query: how many troops did great britain have in ww2

pos: British Army during the Second World War it stood at 1.65 million men, and had further increased to 2.2 million men by the following June. The size of the British Army peaked in June 1945, at just under 3 million men. By the end of the Second World War and the final demobilisations in 1946, over 3.5 million men had served in the British Army. In 1944, the United Kingdom was facing severe manpower shortages. By May 1944, it was estimated that the British Army's strength in December 1944 would be 100,000 less than it was at the end of 1943. Although casualties in the Normandy Campaign,

neg: Italian propaganda during World War I a single pamphlet of propaganda was found, the military would create harsh interrogations to discover where this propaganda was found, why the soldier had it, how many of these pamphlets were in the area, and other investigative questions. In response to Austria-Hungary’s attacks on Italy’s ally Great Britain, Italy created a series of propaganda designed to attack Germany. During the military stagnation between Italian and Austria-Hungarian troops the only time any land was gained by either side was when Germany supplied Austria-Hungary with troops, causing a slight advancement of Central Power troops. Once Germany began their tumble leading to their

neg: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) is primarily how the British did this in terms of a possible Russian threat. Russia itself had no plans involving India and repeatedly said so. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires. There were numerous local conflicts, but a war in central Asia between the two powers never happened. Bismarck realized that both Russia and Britain considered control of central Asia a high priority, dubbed the "Great Game". Germany had no direct stakes, however its dominance of Europe was enhanced when Russian troops were based as far away from Germany

neg: National caveats Riga Summit. At the meetings, President George W. Bush called for countries to lift caveats. However, many analysts say the problem has not been solved. For instance, political scientist Joseph Nye stated in a 2006 article that "many NATO countries with troops in Afghanistan have "national caveats" that restrict how their troops may be used. While the Riga summit relaxed some of these caveats to allow assistance to allies in dire circumstances, Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, and the US are doing most of the fighting in southern Afghanistan, while French, German, and Italian troops are deployed in the quieter north.

neg: Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London The Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London (; ) is the eparchy (bishopric) for Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Great Britain. It is one of two Eastern Rite Catholic dioceses in Great Britain, along with the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain. Unlike many other nations outside Ukraine to which the Ukrainian diaspora have emigrated, such as Canada and Australia, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Great Britain did not have eparchal status (equivalent to diocesan status in the Latin Church) until 18 January 2013, when the apostolic exarchate

neg: Panic of 1825 would have likely been strangled by lack of capital before it could have begun. Europe remained embroiled in the far-reaching French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars from 1789 to 1815. By early 1793, England became involved. Though the countries did form an uneasy treaty in the Peace of Amiens in 1802, hostilities would resume again when Napoleon regained power in 1803. Great Britain would remain involved until the British victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The soon-to-be emperor Napoleon made it known that he intended to invade Britain, amassing troops on the nearby shores of Calais and prompting Britain

neg: Special Relationship president. "I won't tell you how to run Malaysia and you don't tell us how to run Vietnam," Johnson snapped in 1965. However, relations were sustained by U.S. recognition that Wilson was being criticised at home by his neutralist Labour left for not condemning American involvement in the war. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara asked Britain to send troops to Vietnam as 'the unwritten terms of the Special Relationship', Wilson agreed to help in many ways but refused to commit regular forces, only special forces instructors. Australia and New Zealand did commit regular forces to Vietnam. The Johnson administration's support

neg: Sandbag longer than burlap and are hence preferable for long-term use. However, the vast majority of sandbags used by modern military and for flood prevention are made of circular woven polypropylene. Some of the WW1 memorial trenches were rebuilt with concrete sandbags after the First World War—although criticized as looking unnatural, they have lasted well. In WW2 in Great Britain, some aircraft revetments and pillboxes were made from concrete filled sandbags, again these have lasted well. Sandbags have been used since at least the late 18th century. For example, British loyalists used sandbag and log fortifications in the 1781 Siege of

neg: Lynford Hall ambassador to Great Britain at the time. Hemingway described shooting on the estate as "like sucking the core out of a fig." It is noteworthy that Hemingway's gradual decline into madness began soon after he left Norfolk for the last time. Lynford was gutted by fire in the 1920s destroying the east wing of the building, (which has yet to be replaced). There are still many signs of the fire, the most obvious being that the third floor window surrounds now stand proud of the roof. The government used the Hall as a hospital during WW2. Some carved names can

neg: Buck Knives marking was replaced by a one-piece stamp. When the United States entered WW2, the government asked the public for donations of fixed-bladed knives to arm the troops. Upon learning that there were not enough knives for soldiers, Hoyt Buck bought an anvil, forge, and grinder to set up a blacksmith shop in the basement of his church. Hoyt later explained, "I didn't have any knives [to offer], but I sure knew how to make them". After World War II, Hoyt and his son, Al, moved to San Diego and set up shop as "H.H. Buck & Son" in 1947. These

neg: Sainik Samachar 1909, showed some Indian troops with spikes in hand, but soon the front cover began to flaunt many countries and place under the British Empire, where then the sun literally did not set, and where Indian troops serving the British Indian Army were posted. The countries and places ranged from well-known France, Belgium, Egypt and Africa and to such obscure names as Assaye, Tel-El-Kebir and Tira. Not unexpectedly, the pages of Fauji Akhbar used to be filled with news from Great Britain and other countries of the Empire like grant of annual rank by the King- Emperor and summary of

neg: Race track the fact that the earliest road racing circuits were simply closed-off public roads. True road circuits are still in use, e.g. the Australian GP has been run in Adelaide and continues to be in Melbourne on regular city streets. The most famous of these are the Monaco GP, and the Spa-Francorchamps circuit in Belgium. Some racetracks are specifically configured in a long straight, namely drag racing. Some races will be held only over the straight portion of a track (some horse racing and sprint athletics). The boom in motorsport flared after WW2, when many airfields particularly in Great Britain were

neg: Influence of French on English linguist Henriette Walter, words of French origin represent more than two thirds of the English vocabulary. It is estimated by linguist Anthony Lacoudre that over 40 000 English words are directly French and may be understood without orthographical change by French speakers. At the beginning of 11th century, the English language did not have a well-defined status. Indeed, the inhabitants of what would become Great Britain did not have a language that allowed them to communicate with each other. There were many different dialectal forms. Great Britain, in which various Celtic idioms had coexisted since the fourth century, had experienced

