query: who made the first telescope and used it to observe the sky

pos: History of the telescope History of the telescope The earliest known telescope appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands when an eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey tried to obtain a patent on one. Although Lippershey did not receive his patent, news of the new invention soon spread across Europe. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo improved on this design the following year and applied it to astronomy. In 1611, Johannes Kepler described how a far more useful telescope could be made with a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens and by

pos: Visible-light astronomy and objects in the night sky for thousands of years, as is evident in the naming of many constellations, notably the largely Greek names used today. Hans Lippershey, a German-Dutch spectacle-maker, is commonly credited as being the first to invent the telescope. Lippershey is the first recorded person to apply for a patent for a telescope, however it is unclear if Lippershey was the first to build a telescope. Based only on uncertain descriptions of the telescope which Lippershey tried to obtain a patent for, Galileo made a telescope with about 3x magnification in the following year. Galileo later made

neg: Nuclear Compton Telescope Nuclear Compton Telescope The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne Compton telescope to observe the gamma-ray sky in the energy range from a few hundred keV to several MeV. Its main goals are to improve the understanding of Galactic nucleosynthesis, gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, black holes, and more. The Compton telescope uses an array of twelve Germanium detectors with high spectral resolution to detect gamma rays. On its bottom half the detector is surrounded by a Bismuth germanate scintillator to shield it from atmospheric gamma rays. The telescope has an overall field of view (FOV) of 25% of the sky.

neg: History of the telescope received the report in November, and the English mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot, who used a six-powered telescope by the summer of 1609 to observe features on the moon. The Italian polymath Galileo Galilei was in Venice in June 1609 and there heard of the "Dutch perspective glass" by means of which distant objects appeared nearer and larger. Galileo states that he solved the problem of the construction of a telescope the first night after his return to Padua from Venice and made his first telescope the next day by fitting a convex lens in one extremity of a leaden

neg: J-PAS J-PAS J-PAS (Javalambre Physics of the accelerating universe Astronomical Survey) is an astronomical facility located in Pico del Buitre in Sierra de Javalambre, near Teruel, in Spain. It is constituted of two telescopes: a 2.5-metre primary mirror telescope (T250) and an 80-centimeter telescope (T80). The T250 will observe the sky in 56 colors with a large field 1.2 Giga-pixel camera, constituted by an array of 14 CCDs. J-PAS will observe more than 8000 square degrees (about 1/5 of the whole sky) during 5/6 years. J-PAS filters cover the entire visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (3500 Å to 10000 Å).

neg: J-PAS J-PAS J-PAS (Javalambre Physics of the accelerating universe Astronomical Survey) is an astronomical facility located in Pico del Buitre in Sierra de Javalambre, near Teruel, in Spain. It is constituted of two telescopes: a 2.5-metre primary mirror telescope (T250) and an 80-centimeter telescope (T80). The T250 will observe the sky in 56 colors with a large field 1.2 Giga-pixel camera, constituted by an array of 14 CCDs. J-PAS will observe more than 8000 square degrees (about 1/5 of the whole sky) during 5/6 years. J-PAS filters cover the entire visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (3500 Å to 10000 Å).

neg: Galileo Galilei magnification. With a Galilean telescope, the observer could see magnified, upright images on the earth—it was what is commonly known as a terrestrial telescope or a spyglass. He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated one of his early telescopes, with a magnification of about 8 or 9, to Venetian lawmakers. His telescopes were also a profitable sideline for Galileo, who sold them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of

neg: Telescope mount usually have the primary optics fixed at an altitude angle while rotating horizontally (in azimuth). They can cover the whole sky but only observe objects for the short time when that object passes a specific altitude and azimuth. Transit mounts are single axis mounts fixed in azimuth while rotating in altitude, usually oriented on a north-south axis. This allows the telescope to view the whole sky, but only when the Earth's rotation allows the objects to cross ("transit") through that narrow north-south line (the meridian). This type of mount is used in transit telescopes, designed for precision astronomical measurement. Transit

neg: Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor two altazimuth mounts that will allow the telescopes to be pointed to observe different patches of sky. The four CLASS telescopes will observe at a range of frequencies to separate emission from our galaxy from that of the CMB. One telescope will observe at 40 GHz (7.5 mm wavelength); two telescopes will observe at 90 GHz (3.3 mm wavelength); and the fourth telescope will observe in two frequency bands centered at 150 GHz (2 mm wavelength) and 220 GHz (1.4 mm wavelength). Two separate telescopes, observing at different frequencies, are housed on each mount. The CLASS instrument is specifically designed

neg: History of astronomy Those laws being as follows: With these laws, he managed to improve upon the existing Heliocentric model. The first two were published in 1609. Kepler's contributions improved upon the overall system, giving it more credibility because it adequately explained events and could cause more reliable predictions. Before this the Copernican model was just as unreliable as the ptolemaic model. This improvement came because Kepler realized the orbits were not perfect circles, but ellipses.Galileo Galilei was among the first to use a telescope to observe the sky, and after constructing a 20x refractor telescope. He discovered the four largest moons of

neg: Visible-light astronomy improved versions with up to 30x magnification. With a Galilean telescope the observer could see magnified, upright images on the earth—it was what is commonly known as a terrestrial telescope or a spyglass. Galileo could also use it to observe the sky, and for a time was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose. On 25 August 1609, Galileo demonstrated one of his early telescopes, with a magnification of up to 8 or 9, to Venetian lawmakers. Galileo's telescopes were also a profitable sideline; selling them to merchants who found them useful both at sea

neg: Rings of Saturn are not visible from Earth with unaided vision. In 1610, the year after Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the sky, he became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. In 1655, Christiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn. Although many people think of Saturn's rings as being made up of a series of tiny ringlets (a concept that goes back to Laplace), true gaps are few. It is more correct to think of the rings as an annular disk

neg: Qitai Radio Telescope Qitai Radio Telescope The Xingjiang Qitai 110m Radio Telescope (QTT) is a planned radio telescope to be built in Qitai County in Xinjiang, China. Upon completion, which is scheduled for 2023, it will be the world's largest fully steerable single-dish radio telescope. It is intended to operate at 300 MHz to 117 GHz. The construction of the antenna project is under the leadership of the Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The fully steerable dish of the QTT will allow it to observe 75% of the stars in the sky at any given time. The QTT and

