query: what kind of joint is the radioulnar joint

pos: Distal radioulnar articulation weight load from the distal radioulnar joint to be distributed across the forearm’s radius and ulna as a load-bearing joint. Supination of the radioulnar joint can move from 0 degrees neutral to approximately 80-90 degrees where Pronation of the Radioulnar Joint can move from 0 degrees neutral to approximately 70-90 degrees. Supination (palms facing up) vs. pronation (palms facing down). Muscles that contribute to function are all supinator (Biceps Brachii, Brachioradialis, and Supinator) and pronator muscles (Brachioradialis, Pronator Quadratus, and Pronator Teres). Injuries to the distal radioulnar articulation often result from falls onto an outstretched hand. Injury can occur with

neg: Distal radioulnar articulation Distal radioulnar articulation The distal radioulnar articulation (inferior radioulnar joint) is a joint between the two bones in the forearm; the radius and ulna. It is one of two joints between the radius and ulna, the other being the proximal radioulnar articulation. The distal radioulnar articulation is the one of the two closest to the wrist and hand. The distal radioulnar articulation pivot-joint formed between the head of ulna and the ulnar notch on the lower extremity of radius. The articular surfaces are connected together by the following ligaments: The function of the radioulnar joint is to lift and maneuver

neg: Distal radioulnar articulation concurrent fracture of the distal radius, the ulna, or can be isolated. A classification system has been proposed by Estaminet and colleagues. Estaminet classified injuries of the distal radioulnar articulation into four categories with two subclasses: purely ligamentous (subclass A) and those with associated boney injury (subclass B). Distal radioulnar articulation The distal radioulnar articulation (inferior radioulnar joint) is a joint between the two bones in the forearm; the radius and ulna. It is one of two joints between the radius and ulna, the other being the proximal radioulnar articulation. The distal radioulnar articulation is the one of the two

neg: Wrist is lax and extends from the inferior sacciform recess to the ulnar shaft. Together with the proximal radioulnar joint, the distal radioulnar joint permits pronation and supination. The radiocarpal joint or wrist joint is an ellipsoid joint formed by the radius and the articular disc proximally and the proximal row of carpal bones distally. The carpal bones on the ulnar side only make intermittent contact with the proximal side — the triquetrum only makes contact during ulnar abduction. The capsule, lax and un-branched, is thin on the dorsal side and can contain synovial folds. The capsule is continuous with the

neg: Wristlock and the force is transferred to the forearm causing radioulnar rotation, eventually resulting in a joint lock on the radioulnar joint. Once the radius and ulna have been brought to their extreme positions, further twisting motion will put severe torque on the wrist. In martial arts, standing rotational wristlocks are often accompanied by the opponent instinctively throwing him or herself to escape or alleviate the lock. The supinating wristlock (in budō referred to as "kote gaeshi", 小手返, "forearm return") is a rotational wristlock, and arguably the most common wristlock. It involves rotating the hand so that it becomes maximally supinated,

neg: Fibrous joint joint, form the only non-sutured joints in the skull. Most sutures are named for the bones they articulate, but some have special names of their own. A syndesmosis is a slightly movable fibrous joint in which bones such as the tibia and fibula are joined together by connective tissue. Examples include the distal tibia fibular joint as well as the radioulnar joint. Injuries to the ankle syndesmosis are commonly known as a "high ankle sprain". Although the syndesmosis is a joint, in the literature the term syndesmotic injury is used to describe injury of the syndesmotic ligaments. It comes from

neg: Wrist arthroscopy portals exist, each having its own function (Table 1). The traditional portals are at the back of the hand (dorsal side), because many neurovascular structures are at risk at the palmar side of the hand. Dorsal Radial portals The portals lay between the dorsal extensor compartments. "1-2 portal": "3-4 portal": "4-5 portal": "6R portal": "6U portal": Volar radiocarpal(VR) portal Midcarpal portals: "Midcarpal Radial portal (MCR)" "Midcarpal Ulnar portal (MCU)" Dorsal Distal Radioulnar joint portal (DDRUJ) Volar Distal Radioulnar joint portal (VDRUJ) Persistent pain in the wrist after conservative treatment is the major indication for a diagnostic wrist arthroscopy. Conservative treatment

neg: Wrist the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are often considered fractures to the wrist. The distal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint located between the bones of the forearm, the radius and ulna. Formed by the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius, this joint is separated from the radiocarpal joint by an articular disk lying between the radius and the styloid process of the ulna. The capsule of the joint

neg: Wristlock to as "nikyō", 二教, "second teaching") is similar to the supinating wristlock except that it is reversed in direction, known as 'internally rotating' the wrist. The hand becomes maximally pronated, resulting in a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. The degree of possible pronation depends on the degree of flexion at the elbow, as a bent elbow inhibits rotation of the humerus. Hence, straightening the arm allows rotation of the whole arm and alleviates the pressure on the joints. The arm has to be additionally twisted until the shoulder joint reaches maximal rotation to preserve the joint lock.

neg: Elbow the joint capsule with the elbow joint but plays no functional role at the elbow. The elbow joint and the superior radioulnar joint are enclosed by a single fibrous capsule. The capsule is strengthened by ligaments at the sides but relatively weak in front and behind. On the anterior side the capsule consists mainly of longitudinal fibres. However, some bundles among these fibers run obliquely, thicken and strengthen the capsule, and are referred to as the capsular ligament. Deep fibres of the brachialis muscle insert anteriorly into the capsule and act to pull it and the underlying membrane during flexion

neg: Galeazzi fracture in 1842, by Cooper, 92 years before Galeazzi reported his results. Galeazzi fracture The Galeazzi fracture is a fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. It classically involves an isolated fracture of the junction of the distal third and middle third of the radius with associated subluxation or dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint; the injury disrupts the forearm axis joint. Pain and soft-tissue swelling are present at the distal-third radial fracture site and at the wrist joint. This injury is confirmed on radiographic evaluation. Forearm trauma may be associated with compartment