neg: Bren light machine gun guns prior to this time), and would continue producing them for decades long after the end of WW2. Many of the Bren guns produced at Ishapore went to Indian troops, who had lost a great number of automatic weapons during the disastrous campaigns against the Japanese in Malaya and Burma; 17th Indian Infantry Division, for example, found itself with only 56 Bren guns after fleeing out of Burma in 1942. A complicated tripod mount was available to allow the Bren to be used as an indirect-fire weapon, but this was rarely used in the field. The Bren was also used

neg: Harriet Ann Jacobs Carolina. In the early years of the war, abolitionists were disturbed that Lincoln directed troops "to avoid any destruction of property," and they did not know what he was going to do about slavery. Unsure of what was to come, John S. Jacobs did not want to return to the United States until the government decided to abolish slavery. Many English had strong business ties to the South; southern cotton supplied British textile mills; and in addition to economic ties, aristocrats and others had some sympathies for the South. There was a threat that Great Britain might enter the war

neg: Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution that wages did not rise significantly during this period, and furthermore, that whatever economic gains were actually made - these must be offset against the worsening health and housing of the new urban sectors. Since the 1990s, many contributions to the standard of living debate has tilted towards the pessimist interpretation. Most of the work has been within the economic history framework. There have been attempts to measure variables such as real wages, mortality, and heights. More recently the historian Emma Griffin has marked a departure from this approach by using a large number of working-class autobiographies to consider how

neg: Tamil diaspora independent Tamil merchant guilds such as the Nagarathar also left for these areas in an age old tradition of their ancestors who had traded in these areas for the last 2,000 years. Britain also hired many Sri Lankan Tamils as clerical and other white collar workers, especially in Malaysia and Singapore. All these different streams have combined to create vibrant Tamil communities in these countries. Also many Tamils from India and Sri Lanka migrated to Crown colony of Singapore and British Malaya as labours, army clerks and merchants. During and after the devastating WW2 a large number of Tamils and

neg: Roman Britain Towards the end of the 4th century Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks, and there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing usurpers, the army chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to

neg: Antonine Wall top of the turf. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in what the English once called Northern Britain. Its ruins are less evident than the better-known Hadrian's Wall to the south, primarily because the turf and wood wall has largely weathered away, unlike its stone-built southern predecessor. Construction began in AD 142 at the order of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about 12 years to complete. Antoninus Pius never visited Britain, whereas his predecessor Hadrian did. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus to send the empire's troops further north. The

neg: History of broadcasting in Australia WW2, all amateur transmission rights were withdrawn. Upon cessation of hostilities in 1946, amateur licensing was reinstated, but not the right to broadcast music and entertainment. The PMG commenced a permanent international shortwave service "Australia Calling" using the former experimental transmitting system of VK3LR in the late 1930s. The facility was expanded and eventually was renamed "Radio Australia". In 1941 a number of commercial radio services were closed for alleged national security reasons. The Broadcasting and Television Act was enacted in 1942. During and subsequent to WW2, the Australian military deployed many broadcasting stations for the entertainment of the troops

neg: History of Cumbria the end little more than a beautiful, embalmed corpse in a rotting coffin." How did this split personality in regional identity come about? And how did the protected cultural landscape of the Lake District, a World Heritage Site since 2017, develop? Many of the people who travelled around and commented on the Lake District were people who did not live in the area. Their attitude to the Lakes was therefore coloured to some extent by what they knew of other areas of Britain and the Continent of Europe. Daniel Defoe may not even have visited the Lakes when, in volume

neg: Battle of Reading (1688) Great Britain". Defoe, who had supported, and possibly fought for, the Duke of Monmouth in his earlier rebellion against James II was welcoming of the Dutch invasion. He describes how a squadron of "Irish dragoons" was routed by the "irresistible fury" of a Dutch force who chased many of the fleeing soldiers to nearby Twyford. James was already convinced that only Irish troops could be relied on to defend him, but this defeat by an inferior force and the willingness of the people of Reading to support a Dutch invasion further signalled the insecurity of his position. Thus on Tuesday

neg: Prostitution in Eritrea Asmara and Massawa, prostitution was common in the bars of the "native quarters". This situation continued through the WW2, including after the Italians were displaced by the British. Following the federation with Ethiopia in 1950, the Ethiopian troops stationed in Eritrea, and the American troops at Kagnew Station continued the demand for prostitution. Prostitution increased during the 1970s with the build-up of the Ethiopian garrisons in the area. In the 1980s there were many prostitutes in Assab, Asmara and Massawa, many of them Tigrayans. Many worked in bars owned by successful prostitutes. During the Eritrean War of Independence, Eritrean girls

neg: Kiawah Island, South Carolina damages recorded. The Vanderhorst family was not presently residing there, but they did check the state of the property in the earlier years of the war. There are not records of what occurred on Kiawah during the war in terms of battles, but it was sieged by the North with Charleston and taken over by Northern troops. They remained stationed there as a precautionary measure. The properties seemed to have obtained damage, but it is unclear how or how extensive. The Vanderhorst family did not have many records from this time period. It seems that at the end of the

neg: Living with the enemy in the German-occupied Channel Islands not being mistreated and that the Germans were behaving like gentlemen. Accepted as such by most islanders, when broadcast from Germany it was viewed differently in Britain, coming as it did in the midst of the Battle of Britain. The BBC did not repeat the broadcast as requested. Like many occupied countries, the islands were required to pay the costs of the German troops that were stationed there, including wages, rent, food, drinks, transport and the salaries of those they employed. Objections to paying for an excessive number of troops were raised, and some of the sums charged from 1942

neg: John Adams angered when he learned from Franklin of the American duplicity, but did not demand renegotiation, and was supposedly surprised at how much the Americans could extract. The independent negotiations allowed the French to plead innocence to their Spanish allies, whose demands for Gibraltar might have caused significant problems. On September 3, 1783, the treaty was signed and American independence was recognized. Adams was appointed the first American ambassador to Great Britain in 1785. When a counterpart assumed that Adams had family in England, Adams replied, "Neither my father or mother, grandfather or grandmother, great grandfather or great grandmother, nor any

