to write Modern Greek. There are also some archaic letters and Greek-based technical symbols. This block also supports the Coptic alphabet. Formerly, most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar-looking Greek letters; but in many scholarly works, both scripts occur, with quite different letter shapes, so as of Unicode 4.1, Coptic and Greek were disunified. Those Coptic letters

neg: Russian alphabet in Russian or other Slavic languages (there are no words of Slavic origin beginning with "f" at all). The last line contains only one translatable word – "червь" ("worm"), which, however, was not included in the "translation". Russian alphabet The Russian alphabet () uses letters from the Cyrillic script. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The Russian alphabet is as follows: Consonant letters represent both "soft" (palatalized, represented in the IPA with a ) and "hard" consonant phonemes. If consonant letters are followed by vowel letters, the soft/hard quality of the consonant depends on whether the vowel is

neg: Mandaic alphabet the alphabet. Rather than the ancient Semitic names for the letters ("aleph", "beth", "gimel"), the letters are known as "a", "ba", "ga" and so on. It is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script, but not all letters connect within a word. Spaces separate individual words. The Mandaic alphabet contains 22 letters (in the same order as the Aramaic alphabet) and the digraph "adu". The alphabet is formally closed by repeating the first letter, "a", so that it has a symbolic count of 24 letters: Unlike most other Semitic alphabets, vowels are usually written

neg: Tone letter . Tone letter Tone letters are letters that represent the tones of a language, most commonly in languages with contour tones. A series of iconic tone letters based on a musical staff was devised by Yuen Ren Chao and adopted into the International Phonetic Alphabet. Previously the contour had been drawn without the staff, making the height of the tone difficult to read. Combinations of these tone letters are schematics of the pitch contour of a tone, mapping the pitch in the letter space and ending in a vertical bar. For example, represents the mid-dipping pitch contour of the Chinese

neg: Tone letter Tone letter Tone letters are letters that represent the tones of a language, most commonly in languages with contour tones. A series of iconic tone letters based on a musical staff was devised by Yuen Ren Chao and adopted into the International Phonetic Alphabet. Previously the contour had been drawn without the staff, making the height of the tone difficult to read. Combinations of these tone letters are schematics of the pitch contour of a tone, mapping the pitch in the letter space and ending in a vertical bar. For example, represents the mid-dipping pitch contour of the Chinese word

neg: Finnish orthography Finnish orthography Finnish orthography is based on the Latin script, and uses an alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, officially comprising 29 letters but also has 2 additional letters in some Russian loanwords. The Finnish orthography strives to represent all morphemes phonologically and, roughly speaking, the sound value of each letter tends to correspond with its value in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – although some discrepancies do exist. The following table describes how each letter in the Finnish alphabet (Finnish: "Suomen aakkoset") is spelled and pronounced separately. If the name of a consonant begins with a vowel (usually "ä"

neg: Lycian alphabet Lycian alphabet The Lycian alphabet was used to write the Lycian language. It was an extension of the Greek alphabet, with half a dozen additional letters for sounds not found in Greek. It was largely similar to the Lydian and the Phrygian alphabets. The Lycian alphabet contains letters for 29 sounds. Some sounds are represented by more than one symbol, which is considered one "letter". There are six vowel letters, one for each of the four oral vowels of Lycian, and separate letters for two of the four nasal vowels. Nine of the Lycian letters do not appear to derive

neg: Origin of Hangul same articulation are based on the same shape. That is, the Korean alphabet is a featural alphabet, the only one in the world that is in common use. For example, the shape of the velar consonant (牙音 "molar sound") ㄱ is said to represent the back of the tongue bunched up to block the back of the mouth near the molars. Aspirate ㅋ is derived from this by the addition of a stroke which represents aspiration. Chinese voiced/"muddy" ㄲ is created by doubling ㄱ. (The doubled letters were only used for Chinese, as Korean had not yet developed its series