neg: Galeazzi fracture Galeazzi fracture The Galeazzi fracture is a fracture of the distal third of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. It classically involves an isolated fracture of the junction of the distal third and middle third of the radius with associated subluxation or dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint; the injury disrupts the forearm axis joint. Pain and soft-tissue swelling are present at the distal-third radial fracture site and at the wrist joint. This injury is confirmed on radiographic evaluation. Forearm trauma may be associated with compartment syndrome. Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy may also be present, but

neg: Quadrate ligament Quadrate ligament In human anatomy, the quadrate ligament or ligament of Denucé is one of the ligaments of the proximal radioulnar joint in the upper forearm. The quadrate ligament is a fibrous band attached to the inferior border of the radial notch on the ulna and to the neck of the radius. Its borders are strengthened by fibers from the upper border of the annular ligament. The ligament is long, wide, and thick. The quadrate ligament reinforces the inferior part of the capsule of the elbow joint and contributes to joint stability by securing the proximal radius against the radial

neg: Elbow present, but pathologic when elevated by fluid, and always pathologic when posterior. The function of the elbow joint is to extend and flex the arm grasp and reach for objects. The range of movement in the elbow is from 0 degrees of elbow extension to 150 of elbow flexion. Muscles contributing to function are all flexion (biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) and extension muscles (triceps and anconeus). In humans, the main task of the elbow is to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb. While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the

neg: Carpometacarpal joint joints are different in some aspects. In women, the trapezial articular surface is significantly smaller than the metacarpal surface, and its shape also differs from that of males. While most thumb CMC joints are more congruent in the radioulnar direction than the dorsovolar, female CMC joints are less globally congruent than male joints. A primitive autonomisation of the first ray took place in dinosaurs, while a real differentiation appeared in primitive primates approximately . The shape of the human TMC joint dates back about 5 million years ago. As a result of evolution, the human thumb CMC joint has positioned

neg: Elbow a pronounced keel on the trochlear notch on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for example, humans and gorillas. In knuckle-walkers, on the other hand, the elbow has to deal with large vertical loads passing through extended forearms and the joint is therefore more expanded to provide larger articular surfaces perpendicular to those forces. Derived traits in catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys) elbows include the loss of the entepicondylar foramen (a hole in the distal humerus), a non-translatory (rotation-only) humeroulnar joint, and a more robust ulna with a shortened trochlear notch. The proximal radioulnar joint is similarly derived

neg: Radius (bone) the proximal and distal radioulnar articulations, an interosseous membrane originates medially along the length of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna. The distal end of the radius is large and of quadrilateral form. It is provided with two articular surfaces – one below, for the carpus, and another at the medial side, for the ulna. These two articular surfaces are separated by a prominent ridge, to which the base of the triangular articular disk is attached; this disk separates the wrist-joint from the distal radioulnar articulation. This end of the bone has three non-articular

neg: Triangular fibrocartilage absent. The peripheral portion of the TFC is well vascularised, while the central portion has no blood supply. This discus is attached by thick tissue to the base of the ulnar styloid and by thinner tissue to the edge of the radius just proximal to the radiocarpal articular surface. The RUL’s are the principal stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). There are two RUL's, the palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments. These ligaments arise from the distal radius medial border and insert on the ulna at two separate and distinct sites: the ulna styloid and the fovea (a groove that

neg: Wristlock often referred to as 'externally rotating' the wrist, and hence putting a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. This can be done by grabbing the opponent's hand with one or both hands, and twisting the hand so that the opponent's thumb points away from the opponent. A supinating wristlock performed from a stand-up position can be used to force the opponent to the ground on his or her back. Straightening the arm does not alleviate the pressure, since the shoulder joint does not allow further supination of the hand. A properly executed lock of this type does not

neg: Ulnar styloid process distal radius fracture. The major exception is when the joint between these bones, the distal radioulnar joint (or DRUJ), is unstable. When the DRUJ is unstable, the ulnar styloid may require independent treatment. Ulnar styloid process The styloid process of the ulna is found at distal end of the forearm, and projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist. The head is separated from the styloid process by a depression for the attachment of the apex

neg: Brachioradialis the elbow. When the forearm is pronated, the brachioradialis tends to supinate as it flexes. In a supinated position, it tends to pronate as it flexes. This also assists the biceps brachii. The brachioradialis is a stronger elbow flexor when the forearm is in a midposition between supination and pronation at the radioulnar joint. When pronated, the brachioradialis is more active during elbow flexion since the biceps brachii is in a mechanical disadvantage. With the insertion of the muscle so far from the fulcrum of the elbow, the brachioradialis does not generate as much joint torque as the brachialis or

neg: Upper limb upward. The arm proper ("brachium"), sometimes called the upper arm, the region between the shoulder and the elbow, is composed of the humerus with the elbow joint at its distal end. The elbow joint is a complex of three joints — the humeroradial, humeroulnar, and superior radioulnar joints — the former two allowing flexion and extension whilst the latter, together with its inferior namesake, allows supination and pronation at the wrist. Triceps is the major extensor and brachialis and biceps the major flexors. Biceps is, however, the major supinator and while performing this action it ceases to be an effective

neg: Elbow and covers the coronoid and radial fossae anteriorly and the olecranon fossa posteriorly. Distally, it is prolonged down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint. It is supported by the quadrate ligament below the annular ligament where it also forms a fold which gives the head of the radius freedom of movement. Several synovial folds project into the recesses of the joint. These folds or plicae are remnants of normal embryonic development and can be categorized as either anterior (anterior humeral recess) or posterior (olecranon recess). A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of

neg: Elbow head of the ulna. These lie on a horizontal line called the "Hueter line". When the elbow is flexed, they form an equilateral triangle called the "Hueter triangle". At the surface of the humerus where it faces the joint is the trochlea. The groove running across the trochlea is, in most people, vertical on the anterior side but spirals off on the posterior side. This results in the forearm being aligned to the upper arm during flexion, but forming an angle to the upper arm during extension — an angle known as the carrying angle. The superior radioulnar joint shares

neg: Wristlock is illegal in 15 states Wristlock A wristlock is a joint lock primarily affecting the wrist-joint and possibly the radioulnar joints through rotation of the hand. A wristlock is typically applied by grabbing the opponent's hand, and bending and/or twisting it. Wristlocks are very common in martial arts such as aikido, hapkido and jujutsu where they are featured as self-defense techniques. They are also used as submission holds in combat sports such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (where the most common name is "mão de vaca", "the cow's hand") and catch wrestling. While being an illegal technique in modern sambo and judo