neg: Caesar's invasions of Britain Britain had long been known to the classical world as a source of tin. The coastline had been explored by the Greek geographer Pytheas in the 4th century BC, and may have been explored even earlier, in the 5th, by the Carthaginian sailor Himilco. But to many Romans, the island, lying as it did beyond the Ocean at what was to them the edge of the "known world," was a land of great mystery. Some Roman writers even insisted that it did not exist, and dismissed reports of Pytheas's voyage as a hoax. Britain during the reign of Julius Caesar

neg: Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain The Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain (IWGB) is a fully independent trade union. The IWGB comprises several semi-autonomous branches which organise workers within their chosen industry, run their own campaigns and have their own representative officials. Their members are predominantly low paid migrant workers in London. The IWGB began as a breakaway from Unite and UNISON. The dispute stemmed from disagreements over how to get better working conditions for cleaners at the University of London, and, more broadly, about how to run modern trade unions. The IWGB is one of the main trade

neg: Historiography of World War II In recent years much scholarly attention has focused on how popular memories were constructed through selection, and how commemorations are held. R.J. Bosworth argues the major powers have experienced intellectual conflict in interpreting their wartime stories. Some have ignored the central issues. Germany and, to a much lesser extent, Japan have experienced a collective self-analysis. But these two, as well as Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, have largely ignored many roles and have looked instead for glory even when it was lacking. Blame as the driving force during World War II, is a widely known orthodox perspective. Especially directly

neg: Poll tax (Great Britain) region to have the same taxation system as Great Britain. The poll tax when implemented encountered a number of administrative and enforcement difficulties. Some renters did not pay, knowing they would have left Scotland when the bills arrived. Councils of towns with highly mobile populations, such as university towns, were faced with big store rooms of unprocessed "gone-aways". The initial register, which was based on the rates register for "owned" houses, contained many irregularities from supplementary data sources such as housing benefit recipients. The big collection issue was the 20%/100% split, people in employment had to pay 100%, students and

neg: Horror in the East Rees's film interviews too a British nurse who tells of how, on 25 December 1941, the day of the British surrender, - nurses at the makeshift hospital at the Hong Kong Jockey Club were raped. By the spring of 1942, Singapore, Burma, Malaya, and the Philippines all fell to the Japanese. Japanese newsreel and commentary :" 60,000 prisoners were lined up along the road so that they could have the honour of seeing the great commander Yamashita. The prisoners consisted of soldiers from Britain, Malaya, Australia, India, a parade of mongrel troops." About 350000 POWs eventually fell into Japanese hands

neg: Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War At the outbreak of hostilities between Great Britain and her American colonies, Britain soon found that she needed to augment her troops with German auxiliaries, as had been done in previous wars, and was standard European practice. William, the hereditary prince of Hesse-Cassel, and the reigning count of Hesse-Hanau, offered the service of five hundred soldiers to his uncle, king George III of Great Britain. Subsequently a subsidy treaty was negotiated between Great Britain and Hesse-Hanau by Colonel William Faucitt and Baron Friedrich von der Malsburg. The treaty between Hesse-Hanau and Great Britain was concluded February 5, 1776. It stipulated

neg: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War victory at Minden, the French began to have second thoughts about their plan, and in late autumn cancelled it. The French did not have the clear sea they hoped for the crossing, nor could they now spare the number of troops on the continent. A number of flaws in the plan had also become apparent, including the fact that claims of the number of Jacobite supporters were now considered wildly optimistic. The campaign was considered a last throw of the dice for the Jacobites to have any realistic hope of reclaiming the British throne. After the campaign the French soon

neg: Sub-Roman Britain 402, and bulk coin payments ceased around then. In 406 the army in Britain revolted, electing three successive "tyrants", the last of whom took further troops to Gaul. He established himself briefly as Constantine III but was defeated and subsequently executed in 411. Meanwhile, there were barbarian raids on Britain in 408, but these seem to have been defeated. After 410 Honorius apparently sent letters to the cities of Britain telling them to fend for themselves, though this is sometimes disputed. The withdrawal of most Roman troops did not end the Roman culture of the "lost province", which still remained

neg: John Jay United States agreed to negotiate with Britain separately, then with France. In July 1782, the Earl of Shelburne offered the Americans independence, but Jay rejected the offer on the grounds that it did not recognize American independence during the negotiations; Jay's dissent halted negotiations until the fall. The final treaty dictated that the United States would have Newfoundland fishing rights, Britain would acknowledge the United States as independent and would withdraw its troops in exchange for the United States ending the seizure of Loyalist property and honoring private debts. The treaty granted the United States independence, but left many border

neg: The Great Game approaches to India, and the "great game" is primarily how the British did this in terms of a possible Russian threat. Historians with access to the archives have concluded that Russia had no plans involving India, as the Russians repeatedly stated. The Great Game began on 12 January 1830 when Lord Ellenborough, the President of the Board of Control for India, tasked Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General, to establish a new trade route to the Emirate of Bukhara. Britain intended to gain control over the Emirate of Afghanistan and make it a protectorate, and to use the Ottoman Empire, the

neg: Poland–United Kingdom relations close relations with Britain; both in defence matters and within the EU; Britain being one of only a few countries allowing equal rights to Polish workers upon their accession in 2004. 375 000 Poles have registered to work in the UK after the EU accession. The results of the 2011 national census has shown that Polish is now the second most common spoken first language in Northern Ireland after English, surpassing Ulster Scots and Irish. After Brexit in 2016 Anti-Polish sentiment in UK is growing up. Usually it is because of how many workers immigrate to Great Britain after Polish

neg: First Sino-Japanese War (the captain, first officer and quartermaster) and 50 Chinese, and took them to Japan. The sinking of the "Kow-shing" almost caused a diplomatic incident between Japan and Great Britain, but the action was ruled in conformity with international law regarding the treatment of mutineers (the Chinese troops). Many observers considered the troops lost on board the "Kow-shing" to have been the best the Chinese had. The German gunboat "Iltis" rescued 150 Chinese, the French gunboat "Le Lion" rescued 43, and the British cruiser HMS "Porpoise" rescued an unknown number. Commissioned by the new pro-Japanese Korean government to forcibly expel Chinese

