query: what does the r in hvacr systems refer to

pos: HVAC HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers). HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and

pos: HVAC an associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was started at Delhi in 1981 and a chapter was started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities in India. HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in

pos: Refrigeration from a high-temperature source to the engine, part of the heat being used to produce work and the rest being rejected to a low-temperature sink. This satisfies the second law of thermodynamics. A "refrigeration cycle" describes the changes that take place in the refrigerant as it alternately absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a refrigerator. It is also applied to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning HVACR work, when describing the "process" of refrigerant flow through an HVACR unit, whether it is a packaged or split system. Heat naturally flows from hot to cold. Work is applied to cool

neg: DSRP formalism that contributes to the fields of evolutionary epistemology and cognition. The formal theory states that DSRP are simple rules in a complex adaptive system that yields systems thinking: formula_1 The equation explains that autonomous agents (information, ideas or things) following simple rules (D,S,R,P) with their elemental pairs (i-o, p-w, a-r, ρ-v) in nonlinear order (:) and with various co-implications of the rules (○), the collective dynamics of which over a time series j to n leads to the emergence of what we might refer to as systems thinking (ST). The elements of each of the four patterns follow a

neg: Nudge (book) they are influenced by their social interactions. The book describes two systems that characterize human thinking, which Sunstein and Thaler refer to as the "Reflective System" and the "Automatic System". These two systems are more thoroughly defined in Daniel Kahneman's book "Thinking, Fast and Slow". The Automatic System is "rapid and is or feels instinctive, and it does not involve what we usually associate with the word "thinking"". Instances of the Automatic System at work include smiling upon seeing a puppy, getting nervous while experiencing air turbulence, and ducking when a ball is thrown at you. The Reflective System is

neg: Enterprise life cycle to practices for building individual systems. Determining what systems to build is an enterprise-level decision. The figure on the right depicts notional activities of an enterprise life cycle methodology. Within the context of this document, Enterprise Life Cycle does not refer to a specific methodology or a specific bureau's approach. Each organization needs to follow a documented Enterprise Life Cycle methodology appropriate to its size, the complexity of its enterprise, and the scope of its needs. The Enterprise Performance Life Cycle (EPLC) encompasses the major business functions executed under the Office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO), and in particular

neg: Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework Life Cycle generally refers to practices for building individual systems. Determining what systems to build is an enterprise-level decision. The figure on the left depicts notional activities of an Enterprise Life Cycle methodology. Within the context of this document, Enterprise Life Cycle does not refer to a specific methodology or a specific bureau's approach. Each organization needs to follow a documented Enterprise Life Cycle methodology appropriate to its size, the complexity of its enterprise, and the scope of its needs. The TEAF provides a unifying concept, common terminology and principles, common standards and formats, a normalized context for strategic planning

neg: Gumlau Gumlau Gumlau, also spelt Gumlao, is a Kachin and Jinghpaw concept that can be used to describe a social system where the political entity is a village or confederation of villages that has been described as emphasizing democracy, egalitarianism, and anarchism, In contemporary Jinghpaw it does not refer to a social system, but can carry the meaning of rebellion. E. R. Leach in the book Political Systems of Highland Burma described the gumlau system and contrasted it with the gumsa system. Leach's "ideal model" of a gumlau system noted that gumlau villages tended to cluster in a confederation with no

neg: Passivity (engineering) ambiguous. Typically, analog designers use this term to refer to incrementally passive components and systems, while control systems engineers will use this to refer to thermodynamically passive ones. Systems for which the small signal model is not passive are sometimes called locally active (e.g. transistors and tunnel diodes). Systems that can generate power about a time-variant unperturbed state are often called parametrically active (e.g. certain types of nonlinear capacitors). In control systems and circuit network theory, a passive component or circuit is one that consumes energy, but does not produce energy. Under this methodology, voltage and current sources are considered

neg: 4K resolution following characteristics for these systems: In 2012, the International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector published Recommendation ITU-R BT.2020, also known as the Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV) standard. This standard adopts the same image parameters defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1. Although the UHDTV standard does not define any official names for the formats it defines, ITU typically uses the terms "4K", "4K UHD", or "4K UHDTV" to refer to the 38402160 system in public announcements and press releases ("8K" for the 76804320 system). In some of ITU's other standards documents, the terms "UHDTV1" and "UHDTV2" are used as shorthand. In October

neg: Castanets (band) it kind of depends on the mood that I’m in as far as how many people I want to bring out, or the way that I feel about presenting certain things at certain times kind of dictates who is playing and how many of them'. The name of the band does not refer to Raposa's Hispanic heritage, instead he insisted that it was 'a complete accident. And a complete mistake'. The band had a tour with Howard Hello and Lazarus booked and "What Kind of Cure" had appeared on CD-R while a name had not been decided upon. According to

neg: Freedom of religion of belief is different. It allows the right to believe what a person, group or religion wishes, but it does not necessarily allow the right to practice the religion or belief openly and outwardly in a public manner. Historically, "freedom of religion" has been used to refer to the tolerance of different theological systems of belief, while "freedom of worship" has been defined as freedom of individual action. Nevertheless, freedom "from" religion is a far more pressing moralistic, legal, and peaceful solution. Each of these have existed to varying degrees. While many countries have accepted some form of religious freedom,

neg: Pascal Boyer human cognition. In "Religion Explained," Boyer uses the word "“counterintuitive”" as “a technical term” (p. 65) to refer to how “religious concepts seem to go against some of (the) information” that people (consciously or not) associate with “ontological categories” (p. 64). While Boyer does allow for “precognition” as an example of “puzzling mental phenomena” (p. 11), he uses the word “intuition” here to apply to “guess(work)”, which is a “powerful” (p. 53), but “not always reliable” (p. 54) component of “the brain’s inference systems” (p. 18). Important for Boyer is that “when we have relatively stable intuitions about what is

