query: albugo reproduces asexually by means of structure which are called

pos: Albugo means it needs a living host to grow and reproduce. The Albuginaceae reproduce by producing both sexual spores (called oospores) and asexual spores (called sporangia) in a many-stage (polycyclic) disease cycle. The thick-walled oospores are the main overwintering structures, but the mycelium can also survive in conditions where all the plant material is not destroyed during the winter. In the spring the oospores germinate and produce sporangia on short stalks called sporangiophores that become so tightly packed within the leaf that they rupture the epidermis and are consequently spread by the wind. The liberated sporangia in turn can either germinate

neg: Acanthoxyla inermis life on trees, eating leaves in relative safety. "A inermis" seems to reproduce entirely asexually so while she feeds the female can fertilize and drop or deposit her own ova without having to move or compete with other members of her species for mates. From what has been observed, "A. inermis" reproduces entirely asexually through a process called parthenogenesis. Given that they haven't been seen to reproduce sexually at all they can be called obligately parthenogenic. Some other species of stick insect are facultatively parthenoginic meaning they can reproduce both sexually and asexually. The female of the species which appears

neg: Elphidium by the conjugation or syngamy. It means there is always an alternations of asexual (microspheric) and sexual (megalospheric) generation in "Elphidium". The microspheric form reproduces asexually by fission to produce a number of amoebulae. The inner cytoplasm mass containing several nuclei creeps out of the shell and remains as a lump around it. A small amount of cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. As a result, a large number of amoeboid cells are formed. Each amoebula secretes the proloculum, formsrhizopodia, then it grows and forms other chambers of the shell to become a megalospheric forms. The megalospheric form reproduces sexually by

neg: Asexual reproduction asexually through a process called thelytoky. A few species of amphibians, reptiles , and birds have a similar ability.For example, the freshwater crustacean "Daphnia" reproduces by parthenogenesis in the spring to rapidly populate ponds, then switches to sexual reproduction as the intensity of competition and predation increases. Another example are monogonont rotifers of the genus "Brachionus", which reproduce via cyclical parthenogenesis: at low population densities females produce asexually and at higher densities a chemical cue accumulates and induces the transition to sexual reproduction. Many protists and fungi alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. For example, the slime mold "Dictyostelium" undergoes

neg: Penicillium digitatum writings of Pier Andrea Saccardo, particularly "Fungi italici autographie delineati et colorati" (1881). In nature, "P. digitatum" adopts a filamentous vegetative growth form, producing narrow, septate hyphae. The hyphal cells are haploid, although individual hyphal compartments may contain many genetically identical nuclei. During the reproductive stages of its life cycle, "P. digitatum" reproduces asexually via the production of asexual spores or conidia. Conidia are borne on a stalk called a conidiophore that can emerge either from a piece of aerial hyphae or from a soil-embedded network of hyphae. The conidiophore is usually an asymmetrical, delicate structure with smooth, thin walls.

neg: E. coli long-term evolution experiment reproduces only asexually, lacks any plasmids that could permit bacterial conjugation, and has no viable prophage. As a consequence, evolution in the experiment occurs only by the core evolutionary processes of mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. This strict asexuality also means that genetic markers persist in lineages and clades by common descent, but cannot otherwise spread in the populations. Lenski chose to carry out the experiment with the bacteria grown in a glucose-limited minimal medium called DM25, which was initially developed by Bernard Davis for use in isolating auxotrophic mutants of "E. coli" using penicillin as a selective agent.

neg: Candida tropicalis the genus are vegetative cells which reproduces asexually by budding, and the structure, shape, septation, color and arrangement of buds is useful for identification. The production and appearance of pseudohyphae and blastoconidia may also be useful for identification. Physiological profiles relating to carbon and nitrogen utilization are of value in determining species, as are the presence certain distinctive biochemical features. Increasingly, molecular genetic methods such as DNA sequencing are used as primary tools for the accurate determination of species identifications in this group. "C. tropicalis" is a vegetative cell with the shape from round to oval ranging from approximately 2

neg: Behavior-altering parasite arthropods, residing in their haemocoel (circulatory cavity) and manipulating their hemolymph osmolality to trigger water-seeking behavior. The exact means by which they do that are unknown. Behavior-altering parasite Behavior-altering parasites are parasites with two or more hosts, capable of causing changes in the behavior of one of their hosts to facilitate their transmission, sometimes directly affecting the hosts' decision-making and behavior control mechanisms. They do this by making the intermediate host, where they may reproduce asexually, more likely to be eaten by a predator at a higher trophic level which becomes the definitive host where the parasite reproduces sexually; the

neg: Fusarium culmorum grain cereals besides "F. graminearum." Different from "F. graminearum," the teleomorph of "F. culmorum" is not known, which means the ascospores are not produced. Instead, it reproduces asexually by developing conidia, which is also the main mode of dispersal. Chlamydospores can survive in host debris during winter, whereas the microconidia are usually not produced in natural conditions. As a soil-borne fungus, "Fusarium culmorum" could survive on or within the infected seeds and result in pre- or post-emergence seedling death. However, seedborne inoculum has not been confirmed to contribute to the FHB. When causing FHB, macroconidia in soil and crop residues

