query: how many countries are in the sadc region

pos: Southern African Development Community part of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and Tanzania is a member of the East African Community. According to Human Rights Watch, "SADC has been criticized for its laxity on making human rights compliance within its member states a priority". The organisation has six principal bodies: Except for the Tribunal (based in Windhoek, Namibia), SNCs and Secretariat, decision-making is by consensus. Southern African Development Community The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16

pos: European Centre for Electoral Support launched the handbook “Preventing and mitigating electoral conflict and violence: lessons from the Southern Africa” and presented on the lessons learned and the experience gained during the implementation of the PEV SADC project (2013-2017), funded by the European Union. This handbook was conceived by ECES and the Election Support Network of Southern Africa (ESN-SA), with the support of many of its 16 members in the 14 countries comprised by the PEV SADC project. It is the result of an extensive research exercise carried out by ECES and ESN-SA, in the framework of the regional EU-funded project for the prevention of

pos: Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd v Zimbabwe of State or Government of SADC' and the presidents of 15 member countries, the Council of Ministers of SADC, and the Republic of Zimbabwe, demanding that "the [SADC] Tribunal continues to function in all respects as established by Article 16 of the Treaty". Compensation battle in South Africa On 6 June 2011, the North Gauteng High Court in Pretoria, South Africa cleared the way for seized Zimbabwean government assets in Cape Town to be sold by auction to compensate 3 Zimbabwean farmers, including the late Mike Campbell. It is thought to be the first ruling in international legal history that

pos: European Centre for Electoral Support occasion, ECES pre-launched the handbook on election related violence within the Southern Africa region that is the result of the research component of the project PEV SADC (Preventing Electoral Conflict in the SADC region www.pevsadc.eu ) implemented by ECES since February 2013. In June 2018, during the European Development Days, ECES and EPD presented the European Response to Electoral Cycle Support-EURECS and released the lessons learned from supporting democratic and electoral processes over the previous five years. ECES also participated in the high-level panel "“Implementing Sustainable Development Goal 16 for peaceful and inclusive societies - Opportunities and challenges in the

pos: Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Community The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 southern African states. SADC has 16 member states: The Union of Comoros was admitted into SADC at the 37th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Pretoria, South Africa in 2017, bringing the total number of Member States to 16. Additionally, Burundi has requested to join. The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled

neg: Southern African Power Pool Southern African Power Pool The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is a cooperation of the national electricity companies in Southern Africa under the auspices of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The members of SAPP have created a common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity in the SADC region. SAPP was founded in 1995. The Southern African Power Pool has many long-term goals it wishes to achieve. Main goals include increasing the accessibility of electricity to rural communities, better the relationships between the involved countries, create strategies that will support sustainable development priorities, and to

neg: Southern African Power Pool part of EAPP and CAPP. Tanzania is a member of SAPP and EAPP. Guinea is part of CAPP and WAPP Southern African Power Pool The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is a cooperation of the national electricity companies in Southern Africa under the auspices of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The members of SAPP have created a common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity in the SADC region. SAPP was founded in 1995. The Southern African Power Pool has many long-term goals it wishes to achieve. Main goals include increasing the accessibility of electricity

neg: Southern African Development Community Malawi and Seychelles joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo are not yet participating. The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership

neg: Visa policy of Zambia Namibia, Angola and Botswana are expected to join the project. In third stage three SADC pilot countries are expected to join and in fourth stage all SADC countries are expected to become part of the universal visa project. The universal visa project was suspended in 2015 due to running out of visa stickers and the expiry of the Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries. The new Memorandum was signed in December 2016, extending the list of eligible countries (including territories) from 40 to 65. In Zambia it is issued at Livingstone Airport, Victoria Falls, Kazungula and Lusaka Airport border

neg: Southern Africa region's goals, as demonstrated by the SADC. In terms of economic strength, South Africa is by far the dominant power of the region. South Africa's GDP alone is many times greater than the GDPs of all other countries in the region. Southern Africa has a wide diversity of ecoregions including grassland, bushveld, karoo, savannah and riparian zones. Even though considerable disturbance has occurred in some regions from habitat loss due to human overpopulation or export-focused development, there remain significant numbers of various wildlife species, including white rhino, lion, African leopard, impala, kudu, blue wildebeest, vervet monkey and elephant. It has

neg: Vessel monitoring system funded MCS program for the SADC region, Namibia has facilities to integrate its VMS data with that of other SADC partners so that information can be shared regarding vessels that operate across the border in another SADC states waters. Similarly, Namibia can receive VMS information from its SADC partners when a vessel from another SADC state enters its waters. The observer program has been effective. Nevertheless, it may be appropriate, initially for the orange roughy fishery. All foreign vessels licensed to fish or support fishing operations in Nauru waters are required to use an Automatic Location Communicator compatible and registered

neg: Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries to turn right. Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries This is a comparison of road signs in countries that speak majorly English, including major ones where it is an official language and widely understood (and as a lingua franca). Botswana, Eswatini (Swaziland), Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe are all SADC members who drive on the left and use the SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual, and thus have identical road signs. Mandatory signs indicating an obligation to turn left do exist, but are not included in the list below since they are functionally mirror versions of signs

neg: Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries This is a comparison of road signs in countries that speak majorly English, including major ones where it is an official language and widely understood (and as a lingua franca). Botswana, Eswatini (Swaziland), Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe are all SADC members who drive on the left and use the SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual, and thus have identical road signs. Mandatory signs indicating an obligation to turn left do exist, but are not included in the list below since they are functionally mirror versions of signs indicating an obligation

neg: Visa policy of Zimbabwe may be used to enter at one of the following crossings: Zimbabwe and Zambia introduced a universal visa on 28 November 2014 called KAZA Visa. This visa can be obtained on arrival and is valid for both countries for visits up to 30 days while remaining within Zambia and Zimbabwe (including day trips to Chobe National Park in Botswana at Kazungula). In second phase Namibia, Angola and Botswana are expected to join the project. In third stage three SADC pilot countries are expected to join and in fourth stage all SADC countries are expected to become part of the universal