neg: 1 Corinthians 3 his building, and in which he dwells: what the apostle here says of the saints at Corinth, the Jewish doctors say of the Israelites (F14 R. Alshech in Hag. ii. 5.), היכל יהוה אתס, "the temple of the Lord are ye"; and which being usually said of them in the apostle's time, he may refer unto; and much better apply to the persons he does, of which the indwelling of the Spirit was the evidence: in particular members, as a spirit of regeneration, sanctification, faith, and adoption, and as the earnest and pledge of their future glory; in their ministers

neg: Eurovent a provider of third-party performance certification programmes for the HVACR industry. The company is currently running over 40 certification programmes from its basis in Paris - both on national and global level. ECC's most well-known programme is the ‘Eurovent Certified Performance’ quality mark, which certifies the energy performance level of both domestic and industrial facilities. Eurovent Market Intelligence (EMI) is the European Statistics Office for the HVACR market. Founded in 1994, EMI aims to establish a detailed map of the European, Middle-East and African market thanks to the manufacturers' participation in the data collections. Next to providing market data to

neg: Systems philosophy philosophy consists of four main areas: The term "systems philosophy" is often used as a convenient shorthand to refer to "the philosophy of systems", but this usage can be misleading. The philosophy of systems is in fact merely the element of systems philosophy called "systems ontology" by von Bertalanffy and "systems metaphysics" by Laszlo. Systems ontology provides important grounding for systems thinking but does not encompass the essential focus of systems philosophy, which is about articulating a worldview grounded in systems perspectives and humanistic concerns. Systems philosophy was founded by Ervin Laszlo in 1972 with his book "Introduction to Systems

neg: Eurovent HVACR industry. This was also the period during which legislators realised that product legislation needed to be accompanied by mandatory standards, in order to ease the manner in which presumption of conformity could be shown by manufacturers. By 2010, Eurovent revised its working methods and redeveloped its corporate structure. Until 2014, the industry had largely used the HVACR terminology throughout its activities. Yet, manufacturers had realised over time that this marks a largely technically driven terminology that insufficiently reflects upon convergence and key applications. Thus, in a wider approach to make the industry more attractive for younger generations while incorporating

neg: Dilton Doiley looking into the room, he finds that the words do not refer to their usual meaning, which is what he was really looking for. For example: Dilton also appears in other spin-offs with the rest of the gang, serving as the "brains" of the group as he does in the main series. He was a member of Archie's racing team in "Archie R/C Racers", and featured in "Explorers of the Unknown" as team inventor Gizmo. He rarely appears in "Archie I" or "Archie 3000", but in the former, he makes prehistoric discoveries, while in the latter, he makes use of

neg: Glide bomb form of precision-guided munition. Modern systems are generally self-guided or semi-automated, using GPS or laser designators to hit their target. The term glide bombing does not refer to the use of glide bombs, but a style of shallow-angle dive bombing. In October 1914 Wilhelm von Siemens suggested what became known as the Siemens torpedo glider, a wire-guided flying missile which would essentially have comprised a naval torpedo with an attached airframe. It was not intended to be flown into a target, but rather at a suitable altitude and position, a signal would be transmitted, causing the airframe components to detach

neg: Comparison of file managers Comparison of file managers The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of notable file managers. Basic general information about the managers: creator/company, etc. This table shows the operating systems that the file managers can run on, without emulation. Information about what common file manager views are implemented natively (without third-party add-ons). Note that the "Column View" does not refer to the Miller Columns browsing / visualization technique that can be applied to tree structures / folders. Twin-panel file managers have obligatory connected panels where action in one panel results in reaction in the second. Konqueror supports

neg: What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars. The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)," written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100, and became Jr. Walker's second number one on the R&B charts. The song was also a hit in the

neg: Wahkohtowin Wahkohtowin "Wahkohtowin" is a Cree word which denotes the interconnected nature of relationships, communities, and natural systems. Its literal meaning is "kinship", but it is often used to refer to Cree law, or Cree codes of conduct. In the Cree language, "nêhiyaw wiyasowêwina" literally translates to "Cree laws", but law is almost invariably referred to as "wahkohtowin", which means "kinship", in reference to an individual's relationship with, and responsibilities within, the systems of which the individual is a part. As such, ""wahkohtowin"" is an imperfect translation of "law", because law in the pre-colonial Cree context does not refer solely to

neg: X86 would not bring AMD64 to market before Itanium's new IA-64 instruction set was widely adopted. It branded its implementation of AMD64 as "EM64T", and later re-branded it "Intel 64". In its literature and product version names, Microsoft and Sun refer to AMD64/Intel 64 collectively as "x64" in the Windows and Solaris operating systems. Linux distributions refer to it either as "x86-64", its variant "x86_64", or "amd64". BSD systems use "amd64" while macOS uses "x86_64". Long mode is mostly an extension of the 32-bit instruction set, but unlike the 16–to–32-bit transition, many instructions were dropped in the 64-bit mode. This does

neg: R-410A bromine or chlorine, R-410A (which contains only fluorine) does not contribute to ozone depletion, and is therefore becoming more widely used, as ozone-depleting refrigerants like R-22 are phased out. However, it has a high global warming potential (1700 times the effect of carbon dioxide), similar to that of R-22. Since R-410A allows for higher SEER ratings than an R-22 system, by reducing power consumption, the overall impact on global warming of R-410A systems will be substantially lower than that of R-22 systems due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. R-410A R-410A, sold under the trademarked names AZ-20, EcoFluor

neg: Majority criterion systems with absolute rating categories such as approval, range, and majority judgment. For approval voting, the difficulty is that the criterion refers to an exclusive preference, and it is unstated whether this preference is actually indicated on the ballot or not. The common simple statement of the criterion, as given in the introduction to this article, does not resolve this, for the word "prefer" can refer to a mental state or to an action; a complete statement of the criterion would either refer to actual marks on the ballot showing the required preference, or it could refer to the mental