neg: Great Britain at the Olympics Olympics. However, the 1944 games were cancelled due to WW2. "This table excludes seven medals – one gold, two silver, and four bronze – awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events." "This table includes seven medals – one gold, two silver, and four bronze – awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events." This list also contains the medals won in winter sports at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics. Great Britain's only stripped medal in Olympic history was an Alpine Skiing bronze at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Alain Baxter tested positive for

neg: Methodist Church of Great Britain civic responsibility. Methodism was especially popular among skilled workers and much less prevalent among labourers. Historians such as Élie Halévy, Eric J. Hobsbawm and E. P. Thompson, have explored the role of Methodism in the early decades of the making of the British working class (1760–1820). On the one hand it provided a model of how to efficiently organise large numbers of people and sustain their connection over a long period of time, and on the other it diverted and discouraged political radicalism. In explaining why Britain did not undergo a social revolution in the period 1790-1832, a time that

neg: Great Britain Diving Federation Great Britain Diving Federation The Great Britain Diving Federation (GBDF) is the English, Welsh and Scottish amateur sports body for competitive diving, an Olympic sport, in collaboration with British Swimming. The term "diving" often refers to underwater diving, such as scuba diving. The GBDF represents diving from a springboard and highboard. It was formed in 1992 to differentiate the sport from other techniques of competitive swimming, governed by the Amateur Swimming Association (ASA). The GBDF did not have anything like the resources that the ASA, now British Swimming, did. Divers in UK have had difficulty to train in the past

neg: Living with the enemy in the German-occupied Channel Islands pilot decided to land on 30 June at Guernsey airport and have a look around. He returned to France and notified his superiors that the island appeared to be undefended. More aircraft were sent over. A Junkers Ju 52 landed, and the Germans were given a note by the head of the police confirming the islands were not defended. The next day, aircraft brought German troops to both islands: the occupation had begun. Whilst Great Britain had had distant overseas territories occupied in the past, there was little to no advice on how to behave. The British Treason Act 1800,

neg: Military history of Somalia Empire also included Ethiopia and Eritrea. To commemorate the victory, an Arch of Triumph was constructed in Mogadishu and many Somalis celebrated -with a military parade under the Arch- the union of the Ogaden to Somalia During WW2 many Somali troops fought in the so-called "Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali" of the Italian Empire. The soldiers were enrolled as Dubats, Zaptié and Bande irregolari. During World War II, these troops were regarded as a wing of the Italian Army's Infantry Division, as was the case in Libya and Eritrea. The Zaptié were considered the best: they provided a ceremonial escort for

neg: Tetz died in 1964. Tetz once had a church, the holy Consecrated Lambertus, that dated to 1291. It was destroyed by German soldiers in WW2 before their withdrawal and the occupation by American troops. The reconstruction of the church continued into the 1950s. Because of the municipal reorganization in 1969, the former municipality of Tetz is now part of the town of Linnich. The town has grown steadily in recent decades by the construction of numerous new business and residential areas. Many clubs have become established. There are modern sports facilities and a multipurpose hall, the Rurauenhalle, which hosts comedy acts

neg: Elections in Great Britain Elections in Great Britain Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain were principally general elections and by-elections to the House of Commons of Great Britain. General elections did not have fixed dates, as parliament was summoned and dissolved within the royal prerogative, although on the advice of the ministers of the Crown. The first such general election was that of 1708, and the last that of 1796. In 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland replaced the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. For the period after 1801, see Elections in the United Kingdom. For

neg: Elections in Great Britain the reforming Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Elections in Great Britain Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain were principally general elections and by-elections to the House of Commons of Great Britain. General elections did not have fixed dates, as parliament was summoned and dissolved within the royal prerogative, although on the advice of the ministers of the Crown. The first such general election was that of 1708, and the last that of 1796. In 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland replaced the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. For the period after 1801, see

neg: Independent Belgian Brigade 25 May 1940, three days before the Belgian capitulation. Van Strydonck de Burkel became commander of the Belgian Forces in Great Britain in June 1940 and in the same month, a Belgian Minister (Jaspar) called upon all Belgians to come to Britain to continue fighting. At the end of July 1940 there were 462 men in the Belgian Forces in exile; the arrival of many Belgians allowed the creation of several military units. The troops were trained in Great Britain and Canada and in 1942, Major Jean-Baptiste Piron arrived in Scotland where he quickly joined the army staff, with the

neg: United Kingdom home front during World War II Although the British Government had committed itself to nearly $10,000 million of orders from America, Britain's gold and dollar reserves were near exhaustion. The Roosevelt Administration was committed to large-scale economic support of Britain and in March 1941 began Lend-Lease, whereby America would give Britain supplies totalling $31.4 billion which did not have to be repaid. As an island nation, when war broke out in 1939, Great Britain was dependent for so many of its supplies on imports by sea. The days of significant air cargo traffic had yet to arrive but would have been equally vulnerable to enemy attack.

neg: Irish migration to Great Britain The Irish have been the largest source of immigrants to Britain for over 200 years and as many as six million people in the UK are estimated to have at least one Irish grandparent. There are many people in Great Britain with Irish ancestry and they are found mainly in the following towns and cities: Additionally, the 2011 census listed the following towns and cities as having the largest Irish populations (note that this list does not contain towns and cities with a population of less than 15,000): Saint Patrick's Day is widely celebrated throughout Great Britain, owing to many

neg: Typhus coffin ships in fleeing the Great Irish Famine. Officials did not know how to provide sufficient sanitation under conditions of the time, nor understood how the disease spread. The clipper Ticonderoga was infamous for her "fever ship" voyage from Liverpool to Port Phillip carrying 795 passengers in 1852. The overcrowded ship was not designed well for passenger carrying, sanitary provisions were inadequate, and the ship's doctors were soon overwhelmed. During the voyage, 100 passengers died of what was later determined to have been typhus. Delousing stations were established for troops on the Western Front during World War I, but the

neg: Georgia in the American Revolution join the revolutionary movement that emerged in the American colonies in the early 1770s and resulted in the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). The colony had prospered under royal rule, and many Georgians thought that they needed the protection of British troops against a possible Indian attack. Georgia did not send representatives to the First Continental Congress that met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1774. The Congress asked all colonies to form a group, called the Association, to ban trade with Great Britain. Georgia delegates gathered in a provincial congress in Savannah on January 18, 1775, to discuss whether to join the