neg: College of African Wildlife Management Initial funding for Mweka was provided by the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (now known as the African Wildlife Foundation), the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Frankfurt Zoological Society, with facilities donated by the government of Tanganyika. Since this time, the College has been a leader in providing quality wildlife management training in Africa, and has trained over 5,000 wildlife managers from 52 countries worldwide (28 African countries and 24 other countries in the world), the majority are working in protected areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of the College's students come from the SADC region, although the College

neg: Science and technology in Botswana SADC countries which had ratified the "SADC Protocol on Science, Technology and Innovation" (2008) by 2015. Ten of the 15 SADC countries must ratify the protocol for it to enter into force. The protocol promotes legal and political co-operation. It stresses the importance of science and technology for achieving 'sustainable and equitable socio-economic growth and poverty eradication'. Two primary policy documents operationalize the SADC Treaty (1992), "the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan" for 2005–2020, adopted in 2003, and the "Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ" (2004). The "Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan" for 2005–2020 identifies the region’s 12 priority areas

neg: Science and technology in Malawi Malawi is not one of four SADC countries which had ratified the "SADC Protocol on Science, Technology and Innovation" (2008) by 2015. Ten of the 15 SADC countries must ratify the protocol for it to enter into force but, by 2015, only Botswana, Mauritius, Mozambique and South Africa had done so. The protocol promotes legal and political co-operation. It stresses the importance of science and technology for achieving 'sustainable and equitable socio-economic growth and poverty eradication'. Two primary policy documents operationalize the SADC Treaty (1992), "the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan" for 2005–2020, adopted in 2003, and the "Strategic Indicative

neg: Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions The Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) is a not-for-profit farmer organization representing national agricultural unions in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. SACAU was originally formed in 1992 by six farmer organizations but has since expanded its membership to include 17 farmer organisations in 12 countries. In addition, there are associate members, including regional commodity organizations and private companies associated with agricultural value chains on a regional basis. SACAU's headquarters are in Centurion, Republic of South Africa. SACAU aims to be the main voice of farmers within the region and to

neg: Southern African Regional Universities Association Southern African Regional Universities Association The Southern African Regional Universities Association was established in 2005 as a membership based association for the 66 public universities in the 15 countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). SARUA aims to assist in the general revitalization of higher education in Southern Africa and specifically to enhance and build the senior leadership capacity of SADC Higher Education institutions, thus enabling the sector to effectively respond to regional development challenges. Since its inception SARUA has undertaken a number of baseline research studies in the region to investigate key higher education issues facing the public

neg: International Renewable Energy Conference the forefront of renewable energy deployment. In parallel REN21 launched the SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report, which provides a comprehensive overview of the status of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the region. It covers the 15 SADC countries: Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The report is available for download on the REN21 website along with a series of infographics. SAIREC was co-hosted by South Africa’s Department of Energy together with the South African National Energy Development

neg: Southern Africa five states in the UN subregion of Southern Africa. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) was established in 1980 to facilitate co-operation in the region. It includes: The region is sometimes reckoned to include other territories: The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania, though more commonly reckoned in Central and Eastern Africa, respectively, are occasionally included in Southern Africa as they are SADC members. The terrain of Southern Africa is varied, ranging from forest and grasslands to deserts. The region has both low-lying coastal areas, and mountains. In terms of natural resources, the region has the world's largest resources

neg: African Free Trade Zone Asian Africans, including Indians, Chinese and other Asian groups as well as Colored Africans—mixed race Africans numbering millions in South Africa). Many of the membership of the three AFTZ member trade blocks overlap with several countries being a member of more than one of the AFTZ member trade blocks as well as a member of other alliances within and without the three trade blocks. The EAC-SADC-COMESA Summit is considered historic because for the first time, since the birth of the African Union, several key building blocks of the AEC have met on how to integrate territories and moving towards deepening

neg: UNU-CRIS Southern African region. The UNESCO-UNU Chair serves as a think tank and bridge-builder, sharing its expertise to contribute to research, training and capacity building with the aim of making free movement of people tangible in the Southern African region. The international research project on ‘Poverty Reduction and Regional Integration: a Comparative Analysis of SADC and UNASUR Health Policies’ (PRARI) firstly aims to establish what methods of regional policy formation in relation to the Southern African Development Community and the Union of South American Nations are conducive to the formulation of embedded pro-poor health strategies. Second, it investigates how these strategies

neg: Botswana–Namibia relations Botswana–Namibia relations Botswana–Namibia relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Botswana and Namibia. As of 2009, relations were considered friendly, with the two neighboring countries cooperating on economic development. Botswana gained independence from Britain in September 1966. Namibia gained independence from South Africa in 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence, and the two countries soon after established formal diplomatic relations. Botswana has a high commission in Windhoek. Namibia has a high commission in Gaborone. Both Botswana and Namibia are members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), which has its headquarters in Gaborone, Botswana. The SADC goal

neg: Durban University of Technology and Innovation Awards in Durban. Whilst the Durban University of Technology offers contact learning, DUT is also a member of COIL, which is the Collaborative Online International Learning consortium . Therefore, the University offers outstanding opportunities for undergraduate and post-graduate students across multiple disciplines. DUT qualifications are recognized internationally. In 2017, there were 29,496 contact students, 24,545 of whom were full-time and 4,951 were part-time. Of these, 28,905 were South African citizens, 426 from other SADC countries, and 165 from non-SADC countries (actual data, 2017). The University has a large Alumni body. . Mr Wiseman Madinane is the current President

neg: University of Zululand 8,751 students enrolled in 2007. This total included 8,738 full-time students and 13 part-time students. Of the total, 8,583 were South African citizens, while 75 were from other SADC countries and 93 students from non-SADC countries. Current enrolment is 17,360 students for academic year 2018. Programs are offered within four faculties: The Faculty comprises six academic departments, viz, Department of Accounting (including Information Technology), Department of Business Management(incorporating Human Resources Management), Department of Economics, Department of Public Administration and the Law Departments (Private law, Public law and Criminal & Procedural law). The Faculty participates avidly in community outreach and development