neg: Weed Lake Wetland reproduces asexually which means it doesn't need a mate to reproduce so it means it clones itself. Duckweed does not need soil to grow; it needs only water and warm weather. Duckweed can act as a pest or be a problem in small ponds. Did you know that the early blue violet petals have vitamin A and C? These petals can make tea, syrup, salads and garnishes for various desserts. The petals are shaped like a kidney stone. The early blue violet usually grows up to 1–4 cm tall and the leaves can grow up to 1–2 cm. The flower

neg: Obelia at the extreme low water of spring tides. The polyp colony reproduces asexually. During this stage of life, "Obelia" are confined to substrate surfaces. On this mature colony there are individual hydranths called gastrozooids, which can be found expanded or contracted, to aid in the growth of this organism by feeding; the reproductive polyp gonozooids has medusa buds. Other hydranths are specialized for defense. The main stalky body of the colony is composed of a "coenosarc", which is covered by a protective "perisarc". The next generation of the life cycle begins when the medusae are released from these gonozooids, producing

neg: Scyphozoa hydroid stage of the lifecycle, a tiny sessile polyp called a scyphistoma. The scyphistoma reproduces asexually, producing similar polyps by budding, and then either transforming into a medusa, or budding several medusae off from its upper surface via a process called strobilation. The medusae are initially microscopic, and may take years to reach sexual maturity. Scyphozoa include the moon jelly "Aurelia aurita", in the order Semaeostomeae, and the enormous "Nemopilema nomurai", in the order Rhizostomeae, found between Japan and China and which in some years causes major fisheries disruptions. The jellyfish fished commercially for food are Scyphomedusae in the order

neg: Albugo candida the sporangia inside the pustules are spread by wind, rain, and insects. After landing on a susceptible plant, each sporangium gives rise to about six zoospores which, under suitable conditions of moisture and light, form germ tubes which invade the plant's tissues. Thick-walled sexual spores, called oospores are produced which germinate, producing either vesicles inside the plant tissue, exit tubes with vesicles at the tip, or germ tubes. Further zoospores develop inside the vesicles. The infection is spread by either oospore-infected seed or by mechanical movement of sporangia. Albugo candida Albugo candida commonly known as white rust, is a species

neg: Daphnia longispina is reached within about 6 to 12 days, followed by a period of regular reproduction in about 3-4 day intervals. D. longispina reproduces either asexually ("parthenogenesis") or sexually. For the later, females need to produce sons asexually. The same or other females can switch at any moment from asexual to sexual reproduction, but producing haploid eggs, which require fertilization by males. The sexual eggs are then deposited in an ephippium (plural: "ephippia", a resting egg shell), which will sink into the bottom of the water body when the female molts her carapace. After a resting period, which can last several

neg: Echinoderm a very small number of species, the eggs are retained in the coelom where they develop viviparously, later emerging through ruptures in the body wall. In some species of crinoid, the embryos develop in special breeding bags, where the eggs are held until sperm released by a male happens to find them. One species of seastar, "Ophidiaster granifer", reproduces asexually by parthenogenesis. In certain other asterozoans, the adults reproduce asexually for a while before they mature after which time they reproduce sexually. In most of these species, asexual reproduction is by transverse fission with the disc splitting in two. Regrowth

neg: Tetraphis pellucida of gemmae, and sexually resulting in a sporophyte which will produce spores. "Tetraphis pellucida" reproduces asexually through the use of asexual propagules called gemmae. The gemmae are found either in gemma cups or stalks. Gemmae cups are typically composed of three to five larger specialized leaves, and house gemmae in the center. Stalk gemmae are found in a terminal cluster on a microphyllous stalk that extends one to four millimeters above the leafy gametophyte. Gemmae are distributed largely through the energy provided by precipitation. This is possible due to the shape of gemmae cups, it allows them to harness the

neg: Colony (biology) while others must live in a colony to survive (obligate). For example, some carpenter bees will form colonies when a dominant hierarchy is formed between two or more nest foundresses (facultative colony), while corals are animals that are physically connected by living tissue (the coenosarc) that contains a shared gastrovascular cavity. Unicellular and multicellular unitary organisms may aggregate to form colonies. For example, Modular organisms are those in which a genet (or genetic individual formed from a sexually-produced zygote) asexually reproduces to form genetically identical clones called ramets. A clonal colony is when the ramets of a genet live in

neg: Pandeidae Pandeidae Pandeidae is a family of hydroids in the class Hydrozoa. Like other jellyfish there is usually a mature medusa form which is pelagic and reproduces sexually and a hydroid or polyp form which is often benthic and reproduces asexually by budding. Members of this family have bell-shaped medusae with a four-part manubrium or sub-umbrella, a mouth with four plain or pleated lips and four, often broad, radial canals. The gonads are smooth or folded and positioned on the walls of the manubrium and sometimes extend onto the radial canals. There are fine, hollow tentacles along the margin of the

neg: Hemlock woolly adelgid may die from secondary causes. The presence of HWA can be identified by its egg sacs, which resemble small tufts of cotton clinging to the underside of hemlock branches. In North America, the hemlock woolly adelgid asexually reproduces and can have two generations per year. Both generations are parthenogenetic and exclusively female. In its native Asian habitat, a third winged generation called sexupera occurs, although this generation's sexual reproduction requires a species of spruce not found in the Eastern United States, and therefore dies, areas of West Virginia as of 2017 are heavily infested with this form. Between 100 and