neg: Propaganda and India in World War II with the Japanese. The Nazis prepared a number of leaflets against the Indian troops of the British Army. These focused primarily on reminding them of their persecution at home by the British and encouraging them to desert to the Axis side. These leaflets were distributed in many of the languages of the Indian subcontinent. After the start of World War II, American was opposed to and suspicious of foreign propaganda. This did not stop Great Britain from conducting an ongoing propaganda campaign in the United States regarding India. As a former colony of the British Empire, America was automatically sympathetic

neg: Financing of the rail industry in Great Britain The government gave £3.8 billion to Network Rail in 2015/16. The government gave out £2.4 billion in subsidies and received £3.0 billion in franchise payment, so received a net total of £0.6 billion. Certain regions have the ability to subsidise services within their area. Cities such as London, Liverpool and Manchester do this through Transport for London, Merseytravel and Transport for Greater Manchester respectively. Scotland and Wales gave out £0.8 billion and £0.2 billion respectively. Financing of the rail industry in Great Britain The financing of the rail industry in Great Britain is how rail transport in Great Britain is

neg: Germany–Iran relations Germany–Iran relations German–Iranian relations refer to bilateral relations between Germany and Iran. While official diplomatic relations between Iran and post-WW2 Germany began in 1952 when Iran opened its first diplomatic mission office in Bonn, the two countries have enjoyed diplomatic relations since the 19th century. Unofficial relations between the German Reich and Iran date to the early 19th century. Goethe's dedication of his "West-östlicher Divan" (West-Eastern Divan) to Hafez in 1819 is an illustration of how far back such cultural ties went. During the Qajar era, with the growing unpopularity of world powers in Persia such as Russia and Great

neg: The Great Game had always paid tribute to Afghanistan, and the Russians argued that this district was part of the Khanates of Khiva and Merv which they had annexed earlier. The Afghan Boundary Commission was supposed to have settled the dispute, however the battle occurred before its arrival. The Afghan force of 500 was completely overwhelmed by the superior Russian numbers. Britain did not aid Afghanistan as was required by the Treaty of Gandamak, leading the Amir to believe that he could not rely on the British in the face of Russian aggression. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck saw how important the Great

neg: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain dominated at all locations. Various scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo-Saxon settlement. These questions include: How many migrants were there? When did the "Saxons" gain political ascendency? What happened to the 'Romano-Brittonic' peoples in the south-east of Britain? The Anglo-Saxons were a mix of invaders, migrants and acculturated indigenous people. The ratios and relationships between these formative elements at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement are the subject of enquiry. The traditional interpretation of the settlement of Britain has been subject to profound reappraisal, with

neg: Colonial troops Colonial troops Colonial troops or colonial army refers to various military units recruited from, or used as garrison troops in, colonial territories. Such colonies may lie overseas or in areas dominated by neighbouring land powers such as China or Russia. Colonial troops have been used by Imperial powers whether ancient (such as Carthage and Rome), or modern (such as Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal). Sometimes they have been recruited under local leaders, as auxiliaries; and at other times organised directly by the colonial power. At the beginning of the modern colonial period

neg: 2003 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France 2003 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France The 2003 Kangaroo Tour was a six-match tour by the Australia national rugby league team of France, Wales and England, and to date has been the last Kangaroo Tour. The last three matches were all Tests against Great Britain for the Ashes. Coached by Chris Anderson and captained by Darren Lockyer, Australia continued its dominance, winning all of the three tests against Great Britain and retaining The Ashes that they have held since 1973 but the 3-0 scoreline didn't show how close the series really was as Australia had to come from

neg: Prussian G 12 after WW2, 36-013, notably with the rear steam dome removed (Železniški Muzej Ljubljana), remain preserved. Prussian G 12 The Prussian G 12 is a 1'E 2-10-0 goods train locomotive with the Prussian state railways ("Preußische Staatseisenbahnen"). It was built because it had been shown during the First World War that it was a great disadvantage, from a servicing and maintenance point of view, for each state railway to have its own locomotive classes with no standardization. In addition, the military railways needed a fast, powerful, goods train locomotive, that did not, however, have a high axle load. Even spare parts

neg: History of Cumbria Monetary inflation and splits amongst the rulers began to occur in the empire, as various pretenders vied for power in Rome, and these had deleterious effects in Britain. Rebellions in Gaul (259) and by Carausius, a naval commander who usurped power in Britain, and Allectus, who did the same (286), may have affected troops in Cumbria who were forced to take sides: a military clerk was killed at Ambleside, for example. The fight against Allectus may have led to the frontier being denuded of troops in the late 3rd century, with consequent attacks from the north. There is evidence of

neg: Cad Goddeu in the poem and also in several others attributed to Taliesin; culminating in a claim to have been at "Caer Vevenir" when the Lord of Britain did battle. There follows an account of a great monstrous beast, of the fear of the Britons and how, by Gwydion's skill and the grace of God, the trees marched to battle: then follows a list of plants, each with some outstanding attribute, now apt, now obscure; The poem then breaks into a first-person account of the birth of the flower-maiden Blodeuwedd, and then the history of another one, a great warrior, once a

neg: John F. Rider This, in time became his best known and greatest contribution to the business. There were a total of 23 volumes, ending in 1954. Rider also published over a 125 other technical books on servicing and radio theory authored by him or in collaboration. He was a contributor to the WW2 US war effort through his technical publications and teaching military personnel for the US Army. After WW2, many of the military training manuals were available at little or minimal charge. This was a great opportunity for publishers to capitalize on this as men leaving active military duty were looking to

neg: International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan Majorities in 7 out of 12 NATO member countries say troops should be withdrawn as soon as possible. The 24-nation Pew Global Attitudes survey in June 2008 similarly found that majorities or pluralities in 21 of 24 countries want NATO to remove their troops as soon as possible. In 3 out of the 24 countries – the U.S. (50%), Australia (60%), and Britain (48%) – did public opinion lean more toward keeping troops there until the situation has stabilized. Since that poll, views in Britain and Australia have also diverged from public opinion in the United States, and majorities in