neg: Science and technology in Tanzania Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda; (in Asia): Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. The United Republic of Tanzania is not one of four SADC countries which had ratified the "SADC Protocol on Science, Technology and Innovation" (2008) by 2015. Ten of the 15 SADC countries must ratify the protocol for it to enter into force but, by 2015, only Botswana, Mauritius, Mozambique and South Africa had done so. The protocol promotes legal and political co-operation. It stresses the importance of science and technology for achieving 'sustainable and equitable socio-economic growth and poverty eradication'. Two primary policy documents

neg: Black Coffee (DJ) base and the jump-off point for himself, and as time has evidenced for many others too. The album featured collaborations with the likes of Thandiswa Mazwai, Hugh Masekela, Busi Mhlongo amongst a few. "Black Coffee" was well received in the SADC region. His album, "Black Coffee" was created using very basic music-making software. "I don't know how to explain the production stages of my album because all I did was put down the basic ideas that I had, I didn't use any MIDI controllers everything was played with a computer mouse". By 2007, Black Coffee had become a household name

neg: European Centre for Electoral Support election related violence in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). A particular role in the coordination and editing of the handbook was played by ECES Executive Director Fabio Bargiacchi and ECES Senior Election Conflict Management Advisor, Victoria Florinder. The paper is the result of some of the most significant experiences and lessons learned from the implementation of the project “Preventing Electoral Conflict in the SADC region” (PEV-SADC), implemented by ECES, and funded at 75% by the EU and 25% by ECES. The information and material contained in the paper are the product of collaboration and researches carried out by ECES

neg: Road signs in Zimbabwe pictograms to convey their particular meaning, similar to signs used in Britain before the 1960s. Road signs in Zimbabwe Road signs in Zimbabwe have many variations unique to Zimbabwe, but generally stay close to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals concerning the use of shape and colour to indicate function. Recently, the Government of Zimbabwe agreed to harmonize traffic signs with those in other SADC countries. The SADC-RTSM became native legislation in Zimbabwe in 2016, however the progress of implementation is present. Until 2016, Zimbabwe formerly Southern Rhodesia along with Malawi formerly Nyasaland and Zambia formerly Northern Rhodesia

neg: Road signs in Zimbabwe Road signs in Zimbabwe Road signs in Zimbabwe have many variations unique to Zimbabwe, but generally stay close to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals concerning the use of shape and colour to indicate function. Recently, the Government of Zimbabwe agreed to harmonize traffic signs with those in other SADC countries. The SADC-RTSM became native legislation in Zimbabwe in 2016, however the progress of implementation is present. Until 2016, Zimbabwe formerly Southern Rhodesia along with Malawi formerly Nyasaland and Zambia formerly Northern Rhodesia were using warning road signs consist of an upwards-pointed triangle, with a plate below using

neg: 2008–09 Zimbabwean political negotiations himself to "being a militant critic of President Mugabe and ZANU-PF." In response to Tsvangirai's accusation that the SADC leaders lacked the courage to confront Mugabe, Mbeki said that Tsvangirai had "describe[d] us in a manner that is most offensive in terms of African culture". He also suggested that Tsvangirai perhaps believed "that others further away, in Western Europe and North America, are of greater importance" to Zimbabwe than other countries in the region and Africa as a whole. On 28 November, the details of the bill to change the constitution were agreed, but four other issues remained open. When

neg: African Free Trade Zone Egypt. Cecil Rhodes' Cape to Cairo would have involved at most a dozen countries. The current rendition of the Cape to Cairo zone actualized by the AFTZ encompasses most of Africa, almost half of the countries (26 out of 54), more than half of the production, trade, population, land mass and resources. If it actualizes its potential and becomes a truly integrated economic union, the AFTZ could actually rival any other economic union with its vast natural resources, huge markets, young population, and great technical know-how (mostly courtesy of SADC in general and the Republic of South Africa in particular).

neg: Visa policy of Mozambique Visa policy of Mozambique Visitors to Mozambique unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries can obtain a visa on arrival at all border posts or from one of the Mozambican diplomatic missions. Mozambique is part of SADC meaning that members of other SADC countries do not require a tourist visa if visiting Mozambique for tourism purposes. Citizens of the following 9 countries can visit Mozambique without a visa for up to three months (unless otherwise noted): Visa waiver agreement for ordinary passports was signed with in November 2018 and it is yet to come into force. Holders

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 restrictions. SADC countries were asked to consider additional measures for air traffic in the region for detecting illegal flight activities across borders and were invited to co-operate with the International Civil Aviation Organization in this respect. The resolution called upon countries near Angola to enact domestic legislation making it a criminal offence to violate measures against UNITA imposed by the Security Council. The Secretary-General was invited to strengthen co-operation between the United Nations and regional and subregional organisations, including Interpol to monitor and enforce the sanctions. The Council welcomed international support for the measures against UNITA and underlined the important

neg: South African Army out offensive operations against armed rebel groups operating in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically those that threaten the State authority and civilian security. They can also carry out their mandate without the help of the Congolese Army. The brigade is made up of troops from Tanzania, South Africa and Malawi and has had several successes against rebel groups such as M23 militia. All Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, including South Africa, are working on establishing the SADC Standby Brigade as an element of the African Standby Force. Working towards the creation and strengthening of these regional

neg: Southern African Community USA the region. It is the first association in the United States that was organized for the region and the first Southern African Diaspora Association in the world. It recognizes the countries of Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe as members of the Southern African community in consistency with SADC member states SACU was founded in October 2013 by 10 Southern Africans living in the US in order to increase the visibility of Southern Africans in the USA and build community among Southern Africans. As such its

neg: South-South cooperation in science to build the world’s largest radio telescope, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), at a cost of €1.5 billion. South Africa is working with eight African partners in this area, six of them from within the SADC: Botswana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia and Zambia. The other two are Ghana and Kenya. Through the African SKA Human Capital Development Programme, South Africa has also been co-operating with other SADC countries in skills training since 2005. In 2012, the programme awarded about 400 grants for studies in astronomy and engineering from undergraduate to postdoctoral levels, while also investing in training programmes for technicians.

