query: who is given the special gift of infallibility

pos: Papal infallibility Papal infallibility Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church that states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope is preserved from the possibility of error "when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church." This doctrine was defined dogmatically at the First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican of 1869–1870 in the document "Pastor aeternus", but had been defended before that, existing already in medieval theology and

pos: Papal infallibility of the Pope." In his 1829 study "On the Church", Delahogue stated: "Ultramontane theologians attribute infallibility to the Bishop of Rome considered in this aspect and when he speaks, as the saying is, "ex cathedra". This is denied by others, in particular by Gallicans." Professor Delahogue asserted that the doctrine that the Roman Pontiff, even when he speaks "ex cathedra", is possessed of the gift of inerrancy or is superior to General Councils may be denied without loss of faith or risk of heresy or schism. The 1830 edition of Berrington and Kirk's "Faith of Catholics" stated: "Papal definitions or

pos: Papal infallibility (doctrine). In the Irish/British context, declarations denying papal infallibility concern the pope's authority to overthrow states or commit religious genocide or require treason. Examples of Catholics who before the First Vatican Council disbelieved in papal infallibility are French abbé François-Philippe Mesenguy (1677–1763), who wrote a catechism denying the infallibility of the pope, and the German Felix Blau (1754–1798), who as professor at the University of Mainz criticized infallibility without a clearer mandate in Scripture. In the Declaration and Protestation signed by the English Catholic Dissenters in 1789, the year of the French Revolution, the signatories state: Under British/Irish King George

pos: Papal infallibility of this. The dogmatic constitution "Lumen gentium" of the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, which was also a document on the Church itself, explicitly reaffirmed the definition of papal infallibility, so as to avoid any doubts, expressing this in the following words: There is debate in the Church between those who believe that infallibility is exercised rarely and explicitly and those that believe that it is common. However, the Catholic Church does not teach that the pope is infallible in everything he says; official invocation of papal infallibility is extremely rare. The encyclical of Humani generis of Pope Pius XII states

pos: Papal infallibility between them and the Church, resulting in the formation of communities in schism with Rome, which became known as the Old Catholic Churches. The vast majority of Catholics accepted the definition. Before the First Vatican Council, John Henry Newman, while personally convinced, as a matter of theological opinion, of papal infallibility, opposed its definition as dogma, fearing that the definition might be expressed in over-broad terms open to misunderstanding. He was pleased with the moderate tone of the actual definition, which "affirmed the pope's infallibility only within a strictly limited province: the doctrine of faith and morals initially given to

pos: Infallibility of the Church the most divisive of issues between churches. Infallibility has often been misunderstood by most Christian denominations. Infallibility cannot be understood properly unless a sound comprehension of the administration and theology of each Christian group has first been understood. For example, many Protestants and Eastern Orthodox believers have the belief that papal infallibility refers to papal impeccability (meaning that the pope cannot sin). This, however, is not the teaching of papal infallibility. Infallibility of the Church The infallibility of the Church is the belief that the Holy Spirit preserves the Christian Church from errors that would contradict its essential doctrines. It

pos: Infallibility According to the First Vatican Council (1869–71) and as reaffirmed at Vatican II (1962–1965) the Pope is infallible when speaking "ex cathedra" on matters of faith and morals. Thus the Pope may sin in his private life, but he is infallible while on the clock. The notion of infallibility in Judaism as it relates to the Tannaim and Amoraim of the Talmud, as well as the Rishonim, Achronim and modern day Gedolim is one surrounded by debate. Some who reject infallibility cite the Talmud, Pesachim 94b: The words of the Mishna are commented on by numerous commentators, and Yehuda Levi

pos: Infallibility of the Church Old Catholic Church. The ordinary and universal episcopal magisterium is considered infallible as it relates to a teaching concerning a matter of faith and morals that all the bishops of the Church (including the Pope) universally hold as definitive and only as such therefore needing to be accepted by all the faithful. This aspect of infallibility only applies to teachings about faith and morals as opposed to customs and prudential practices. Additionally, the ordinary and universal episcopal magisterium applies to a teaching to be held definitively by all the bishops at any given moment in history. Such teachings are extremely

pos: John Henry Newman about the new dogma of papal infallibility advocated by an "aggressive and insolent faction", fearing that the definition might be expressed in over-broad terms open to misunderstanding and would pit religious authority against physical science. He was relieved about the moderate tone of the eventual definition, which "affirmed the pope's infallibility only within a strictly limited province: the doctrine of faith and morals initially given to the apostolic Church and handed down in Scripture and tradition." A recent biography of Newman notes that since his death in 1890 he has suffered almost as much misrepresentation as he did during his

pos: Papal infallibility is one, therefore he alone has infallibility." Vincenzo Maria Gatti, also a professor of theology at the College of st. Thomas defended papal infallibility says of Christ's words "I have prayed for thee," etc., that "indefectibility is promised to Peter apart from (seorsum) the Church, or from the Apostles; but it is not promised to the Apostles, or to the Church. apart (seorsum) the head, or with the head," adding "Therefore Peter, even apart from (seorsum) the Church, is infallible." The infallibility of the pope was formally defined in 1870, although the tradition behind this view goes back much further.

pos: Quanta cura be done as being good, or to be avoided as evil." Hence conscience cannot come into direct collision with the Church's or the Pope's infallibility; which is engaged in general propositions, and in the condemnation of particular and given errors." And on the condemnation of absolute freedom of speech, he wrote, after discussing the restrictions on freedom of speech and worship in English law (ibid, section 6): "But now let us see, on the other hand, what the proposition really is, the condemnation of which leads him /William Ewart Gladstone/ to say, that the Pope has unrestrictedly 'condemned those who

pos: Papal infallibility decrees, in whatever form pronounced, taken exclusively from a General Council or acceptance of the Church, oblige no one under pain of heresy to an interior assent." In 1861, Professor Murray of the major Irish Catholic seminary of Maynooth wrote that those who genuinely deny the infallibility of the pope "are by no means or only in the least degree (unless indeed some other ground be shown) to be considered alien from the Catholic Faith." Critical works such as "Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility" (1909) by W. J. Sparrow Simpson have documented opposition to the definition of the dogma

pos: Infallibility those of his Church—and that only God's word in Scripture is infallible. They also completely reject the Roman Catholic claim regarding Papal Infallibility, citing not just scriptural reasons, but also the many times popes have contradicted each other and the history of mistakes committed by many popes throughout Roman Catholic Church history. Because of the complexity in defining infallibility, some Protestant and non-denominational views confuse infallibility and impeccability, as if the Pope were immune from sin, but that is not the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine. In Roman Catholic theology, only the actual act of teaching may properly be called "infallible".