neg: Wristlock Wristlock A wristlock is a joint lock primarily affecting the wrist-joint and possibly the radioulnar joints through rotation of the hand. A wristlock is typically applied by grabbing the opponent's hand, and bending and/or twisting it. Wristlocks are very common in martial arts such as aikido, hapkido and jujutsu where they are featured as self-defense techniques. They are also used as submission holds in combat sports such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (where the most common name is "mão de vaca", "the cow's hand") and catch wrestling. While being an illegal technique in modern sambo and judo competitions, it is still practiced

neg: Interosseous membrane of forearm Interosseous membrane of forearm The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna. It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint between the two bones. The interosseus membrane divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments, serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm, and transfers loads placed on the forearm. The interosseous membrane is designed to shift compressive loads (as in doing a hand-stand) from the distal radius to the proximal ulna. The fibers

neg: Wrist tendon sheaths that enable them to slide back and forth through the narrow passageway (see carpal tunnel syndrome). Starting from the mid-position of the hand, the movements permitted in the wrist proper are (muscles in order of importance): However, movements at the wrist can not be properly described without including movements in the distal radioulnar joint in which the rotary actions of supination and pronation occur and this joint is therefore normally regarded as part of the wrist. Wrist pain has a number of causes, including carpal tunnel syndrome and osteoarthritis. Tests such as Phalen's test involve palmarflexion at the

neg: Median nerve this by giving off two branches as it courses through the forearm: The median nerve also gives off sensory and other branches in the forearm. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve arises at the distal part of the forearm. It supplies sensory innervation to the thenar eminece of the palm and the central palm. Articular branches are given to the elbow joint and proximal radioulnar joint. Vascular branches supply the radial and ulnar arteries. Meanwhile, a communicating branch is given to the ulnar nerve. The median nerve enters the hand through the carpal tunnel, deep to the flexor

neg: Interosseous membrane of forearm technique may also be applied to acute cases of membrane tears in the forearm due to its low cost and portability. Interosseous membrane of forearm The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna. It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint between the two bones. The interosseus membrane divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments, serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm, and transfers loads placed on the forearm. The interosseous membrane

neg: Triangular fibrocartilage the load is transmitted. With negative ulnar variance, the load across the TFC is decreased. This occurs during supination, because the radius moves distally on the ulna and creates a negative ulnar variance. With positive ulnar variance it is reversed. The load that is transmitted across the TFC is then increased. This positive ulnar variance occurs during pronation. The TFCC is a major stabilizer of the DRUJ. To control the forearm rotation the DRUJ acts in concert with the proximal radioulnar joint. The connection between the distal radius and the distal ulna, maintain the congruency of the DRUJ. This attachment

neg: Elbow Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the radioulnar joint. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities. There are many different treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, and there is no one consensus for which methods are best. Most common treatments include wrist splints, surgery, physical and occupational therapy,

neg: Quadrate ligament synovial recess or an extension of the annular ligament. , on the other hand, described the ligament as having an anterior border denser and stronger than the posterior, with a thin central portion. This description was, however, not corroborated by who, while recognizing the ligament's importance, found it to be of even thickness. Quadrate ligament In human anatomy, the quadrate ligament or ligament of Denucé is one of the ligaments of the proximal radioulnar joint in the upper forearm. The quadrate ligament is a fibrous band attached to the inferior border of the radial notch on the ulna and to

neg: Foot itself is odorless, but it creates a beneficial environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances. In anatomy, pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm (at the radioulnar joint) or foot (at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints). Pronation of the foot refers to how the body distributes weight as it cycles through the gait. During the gait cycle the foot can pronate in many different ways based on rearfoot and forefoot function. Types of pronation include neutral pronation, underpronation (supination), and overpronation. An individual who neutrally pronates initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the

neg: Elbow of elbow, tenderness, warmth, swelling, pain in both flexion and extension, in chronic case extreme flexion is painful Elbow pain can occur for a multitude of reasons, including injury, disease, and other conditions. Common conditions include tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, distal radioulnar joint rheumatoid arthritis, and cubital tunnel syndrome. Tennis elbow is a very common type of overuse injury. It can occur both from chronic repetitive motions of the hand and forearm, and from trauma to the same areas. These repetitions can injure the tendons that connect the extensor supinator muscles (which rotate and extend the forearm) to the olecranon

neg: Krukenberg procedure long from the tip of the olecranon, no elbow contracture, and good psychological preparation and acceptance. The success of the Krukenberg procedure depends directly on the strength of the pronator teres, the sensibility of the skin surrounding both ulna and radius, elbow mobility, and mobility of the ulna and radius at the proximal radioulnar joint. Individual patient expectations and motivations, although more difficult to assess, probably play a major role in outcomes as well. The procedure is, in this time and age, mostly performed on patients in developing countries who lack the means to obtain expensive prostheses. In the Western

neg: Wrist arthroscopy be on the TFCC-lesion, the SL-lesion, the dorsal ganglion resection and the distal radius fracture. The TFCC is a fibrous structure covering both the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joint. Tears in this ligament occur commonly after a person falls or secondary to a wrist fracture. Abnormalities in the TFCC are classified with the Palmer Classification, which divides the tears in a traumatic or degenerative stage. Both stages of TFCC tears are treatable with an arthroscopic intervention, although the degenerative stage is operated according to the "Arthroscopic wafer procedure". In this procedure, the surgeon debrides the TFCC and a limited part

neg: Collective action In and subsequent articles and book chapters including Gilbert (2006, chapter 7) Gilbert argues for an account of collective action according to which this rests on a special kind of interpersonal commitment, what Gilbert calls a "joint commitment". A joint commitment in Gilbert's sense is not a matter of a set of personal commitments independently created by each of the participants, as when each makes a personal decision to do something. Rather, it is a single commitment to whose creation each participant makes a contribution. Thus suppose that one person says "Shall we go for a walk?" and the other