neg: 2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election will replace wooden ones used in previous elections. Voting must take place at these polling stations: any Zimbabweans living overseas must therefore have registered to be in the electoral roll by 4 February, and must vote in Zimbabwe. Requirements such as these are not uncommon in democratic countries. Zimbabwe ratified new Southern African Development Community rules in August 2004 governing principles and guidelines on elections; however, no reports on Zimbabwe's compliance have been issued by the body. One of the stipulations is that SADC monitors be invited 90 days before the poll. By 4 February, an SADC team tasked with

neg: Second Congo War towns in the east of the country. The Hutu militants with whom Kabila was co-operating were also a significant force in the east. Nevertheless, the fall of the capital and of Kabila, who had spent the previous weeks desperately seeking support from various African nations and Cuba, seemed increasingly certain. The rebel offensive was abruptly reversed as Kabila's diplomatic efforts bore fruit. The first African countries to respond to Kabila's request for help were fellow members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). While officially the SADC members are bound to a mutual defence treaty in the case of outside

neg: Southern African Development Community of $100,000 against Malawi. The first event in 2004 in Maputo resulted in over 1000 youths under-20 from 10 countries taking part in a sports programme including athletics, football, netball, boxing and basketball. SADC has 27 legally binding protocols dealing with issues such as Defence, Development, Illicit Drug Trade, Free Trade and Movement of People. The SADC Free Trade Area was established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation. Its original members were Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, with

neg: Science and technology in Tanzania the East African Community (EAC), with which its trade more than doubled between 2008 and 2012. The African continent plans to create an African Economic Community by 2028, which would be built on the main regional economic communities, including the EAC and SADC. Tanzania’s low level of human development has improved somewhat in recent years. The country has the lowest level of income inequality within the SADC and little unemployment (just 3.5%) but its poverty rate is the highest among SADC countries with viable national innovation systems. In 2012, Tanzania also occupied the second-lowest rank for the Knowledge Economy Index

neg: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association South Africa, the Pollution Research Group (PRG) of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and BORDA agreed to co-operate to achieve transfer of technology and know-how transfer for planning, installation and operation of prefabricated community ablution blocks (CABs) to offer improved sanitation services to communities. Based on this Public-Private-Partnership-Project BORDA SADC established a new office in Shakas Head, in the north of Durban. The premises are shared with HERING South Africa. BORDA has worked in India since 1979, making it the oldest region to be served by the organization. Programs implemented span the range of BORDA services, from Decentralized Wastewater Treatment

neg: 2016 Seychellois parliamentary election African Development Community (SADC) and the African Union (AU). The SADC observer team of 19 members hailed from eight SADC member countries and covered all 25 constituencies. The AU sent a historic observer team of women-only observers, led by Fatuma Ndangiza, present in the country from 1 to 15 September. Two local observer groups, the Citizens Democracy Watch Seychelles (CDWS) and the Association for Rights, Information, and Democracy (ARID) also provided feedback. 2016 Seychellois parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Seychelles from 8 to 10 September 2016. Three parties and three independent candidates ran for the 25 directly-elected seats.

neg: Qualifications framework frameworks are developed within a specific country and with a specific sectoral focus. Examples include: Transnational qualifications frameworks are developed across a range of countries. Where these countries are in the same geographical proximity they are referred to as regional qualifications frameworks (examples include the SADC RQF and the EQF). Transnational qualifications frameworks can also be developed across countries that are not in the same geographic proximity. The E-xcellence framework was developed by the European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU). It is an instrument for benchmarking the quality of online, open and flexible education at programme, faculty and institutional

neg: Mozambique to 62 New Meticals), which replaced old Meticals at the rate of a thousand to one. The old currency was redeemable at the Bank of Mozambique until the end of 2012. The US$, South African rand, and recently the euro are also widely accepted and used in business transactions. The minimum legal salary is around US$60 per month. Mozambique is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The SADC free trade protocol is aimed at making the Southern African region more competitive by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers. The World Bank in 2007 talked of Mozambique's 'blistering

neg: University of Malawi business administration, infrastructure development and transport management in response to the emerging needs of the industry and the pressure from the native baccalaureate graduates. Malawi college of Accountacy The University of Malawi had 6,257 full-time students in 2007. Of those, 6226 were Malawian citizens, 26 were from SADC countries and 5 were from other, non-SADC countries. University of Malawi The University of Malawi (UNIMA) is an educational institution established in 1965 and composed of five constituent colleges located in Zomba, Blantyre, and Lilongwe. Of the five colleges, the largest is Chancellor College in Zomba. It is part of the Malawian

neg: Southern African Development Community countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa. The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal Frontline States (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980. Membership of the FLS and

neg: Science and technology in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is not one of the four countries which had ratified this protocol by 2015, namely Botswana, Mauritius, Mozambique and South Africa. Ten of the 15 SADC countries must ratify the protocol for it to enter into force. The protocol promotes legal and political co-operation. It stresses the importance of science and technology for achieving 'sustainable and equitable socio-economic growth and poverty eradication'. Two primary policy documents operationalize the SADC Treaty (1992), "the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan" for 2005–2020, adopted in 2003, and the "Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ" (2004). The "Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan" for 2005–2020

neg: Central University of Technology facilities managed by the Northern Cape Higher Education Institute. The Central University of Technology employs over 800 academic and research staff spread across four faculties. The Central University of Technology offers contact and distance learning. In 2007, it had 10,278 contact students and 200 distance students. There were 8,474 full-time and 2,004 part-time students. Of the student body, 9,902 were South African citizens, while 532 were from other SADC countries and 44 were international students from countries other than the SADC. RGEMS (Research Group in Evolvable Manufacturing Systems) is a research group within the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer

