query: what color does methyl orange turn in an acid

pos: Methyl orange Methyl orange Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titration because of its clear and distinct color variance at different pH values. Methyl orange shows red color in acidic medium and yellow color in basic medium. Because it changes color at the pH of a mid strength acid, it is usually used in titration for acids. Unlike a universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of color change, but it has a sharp end point. In a solution becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally to yellow with the reverse

pos: Methyl orange Methyl orange Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titration because of its clear and distinct color variance at different pH values. Methyl orange shows red color in acidic medium and yellow color in basic medium. Because it changes color at the pH of a mid strength acid, it is usually used in titration for acids. Unlike a universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of color change, but it has a sharp end point. In a solution becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally to yellow with the reverse

pos: Methyl red Methyl red Methyl red (2-("N","N"-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl) azobenzenecarboxylic acid), also called C.I. Acid Red 2, is an indicator dye that turns red in acidic solutions. It is an azo dye, and is a dark red crystalline powder. Methyl red is a pH indicator; it is red in pH under 4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in between, with a p"K" of 5.1. Murexide and methyl red are investigated as promising enhancers of sonochemical destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants. Methyl red is classed by the IARC in group 3 - unclassified as to carcinogenic potential in humans. As an azo dye,

pos: Iodic acid chloride ions, when there is an excess amount of reductant, then all iodate is converted to iodide ion. When there is an excess amount of iodate, then part of the iodate is converted to iodine. It may be used in preparation of ionization to form alkyl halides. Iodic acid is used as a strong acid in analytical chemistry. It may be used to standardize solutions of both weak and strong bases, using methyl red or methyl orange as the indicator. Iodic acid can be used to synthesize sodium or potassium iodate for increasing iodine content of salt. Iodic acid Iodic

pos: Potassium dichromate the dichromate solution against a blank. One major application for this reaction is in old police breathalyzer tests. When alcohol vapor makes contact with the orange dichromate-coated crystals, the color changes from orange to green. The degree of the color change is directly related to the level of alcohol in the suspect's breath. When dissolved in an approximately 35% nitric acid solution it is called Schwerter's solution and is used to test for the presence of various metals, notably for determination of silver purity. Pure silver will turn the solution bright red, sterling silver will turn it dark red, low

pos: Variegatic acid methyl ester are red-orange pigments found in "Boletales". Variegatic acid Variegatic acid (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxypulvinic acid) is an orange pigment found in some mushrooms. It is responsible for the bluing reaction seen in many bolete mushrooms when they are injured. When mushroom tissue containing variegatic acid is exposed to air, the chemical is enzymatically oxidized to blue quinone methide anions. It is derived from xerocomic acid, which is preceded by atromentic acid and atromentin, and its genetic basis is unknown. In its oxidized form (due to the production of a second lactone ring) is variegatorubin, similar to xerocomorubin. It was first isolated

pos: Solvent Yellow 124 which is easy to extract to water. Like a similar methyl orange dye, it changes color to red in acidic pH. It can be easily detected in the fuel at levels as low as 0.3 ppm by extraction to a diluted hydrochloric acid, allowing detection of the red diesel added into motor diesel in amounts as low as 2-3%. Solvent Yellow 124 is intended to be difficult to remove from the fuel in an economical way. The Customs, familiar with various tricks including dual fuel systems with hidden fuel tanks, will take samples from the fuel lines to the engine

pos: Glucose phosphate broth broth, through the sides of the tube. The development of stable red color in the surface of the medium indicates sufficient acid production to lower the pH to 4.4 and constitute a positive test. Since other organism may produce lesser quantities of acid from the test substrate, an intermediate orange color between yellow and red may develop. This does not indicate positive test. Positive and negative controls should be run after preparation of each lot of medium. Positive control: "Escherichia coli" Negative control: "Klebsiella" It is used to determine the ability of some organisms to produce a neutral end product,

pos: IMViC same broth for bacterial growth. The broth is called MRVP broth. After growth, the broth is separated into two different tubes, one for the methyl red (MR) test and one for the Voges-Proskauer (VP) test. The methyl red test detects production of acids formed during metabolism using mixed acid fermentation pathway using pyruvate as a substrate. The pH indicator Methyl Red is added to one tube and a red color appears at pH's lower than 4.2, indicating a positive test (mixed acid fermentation is used). The solution remaining yellow (pH = 6.2 or above) indicates a negative test, meaning the

pos: Fuel dyes 124, a dye with structure similar to Solvent Yellow 56, to heating fuel. This dye can be easily hydrolyzed with acids, splitting off the acetal group responsible for its solubility in nonpolar solvents, and yielding a water-soluble form. Like a similar methyl orange dye, it changes color to red in acidic pH. It can be easily detected in the fuel at levels as low as 0.3 ppm by extraction to a diluted hydrochloric acid, allowing detection of the red diesel added into motor diesel in amounts as low as 2-3%. The European Union has announced that has found a new

pos: Araroba powder Chrysarobin is a methyl trioxyanthracene and exists as a glucoside in the plant, but is gradually oxidized to chrysophanic acid (a dioxy-methyl anthraquinone) and glucose. This strikes a blood-red color in alkaline solutions, and may therefore cause much alarm if administered to a patient whose urine is alkaline. The British pharmacopoeia had an ointment containing one part of chrysarobin and 24 of benzoated lard. Both internally and externally the drug is a powerful irritant. The general practice amongst modern dermatologists is to use only chrysophanic acid, which may be applied externally and given by the mouth in doses of about

pos: Pycnoporus most specimens but can bleach out (turn white) the pileus of a few specimens over longer time periods. Specimens typically retain their strong red-orange color for long periods of time, especially when dried and stored properly. Yet some turn dingy brown or gray and fade in color over time. The red colour of "Pycnoporus" species comes from pigments that are chemically related to phenoxazinone, including cinnabarin, tramesanguin and cinnabarinic acid. In order to identify the species of "Pycnoporus" a few characteristics must be carefully observed. To distinguish between "P. cinnabarinus" and "P. sanguineus" one must note the thickness of the

pos: Diagnostic microbiology [[Decarboxylation|decarboxylate]] [[lysine]] and/or produce [[hydrogen sulfide]]. The [[lysostaphin test]] is used to differentiate between "Staphylococcus" and "Micrococcus" bacteria. [[Lysostaphin]] can [[Lysis|lyse]] "Staphylococcus," but "Micrococcus" bacteria are resistant to the chemical. [[File:Color_transition_of_Methyl_red_solution_under_different_acid-base_conditions.jpg|thumb|319x319px|Color transition of Methyl red solution under different acid-base conditions]] The [[methyl red test]] is used to analyze whether a bacterium produces acids through sugar fermentation. [[Microdase]] is a modified oxidase test used to differentiate "[[Micrococcus]]" from "[[Staphylococcus]]" by testing for the presence of [[cytochrome c]]. A positive result produces a dark color around the inoculant while negative result produces no color change. The [[nitrite test]] is commonly used to