neg: Halicephalobus mephisto resistant to high temperatures, it reproduces asexually, and feeds on subterranean bacteria. According to radiocarbon dating, these worms live in groundwater that is 3,000–12,000 years old. The worms are also able to survive in waters with extremely low levels of oxygen, lower than one percent of the level of most oceans. It is named after Mephistopheles, which means "he who loves not the light" and alludes to the fact it is found so deep under the Earth's surface. It is the deepest-living animal ever found, able to withstand heat and crushing pressure, and the first multicellular organism found at deep

neg: Alternaria solani due to "A. solani" is highest when potato plants are injured, under stress or lack proper nutrition. High levels of nitrogen, moderate potassium and low phosphorus in the soil can reduce susceptibility of infection by the pathogen. "Alternaria solani" is a deuteromycete with a polycyclic life cycle. "Alternaria solani" reproduces asexually by means of conidia. "A.solani" is generally considered to be a necrotrophic pathogen, i.e. it kills the host tissue using cell wall degrading enzymes and toxins and feeds on the dead plant cell material The life cycle starts with the fungus overwintering in crop residues or wild members of

neg: Baptisia australis be toxic. The name of the genus is derived from the Ancient Greek word "bapto", meaning "to dip" or "immerse", while the specific name "australis" is Latin for "southern". Additional common names of this plant exist, such as indigo weed, rattleweed, rattlebush and horsefly weed. The common name "blue false indigo" is derived from it being used as a substitute for the superior dye-producing plant "Indigofera tinctoria". "B. australis" is an herbaceous perennial that reproduces both sexually and asexually by means of its spreading rhizomes. The plant is erect and emerges from the rhizomatic network. The roots themselves are branched

neg: Bipalium adventitium that the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin is present in "B. adventitium". Its function is yet unknown, but it may be used as a defense against predators or as a way to subdue prey. Differently from "Bipalium kewense", which usually reproduces asexually by fission, "Bipalium adventitium" more commonly reproduces sexually. It is suggested that it has only one breeding season per year. As in most land planarians, mating occurs by internal fertilization when two individuals meet. The eggs are deposited in egg capsules and after about 3 weeks they release 1–6 juveniles. "Bipalium adventitium" is believed to have been introduced in the

neg: Pandeidae bell, mostly growing from small carrot-shaped bulbs. The hydroids have threadlike tentacles. The World Register of Marine Species recognises the following genera: Pandeidae Pandeidae is a family of hydroids in the class Hydrozoa. Like other jellyfish there is usually a mature medusa form which is pelagic and reproduces sexually and a hydroid or polyp form which is often benthic and reproduces asexually by budding. Members of this family have bell-shaped medusae with a four-part manubrium or sub-umbrella, a mouth with four plain or pleated lips and four, often broad, radial canals. The gonads are smooth or folded and positioned on

neg: Pentaceraster cumingi benthic algae found on the ocean floor, microscopic organisms, and seagrass. On occasion, the "Pentaceraster cumingi" has been known to eat other echinoderms. The "Pentaceraster cumingi" is able to reduce sexually because they are gonochoric (have separate sexes). The "Pentaceraster cumingi" also reproduces asexually by splitting its central disc, a process called fission, which results in a clonal offspring. "Pentaceraster cumingi" is commonly used for ornamentation and sold as souvenirs in Peru and Mexico. The "Pentaceraster cumingi" population size has greatly decreased in Peru because of their use as souvenirs, and "Pentaceraster cumingi" is now considered close to extinction in

neg: Pediastrum cells as the parent colony. "Pediastrum" reproduces sexually via the fusion of small, biflagellate gametes that are released from the parent cell. The zygotes germinate into zoospores, which turn into thick-walled polyeders that generate the new coenobia. These polyeders can also result from asexual reproduction. Pediastrum Pediastrum is a genus of green algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is a photoautotrophic, nonmotile coenobial (fixed number of cells) green algae that inhabits freshwater environments. "Pediastrum" reproduces asexually by producing autocolonies. The protoplast of each parent cell gives rise to a biflagellate zoospore for each cell in the parent colony. The zoospores

neg: Behavior-altering parasite Behavior-altering parasite Behavior-altering parasites are parasites with two or more hosts, capable of causing changes in the behavior of one of their hosts to facilitate their transmission, sometimes directly affecting the hosts' decision-making and behavior control mechanisms. They do this by making the intermediate host, where they may reproduce asexually, more likely to be eaten by a predator at a higher trophic level which becomes the definitive host where the parasite reproduces sexually; the mechanism is therefore sometimes called parasite increased trophic facilitation or parasite increased trophic transmission. Examples can be found in bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and animals. Among the

neg: Pecan scab germination. Conidia germinate and form germ tubes which enter the host through stomata or through the cuticle, before forming intramatrical mycelia which moves through the plant and establishes the new infection. These mycelia give rise to further conidiophores and conidia, allowing for many infection cycles in each season. "Fusicladium effusum" is thought to be an anamorph of Venturia fungus. This means that while it commonly reproduces asexually via conidia, it may also produce a teleomorph stage like other dothideomycetes in which pseudothecia carrying asci and sexual ascospores grow out of the hyphae. This allows for sexual reproduction and genetic recombination