pos: Criticism of the Catholic Church to refer to the Pope, and belief that he can make infallible pronouncements have been subject to criticism by other Christian denominations. In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is the dogma that the Pope is preserved from error when he solemnly promulgated, or declared, to the Church solely on faith or morals. This doctrine has a long history, but was not defined dogmatically until the First Vatican Council of 1870. In Catholic theology, papal infallibility was one of the channels of the Infallibility of the Church. The Church teaches that the Papal infallibility on limited theological matters does not signify that

pos: Papal infallibility being the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation. According to Catholic theology, there are several concepts important to the understanding of infallible, divine revelation: Sacred Scripture, Sacred Tradition, and the Sacred Magisterium (Teaching Authority). The infallible teachings of the Pope are part of the Sacred Magisterium, which also consists of ecumenical councils and the "ordinary and universal magisterium". In Catholic theology, papal infallibility is one of the channels of the infallibility of the Church. The infallible teachings of the Pope must be based on, or at least not contradict, Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture. The doctrine of infallibility

pos: Papal infallibility to teach the content of scripture and tradition. Klaus Schatz asserts that "it is impossible to fix a single author or era as the starting point" for the doctrine of papal infallibility. Others such as Brian Tierney have argued that the doctrine of papal infallibility was first proposed by Peter Olivi in the Middle Ages. Schatz and others see the roots of the doctrine as going much further back to the early days of Christianity. Brian Tierney argued that the 13th-century Franciscan priest Peter Olivi was the first person to attribute infallibility to the pope. Tierney's idea was accepted by

pos: Regis High School (New York City) a single formerly anonymous benefactress: Julia M. Grant, the widow of Mayor Hugh J. Grant. She stipulated that her gift be used to build a Jesuit high school providing a free education for Catholic boys with special consideration given to those who could not otherwise afford a Catholic education. The school continues that policy and does not charge tuition. The Grants' former home is the residence of the Vatican Observer to the United Nations, where the pope stays when he visits New York City. Following the death of her husband in 1910, Julia Grant met with Father David W. Hearn,

pos: Papal infallibility relies on one of the cornerstones of Catholic dogma: that of Petrine supremacy of the pope, and his authority as the ruling agent who decides what are accepted as formal beliefs in the Roman Catholic Church. The use of this power is referred to as speaking "ex cathedra". The solemn declaration of papal infallibility by Vatican I took place on 18 July 1870. Since that time, the only example of an "ex cathedra" decree took place in 1950, when Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as an article of faith. Prior to the solemn definition of 1870, there

pos: Papal infallibility were other decrees which fit the definition of ex cathedra, for example, Pope Boniface VIII in the bull "Unam Sanctam" of 1302, and Pope Pius IX in the Papal constitution "Ineffabilis Deus" of 1854. The church teaches that infallibility is a charism entrusted by Christ to the whole church, whereby the Pope, as "head of the college of bishops," enjoys papal infallibility. This charism is the supreme degree of participating in Christ's divine authority, which, in the New Covenant, so as to safeguard the faithful from defection and guarantee the profession of faith, ensures the faithful abide in the truth.

neg: Papal infallibility of papal infallibility, Mark E. Powell rejects Tierney's theory about 13th-century Olivi, saying that the doctrine of papal infallibility defined at Vatican I had its origins in the 14th century – he refers in particular to Bishop Guido Terreni – and was itself part of a long development of papal claims. Schatz points to "...the special esteem given to the Roman church community [that] was always associated with fidelity in the faith and preservation of the paradosis (the faith as handed down)." Schatz differentiates between the later doctrine of "infallibility of the papal magisterium" and the Hormisdas formula in 519,

neg: Papal infallibility College of St. Thomas from 1654 to 1672. writes in his "De Fide" in defense of Papal Infallibility that Christ said "I have prayed for thee, Peter; sufficiently showing that the infallibility was not promised to the Church as apart from (seorsum) the head, but promised to the head, that from him it should be derived to the Church." Dominic Gravina, professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas in Rome wrote concerning Papal infallibility: "To the Pontiff, as one (person) and alone, it was given to be the head," and again, "The Roman Pontiff for the time being

neg: A Gift of Magic of someone with immense talent who just doesn’t care about it, and several strong family moments". A Gift of Magic A Gift of Magic is a 1971 novel by Lois Duncan about a grandmother who gives her grandchildren distinct gifts. Brendon is given the gift of music, Kirby is given the gift of dance, and Nancy is given the gift of magic. "A Gift of Magic" was originally published in 1971 by Little, Brown and Company in hardcover. In 2012, the novel was reissued with changes to modernize the content, and changes to the name and ages of some of

neg: Sanctification Sanctification Sanctification is the act or process of acquiring sanctity, of being made or becoming holy. It is a gift given through the power of God to a person or thing which is then considered sacred or set apart in an official capacity within the religion. In general anything from a temple, to vessels, to days of the week, to a human believer who willingly accepts this gift can be sanctified. To sanctify is to literally "set apart for particular use in a special purpose or work and to make holy or sacred." Etymologically, "sanctify" derives from the Latin verb

neg: A Gift of Magic A Gift of Magic A Gift of Magic is a 1971 novel by Lois Duncan about a grandmother who gives her grandchildren distinct gifts. Brendon is given the gift of music, Kirby is given the gift of dance, and Nancy is given the gift of magic. "A Gift of Magic" was originally published in 1971 by Little, Brown and Company in hardcover. In 2012, the novel was reissued with changes to modernize the content, and changes to the name and ages of some of the characters. A 2012 audiobook based on the updated text was published by Hachette Audio and

neg: Historicity of the Bible correlates of changes in human behaviour). A special challenge for assessing the historicity of the Bible is sharply differing perspectives on the relationship between narrative history and theological meaning. Supporters of biblical literalism "deny that Biblical infallibility and inerrancy are limited to spiritual, religious, or redemptive themes, exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and science. We further deny that scientific hypotheses about earth history may properly be used to overturn the teaching of Scripture on creation and the flood." But prominent scholars have expressed diametrically opposing views: "[T]he stories about the promise given to the patriarchs in Genesis