pos: Suillellus amygdalinus red, or darker. Ammonia (as ammonium hydroxide, NHOH) produces a dingy yellow on the flesh, and brown on the cap. Iron sulphate (FeSO produces either no change to a pale grey color with both the flesh and the cuticle. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) causes the flesh to turn orange or pink, but has no color reaction with the cuticle. There are several other red-pored, bluing boletes that could be confused with "S. amygdalinus". The poisonous European species "Rubroboletus satanas" and its North American counterpart "R. eastwoodiae" have lighter colored caps and a reticulate pattern on the stipe. "B. subvelutipes" is a

pos: Tellurocysteine to a sulfur-free environment. It has been observed that when incorporated into glutathione transferase, tellurocysteine efficiently inhibited aminoacylation and increased the efficiency of glutathione peroxidase. -Tellurocysteine has been prepared from elemental tellurium by first reacting it with methyl (2"R")-2-[("tert"-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-iodopropionate in a tetrahydrofuran solvent with presence of lithium triethylborohydride, yielding a red oil which is acidified and treated with alkali before a treatment with citric acid to set its pH to 4.0, resulting in an orange solid after filtering and drying. Tellurocysteine Tellurocysteine (in some publications referred to as Te-Cys) is an amino acid analogous to cysteine and selenocysteine with tellurium

pos: Potassium dichromate distinguishing aldehydes from ketones. Aldehydes reduce dichromate from the +6 to the +3 oxidation state, changing color from orange to green. This color change arises because the aldehyde can be oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid. A ketone will show no such change because it cannot be oxidized further, and so the solution will remain orange. When heated strongly, it decomposes with the evolution of oxygen. When an alkali is added to an orange red solution containing dichromate ions, a yellow solution is obtained due to the formation of chromate ions. For example, potassium chromate is produced industrially using potash:

pos: Methyl red bacteria based on their pattern of glucose metabolism. All enterics initially produce pyruvic acid from glucose metabolism. Some enterics subsequently use the mixed acid pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids, such as lactic, acetic, and formic acids. These bacteria are called methyl-red positive and include "Escherichia coli" and "Proteus vulgaris". Other enterics subsequently use the butylene glycol pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to neutral end products. These bacteria are called methyl-red-negative and include "Serratia marcescens" and "Enterobacter aerogenes". An isolate is inoculated into a tube with a sterile transfer loop. The tube is incubated at for 2–5 days.

pos: Knowledge argument given the stipulations of the thought experiment) learned all such facts prior to leaving the room, without needing to experience the color firsthand. For example, Mary could know the fact "red is more like orange than green" without ever experiencing the colors in question. Earl Conee objects that having an ability to imagine seeing a color is neither necessary nor sufficient for knowing what it is like to see that color, meaning the ability hypothesis does not capture the nature of the new knowledge Mary acquires upon leaving the room. To show that ability is not necessary, Conee cites the

neg: Methyl orange occurring for a solution increasing in acidity. The entire color change occurs in acidic conditions. In an acid, it is reddish and in alkali, it is yellow. Methyl orange has a pK of 3.47 in water at . Modified (or screened) methyl orange, an indicator consisting of a solution of methyl orange and xylene cyanol, changes from grey-violet to green as the solution becomes more basic. Methyl orange has mutagenic properties. Direct contact should be avoided. Methyl orange Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titration because of its clear and distinct color variance at different pH values.

neg: Neutralization (chemistry) and strong bases. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid dissociation constant of the base, p"K", or, equivalently, on the base association constant, p"K". The most suitable indicator to use for this type of titration is one, like Methyl orange, that changes color at low pH. When a weak acid reacts with an equivalent amount of a weak base complete neutralization does not occur. The concentrations of the species in equilibrium with each other will depend on the equilibrium constant, "K", for the reaction, which can be defined as follows. Given the association constants for the acid

neg: Orange juice d-galacturonic acid unit along with blocks of L-rhamnose regions that have side chains of arabinose, galactose, and xylose. Pectin methyl-esterase is the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing carboxymethyl esters and liberating free carboxyl groups and methyl alcohols. The free carboxyl groups interact with cations to form insoluble pectic acid divalent metal ion complexes. These metal ion complexes precipitate in the juice and carry all the colloids in orange juice with it. The enzyme would flocculate the cloud and clarify the orange juice. Thus, in order to keep the orange juice cloud intact, it is vital to inactivate pectinesterase. Pectinesterase is inactivated

neg: Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate: The Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process involves the conversion of methyl acetate to methyl iodide and an acetate salt. Carbonylation of the methyl iodide in turn affords acetyl iodide, which reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product. Rhodium chloride in the presence of lithium iodide is employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions. To a decreasing extent, acetic anhydride is also prepared by the reaction of ketene (ethenone) with acetic acid at 45–55 °C and low

neg: Quercitron powder which remains forming the quercitron of commerce. The ruddy-orange decoction of quercitron contains quercitannic acid, whence its use in tanning, and an active dyeing principle, quercitrin, CHO. The latter substance is a glycoside, and in aqueous solution under the influence of mineral acids it yields quercetin, CHO, which is precipitated, and the methyl-pentose rhamnose. Quercetin is a crystalline powder of a brilliant citron yellow color, entirely insoluble in cold water and dissolving only sparingly in hot water, but quite soluble in alcohol. Either by itself or in some form of its glucoside quercitrin, quercetin is found in several vegetable

neg: Pongamia oil well as its color, bitter taste, and disagreeable odour, keep it from being used in cooking, but it does have uses in traditional medicine for treating skin disease and liver disease. There is also research indicating that the oil can be used as a natural insecticide. It also used as a fish poison, as the metabolites karanjin and pongamol are both toxic to fish. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Many studies have been done to convert Pongamia oil into biodiesel. The following table shows the physical properties of the methyl esters of Pongamia oil versus the ASTM D6751 and EN

neg: Monsanto process to be first-order with respect to methyl iodide and [Rh(CO)I]. Hence the oxidative addition of methyl iodide is proposed as the rate-determining step. Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that is similar to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis. Methyl acetate is used in place of methanol as a source of methyl iodide. In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide, which in turn affords, through carbonylation, acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the anhydride. Rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed

neg: Juvenile hormone it is apparently acting on by a diphosphatase to give farnesol, which in turn is acted on by an NAD+ dependent enzyme, farnesol/farnesal dehydrogenase in "M. sexta" to give farnesoic acid. Subsequent work has shown that the enzyme is highly specific for trans allylic alcohols with at least three isoprene units, and to also be present in mosquitoes. The next steps of JH biosynthesis differ between orders. In Lepidoptera and mosquitoes farnesoic acid or its homologs is epoxidized by a P450 dependent farnesoic acid methyl epoxidase, then it is methylated by a JH acid methyl transferase In most orders, farnesoic