neg: Constant-voltage speaker system Constant-voltage speaker system Constant-voltage speaker systems refer to networks of loudspeakers which are connected to an audio amplifier using step-up and step-down transformers to simplify impedance calculations and to minimize power loss over the speaker cables. They are more appropriately called high-voltage audio distribution systems. The voltage is constant only in the sense that at full power, the voltage in the system does not depend on the number of speakers driven (as long the amplifier's maximum power is not exceeded). Constant-voltage speaker systems are also commonly referred to as 25-, 70-, 70.7-, or 100-volt speaker systems; distributed speaker systems; or

neg: Open system (computing) Open system (computing) Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards. (It can also refer to specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers; this article does not discuss that meaning). The term was popularized in the early 1980s, mainly to describe systems based on Unix, especially in contrast to the more entrenched mainframes and minicomputers in use at that time. Unlike older legacy systems, the newer generation of Unix systems featured standardized programming interfaces and peripheral interconnects; third party development of hardware and software was

neg: Challenge–response spam filtering takes extra effort, solutions for these problems exist if the end-user behind the C/R system does these simple things: C/R advocates claim that such systems have a lower rate of false positives than other systems for automatically filtering unsolicited bulk email. Critics argue that typical users of C/R systems still need to review their challenged mail regularly, looking for non-bulk mail or solicited bulk email for which the sender has not responded to the challenge. This issue is particularly notable with newsletters, transactional messages, and other solicited bulk email, as such senders do not usually check for challenges to their

neg: Knowledge-based systems Knowledge-based systems A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is broad and is used to refer to many different kinds of systems; the one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly via tools such as ontologies and rules rather than implicitly via code the way a conventional computer program does. A knowledge based system has three types of sub-systems: a knowledge base, a user interface and an inference engine. The knowledge base represents facts about the world, often

neg: Phenotypic switching Phenotypic switching Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies. David R. Soll described two such systems: the first high frequency switching system between several morphological stages and a second high frequency switching system between opaque and white cells. The latter is an epigenetic switching system Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is often used to refer to the epigenetic white to opaque switching system. "C. albicans" needs this switch for sexual mating. Next to the two above mentioned switching systems many other switching systems are known in "C. albicans". A second example occurs in Melanoma, where malignantly transformed pigment cells

neg: Nuclear fallout few days after the explosion, the radiation dose rate is reduced by a factor of ten for every seven-fold increase in the number of hours since the explosion. He presents data showing that "it takes about seven times as long for the dose rate to decay from 1000 roentgens per hour (1000 R/hr) to 10 R/hr (48 hours) as to decay from 1000 R/hr to 100 R/hr (7 hours)." This is a fairly rough rule of thumb based on observed data, not a precise relation. Fallout can also refer to nuclear accidents, although a nuclear reactor does not explode like

neg: Phenotypic switching switch back-and-forth between phenotypes of proliferation and invasion in response to changing microenvironments, driving metastatic progression. Phenotypic switching Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies. David R. Soll described two such systems: the first high frequency switching system between several morphological stages and a second high frequency switching system between opaque and white cells. The latter is an epigenetic switching system Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is often used to refer to the epigenetic white to opaque switching system. "C. albicans" needs this switch for sexual mating. Next to the two above mentioned switching systems many other switching systems

neg: Patent claim advantageous embodiment" or the like often appear in the description of patent applications and are used to introduce a particular implementation or method of carrying out the invention. These various embodiments may or may not each be claimed with specificity. They might serve as multiple examples of a more general "genus" that is claimed. In some cases the examiner might declare that what the applicant presented as variations of one invention are actually separate inventions that need to be examined individually. An independent ("stand alone") claim does not refer to an earlier claim, whereas a dependent claim does refer to

neg: Follow Through (project) objective of changing behavior is achieved, teachers feel little ownership on the model—a decidedly dubious investment. What inevitably seems to happen is that teachers reject programs outright, while others "surrender to the program". The "fact-value dichotomy". Ernest R. House, co-author of the 1978 critique of the "Follow Through" evaluation, penned an article about what he calls the "fact-value dichotomy" in social experimentation and educational research: "the belief that facts refer to one thing and values refer to something totally different". House elucidates the writings of Donald Campbell, a researcher in the field of evaluation. House noted that, according to Campbell,

neg: Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics The philosophy of thermal and statistical physics is that part of the philosophy of physics whose subject matter is classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related theories. Its central questions include: What is entropy, and what does the second law of thermodynamics say about it? Does either thermodynamics or statistical mechanics contain an element of time-irreversibility? If so, what does statistical mechanics tell us about the arrow of time? Thermodynamics is the study of the macroscopic behaviour of physical systems under the influence of exchange of work and heat with other systems or their environment.

neg: QSA and QRK radio signal reports of the definitions, however, appear to confuse audibility or signal strength with readability, which may be impaired even when signals are strong, by atmospherics, interference, a noisy receiver, etc.", and that because of this Amateurs supplemented the QSA system reports with a readability scale, called the R-System, which used a scale of 1 to 9. The book describes the QSA- and R-systems immediately after describing the R-S-T system, and notes that the R-S-T report format, because it is three digits long, cannot be confused with either of the earlier systems. The book does not clarify the method for requesting an

neg: Green infrastructure to "multifunctional" green infrastructure. Multifunctionality in this context refers to the integration and interaction of different functions or activities on the same piece of land. EPA extended the concept of “green infrastructure” to apply to the management of stormwater runoff at the local level through the use of natural systems, or engineered systems that mimic natural systems, to treat polluted runoff. This use of the term "green infrastructure" to refer to urban "green" BMPs, although not central to the larger concept, does contribute to the overall health of natural ecosystems. However, it is apparent that the term “blue-green infrastructure” is