neg: Sacroiliac joint dysfunction studies have found up to 75% of post-lumbar fusion patients develop SI joint degeneration within five years of surgery. Pathological hypomobility (too little movement) of the sacroiliac joint is an intra-articular disorder in which the joint locks due to wearing down with age or degenerative joint disease. Hypomobility of this kind can also occur with an inflammatory disease such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or an infection. The sacroiliac joint is a true diarthrodial joint that joins the sacrum to the pelvis. The sacrum connects on the right and left sides to the ilia (pelvic bones) to form the sacroiliac

neg: Ball and socket joint Ball and socket joint The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions). An enarthrosis is a special kind of spheroidal joint in which the socket covers the sphere beyond its equator. Examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip, where the round head of

neg: Joint replacement of the hand Joint replacement of the hand Joint replacement of the hand is a procedure that was invented by the Scottish scientist, Dr. Mitchell McGuire. The procedure was considered a major breakthrough in the medical field at the time. However, it is now considered an almost standard operation. The first successful surgery of this kind was conducted on 21 December 1992, in New York City, USA. This surgical option is reserved for patients with advanced arthritis or with a hand deformity. Merging of a joint involves removing the joint and surgically "fusing" the joint's end so that the two bones effectively form

neg: Joint replacement of the hand of the joint being removed and replaced with a prosthetic hand, a hand from a donor is used. Joint replacement of the hand Joint replacement of the hand is a procedure that was invented by the Scottish scientist, Dr. Mitchell McGuire. The procedure was considered a major breakthrough in the medical field at the time. However, it is now considered an almost standard operation. The first successful surgery of this kind was conducted on 21 December 1992, in New York City, USA. This surgical option is reserved for patients with advanced arthritis or with a hand deformity. Merging of a

neg: The Time of Our Lives (EP) promote the EP in late 2009. In order to support Cyrus' then newly launched, joint apparel line with Max Azria, sold exclusively by Walmart stores, an EP was chosen for release. "I feel it goes perfect for that kind of look", she commented. For Cyrus, "The Time of Our Lives" was a transitional EP and a method of re-introducing herself to new audiences. Speaking about the EP's sound, she said, "I kind of kept it in the lines of what I usually do, which is kind of a pop rock sound — I don’t even like using the word 'rock,'

neg: Welding joint Welding joint A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces (metal or plastic) according to a particular geometry. There are five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee. These configurations may have various configurations at the joint where actual welding can occur. Butt welds are welds where two pieces of metal to be joined are in the same plane. These types of welds require only some kind of preparation and

neg: Salmon years the fishermen of each State have naturally tried to take all they could get, and the two legislatures have never been able to agree on joint action of any kind adequate in degree for the protection of the fisheries. At the moment the fishing on the Oregon side is practically closed, while there is no limit on the Washington side of any kind, and no one can tell what the courts will decide as to the very statutes under which this action and non-action result. Meanwhile very few salmon reach the spawning grounds, and probably four years hence the

neg: Sino-British Joint Declaration 1970s, the final timing of the Joint Declaration was more affected by property and economic factors rather than geopolitical necessities. The Sino–British Joint Declaration consists of eight paragraphs, three Annexes about the Basic Policies regarding Hong Kong, the Sino–British Joint Liaison Group and the Land Leases as well as the two Memoranda of the two sides. Each part has the same status, and ""The whole makes up a formal international agreement, legally binding in all its parts. An international agreement of this kind is the highest form of commitment between two sovereign states."" Within these declarations the Hong Kong Special

neg: Shoulder provide stability and facilitate movement. Two filmy sac-like structures called bursae permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion. The glenoid labrum is the second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder joint (also known as the glenohumeral joint) is the main joint of the

neg: Radioulnar synostosis Radioulnar synostosis Radioulnar synostosis is a rare condition where there is an abnormal connection between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. This can be present at birth (congenital), when it is a result of a failure of the bones to form separately, or following an injury (post-traumatic). It typically causes restricted movement of the forearm, in particular rotation (pronation and supination), though is not usually painful unless it causes subluxation of the radial head. It can be associated with dislocation of the radial head which leads to limited elbow extension. Congenital radioulnar synostosis is rare, with approximately 350

neg: Manduva Logili a small constructed pit through the pipe. Manduva Logili houses are often prone to attacks of termites (white ants). Its maintenance is very expensive. Today it is almost impossible to get huge wooden logs in the market, due to tightening of laws related to forestry. These kind of house constructions are under extinction because of urbanization, western culture influence and downfall of traditional joint family system. Manduva Logili In Andhra Pradesh, India, a Manduva Logili or (logili) is a kind of courtyard house suitable for extended family (joint family) to live in. Manduva Logili houses built in olden days before

neg: Partenheim Partenheim Partenheim is an "Ortsgemeinde" – a municipality belonging to a "Verbandsgemeinde", a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The municipality is a winegrowing centre in the heart of Rhenish Hesse. Since 1972, it has belonged to the "Verbandsgemeinde" of Wörrstadt, whose seat is in the like-named municipality. In 757, Partenheim had its first documentary mention in a donation document that dealt with a vineyard in the "marca pattenheimo" (Partenheim municipal area). Here later existed a zone of joint landholding – a kind of condominium, although the joint lords were not sovereign, both holding

neg: Josiah Bartlet either of his vice presidents, John Hoynes or Bob Russell, saying at one point he does not know what either of them are good for. For reasons presumably tied to his own lack of military service, he is somewhat intimidated by acid-tongued Secretary of Defense Miles Hutchinson and deferential to respected Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Percy Fitzwallace. Bartlet is shot in the first season cliffhanger finale "What Kind of Day Has It Been," although in the season 2 opening episode it is revealed that his wounds are not serious and quick medical intervention has him on his

neg: Radioulnar synostosis Post-traumatic cases are most likely to develop following surgery for a forearm fracture, this is more common with high-energy injuries where the bones are broken into many pieces (comminuted). It can also develop following soft tissue injury to the forearm where there is haematoma formation. It is sometimes possible to correct the problem with surgery, though this has high failure rates for treatment of post-traumatic radioulnar synostosis. Radioulnar synostosis Radioulnar synostosis is a rare condition where there is an abnormal connection between the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. This can be present at birth (congenital), when it is