neg: N-Methylconiine coniine as the nitroso-compound. It is a colourless, coniine-like liquid, bp. 175.6 °C/767 mmHg, specific rotation [α] −81.92° at 20 °C. The monohydrochloride crystallises in leaflets, mp. 191–192 °C; the monohydrobromide in leaflets, mp. 189–190 °C; the platinichloride in orange crystals, mp. 153–154 °C; the aurichloride in leaflets, mp. 77–78 °C; and the picrate in long needles, mp. 121–122 °C. "N"-Methyl--coniine was prepared by the action of potassium methyl sulfate on coniine by Passon. Hess and Eichel have shown that -coniine with formaldehyde and formic acid yields an active "N"-methyl--coniine, and that methyl-isopelletierine hydrazone yields "N"-methyl--coniine when heated with sodium

neg: Juvenile hormone diol kinase multitude of potential phosphate acceptor groups present in a cell. The enzyme does not recognize methyl geranoate diol (one isoprenyl unit shorter than JH) nor methyl geranylgeranoate diol (one isoprenyl group longer than JH), yet it does recognize JH I ethyl ester diol. It also recognizes both JH diol enantiomers, indicating that the absolute stereospecificity of the hydroxy groups is of minor importance. Most surprising is the enzyme's inability to recognize JH acid diols. Because JH acid diol cannot be phosphorylated by JHDK, the generally accepted pathway for JH catabolism (JH acid is converted to JH acid diol) must be

neg: Equivalence point the indicator changes colour in a colourimetric titration. Different methods to determine the equivalence point include: Equivalence point The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of bases and acids have been mixed. In other words, the moles of acid are equivalent to the moles of base, according to the equation (this does not necessarily imply a 1:1 molar ratio of acid:base, merely that the ratio is the same as in the equation). It can be found by means of an indicator, for example phenolphthalein or methyl orange. The endpoint

neg: Equivalence point Equivalence point The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of bases and acids have been mixed. In other words, the moles of acid are equivalent to the moles of base, according to the equation (this does not necessarily imply a 1:1 molar ratio of acid:base, merely that the ratio is the same as in the equation). It can be found by means of an indicator, for example phenolphthalein or methyl orange. The endpoint (related to, but not the same as the equivalence point) refers to the point at which

neg: Methyl carbamate have anticholinesterase activity without a cumulative effect. Methyl carbamate Methyl carbamate (also called methylurethane, or urethylane) is an organic compound and the simplest ester of carbamic acid (HNCOH). It is a colourless solid. Methyl carbamate is prepared by the reaction of methanol and urea: It also forms in the reaction of ammonia with methyl chloroformate or dimethyl carbonate. Unlike its close relative ethyl carbamate it is not mutagenic in "Salmonella" (it tested negative in the Ames test), but it is mutagenic in "Drosophila". Experimental evidence does show that it is a carcinogen in rats, and not carcinogenic in mice. The

neg: Methyl carbamate Methyl carbamate Methyl carbamate (also called methylurethane, or urethylane) is an organic compound and the simplest ester of carbamic acid (HNCOH). It is a colourless solid. Methyl carbamate is prepared by the reaction of methanol and urea: It also forms in the reaction of ammonia with methyl chloroformate or dimethyl carbonate. Unlike its close relative ethyl carbamate it is not mutagenic in "Salmonella" (it tested negative in the Ames test), but it is mutagenic in "Drosophila". Experimental evidence does show that it is a carcinogen in rats, and not carcinogenic in mice. The compound is "known to the state of

neg: Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers 3.5 years. Using a different lead, optimization from S-8308, eprosartan was developed by SmithKline Beecham in 1992. Eprosartan does not have a biphenyl-methyl structure but in order to mimic the C-terminal end of Ang II the 5-acetic acid group was replaced with an "a"-thienylacrylic acid and a 4-carboxy-moiety. Eprosartan is a selective, potent and competitive AT antagonist and its binding to AT receptors is rapid, reversible, saturable and of high affinity. Losartan, valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan, telmisartan and olmesartan all contain a biphenyl-methyl group. Losartan is partly metabolized to its 5-carboxylic acid metabolite EXP 3174, which is a more potent AT

neg: Methyl acetate acetic acid, especially at elevated temperature. The conversion of methyl acetate back into its components, by an acid, is a first-order reaction with respect to the ester. The reaction of methyl acetate and a base, for example sodium hydroxide, is a second-order reaction with respect to both reactants. A major use of methyl acetate is as a volatile low toxicity solvent in glues, paints, and nail polish removers. Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that was inspired by the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis. Methyl acetate Methyl acetate, also known as MeOAc, acetic acid methyl

neg: Systemin MAPKs, even though the pH of the apoplast does not change. Within minutes of systemin perception, the cytosolic Ca concentration increases, and linolenic acid is released from cell membranes after a phospholipase has been activated. Linolenic acid is then converted to jasmonic acid via the octadecanoid pathway and jasmonic acid activates defensive genes. Production of methyl jasmonate is induced by systemins and also upregulates systemin precursor genes creating a feedback loop, amplifying the defensive signal. Methyl jasmonate is volatile and can therefore activate systemic acquired resistance in neighbouring plants, preparing their defences for attack. These signalling events are analogous to

neg: Azo compound reduction of the resulting azoxy intermediate: For textile dying, a typical nitro coupling partner would be disodium 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate. Typical aniline partners are shown below. As a consequence of п-delocalization, aryl azo compounds have vivid colors, especially reds, oranges, and yellows. Therefore, they are used as dyes, and are commonly known as azo dyes, an example of which is Disperse Orange 1. Some azo compounds, e.g., methyl orange, are used as acid-base indicators due to the different colors of their acid and salt forms. Most DVD-R/+R and some CD-R discs use blue azo dye as the recording layer. The commercial success

neg: Color temperature experiment with their own hardware and software. Photographic emulsion film does not respond to lighting color identically to the human retina or visual perception. An object that appears to the observer to be white may turn out to be very blue or orange in a photograph. The color balance may need to be corrected during printing to achieve a neutral color print. The extent of this correction is limited since color film normally has three layers sensitive to different colors and when used under the "wrong" light source, every layer may not respond proportionally, giving odd color casts in the

neg: Methyl butyrate be produced by distillation from essential oils of vegetable origin, but is also manufactured on a small scale for use in perfumes and as a food flavoring. Methyl butyrate has been used in combustion studies as a surrogate fuel for the larger fatty acid methyl esters found in biodiesel. However, studies have shown that, due to its short-chain length, methyl butyrate does not reproduce well the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behaviour and early CO formation characteristics of real biodiesel fuels. Therefore, methyl butyrate is not a suitable surrogate fuel for biodiesel combustion studies. Methyl butyrate Methyl butyrate, also known under

neg: Berkelium analogue of berkelium, terbium. Aqueous solutions of Bk ions are green in most acids. The color of Bk ions is yellow in hydrochloric acid and orange-yellow in sulfuric acid. Berkelium does not react rapidly with oxygen at room temperature, possibly due to the formation of a protective oxide layer surface. However, it reacts with molten metals, hydrogen, halogens, chalcogens and pnictogens to form various binary compounds. About twenty isotopes and six nuclear isomers (excited states of an isotope) of berkelium have been characterized with the mass numbers ranging from 235 to 254. All of them are radioactive. The longest half-lives