neg: What R U Waiting 4 contract to forge an independent music career. The single does not feature on her debut album "Bite Your Tongue". "What R U Waiting 4" was covered by Lindsay Lohan for the "Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen" soundtrack under the grammatically correct title of "What Are You Waiting For". The song was also covered on the "Bratz: Rock Angelz" album as "Change the World" and by Christian pop artist Natalie Grant on her album "Awaken". Australian CD single What R U Waiting 4 "What R U Waiting 4" is a pop rock song written by Matthew Gerrard, Bridgit Benenate, Steve

neg: Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator "E", what does make sense is a notion of Gaussian measure; in particular, the abstract Wiener space construction makes sense. To get some intuition about what can be expected in the infinite-dimensional setting, consider standard Gaussian measure "γ" on R: for Borel subsets "A" of R, This makes (R, "B"(R), "γ") into a probability space; E will denote expectation with respect to "γ". The gradient operator ∇ acts on a (differentiable) function "φ" : R → R to give a vector field ∇"φ" : R → R. The divergence operator "δ" (to be more precise, "δ", since it depends on

neg: Studies on intercessory prayer concluded that while "the atoms in biological systems are quantum in nature ... their collective behaviour does not exhibit any quantum effects. ... What is more, even if the brain were a quantum system, that would not imply that it can break the laws of physics any more than electrons or photons, which are inarguably quanta." One further point which illustrates that Dossey and Olshansky do not understand the physics they are using is seen in their invocation of quantum nonlocality in explaining backward causation, stating that "[r]etroactive prayer may be less absurd than [Leibovici] supposes, in the light of

neg: Implementation of mathematics in set theory given definition succeeds, or that neither do (the expression formula_14 fails to refer to anything in "any" set theory with classical logic; in class theories like NBG this notation does refer to a class, but it is defined differently), or that one does and the other doesn't. Further, an object defined in the same way in ZFC and NFU may turn out to have different properties in the two theories (or there may be a difference in what can be proved where there is no provable difference between their properties). Further, set theory imports concepts from other branches of mathematics

neg: Secondary school each country. Within the English speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the 'equivalent ages', then countries that base their education systems on the 'English model' use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on the 'American K-12 model' refer to their year groups as 'grades'. This terminology extends into research literature. Below is a convenient comparison School building design does not happen in isolation. The building (or school campus) needs to accommodate: Each country will have a different education system

neg: Permalink PURL are used as a persistent URL, and redirect to the location of the requested web resource. The main differences in the concepts are about domain name and time scale: "PURL" uses an independent (preserved) domain name, and is about decades; "permalink" is about years, and usually does not change the URL's domain. Many blogging and content management systems do not support versioning of content, that is, if an entry is updated, a uniquely accessible version is not created. Thus, in the context of these systems, a permalink may refer to different content over time. In the context of systems

neg: Theravada connotation of an inferior truth hiding a higher truth. Therefore, as pointed out by K.N. Jayatilleke, the Theravāda version of two truths "does not imply that what is true in the one sense is false in the other or even that the one kind of truth is superior to the other". As Karunadasa writes:the distinction between "sammuti-sacca" and "paramattha-sacca" does not refer to two kinds of truth as such, but to two ways of presenting what is true. Although they are formally introduced as two truths, they are explained as two modes of expressing what is true. They do not

neg: Multidimensional network connect to each other? In multidimensional networks, what this question means becomes less clear. When we refer to a node's degree, are we referring to its degree in one dimension, or collapsed over all? When we seek to probe connectivity between nodes, are we comparing the same nodes across dimensions, or different nodes within dimensions, or a combination? What are the consequences of variations in each of these statistics on other network properties? In one study, assortativity was found to decrease robustness in a duplex network. Given two multidimensional paths, r and s, we say that r "dominates" s if

neg: Post-Blackness are interdependent: American racial categories are, since they thus do not give any positive definition of blackness, groundless and have no empirical foundation. She argues that racial designations refer to physical characteristics of individuals, which were for one inherited from their forebears but also inherent in people in a physical way. So if someone is being called “black” in common American usage, this does not only refer to the looks of the person defined but about the looks of all black people and how the person resembles them. What is perceived as typically black is what scientists now view as

neg: Open system (computing) Unix, despite its open systems heritage. In response, more companies are opening the source code to their products, with a notable example being Sun Microsystems and their creation of the OpenOffice.org and OpenSolaris projects, based on their formerly closed-source StarOffice and Solaris software products. Open system (computing) Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards. (It can also refer to specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers; this article does not discuss that meaning). The term was popularized in the early 1980s, mainly to describe

neg: Rail transport in Great Britain November 2006, following a June 2006 complaint by the Department for Transport alleging excessive pricing by the ROSCOs, the Office of Rail Regulation (as it was then called) announced it was minded to refer the operation of the market for passenger rolling stock to the Competition Commission, citing, amongst other factors, problems in the DfT's own franchising policy as responsible for what may be regarded as a dysfunctional market. ORR said it will consult the industry and the public on what to do, and will publish its decision in April 2007. If the ORR does refer the market to the

neg: File descriptor the process. The process does not have direct access to the file or inode tables. On Linux, the set of file descriptors open in a process can be accessed under the path codice_1, where PID is the process identifier. In Unix-like systems, file descriptors can refer to any Unix file type named in a file system. As well as regular files, this includes directories, block and character devices (also called "special files"), Unix domain sockets, and named pipes. File descriptors can also refer to other objects that do not normally exist in the file system, such as anonymous pipes and

neg: The purpose of a system is what it does be balanced by a more straightforwardly descriptive view. The term is used in many fields including biology and management. The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes

neg: The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment,

neg: What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) G (with Ellis Hall on vocals) covered this tune on his 1986 album "Duotones". What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars. The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)," written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100, and became Jr. Walker's second

neg: Acceptable use policy integral part of the framework of information security policies; it is often common practice to ask new members of an organization to sign an AUP before they are given access to its information systems. For this reason, an AUP must be concise and clear, while at the same time covering the most important points about what users are, and are not, allowed to do with the IT systems of an organization. It should refer users to the more comprehensive security policy where relevant. It should also, and very notably, define what sanctions will be applied if a user breaks the