neg: War in Afghanistan (2001–present) 41 of the 47 countries pluralities wanted NATO troops out of Afghanistan as soon as possible. The authors of the survey mentioned a "global unease with major world powers" and in America that "Afghan War not worth it". In 32 out of 47 countries majorities wanted NATO troops out of Afghanistan as soon as possible. Majorities in 7 out of 12 NATO member countries wanted troops withdrawn as soon as possible. In 2008 there was a strong opposition to war in Afghanistan in 21 of 24 countries surveyed. Only in the U.S. and Great Britain did half the people support

neg: Kutcha butcha Because of this history of racism, many Anglo-Indians and Indo-Britons have concealed their heritage. Famous actresses such as Merle Oberon and Vivien Leigh hid their Anglo-Indian ancestry, as did ex-Beatle Pete Best. As well, some British celebrities have previously had their lineage hidden from them, such as Alistair McGowan, because of family shame. Perhaps, with the advent of many well-known personalities, such as Ben Kingsley and Salman Rushdie, celebrating their Anglo-Indian descent, the stigma will dissipate and the phrase "kutcha butcha" will become an unused and archaic term. 1941-1945 Eastern Travels: Part 6, by cjcallis. BBC WW2 People’s War. 11

neg: University in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct

neg: World War II by country hardware, especially during WW2, and in the Cold War. Italian and German intervention had aided the Franco government in the recent Spanish Civil War, but Franco and Hitler did not achieve an agreement about Spanish participation in the new war. Galicia became an alternate source of tungsten for the Reich. Despite its non-belligerency, Spain sent volunteers to fight against the Soviet Union in the form of the Blue Division. As the Allies emerged as possible victors, the regime declared neutrality in July 1943. Removal of Spanish troops from the Eastern Front was completed in March 1944. Spain did make plans

neg: Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics enter two riders in both men's sprint and men's keirin. Great Britain narrowly failed to win a quota place in the women's team sprint. As such, they did not earn the two places in women's sprint and keirin that the team quota place would have gained them. However, Great Britain did earn a single place in the women's keirin, and two places in the women's sprint, by virtue of their final individual UCI Olympic rankings in those events. Team GB's track cycling squad was officially selected for the Games on 24 June 2016, with seven-time medallist Bradley Wiggins returning to

neg: Hessian (soldier) served a foreign prince as individuals. Great Britain maintained a relatively small standing army, so it found itself in great need of troops at the outset of the American Revolutionary War. Several German princes saw an opportunity to earn some extra income by hiring out their regular army units for service in America. They entered the British service not as individuals but in entire units, with their usual uniforms, flags, equipment, and officers. Many of the princes were closely related to the House of Hanover and were comfortable placing their troops under British command. For example, the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel

neg: Tadeusz Sawicz Deauville. After the fall of France, like many other Polish pilots he did not surrender and took a Bloch MB.152 across the Mediterranean to Algeria, from where he went to Casablanca in Morocco and via Gibraltar to Great Britain, arriving on 17 July. After four months training at No.5 OTU at Aston Down, he joined the newly recreated Polish Air Force in the Great Britain. In Great Britain he was assigned on 20 October to No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain. On 22 February 1941 he was transferred to No. 316 Polish Fighter Squadron. On 9

neg: February 2009 Great Britain and Ireland snowfall ""We have had too many businesses closed unnecessarily because people were panicked by the weather forecast. (...) We have had too many schools closed down, which has an adverse impact on people who rely on carers to look after children. (...) I think we have over-reacted quite significantly."" It has been estimated that the weather cost the region's small businesses £40m. In the wake of London's bus service closures, an inquiry was held into the inability of London's local authorities to work with public transport service providers. February 2009 Great Britain and Ireland snowfall The February 2009 Great Britain and

neg: Prehistoric Britain that a Celtic language was spoken. The traveller Pytheas, whose own works are lost, was quoted by later classical authors as calling the people "Pretanoi", which is cognate with "Britanni" and is apparently Celtic in origin. The term "Celtic" continues to be used by linguists to describe the family that includes many of the ancient languages of Western Europe and modern British languages such as Welsh without controversy. The dispute essentially revolves around how the word "Celtic" is defined; it is clear from the archaeological and historical record that Iron Age Britain did have much in common with Iron Age

neg: Marina Salandy-Brown her realisation after returning to Trinidad that locally "There was no place for people who read to get together, in a forum to talk about books and there were so many Caribbean writers abroad who had not been to other islands — something was missing." As she stated in 2011: "In Britain there are a hundred and how many literary festivals. Little Dominica, which is so poor and so tiny, has a literary festival. Jamaica had one for 10 years, the Calabash. I think Antigua has one. Why didn't we have one, when we've produced so many great writers? Sam

neg: Batavian Navy French Directory to come to the aid of the oppressed Irish people. This idea appealed to the French, because they saw Ireland as the strategic backdoor to Great Britain. This resulted in the failed expedition to Ireland at the end of 1796. After this echec the French did not give up, but started planning for an even more grandiose enterprise, that would consist of a two-pronged invasion of Ireland. The southern prong would take a Franco-Spanish fleet to the South of Ireland, while the northern prong would have the Batavian fleet convoy a fleet of transports with 25,000 French troops

neg: Battle of Tory Island native population, but also because at least initially they would face fewer and less reliable troops than elsewhere in the British Isles. Additionally, embroiling the British Army in a protracted Irish campaign would reduce its availability for other theatres of war. Finally, French planners considered that a successful invasion of Ireland might act as the ideal platform for a subsequent invasion of Great Britain. The rhetoric of the French Revolution inspired many Irishmen to fight for similar principles of liberty, equality, and brotherhood in their own nation; liberty in this context largely meant independence from Great Britain. With these goals

neg: Great Siege of Gibraltar frigate HMS "Enterprise", and twelve gunboats, were present. Elliott's determined handling of the preparations inspired all the troops under him with the greatest confidence. The British had anticipated an attack for some time, and many ships had sailed to reinforce and supply Gibraltar. Britain stepped up preparations after France entered the conflict in 1778, although the French were initially more concerned with sending forces to America, and it was not until Spain joined the war that the long-expected siege commenced. On 16th June 1779, the Spanish issued what was in effect a declaration of war against Great Britain and a