neg: Methyl bisulfate Methyl bisulfate Methyl bisulfate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CHOS. This compound is the mono-methyl ester of sulfuric acid. The significance of methyl bisulfate is that it is an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the important reagent dimethyl sulfate, (CH)SO: Methyl bisulfate is an acid: Methyl bisulfate came into the public view in 1993 with the discovery that certain mercury compounds catalyze the conversion of methane to methylbisulfate in good yields with excellent selectivity in concentrated sulfuric acid. However, because of the toxicity and concerns with the use of mercury it wasn't until 1998 when platinum complexes

neg: Sorbus aucuparia nectar is high in fructose and glucose. Its fruit are round pomes between 8 and 10 mm in diameter that ripen from August to October. The fruit are green before they ripen and then typically turn from orange or scarlet in color. The sepals persist as a black, five-pointed star on the ripe fruit. A corymb carries 80 to 100 pomes. A pome contains a star-shaped ovary with two to five locules each containing one or two flat, narrow, and pointed reddish seeds. The flesh of the fruit contains carotenoids, citric acid, malic acid, parasorbic acid, pectin, provitamin A, sorbitol,

neg: Methyl acrylate Methyl acrylate Methyl acrylate is an organic compound, more accurately the methyl ester of acrylic acid. It is a colourless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor. It is mainly produced to make acrylate fiber, which is used to weave synthetic carpets. It is also a reagent in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical intermediates. The standard industrial reaction for producing methyl acrylate is esterification with methanol under acid catalysis (sulfuric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, acidic ion exchangers.). The transesterification is facilitated because methanol and methyl acrylate form a low boiling azeotrope (b.p. 62–63 °C). The patent literature describes a one-pot route

neg: 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 11-Aminoundecanoic acid is an organic compound with the formula HN(CH)COH. This white solid is classified as an amine and a fatty acid. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid is a precursor to Nylon-11. As practiced by Arkema, 11-aminoundecanoic acid is prepared industrially from undecylenic acid, which is derived from castor oil. The synthesis proceeds in four separate reactions: 1. Transesterification of castor oil to methyl ricinoleat: Crude castor oil consists to about 90% of the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid. It is quantitatively transesterified with methanol to methyl ricinoleat (the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid) in the presence of the basic sodium methoxide

neg: Methylphosphinic acid Methylphosphinic acid Methylphosphinic acid is a monobasic acid, the simplest of the phosphinic acids. A central phosphorus atom is connected to a hydroxy group, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group and an oxygen. Derivatives of methylphosphinic acid can have the phosphorus connected hydrogen atom replaced by other organic groups. In early days what is now called methylphosphonic acid was also called methylphosphinic acid. Hydrolysis of methyldichlorophosphine yields methylphosphinic acid. Esters can be produced by reacting with an alcohol instead of water. Methylphosphinic acid is produced when some binary chemical agent precursors are neutralized. Rat oral value for methylphosphinic acid is

neg: Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate such as aldehydes, amides, and nitriles. It does not methylate benzene or the bulky 2,6-di-"tert"-butylpyridine. Its ability to methylate "N"-heterocycles is exploited in certain deprotection schemes. Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, also commonly called methyl triflate and abbreviated MeOTf, is the organic compound with the formula CFSOOCH. It is a colourless liquid which finds use in organic chemistry as a powerful methylating agent. The compound is closely related to methyl fluorosulfonate (FSOOCH). Methyl triflate is commercially available, however it may also be prepared in the laboratory by treating dimethyl sulfate with triflic acid. The compound hydrolyzes violently upon contact with water:

neg: Methylphosphinic acid 940 mg/kg. Methylphosphinic acid Methylphosphinic acid is a monobasic acid, the simplest of the phosphinic acids. A central phosphorus atom is connected to a hydroxy group, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group and an oxygen. Derivatives of methylphosphinic acid can have the phosphorus connected hydrogen atom replaced by other organic groups. In early days what is now called methylphosphonic acid was also called methylphosphinic acid. Hydrolysis of methyldichlorophosphine yields methylphosphinic acid. Esters can be produced by reacting with an alcohol instead of water. Methylphosphinic acid is produced when some binary chemical agent precursors are neutralized. Rat oral value for methylphosphinic

neg: Salvinia molesta are used as a method of biological pest control which from anecdotal evidence show a positive yet slow success rate. Satellite images are used to identify "S. molesta" in reservoirs in Texas. The phenolic compounds 6'-O-(3,4-dihydroxy benzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 4-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside-3-hydroxy methyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, hypogallic acid, caffeic acid, paeoniflorin and pikuroside can be isolated from "Salvinia molesta". Salvinia molesta Salvinia molesta, commonly known as giant salvinia, or as kariba weed after it infested a large portion of Lake Kariba, is an aquatic fern, native to south-eastern Brazil. It is a free floating plant that does not attach to the soil, but

neg: Methyl formate Methyl formate Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl ester of formic acid. The simplest example of an ester, it is a colorless liquid with an ethereal odour, high vapor pressure, and low surface tension. It is a precursor to many other compounds of commercial interest. In the laboratory, methyl formate can be produced by the condensation reaction of methanol and formic acid, as follows: Industrial methyl formate, however, is usually produced by the combination of methanol and carbon monoxide (carbonylation) in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium methoxide: This process, practiced commercially by BASF

neg: Methacrylic acid Methacrylic acid Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compound. This colorless, viscous liquid is a carboxylic acid with an acrid unpleasant odor. It is soluble in warm water and miscible with most organic solvents. Methacrylic acid is produced industrially on a large scale as a precursor to its esters, especially methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The methacrylates have numerous uses, most notably in the manufacture of polymers with trade names such as Lucite and Plexiglas. MAA occurs naturally in small amounts in the oil of Roman chamomile. More than 3 million tons of methyl methacrylate (MMA) are

neg: Cativa process the iridium(I) centre into the carbon-iodine bond of methyl iodide. After ligand exchange (iodide for carbon monoxide), the migratory insertion of carbon monoxide into the iridium-carbon bond, step (3) to (4), results in the formation of a square pyramidal species with a bound acetyl ligand. The active catalyst species (1) is regenerated by the reductive elimination of acetyl iodide from (4), a de-insertion reaction. The acetyl iodide is hydrolysed to produce the acetic acid product, in the process generating hydroiodic acid which is in turn used to convert the starting material (methanol) to the methyl iodide used in the first

neg: Leptophos an enzymatic hydrolysis of the compound. The main Metabolites are phosphonic acid, 4-bromo-2,3-dichlorophenol, O-methyl O-hydrogen phenylphosphonothioate and methyl hydrogen phenylphosphonate. It is unsure which of the two possible pathways is used to get phosphonic acid. Following oral administration, leptophos is excreted in urine and faeces as several components. Several components found in urine included: O-methyl phenyl phosphonate (a major component in raturine), O-methyl phenyl phosphonothioic acid (a major component in miceurine), leptophos phenol, and phenyl phosphonic acid. Interspecies differences in metabolism can explain the difference in major metabolites is mice and rats. Studies in plants indicated that leptophos was slowly

neg: Calico cat X chromosome. In the absence of other influences, such as color inhibition that causes white fur, the alleles present in those orange loci determine whether the fur is orange or not. Female cats, like all female placental mammals, normally have two X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals, including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y chromosome. Since the Y chromosome does not have any locus for the orange gene, there is no chance that an XY male could have both orange and non-orange genes together, which is what it takes to create tortoiseshell or calico coloring.