neg: Neuropathic arthropathy mechanisms probably play a role in the development of a Charcot joint. Diabetes is the foremost cause in America today for neuropathic joint disease, and the foot is the most affected region. In those with foot deformity, approximately 60% are in the tarsometatarsal joints (medial joints affected more than lateral), 30% Metatarsophalangeal joints and 10% have ankle disease. Over half of diabetic patients with neuropathic joints can recall some kind of precipitating trauma, usually minor. Patients with neurosyphilis tend to have knee involvement, and patients with syringomyelia of the spinal cord may demonstrate shoulder deformity. Hip joint destruction is also

neg: Real estate contract joint ownership (title) may include tenancy in common, joint tenancy with right of survivorship, or joint tenancy by the entireties. Another possibility is ownership in trust instead of direct ownership. Contingencies are conditions which must be met if a contract is to be performed. Contingencies that suspend the contract until certain events occur are known as "suspensive conditions". Contingencies that cancel the contract if certain event occur are known as "resolutive conditions". Most contracts of sale contain contingencies of some kind or another, because few people can afford to enter into a real estate purchase without them. But it is

neg: Joint defense privilege Joint defense privilege The joint defense privilege, or common-interest rule, is an extension of the attorney–client privilege. Under “common interest” or “joint defense” doctrine, parties with shared interest in actual or potential litigation against common adversary may share privileged information without waiving their right to assert attorney–client privilege. Because the joint defense "privilege sometimes may apply outside the context of actual litigation, what the parties call a ‘joint defense’ privilege is more aptly termed the ‘common interest’ rule.” “The need to protect the free flow of information from client to attorney logically exists whenever multiple clients share a common interest

neg: Juke Joint (1947 film) Juke Joint (1947 film) Juke Joint is a 1947 race film directed by and starring Spencer Williams and produced and released by Sack Amusement Enterprises. Bad News Johnson, a con artist from Memphis, Tennessee, arrives in Dallas, Texas, accompanied by his dim sidekick July Jones with only twenty-five cents between them. Johnson is constantly exasperated at Jones’ deficient perspicacity, and at one point he comments Jones is so dense that he probably thinks "Veronica Lake is some kind of summer resort." The duo arrange to become boarders at the home of Louella "Mama Lou" Holiday, who is fooled into believing

neg: Metacarpophalangeal joint Metacarpophalangeal joint The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are situated between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of the digits. These joints are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the proximal phalanges. Being condyloid, they allow the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction at the joint. Each joint has: The dorsal surfaces of these joints are covered by the expansions of the Extensor tendons, together with some loose areolar tissue which connects the deep surfaces of the tendons to the bones.

neg: Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway The Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway was a joint railway company that controlled a line extending from Harrow on the Hill in what is now north-western Greater London to Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, England. Owned by the Metropolitan Railway and the Great Central Railway, the railway was nationalised in 1948. On 2 April 1906, the same day that the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway (GWGCJR) was opened, the Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway (MGCJR) was created. This took over the lines of the Metropolitan Railway north and west of Harrow

neg: Joint Plant Committee Joint Plant Committee Constituted in 1964 by the Ministry of Steel, Government of India for formulating guidelines for production, allocation, pricing and distribution of iron and steel materials, Joint Plant Committee (JPC) underwent a major transformation in 1992, when following the de-regulation of Indian steel industry, it moulded itself into a facilitator for industry, focusing on giving form to a comprehensive and non-partisan databank – the first of its kind in the country – on the Indian iron and steel industry. Today, it is the only institution in the country, officially empowered by the Ministry of Steel, Government of India

neg: The Play What I Wrote Branagh. The play proved a prolonged success and earned positive reviews. Michael Billington, reviewing for "The Guardian", wrote: "The real joy of the evening, however, is that the gags come thick and fast, producing a kind of comic delirium. Matt Wolf, reviewing for "Variety", wrote "...it’s the innocence of “The Play What I Wrote” (the grammatical inaccuracy of the title is part of its point) that represents the evening’s best calling card...the evening trades in old-fashioned verbal jokes...and visual ones." It won Foley and McColl a joint Best Actor nomination at the 2002 Laurence Olivier Awards and, although they did

neg: Fort Dix base operations support, it became part of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. It was the first base of its kind in the United States and is the Department of Defense's only tri-service joint base. ASA, Ft Dix occupies and supports all training across 31,000 of the joint base's 42,000 acres. In 1970, the Weather Underground planned to detonate a nail bomb at a noncommissioned officers' dance at the base to "bring the war home" and "give the United States and the rest of the world a sense that this country was going to be completely unlivable if the United States continued

neg: Joint Service Pay Readjustment Act "pay grade" like enlisted men and non-commissioned officers. Higher rates of pay were established for all ranks and longevity credits were given as “permanent additions” to base pay. Cash allowances were authorized for enlisted personnel when quarters and subsistence were not furnished in kind. As part of the act, the United States Coast Guard was fully elevated to a branch of the armed forces. Joint Service Pay Readjustment Act The Joint Service Pay Readjustment Act of 1922 (Public Law 67-235) is a law dealing with compensation for the United States armed services. It was signed into law by President Harding

neg: National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee training programs and become competent journeymen, making the organization one of the largest electrical training and apprenticeship programs of its kind. National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee The National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (NJATC) is the former name for the Electrical Training Alliance, a nonprofit organization created in 1941 by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) and the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA). The organization works with subject matter experts (SMEs), industry leaders, and various manufacturers to ensure that electrical apprentices in the organized labor movement have access to the most-up-to date training initiatives in the electrical construction

neg: Dissimilar friction stir welding particles that are below than 2 micrometer are completely transform to IMCs resulting in enhancing mechanical properties of the nugget zone. Another important characteristic in DFSW is the final tensile strength. The majority of dissimilar weldments presented similar trend in tensile strength. There are two different materials in DFSW. One is softer than the other. For example, in aluminum to copper joint, aluminum is softer than copper. What would be the tensile strength of the joint? Is it more than both? Is it less than both? What is the requirement for the sound joint? The answer is that tensile strength