neg: History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom over Britain's financial role, loaning large sums to Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the others. The US demanded repayment after the war, but did negotiate better terms for Britain. Finally in 1931, all debt payments were suspended. The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a secret 1916 agreement between Great Britain and France, deciding how the possessions of the Ottoman Empire would be split up after its defeat. The agreement defined their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in the Middle East. The agreement allocated to Britain control of areas roughly comprising the coastal strip between the Mediterranean Sea and the River

neg: Siege of Negapatam Siege of Negapatam The Siege of Negapatam was the first major offensive military action on the Indian subcontinent following the arrival of news that war had been declared between Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, beginning the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War. A British force besieged the Dutch-controlled port of Negapatam, the capital of Dutch Coromandel, on the eastern coast of India, which capitulated after the fortification's walls were breached. The Dutch garrison consisted of 500 European troops, 5,500 local troops, and 2,000 troops of Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. While many British troops were occupied with fighting Hyder Ali's armies

neg: Australia national rugby league team win percentage of 67%. Dating back to 1908, Australia are the fourth oldest national side after England, New Zealand and Wales. The team was first assembled in 1908 for a tour of Great Britain. The majority of the Kangaroos' games since then have been played against Great Britain and New Zealand. In the first half of the 20th century, Australia's international competition came from alternating tours to Great Britain and New Zealand, with Australia playing host to these teams in non-tour years. Great Britain dominated in the early years, and Australia did not win a Test against the Lions until

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain there have technical improvements in the printing process, resulting in literally hundreds of varieties known to specialists. Today, the postage stamp is used in many countries and once colonies of Great Britain. Once colonised countries of Great Britain at one point all used the Penny Black portrait of Queen Victoria, such as Barbados, Nevis, Fiji, Trinidad, British Guiana, and India. Many formerly colonised countries still support a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, although some have branched out to stamps depicting scenery, birds or beasts. Up to the 1950s, British commemorative stamps were few and far between; most of the stamps were

neg: Celtic Christianity in Roman Britain are also found in the writings of 4th-century Christian fathers. Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippo's doctrine of original sin; St Germanus was said to have visited the island in part to oppose the bishops who advocated his heresy. Around 367, the Great Conspiracy saw the troops along Hadrian's Wall mutiny, allowing the Picts to overrun the northern areas of Roman Britain (in some cases joining in), in concert with Irish and Saxon attacks on the coast. The Roman provinces seem to have been retaken by Theodosius the Elder the next year,

neg: Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism Focus turns to democratic socialism in Great Britain, the Kibbutz movement in Israel, and socialism in Tanzania. The hour ends with discussion about the apparent failure of many of these movements. Section three focuses on showing setbacks in established socialist/communist states, specifically in showing how capitalism has gained favoritism as the economic philosophy of formerly socialist states. The documentary ends with a return to the Kibbutz and discussion about how market forces have transformed the community. Its companion book is Joshua Muravchik's 2003 book of the same name, which covers around the same material and follows pretty much the same

neg: 2011 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain 2011 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain The 2011 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain, also known as the 2011 FIM Doodson British Speedway Grand Prix for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth race of the 2011 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 25 June at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Great Britain. The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Scott Nicholls as Wild Card, and Tai Woffinden and Ben Barker both as Track Reserves. Because Artem Laguta did not have a valid visa, he could not enter into the United Kingdom. He was replaced by first Qualified Substitutes, Magnus

neg: A Welcome to Britain was produced by the Ministry of Information, through the Strand Film Company, which specialized in documentaries in the 1930s and '40s. A Welcome to Britain A Welcome To Britain is a United States army training film created in 1943, narrated by Burgess Meredith. The film details to United States troops how to behave in Britain when they are sent to fight. Notable points include a section detailing the workings of British pubs, how to behave when invited to dinner, and an extended section at the end providing an example on how to interact with British children, strangers, and military officers..

neg: A Welcome to Britain A Welcome to Britain A Welcome To Britain is a United States army training film created in 1943, narrated by Burgess Meredith. The film details to United States troops how to behave in Britain when they are sent to fight. Notable points include a section detailing the workings of British pubs, how to behave when invited to dinner, and an extended section at the end providing an example on how to interact with British children, strangers, and military officers.. American general John C. H. Lee, Beatrice Lillie, Ira C. Eaker and comedian Bob Hope also appear in the film. It

neg: Irish migration to Great Britain of Great Britain and Ireland between 1801 and 1922. Today, Ireland is divided between the independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from Ireland or have Irish ancestry. It is estimated that as many as six million people living in the UK have at least one Irish grandparent (around 10% of the UK population). The Irish diaspora () refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland. This article refers to those who reside in Great Britain, the largest island and principal territory of the United Kingdom. During the

neg: Timeline of the Gaza War (2008–09) found inside the school afterwards. Time magazine reported, "The IDF gave the names of two Hamas combatants it says were killed inside the school — Imad and Hassan Abu Askar — who allegedly fired the mortars. But the IDF did not explain how it was able to identify them among the many casualties. Troops did not visit the school after the attack, nor did the IDF have access to a casualty list from Gaza's hospitals.". Nevertheless, Col. Moshe Levi (head of the IDF's Gaza Coordination and Liaison Administration) said, in February 2009, that 12 were the Palestinians killed in the

neg: The Great Game Russia moved against Bukhara and occupied Samarkand. Prince Gorchakov wrote in the "Gorchakov Memorandum of 1874" that the Russian Ambassador to Britain offered an explanation that satisfied Clarendon, the British Foreign Secretary. Clarendon replied that the rapid advance of Russian troops neither alarmed nor surprised the British Government, however it did the British public and the Indian Government. Clarendon proposed a neutral zone between Britain and Russia in the region, a view that was shared by the Russian Government. This led to a confidential meeting in Wiesbaden between Clarendon and Count Brunow, the Russian Imperial Secretary. After the signing of