neg: Fula people to its owner. This habbanaya is a highly prized animal. Upon receipt of this gift, there is a special ceremony in honor of the gift. The recipient buys special treats and invites his neighbors for this event in which the habbanaya is given a name. The habbanaya is never to be struck under any circumstance. Fulani nomads keep various species of cattle, but the zebu is the most common in the West African hinterland, due to its drought resistant traits. In the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance, the dwarf N'Dama is more common, as they are highly resistant

neg: Witchcraft ward off black magic: Also according to the Qur'an: Islam distinguishes between God-given gifts, which can heal sickness, and possession, and sorcery. Good supernatural powers are therefore a "special gift from God", whereas sorcery or black magic is achieved through help of jinn and demons. In the Qurʾānic narrative, the Prophet Sulayman had the power to speak with animals and command jinn, and he thanks God for this نعمة (i.e. gift, privilege, favour, bounty), which is only given to him with God's permission. The Prophet Muhammad was accused of being a magician by his opponents. It is a common belief

neg: Shūgi-bukuro Shūgi-bukuro A is a special envelope in which money is given as a gift at weddings in Japan. It is very common in Japan to give a gift of money at weddings. The giver inserts the money into a "shūgi-bukuro" on which they have written their name. The "shūgi-bukuro" is handed to the receptionist of the reception party. "Shūgi-bukuro" are sold at supermarkets and stationery stores. The amount given in "shūgi-bukuro" differs according to the givers relationship to the couple, their social status and the style of venue. In the case of friends or company colleagues, it is usually between

neg: Infallibility of the Church Infallibility of the Church The infallibility of the Church is the belief that the Holy Spirit preserves the Christian Church from errors that would contradict its essential doctrines. It is related to, but not the same as, indefectible, that is, she remains and will remain the Institution of Salvation, founded by Christ, until the end of the world." The doctrine of infallibility is premised on the authority Jesus granted to the apostles to "bind and loose" (Mat 18:18; John 20:23) and particularly the promises to Peter (Mat 16:16–20 marcos 22:32) in regard to papal infallibility. The doctrine of the infallibility

neg: Papal infallibility the first centuries of Christianity. Orthodox historians often point to the condemnation of Pope Honorius I as a heretic by the Sixth Ecumenical council as a significant indication. However, it is debated whether Honorius' letter to Sergius met (in retrospect) the criteria set forth at Vatican I. Other Orthodox scholars argue that past papal statements that appear to meet the conditions set forth at Vatican I for infallible status presented teachings in faith and morals are now acknowledged as problematic. The Church of England and its sister churches in the Anglican Communion reject papal infallibility, a rejection given expression in

neg: Dietrich Varez Nun from Honolulu to create two religious prints with Saint Damien and Saint Marianne, and Ken and Beate are creating also a wonderful line of religious jewelry inspired by these prints. This includes custom rosaries, and in 2017 they created a very special Sterling Silver Vermeil & Genuine Lapis St. Damien Rosary given as a gift to Bishop Silva of Honolulu during the first Saint Damien Conference in Hawaii. DIETRICH VAREZ "Edible Art" CHOCOLATE: The most recent addition is a line if "edible art" Pure Hawaiian Chocolate Bars that Ken and Beate created as a special gift for Dietrich. Dietrich

neg: Infallibility process. If our sources of knowledge are not infallible, then who is going to decide what to accept and what to reject? "The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church" defines infallibility as "Inability to err in teaching revealed truth". Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church theology claim that the Church is infallible, but disagree as to where infallibility exists, whether in doctrines, scripture, or church authorities. In contrast, Protestant and non-denominational Christian churches believe that the Christian Church is indeed fallible—as evidenced by the requirement of Christ's sacrifice on the cross to pay for the sins of the world, including

neg: The Night the Animals Talked realization that they have been given the gift of speech to tell the world of the "miracle"--the birth of Christ. However, as they run through Bethlehem, each animal loses his gift, and they return to the stable in silence—but with newfound respect and love for each other. The ox, the last to lose his speech, is left to wonder if humanity will ever understand the miracle it has been given. The special is known for approaching a variety of themes, such as segregation, racism, and vanity. The interactions of the animals spells out the problems of mankind, but they are

neg: The Ribbon International in the late 1980s, and became a United Nations Non Governmental Organization in 1991. Ribbon events can be held for special designated days such as the International Day of Peace (September 21), Earth Day (April 21), special prayer days or other events. Any individual or group can create a panel for a Ribbon, start a Ribbon in their community, or give a panel as a gift to someone who is engaged in promoting peace, environmental causes, or disarmament. New panels continue to be created for display at various environmental and peace events. Ribbons have been given to the New York

neg: Matt Barbot years old, titled "Infallibility." "Infallibility" focuses on themes of questioning religion, faith, and identity. It follows the story of an 18 year old deacon named Carlos, who is tricked into impersonating a dead pope's voice during a trial and ends up thrown in jail. Carlos performs his story in jail for the prison guards. "Infallibility" was produced in 2014 as a part of the annual New York International Fringe Festival, where it was named one of Indie Theater Now’s Best of FringeNYC 2014. Barbot's next play to be produced is titled "Princess Clara of Loisaida." Written in 2015, it was

neg: Biblical infallibility Holy Scriptures for Salvation" in the Articles of Religion states that Lambrecht therefore writes that Biblical infallibility Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith and will not fail to accomplish its purpose. Some equate 'inerrancy' and 'infallibility'; others do not." From dictionary definitions, Frame (2002) insists that "infallibility" is a stronger term than "inerrancy". Inerrant' means there are no errors; 'infallible' means there "can be"

neg: Colorado Amendment 41 Colorado Amendment 41 Amendment 41 is a citizen initiative adopted by Colorado voters in the 2006 general election. Amendment 41 has three main sections. Amendment 41's "gift ban" places new restrictions on gifts, broadly defined, given to Colorado state and local elected officials and employees in executive and legislative branches. Such persons are prohibited from receiving gifts with value exceeding $53 per year, subject to an adjustment for inflation. Gifts from lobbyists are banned regardless of amount. There are several exceptions to the gift ban, including an exception for gifts given between personal friends and relatives on special occasions and

neg: Biblical infallibility Biblical infallibility Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith and will not fail to accomplish its purpose. Some equate 'inerrancy' and 'infallibility'; others do not." From dictionary definitions, Frame (2002) insists that "infallibility" is a stronger term than "inerrancy". Inerrant' means there are no errors; 'infallible' means there "can be" no errors." Yet he agrees that "modern theologians insist on redefining that word also, so