neg: Vaal University of Technology Prof Peter Dzvimbo the university's current deputy vice chancellor: academic and research. The Vaal University of Technology (VUT) is a contact institution. There were 16,146 contact students enrolled in 2007. Of the student body, 14,693 were full-time students and 1,453 part-time. Of these, 14,781 were South African citizens while 909 were from other SADC countries and 456 from non-SADC countries. Vaal University of Technology Vaal University of Technology is a tertiary institution in South Africa. It attracts students from all over the country. It is one of the largest residential Universities of Technology, with about 15,000 students, 300 programs, all

neg: Foreign relations of Botswana Foreign relations of Botswana Botswana has put a premium on economic and political integration in southern Africa. It has sought to make the Southern African Development Community (SADC) a working vehicle for economic development, and it has promoted efforts to make the region self-policing in terms of preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, and good governance. The SADC headquarters are located in Gaborone, the capital of Botswana. It has welcomed post-apartheid South Africa as a partner in these efforts. Botswana joins the African consensus on most major international matters and is a member of international organizations such as the United Nations and

neg: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association is a partner organization of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. BORDA's main areas of operation are South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal ; Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam; Africa, comprising Mali and the SADC region states of Lesotho, Zambia, South Africa, and Tanzania; West & Central Asia, including Afghanistan and Iraq; and Latin America and The Caribbean, including Cuba, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, and Nicaragua. In September 2006, BORDA started the SADC BNS program through co-operation with TED (Technology for Economic Development), a Lesotho-based NGO. In February 2010, a regional office was established in Dar

neg: Southern African Power Pool co-ordinate the planning of electric power. Along with industrial productivity, electricity generation can assist in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)’s mandate of poverty elimination across Southern Africa. Only 5% of rural areas in Southern Africa have access to electricity, which prevents their ability to control sanitation, clean water, and food. In 2010, SADC passed the Regional Energy Access Strategy and Action Plan, which aims to combine regional energy resources as a means of ensuring the entire SADC region has access to affordable, sustainable electricity. The plan’s goal is to within ten years reduce half the number of people in

neg: Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals the Southern African Development Community, is used by 10 countries in southern Africa. Many of the rules and principles of the SADC-RTSM are similar to those of the Vienna Convention. In article 2 the convention classes all road signs into a number of categories (A – H): The convention then lays out precise colours, sizes, and shapes for each of these classes of sign: It also specifies the symbols and pictograms which may be used, and the orientations in which they may be used. When more than one is available, the same one must be used nationally. All signs, except

neg: Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals jurisdictions outside Europe have not adopted either treaty, and maintain their own systems of road traffic signals. For example, the U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) does not follow the symbol policy espoused by the Vienna Convention; for example signs for speed limits and forbidden parking are among the most visible differences. In order to make it accepted in as many countries as possible, the convention allows some variations, for example danger warning signs can be triangular or square diamond in shape and road markings can be white or yellow. An alternative convention called the SADC-RTSM, provided by

neg: East African Community procedures of work permits and the classification process, and the compilation of studies on the Harmonization of Labour Laws and Employment Policies (now in its final stages). East African Community The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organization composed of six countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. John Magufuli, the president of Tanzania, is the EAC's chairman. The organisation was founded in 1967, collapsed in 1977, and was revived on 7 July 2000. In 2008, after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common

neg: East African Community East African Community The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organization composed of six countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. John Magufuli, the president of Tanzania, is the EAC's chairman. The organisation was founded in 1967, collapsed in 1977, and was revived on 7 July 2000. In 2008, after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the EAC agreed to an expanded free trade area including the member states of all three organizations. The EAC is

neg: Southern Africa below its capacity in food provision due to political instability and poor governance. In contrast, semi-arid countries such as Botswana and Namibia, produce insufficient food, but successfully achieve food security through food imports due to economic growth, political stability and good governance. The Republic of South Africa is a major food producer and exporter in the region. Data on agricultural production trends and food insecurity especially in term of food availability for Southern Africa is readily available through the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) - Food, Agriculture and Nature Resource Directorate (FARN).

neg: 2008–09 Zimbabwean political negotiations of Botswana, would not attend the summit unless an agreement was reached in Zimbabwe. On 15 August, the day before the summit, Tsvangirai spoke to a gathering of Cabinet ministers from the SADC countries. In this speech, he acknowledged that the MDC and ZANU-PF remained divided on the question of how executive powers should be allocated in the national unity government. According to Tsvangirai, the sides had agreed on leaving Mugabe in office as President and establishing a new position of Prime Minister for himself. Tsvangirai explained that he wanted to have strong, executive powers: as Prime Minister, he "must

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 role that SADC would play in the implementation of the sanctions. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 United Nations Security Council resolution 1295, adopted unanimously on 18 April 2000, after reaffirming Resolution 864 (1993) and all subsequent resolutions on Angola, particularly resolutions 1127 (1997), 1173 (1998) and 1237 (1999), the Council authorised a tightening of sanctions against UNITA and established a panel of experts to investigation violations of Security Council resolutions imposing measures against UNITA. Resolution 1295 was adopted in the aftermath of the Fowler Report, which detailed how countries worldwide were violating sanctions against UNITA. The Security Council expressed

neg: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States with the SADC EPA group. The uninhabited EU OCTs do not participate in regional integration and do not receive development funding from the EU. The Cotonou agreement recognises the specific challenges faced by less developed countries, land-locked countries, and islands in their economic development. Therefore, those countries are granted a more favourable treatment than other ACP member countries. The text of the Cotonou agreement has been updated in 2005 and 2010, but the lists have not, despite the fact that the actual list of LDCs as defined by the United Nations has changed: Cape Verde has graduated from LDC status

neg: Global governance Africa – and the role of the WTO”, and many others. Interdependence among countries and regions hardly being refutable today, regional integration is increasingly seen not only as a process in itself, but also in its relation to the rest of the world, sometimes turning questions like "What can the world bring to my country or region?" into "What can my country or region bring to the rest of the world?" Following are a few examples of how regional players are dealing with these questions. Often seen as a problem to be solved rather than a people or region with