neg: Unification (computer science) described what is now called "higher-order pattern unification". This subset of higher-order unification is decidable and solvable unification problems have most-general unifiers. Many computer systems that contain higher-order unification, such as the higher-order logic programming languages λProlog and Twelf, often implement only the pattern fragment and not full higher-order unification. In computational linguistics, one of the most influential theories of ellipsis is that ellipses are represented by free variables whose values are then determined using Higher-Order Unification (HOU). For instance, the semantic representation of "Jon likes Mary and Peter does too" is and the value of R (the semantic representation

neg: Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism Soviet zone. Given enough time, the gap between real public opinion and what the totalitarian government believes about public opinion can grow so wide that the government is no longer able to even produce effective propaganda, because it does not know what the people actually think and so it does not know what to tell them. Friedrich and Brzezinski refer to this as the “ritualization of propaganda”: the totalitarian regime continues to produce propaganda as a political ritual, with little real impact on public opinion. The totalitarian use of mass arrests, executions and concentration camps – also noted by Arendt

neg: Systemic functional linguistics commonly employ multiple inheritance and "simultaneous" systems, or choices, which therefore combine to generate very large descriptive spaces. Systemic functional linguistics Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was devised by Michael Halliday, who took the notion of system from J. R. Firth, his teacher (Halliday, 1961). Firth proposed that systems refer to possibilities subordinated to structure; Halliday "liberated" choice from structure and made it the central organising dimension of SFL. In more technical terms, while many approaches to linguistic description place structure and the syntagmatic axis foremost, SFL

neg: Map (mathematics) to refer to maps in which the codomain is a set of numbers (i.e. a subset of the fields R or C) and the term "mapping" for more general functions. Sets of maps of special kinds are the subjects of many important theories: see for instance Lie group, mapping class group, permutation group. In the theory of dynamical systems, a map denotes an evolution function used to create discrete dynamical systems. See also Poincaré map. A "partial map" is a "partial function", and a "total map" is a "total function". Related terms like "domain", "codomain", "injective", "continuous", etc. can be

neg: Viable systems approach the aim of realising a common goal. The viable systems approach proposes a deep analysis of the structure/systems dichotomy, proposing that every system represents a recognisable entity emerging from a specific changing structure (set of individual elements with assigned roles, activities and tasks performing in compliance with rules and constraints). Since a system originates from its structure, its evolution derives from the dynamic activation of static existing basic relationships. A structure can be studied (what it is? How it is made?), a system should only be interpreted (how does it work? What logics does it follow?)". This means that the

neg: Systematics – study of multi-term systems the problem of understanding ourselves and the world." He notes in this general context 4 branches of Systematics: Bennett's use of the term "Systematics" is basically synonymous with what today falls under the terms "systemics", "systemology", "systems science", and "systems theory". However, his own specific work under the name "Systematics" takes approaches that are still unfamiliar to many current systems specialists, making his work a specialty in a much broader field. In addition, the use of the term "systematics" in biology to refer to the classification of types and forms of organisms creates ambiguity and rather overwhelms the term's current

neg: Semantic interoperability sometimes rapidly. But a formal language such as used in an ontology can encode the meanings (semantics) of concepts in a form that does not change. In order to determine what is the meaning of a particular word (or term in a database, for example) it is necessary to label each fixed concept representation in an ontology with the word(s) or term(s) that may refer to that concept. When multiple words refer to the same (fixed) concept in language this is called synonymy; when one word is used to refer to more than one concept, that is called ambiguity. Ambiguity

neg: Piaget's theory of cognitive development reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems. Specifically, he argued that reality involves transformations and states. Transformations refer to all manners of changes that a thing or person can undergo. States refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations. For example, there might be changes in shape or form (for instance, liquids are reshaped as they are transferred from one vessel to another, and similarly humans change in their characteristics as they grow older), in size (a toddler does not walk and run without falling, but after 7 yrs

neg: Systemic functional linguistics as the trinocular perspective. Thus a descriptive category must be defended from three perspectives: from above ("what does it construe?" "what effect does it have in a context of use?"), below ("how is this function realised?") and round about ("what else is in the neighbourhood?" "what other things does this thing have to interact with?"). This gives systemic functional linguistics an affinity with studies of complex systems. The label "systemic" is related to the system networks used in the description of human languages. System networks capture the dimension of choice at each stratum of the linguistic system to which they

neg: Generation IV reactor the vast majority of the first generation systems were retired some time ago, and there are only a dozen or so Generation III reactors in operation as of 2014. Generation V reactors refer to reactors that are purely theoretical and are therefore not yet considered feasible in the short term, resulting in limited R&D funding. The Generation IV International Forum (GIF) is "a co-operative international endeavour which was set up to carry out the research and development needed to establish the feasibility and performance capabilities of the next generation nuclear energy systems." It was founded in 2001. Currently active members

neg: Sifra are not conclusive, however; neither, it must be confessed, are the opposing arguments of Friedmann (l.c. pp. xvi. et seq.), who tries to show that the expression "Sifra debe Rab" does not refer to the midrash under discussion. The question as to authorship has been correctly answered by Malbim, who proves in the introduction to his Sifra edition that R. Ḥiyya was the redactor of the Sifra. There are no less than 39 passages in Yerushalmi and the midrashim in which expositions found also in the Sifra are quoted in the name of R. Ḥiyya (comp. the list in D.