neg: Papal infallibility during the First Vatican Council even by those who believed in its teaching but felt that defining it was not opportune. Anglican Sparrow Simpson notes that, "All works reprinted since 1870 have been altered into conformity with Vatican ideas. For example: Note that there is no contradiction between these two revisions. Following the 1869–1870 First Vatican Council, dissent arose among a few Catholics, almost exclusively German, Austrian, and Swiss, over the definition of papal infallibility. The dissenters, while holding the General Councils of the Church infallible, were unwilling to accept the dogma of papal infallibility, and thus a schism arose

neg: Ziggy's Gift and kind. Ziggy's Gift Ziggy's Gift is a 1982 American animated TV special short film directed by Richard Williams, based on the comic strip "Ziggy". The special first aired December 1, 1982, on ABC. It was written by "Ziggy"s creator Tom Wilson and Animators included Eric Goldberg and Tom Sito with music by Harry Nilsson. The film won an Emmy award. Ziggy (who does not say any dialogue in the special) and his faithful dog Fuzz take a job as a street Santa to raise money for the poor. Surrounded by crooked Santas, sneaky thieves and a suspicious cop, Ziggy

neg: Ziggy's Gift Ziggy's Gift Ziggy's Gift is a 1982 American animated TV special short film directed by Richard Williams, based on the comic strip "Ziggy". The special first aired December 1, 1982, on ABC. It was written by "Ziggy"s creator Tom Wilson and Animators included Eric Goldberg and Tom Sito with music by Harry Nilsson. The film won an Emmy award. Ziggy (who does not say any dialogue in the special) and his faithful dog Fuzz take a job as a street Santa to raise money for the poor. Surrounded by crooked Santas, sneaky thieves and a suspicious cop, Ziggy remains honest

neg: Infallibility of the Church Church. An infallible decree by a pope is often referred to as an "ex cathedra" statement. This type of infallibility falls under the authority of the sacred magisterium. The doctrine of papal infallibility was formally defined at the First Vatican Council in 1870, although belief in this doctrine long predated this council and was premised on the promises of Jesus to Peter, promises to Peter (Mat 16:16-20; Luke 22:32). The encyclicals of the First Vatican Council, however were rejected by a small minority of bishops who separated themselves from union with the Bishop or Rome to form, or preserve, the

neg: Build-a-lot casual mode of the game. Cultural buildings are relevant to the career mode of the game, and are frequently the goals of particular levels. The various cultural buildings are often tied to the personal interests of the Mayors, and also tie into the special gift given to the builder once a city is complete. For each city, the cultural buildings (and tie-in special gifts) are: "Build-a-lot" was the #1 Action/Arcade game of 2007 on Big Fish Games. "Build-a-lot" was Casual-Game-of-the-Week at killerbetties.com, who highlighted the simple but smooth and pleasing animation, sound effects and surprisingly fun micromanagement. It was rated

neg: Winter Special Gift Winter Special Gift Winter Special Gift is the special winter album and second extended play by Chinese singer Lay (Zhang Yixing). It was released on December 22, 2017 in China by Tencent on the label's music apps, QQ Music, Kugou and Kuwo. The EP features six tracks in total, including single "Goodbye Christmas". On December 21, it was announced that Lay would release his second EP. "Winter Special Gift" was officially released on December 22, 2017 through music apps under label Tencent. The album was subsequently released in South Korea the next day on December 23, 2017. "Gift to XBACK"

neg: Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas sacrarum Religionum statu" (1625) in polemic with Robert Bellarmine whose "De gemitu columbae" (1620) criticized the decadence of religious orders. Gravina, wrote concerning Papal infallibility: "To the Pontiff, as one (person) and alone, it was given to be the head;" and again, "The Roman Pontiff for the time beingis one, therefore he alone has infallibility." In 1630 Abraham Bzovius funded a scholarship for Polish students at the College. Vicente Ferre (+1682), author of the "Commentaria scholastica in Div. Thomam" (1691) as well as of several commentaries on the Summa Theologica was Regent of College from 1654 to 1672. Ferre was

neg: Tsoureki Some recipes substitute a neutral-flavored oil, such as sunflower oil, and margarine in place of milk and butter. The dough may be seasoned with orange zest, vanilla, mahlep and slivered almonds. Sometime tsoureki is used as a gift for special occasion, for instance, it can be given as an Easter gift from children to their godparents. Christopsomo (Χριστόψωμο), which translates as "Christ's bread", is a traditional Greek holiday bread that is sometimes decorated with whole walnuts, sesame seeds and slivered almonds. Also called Christmas fruit bread, the "tsoureki" dough may include a combination of raisins, dried apricots, dried figs, orange

neg: Ismah and Imams are more excellent than Angels. According to Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, based on verses 16: 50 and 21: 27 of the Qur’an, angels never disobey Allah, they are free from sins and impurities, and that anyone who denies the infallibility of Messengers, Prophets, Imams, and Angels is a "kafir" (, unbeliever). According to Tabatabaei, the statement, "they do not disobey Allah in what He commands them, and only act as they are bidden", is an explanation of the phrase "stern and strong": The meaning of "stern and strong" is that the angels are committed to the assignment given to them

neg: Gift economy is a strong custom that any gift that crosses subclan boundaries must be consumed rather than invested. For example, an animal given as a gift must be eaten, not bred. However, as in the example of the Trobriand armbands and necklaces, this "perishing" may not consist of consumption as such, but of the gift moving on. In other societies, it is a matter of giving some other gift, either directly in return or to another party. To keep the gift and not give another in exchange is reprehensible. "In folk tales," Lewis Hyde remarks, "the person who tries to hold

neg: Pan dulce With the invention of pan dulce in Mexico, other significant breads were produced to celebrate special occasions and traditions, such as rosca de reyes and pan de muerto. These special breads are part of the traditional customs that have been around for centuries. The stories behind these special occasional breads derive from religious beliefs, the dominant being Roman Catholic. Rosca de reyes ('kings' crown') is a treat in addition to a gift that is given on Three Kings Day, "Dia de los Reyes Magos", which is held twelve days after Christmas, the celebration date of the birth of Jesus Christ.