neg: Robert-Aglaé Cauchoix the Irishman Edward Joshua Cooper, who used it to observe Halley's Comet in 1835 and a solar eclipse in 1836. In 1829, Cauchoix made an 11.75 inch lens for a French customer, but sold it to the British astronomer James South. South used it for his new telescope, which he found defective due to problems with the equatorial mount. In 1838, this telescope was dismantled, but the lens by Cauchoix served in other instruments until 1989. Robert-Aglaé Cauchoix Robert-Aglaé Cauchoix (24 April 1776 – 5 February 1845) was a French optician and instrument maker, whose lenses played a part in

neg: Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope operate by sequentially observing a series of pre-defined fields around the sky all night, every night when the weather is good. All exposures are taken with 150-second exposures, optimized to observe stars in the target magnitude range of KELT. KELT has made several exoplanet discoveries and at least one brown dwarf to date. In addition, the survey has discovered brown dwarfs like KELT-1b. Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope The Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (or KELT) is an astronomical observation system formed by two robotic telescopes that are conducting a survey for transiting exoplanets around bright stars. The project is jointly administered

neg: William Henry Smyth telescope. He used this instrument to observe a variety of deep sky objects over the course of the 1830s, including double stars, star clusters and nebulae. He published his observations in 1844 in the "Cycle of Celestial Objects", which earned him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1845 and also the presidency of the society. The first volume of this work was on general astronomy, but the second volume became known as the "Bedford Catalogue" and contained his observations of 1,604 double stars and nebulae. It served as a standard reference work for many years afterward; no

neg: Rangaku Kunitomo Ikkansai (a former gun manufacturer) built Japan’s first reflecting telescope of the Gregorian type. Kunitomo's telescope had a magnification of 60, and allowed him to make very detailed studies of sun spots and lunar topography. Four of his telescopes remain to this day. Microscopes were invented in the Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. Clear descriptions of microscopes are made in the 1720 and in the 1787 book "Saying of the Dutch". Although Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms, the Japanese mainly used them for entomological purposes, creating

neg: Architecture of Denmark observatory in Europe. Until 1861 it was used by the University of Copenhagen, but today, anyone can observe the night sky through the tower's astronomical telescope during the winter. Nysø Manor (1673) near Præstø, Sealand, was built for the local functionary Jens Lauridsen. It was the first Baroque country house in Denmark, replacing the earlier Renaissance style. The inspiration came from Holland and the architect was probably Ewert Janssen. One of the foremost designers of the times was the Danish architect Lambert van Haven whose masterpiece was the Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen (1682–96) which relies on the Greek cross

neg: TRAPPIST-1 and declination of the star's position in the sky and the "J" refers to the Julian Epoch. The system was later studied by a team at the University of Liège, who made their initial observations using the TRAPPIST–South telescope from September to December 2015 and published their findings in the May 2016 issue of the journal "Nature". The backronym pays homage to the Catholic Christian religious order of Trappists and to the Trappist beer it produces primarily in Belgium, which the astronomers used to toast their discovery. Since the star hosted the first exoplanets discovered by this telescope, the discoverers

neg: International Year of Astronomy work "Astronomia nova", in which he described the fundamental laws of planetary motions. However Galileo was not the first to observe the Moon through a telescope and make a drawing of it. Thomas Harriot observed and detailed the Moon some months before Galileo. "It's all about publicity. Galileo was extremely good at irritating people and also using creative writing to communicate what he was learning in a way that made people think," says Pamela Gay in an interview with Skepticality in 2009. The vision of IYA2009 was to help people rediscover their place in the Universe through the sky, and

neg: Allen Telescope Array 11.2 gigahertz (GHz), multiple simultaneous backends, and active interference mitigation. The area of sky which can be instantaneously imaged is 17 times that obtainable by the Very Large Array telescope. The instantaneous frequency coverage of more than four octaves is unprecedented in radio astronomy, and is the result of a unique feed, input amplifier and signal path design. Active interference mitigation will make it possible to observe even at the frequencies of many terrestrial radio emitters. All-sky surveys are an important part of the science program, and the ATA will have increased efficiency through its ability to conduct extraterrestrial intelligence

neg: Halley's Comet It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars. Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April. Halley's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera. The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 24-inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the

neg: National Dark-Sky Week National Dark-Sky Week National Dark-Sky Week (NDSW), held during the week of the new moon in April, is a week during which people worldwide turn out their lights in order to observe the beauty of the night sky without light pollution. This event was founded in 2003 by high school student Jennifer Barlow of Midlothian, Virginia and its popularity and participation increases every year. It has been endorsed by the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), the American Astronomical Society (AAS), the Astronomical League, and "Sky & Telescope" ("S&T"). The goals of the event are to: This event always occurs in April,

neg: NASA Infrared Telescope Facility telescope's thermal emission. The mirror coatings are chosen to have minimal thermal emission. The emissivity of the telescope is usually below 4%. The secondary mirror is mounted on a chopping mechanism to rapidly switch the pointing of the telescope from target to sky at up to 4 Hz. The IRTF is mounted on a large English yoke equatorial mount. The mount is very stiff, reducing flexure and allowing for accurate pointing of the telescope. Since the telescope is on an equatorial mount, the telescope can observe targets through the zenith without concern for field rotation. The yoke mount prevents the

neg: CfA 1.2 m Millimeter-Wave Telescope array of sixteen points on a 4 x 4 grid. In effect, this allowed the mini to mimic a smaller antenna with a half-degree beam. Because it is impossible to view the entire galaxy from New York, they also built an identical twin of the mini, which was shipped to Cerro Tololo, Chile to observe the southern sky. After a decade of mapping using the superbeam technique, Dame and Thaddeus had created the first complete map of the galaxy in CO, covering more than 7,700 square degrees (nearly one-fifth of the sky) and representing more than 31,000 individual observations. The

neg: NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe star-gazing companion that awakens, informs and keeps you reading.” This chapter asks the reader to consider our place in the vast universe and the “limitless hunting ground” that awaits all who care to take up a pair of binoculars or a telescope. Explains the Milky Way Galaxy in 11 steps beginning with Earth, the moon and the solar system, and then farther and farther away in distance and time to the Hubble Deep Field and the end of the universe. A primer on how to observe the sky with the unaided eye. Sky motion, sky measures, star brightness, the constellations,