neg: Phacellophora camtschatica Amphipoda, regularly ride on its bell and even steal food from its oral arms and tentacles. The lifecycle of this jellyfish is well known, because it is kept in culture at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. It alternates between a benthic stage attached to rocks and piers that reproduces asexually and the planktonic stage that reproduces sexually in the water column; both males and females occur in the plankton. A smaller jellyfish, "Cotylorhiza tuberculata", typically found in warmer water, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea, is also popularly called a fried egg jellyfish. Phacellophora camtschatica Phacellophora camtschatica, commonly known as the fried

neg: Amoeba (genus) its food by phagocytosis, engulfing smaller organisms and particles of organic matter, or by pinocytosis, taking in dissolved nutrients through vesicles formed within the cell membrane. Food enveloped by the "Amoeba" is stored in digestive organelles called food vacuoles. "Amoeba", like other unicellular eukaryotic organisms, reproduces asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis. Sexual phenomena have not been observed in "Amoeba", although sexual exchange of genetic material is known to occur in other Amoebozoan groups. In cases where organisms are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will often survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion

neg: Dinophysis acuminata diarrhoeatic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. "Dinophysis acuminata" is a photosynthesising "Dinophysis" species by acquiring secondary plastids from consuming the ciliate "Myrionecta rubra", which in turn had ingested them from the alga "Teleaulax amphioxeia". Thus, "D. acuminata" is a mixotroph, primarily a heterotroph, but autotroph once it acquires plastids. This is also an example of cell organelle stealing, the concept called kleptoplasty, and endosymbiosis. "Dinophysis acuminata" reproduces sexually and asexually. "Dinophysis acuminata" is an oval-shaped protist. It measures 30-35 μm in length and 38-58 μm in diameter. The body is reddish-brown in colour and is covered with an armour-like covering called theca,

neg: Bacillaria Bacillaria Bacillaria is a diatom genus in the Bacillariaceae family. This genus is photosynthetic, and reproduces sexually and asexually. Cells are elongated and motile, sliding along each other, in stacked colonies. Cells are rectangular in girdle view (when in colonies), and lanceolate in valve view. Raphe system is slightly keeled and runs from pole to pole. Two large plate-like chloroplasts are present, one near each end of the cell. The nucleus is located centrally. Cells are yellow-brown in colour. Fibulae are strong, and the valve surface is covered in transverse parallel structures called striae. Length (apical axis): 70 - 200

neg: Cnidaria gastroderm, and these release ova and sperm into the water in the breeding season. This phenomenon of succession of differently organized generations (one asexually reproducing, sessile polyp, followed by a free-swimming medusa or a sessile polyp that reproduces sexually) is sometimes called "alternation of asexual and sexual phases" or "metagenesis", but should not be confused with the alternation of generations as found in plants. Shortened forms of this life cycle are common, for example some oceanic scyphozoans omit the polyp stage completely, and cubozoan polyps produce only one medusa. Hydrozoa have a variety of life cycles. Some have no polyp

neg: Marchantia polymorpha by many root-like rhizoids which attach the plant to the soil. The plants produce umbrella-like reproductive structures known as gametophores. The gametophores of female plants consist of a stalk with star-like rays at the top. These contain archegonia, the organs which produce the ova. Male gametophores are topped by a flattened disc containing the antheridia which produce sperm. This species reproduces asexually by gemmae that are produced within gemmae cups. Gemmae are lentil shaped and are released by droplets of water. Plants produced in this way can expand a patch significantly. It is a cosmopolitan species found worldwide from tropical

neg: Henricia sanguinolenta sea stars migrate to warm, shallow water during the breeding season. The sea stars mate through disk fusion. The eggs are then kept under the disk of the female starfish to incubate after fertilization occurs. After incubation, the female deposits its eggs on the ground, secretes mucus onto them, and then stays on top of the eggs for three weeks while they hatch. The sea stars are polygamous. "Henricia sanguinolenta" has a diploid chromosome number of 36. Although "Henricia sanguinolenta" can reproduce sexually, it can also reproduce asexually. It reproduces asexually through the process of regeneration. The sea star can

neg: Practice theory as food-preparation and serving rituals, religious rites, games, literary and non-literary texts, and other forms of entertainment to discover the deep structures (e.g. mythology, kinship) by which meaning is produced and reproduced within the culture. Structuration: Human agency and social structure are intertwined. Praxis is the repetition of the acts of individual agents which reproduces or subverts the social structure. Social life is more than random individual acts, but is not merely determined by social forces. There is a social structure – traditions, institutions, moral codes, and established ways of doing things; but it also means that these can be

neg: Prunus lusitanica Prunus lusitanica Prunus lusitanica, the Portugal laurel, is a species of the genus "Prunus", related to the cherry. It is native to southwestern France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, and Macaronesia (the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira). "Prunus lusitanica" is rare in the wild, found mainly along mountain streams, preferring sunshine and moist but well-drained soils. It is moderately drought-tolerant. It reproduces either sexually (the most successful method) or asexually by cloning from shoots. The species was first scientifically described by Linnaeus in "Species Plantarum" in 1753. Its specific epithet "lusitanica" means of Lusitania, the Roman name for Portugal. "Prunus lusitanica" is

neg: Ditylum brightwellii length. The valve is most often triangular in shape, but can also be biangular or quadrangular. A long hollow tube called the rimoportula is located centrally and extends from each valve "D. brightwellii" is found in all global oceans except in polar waters. Genetically distinct populations were observed over the course of a spring bloom in Puget Sound, suggesting that certain genetic lineages are better adapted to certain environmental conditions. "D. brightwellii" reproduces primarily asexually, creating clonal lineages. Vegetative cells are capable of enlargement and may also produce resting spores. However, samples from Puget Sound, WA display high genetic diversity.