neg: Biblical inerrancy a liar". Many who believe in the "inspiration" of scripture teach that it is infallible but not inerrant. Those who subscribe to infallibility believe that what the scriptures say regarding matters of faith and Christian practice are wholly useful and true. Some denominations that teach infallibility hold that the historical or scientific details, which may be irrelevant to matters of faith and Christian practice, may contain errors. Those who believe in inerrancy hold that the scientific, geographic, and historic details of the scriptural texts in their original manuscripts are completely true and without error, though the scientific claims of scripture

neg: Zbigniew Herbert (...) Polish readers have always revered poets who succeed in defining the nation's spiritual dilemma; what is exceptional in Herbert is that his popularity at home is matched by a wide acclaim abroad." – Stanisław Barańczak, A Fugitive from Utopia (1987) In modern poetry, Herbert advocated semantic transparency. In a talk given at a conference organized by the journal "Odra" he said: "So not having pretensions to infallibility, but stating only my predilections, I would like to say that in contemporary poetry the poems that appeal to me the most are those in which I discern something I would call

neg: Practice Statement such a way as to make the Act virtually ineffective. Only one year later in "R v Shivpuri" (1986) Lord Bridge (a member of the erroneous majority in "Anderton") acknowledged the error and said "the Practice Statement is an effective abandonment of our pretension to infallibility. If a serious error embodied in a decision of this House has been distorted by the law, the sooner it is corrected the better". By contrast, in " Knuller v DPP", Lord Reid, who had previously given a strong dissenting judgment in "Shaw v DPP", said while he still disagreed with the majority decision

neg: Ambrose St. John classical scholar and a linguist both in Oriental and European tongues. St. John's death, at Edgbaston, Birmingham, followed his work in translating Josef Fessler's book on papal infallibility, published as "The True and False Infallibility of the Popes" in London in 1875, a defence of the doctrine of Infallibility as taught by the Italian "Ultramontane" theologians, at a time when the controversy over the doctrine was mounting and Newman was engaged in controversy with William Ewart Gladstone. Newman, who with others had been privately opposed to a dogmatic declaration of the doctrine, which Gladstone had vigorously attacked, reproached himself that

neg: Job in Islam of those whom God had given special guidance, wisdom and inspiration (IV: 163) and as one of the men who received authority, the Book and the gift of prophethood (VI:84). After Satan has given up trying to turn Job away from the Lord, God removed Job's affliction and returned his family to him, doubling them in number. He returned Job's wealth and showered Job with gold. Once Job's wife had seen her husband restored to prosperity and health, she prayed thanks to God but then worried over the oath her husband had taken earlier, in which he had promised to

neg: Magical objects in Harry Potter expensive high-performance models to toy broomsticks for young children that fly only a few feet off the ground to family-sized broomsticks that seat multiple people and include a luggage compartment below the seating area. Since Harry plays Quidditch, his broomsticks - a "Nimbus 2000" and later a "Firebolt" - are prominent in the series. The "Nimbus 2000" was given to him by special consent of Dumbledore via Minerva McGonagall, who had chosen him as the Gryffindor Seeker. The "Firebolt" was given to him by his godfather Sirius Black as a Christmas gift after his "Nimbus" was destroyed by the Whomping

neg: Gift Gift A gift or a present is an item given to someone without the expectation of payment or anything in return. An item is not a gift if that item is already owned by the one to whom it is given. Although gift-giving might involve an expectation of reciprocity, a gift is meant to be free. In many countries, the act of mutually exchanging money, goods, etc. may sustain social relations and contribute to social cohesion. Economists have elaborated the economics of gift-giving into the notion of a gift economy. By extension the term "gift" can refer to any item

neg: Neo-ultramontanism and included within their ranks a substantial portion of the 601 bishops who voted on the question of infallibility at that council. They were concentrated in Western Europe, but did not manage to win the debate, which liberal historians attribute to their lack of theological and historical understanding of how the doctrine of infallibility was first proposed. After the First Vatican Council, neo-ultramontanism as a semi-organized movement declined as its chief adherents were not replaced. Pope Leo XIII never attempted to exercise infallibility and by the time of his death all the neo-ultramontane publications had been closed down or had

neg: Among the Sleep raises her voice, refusing the father's request to see his child. The mother's angry tone frightens the toddler, whose fear is presented as blurred vision. Quickly, the mother returns with a gift, but the mother doesn't tell who the gift is from. Instead, she carries the child and gift upstairs to the child's room, a place of bright, warm colors and streaming sunlight. The mother briefly opens the gift, but looks at what is inside with a disdainful expression before quickly shutting the gift box. Before the present is given to the child, the telephone rings, and the mother leaves

neg: My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever adapted into three storybooks from September to October 2018, the book "A Perfectly Pinkie Present!", "Board Book" and "A Present for Everypony". The special will be accompanied by a series of shorts. My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever, also titled as My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever! and My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic: Best Gift Ever, is a one-hour Christmas-themed special of the animated television series "", which takes place in-between and . It premiered on October 27, 2018 on Discovery Family. In this special, Twilight Sparkle and her friends do a "Hearthswarming

neg: Il Diamante Il Diamante Il Diamante (The Diamond), ZWV 177, is a composition from 1737 by Czech baroque composer Jan Dismas Zelenka. The secular vocal piece was performed as a surprise gift from the Electress Maria Josepha for the wedding feast of the Schwabian baroness Joanna von Stein and the Polish magnate prince Jerzy Ignacy Lubomirski. The libretto was discovered in 20th century. The title refers to the bride's name (Stein) and to the special jewelry given to her by the electress as a wedding gift. The composition was a great opportunity for Zelenka to excel as other Dresden operatic composers (Johann

neg: Samudra manthan Samudra manthan The samudra manthana (Sanskrit: समुद्रमन्थन, lit. "churning of the ocean") is one of the best-known episodes in the Hindu mythology narrated in the Bhagavata Purana, in the Mahabharata and in the Vishnu Purana. The samudra manthana explains the origin of amrita, the nectar of immortality. Indra, the King of Svarga, while riding on the elephant Airavata, came across Sage Durvasa who offered him a special garland given to him by Shiva. Indra accepted the gift and placed it on the trunk of the elephant as a test to prove that he was not an egoistic deva. The elephant,

neg: Gift wrapping algorithm algorithm, combines the logarithmic dependence of Graham scan with the output sensitivity of the gift wrapping algorithm, achieving an asymptotic running time formula_3 that improves on both Graham scan and gift wrapping. Gift wrapping algorithm In computational geometry, the gift wrapping algorithm is an algorithm for computing the convex hull of a given set of points. In the two-dimensional case the algorithm is also known as Jarvis march, after R. A. Jarvis, who published it in 1973; it has O("nh") time complexity, where "n" is the number of points and "h" is the number of points on the convex hull.