neg: Redshift (planetarium software) and iPad. PC editions include Premium (with a library of 100 million objects and telescope control) and Compact (fewer objects in the library, no telescope interface). All versions support links to "Redshift-live", an on-line site to share observation information and other astronomy pictures and data. Redshift (planetarium software) Redshift is a family of educational planetarium and astronomy software packages which allow the user to observe the sky from a range of dates, print off data based on the observations, and (in some versions) control a telescope, created by Maris Multimedia. It runs on PC with Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X,

neg: Mark II (radio telescope) as part of the high-frequency component of the original MERLIN array. It was also planned that the telescope would be used for spectral line work at millimeter wavelengths. However, the upgrade was never approved. The original surface had an accuracy of ±1/8 inch, which meant that the telescope could observe at higher frequencies than the Lovell Telescope. The surface was upgraded in 1987 to one with an accuracy of 1/3 mm, which was accurately set using a holographic technique, meaning that the telescope can observe at the 22 GHz MERLIN frequency. The new surface is circular and was laid on

neg: Nuclear Compton Telescope Since low-to-medium-energy gamma rays are only detectable from above the atmosphere, NCT is launched with a large Helium balloon into the stratosphere. So far NCT had two successful and one unsuccessful balloon campaigns: Nuclear Compton Telescope The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne Compton telescope to observe the gamma-ray sky in the energy range from a few hundred keV to several MeV. Its main goals are to improve the understanding of Galactic nucleosynthesis, gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, black holes, and more. The Compton telescope uses an array of twelve Germanium detectors with high spectral resolution to detect gamma rays. On

neg: Mont-Mégantic National Park 1111 m). The observatory hosts a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope of 1.6 m in diameter, the most powerful of this type in North America. The site is mainly used by the University of Montreal and Laval University who are the owners. If conditions permit, naked-eye observations are possible through the telescope during the Mont Mégantic Astronomy Festival, an event that usually takes place in early July. On September 21, 2007, following sustained efforts to reduce light pollution in the region of Mont-Mégantic, it has been recognized as the first international Dark-sky preserve by the International Dark-Sky Association. Close to the scientific observatory

neg: Open cluster Johann Bayer gave three of these clusters designations as if they were single stars. The first person to use a telescope to observe the night sky and record his observations was the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1609. When he turned the telescope toward some of the nebulous patches recorded by Ptolemy, he found they were not a single star, but groupings of many stars. For Praesepe, he found more than 40 stars. Where previously observers had noted only 6-7 stars in the Pleiades, he found almost 50. In his 1610 treatise "Sidereus Nuncius", Galileo Galilei wrote, "the galaxy is

neg: James Webb Space Telescope other earlier instruments to observe. The telescope must be kept very cold to observe in the infrared without interference, so it will be deployed in space near the Earth–Sun Lagrangian point, and a large sunshield made of five sheets of silicon- and aluminum-coated Kapton will keep JWST's mirror and four science instruments below . The JWST is being developed by NASAwith significant contributions from the Canadian Space Agency and the European Space Agencyand is named after James E. Webb, the American government official who was the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 and played an integral role in the

neg: Mount Wilson Observatory for the Strategic Defense Initiative system, and the National Science Foundation funded the civilian conversion. Today, the telescope is used for public outreach. It is the second largest telescope in the world devoted to the general public. Custom made 10 cm eyepieces are fitted to its focus using the bent cassegrain configuration to provide views of the moon, planetary, and deep-sky objects. Groups may book the telescope for an evening of observing. The Hooker telescope located at Mount Wilson Observatory, California, was completed in 1917, and was the world's largest telescope from 1917 to 1949. It is one of the

neg: Konkoly Observatory with a spectral resolution of R=20,000 was installed on the RCC telescope. A 40 cm Ritchey-Chrétien telescope was set up in 2010, intended for automated remote observations. The telescope is currently under refurbishment. The Fly's Eye system, consisting of 19 small cameras to observe the whole sky above 30° altitude simultaneously, was installed in 2016. A new, automated 0.8 m telescope to track transient events, e.g., supernovae, is expected to be installed in 2018. Piszkéstető also hosts other instrumentations, including a seismic and gravimetric station of the Institute for Geophysics and Geodesy, and an infrasound detector array. The observatory has

neg: Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment The choice to use a few elongated reflectors rather than many circular dishes is unusual but not original to CHIME: other examples of semi-cylindrical telescopes are the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope in Australia and the Northern Cross Radio Telescope in Italy. This design was chosen for CHIME as a cost-effective way of arranging close-packed radio antennas so that the telescope can observe the sky at a wide range of angular scales. Using multiple, parallel semi-cylinders gives comparable resolution along both axes of the telescope. The antennas are custom-designed for CHIME to have good response in the 400 to 800 MHz

neg: Astronomical Observatory (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign) go, so that a star remains in view as long as the astronomer wishes to observe it. The telescope turns on two axes at the top of the column. One axis slants upwards toward the north pole of the heavens; the other at right angles to it, and it is to this one that the tube of the telescope is attached. Two large circles provide graduated scales for locating objects by their coordinates. The instrument can be turned on these axes toward any part of the sky. It is a heavy instrument, but so perfectly balanced that the astronomer moves

neg: Craig telescope Craig telescope The Craig telescope was a large telescope built in the 1850s, and while much larger than previous refracting telescopes, it had some problems that hampered its use. Its unique design and potential caused a great deal of excitement about it in its day. The telescope was ready in August 1852 and was visited by the William Parsons (he was famous for the Leviathan of Parsonstown, the largest telescope overall of this age). It is known to been used to observe the planet Saturn. It was the largest refracting telescope (a telescope with a lens) in the world from

neg: Lovell Telescope of radio-loud nebulae. Once construction of the Lovell telescope was complete, the broadside array was put on a steerable mount and the pair were used as a tracking radio interferometer. This was then used to determine the 2D shape of quasars on the sky. In the summer of 1961, a 25-foot (8-m) diameter paraboloid telescope was constructed (it was made of aluminium tubing and was mounted on the rotating structure of an old defence radar). This was then used as a steerable interferometer with the Mark I, with a resolution of 0.3 arcseconds, to determine the sizes of some high-redshift

neg: Square Kilometre Array greatly increase the survey speed of the SKA and enable several users to observe different pieces of the sky simultaneously, which is useful for (e.g.) monitoring multiple pulsars. The combination of a very large FOV with high sensitivity means that the SKA will be able to compile extremely large surveys of the sky considerably faster than any other telescope. The SKA will provide continuous frequency coverage from 50 MHz to 14 GHz in the first two phases of its construction. A third phase will then extend the frequency range up to 30 GHz. The frequency range from 50 MHz to