neg: Methacrylic acid produced annually, this high level of demand has lead to several methods for its production being commercialised. In the most common route, acetone and cyanide react to form acetone cyanohydrin, which is converted to methacrylamide sulfate using sulfuric acid. This in turn is hydrolyzed to methacrylic acid, or esterified to methyl methacrylate in one step. In the second route, isobutylene or "tert"-butanol are oxidized to methacrolein, then methacrylic acid. Methacrolein for this purpose can also be obtained from formaldehyde and ethylene. Isobutyric acid can also be dehydrogenated to methacrylic acid. It can be prepared by decarboxylation of itaconic acid, citraconic

neg: Agent Orange AhR, the protein moves to the nucleus, where it influences gene expression. Several herbicides were discovered as part of efforts by the USA and the British to develop herbicidal weapons for use during World War II. These included 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-T (coded LN-14, and also known as trioxone), MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 1414B and 1414A, recoded LN-8 and LN-32), and isopropyl phenylcarbamate (1313, recoded LN-33). In 1943, the U.S. Department of the Army contracted the botanist and bioethicist Arthur Galston, who discovered the defoliants later used in Agent Orange, and his employer University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign to study the

neg: Methyl benzoate Methyl benzoate Methyl benzoate is an organic compound. It is an ester with the chemical formula CHCOCH. It is a colorless liquid that is poorly soluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. Methyl benzoate has a pleasant smell, strongly reminiscent of the fruit of the feijoa tree, and it is used in perfumery. It also finds use as a solvent and as a pesticide used to attract insects such as orchid bees. Methyl benzoate is formed by the condensation of methanol and benzoic acid, in presence of a strong acid. Methyl benzoate reacts at both the ring and the

neg: Conductometry coloured solutions or homogeneous suspension (e.g.: wood pulp suspension), which cannot be used with normal indicators. Acid-base titrations and redox titrations are often performed in which common indicators are used to locate the end point e.g., methyl orange, phenolphthalein for acid base titrations and starch solutions for iodometric type redox process. However, electrical conductance measurements can also be used as a tool to locate the end point, e.g., in a titration of an HCl solution with the strong base NaOH. As the titration progresses, the protons are neutralized to form water by the addition of NaOH. For each amount of

neg: N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid N"-Methyl--aspartic acid or N"-Methyl--aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate). NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures. NMDA is a water-soluble synthetic substance that is not normally found in biological tissue. It

neg: 11-Aminoundecanoic acid steam cracking selectively between the hydroxymethylene and the allyl-methylene group. Besides heptanal and methyl undecenoate, a mixture of methyl esters of saturated and unsaturated C18-carboxylic acids is obtained. This mixture is known under the trade name Esterol® and is used as a lubricant additive. 3. Hydrolysis of methyl undecenoate to 10-undecenoic acid The hydrolyis of the methyl ester with sodium hydroxide proceeds at 25 °C within 30 min with quantitative yield. After acidification with hydrochloric acid, solid 10-undecenoic acid (undecylenic acid) is obtained. 4. Hydrobromination of 10-undecenoic acid to 11-bromoundecanoic acid The undecenoic acid is dissolved in toluene and, in

neg: Methyl fluorosulfonate (rat) of about 5 ppm. Methyl fluorosulfonate Methyl fluorosulfonate, also known as magic methyl, is the organic compound with the formula FSOOCH. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a strong methylating agent in organic synthesis. Because of its extreme toxicity, it has largely been replaced by the related reagent methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. It is prepared by distillation of an equimolar mixture of fluorosulfonic acid and dimethyl sulfate. It was originally produced by the reaction of methanol with fluorosulfonic acid. Methyl fluorosulfonate is a highly electrophilic reagent for methylation. It is ranked as less powerful than methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. It

neg: Methyl fluorosulfonate Methyl fluorosulfonate Methyl fluorosulfonate, also known as magic methyl, is the organic compound with the formula FSOOCH. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a strong methylating agent in organic synthesis. Because of its extreme toxicity, it has largely been replaced by the related reagent methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. It is prepared by distillation of an equimolar mixture of fluorosulfonic acid and dimethyl sulfate. It was originally produced by the reaction of methanol with fluorosulfonic acid. Methyl fluorosulfonate is a highly electrophilic reagent for methylation. It is ranked as less powerful than methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. It is acutely toxic with LC

neg: N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid the latter is the only known endogenous antagonist. They are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists. N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid N"-Methyl--aspartic acid or N"-Methyl--aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate). NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes,

neg: Methyl salicylate Methyl salicylate Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or wintergreen oil) is an organic compound with the formula CH(OH)(COCH). It is the methyl ester of salicylic acid. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet odor. It is produced by many species of plants, particularly wintergreens. It is also synthetically produced, used as a fragrance, in foods and beverages, and in liniments. The compound methyl salicylate was first isolated (from the plant "Gaultheria procumbens") in 1843 by the French chemist Auguste André Thomas Cahours (1813–1891), who identified it as an ester of salicylic acid and methanol. The biosynthesis of methyl

neg: Gallic acid contain various amounts of gallic acid, especially fruits (including strawberries, grapes, bananas), as well as teas, cloves, and vinegars. Gallic acid is easily freed from gallotannins by acidic or alkaline hydrolysis. When gallic acid is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, rufigallol is produced by condensation. Oxidation with arsenic acid, permanganate, persulfate, or iodine yields ellagic acid, as does reaction of methyl gallate with iron(III) chloride. Reference Also known as galloylated esters: Gallic acid Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and

neg: PH indicator the concentration of the conjugate base is 10 times greater than the concentration of the acid, their ratio is 10:1, and consequently the pH is p"K" + 1. Conversely, if a 10-fold excess of the acid occurs with respect to the base, the ratio is 1:10 and the pH is p"K" − 1. For optimal accuracy, the color difference between the two species should be as clear as possible, and the narrower the pH range of the color change the better. In some indicators, such as phenolphthalein, one of the species is colorless, whereas in other indicators, such as methyl