neg: Galaxea fascicularis It occurs on coral reef slopes, particularly where the wave action is weak. Its depth range is between and . "Galaxea fascicularis" gets its food from two sources. The polyps contain symbiotic photosynthetic microalgae called zooxanthellae which, under good conditions, can obtain almost sufficient energy from sunlight for the coral's needs. It is also heterotrophic; the polyps extend their tentacles and catch and ingest organic particles, sediment, zooplankton, bacteria and even dissolved organic matter. This supplies the rest of the coral's needs. "Galaxea fascicularis" can reproduce asexually by budding. It also reproduces sexually, with both sperm and eggs being released

neg: Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola been identified in the fungus "O. ophiodiicola". Vegetative hyphae of "O. ophiodiicola" are narrow, branched and septate. Occasional racquet mycelia are observed. "O. ophiodiicola" reproduces asexually by the production of conidia. The conidia are produces at the end of short stalks ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 μm in length and 1.5 to 2.5 μm in width. The conidia range from 3 to 12.5 μm long and 1.3 to 3.5 μm wide. and are released by rhexolytic dehiscence in which the walls of cell compartments adjacent to conidia erode, freeing the conidia from attached hyphae. The conidia are colourless to pale

neg: Witch-hazel cone gall aphid Witch-hazel cone gall aphid The witch-hazel cone gall aphid ("Hormaphis hamamelidis") is a minuscule insect, a member of the aphid superfamily, whose presence on a witch-hazel plant is easily recognizable by a red conical gall structure. This gall, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter for the female aphid. At the start of spring, females or "stem mothers" crawl to leaf buds. As the leaf grows, the aphid injects it with a substance, possibly an enzyme or hormone, that causes that the galls to form around her. Once inside her gall the stem mother reproduces asexually and fills the

neg: Sagartia elegans from the ingestion of small invertebrates which are caught by the tentacles and thrust into the mouth. The undigested fragments are later expelled through the mouth. "S. elegans" often reproduces asexually by fragmentation, also known as basal laceration. As it crawls across a rock surface, pieces of its base become detached and grow into new individuals. This gives rise to groups of sea anemones in close proximity to each other which have identical colourations. Other organisms found in the same habitat include the breadcrumb sponge, Halichondria panicea and the soft coral, Alcyonium digitatum. Sponge gatherers in the Mediterranean Sea come

neg: Cunninghamella echinulata "C. echinulata." "Cunninghamella echinulata" is a member of the family, Cunninghamellaceae (phylum Mucormycota). This species is closely related to "C. elegans", and both species share highly similar characteristics of growth and morphology. Colonies tend to be rapidly growing on most growth media producing a dense, white or greyish aerial mycelium. "Cunninghamella echinulata" reproduces asexually and solely via yellow-brown, spiny, single-spored sporangioles that, due to the nature of the sporangiospore being retained within the sporangium, appear to have a two-layered outer wall. This fungus grows by means of filaments that lack septa. This is a common feature of members if the

neg: Malaria more common outside Africa. There have been documented human infections with several species of "Plasmodium" from higher apes; however, except for "P. knowlesi"—a zoonotic species that causes malaria in macaques—these are mostly of limited public health importance. In the life cycle of "Plasmodium", a female "Anopheles" mosquito (the definitive host) transmits a motile infective form (called the sporozoite) to a vertebrate host such as a human (the secondary host), thus acting as a transmission vector. A sporozoite travels through the blood vessels to liver cells (hepatocytes), where it reproduces asexually (tissue schizogony), producing thousands of merozoites. These infect new red

neg: Albugo candida Albugo candida Albugo candida commonly known as white rust, is a species of oomycete in the family Albuginaceae. It is sometimes called a fungus, but in fact forms part of a distinct lineage of fungus-like microorganisms, Oomycetes, commonly known as water moulds. "A. candida" is an obligate plant pathogen that infects Brassicaceae species and causes the disease known as white rust or white blister rust. It has a relatively smaller genome than other oomycetes. "A. candida" has a cosmopolitan distribution and is known from many countries where cruciferous crops are grown in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, North, Central, and South

neg: Parthenogenesis reported in wild vertebrates for the first time by US researchers amongst captured pregnant copperhead and cottonmouth female pit-vipers. The Komodo dragon, which normally reproduces sexually, has also been found able to reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis. A case has been documented of a Komodo dragon reproducing via sexual reproduction after a known parthenogenetic event, highlighting that these cases of parthenogenesis are reproductive accidents, rather than adaptive, facultative parthenogenesis. Some reptile species use a ZW chromosome system, which produces either males (ZZ) or females (ZW). Until 2010, it was thought that the ZW chromosome system used by reptiles was incapable of