neg: Modra Observatory Asteroids and Meteoroids - Wide Field Survey" (ADAM-WFS) aimed at discovery of small asteroids in the Earth vicinity and orbital debris. In contrast to current asteroid surveys that are based on narrower field of view but deeper limiting magnitude, ADAM-WFS will observe entire visible night sky three times per night and identify moving targets. This survey is also considered as a low-cost project. It will use existing and verified methods and techniques, such as Moving Object Processing Pipeline (used by Pan-STARRS, NEOWISE, LSST). The proposed survey is similar to Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System. If funded, the telescope will be

neg: Gravitational microlensing be directly visible from a ground-based telescope, several techniques have been proposed to observe it. If the lens passes directly in front of the source star, then the finite size of the source star becomes an important parameter. The source star must be treated as a disk on the sky, not a point, breaking the point-source approximation, and causing a deviation from the traditional microlensing curve that lasts as long as the time for the lens to cross the source, known as a "finite source light curve". The length of this deviation can be used to determine the time needed

neg: Lunar 100 contrast between the dark seas and the lighter highlands. Starting from L4 we have geological features, such as craters (Tycho, L6), valleys (Vallis Schröteri, L17) and mountains (Leibnitz Mountains, L96). The last entry is L100, the Marginis Sea. Lunar 100 The Lunar 100 (L100) is a list of one hundred of the most interesting features to observe on the Moon. The list was first described by Charles A. Wood in the article "The Lunar 100" in Sky & Telescope magazine, April 2004. With this selection, Wood tried to give astronomy fans a list similar to the Messier catalog of deep-sky

neg: Lunar 100 Lunar 100 The Lunar 100 (L100) is a list of one hundred of the most interesting features to observe on the Moon. The list was first described by Charles A. Wood in the article "The Lunar 100" in Sky & Telescope magazine, April 2004. With this selection, Wood tried to give astronomy fans a list similar to the Messier catalog of deep-sky objects, but of a more familiar object, the Moon. The objects listed include craters, seas, mountains and other features, and are arranged in ascending order of observational difficulty. The Moon is L1, L2 is Earthshine, L3 is the

neg: Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy Observatory. It will observe celestial magnetic fields, star-forming regions, comets, nebulae, and the galactic centre. SOFIA is based on a Boeing 747SP wide-body aircraft that has been modified to include a large door in the aft fuselage that can be opened in flight to allow a diameter reflecting telescope access to the sky. This telescope is designed for infrared astronomy observations in the stratosphere at altitudes of about . SOFIA's flight capability allows it to rise above almost all of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere, which blocks some infrared wavelengths from reaching the ground. At the aircraft's cruising

neg: Observatory similar structure, to protect the delicate instruments from the elements. Telescope domes have a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing, and closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the entire upper portion of the telescope dome can be rotated to allow the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky. Radio telescopes usually do not have domes. For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population, to avoid the effects of light pollution. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have

neg: Andromeda Galaxy observe. Binoculars can reveal some larger structures and its two brightest satellite galaxies, M32 and M110. An amateur telescope can reveal Andromeda's disk, some of its brightest globular clusters, dark dust lanes and the large star cloud NGC 206. Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy (), also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, is a spiral galaxy approximately 780 kiloparsecs (2.5 million light-years) from Earth, and the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way. Its name stems from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda. The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope

neg: Solar telescope is not possible for apertures over 1 meter, at which the pressure difference at the entrance window of the vacuum tube becomes too large. Therefore, the EST and ATST have active cooling of the dome to minimize the temperature difference between the air inside and outside the telescope. Because the Sun travels on a narrow fixed path across the sky, some solar telescopes are fixed in position (and are sometimes buried underground), with the only moving part being a heliostat to track the Sun. One example of this is the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope. Most solar observatories observe optically at visible,

neg: Adrien Auzout life. Auzout made contributions in telescope observations, including perfecting the use of the micrometer. He made many observations with large aerial telescopes and he is noted for briefly considering the construction of a huge aerial telescope 1,000 feet in length that he would use to observe animals on the Moon. In 1647 he performed an experiment that demonstrated the role of air pressure in function of the mercury barometer. In 1667–68, Auzout and Jean Picard attached a telescopic sight to a 38-inch quadrant, and used it to accurately determine positions on the Earth. Auzout, the Moon crater, is named after

neg: Palomar Observatory performed using 14 inch (6 degree) or blue-sensitive (Kodak 103a-O) and red-sensitive (Kodak 103a-E) photographic plates on the 48-inch Samuel Oschin Schmidt reflecting telescope. The survey covered the sky from a declination of +90 degrees (celestial north pole) to -27 degrees and all right ascensions and had a sensitivity to +22 magnitudes (about 1 million times fainter than the limit of human vision). A southern extension extending the sky coverage of the POSS to -33 degrees declination was shot in 1957 - 1958. The final POSS I consisted of 937 plate pairs. Fritz Zwicky was the first astronomer to observe

neg: Niccolò Zucchi idea in the 1620s. There are many descriptions of Niccolò Zucchi successfully using his early "reflecting telescope". The French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work "History of the Academy of Sciences" stated Zucchi used it to observe ""celestial and terrestrial objects"". There are also modern claims that Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars, Such claims have been disputed. The 1832 "Edinburgh Encyclopaedia" noted Zucchi's use of a tilted mirror ""must have distorted and spoiled the image"" and the 1858 "Encyclopædia Britannica" described Fontenelle's claim as

neg: Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics An Ariane 6 launch vehicle will lift ATHENA in 2031 into a large amplitude halo orbit around of the Sun-Earth system through a direct transfer burn. was selected due to its stable thermal environment, good sky visibility and high observing efficiency. ATHENA is planned to perform scheduled observations of up to 300 celestial locations per year, each lasting from half an hour up to 11 days, though it can be repointed to observe transient events. ATHENA will utilize a telescope with 12 m focal length, and two primary instruments: high resolution X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), and the Wide Field

neg: Astronomical Observatory (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign) growing faculty (see architecture section below). In 1967, the 12 inch telescope at the observatory made its last professional photometric observations. The University of Illinois' Astronomy Department moved out of the building in 1979. The same year the observatory received recognition by the National Register of Historic Places, 1986, thousands gathered at the site to observe Comet Halley's journey into the inner solar system. The observatory is no longer used for research purposes, though the telescope is still used as a teaching tool in the university's astronomy classes. In addition, a University of Illinois student astronomy organization uses the telescope.