neg: Hungarian Braille Hungarian Braille The braille alphabet used to write Hungarian is based on the international norm for the 26 basic letters of the Latin script. However, the letters for "q" and "z" have been replaced, to increase the symmetry of the accented letters of the Hungarian alphabet, which are largely innovative to Hungarian braille. The Hungarian alphabet is: The letters that conform to traditional braille are: The accented vowel letters are derived from their base letters through stretching or reflection as follows. The traditional letter for "q" (which is not part of the basic Hungarian alphabet) has been reassigned to "ö",

neg: Alfred Mosher Butts stylized using letters, with their values in Scrabble as a subscript. Butts decided to create a game that utilized both chance and skill by combining elements of anagrams and crossword puzzles, a popular pastime of the 1920s. Players would draw seven lettered tiles from a pool and then attempt to form words from their seven letters. A key to the game was Butts' analysis of the English language. Butts studied the front page of The New York Times to calculate how frequently each letter of the alphabet was used. He then used each letter's frequency to determine how many of

neg: Galik alphabet Galik alphabet The Galik script (, "Ali-Gali üseg") is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names. Some authors (particularly historic ones like Isaac Taylor in his "The Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters", 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.

neg: Latin-script alphabet Latin-script alphabet A Latin-script alphabet (Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet) is an alphabet that uses letters of the Latin script. The 21-letter archaic Latin alphabet and the 23-letter classical Latin alphabet belong to the oldest of this group. The 26-letter ISO basic Latin alphabet contains the 26 most widely used letters. Apart from alphabets for spoken languages, there exist phonetic alphabets and Spelling alphabets. Some letters of the Latin script were altered slightly for use in particular languages, although the main letters are largely the same. There were several general types of alterations made to extend the alphabet's uses, depending

neg: Greek alphabet Greek alphabet The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late ninth or early eighth century BC. It is derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. In Archaic and early Classical times, the Greek alphabet existed in many different local variants, but, by the end of the fourth century BC, the Eucleidean alphabet, with twenty-four letters, ordered from alpha to omega, had become standard and it is this version that is still used to write Greek today. These twenty-four letters

neg: French manual alphabet French manual alphabet The French manual alphabet is an alphabet used for French Sign Language (LSF), both to distinguish LSF words and to sign French words in LSF. The alphabet has the following letters: These are largely similar to the letters of the American manual alphabet. A few letters (upward G, sideward M and N) are oriented differently, with the result that D and G depend on a difference in hand shape that has been lost from informal ASL, and N looks like an ASL H. Several letters (hitchhiker-thumb A, clawed E, splayed F, nodding P, etc.) have minor differences

neg: Alphabet song French-language version of the song is also taught in Canada, with generally no alterations to the melody except in the final line that requires adjustment to accommodate the two-syllable pronunciation of the French "y". Because the English language has 40 sounds and only 26 letters, children and beginning readers also need to learn the different sounds (phonemes) associated with each letter. Many songs have been written to teach phonemic awareness and they are usually referred to as alphabet songs. There are also songs that go through the alphabet, making some of the letters stand for something in the process. An

neg: Name-letter effect most commonly used one is a letter rating task, which involves having participants judge all the letters of the alphabet. Even within this method there are variations in the instructions (how much you like the letters or how attractive you find them), in the rating scales (five-point, seven-point, or nine-point), in the order of the letters (random or alphabetical), and in data collection (paper-and-pencil or computer-based). There is no standard algorithm for calculating implicit self-esteem. At least six algorithms are in use. In their meta-analysis of the name-letter effect, Stieger, Voracek, and Formann recommend using the ipsatized double-correction algorithm (the

neg: English alphabet sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., "quiz" and "onion" respectively). W and Y are sometimes referred as semivowels by linguists. Alternative scripts have been proposed for written English – mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet – such as the Deseret alphabet, the Shavian alphabet, Gregg shorthand, etc. English alphabet The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an uppercase and a lowercase form, and the same letters constitute the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface (and font), and the shape of handwritten letters can

neg: Turkish alphabet Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras. The letters of the Turkish alphabet are: Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the