neg: Aulacomnium palustre spore bank. Ribbed bog moss is dioecious. Ribbed bog moss's sporophyte generation develops from the fertilized egg. Eggs are fertilized within the archegonium. The sporophyte embryo grows rapidly, differentiating into foot, stalk, and capsule tissue. Spores develop within the capsule. Ribbed bog moss reproduces asexually from specialized gametophyte tissues and from plant breakage. It reproduces frequently from gemmae. Ribbed bog moss may also regenerate when paraphyses (minute filaments arising from ribbed bog moss's antheridia) detach. In the laboratory, 12.5% of detached ribbed bog moss paraphyses developed into propagules. Ribbed bog moss establishes readily when chunks of ribbed bog moss shoots

neg: Heterosigma akashiwo "Heterosigma akashiwo" is a mixotrophic alga, supplementing nutrient uptake and photosynthesis with ingestion of bacteria. Each cell may contain 18-27 chloroplasts. These cells have been observed to glide and twirl under microscopic examination, but nonmotile cells have been associated with toxic blooms. Blooms are clearly visible by air, appearing as a red area in otherwise blue water. Optimal growth occurs at 25 °C and 100 μE ms, conditions which are associated with very low toxicity. Maximum toxicity occurs (and relatively slow growth) occurs at 20 °C and 200 μE ms. "H. akashiwo" reproduces asexually by binary fission. "Heterosigma akashiwo" produces

neg: Hippeastrum areas, while other species prefer a drier habitat. There are also epiphytic species such as "Hippeastrum aulicum", "Hippeastrum calyptratum", "Hippeastrum papilio" and "Hippeastrum arboricola", which require air circulation around their roots, which are in the subgenus "Omphalissa". Species are generally diploid with 2n=22 chromosomes, but some species, such as "Hippeastrum iguazuanum", have 24. The genus has a degree of interspecies intercompatibility allowing crossing. Some species, such as the Uruguayan "Hippeastrum petiolatum", are sterile and unable to produce seeds. "H. petiolatum" is a sterile triploid that reproduces asexually, producing many bulbils around the mother bulb. These are light, and easily carried

neg: Tunicate to the phorozooids, which then detach themselves from the nurse. These zooids develop into gonozooids, and when these are mature, they separate from the phorozooids to live independently and start the cycle over again. Meanwhile, the phorozooids have served their purpose and disintegrate. The asexual phase in the lifecycle allows the doliolid to multiply very rapidly when conditions are favourable. Salps also have a complex lifecycle with an alternation of generations. In the solitary life history phase, an oozoid reproduces asexually, producing a chain of tens or hundreds of individual zooids by budding along the length of a stolon. The

neg: Volvox carteri can reproduce either asexually or sexually. Thus, it is a facultatively sexual organism. In nature, Volvox reproduces asexually in temporary ponds in spring, but becomes sexual and produces dormant over-wintering zygotes before the ponds dry up in the summer heat. "V. carteri" can be induced to reproduce sexually by heat shock treatment. However, this induction can be inhibited by antioxidants indicating that the induction of sex by heat shock is mediated by oxidative stress. Nedelcu et al. further found that an inhibitor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain that induces oxidative stress also induced sex in "V. carteri". Nedelcu and

neg: Agelas clathrodes all spawning at the same time, the sponges maximize their reproductive success. The eggs are surrounded by a mass of nurse cells which may provide nutrients to the developing larvae. The orange elephant ear sponge also reproduces asexually. When pieces of sponge become detached they may later reattach themselves to the substrate. The sponge contains secondary metabolites that are distasteful to predatory fish such as the blue-headed wrasse ("Thalassoma bifasciatum"). Researchers found that the compounds involved were identical in various members of the genus "Agelas", showing that such chemical defences must have been in use before the species evolved from

neg: Poa bulbosa and replanted they can give rise to new plants. The inflorescence is a wide cluster of branches bearing green leaflike spikelets with darker bases that contain bulbils. Viable seed is rarely produced, and the plant usually reproduces asexually via its basal bulbous sections and via bulbils. Although the plant reproduces vegetatively (asexaully) most of the time, it has been shown to possess high genetic variability. Many types of animals, including wild and domesticated ruminants, small mammals, and birds, readily consume this grass, especially the bulbils in the inflorescences, which contain some starches and fats. The grass is used as a

neg: Albugo cabbages, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, collards, garden cress, kale, lettuce, mustards, parsnip, radish, horseradish, rapeseed, salsify (black or white), spinach, sweet potatoes, turnips, watercress, and perhaps water-spinach. White rust plant diseases caused by "Albugo" fungal-like pathogens should not be confused with White Pine Blister Rust, Chrysanthemum white rust or any fungal rusts, all of which are also plant diseases but have completely different symptoms and causal pathogens. Symptoms of white rust caused by "Albugo" typically include yellow lesions on the upper leaf surface and white pustules on the underside of the leaf. The pathogen is spread by wind, water, and insects.