neg: Right ascension right ascension has been known at least as far back as Hipparchus who measured stars in equatorial coordinates in the 2nd century BC. But Hipparchus and his successors made their star catalogs in ecliptic coordinates, and the use of RA was limited to special cases. With the invention of the telescope, it became possible for astronomers to observe celestial objects in greater detail, provided that the telescope could be kept pointed at the object for a period of time. The easiest way to do that is to use an equatorial mount, which allows the telescope to be aligned with one

neg: Optical filter from much less than an Ångström to a few hundred nanometers. Such a filter can be made by combining an LP- and an SP filter. Examples of bandpass filters are the Lyot filter and the Fabry-Pérot interferometer. Both of these filters can also be made tunable, such that the central wavelength can be chosen by the user. Bandpass filters are often used in astronomy when one wants to observe a certain process with specific associated spectral lines. The Dutch Open Telescope and Swedish Solar Telescope are examples where Lyot and Fabry-Pérot filters are being used. A shortpass (SP) Filter is

neg: Space Place at Carter Observatory a digital planetarium as well as an historic 9-inch Cooke refractor telescope, through which evening visitors can observe a variety of Solar System and deep-sky objects. The original name, Carter Observatory, commemorates Charles Carter, who gifted his estate to what later became the Royal Society of New Zealand for the purposes of establishing an astronomical observatory in or near Wellington. Parliament established the Carter Observatory in 1937; it opened in 1941, following some delays caused by the beginnings of World War II. It is regarded as the fifth observatory in Wellington, and was built on the site of the previous

neg: ANTARES (telescope) separate dedicated acoustic detection system AMADEUS, which will comprise 6 converted ANTARES storeys with hydrophones to evaluate the possibility for acoustic detection of neutrinos in the deep sea. The first 3 of these acoustic storeys have been included in the "instrumentation line", the other 3 on the 12th line. ANTARES (telescope) ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector residing 2.5 km under the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon, France. It is designed to be used as a directional neutrino telescope to locate and observe neutrino flux from cosmic origins in the direction of the Southern Hemisphere of

neg: Telescope Telescope Telescopes are optical instruments that make distant objects appear magnified by using an arrangement of lenses or curved mirrors and lenses, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They found use in both terrestrial applications and astronomy. The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope. In the 20th century, many new types

neg: Schmidt camera 1980, about 8 more large (1 meter or larger) Schmidt telescopes were built around the world. One particularly famous and productive Schmidt camera is the Oschin Schmidt Telescope at Palomar Observatory, completed in 1948. This instrument was used in the National Geographic Society - Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS, 1958), the POSS-II survey, the Palomar-Leiden (asteroid) Surveys, and other projects. The European Southern Observatory with a 1-meter Schmidt telescope at La Silla and the UK Science Research Council with a 1.2 meter Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring Observatory engaged in a collaborative sky survey to complement the first Palomar Sky

neg: Fomalhaut C recorded as 12.6. With this third star being so distant, the entire Fomalhaut system may be the widest-spanning star system that has ever been discovered. In the sky, Fomalhaut C would appear very far away from Fomalhaut, which is part of the fact of how close this system is. The distance in the night sky would be 5.5°, or around 11 full moons. Due to its magnitude, you would require a telescope to observe it at home. The entire system of Fomalhaut is around 440 million years old, which is roughly a tenth of the Solar System's age. In December

neg: Khodad of industrial, educational and other infrastructure and a geographical latitude sufficiently north of the geomagnetic equator in order to have a reasonably quiet ionosphere which will be helpful to observe a good part of the southern part of sky are some of the criteria which are taken into consideration while making final decision. It took 10 years to build this project after first proposal in 1984. TIFR professor Govind Swarup conceived and directed the design and construction of the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), consisting of 30 fully steerable parabolic dishes of 45m diameter that are located in a Y-shape

neg: Perkins Observatory Morgan and “K” is for Keenan.) This is the most common stellar classification system used by astronomers today. In 1932 the Acting Director of the Observatory Nikolai T. Bobrovnikov began publication of a small in-house magazine known as “The Telescope.” At first this quarterly dealt primarily with research and current events related to Perkins Observatory, but in following issues it expanded its coverage of topics somewhat. In 1941 it merged with another small astronomy magazine known as “The Sky” to create “Sky & Telescope Magazine.” Another stipulation in Hiram Perkins’ endowment was that observing sessions be open to the public

neg: Alvan Graham Clark its motion. Clark used the largest refracting telescope lens in existence at the time, and the largest telescope in the United States, to observe the magnitude 8 companion. Clark's 18½ inch refracting telescope was then delivered to his customer, the landmark Dearborn Observatory of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where it is still being used today. Alvan Graham Clark Alvan Graham Clark (July 10, 1832 – June 9, 1897) was an American astronomer and telescope-maker. Born in Fall River, Massachusetts, he was the son of Alvan Clark, founder of Alvan Clark & Sons. On January 31, 1862, while testing a

neg: Naked eye Naked eye Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying or light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope. Vision corrected to normal acuity using corrective lenses is still considered "naked". In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and the brightest asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye. The basic accuracies of the human eye are:

neg: Slewing is also used in the computer game Microsoft Flight Simulator wherein the user presses a key and he or she can rotate and move the virtual aircraft along all three spatial planes. In the modern day use of CNC programs, "slewing" is a vital part of the process. Slewing Slewing is the rotation of an object around an axis, usually the z axis. An example is a radar scanning 360 degrees by slewing around the z axis. This is also common terminology in astronomy. The process of rotating a telescope to observe a different region of the sky is referred

neg: Infrared telescope astronomy, far-infrared astronomy, to submillimetre astronomy. Infrared telescope An infrared telescope is a telescope that uses infrared light to detect celestial bodies. Infrared light is one of several types of radiation present in the electromagnetic spectrum. There were several key developments that led to the invention of the infrared telescope: Infrared telescopes may be ground-based, air-borne, or space telescopes. They contain an infrared camera with a special solid-state infrared detector which must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Ground-based telescopes were the first to be used to observe outer space in infrared. Their popularity increased in the mid-1960s. Ground-based telescopes have