neg: Science and technology in Botswana of African Governance. At the time of independence in 1966, Botswana was one of the poorest countries in the world. A year later, diamonds were discovered and have since become a pillar of the economy. Today, Botswana has one of the highest levels of income in Africa. Between 2009 and 2013, GDP per capita rose from $12,404 to $15,247 (in purchasing power parity dollars, 2011 constant prices), boosted by the global commodity boom. This corresponds to a leap of 23% in GDP per capita over this period. Within the SADC region, only the Seychelles and Mauritius have higher levels of

neg: Southern African Railways Association Southern African Railways Association The Southern African Railways Association (SARA) is the association of railway companies in the SADC region, especially those using gauge. Besides railway operating companies, it welcomes also other stakeholders of the railway industry, like suppliers of railway technology and some important customers. SARA was founded in 1996 and is a not for profit organisation. SARA has its seat in Harare, Zimbabwe. Besides promoting and lobbying for rail transport, SARA aims to promote interconnectivity and cross border operability of railways for a regional and continental rail network connectivity in Southern Africa. 15 railway companies from 10 countries

neg: Botswana Defence Force 1998. This operation culminated in a re-training programme for Lesotho Defence Force members. From 1998–99, 380 BDF soldiers formed part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) task force to quell an internal uprising in Lesotho. Botswana withdrew its contingent when the situation was thought to be stable enough to no longer require their presence. The BDF has also been successfully deployed as part of the UN peacekeeping operations in both Somalia and the Darfur region of Sudan. BDF has been conducting operational exercises with Defence Forces of neighbouring countries and other friendly forces. "Exercise Thokgamo" was one such exercise

neg: Southern African Development Coordination Conference Southern African Development Coordination Conference The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), the forerunner of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), was a memorandum of understanding on common economic development signed in Lusaka, Zambia, on 1 April 1980. It is formalised as the "Lusaka Declaration" (entitled "Southern Africa: Towards Economic Liberation") ratified by the nine signing states (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe). Some of the main goals for the Member States were to be less dependent on apartheid South Africa and to introduce programmes and projects which would influence the Southern African countries and whole region.

neg: Portuguese language in Africa as a second language, in countries like Angola and Mozambique, where Portuguese is an official language, but also in countries like South Africa and Senegal, thanks to migrants coming from Portuguese speaking countries. Some statistics claim that there are over 30 million Portuguese speakers in the continent. Like French and English, Portuguese has become a post-colonial language in Africa and one of the working languages of the African Union (AU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Portuguese co-exists in Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Principe with Portuguese-based creoles (Upper Guinea and Gulf of Guinea Creoles), and in

neg: Growth of religion region, well above the regional average (1.6). A new study of Population Reference Bureau by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans but their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims. Generally, there are few reports about how many people leave Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with leaving Islam in many Muslim majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for

neg: Southern African Customs Union and implementation of the EPAs at the next round of negotiations without the concerns of the SACU countries being addressed. De Gucht replied that he would like to "invite the SADC EPA countries concerned to swiftly complete signature, notification and implementation of the interim EPA" and that "in the meantime, the EU is more than willing to address all pending issues and concerns." Southern African Customs Union The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) is a customs union among five countries of Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Its headquarters are in the Namibian capital, Windhoek. It was

neg: Daniel Shumba Daniel Shumba operates between Zimbabwe and South Africa. Dr Daniel Shumba is a well known strategist and consults for business, and NGOs in Africa. Dr Daniel Shumba has invested across many sectors of business and sits on many corporate boards and is a member of many international bodies. Noted as a pundit on regional business issues, he provides his services within the SADC region. He is a founding shareholder of Econet Zimbabwe, TeleAccess Zimbabwe, and is invested across Southern Africa. Dr Daniel Shumba is seen as a progressive who has gone past the single dimensional political agenda, and is focussed

neg: Tanzania Burundi. According to the East African Common Market Protocol of 2010, the free trade and free movement of people is guaranteed, including the right to reside in another member country for purposes of employment. This protocol, however, has not been implemented because of work permit and other bureaucratic, legal, and financial obstacles. Tanzania is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The EAC, the SADC, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa agreed in June 2011 to negotiate the creation of a Tripartite Free Trade Area spanning 26 African countries, with a goal to complete

neg: Vessel monitoring system SADC (Angola, Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Mauritius and Seychelles). Due to limited resources, there is little VMS beyond experiments in Namibia and South Africa. There is a European Union funded project to improve monitoring. The Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) based at Dakar, Senegal is made up of west African States, namely Cape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Sierra Leone and Senegal. Its role is to promote fisheries cooperation between its member States. The donor is the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the executing agency is the FAO and Lux-Development. Participating countries are These countries are members of the

neg: Science and technology in Malawi of the SADC Regional Climate Change programme. In addition, COMESA, the East African Community and SADC have been implementing a joint five-year initiative since 2010 known as the Tripartite Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, or The African Solution to Address Climate Change. Science and technology in Botswana Science and technology in Tanzania Science and technology in Uganda Science and technology in Zimbabwe Science and technology in Malawi This article examines trends and developments in science and technology in Malawi. One of the poorest countries in the world, Malawi nevertheless spends 1% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on

neg: Lesotho–South Africa relations between the two countries. In September 1998, South Africa led a military intervention in Lesotho in the name of SADC, after post-election rioting and rumours of a possible coup. SADC troops withdrew from Lesotho in May of the following year. South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994. Since then, South Africa's influence in Lesotho has grown. It is involved with the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, an ongoing water supply and hydro-power project. In August 2010, South African President Jacob Zuma led a group of investors and politicians to Lesotho, where they discussed bilateral cooperation as well as regional