neg: Josef Fessler Infallibility of the Popes", London, 1875). It is an explanation of the doctrine of Infallibility as taught by the Italian "Ultramontane" theologians, such as Bellarmine in the sixteenth century, Pietro Ballerini in the eighteenth century and Giovanni Perrone in the nineteenth century. But it was difficult for those who had been fighting against the definition to realize that the Infallibilists "had wanted no more than this". Bishop Hefele of Rottenburg am Neckar, who had strongly opposed the definition and afterwards loyally accepted it, said he entirely agreed with the moderate view taken by Bishop Fessler, but doubted whether such views

neg: Messenger (novel) captured himself. Kira, who has the ability to weave prophecy-like patterns in thread and cloth, uses her gift to contact Leader, who tells her to have Matty use his gift to save them. The gift is a special ability that Matty possesses but hardly understands, which makes him mad and results in a fury: a power of healing, which causes wholeness from the inside out. Matty puts his hands to the ground and manages to restore the integrity of Forest and people alike, at the expense of his own life. Leader names Matty as "the Healer." Near the end is

neg: Morganatic marriage been included by special agreement in the 1st and 2nd sections". Variations of morganatic marriage were also practised by non-European dynasties, such as the Royal Family of Thailand, the polygamous Mongols as to their non-principal wives, and other families of Africa and Asia. "Morganatic", already in use in English by 1727 (according to the "Oxford English Dictionary"), is derived from the medieval Latin "morganaticus" from the Late Latin phrase "matrimonium ad morganaticam" and refers to the gift given by the groom to the bride on the morning after the wedding, the morning gift, i.e., dower. The Latin term, applied to

neg: Mary Gibbons Natrella to scientists, and "had a special gift for elucidating difficult statistical concepts". In 1981, Natrella was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association; her brother-in-law, Vito Natrella, was also a Fellow. She was also a fellow of the American Society for Test Materials. She was given the Department of Commerce Bronze Medal in 1982. She died in 1988 and was buried in Ivy Hill Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia. A scholarship in her and her husband's name is awarded annually by the American Statistical Association, funded by a gift from her husband when she died. Mary Gibbons Natrella Mary

neg: Walter Terence Stace to both his earlier epistemology and his later analysis. For Stace it lies at the basis of our knowledge of the external world and of ourselves. The given has an important epistemological function because it possesses the properties of certainty (infallibility, incorrigibility, indubitability), and it provides the ultimate justification for all forms of human knowledge. Stace’s "Theory of Knowledge and Existence" (1932) explains that knowledge arises from the process of interpretation of the given, although he writes that it is not easy to distinguish between the given and interpretation of it. For Overall, the ‘pure experience’ or ‘sensation’ he refers

neg: Maand van het Spannende Boek following years the evening was shifted to the beginning of the month: June 3, 2008, June 2, 2009, June 1, 2010. In the Maand van het Spannende Boek, just as during the Boekenweek, a prize book is given away when a certain amount was spent. These books were: For years in the month of June there was also special attention giving to "Exciting Books" in Christian bookstores. Thrillers, fantasty books and thriller novels are given extra limelight. The Christian bookstores have their own (Christian) action book that is given as a gift in June from one of the specially chosen

neg: Rowan and the Zebak correspondence. During the journey to Zebak City, Rowan and his companions have their own strengths that allow the four to safely reach the city. Rowan is given a gift by Sheba, that she tell him that he can only open then he's on Zebak land. Sheba turns the fire into green flames, burns Rowan's hand, and summons pain in his arm, only to have something to laugh at. Later, this gift should become handy, as it contained a special metal medallion owned by the people of Rin's ancestors, a bunch of dry branches, that by burning them, would summon the

neg: DC Universe: Justice League Unlimited Fan Collection line is that of Green Lantern Hal Jordan. 100 copies of the figure were made and then the molds were destroyed. The figures were packaged on a special green and red card and autographed by Bruce Timm. The figures were given as a Christmas gift in 2005 to employees of the animation studio who worked on the show. Mattel has definitively stated, in multiple published reports, that there will be no Green Lantern Hal Jordan figures made available to the general public. Re-branding the 2003 Batman toy line and creating a new Superman line in DC Superheroes, Mattel decided to

neg: Papal infallibility as such to be firmly and immutably held by all the faithful," or through an accompanying anathema stating that anyone who deliberately dissents is outside the Catholic Church. For example, in 1950, with "Munificentissimus Deus", Pope Pius XII's infallible definition regarding the Assumption of Mary, there are attached these words: As with all charisms, the church teaches that the charism of papal infallibility must be properly discerned, though only by the Church's leaders. The way to know if something a pope says is infallible or not is to discern if they are "ex cathedra" teachings. Also considered infallible are the

neg: My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever, also titled as My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever! and My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic: Best Gift Ever, is a one-hour Christmas-themed special of the animated television series "", which takes place in-between and . It premiered on October 27, 2018 on Discovery Family. In this special, Twilight Sparkle and her friends do a "Hearthswarming Helper" to get just one Hearth's Warming present for another pony, and they race all over Equestria to find the perfect gift. With Hearth's Warming Eve approaching, the Mane 6 and Spike

neg: Gameplay of Pokémon Transfer Pak can use Mystery Gift with a girl in White City. A Mystery Gift can also be received by connecting with a Pocket Pikachu 2 GS. In "Ruby" and "Sapphire", Mystery Gift is replaced with Mystery Event. This feature utilizes the now defunct e-Reader accessory. Using special e-cards, the player could obtain special items such as rare Berries or the Eon Ticket. In "FireRed", "LeafGreen", and "Emerald", Mystery Gift is a means to obtain special items at Nintendo's promotional events through the use of the Wireless Adapter, which allow the player to catch otherwise unobtainable Pokémon, such as Mew

neg: Gift gifts of the community (both individually and corporately) to God, and then, after the epiklesis, the Gifts of the Body and Blood of Christ to the Church. Ritual sacrifices can be seen as return gifts to a deity. Gift A gift or a present is an item given to someone without the expectation of payment or anything in return. An item is not a gift if that item is already owned by the one to whom it is given. Although gift-giving might involve an expectation of reciprocity, a gift is meant to be free. In many countries, the act of