neg: Linguistic system a descriptive category must be defended from three perspectives: from above (‘what does it construe?’ ‘what effect does it have in a context of use?’), below (‘how is this function realized?’) and round about (‘what else is in the neighbourhood?’ ‘what other things does this thing have to interact with?’). This gives systemic functional linguistics an affinity with studies of complex systems. Linguistic system The idea of language as a 'system' appears in the linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure, J.R. Firth, Benjamin Lee Whorf, Louis Hjelmslev, and Michael Halliday. The paradigmatic principle - the idea that the process of

neg: Eucatastrophe Eucatastrophe A eucatastrophe is a sudden turn of events at the end of a story which ensures that the protagonist does not meet some terrible, impending, and very plausible and probable doom. The writer J. R. R. Tolkien coined the word by affixing the Greek prefix "eu", meaning "good", to "catastrophe", the word traditionally used in classically inspired literary criticism to refer to the "unraveling" or conclusion of a drama's plot. For Tolkien, the term appears to have had a thematic meaning that went beyond its literal etymological meaning in terms of form. In his definition as outlined in his

neg: Howard T. Odum what Hagen called an, "ambitious and idiosyncratic attempt to create a universal science of systems" ("Ibid"). Hagen has identified the systems thinking of Odum as a form of holistic thinking. Odum contrasted the holistic thinking of systems science with reductionistic microscopic thinking, and used the term "macroscope" to refer to the holistic view, which was a kind of "detail eliminator" allowing a simple diagram to be created. H.T.Odum was a pioneer in his use of small closed and open ecosystems in classroom teaching. These small ecosystems were often constructed from fish tanks or bottles and have been called . Odum's

neg: Teleprompter when computers with enough graphics power to provide the smooth scrolling text became available. In January 2010 Compu=Prompt received a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for "Pioneering Development in Electronic Prompting". The word "TelePrompTer", with internal capitalization, originated as a trade name used by the TelePrompTer Company, which first developed the device in the 1950s. The word "teleprompter", with no capitalization, has become a genericized trademark, because it is used to refer to similar systems manufactured by many different companies. The United States Patent Office does not have any live trademarks registered for the word "teleprompter", but this does not

neg: Dehellenization Ash'arism. Dehellenization Dehellenization refers to a disillusionment with forms of Greek philosophy that emerged in the Hellenistic Period, and in particular to a rejection of the use of reason. The term was first used in 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI in a speech "Faith, Reason, and the University: Memories and Reflections," to refer to attempts to separate Christianity from Greek philosophical thought. Subsequently, the term figured prominently in Robert R. Reilly's book "The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist Crisis", to refer to what Reilly characterized as "the religion of Islam's divorce from reason

neg: Dehellenization Dehellenization Dehellenization refers to a disillusionment with forms of Greek philosophy that emerged in the Hellenistic Period, and in particular to a rejection of the use of reason. The term was first used in 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI in a speech "Faith, Reason, and the University: Memories and Reflections," to refer to attempts to separate Christianity from Greek philosophical thought. Subsequently, the term figured prominently in Robert R. Reilly's book "The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist Crisis", to refer to what Reilly characterized as "the religion of Islam's divorce from reason and

neg: Yeshu Christ", and by G.R.S. Mead in his work "Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.?". The same view was reiterated by Rabbi Avraham Korman. These views reflect the theosophical stance and criticism of tradition popular at the time but was rejected by later scholars. It has been revived in recent times by Alvar Ellegård. Modern critical scholars debate whether Yeshu does or does not refer to the historical Jesus, a view seen in several 20th century encyclopedia articles including "The Jewish Encyclopedia", Joseph Dan in the "Encyclopaedia Judaica" (1972, 1997). and the "Encyclopedia Hebraica" (Israel). R. Travers based his work on the

neg: R v Peacock Attwood of Sheffield Hallam University, who herself had attended the trial, claimed that "I think the law does not make sense. All the evidence that was heard was about whether the material had the ability to harm and corrupt. The question now is, what does that actually mean? What is significant is that the jury understood [the issues at stake]." The conservative pressure group Mediawatch-uk argued that the trial reflected a need to make the Obscene Publications Act more specific; the group's director Vivienne Pattison claimed that the "R v Peacock" case "illustrates the problem" with the law as it

neg: Learning classifier system algorithm' have also been applied to refer to what would be more characteristically defined as a learning classifier system. Due to their similarity to genetic algorithms, Pittsburgh-style learning classifier systems are sometimes generically referred to as 'genetic algorithms'. Beyond this, some LCS algorithms, or closely related methods, have been referred to as 'cognitive systems', 'adaptive agents', 'production systems', or generically as a 'classifier system'. This variation in terminology contributes to some confusion in the field. Up until the 2000s nearly all learning classifier system methods were developed with reinforcement learning problems in mind. As a result, the term ‘learning classifier

neg: Longshanks (band) Longshanks (band) The symphonic rock band Longshanks was formed in October 1987 (in Delft, the Netherlands) as a studio project to record one 'Rush'-like song called "Cycles and Circles" (February 1988). The song was released on tape (in a very limited edition) and attracted a very favourable review in a magazine for symphonic rock (Sym-info no.14, Oct. 1988). The name of the band refers indirectly to a nickname of the character Aragorn from "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien and so does not refer to the nickname of the English King Edward I. The first line-up

neg: Metaphysics a different referent from that of the present article, namely for beliefs in arbitrary non-physical or magical entities. For example, "Metaphysical healing" to refer to healing by means of remedies that are magical rather than scientific. This usage stemmed from the various historical schools of speculative metaphysics which operated by postulating all manner of physical, mental and spiritual entities as bases for particular metaphysical systems. Metaphysics as a subject does not preclude beliefs in such magical entities but neither does it promote them. Rather, it is the subject which provides the vocabulary and logic with which such beliefs might be

neg: Man (Middle-earth) Man (Middle-earth) In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth fiction, such as "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", the terms Man and Men refer to humankind – in contrast to Elves, Dwarves, Orcs, and other humanoid races – and does not denote gender. Hobbits were a branch of the lineage of Men. The Elves call the race of Men Atani in Quenya (one of the languages invented by Tolkien), literally meaning "Second People" (the Elves being the First), but also Hildor (Followers), Apanónar (After-born), and Fírimar or Firyar (Mortals). Less charitably they were called Engwar (The Sickly), owing to