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 encouraged by the Council, such as monitoring of supplies of oil in the area and the role of SADC in this process. SADC was invited to monitor the border areas with Angola counter arms smuggling and was asked to take the lead against the illegal fuel supplies to UNITA. The Council was concerned that the trade in diamonds was a major source of funding for UNITA. Diamond trading countries were asked to impose severe penalties for possession of diamonds in violation of Resolution 1173. Belgium had announced steps in that direction and it was called upon to restrict UNITA's access

neg: Southern African Regional Universities Association universities in Southern Africa, including size and shape issues, funding issues, open access and science and technology and ICT. Southern African Regional Universities Association The Southern African Regional Universities Association was established in 2005 as a membership based association for the 66 public universities in the 15 countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). SARUA aims to assist in the general revitalization of higher education in Southern Africa and specifically to enhance and build the senior leadership capacity of SADC Higher Education institutions, thus enabling the sector to effectively respond to regional development challenges. Since its inception SARUA has

neg: Science and technology in Malawi capital formation rose considerably over the period 2007–2012. The African continent plans to create an African Economic Community by 2028, which would be built on the main regional economic communities, including the SADC. Malawi has one of the lowest levels of human development in the SADC but is also one of three African countries that have been ‘making especially impressive progress for several Millennium Development Goals,’ along with Gambia and Rwanda, including with regard to primary school net enrolment (83% in 2009) and gender parity, which has been achieved at primary school level. Enrolment in higher education is struggling to

neg: Infecting the City from local and international artists. The programme included three artworks that were the result of the six-week Collaborative Course where twelve artists from South Africa, SADC countries and beyond SADC borders shared diverse skills and created artworks relating to the festival theme. Amakwerekwere, Exile and Limbo were the artworks that resulted from this process. Commissioned works included An Histrionic, Call Cutta in a Box, Eyton Road, Incwaba Lendoda Lise Cankwe Ndelela (The Grave of the Man is Next to the Road) and Tuning into the Void. ITC 2009 was held from 26 February until 2 March 2008. The theme for

neg: 2008–09 Zimbabwean political negotiations was trying to get Southern African countries to oust him from power, but that his regional neighbours were "not brave enough". On 4 January, Mugabe fired 12 ministers and deputy ministers who had lost their seats in Parliament from the cabinet: On 15 January 2009, Mugabe announced that he would hold talks with Tsvangirai again within a week. On 18 January 2009, Mugabe issued an ultimatum, calling on Tsvangirai to join the unity government or "break from it", refusing to concede on any points of contention. After another SADC meeting on 26 January 2009, there were conflicting reports. The SADC

neg: Southern African Development Community Agreements with European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide common external tariff as prerequsite for a regional customs union is missed. On Wednesday 22 October 2008, SADC joined with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the East African Community to form the African Free Trade Zone, including all members of each of the organizations. The leaders of the three trading blocs agreed to create a single free trade zone, the African Free Trade Zone, consisting of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $624bn (£382.9bn). It is hoped the African Free Trade Zone agreement would

neg: Chitomborwizi next season due to high input cost and run away inflation. To make matters worse the economically active young people from the farms left the area and migrated to neighbouring SADC countries and some to overseas countries like the UK, US, Canada etc. Thus the much needed labour was no longer available as most farmers rely on their families for labour (very few farmers have hired labour). The sad story of Chitomborwizi is that mostly farms are inherited from one generation to another. However most beneficiaries lack the skills and funds to become successful farmers. Some end up selling the

neg: History of anthropology by country with the privacy of the UAE community with a tribal background are rare and limited. Tribes are the most form of UAE. Many anthropologists are interested in investigating the form of tribes. Many of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf are also based on the tribal system. In Qatar and Bahrain, anthropology was not as popular as other fields, like many other countries in the Persian Gulf region. Anthropology is expanding in educational aspect. Many anthropologists are also concerned on the structure of the tribes in the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region (Gardner). Within the Arab-majority countries,

neg: Vitalis Zvinavashe Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) commander in July 1994 assuming overall command over the army and the Air Force under a new military structure. He oversaw various peacekeeping missions in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. In the Second Congo War, he was in charge of the SADC allied task force troops led by Zimbabwe which fought rebels backed by Uganda and Rwanda to topple the now slain DRC leader Laurent Kabila. The deployment of the Zimbabwean troops later led to the allegations of plunder of natural resources, especially diamonds, in which Zvinavashe was implicated. Following his retirement in December

neg: TelOne Zimbabwe in the 1950s, was to offer training to the organisation’s employees as well as to individuals and corporate customers. In 2002, the centre was certified as one of Southern Africa Development Committee (SADC) Centres of Excellence by the Southern Africa Transport and Communications Commission (SATCC), thereby enabling it to offer training services to the SADC region at large. The college runs a mixed mode system of training in all the regions in Zimbabwe and offers online courses for students living outside Harare. The TCFL is also affiliated to the Computer Society of Zimbabwe (CSZ) as an accredited ICDL training centre.

neg: Rail transport in Angola in the future. Most railways in the SADC (Southern African Development Community) countries run on Cape gauge , which facilitates the planned integration of the planned Angola railway network with the neighboring countries without forcing trans-shipments at border crossings. This involved also the technical interoperability of rolling stock, and that led to the adoption of the AAR coupler, which is in use in South Africa for a long time already. The Southern African Railways Association (SARA) is a body for this standardisation. The current three Angolan railway companies are members of SARA. The plan involves eight new lines: This line

neg: Botswana–South Africa relations the problems confronting their country". In November 2008, the Presidents of both countries agreed to work together to resolve the crisis in Zimbabwe following its presidential election. Botswana–South Africa relations Botswana–South Africa relations refers to the historical and current relationship of Botswana and South Africa. Botswana has a high commission in Pretoria and South Africa has a high commission in Gaborone. Both countries are former British colonies and members of the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The foundation for this relationship dates back to the establishment of the Southern African Customs Union

neg: Zambezi Watercourse Commission Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July

neg: European Centre for Electoral Support of the SADC region” (PEV SADC). The PEV-Madagascar project aims to promote collaboration and inclusive dialogue with all electoral stakeholders in order to prevent and resolve potential conflicts and violence related to elections. The project aims to contribute to a more inclusive electoral process in the Union of Comoros, enhancing the level of women participation in the Comorian political arena, on the basis of the results obtained from previous projects implemented by ECES in the country (PACTE Comoros I, PACTE Comoros II and PACTE Comoros III). The project also aims to support the collection of memories and experiences of 12