neg: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase, branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase, branched-chain oxo acid dehydrogenase kinase (phosphorylating), and STK2. In 2012, it was suggested that mutations in the gene which expresses this enzyme could be the cause of a rare form of autism. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase In enzymology, a [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring), whereas its 3 products are ADP, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring), and phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring a phosphate group to the

neg: Astrocyte injury, typically considered an indicator of glial activation after injury. Astrocytes detect neuronal activity and can release chemical transmitters, which in turn control synaptic activity. In the past, hyperalgesia was thought to be modulated by the release of substance P and excitatory amino acids (EAA), such as glutamate, from the presynaptic afferent nerve terminals in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Subsequent activation of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors follows. It is the activation of these receptors that potentiates the pain signal up the spinal cord. This idea, although true, is an oversimplification

neg: Methyl violet "white rot fungus" and the bacterium "Nocardia Corallina". Light alone does not rapidly degrade methyl violet, but the process is accelerated upon the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, TiO or ZnO. Many other methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution, including electrochemical degradation, ion exchange, laser degradation, and absorption onto various solids such as activated charcoal. Methyl violet Methyl violet is a family of organic compounds that are mainly used as dyes. Depending on the number of attached methyl groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a

neg: Heptanoic acid Heptanoic acid Heptanoic acid, also called enanthic acid, is an organic compound composed of a seven-carbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid. It is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. The methyl ester of ricinoleic acid, obtained from castor bean oil, is the main commercial precursor to heptanoic acid. It is pyrolyzed to the methyl ester of 10-undecenoic acid and heptanal, which is then air oxidized to the carboxylic acid. Approximately 20,000 tons were consumed in

neg: Alanine Alanine Alanine (symbol Ala or A) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated form, −NH, under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated form, −COO, under biological conditions), and a side chain methyl group, making it a nonpolar, aliphatic amino acid. It is non-essential in humans: because the body can synthesize it, it does not need to be present in the diet. It is encoded by all codons starting with GC (GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG). The -isomer of alanine (left-handed)

neg: Fatty acid synthesis 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA, respectively. 2-Methylpropanyl-CoA primers derived from valine are elongated to produce even-numbered iso-series fatty acids such as 14-methyl-pentadecanoic (isopalmitic) acid, and 3-methylbutyryl-CoA primers from leucine may be used to form odd-numbered iso-series fatty acids such as 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid. 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA primers from isoleucine are elongated to form anteiso-series fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms such as 12-Methyl tetradecanoic acid. Decarboxylation of the primer precursors occurs through the branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase (BCKA) enzyme. Elongation of the fatty acid follows the same biosynthetic pathway in "Escherichia coli" used to produce straight-chain fatty acids where malonyl-CoA is used as a

neg: Methyl lactate for diluents, good flaw and blush resistance. Methyl lactate hydrolyzes in the presence of water and acids or bases into lactic acid and methanol. Methyl lactate Methyl lactate, also known as lactic acid methyl ester, is a monobasic ester formed from lactic acid and methanol, commonly used as a solvent. Methyl lactate belongs to the lactate ester group of compounds that are considered nontoxic and highly and readily biodegradable. Methyl lactate is a colorless clear liquid, completely miscible with water and most organic liquids. It is considered as a green solvent as it is easily biodegradable. It is a solvent

neg: Biosynthesis of doxorubicin They have no cofactors: no flavins, metals or energy sources. Their mechanism is poorly understood but may involve a "protein radical". Alkalonic acid (6), a quinone, is the product. Dnr C, alkalonic acid-O-methyltransferase methylates the carboxylic acid end of the molecule forming an ester, using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the cofactor/methyl group donor. The product is alkalonic acid methyl ester (7). The methyl group is removed later, but it serves to activate the adjacent methylene bridge facilitating its attack on the terminal carbonyl group, a reaction catalyzed by DnrD. Dnr D, the fourth ring cyclase (AAME cyclase), catalyzes an intramolecular

neg: Trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid is made in the 1996 David Foster Wallace novel, Infinite Jest. Trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid "trans"-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid (TMHA) is an unsaturated short-chain fatty acid that occurs in sweat secreted by the axillary (underarm) apocrine glands of Caucasians and some Asians. Hexanoic acids such as TMHA have an hircine odor. Of the fatty acids contributing to Caucasian men's underarm odor, TMHA has the most prominent odor. It has long been claimed that schizophrenia patients exhibit a particular peculiar body odour, and it has been postulated the odour may be caused by underlying metabolic abnormalities associated with the condition, among other factors. Initial studies

neg: Azo dye includes cotton. The dyes bind to the textile by non-electrostatic forces. In another classification, azo dyes can be classified according to the number of azo groups. As a consequence of п-delocalization, aryl azo compounds have vivid colors, especially reds, oranges, and yellows. An example is Disperse Orange 1. Some azo compounds, e.g., methyl orange, are used as acid-base indicators. Most DVD-R/+R and some CD-R discs use blue azo dye as the recording layer. Azo dyes are solids. Most are salts, the colored component being the anion usually, although some cationic azo dyes are known. The anionic character of most dyes

neg: Orange juice molecular level, orange juice is composed of organic acids, sugars, and phenolic compounds. The main organic acids found in orange juice are citric, malic, and ascorbic acid. The major sugars found in orange juice are sucrose, glucose, and fructose. There are approximately 13 phenolic compounds in orange juice including hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, hydroxybenzoic acids, hesperidin, narirutin, and ferulic acid. The cloud is the portion of suspended particles that range in size from 0.05 micrometers to a few hundred micrometers in orange juice. The cloud is responsible for several sensory attributes in orange juice including color, aroma, texture, and taste. The

neg: Trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid Trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid "trans"-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid (TMHA) is an unsaturated short-chain fatty acid that occurs in sweat secreted by the axillary (underarm) apocrine glands of Caucasians and some Asians. Hexanoic acids such as TMHA have an hircine odor. Of the fatty acids contributing to Caucasian men's underarm odor, TMHA has the most prominent odor. It has long been claimed that schizophrenia patients exhibit a particular peculiar body odour, and it has been postulated the odour may be caused by underlying metabolic abnormalities associated with the condition, among other factors. Initial studies identified the causal component as TMHA, however, subsequent studies failed to

neg: Methyl acetate in the presence of strong aqueous bases or aqueous acids. Methyl acetate is not considered as a VOC. Methyl acetate is produced industrially via the carbonylation of methanol as a byproduct of the production of acetic acid. Methyl acetate also arises by esterification of acetic acid with methanol in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid; this production process is famous because of Eastman Kodak's intensified process using a reactive distillation. In the presence of strong bases such as sodium hydroxide or strong acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid it is hydrolyzed back into methanol and

neg: Silicon organic water repellent is 50%. The color is from white to light gray. Application: The emulsion oligo methyl hydride siloxane has properties and characteristics similar with the methyl hydride siloxane. The emulsion is also used to provide various materials with water repellency properties. However, as oligo methyl hydride siloxane is the water emulsion, it can be applied as an additive in the production of solutions and mixtures that is by the volumetric method. Liquid is a mixture of tetra ethoxy silane and polyethoxy siloxanes. Application Silicon organic water repellent Organosilicon water repellent: The water-repelling liquid is applied: In addition, the treated surface does