neg: Refund anticipation loan is the type of debt for which banks cross-collect. This practice is often not adequately disclosed to the tax preparation client. As a lawsuit filing against H&R Block by the California Attorney General in February 2006 stated, "H&R Block does not adequately tell such customers about any alleged debts, or that when they sign the new RAL application, they agree to automatic debt collection—including collection on alleged RAL-related debts from other tax preparers or banks. These applications are denied, and the customer's anticipated refund is used to pay off the debt, plus a fee". Tax prep firms often vaguely refer

neg: S-train delayed to 2015. The S-Bahn system in Lübeck is under discussion (see ). The Stadtbahn Karlsruhe (a tram-train network) uses the green "S" logo, but does not refer to itself as "S-Bahn". The blue "U-Bahn" logo is not used either, due to the lack of subterranean lines. Despite their names, the "Breisgau S-Bahn" (Freiburg) and the "Ortenau S-Bahn" (Offenburg) are both Regionalbahn services. The following networks are currently in operation: Several systems in Italy operate quite similar to S-Trains with numerous services funneling into the underground "Passante" or passing railway. Operating services in the country are: Several systems in Malaysia

neg: Ground and neutral letter symbols are common in countries using IEC standards, but North American practices rarely refer to the IEC symbols. The differences are that the conductors may be separate over their entire run from equipment to earth ground, or may be combined over all or part of their length. Different systems are used to minimize the voltage difference between neutral and local earth ground. Current flowing in a grounding conductor will produce a voltage drop along the conductor, and grounding systems seek to ensure this voltage does not reach unsafe levels. In the TN-S system, separate neutral and protective earth conductors

neg: Hierarchy theory Hierarchy theory Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure, hierarchy theory refers to the analysis of

neg: Mobile radio mobile microphone, and 4) charges the walkie talkie's battery. The weak point of these systems has been connector technology which has been proven unreliable in some installations. Receiver performance is a problem in congested radio signal and urban areas. These installations are sometimes referred to as "jerk-and-run" systems. Mobile radio Mobile radio or mobiles refer to wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies(using commonly UHF or VHF frequencies), and where the path of communications is movable on either end. There are a variety of views about what constitutes mobile equipment. For US licensing purposes, mobiles may

neg: Diabatic is necessary to highlight this subtlety. Hence, pseudo-diabatic potentials are synonymous with diabatic potentials. The motivation to calculate diabatic potentials often occurs when the Born–Oppenheimer approximation does not hold, or is not justified for the molecular system under study. For these systems, it is necessary to go "beyond" the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. This is often the terminology used to refer to the study of nonadiabatic systems. A well known approach involves recasting the molecular Schrödinger equation into a set of coupled eigenvalue equations. This is achieved by expansion of the exact wave function in terms of products of electronic and nuclear

neg: Information-theoretic security noise encryption scheme. Another scheme using pattern-reconfigurable transmit antennas for Alice called reconfigurable multiplicative noise (RMN) complements additive artificial noise. The two work well together in channel simulations in which nothing is assumed known to Alice or Bob about the eavesdroppers. The term information-theoretic security is often used interchangeably with the term unconditional security. The latter term can also refer to systems that do not rely on unproven computational hardness assumptions. Today, such systems are essentially the same as those that are information-theoretically secure. Nevertheless, it does not always have to be that way. One day, RSA might be proved

neg: Nickel titanium common practice to refer to a nitinol formulation as "superelastic" or "austenitic" if A is lower than a reference temperature, while as "shape memory" or "martensitic" if higher. The reference temperature is usually defined as the room temperature or the human body temperature (37 °C; 98 °F). One often-encountered effect regarding nitinol is the so-called R-phase. The R-phase is another martensitic phase that competes with the martensite phase mentioned above. Because it does not offer the large memory effects of the martensite phase, it is usually of non practical use. Nitinol is exceedingly difficult to make, due to the exceptionally

neg: Hierarchy theory hierarchical levels, and the interactions between them. Hierarchy theory Hierarchy theory is a means of studying ecological systems in which the relationship between all of the components is of great complexity. Hierarchy theory focuses on levels of organization and issues of scale, with a specific focus on the role of the observer in the definition of the system. Complexity in this context does not refer to an intrinsic property of the system but to the possibility of representing the systems in a plurality of non-equivalent ways depending on the pre-analytical choices of the observer. Instead of analyzing the whole structure,

neg: Mental health professional the community. The community support framework in the US of the 1970s is taken-for-granted as the base for new treatment developments (e.g., eating disorders, drug addiction programs) which tend to be free standing clinics for specific "disorders". Typically, the term "mental health professional" does not refer to other categorical disability areas, such as intellectual and developmental disability (which trains its own professionals and maintains its own journals, and US state systems and institutions). Psychiatric rehabilitation has also been reintroduced into the transfer to behavioral health care systems. These professionals often deal with the same illnesses, disorders, conditions, and issues (though

neg: Concurrency control can disappear, or appear from nowhere). Almost all implemented concurrency control mechanisms achieve serializability by providing "Conflict serializablity", a broad special case of serializability (i.e., it covers, enables most serializable schedules, and does not impose significant additional delay-causing constraints) which can be implemented efficiently. Comment: While in the general area of systems the term "recoverability" may refer to the ability of a system to recover from failure or from an incorrect/forbidden state, within concurrency control of database systems this term has received a specific meaning. Concurrency control typically also ensures the "Recoverability" property of schedules for maintaining correctness in cases

neg: Legal behavior any process of defining and responding to deviance. Any increase of governmental social control—be it a call to the police, an arrest, a prosecution, or a conviction—is thus an increase of law. The word "behavior" is used here as it is used in the physical sciences to refer to variation. In this sense, everything behaves, including particles, storm systems, and law. Black's theory predicts and explains variations in legal behavior, such as why one assault results in a call to the police while another does not, or why one homicide conviction results in capital punishment while another does not. Legal