neg: Infrared telescope Infrared telescope An infrared telescope is a telescope that uses infrared light to detect celestial bodies. Infrared light is one of several types of radiation present in the electromagnetic spectrum. There were several key developments that led to the invention of the infrared telescope: Infrared telescopes may be ground-based, air-borne, or space telescopes. They contain an infrared camera with a special solid-state infrared detector which must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Ground-based telescopes were the first to be used to observe outer space in infrared. Their popularity increased in the mid-1960s. Ground-based telescopes have limitations because water vapor in the

neg: Atmosphere of Uranus Telescope and by ground-based telescopes equipped with adaptive optics systems (the Keck telescope and NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, for instance) made it possible for the first time to observe discrete cloud features from Earth. Tracking them has allowed astronomers to re-measure wind speeds on Uranus, known before only from the "Voyager 2" observations, and to study the dynamics of the Uranian atmosphere. The composition of the Uranian atmosphere is different from that of Uranus as a whole, consisting mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium. The helium molar fraction, i.e. the number of helium atoms per molecule of hydrogen/helium, was determined

neg: Apache Point Observatory range accuracy between the Earth and the Moon. Observations using the 3.5 m telescope can be carried out remotely by observers using TUI, the Telescope User Interface, via the internet. The SDSS telescope is used for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and began operating in 2000. It is a Ritchey-Chretien reflector on an alt-azimuth mount housed under a roll-off enclosure. It was designed with an unusually large 3° field of view to better support its primary task of surveying the entire sky. The NMSU telescope is a Ritchey-Chretien reflector set on an alt-azimuth mount, and was completed in 1994. A

neg: Astronomical spectroscopy the infrared spectrum. Physicists have been looking at the solar spectrum since Isaac Newton first used a simple prism to observe the refractive properties of light. In the early 1800s Joseph von Fraunhofer used his skills as a glass maker to create very pure prisms, which allowed him to observe 574 dark lines in a seemingly continuous spectrum. Soon after this, he combined telescope and prism to observe the spectrum of Venus, the Moon, Mars, and various stars such as Betelgeuse; his company continued to manufacture and sell high-quality refracting telescopes based on his original designs until its closure in

neg: TRAPPIST-1d et Géophysique at the University of Liège in Belgium used the TRAPPIST (Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope) telescope at the La Silla Observatory in the Atacama desert, Chile, to observe TRAPPIST-1 and search for orbiting planets. By utilising transit photometry, they discovered three Earth-sized planets orbiting the dwarf star; the innermost two are tidally locked to their host star while the outermost appears to lie either within the system's habitable zone or just outside of it. The team made their observations from September to December 2015 and published its findings in the May 2016 issue of the journal "Nature.

neg: Star catalogue stars brighter than magnitude 11.0. In total, over 4.6 million stars were observed, many as faint as 13th magnitude. This project was started in the late 19th century. The observations were made between 1891 and 1950. To observe the entire celestial sphere without burdening too many institutions, the sky was divided among 20 observatories, by declination zones. Each observatory exposed and measured the plates of its zone, using a standardized telescope (a "normal astrograph") so each plate photographed had a similar scale of approximately 60 arcsecs/mm. The U.S. Naval Observatory took over custody of the catalogue, now in its 2000.2

neg: Wow! signal the horizon), and relied instead on the rotation of the Earth to scan across the sky. Given the speed of Earth's rotation and the spatial width of the telescope's observation window, the Big Ear could observe any given point for just 72 seconds. A continuous extraterrestrial signal, therefore, would be expected to register for exactly 72 seconds, and the recorded intensity of such signal would display a gradual increase for the first 36 seconds—peaking at the center of the observation window—and then a gradual decrease as the telescope moved away from it. All these characteristics are present in the Wow!

neg: Kevola Observatory anastigmatic Schmidt-Väisälä camera, which was earlier located at Iso-Heikkilä Observatory, where it was used in an asteroid hunt to find 807 minor planets and 7 comets. The telescope has a 50 cm corrector menisculus and a 60 cm primary mirror with focal length of 1031 mm. It has a 6.7 degree field of view on 12x12 cm film plates, making it ideal for searching asteroids. Attached to the main telescope are two guide telescopes: an 18 cm and an 8 cm refractor. The zenith tower originally housed a 250/5150 mm zenith telescope that was used to observe the movements of

neg: Library Company of Philadelphia Governor George Thomas. Collinson, who had faithfully executed the Company's requests for books over the years, sent windfalls in 1755 and in 1758 in the form of boxes of his own copies of a score of 17th-century accounts of the newly established British colonies in America, among them such classics as Strachey's "Lawes", Mourt's "Relation" and John Smith's "Generall Historie of Virginia". The Library Company's microscope and telescope were frequently borrowed. In 1769 Owen Biddle used the telescope to observe the transit of Venus from Cape Henlopen. On May 9 of that year Sarah Wistar became the first woman to

neg: Lovell Telescope delivered to the site on 11 May 1954, and the final bogie in mid-April 1955. The telescope bowl was originally going to have a wire mesh surface to observe at wavelengths between 1 and 10 meters (3.2 and 32 feet), so frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz; this was changed to a steel surface so that the telescope could observe at the 21 cm (8 in) hydrogen line, which was discovered in 1951. Also, in February 1954 Lovell and the Air Ministry met to see if funding could be made available for improving the accuracy of the dish so that

neg: Slooh Chile Observatory was assigned observatory code W88. Unlike Google Sky which features images from the Hubble Space Telescope, Slooh can take new images of the sky with its telescopes. Slooh Slooh is a robotic telescope service that can be viewed live through a web browser with Flash plug-in. It was not the first robotic telescope, but it was the first that offered "live" viewing through a telescope via the web. Other online telescopes traditionally email a picture to the recipient. The site has a patent on their live image processing method. Slooh is an online astronomy platform with live-views and

neg: Very-long-baseline interferometry observe hydroxyl-maser sources. This technique is currently being used by the Event Horizon Telescope, whose goal is to observe the supermassive black holes at the centers of the Milky Way Galaxy and Messier 87. VLBI has traditionally operated by recording the signal at each telescope on magnetic tapes or disks, and shipping those to the correlation center for replay. Recently, it has become possible to connect VLBI radio telescopes in close to real-time, while still employing the local time references of the VLBI technique, in a technique known as e-VLBI. In Europe, six radio telescopes of the European VLBI Network