neg: Shūgi-bukuro the leading digit forms an even number, as in ¥20,000, the amount is usually given in an odd number of bills (e.g. 1 x ¥10,000 and 2 x ¥5,000). Amounts in which the leading digit forms a multiple of 4, such as ¥40,000, are not recommended since the number 4 in Japanese can be pronounced as "shi" which is the same as the pronunciation of the Japanese word for death. Likewise, multiples of 9 are avoided because the pronunciation of this number can mean suffering. Shūgi-bukuro A is a special envelope in which money is given as a gift at

neg: His Last Gift His Last Gift His Last Gift (; also known as "Last Present") is a 2008 South Korean film. Tae-joo, a murderer serving a life sentence in prison, is given a temporary release to save the life of a seriously ill young girl, Se-hee, who suffers from Wilson's disease and desperately needs a liver transplant. Se-hee is the daughter of Yeong-woo, an old friend of Tae-joo's who is now a police officer. Upon discovering that Se-hee's now deceased mother was his ex-wife, Tae-joo realises that he is in fact her biological father, and does everything he can to try and save

neg: His Last Gift its opening weekend, grossing $983,555. By 2 March it had grossed a total of $1,857,015, and as of 10 February the total number of tickets sold was 228,120. His Last Gift His Last Gift (; also known as "Last Present") is a 2008 South Korean film. Tae-joo, a murderer serving a life sentence in prison, is given a temporary release to save the life of a seriously ill young girl, Se-hee, who suffers from Wilson's disease and desperately needs a liver transplant. Se-hee is the daughter of Yeong-woo, an old friend of Tae-joo's who is now a police officer. Upon

neg: Ludwig Straniak Ludwig Straniak Ludwig Straniak (1879-1951), was a German mystic, Germanic revivalist and most notably a pendulum dowser. He was an architect and astrologer and was used by the German military in the Third Reich, not necessarily willingly. Two of the more well-known mystics, other than Straniak, used in the Third Reich by Walter Schellenberg through Heinrich Himmler, who had a great deal of interest in Germanic mysticism and revivalism, were Wilhelm Gutberlet, who was a pendulum dowser, and astrologer Wilhelm Wulff. Straniak claimed to have a special gift for map pendulum dowsing. Straniak would dangle a pendulum over a given

neg: Gift economy Gift economy A gift economy, gift culture, or gift exchange is a mode of exchange where valuables are not traded or sold, but rather given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards. This exchange contrasts with a barter economy or a market economy, where goods and services are primarily exchanged for value received. Social norms and custom govern gift exchange. Gifts are not given in an explicit exchange of goods or services for money or some other commodity. The nature of gift economies forms the subject of a foundational debate in anthropology. Anthropological research into gift economies began

neg: Steve McQueen birthday, a gift that McQueen subsequently credited with sparking his early interest in racing. At the age of eight he was taken to Indianapolis by his mother, who lived there with her new husband. McQueen's departure from his great-uncle's home was marked by a very special memento given to him on that occasion. "The day I left the farm", he recalled, "Uncle Claude gave me a personal going-away present—a gold pocket watch, with an inscription inside the case." The inscription read, "To Steve – who has been a son to me." Dyslexic and partially deaf due to a childhood ear

neg: Johan Robeck Johan Robeck Johan Robeck (1672–1739) was a Swedish-German philosopher who wrote an essay allowing suicide from a theological point of view. His essay started a debate among Europeans of his time, especially after he himself committed suicide by drowning in the river Weser near Bremen, Germany. Robeck's argument is based upon the idea of life as a gift, given by God, who therefore gave up for his rights in the gift. Anyone can destroy a gift, according to Robeck's argument; therefore, suicide is legitimate. Robeck's suicide is referenced in the old woman's story at the end of chapter XII in

neg: Infallibility son of Bharata. This is the most confidential part of the Vedic scriptures, O sinless one, and it is disclosed now by Me. Whoever understands this will become wise, and his endeavors will know perfection." Infallibility Infallibility is the inability to be wrong. Its importance and meaning is debated in epistemology and major religions. Epistemology, a branch of philosophy, is concerned with the question of what, if anything, humans can know. The answer to the issue of whether or not a human can be infallible depends on the philosophical school. Human involvement in the revelatory process is very important because

neg: Material culture phenomenon that holds emotional meaning using material culture. According to Schieffelin, "gift-giving is a vehicle of social obligation and political maneuver." Mauss defines the gift as creating a special bond between the giver and the receiver. According to Mauss, the giver never really leaves the gift but becomes part of the receiver's future by inserting the gift into their life. A gift leads at some point to another gift in response, which creates a special reciprocal bond between people. Material culture studies as an academic field grew along the field of anthropology and so began by studying non-Western material culture.

neg: Sindh commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions like a homecoming. The ralli (also known as rilli, rehli, rallee, gindi or other names), or patchwork quilt, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Most Sindhi homes have many rallis—one for each member of the family and a few spare for guests. The ralli is made with small pieces of cloth of geometrical shapes sewn together to create intricate designs. They may be used as a bedspread or a blanket and are often given as gifts to friends and guests. Non-governmental

neg: Diplomatic gift A 2012 gift of a "British" table tennis table to President Obama seemed ideal until it was revealed that it was designed in Britain but made in China, evoking worries about the decline of British manufacturing industry. Diplomatic gifts take diverse forms: Diplomatic gift A diplomatic gift is a gift given by a diplomat, politician or leader when visiting a foreign country. Usually the gift is reciprocated by the host. The use of diplomatic gifts dates back to the ancient world and givers have competed to outdo each other in the lavishness of their gifts. Examples include silks given to

neg: Christian theology source of inspiration being divine, would not be subject to fallibility or error in that which is produced. For them, the doctrines of the divine inspiration, infallibility, and inerrancy, are inseparably tied together. The idea of biblical integrity is a further concept of infallibility, by suggesting that current biblical text is complete and without error, and that the integrity of biblical text has never been corrupted or degraded. Historians note, or claim, that the doctrine of the Bible's infallibility was adopted hundreds of years after those books were written. The Protestant Old Testament is synonymous with the "Hebrew Scriptures" included

neg: Gift to the recipient of the item to be given as a gift. In some countries, certain types of gifts above a certain monetary amount are subject to taxation. For the United States, see Gift tax in the United States. In some contexts, gift giving can be construed as bribery. This tends to occur in situations where the gift is given with an implicit or explicit agreement between the giver of the gift and its receiver that some type of service will be rendered (often outside of normal legitimate methods) because of the gift. Some groups, such as government workers, may