neg: Parthenogenesis Komodo dragons and a variety of domesticated birds were widely perpetuated as facultative parthenogenesis. These cases are, however, examples of accidental parthenogenesis, given the frequency of asexually produced eggs and their hatching rates are extremely low, in contrast to true facultative parthenogenesis where the majority of asexually produced eggs hatch. The occurrence of such asexually produced eggs in sexual animals can be explained by a meiotic error, leading to eggs produced via automixis. Obligate parthenogenesis is the process in which organisms exclusively reproduce through asexual means. Many species have been shown to transition to obligate parthenogenesis over evolutionary time. Among

neg: Brood (comics) tentacles they can use to manipulate objects. Due to their natural body armor and teeth, the Brood are very dangerous in combat. In addition, they have stingers that can deliver either paralyzing or killing poison. The Brood is governed by a supreme matriarchy, at the top of which sits the Brood Empress. The Brood reproduces asexually and therefore has no clear divisions of gender. Although the Brood lives by a caste system, some of the roles have proven to be flexible. Note: Surprisingly, the ability of an individual Brood to lay eggs does not necessarily make it a Queen. Several

neg: Chrysaora quinquecirrha of one end of the body, which opens to a gastrovascular cavity that is used for digestion. It has tentacles that surround the mouth to capture food. Sea nettles have no excretory or respiratory organs. Each sea nettle is either in a free-swimming stage or a polyp stage. The free-swimming stage, or medusa stage reproduces sexually, and the polyp stage reproduces asexually. The Atlantic sea nettle is a bell-shaped invertebrate, usually semi-transparent and with small, white dots and reddish-brown stripes. Sea nettles without stripes have a bell that appears white or opaque. The sea nettle's sting is rated from "moderate"

neg: Candida tropicalis and sugar. This is enough for identifying the species but with a disadvantage of promoting mycelial growth and suppressing conidia formation. Another commonly used medium is the cornmeal agar which is useful in inducing formation of conidia. Potato-glucose, potato-carrot, tomato juice, lima bean and others are also types of media used for growth. The optimal temperature for growth is between and growth is enhanced if sugar or fat is added in the medium. Colony of "C. tropicalis" are white, smooth and butyrous with a fringed border. "C. tropicalis" reproduces asexually by the production of blastoconidia through budding. As blastoconidia increase

neg: Alexandrium monilatum the cell, and "A. minilatum"'s many chloroplasts radiate outward from the nucleus. A bioluminescent strain of "A. monilatum" has been identified from Mississippi Sound in the Gulf of Mexico. "A. monilatum" reproduces both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction is by binary fission. Though less common than fission, "A. monilatum" also reproduces sexually. This takes place when a zygote is formed by the fusing of the two isogametes and resting cysts may be formed. Like other dinoflagellates, "Alexandrium monilatum" has wide swings in population size. When concentrations rise, algal blooms occur and fish can be killed by the ichthyotoxin, goniodomin A

neg: Albugo occidentalis appears somewhat similar on the surface of the leaf, sometimes causing the plant to form white or yellow blister-like pustules on leaves. The early stage, a milder chlorosis, is found on the on abaxial face, but if the white rust is allowed to thrive, it can blister and be visible on the adaxial surface as well. Like all the other species in its genus, "Albugo occidentalis" is an oomycete. The survival structure is an oospore, which is the result of the karyogamy of two haploid gametes (the oogonium and antheridium). The oospore can overwinter in the soil, and in the

neg: Fasciola hepatica uterus opens into the genital atrium; this opening is surrounded by Mehlis glands. In some flukes, the terminal end of the uterus is strengthened with muscles and spines. "F. hepatica" reproduces both sexually, via the hermaphrodite adult flukes, and asexually. The miracidia can reproduce asexually within the intermediate snail host. Currently, "F. hepatica" has one of the widest geographical spread of any parasitic and vector-borne disease. Originating in Europe, it has expanded to colonize over 50 countries, covering all continents except Antarctica. In contrast, "F. gigantica" is generally considered more geographically restricted to the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and

neg: Trichothecium roseum harvested melons. Trichothecium roseum Trichothecium roseum is a fungus in the division Ascomycota first reported in 1809. It is characterized by its flat and granular colonies which are initially white and develop to be light pink in color. This fungus reproduces asexually through the formation of conidia with no known sexual state. "Trichothecium roseum" is distinctive from other species of the genus "Trichothecium" in its characteristic zigzag patterned chained conidia. It is found in various countries worldwide and can grow in a variety of habitats ranging from leaf litter to fruit crops. "Trichothecium roseum" produces a wide variety of secondary

neg: Trichothecium roseum Trichothecium roseum Trichothecium roseum is a fungus in the division Ascomycota first reported in 1809. It is characterized by its flat and granular colonies which are initially white and develop to be light pink in color. This fungus reproduces asexually through the formation of conidia with no known sexual state. "Trichothecium roseum" is distinctive from other species of the genus "Trichothecium" in its characteristic zigzag patterned chained conidia. It is found in various countries worldwide and can grow in a variety of habitats ranging from leaf litter to fruit crops. "Trichothecium roseum" produces a wide variety of secondary metabolites including

neg: Western giant puffball giant puffball is replaced by the giant puffball or a closely related species. Its shape is round or a flattened sphere with no stalk, and it at least across when mature. The exterior is white or tan. Unlike giant puffballs, which are smooth, the western giant puffball is covered with plaques or large pointed warts. The interior is first firm and white, then yellow and slimy, and finally powdery. Unlike most puffballs the western giant puffball reproduces in three stages asexually. Smaller western giant puffballs usually clump of the epididymal covering of the parent. The western giant puffball is edible