neg: The Telescope The Telescope The Telescope was a magazine for amateur astronomers published between 1931 and 1941. The magazine was first published as a quarterly under the editorship of Harlan Stetson, director of the Perkins Observatory in Ohio. It featured popular articles about contemporary research. In 1934 Stetson moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts and brought the magazine with him. Publishing duties were assumed jointly by the Harvard College Observatory and the Bond Astronomical Club, under the editorship of Donald H. Menzel. "The Telescope" became a bimonthly publication at this time. In 1941, "The Telescope" was merged with "The Sky", creating "Sky & Telescope"

neg: Warner and Swasey Observatory the observatory was left unused for several years until 2008, when it was sold to the Geauga Park District. The park district reopened the facility as part of its Observatory Park on June 16, 2012. The park was designated as a dark sky park by the International Dark Sky Association. The Rooftop Telescope is a 9.5-inch refractor that was originally constructed in 1894 by Warner and Swasey for their own use. The telescope was the first instrument of the Warner and Swasey Observatory and was originally used at the Taylor Road facility, but was put into storage when the Astronomy

neg: Giant Magellan Telescope segment is cleaned and recoated. The mirrors are made of borosilicate glass and have a honeycomb structure below the mirror surface. An adaptive secondary mirror is also designed for the telescope. The telescope will begin observing with only four mirrors: the central and three off-axis segments. Giant Magellan Telescope The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) is a ground-based extremely large telescope under construction, planned for completion in 2025. It will consist of seven 8.4 m (27.6 ft) diameter primary segments, that will observe optical and near infrared (320–25000 nm) light, with the resolving power of a 24.5 m (80.4 ft) primary

neg: Network telescope Network telescope A network telescope (also known as a darknet, Internet motion sensor or black hole) is an Internet system that allows one to observe different large-scale events taking place on the Internet. The basic idea is to observe traffic targeting the dark (unused) address-space of the network. Since all traffic to these addresses is suspicious, one can gain information about possible network attacks (random scanning worms, and DDoS backscatter) as well as other misconfigurations by observing it. The resolution of the Internet telescope is dependent on the number of IP addresses it monitors. For example, a large Internet telescope

neg: Telescope Array Project which observe the night sky above the SD array. Each fluorescence station is also accompanied by a LIDAR system for atmospheric monitoring. The SD array is much like that of the AGASA group, but covers an area that is nine times larger. The hybrid setup of the Telescope Array project allows for simultaneous observation of both the longitudinal development and the lateral distribution of the air showers. When a cosmic ray passes through the earth's atmosphere and triggers an air shower, the fluorescence telescopes measure the scintillation light generated as the shower passes through the gas of the atmosphere, while

neg: Gianluca Masi Night Over the Rhone" by studying the star placement. In 2006 he started the Virtual Telescope project (part of Bellatrix Astronomical Observatory), consisting in several robotic telescopes, remotely available in real-time over the Internet. Through this system, real time, online observing sessions are performed, sharing the universe with the world. More than 1,000,000 individuals each year observe the sky through the Virtual Telescope. He received a number of prizes, including the Ruggieri Prize (2003), the Gene Shoemaker NEO Grant (2005) and the Tacchini Prize (2006) as well as other acknowledgements for his scientific activities. The Nysian asteroid 21795 Masi, discovered

neg: ANTARES (telescope) ANTARES (telescope) ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector residing 2.5 km under the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon, France. It is designed to be used as a directional neutrino telescope to locate and observe neutrino flux from cosmic origins in the direction of the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth, a complement to the South Pole neutrino detector IceCube that detects neutrinos from both hemispheres. The name comes from Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch project; the acronym is also the name of the prominent star Antares. Other neutrino telescopes designed for use in

neg: Asteroid impact prediction shows the need for a combination of different types of telescopes. CSS used to include a telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, the Siding Spring Survey. However operations ended in 2013 after funding was discontinued. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a wide-field survey reflecting telescope with an 8.4-meter primary mirror, currently under construction on Cerro Pachón in Chile. It will survey the entire available sky around every three nights. Science operations are due to begin in 2022. Scanning the sky relatively fast but also being able to detect objects down to apparent magnitude 27, it should be good at

neg: Equatorial platform Equatorial platform An equatorial platform or equatorial table is an equatorial telescope mount in the form of a specially designed platform that allows any device sitting on it to track astronomical objects in the sky on an equatorial axis. They are used to give equatorial tracking to any device sitting on them, from small cameras up to entire observatory buildings. They are often used with altazimuth mounted telescopes, such as the common Dobsonian telescope type, to overcome that type of mount's inability to track the night sky. Many types of equatorial platform have been used over the years. The mid-1960s

neg: IRAS IRAS archive. The success of IRAS led to interest in the 1985 Infrared Telescope (IRT) mission on the Space Shuttle, and the planned Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility which eventually transformed into the Space Infrared Telescope Facility, SIRTF, which in turn was developed into the Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003. The success of early infrared space astronomy led to further missions, such as the Infrared Space Observatory (1990s) and the Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS instrument. IRAS was the first observatory to perform an all-sky survey at infrared wavelengths. It mapped 96% of the sky four times, at 12, 25, 60

neg: Digitized Sky Survey Digitized Sky Survey The Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) is a digitized version of several photographic astronomical surveys of the night sky, produced by the Space Telescope Science Institute between 1983 and 2006. The term Digitized Sky Survey originally referred to the publication in 1994 of a digital version of an all-sky photographic atlas used to produce the first version of the Guide Star Catalog. For the northern sky, the National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey E-band (red, named after the Eastman Kodak IIIa-E emulsion used), provided almost all of the source data (plate code "XE" in the survey).