neg: Fatty acid methyl ester Fatty acid methyl ester Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are a type of fatty acid ester that are derived by transesterification of fats with methanol. The molecules in biodiesel are primarily FAMEs, usually obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification. They are used to produce detergents and biodiesel. FAMES are typically produced by an alkali-catalyzed reaction between fats and methanol in the presence of base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide or potassium hydroxide. One of the reasons for FAME use in biodiesel instead of free fatty acids is to nullify any corrosion that free fatty acids would cause to the

neg: Lonicera japonica as the late 1990s, Japanese honeysuckle was not considered to be part of a deer's diet, but by 2010 urban deer in southwest Ohio could be observed grazing on it with enthusiasm, especially freshly cut honeysuckle stocks. "Lonicera japonica" contains methyl caffeate, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinate, protocatechuic acid, methyl chlorogenic acid, and luteolin. The two biflavonoids, 3′-O-methyl loniflavone and loniflavone, along with luteolin and chrysin, can be isolated from the leaves. Other phenolic compounds present in the plant are hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid. The two secoiridoid glycosides, loniceracetalides A and B, can be isolated, together with 10 known

neg: Amphetamine One example is the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene by allyl chloride to yield beta chloropropylbenzene which is then reacted with ammonia to produce racemic amphetamine (method 2). Another example employs the Ritter reaction (method 3). In this route, allylbenzene is reacted acetonitrile in sulfuric acid to yield an organosulfate which in turn is treated with sodium hydroxide to give amphetamine via an acetamide intermediate. A third route starts with which through a double alkylation with methyl iodide followed by benzyl chloride can be converted into acid. This synthetic intermediate can be transformed into amphetamine using either a Hofmann or Curtius

neg: Rhizobium lentis any growth on LB medium. "R. lentis" can utilize α-D lactose, β-methyl-D-glucoside, D-sorbitol, D-mannito, D-arbitol-glycerol, D-fructose-6-phosphate, L-aspartic acid, D-gluconic acid, mucic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, L-lactic acid, L-histidine, β-hydroxy-D, L-butyric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, acetic acid and formic acid. They are unable to utilize D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, D-raffinose, α-D-glucose, D-turanose, D-melibose, mannose, galactose, 3-methyle glucose, inosine, D-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-proline, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, pectine, D-saccharic acid, p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, methyl pyruvate, citric acid, bromo-succinic acid, acetoacetic acid or propionic acid. "R. lentis" can grow in the presence of the antibiotic compounds lincomycin, tetrazolium violet and tetrazolium blue but

neg: Fatty acid methyl ester and for characterizing new species of bacteria. For example, a profile created from cultured bacteria from some water sample be can be compared to a profile of known pathological bacteria to find out if the water is polluted by feces or not. Fatty acid methyl ester Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are a type of fatty acid ester that are derived by transesterification of fats with methanol. The molecules in biodiesel are primarily FAMEs, usually obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification. They are used to produce detergents and biodiesel. FAMES are typically produced by an alkali-catalyzed reaction between fats and

neg: Methyl jasmonate human blood lymphocytes did not result in cell death Methyl jasmonate Methyl jasmonate (abbreviated MeJA) is a volatile organic compound used in plant defense and many diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, root growth, flowering, fruit ripening, and senescence. Methyl jasmonate is derived from jasmonic acid and the reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase. Plants produce jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses (in particular, herbivory and wounding), which build up in the damaged parts of the plant. The methyl jasmonate can be used to signal the original plant’s defense systems

neg: Nitric acid concentrated acid and nitric oxide for dilute acid. or Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes I, P, and S into HIO, HPO, and HSO, respectively. Nitric acid reacts with proteins to form yellow nitrated products. This reaction is known as the xanthoproteic reaction. This test is carried out by adding concentrated nitric acid to the substance being tested, and then heating the mixture. If proteins that contain amino acids with aromatic rings are present, the mixture turns yellow. Upon adding a base such as ammonia, the color turns orange. These color changes are caused by nitrated aromatic rings in the protein. Xanthoproteic

neg: Xanthoproteic acid Xanthoproteic acid Xanthoproteic acid is a noncrystallizable yellow substance derived from proteins upon treatment with nitric acid. Nitric acid reacts with proteins to form yellow nitrated products. This reaction is known as the xanthoproteic reaction. This test is carried out by adding concentrated nitric acid to the substance being tested, and then heating the mixture. If proteins are present that contains amino acids with aromatic rings, the mixture turns yellow. Upon adding a strong base such as liquid ammonia, the color turns orange. These color changes are caused by nitrated aromatic rings in the protein. The xanthoproteic test is specific

neg: Methyl jasmonate Methyl jasmonate Methyl jasmonate (abbreviated MeJA) is a volatile organic compound used in plant defense and many diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, root growth, flowering, fruit ripening, and senescence. Methyl jasmonate is derived from jasmonic acid and the reaction is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase. Plants produce jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses (in particular, herbivory and wounding), which build up in the damaged parts of the plant. The methyl jasmonate can be used to signal the original plant’s defense systems or it can be spread by physical contact or

neg: Methyl nitrate Methyl nitrate Methyl nitrate is the methyl ester of nitric acid and has the chemical formula CHNO. It is a colourless volatile liquid that is explosive. It can be produced by the condensation of nitric acid and methanol: Methyl nitrate can be produced on a laboratory or industrial scale either through the distillation of a mixture of methanol and nitric acid, or by the nitration of methanol by a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The first procedure is not preferred due to the great explosion danger presented by the methyl nitrate vapour. The second procedure is essentially identical to

neg: Methyl nitrate Methyl nitrate Methyl nitrate is the methyl ester of nitric acid and has the chemical formula CHNO. It is a colourless volatile liquid that is explosive. It can be produced by the condensation of nitric acid and methanol: Methyl nitrate can be produced on a laboratory or industrial scale either through the distillation of a mixture of methanol and nitric acid, or by the nitration of methanol by a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The first procedure is not preferred due to the great explosion danger presented by the methyl nitrate vapour. The second procedure is essentially identical to

neg: Lactarius indigo also tested in the study ("Amanita rubescens", "Boletus frostii", and "Ramaria flava"), "L. indigo" contained the highest saturated fatty acids content, including stearic acid with 32.1 mg/g—slightly over half of the total free fatty acid content. The blue color of "L. indigo" is due to (7-isopropenyl-4-methylazulen-1-yl)methyl stearate, an organic analogous to azulene, which is biosynthesised from a sesquiterpene very similar to matricin, the precursor for chamazulene. It is unique to this species, but similar to a compound found in "L. deliciosus". "L. indigo" is distributed throughout southern and eastern North America but is most common along the Gulf Coast, Mexico,