neg: Cyberdelic by cyberware, in which the computer-literate, super-intelligent, open-minded, change-oriented, self-reliant, irreverent free-thinker is the norm and the person who is not internetted and does not think for him or herself and does not question authority is the "problem person". Disillusioned, R. U. Sirius condemned cyberdelic escapism: Cyberdelic Cyberdelic (a portmanteau word combining prefix "cyber-" and "psychedelic") is a term used to refer to either: Timothy Leary, an advocate of psychedelic drug use who became a cult figure of the hippies in the 1960s, reemerged in the 1980s as a spokesperson of the cyberdelic counterculture, whose adherents called themselves "cyberpunks", and

neg: Systems theory in archaeology pitfalls through rigour. Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in archaeology is the application of systems theory and systems thinking in archaeology. It originated with the work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1950s, and is introduced in archaeology in the 1960s with the work of Sally R. Binford & Lewis Binford's "New Perspectives in Archaeology" and Kent V. Flannery's "Archaeological Systems Theory and Early Mesoamerica". Bertalanffy attempted to construct a general systems theory that would explain the interactions of different variables in a variety of systems, no matter what those variables actually represented. A system was defined as a

neg: Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in archaeology is the application of systems theory and systems thinking in archaeology. It originated with the work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1950s, and is introduced in archaeology in the 1960s with the work of Sally R. Binford & Lewis Binford's "New Perspectives in Archaeology" and Kent V. Flannery's "Archaeological Systems Theory and Early Mesoamerica". Bertalanffy attempted to construct a general systems theory that would explain the interactions of different variables in a variety of systems, no matter what those variables actually represented. A system was defined as a group of interacting

neg: Literary property does not have the right to relabel it as if someone else had written it. While the USA does not recognize moral rights, it does have complex de facto standards such as the WGA screenwriting credit system which are actually more demanding and rigorous in specific industries. Literary property Literary property is a term used in publishing to refer to works generally covered by copyright but also an associated set of property rights that go far beyond what courts have historically permitted to be claimed as copyright infringement. The Writers Guild of America, for instance, uses this term exclusively to

neg: Common Intermediate Format of 30000/1001 frames per second, and on 625-line ("PAL") based systems, it has the same picture size as CIF (352 × 288) but with a frame rate of 25 frames per second. Some references to CIF are intended to refer only to its "resolution" (352 × 288), without intending to refer to its frame rate. The YCbCr color representation had been previously defined in the first standard digital video source format, CCIR 601, in 1982. However, CCIR 601 uses color sampling, which subsamples the Cb and Cr components only horizontally. H.261 additionally used vertical color subsampling, resulting in what is

neg: Color depth bit depth of 8-bits per color in YCbCr with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. YCbCr can be losslessly converted to RGB. Macintosh systems refer to 24-bit color as "millions of colors". The term "True color" is sometime used to mean what this article is calling "Direct color". It is also often used to refer to all color depths greater or equal to 24. "Deep color" consists of a billion or more colors, 2 is 1.073 billion. Color depths of 30, 36, and 48 bits per pixel are in use, also referred to as 10, 12, or 16 bits per RGB channel/sample/component. Often

neg: Link-Systems International writing objectives. Also in 2014, LSI developed an automated tutoring referral system called Refer-Tutor-Report™ (RTR™). RTR accommodates four activities: teachers refer chosen students to tutoring for specified learning objectives, students receive notification of referrals and learn how to reach tutors, tutors find out what learning objectives students need to cover, and administrators garner reports about the tutoring referral process. Use of LSI platforms is part of a general turn by higher-education institutions to online instruction and student support. The WorldWideWhiteboard went online at Pima Community College and other institutions even before 2000. NetTutor, initially offered with new editions of textbooks

neg: International community International community The International Community is a phrase used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world. It does not refer literally to all nations or states in the world. The term is typically used to imply the existence of a common point of view towards such matters as specific issues of human rights. An example of an International Community is the United Nations. Activists, politicians and commentators often use the term in calling for action to be taken; e.g., action against what is in their opinion political repression in

neg: Cunt does not like the tyrannical Nurse Ratched, says, "Well, I don't want to break up the meeting or nothing, but she's something of a cunt, ain't she, Doc?" In American slang, the term can be used to refer to "a fellow male homosexual one dislikes". Australian scholar Emma Alice Jane describes how the term as used on social media is an example of what she calls "gendered vitriol," and an example of misogynistic e-bile. It can also be used to refer to something very difficult or unpleasant (as in "a cunt of a job"), or (in British, Irish, New Zealand,

neg: Social research the independent variable. Researchers will compare the different values of the dependent variable (severity of the symptoms) and attempt to draw conclusions. When social scientists speak of "good research" the guidelines refer to how the science is mentioned and understood. It does not refer to how what the results are but how they are figured. Glenn Firebaugh summarizes the principles for good research in his book "Seven Rules for Social Research". The first rule is that "There should be the possibility of surprise in social research." As Firebaugh (p. 1) elaborates: "Rule 1 is intended to warn that you don't

neg: Dialogue system Dialogue system A dialogue system, or conversational agent (CA), is a computer system intended to converse with a human with a coherent structure. Dialogue systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel. What does and does not constitute a dialogue system may be debatable. The typical GUI wizard does engage in some sort of dialog, but it includes very few of the common dialogue system components, and dialog state is trivial. After dialogue systems based only on written text processing starting from the early Sixties, the first "speaking"

neg: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock makes it difficult to determine exactly what is literal and what is symbolic. On the surface, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" relays the thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle-aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so, and ultimately does not. The dispute, however, lies in to whom Prufrock is speaking, whether he is actually "going" anywhere, what he wants to say, and to what the various images refer. The intended audience is not evident. Some believe that Prufrock is talking to another person or directly to the reader, while others believe Prufrock's monologue