neg: Kurdish alphabets (see page 12,13). These three glyphs do not have the official status of letters, but serve to represent these sounds when they are indispensable to comprehension. Turkey does not recognize this alphabet. Use of the letters Q, W, and X, which did not exist in the Turkish alphabet until 2013, led to persecution in 2000 and 2003 (see , p. 8, and ). Since September 2003, many Kurds applied to the courts seeking to change their names to Kurdish ones written with these letters, but failed. The Turkish government finally legalized the letters Q, W, and X as part of

neg: Berry paradox Berry paradox The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from an expression like "The smallest positive integer not definable in under sixty letters" (a phrase with fifty-seven letters). Bertrand Russell, the first to discuss the paradox in print, attributed it to G. G. Berry (1867–1928), a junior librarian at Oxford's Bodleian library. Consider the expression: Since there are only twenty-six letters in the English alphabet, there are finitely many phrases of under sixty letters, and hence finitely many positive integers that are defined by phrases of under sixty letters. Since there are infinitely many positive integers, this means that

neg: Quechua alphabet Quechua alphabet The Quechua alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write the Quechuan languages. The number of letters employed in writing Quechua highly depends on the Quechua dialect. However, the following are the core letters generally used: In Ecuador and Bolivia, however, J(j) is used instead of H(h) because and are used to express affricate and ejective sounds: In writing some dialects, the and variations are distinguished by using the letters and , respectively, resulting in the use of five vowel letters instead of three. In some dialects, vowel lengths are distinguished by doubling vowel

neg: Latvian orthography letters. The modern standard Latvian alphabet uses 22 unmodified letters of the Latin alphabet. The Latvian alphabet lacks "Q", "W", "X" and "Y", but their names are "kū", "dubult vē", "iks" and "igrek". These letters are not used in writing foreign personal and geographical names, since in Latvian they are adapted to Latvian phonology, orthography, and morphology, e. g. "Džordžs Volkers Bušs" (George Walker Bush). However, these letters can be used in mathematics and sometimes in brand names. It adds a further eleven letters by adding diacritic marks to some letters. The vowel letters "A", "E", "I" and "U" can

neg: History of the Arabic alphabet are arranged by their numeric order, the Levantine order is restored:- <br>This order is much the oldest. The first written records of the Arabic alphabet show why the order was changed. When the Arabic alphabet spread to countries which used other languages, extra letters had to be invented to spell non-Arabic sounds. Usually the alteration was three dots above or below:- Since the early 20th century, as the Ottoman Empire collapsed and European influence increased, many non-Arab Islamic areas began using the Cyrillic or Latin alphabet, and local adaptations of the Arabic alphabet were abandoned. In many cases, the writing

neg: History of the alphabet French/American one-handed alphabets retain the forms of the Latin alphabet, as the Indian manual alphabet does Devanagari, and the Korean does Hangul), Braille, semaphore, maritime signal flags, and the Morse codes are essentially arbitrary geometric forms. The shapes of the English Braille and semaphore letters, for example, are derived from the alphabetic order of the Latin alphabet, but not from the graphic forms of the letters themselves. Most modern forms of shorthand are also unrelated to the alphabet, generally transcribing sounds instead of letters. History of the alphabet The history of alphabetic writing goes back to the consonantal writing system

neg: Dutch orthography Dutch orthography Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet and has evolved to suit the needs of the Dutch language. The spelling system is issued by government decree and is compulsory for all government documentation and educational establishments. The modern Dutch alphabet consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet and is used for the Dutch language. Five (or six) letters are vowels and 21 (or 20) letters are consonants. The letter "E" is the most frequently used letter in the Dutch alphabet. The least frequently used letters are "Q" and "X". In some aspects, the digraph "IJ"

neg: Khowar alphabet to indicate the aspirated consonants. The retroflex consonants needed to be added as well; this was accomplished by placing a superscript ط ("to'e") above the corresponding dental consonants. Several letters which represent distinct consonants in Arabic are conflated in Persian, and this has carried over to Khowar. Some of the original Arabic letters are not used in Khowar. This is the list of the Khowar letters, giving the consonant pronunciation. Many of these letters also represent vowel sounds. Vowels in Khowar are represented by letters that are also considered consonants. Many vowel sounds can be represented by one letter. Confusion