neg: Joint secretary to the Government of India Central Secretariat contained only seven joint secretaries, who were all members of the Imperial Civil Service. However, by 1946, the number had increased to twenty-five. According to A. D. Gorwala, ICS, "The joint secretaries ought to in reality be what the name implies, namely secretaries for the subject entrusted to them and joined to a more senior secretary for the convenience of administrative work." Sir Richard Tottenham, ICS had once expressed "In my opinion there is, or should be, no distinction of function, but only of pay between a joint and an additional Secretary. Additional and joint secretaries should not

neg: Concurrent estate terminates the joint tenancy as to that co-owner. There are exceptions, and the law in the State of Georgia is a notable exception. In Georgia, joint tenancy is commonly conveyed in a deed as "Joint Tenants with Rights of Survivorship". The legal effect of this type of tenancy is a "life estate" with a "contingent remainder". Translated, this means that the interest of each joint tenant can be thought of in two parts: the "present" interest while the parties are both alive and what happens in the "future" when one of the tenants dies. Viewed separately, the interest of each

neg: Child custody jurisdictions, "joint physical custody" creates a presumption of "equal shared parenting". However, in most states, joint physical custody only creates an obligation to provide each of the parents with "significant periods" of physical custody so as to assure the child of "frequent and continuing contact" with both parents. Courts have not clearly defined what "significant periods" and "frequent and continuous contact" mean, which requires parents to litigate to find out. Many jurisdictions recognize two forms of joint custody: joint physical custody, and joint legal custody. In joint legal custody, both parents share the ability to have access to educational, health,

neg: Joint authorship define what works of joint authorship are, because various national legislations have a lot of variations while defining the same, and have a different approach to the topic. This problem relating to joint authorship is not specifically dealt with by other international agreements as well, like the UCC, TRIPS, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996. A joint work is defined in Section 101 of the U.S. Copyright Act as ""a work prepared by two or more authors with the intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or interdependent parts of a unitary whole"". Section 201(a) gives the status of

neg: Joint audit and Denmark (two countries with joint audits) are the two least concentrated audit markets in Europe. Some critics believe that it is difficult for two firms, who outside of the joint audit are competitors, to easily co-operate with each other during the audit. The degree of co-operation, and its effectiveness, is essentially down to the spirit in which the two audit firms approach the joint audit. If they approach the audit with a willingness to work together to provide a company’s shareholders with what they truly value – namely confidence in the financial position of the company in which they

neg: Joint Plant Committee Ministry of Steel as its chairman and has representatives from SAIL, RINL, Tata Steel and Railway Board as its esteemed Members. Joint Plant Committee Constituted in 1964 by the Ministry of Steel, Government of India for formulating guidelines for production, allocation, pricing and distribution of iron and steel materials, Joint Plant Committee (JPC) underwent a major transformation in 1992, when following the de-regulation of Indian steel industry, it moulded itself into a facilitator for industry, focusing on giving form to a comprehensive and non-partisan databank – the first of its kind in the country – on the Indian iron and

neg: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction proximity of the TMJ to the ear canal, joint noises are perceived to be much louder to the individual than to others. Often people with TMD are surprised that what sounds to them like very loud noises cannot be heard at all by others next to them. However, it is occasionally possible for loud joint noises to be easily heard by others in some cases and this can be a source of embarrassment e.g. when eating in company. Pain symptoms in TMD can be thought of as originating from the joint (arthralgia), or from the muscles (myofascial), or both. There

neg: Unincorporated association in , where Lewison J stated: "the property of an unincorporated association is the property of its members, but that they are contractually precluded from severing their share except in accordance with the rules of the association ... this kind of collective ownership must, in my judgment, be a sub-species of joint tenancy, albeit taking effect subject to any contractual restrictions applicable as between members." It is now considered the dominant theory in the field. The question of which construction applies to a particular transfer must be ascertained in any particular case. A donor could decide on what basis he

neg: Child custody so as to assure the child of "frequent and continuing contact" with both parents. For example, U.S. states such as Alabama, California, and Texas do not necessarily require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time, whereas states such as Arizona, Georgia, and Louisiana do require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time where feasible. Courts have not clearly defined what "significant periods" and "frequent and continuous contact" mean, which requires parents to litigate to find out. It is important to note that joint physical custody and joint legal custody are different aspects of custody,

neg: Taitung Miramar Resort in a joint 2010 interview: ""Chan is very fond of owls. In fact, he is like an owl; careful, sensitive, sharp.”" First introduced to the Miramar case by Lin in 2007, Chan wrote: "“I was shocked by what I found. Firstly, why did the locals and environmental groups react so late (the main construction was nearly finished), and secondly, the avarice of Miramar Resort Company - which I can't agree with but kind of understand - but how could the Taitung County Government dare to collaborate and cover that up?" "“After knowing more, I realised that firstly; local government public

neg: American Joint Committee on Cancer or complimentary to those of the AJCC. These organizations generally demonstrate involvement or activity in one or more of the following areas: cancer epidemiology, patient care, cancer control, cancer registration, professional education, research, or biostatistics. These organizations include: The objectives of the AJCC are to: http://cancerstaging.org/About/what-is-the-ajcc/Pages/whatisajcc.aspx American Joint Committee on Cancer The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is an organization best known for defining and popularizing cancer staging standards, officially the AJCC staging system. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) was established in 1959 to formulate and publish systems of classification of cancer, including staging and end results

neg: Joint Expeditionary Base–Little Creek base of its kind in the world. On October 1, 2009, Little Creek and the Army's Fort Story finished a two-year merge into one joint base, officially named Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story. On July 16, 1942, a U.S. Navy truck drove off Shore Drive, the scenic highway along the south shore of the Chesapeake Bay between the resort areas of Ocean View in the City of Norfolk and the small town of Virginia Beach in Princess Anne County. The resort town was located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean several miles south of Cape Henry, at the