neg: One-Mile Telescope One-Mile Telescope The One-Mile Telescope at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO), Cambridge, UK is an array of radio telescopes (2 fixed and 1 moveable, fully steerable 60-ft-diameter parabolic reflectors operating simultaneously at 1407 MHz and 408 MHz) designed to perform aperture synthesis interferometry. The One Mile Telescope was completed by the Radio Astronomy Group of Cambridge University in 1964. The telescope was used to produce the 5C catalogue of radio sources. Observations with larger incremental spacings were used to observe individual radio sources with unprecedented sensitivity, angular resolution, and image quality. These surveys required intensive use of inverse Fourier

neg: Giovanni Leone (scientist) family moved to their original home town of Palermo in Sicily. As a child he showed great interest for science. During his years at the primary school he got fascinated by the stars and started to draw on a exercise book the constellations observed in the sky. At the age of 15, his father gifted him a portable Newton telescope (11.4 cm of diameter and 90 cm of focal length) and he started to observe the sky both from home and from the Madonie mountains with his school pal and astrophotographer Carmelo Zannelli. Together they observed the Halley's Comet during

neg: VISTA (telescope) also has a large field of view it can both detect faint sources and also cover wide areas of sky quickly. Each VISTA image captures a section of sky covering about ten times the area of the full Moon and it will be able to detect and catalogue objects over the whole southern sky with a sensitivity that is forty times greater than that achieved with earlier infrared sky surveys such as the highly successful Two Micron All-Sky Survey. This jump in observational power — comparable to the step in sensitivity from the unaided eye to Galileo’s first telescope —

neg: Akari (satellite) liquid helium coolant. Its telescope mirror is made of silicon carbide to save weight. The budget for the satellite was ¥13,4 billion (~). By mid-August 2006, Akari finished around 50 percent of the all sky survey. By early November 2006, first (phase-1) all-sky survey finished. Second (phase-2) all-sky survey started on 10 November 2006. Due to the malfunction of sun-sensor after the launch, ejection of telescope aperture lid was delayed, resulting the coolant lifespan estimate to be shortened to about 500 days from launch. However, after JAXA estimated the remaining helium during early March 2007, observation time will be extended

neg: Thomas Harriot the moon, Galileo was also known to contribute his observations of sunspots and published his findings in 1613. The specifics as to how Harriot's telescope was set up remains largely unknown. However, it is known that Harriot used different magnifications of telescopes with 10X and 20X power being used most often. Harriot chose to observe the sunspots after sunrise because it made the vertical easier to analyze. According to Harriot's notes there was a total of 690 observations of sunspots recorded. Harriot’s findings challenged the idea of the unchanging heavens by explaining the sun’s axial rotation and provided further support

neg: Clover (telescope) 2 years observing a total of around 1,000 degrees of sky, made up of several patches of sky where polarized foregrounds (synchrotron and thermal dust emission) are at a minimum. Clover was canceled in March 2009 as STFC were unable to provide the requested additional funds of 2.55 million pounds to finish the project. Clover (telescope) Clover would have been an experiment to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. It was approved for funding in late 2004, with the aim of having the full telescope operational by 2009. The project was jointly run by Cardiff University, Oxford University,

neg: BD +17° 3248 BD +17° 3248 BD +17° 3248 is an old Population II star located at a distance of roughly in the Galactic Halo. It belongs to the class of ultra-metal-poor stars, especially the very rare subclass of neutron-capture (r-process) enhanced stars. Since about 2000, this star had been studied with 3 telescopes: a) the Hubble Space Telescope, b) the Keck I telescope and c) the Harlan J. Smith Telescope at the McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas. Elemental abundances in the range from germanium (Z=32) up to uranium (Z=92) were determined. The Hubble Space Telescope was used to observe the

neg: United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station land and related dark sky protection efforts through its Navy Region Southwest, through Naval Air Facility El Centro. The Kaj Strand Telescope (or Kaj Strand Astrometric Reflector, "KSAR") remains largest telescope operated by the U.S. Navy. Congress appropriated funding in 1961 and it saw first light in 1964. This status will change when the NPOI four 1.8-meter telescopes see their own first light in the near future. KSAR rides in the arms of an equatorial fork mount. The telescope is used in both the visible spectrum, and in the near infrared (NIR), the latter using a sub-30-kelvin, helium-refrigerated, InSb (Indium

neg: Harlan J. Smith Telescope hired worker suffered a mental breakdown and brought a hand gun into the observatory. After firing one shot at his supervisor, the worker then fired the remaining rounds into the Primary Mirror. The holes effectively reduced the telescope to the equivalent of a 106-inch telescope (or about 2.5 centimeters less), but did not affect the quality of the telescope's images, only the amount of light it can collect. The telescope has been used to observe many things. Some achievements includes the stars BD +17° 3248 and XO-1. Jorge Meléndez of the Australian National University and Iván Ramírez of the University

neg: United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station antimonide) camera, "Astrocam". In 1978, the 1.55-m telescope was used to "discover the moon of dwarf planet Pluto, named 'Charon'". (Pluto itself was discovered in 1930, across town at Lowell Observatory). The Charon discovery led to mass calculations which ultimately revealed how tiny Pluto was, and eventually caused the IAU to reclassify Pluto as a dwarf (not a principle) planet. The 1.55-meter telescope was also used to observe and track NASA's Deep Impact Spacecraft, as it navigated to a successful inter-planetary impact with the celebrated Comet 9p/Tempel, in 2005. This telescope is particularly well-suited to perform stellar parallax studies, narrow-field

neg: Astrophotography (now Kaliningrad, Russia), but preferred to observe the eclipse from nearby Rixhoft. The telescope used by Berkowski was attached to Königsberg heliometer and had an aperture of only , and a focal length of . Commencing immediately after the beginning of totality, Berkowski exposed a daguerreotype plate for 84 seconds in the focus of the telescope, and on development an image of the corona was obtained. He also exposed a second plate for about 40 to 45 seconds but was spoiled when the sun broke out from behind the moon. More detailed photographic studies of the Sun were made by

neg: Yebes Observatory RT40m of the European VLBI Network, the Global mm VLBI Array, and the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry. The telescope is also used to observe spectral lines from interstellar molecules in circumstellar envelopes, the interstellar medium, and extragalactic sources. Observation types (frequencies and objectives). Yebes Observatory RT40m The Yebes Observatory RT40m, or ARIESXXI, is a radio telescope which is part of the observatory at Yebes, Spain. It is a 40-metre Cassegrain–Nasmyth telescope. The telescope is located at Yebes Observatory (Spanish: "Centro Astronómico de Yebes (CAY)"). Yebes Observatory is the main scientific and technical facility of the National Geographic Institute

neg: Liverpool Telescope Liverpool Telescope The Liverpool Telescope (LT) is a fully robotic Ritchey–Chrétien telescope that observes autonomously; i.e., it operates without human intervention. Professional astronomers and other registered users submit observation specifications to be considered by the telescope's robotic control system (RCS) at any time of the day or night using an online GUI. Each night the RCS decides for itself what to observe next based on target visibility and weather conditions. The RCS additionally has a rapid-response capability where it can automatically interrupt regular observations to slew to observe transient phenomena with higher priority, such as gamma-ray bursts. The LT is