neg: Asha-Rose Migiro became the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation on 4 January 2006, when the previous foreign minister, Jakaya Kikwete, who had been elected President, appointed his new cabinet. She was the first woman in that position since the independence of the United Republic of Tanzania. While in the position of foreign minister, Migiro chaired the Council of Ministers' meetings of the International Conference of the Great Lakes Region and the Southern African Development Community(SADC) Ministerial Committee of the Organ on Politics, Defense and Security Cooperation. She coordinated SADC assistance to the elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

neg: African Standby Force region. The Main Logistic Depot (MLD) will be built in Gaborone and the Government of Botswana has allocated land for the establishment of the depot. SADC unlike other RECs and RMs has limited number of partners due to a policy of self-reliance on issues of peace and security. SADC decided not to establish a permanent mission headquarters, but to do so only in the event of a deployment. The ASF Roadmap III recognized major difficulties in the establishment of the ASF. Most importantly, it recognized that ASF was not able to reach its Full Operational Capability (FOC) by 2010, a

neg: Joseph LeBaron countries in the region. "Knowing the business conditions; understanding how business is done; identifying a local partner; determining how to structure one's presence in the country — all are important and often difficult commercial steps. They are not simple and straightforward. The region can be a difficult, complex commercial operating environment, particularly for small and medium size enterprises (SME's)." "I certainly know our Commercial Office at the U.S. Embassy in Qatar does not advise small companies to begin their overseas activities with the Middle East region. There are communication problems as well," he continued. "Once you make that decision on

neg: Financial Services Board (South Africa) in the activities of African regulatory bodies, particularly those in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. It has long standing a close relations with Committee Of Insurance, Securities And Non-Banking Financial Authorities (CISNA) part of the SADC directorate. The FSB is made up of a board that oversees operations of the FSB through various committees. The board also appoints the FSB executive officer which presides over the day-to-day running of the FSB. As well as those committees, the FSB also provides funding for the ‘Office of the FAIS Ombud’ and the ‘Office of the PFA’. It does this on

neg: Moses Tito Kachima Moses Tito Kachima Moses Tito Kachima is a member of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council, representing Southern Africa. Languages Spoken: Kiswahili, English, French and Russian EDUCATION: Master's degree in International Studies (University of Salford, U.K). From 2001 to 2009 Coordinating activities of National Trade Union federations in SADC Member States Member of SADC Steering Committee on EPAs Member of the SADC Task Group on Labour and Employment Member of the SADC Task Group on Social Security SADC Consultant on Work and Health in Southern Africa Participation in SADC Integrated Committee of Ministers Participation in the AU Labour

neg: SADC Tribunal and has been condemned by various groups. Later that year SADC disbanded the Tribunal altogether. SADC Tribunal The SADC Tribunal was a court and the highest policy institution of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It was housed in the Turnhalle building in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. Although established on paper since 1992, members of the Tribunal were only appointed during the SADC Summit in 2005. On 18 November 2005 the Tribunal was inaugurated and the members were sworn in by Peter Shivute, chief justice of Namibia of the Namibian Supreme Court. Before the first case was heard by

neg: Moses Tito Kachima a Trade Union Point of View Moses Tito Kachima Moses Tito Kachima is a member of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council, representing Southern Africa. Languages Spoken: Kiswahili, English, French and Russian EDUCATION: Master's degree in International Studies (University of Salford, U.K). From 2001 to 2009 Coordinating activities of National Trade Union federations in SADC Member States Member of SADC Steering Committee on EPAs Member of the SADC Task Group on Labour and Employment Member of the SADC Task Group on Social Security SADC Consultant on Work and Health in Southern Africa Participation in SADC Integrated Committee of

neg: Science and technology in Botswana SADC "Regional Strategic Plan on Science, Technology and Innovation for 2015–2020" to guide implementation of regional programmes. Concerning sustainable development, in 1999, the SADC adopted a protocol governing wildlife, forestry, shared water courses and the environment, including climate change, the "SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement" (1999). More recently, SADC has initiated a number of regional and national initiatives to mitigate the impact of climate change. In 2013, ministers responsible for the environment and natural resources approved the development of the SADC Regional Climate Change programme. In addition, COMESA, the East African Community and SADC have been implementing

neg: Science and technology in Tanzania towards STI targets, owing to the lack of human and financial resources at the SADC Secretariat to co-ordinate STI programmes. Meeting in Maputo, Mozambique, in June 2014, SADC ministers of science, technology and innovation, education and training adopted the SADC "Regional Strategic Plan on Science, Technology and Innovation for 2015–2020" to guide implementation of regional programmes. Concerning sustainable development, in 1999, the SADC adopted a protocol governing wildlife, forestry, shared water courses and the environment, including climate change, the "SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement" (1999). More recently, SADC has initiated a number of regional and national initiatives

neg: Southern African Development Community Republic of South Africa to Cairo in Egypt). In addition to eliminating duplicative membership and the problem member states also participating in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine each other, the African Free Trade Zone further aims to strengthen the bloc's bargaining power when negotiating international deals. SADC countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of these challenges cannot be tackled effectively by individual members. Cattle diseases and organised-crime gangs know no boundaries. War in one country can suck

neg: Gokomere High School Jesuit Fathers. The brethren missionaries took over in 1940. One of the schools prestigious achievements is the Diocesan Choir title and the Diocesan Sports Title held at Mukaro Mission in 2016. They won the title 4 times. Motto: “Vincere Caritate/ Conquer with love” Boarders are the majority of students at Gokomere High School. Students are mainly from the provinces of Zimbabwe and a very small number from SADC countries. The school is the at heart of the Catholic Diocese of Masvingo so all religious meetings are done there. The school aims to be a source of qualified 'O' Level students

neg: Census in Botswana years in the year ending in 1 (i.e. 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011). The 1971 census was the first census in Botswana to use de facto enumeration; this method counts people based on how many people spent census night at a specific location. Previously, the citizens were counted based on their usual place of residence. The 2001 census was the first census in Botswana to comply with the SADC 2000 Census Project, the guidelines of which unify the demographic statistics in southern Africa. The most recent census was the 2011 Botswana Population and Housing Census, which occurred in August