neg: Asia (soft drink brand) Hong Kong since 1960s, in various kind of favour, such as Apple. It even formed a joint venture with PepsiCo after the marketization of China (As Pepsi-Asia Beverage Co. Ltd., incorporated in 1993). However, Pepsi abandoned the "Asia" brand and their products such as sarsaparilla, and the joint venture (now known as ) was re-acquired by Guangzhou Municipal People's Government (via Guangzhou Light Industrial And Trade Group (GLIG), ). The rights to use the brand was also acquired by Xiangxue Pharmaceutical via another joint venture (Xiangxue owned 63.00% stake as of 2016; GLIG was a minority shareholder): Xiangxue Asian Beverage,

neg: Joint employment (US Law) providing the same service, or he wants to sell his business, what will be the new arrangement? Will the other employer change the employee to the normal contract or they will take on full responsibility for the employee? It depends on circumstances. For many medium to large–sized companies, understanding the role of being a joint employer is very important. A lot of large companies such as Walmart, DHL, have been prosecuted for unpaid overtime pay to the joint employer. Employers who do not fully understand joint employer status are at high risk of violation of the law such as overtime

neg: International joint venture that one partner has more than a co-equal role in the IJV. When two or more partners get together and form an international joint venture agreement, they must decide early on in regards to what the financial structure will entail as this will aid in management and control. Some of the steps include establishing the capital required to start the IJV, the impact of securing a strong strategic alliance partner, and financial reporting. Once an arrangement is made, a tax-planned joint venture will be created which will aid in maximizing the after-tax returns. Problems that arise in joint ventures are

neg: Joint Planning and Development Office mission, and what the organization is intended to achieve, has at times been called “an experimental concept” in government management. NextGen involves a wide range of carefully timed and integrated activities, and while having significant benefits in the near- and mid-terms, it is also heavily focused on the long-term development of America’s aviation infrastructure. This kind of challenge necessitates an entirely new paradigm in the way government functions to include the way it plans, makes decisions, resources, budgets, and in the way it reacts to opportunities and challenges. America’s air transportation system is responsible for over 5% of the nation’s

neg: Incredibots movement, much like a pneumatic piston). Once combined with shapes, these joints form what are known as "'bots", "robots", or "IncrediBots". One other kind of joint, thrusters, are like rocket engines. IncrediBots allows movement in a two-dimensional plane, in which the bottom of the user's screen is the gravitational 'down'. Although this lack of a third dimension can be limiting, it allows for much easier construction and faster processing speeds. On November 20, 2010, the IncrediBot series' servers was shut down. The games are now available offline. Going to the website will take users to the community forum. As of

neg: Supplier relationship management about determining what kind of interactions to have with various suppliers, and how best to manage those interactions, not merely as a disconnected set of siloized transactions, but in a coordinated manner across the enterprise. Suppliers can be segmented, not just by spend, but by the total potential value (measured across multiple dimensions) that can be realized through interactions with them. Further, suppliers can be segmented by the degree of risk to which the realization of that value is subject. Joint activities with suppliers might include; SRM delivers a competitive advantage by harnessing talent and ideas from key supply partners

neg: Landless Workers' Movement (PNAE) and Food Catering Plan (PAA), which buy foodstuffs from land reform farmers for consumption at public schools and other government facilities. Such programs are however "entirely disproportionate to what is being offered [in terms of public monies, subsidized credits, etc. to agribusiness", he said, and the only chance for land reform in Brazil would be a kind of joint venture between small producers and urban working class consumers, as simple land redistribution would be fated to fail, as it had in Venezuela, "where Hugo Chávez stockedpiled seven million hectares of nationalized land property which remained unused for want of

neg: Joint custody (United States) of decisions in the child's life (regardless of what the decree of joint legal custody states), which generally leads to conflict. Additionally, in a joint legal custody arrangement, if the parents of the children do not get along, this situation has the potential to cause parents to become combative and argue on every decision that needs to be made about their children, which can be extremely stressful for not only the children involved, but also for the parents. According to Gayle Smith, a family lawyer, there are some inherent benefits to a joint physical custody arrangement. One benefit of joint

neg: Allied Joint Force Command Naples KFOR in 1999. Beginning 10 July 1951, Headquarters Allied Land Forces Southern Europe was responsible for the defence of the Italian North-Eastern sector, in cooperation with other NATO nations. During the intervening 40 years, the HQ produced plans and studies to counter a potential invasion by the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. After 53 years in the city of Verona, what had become Joint Command South (JCS) closed its doors on 15 June 2004. Also closing was Joint Headquarters Southwest in Madrid and Joint Headquarters Southeast/Joint Command Southeast in Izmir. The reorganisation of AFSOUTH as JFC Naples in 2004 was a part

neg: Erosion play a role. "Hydraulic action" takes place when the air in a joint is suddenly compressed by a wave closing the entrance of the joint. This then cracks it. "Wave pounding" is when the sheer energy of the wave hitting the cliff or rock breaks pieces off. "Abrasion" or "corrasion" is caused by waves launching sea load at the cliff. It is the most effective and rapid form of shoreline erosion (not to be confused with "corrosion"). "Corrosion" is the dissolving of rock by carbonic acid in sea water. Limestone cliffs are particularly vulnerable to this kind of erosion. "Attrition"

neg: Network and service management taxonomy Network and service management taxonomy The network and service management taxonomy serves as a classification system for research on the management of computer networks and the services provided by computer networks. The taxonomy has been created and is being maintained by a joint effort of the Flamingo FP7 Project and the Committee of Network Operations and Management (CNOM) of the Communications Society (COMSOC) of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Working Group 6.6 of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP). The taxonomy is organized into seven categories. The first four categories identify what kind of

neg: Helpless (play) Frankie. Gradually, the follies of their youth come to the surface. Early in May 1997, at Hugh's flat, they all come together to have an election party (with the TV turned off), clinging to what has been left of their left-wing ideals and reminiscing about the old days. (For example, Will has brought two heavy boxes containing all his vinyl records of the 1960s and 1970s, which he gives to Frankie as a present.) They smoke a joint together (including Frankie—this is how she has been brought up, too). Their meeting is also some kind of reunion: for the first