neg: Infallibility Infallibility Infallibility is the inability to be wrong. Its importance and meaning is debated in epistemology and major religions. Epistemology, a branch of philosophy, is concerned with the question of what, if anything, humans can know. The answer to the issue of whether or not a human can be infallible depends on the philosophical school. Human involvement in the revelatory process is very important because God has no choice but to communicate in human language through human agents. But if this must be so, God can at least be expected to prevent human weakness and shortcoming from marring this divine

neg: Winter Special Gift was written in 2015, prior to his debut as a solo artist. On December 15, Lay posted a video of himself performing the aforementioned song on Weibo in advance to the release of his album. The music video of the lead song for the album, "Goodbye Christmas" was released together with the album on the same day. Within 1 hour of digital sales, the album broke four records on QQ Music: Gold, Double Gold, Triple Gold and Platinum. The album later broke Diamond record on QQ Music. Winter Special Gift Winter Special Gift is the special winter album and second

neg: Ismah of Muhammadan Light, the Imam possesses the quality of inerrancy (Ismah), in spiritual and religious matters...and this Light is the source of knowledge and revelation." According to Twelver Shia, The Fourteen Infallibles ( "Ma‘ṣūmūn"), who are "divinely bestowed free from error and sin", include Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah, and the Twelve Imams, with Fatimah's infallibility being derived from her being a link between Prophethood and "Imamah", the two institutions characterized by infallibility, as well as her association with the Imams and their attributes in numerous "ahadith". Based on verses 15: 30 and 2: 33, Shi‘ites believe that the Prophets, Apostles,

neg: Shia Islam in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad and other prophets in Islam possessed "ismah". Twelver and Ismaili Shia Muslims also attribute the quality to Imams as well as to Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad, in contrast to the Zaidi, who do not attribute 'ismah to the Imams. Though initially beginning as a political movement, infallibility and sinlessness of the imams later evolved as a distinct belief of (non-Zaidi) Shiism. According to Shia theologians, infallibility is considered a rational necessary precondition for spiritual and religious guidance. They argue that since God has commanded absolute obedience from these figures they must only order that

neg: Buick Special actress Ann Blyth, was given a 1940 Buick Special convertible as a gift. The movie "Small Town Conspiracy" features a 1939 Buick Special 8 that the main character of the film John Haleran (Zen Gesner) drives as his official police car. The car remained the property of director Ralph Clemente and was untouched for many years until sold to Florida restorer and car collector Axel Caravias. Halfway into the 1949 model year, the Specials received all-new bodywork, the first fully postwar design for the series. New was also the 40D-series, a better equipped version called the Special DeLuxe. The engine

neg: Papal infallibility topic from a Protestant point of view, writes: "August Hasler portrays Pius IX as an uneducated, abusive megalomaniac, and Vatican I as a council that was not free. Hasler, though, is engaged in heated polemic and obviously exaggerates his picture of Pius IX. Accounts like Hasler's, which paint Pius IX and Vatican I in the most negative terms, are adequately refuted by the testimony of participants at Vatican I." Those opposed to papal infallibility such as Geisler and MacKenzie say that it is contrary to Scripture and to the teaching of the early Church. The dogma of papal infallibility is

neg: Gift basket diplomacy argue that this process undermines the value of a consensus communiqué because more focus is given to separate Gift basket diplomacy statements given their often stronger language with fewer caveats. Gift basket diplomacy Gift basket diplomacy is an approach to multilateral negotiation aimed at pushing forward progress on a particular issue without the requirement of consensus. The policy is most often seen in United Nations style diplomatic meetings where a particular group of countries wishes to take action or make a joint statement but is unable to do so without the consensus of all parties involved. Gift basket diplomacy fundamentally

neg: Arthur Boyd Biennale. Boyd was commissioned to paint "Earth and Fire" for the cover of the 28 November 1988 "Time" magazine special issue dealing with environmental conservation in Australia. In 1993 the Australian Government accepted the gift of Bundanon, valued at the time at 20 million. The property owned by Arthur and Yvonne Boyd was given to the people of Australia. Located approximately west of Nowra, the gift was entrusted to the Bundanon Trust, along with further gifts by Boyd, including copyright of all of his artwork, and several thousand works of art from five generations of Boyds, and other Australian artists.

neg: Neo-scholasticism (1810–92), Barberis (1847–96), Schiffini (1841–1906), de Maria, Talamo, Lorenzelli, Ballerini, Matussi and others. The Italian writers at first laid special emphasis on the metaphysical features of Scholasticism, and less to the empirical sciences or to the history of philosophy. Papal support for such trends had begun under Pope Pius IX, who had recognized the importance of the movement in various letters. The dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854), the "Syllabus errorum" (1864) and the proclamation of papal infallibility (1870) all heralded a move away from Modernist forms of theological thought. The most important moment for the spread of the movement

neg: Gift economy to their establishments. Bird-David and Darr refer to these as hybrid "mass-gifts" which are neither gift nor commodity. They are called mass-gifts because they are given away in large numbers "free with purchase" in a mass-consumption environment. They give as an example two bars of soap in which one is given free with purchase: which is the commodity and which the gift? The mass-gift both affirms the distinct difference between gift and commodity while confusing it at the same time. As with gifting, mass-gifts are used to create a social relationship. Some customers embrace the relationship and gift whereas others

neg: Shia Islam in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah doctrine to Muhammad's family, the "Ahl al-Bayt" ("the people/family of the House"), and some individuals among his descendants, known as "Imams", who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility and other divinely ordained traits. Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most

neg: My Gift Is You of them. Stefani performed "My Gift Is You" during her "Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas" television special, which premiered on NBC on December 12, 2017. The special contained various songs from her holiday album and was accompanied by holiday-themed comedy sketches and skits. For the performance, men dressed as gingerbread man cookies and several background dancers wearing holiday-themed aprons and carrying mixing bowls and wooden spoons joined Stefani on stage. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "You Make It Feel Like Christmas". My Gift Is You "My Gift Is You" is a song recorded by American

neg: Jansenism "fins Jansénistes". The tensions generated by the continuing presence of these elements in the French church came to a head in the Case of Conscience of 1701. The case involved the question of whether or not absolution should be given to a cleric who refused to affirm the infallibility of the Church in matters of fact (even though he did not preach against it but merely maintained a "respectful silence"). A provincial conference, consisting of forty theology professors from the Sorbonne, headed by Noël Alexandre, declared that the cleric should receive absolution. The publication of this "Case of Conscience" provoked