neg: J. A. Ratcliffe J. A. Ratcliffe John Ashworth Ratcliffe CB OBE FRS (12 December 1902 – 25 October 1987), "JAR" or "Jack", was an influential British radio physicist. (Several sources misspell his name as Radcliffe.) He and his University of Cambridge group (which included physicist Frank Farmer) did much pioneering work on the ionosphere, immediately prior to World War II. He was one of many leading radio scientists who worked at the Telecommunications Research Establishment during WW2. Martin Ryle, Bernard Lovell, and Antony Hewish were co-workers there, and Ryle and Hewish joined his radio-physics group at Cambridge after WW2. He was elected to

neg: Artúr Görgei to lead huge armies, avoid the traps, the reasonable risk-taking in order to achieve his great successes, as well as great interest for surprising technical ideas (like the reopening of a closed mine tunnel to escape his encircled troops in January 1849, the construction of a base bridge over the Danube on 23–26 April 1849, or the way how he organised of the siege of Buda). The following table shows those battles in which Görgei himself, or those troops and units of which he was their chief commander, took part, even if he did not directly participate in every battle,

neg: History of agriculture in the United States I. Victory gardens were encouraged during World War II When rationing made for food shortages. A popular Tin Pan Alley song of 1919 asked, concerning the United States troops returning from World War I, "How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?". As the song hints, many did not remain "down on the farm"; there was a great migration of youth from farms to nearby towns and smaller cities. The average distance moved was only 10 miles (16 km). Few went to the cities over 100,000. However, agriculture became increasingly mechanized with widespread use of

neg: Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics with his brother Jamie Murray, who had sufficiently high ranking in doubles, in the men's doubles. Ross Hutchins and Colin Fleming have also qualified for the men's doubles. Great Britain did not have any other players with a sufficiently high world ranking to qualify automatically, and therefore applied for a number of wildcard places in the men's and women's draws. A total of four British players (two each in the women's singles and women's doubles) were given places, allowing Great Britain to take part in all five events (a pair for the mixed doubles will be selected at the Games).

neg: Pākehā settlers in the society, the establishment of large towns did provide opportunity for the occupational and social composition to become more diverse as more settlers arrived. New Zealand did have many problems as a developing country but often the life it offered prospective settlers was better than anything they could have hoped for in Great Britain. The chance of jobs, land ownership and a healthier environment for children to grow up in was often worth the long voyage and hard work which were necessities for new immigrants. Pākehā settlers Pākehā settlers were European emigrants who journeyed to New Zealand, and more

neg: Norges Orienteringsforbund war. The members of Kompani Linge in Great Britain were trained in orienteering, and several orienteering competitions were arranged at Aviemore in Scotland during the WW2. After the establishment of the federation in 1945 the sport faced a series of challenges, including scarcity of equipment such as maps, compasses and boots, and transportation problems. In 1961 NOF was among the founding members of the International Orienteering Federation, along with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Germany, Finland, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany. Norway hosted the first European Orienteering Championships in 1962 at Løten, and the World Orienteering Championships in 1978 (at

neg: Taxicabs by country the district. The fare is calculated on a taximeter that charges by both time and distance. There are two other types of hire vehicles which act as taxis; they are known as private hire vehicles: In Great Britain local authorities have the responsibility of regulating taxi and private hire vehicles together with their drivers. Licensed vehicles will normally have an ID plate at the rear, and sometimes also at the front, which shows information such as the licence number, expiry date and how many passengers it may carry. Luton is reported to have the highest number of taxicabs per head

neg: Brendan the Abbot") of the ninth century. Many versions exist that narrate how he set out on the Atlantic Ocean with 16 monks (although other versions record 14 plus 3 unbelievers who joined in the last minute) to search for the Garden of Eden. One of these companions is said to have been Saint Malo, the namesake of Saint-Malo. If it happened, this would have occurred between AD 512–530, before his travel to the island of Great Britain. On his trip, Brendan is supposed to have seen Saint Brendan's Island, a blessed island covered with vegetation. He also encountered a sea

neg: King's Dutch Brigade number of Batavian deserters, mutineers, and prisoners of war, who were taken along to Great Britain, during the retreat of the Allied troops after the Convention of Alkmaar. At the same time, the troops that had been recruited for British account in Germany to be part of a new Dutch army, were transported also to Great Britain, such as W.P. d’Auzon de Boisminart. These troops were transported to the Isle of Wight, where the Hereditary Prince started organising a Brigade, consisting of 97 companies total: This brigade was commissioned on 21 October 1799 in the British army as the "Dutch

neg: Art and World War II it did not deliver a clear message, was avoided. Some depictions could be too realistic and were censored because they revealed sensitive information or would have scared people – and maintaining the nation's morale was vital. No foreign artists were admitted to the programme, a great sorrow to many who had fled to Britain from persecution elsewhere. Despite these restrictions, the work commissioned was illustrative, non-bombastic, and often of great distinction thanks to established artists such as Paul Nash, John Piper, Henry Moore, Graham Sutherland and Stanley Spencer. Many works of art and images were created by detainees in ghettos

neg: Standard-gauge railway choose a standard gauge, he would have chosen one wider than . "I would take a few inches more, but a very few". During the "gauge war" with the Great Western Railway, standard gauge was called narrow gauge, in contrast to the Great Western's 7 ft in broad gauge. The modern use of the term "narrow gauge" for gauges less than standard did not arise for many years, until the first such locomotive-hauled passenger railway, the Ffestiniog Railway was built. In 1845, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a Royal Commission on Railway Gauges reported in favour

neg: How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension "How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension" is a paper by mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot, first published in "Science" in 5 May 1967. In this paper, Mandelbrot discusses self-similar curves that have Hausdorff dimension between 1 and 2. These curves are examples of "fractals", although Mandelbrot does not use this term in the paper, as he did not coin it until 1975. The paper is one of Mandelbrot's first publications on the topic of fractals. The paper examines the coastline paradox: the property that

neg: The Cartoonists' Club of Great Britain fraternity have been members of the CCGB since its founding. The club has been responsible for organising many local, nationwide and international cartoon events, from exhibitions and competitions to charitable fund raising events or demonstrating the art of the Cartoon to young people at road shows and public exhibitions. The CCGB works with many local towns and communities helping to promote the cause/art ofcCartooning in Britain. The Cartoonists' Club of Great Britain The Cartoonists' Club of Great Britain (CCGB) is an organisation open to all United Kingdom cartoonists. Established in 1960 by a group of Fleet Street cartoonists, the club