neg: Erdős number lowest Erdős number that a new researcher can obtain is 2. There is room for ambiguity over what constitutes a link between two authors. The American Mathematical Society collaboration distance calculator uses data from Mathematical Reviews, which includes most mathematics journals but covers other subjects only in a limited way, and which also includes some non-research publications. The Erdős Number Project web site says: but they do not include non-research publications such as elementary textbooks, joint editorships, obituaries, and the like. The “Erdős number of the second kind” restricts assignment of Erdős numbers to papers with only two collaborators. The

neg: Makera Assada would be dressed by upsetting. Welding is the joining of metal of the same or similar kind such that there is no joint or seam; the pieces to be welded become a single piece. Now the smith moves with rapid purpose. The metal is taken from the fire and quickly brought together, the hammer lightly applying a few taps to bring the mating faces into complete contact and squeeze out the flux and finally return to fire again. The weld was begun with the taps, but often the joint is weak and incomplete, so the smith will again hit the

neg: SK Telecom February 2004. This joint venture between a foreign and local company, UNISK, is the first of its kind in China. In 2006, SK Telecom bought $1 billion worth of convertible bonds of China Unicom Hong Kong, a division of China Unicom and agreed to cooperate in joint sourcing of handsets, development of additional services, platform development, marketing and distribution, customer relationship management, and network development. One result of this partnership is jointly developing handsets to be sourced by Samsung, LG, and Motorola. In August 2006, SK Telecom signed an MoU making it the first non-Chinese company to participate in the

neg: Kandi Technologies yuan (US$160 million). The joint venture is planned to focus on the research and development, production, marketing and sale of electric vehicles in the Chinese mainland. The joint venture agreement was signed on 22 March 2013. Mr. Shufu Li, Chairman of Geely Auto will be appointed to be the first Chairman of the JV Company and Mr. Xiaoming Hu, Chairman & CEO of Kandi will be appointed to be first General Manager. The Kandi public EV CarShare concept is based on Hangzhou's bikeshare, the largest bikeshare in the world and the first of its kind in China. The bikeshare has

neg: Soldering what provisions to take against whiskers, depending upon their application. In the joining of copper tube, failure to properly heat and fill a joint may lead to a 'void' being formed. This is usually a result of improper placement of the flame. If the heat of the flame is not directed at the back of the fitting cup, and the solder wire applied degrees opposite the flame, then solder will quickly fill the opening of the fitting, trapping some flux inside the joint. This bubble of trapped flux is the void; an area inside a soldered joint where solder is

neg: Berghuis v. Thompkins kind of suspect "Miranda" aimed at protecting—would be left unaware: that one must utter magic words to go from possessing only one of these rights (to remain silent while interrogation takes place) to possessing the other right (to avoid interrogation altogether). Thus, the law of "Miranda" sets a trap for the unwary — the very people who are feeling unable to assert themselves—to be subjected to interrogation until they are worn down and respond to questions. A joint "Amicus Curiae" brief on behalf of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and American Civil Liberties Union cautioned similarly: What "is"

neg: 2010 Ahmadiyya mosques massacre did not endorse these attacks. Brigadier Saad said that by attacking a "community that is not liked by most of ("sic") Sunni Muslims belonging to [the] Deobandi and Barelvi schools of thought, the terror network has attempted to win some sort of support from these groups" and that also because of the attack "at least close to two million those who study at Deobandi madrassahs across Pakistan would definitely have some kind of “favorable” opinion about al Qaeda." Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan vowed to launch more such attacks on what it called "infidels." In a joint statement with three United Nations human

neg: Religious symbolism in the United States military what we do, that's our business." The footage shows a discussion between soldiers and their chaplain discussing how the Bibles might be distributed without violating the military's general order against proselytization, "although they don't arrive at any clear plan." When a reporter from Al Jazeera brought up the issue of using the Bibles to proselytize Afghans during a May 4, 2009, Pentagon news conference, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen stated that "from the United States military's perspective," it is "not our position to ever push any specific kind of religion. Period." Bibles and other religious materials

neg: Joint Planning and Development Office system. This approach is representative of a new paradigm in the way government pursues large-scale transformational initiatives, particularly those that encompass a broad range of mission areas, agencies, and the private sector. The JPDO’s Joint Planning Environment (JPE) is a key tool in these planning efforts. Through its Enterprise Architecture (the architectural blueprint), Concept of Operations, and Integrated Work Plan (all publicly accessible on the Internet), the JPE offers a level of transparency and accountability that the Federal Government expects. This kind of access is unprecedented. The concept is a critical part of implementing a Federated Enterprise Architecture. The JPDO

neg: Navoi Mining and Metallurgy Combinat as "Zarispark" Uzbek-American joint venture. In 1996 NMMC bought the share of American partner and the JV was renamed as "Jewelry Plant". The main activity is jewelry manufacture. As of December 2008 this unit is unprofitable. Was founded on April 12, 1990 as a joint venture for consumer goods production and marketing. Since 1997 "Agama" is NMMC's subdivision, state firm producing knitted goods. The first stage Spinning and Weaving Mill was constructed in Zarafshan. Manufacture of a new kind of cotton – acryl yarn was commenced there. As of December 2008 this unit is highly unprofitable and awaiting authorities' decision

neg: Now That's What I Call Music! of "Now That's What I Call Music!" is a joint venture by the Norwegian branches of Universal Music, Sony Music, EMI Music and Warner Music. Prior to 2009 they released two independent series called "" by EVA Records (EMI and Warner Music) and "" (Sony Music Entertainment AS and Universal Music Group AS). The first issue of "Now That's What I Call Music!" in Norway was . The "Now" series in Portugal is a joint-venture between the three major international publishers present in Portugal – EMI, Sony and Universal. In 2010, it was announced that total sales of the series,

neg: Continuous passive motion surgery such as knee replacement and ACL reconstruction. Its mechanisms of action for aiding joint recovery are dependent upon what surgery is performed. One mechanism is the movement of synovial fluid to allow for better diffusion of nutrients into damaged cartilage, and diffusion of other materials out; such as blood and metabolic waste products. Another mechanism is the prevention of fibrous scar tissue formation in the joint, which tends to decrease the range of motion for a joint. The concept was created by Robert B. Salter M.D in 1970 and, along with help from engineer John Saringer, a device was