neg: Rhizobium bangladeshense and do not show any growth on LB medium. "R. bangladeshense" can utilize a variety of nutrients for growth, including D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, D-raffinose, α-D-glucose, D-turanose, α-D lactose, D-fructose, β-methyl-D-glucoside, salicin, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, D-arbitol, glycerol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-gluconic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, lactic acid, α-keto-glutaric acid and tween 40. Strains which have been studied failed to utilize dextrin, D-aspertic acid, glycyl-L-proline, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-serine, mucic acid, p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, methyl pyruvate, citric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, propionic acid or formic acid. "R. bangladeshense" can grow in the presence of lincomycin

neg: Methyllysine methyl groups are themselves hydrophobic, and alter the structure of water in their vicinity, similar to tetramethyl ammonium. It is thought that the methylation of lysine (and arginine) on histone tails does not directly affect their binding to DNA. Rather, such methyl marks recruit other proteins that modulate chromatin structure. In Protein Data Bank files, methylated lysines are indicated by the "MLY" or "MLZ" acronyms. Methyllysine Methyllysine is derivative of the amino acid residue lysine where the sidechain ammonium group has been methylated one or more times. Such methylated lysines play an important role in epigenetics; the methylation of specific

neg: 2,3,4-Pentanetrione whereby the molecule is slit into CHCOCO and CHCO fragments. These can combine with intact molecules or each other to form other ketones. When heating 2,3,4-pentanetrione with oxygen, the oxidation products are diacetyl, acetic acid, water and carbon dioxide. Alkalis convert it into acetic acid and formaldehyde. 2,3,4-Pentanetrione does a condensation reaction with "o"-phenylenediamine to yield methyl-quinoxaline-2-methylketone, a heterocyclic dicycle. In this the carbon number 2 and 3 react with the amine groups, leaving the CO on number 5 alone. Another condensation can happen with 2,5,6-triamino-4(3"H")pyrimidinone giving 6-acetyl-2-amino-7-methyl-4(3"H")pteridinone. Grignard agents react. Phenyl magnesium bromide in excess reacting with 2,3,4-pentanetrione gives

neg: Rhizobium binae D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, D-raffinose, α-D-glucose, D-turanose, α-D lactose, D-fructose, D-melibiose, β-methyl-D-glucoside, salicin, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-mannitol, D-sorrbitol, D-arabitol, glycerol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, l-pyroglutamic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, methyl pyruvate, L-lactic acid, citric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, bromo-succinic acid, β-hydroxy-d,l-butyric acid and acetic acid. "R. binae" can not use the nutrients N-acetyle-D-mannosamine, 3-methyle glucose, inosine, glycyl-L-proline, L-arginine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid, glucuronamide, p-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, α-keto-glutaric acid, tween 40, propionic acid or formic acid. "R. binae" can grow in the presence of the antibiotic compounds lincomycin and potassium tellurite, but not in the

neg: Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester PCBM is the common abbreviation for the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester. It is being investigated in organic solar cells. PCBM is a fullerene derivative of the C buckyball that was first synthesized in the 1990s by Fred Wudl's group. It is an electron acceptor material and is often used in organic solar cells (plastic solar cells) or flexible electronics in conjunction with electron donor materials such as P3HT or other conductive polymers. It is a more practical choice for an electron acceptor when compared with fullerenes because of its solubility in chlorobenzene. This allows

neg: Odd-chain fatty acid carbon atoms, and Phytanic fatty acid absorbed from plant chlorophyll has multiple methyl branch points. As a result, it breaks down into three odd numbered 3C Propionyl segments as well as three even numbered 2C Acetyl segments and one even numbered 4C Isobutynoyl segment. In humans, in sharp contrast to butyrate and octanoate, the odd-chain SCFA, propionate, has no inhibitory effect on glycolysis and does not stimulate ketogenesis. . Odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, which form propionyl-CoA, can serve as minor precursors for gluconeogenesis . Odd-chain fatty acid Odd chain fatty acids are those that contain an odd number of

neg: Methyl methacrylate Methyl methacrylate Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an organic compound with the formula CH=C(CH)COOCH. This colorless liquid, the methyl ester of methacrylic acid (MAA) is a monomer produced on a large scale for the production of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Given the scale of production, many methods have been developed starting from diverse two- to four-carbon precursors. Two principal routes appear to be commonly practiced. The compound is manufactured by several methods, the principal one being the acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) route. ACH is produced by condensation of acetone and hydrogen cyanide. The cyanohydrin is hydrolyzed in the presence of sulfuric acid to

neg: Ferroin color change is reversible, very pronounced and rapid, and the ferroin solution is stable up to 60 °C. It is the main indicator used in cerimetry. Nitroferroin, the complex of iron(II) with 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline, has transition potential of +1.25 volts. It is more stable than ferroin, but in sulfuric acid with Ce ion it requires significant excess of the titrant. It is however useful for titration in perchloric acid or nitric acid solution, where cerium redox potential is higher. The redox potential of the iron-phenanthroline complex can be varied between +0.84 V and +1.10 V by position and number of methyl

neg: Demethylation the methyl group of an aryl methyl ether is to reflux the ether in acetic acid and concentrated hydrobromic or hydroiodic acid. Historically, natural products such as codeine ("O"-methylmorphine) have also been demethylated in poor to moderate yields by heating the ether in the presence of pyridinium chloride at 220 °C, a process that is sometimes called the "Prey ether cleavage". Boron tribromide, which can be used at room temperature or below, is a more specialized reagent for the demethylation of aryl methyl ethers. The mechanism of ether dealkylation proceeds via the initial reversible formation of a Lewis acid-base adduct

neg: 2-Methylglutaronitrile anhydride, reacted with dimethylamine to form the monoamide, reacted to an acid chloride with thionyl chloride and formed to an ester with more hydrophobic alcohols (like butanols or cyclohexanol). 2-Methylglutaronitrile 2-Methylglutaronitrile (α-methyl-valerodinitrile) is a nitrile with an attached methyl group which is obtained in the large-scale synthesis of hexanedinitrile. It is the starting compound for the vitamin nicotinamide and for the diester dimethyl-2-methylglutarate and the ester amide methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate, which are propagated as green solvents. 2-Methylglutaronitrile is a by-product of the production of hexanedinitrile, the precursor of hexamethylenediamine and hexanedioic acid as building blocks for polyamide 6.6. Starting from 1,3-butadiene

neg: Croconate violet as a dihydrate in deep blue metallic needles. The water solutions have an intense violet color and strongly stain the skin. The croconate violet anion is the conjugate base of the acid croconic acid violet , also obtained by Fatiadi in 1978 by treating the potassium salt with hydrochloric acid. It is an orange crystalline solid that melts at 260–270 °C and dissolves in water to give violet skin-staining solutions. It strongly acidic (p"K" = 0.32 ± 0.02, p"K" = 1.02 ± 0.02). From this acid other alkali metal salts can be prepared. The acid cannot be prepared directly from