neg: Dugesia aborensis in a hill-stream. It has been proposed that "D. aborensis" reproduces asexually during the summer, while sexually from autumn. However, no sexual mature specimens have been found. It has also been proposed that this is a dioecious species, but all continenticola species known until now are hermaphroditic. Dugesia aborensis Dugesia aborensis is a species of freshwater triclad found in the Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. "Dugesia aborensis" was originally described as "Planaria aborensis" by Whitehouse. In 1928, Meixner changed the genus to which it more likely belongs. Because there is no description of "D. aborensis" copulatory apparatus, it should be

neg: Epidermophyton floccosum its agar. "E. floccosum" has septate, hyaline hyphae. Its key features are the smooth, thin-walled, club-shaped macroconidia and the absence of microconidia. The macroconidia are borne singly or in clusters of 2 or 3; they are 20–40 µm in length and 7–12 µm in width, consisting of 1 to 9 septa. The narrow base and broad, club-shaped apex of the macroconidium have been compared in shape to a beaver tail. The fungus reproduces asexually through chlamydoconidia, which are resting spores that are abundant in culture. Arthroconidia are also abundant in the culture, emerging as swollen cells alongside macroconidia formation; these

neg: Zieria covenyi Zieria covenyi Zieria covenyi, commonly known as the Coveny's zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to a small area in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales. It is an erect shrub which multiples asexually from root suckers and has three-part, clover-like leaves and clusters of white to pink flowers with four petals and four stamens. "Zieria covenyi" is an erect shrub which usually grows to a height of and only reproduces from root suckers. It has star-shaped hairs on its branches and leaves, at least when they are young. The leaves are arranged

neg: Robinia pseudoacacia blossoms), clusters. The leaflets fold together in wet weather and at night (nyctinasty) as some change of position at night is a habit of the entire leguminous family. Although similar in general appearance to the honey locust, it lacks that tree's characteristic long branched thorns on the trunk, instead having the pairs of short prickles at the base of each leaf; the leaflets are also much broader than honey locust. It may also resemble Styphnolobium japonicum which has smaller flower spikes and lacks spines. Black locust reproduces both sexually via flowers, and asexually via root suckers. The flowers are pollinated

neg: Colletotrichum kahawae Colletotrichum kahawae Colletotrichum kahawae is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) on "C. arabica" crops. The pathogen is an ascomycete that reproduces asexually. The asexual spores (conidia) are stored within acervuli. This disease is considered to be one of the major factors hampering "C.arabica" production in the African continent, which represents the current geographic range of the fungus. Coffee berry disease causes dark necrosis in spots and causes the green berries of the coffee to drop prematurely. High humidity, relatively warm temperatures, and high altitude are ideal for disease formation. Given the severity of the disease

neg: Dientamoeba fragilis the parasite infects the mucosal crypts of the large intestine. They primarily affect the cecum and proximal colon. It is assumed that when "D. fragilis" is inside the colon, it reproduces asexually by binary fission. From there the trophozoites are in the lumen of the colon and are excreted as wastes. "D. fragilis" is not considered to be invasive nor cause cell or tissue damage. "D. fragilis" replicates by binary fission, moves by pseudopodia, and feeds by phagocytosis. The cytoplasm typically contains numerous food vacuoles that contain ingested debris, including bacteria. Waste materials are eliminated from the cell through digestive

neg: Black sigatoka leaves damaged by the disease may have up to 50% lower yield of fruit, and control can take up to 50 sprays a year. "M. fijiensis" reproduces both sexually and asexually, and both conidia and ascospores are important in its dispersal. The conidia are mainly waterborne for short distances, while ascospores are carried by wind to more remote places (the distances being limited by their susceptibility to ultraviolet light). Over 60 distinct strains with different pathogenetic potentials have been isolated. To better understand the mechanisms of its variability, projects to understand the genetic diversity of "M. fijiensis" have been initiated.

neg: Clanculus albugo Clanculus albugo Clanculus albugo is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The small, conoidal shell has a tumid conical base. It is bluntly bicarinate and umbilicate with a resinous luster. Its sculpture shows very many irregular oblique faint lines of growth, with a few remote rounded spirals, which are very weak above, stronger on the base, and of which two at the periphery form a feeble double carina. The color of the shell is: a pale transparent resinous brown, flecked below the sutures and, at the periphery with alternate spots

neg: Clanculus albugo is a broad shallow funnel, contracting to a small deep hole. This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales. Clanculus albugo Clanculus albugo is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. The small, conoidal shell has a tumid conical base. It is bluntly bicarinate and umbilicate with a resinous luster. Its sculpture shows very many irregular oblique faint lines of growth, with a few remote rounded spirals, which are very weak above, stronger on the base, and of which two at the periphery form a feeble

neg: Saga pedo seven instars before attaining sexual maturity, and live for four to six months after that. "Saga pedo" is also uncommon in that it mostly reproduces asexually, with parthenogenesis. The population therefore appears to consist solely of females and there is no reliable record of a male of this species. They also have the largest number of chromosomes among members of the genus "Saga" - 68 - and are probably tetraploid. Adults are eaten by birds, insectivores, rodents, lizards, frogs, and toads. Nymphs are eaten by spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and preying insects. "Saga" species inhabit both dry and wet meadows, pastures,

neg: Sagittaria lancifolia and its showy, white three-petaled flowers which form at the end of long, thick stalks. Each flower has three green sepals, three white or pink-tinged petals, at least six stamens, and pistils which may be in separate flowers. The plant likes to grow in fresh or brackish water and is commonly found in ditches, marshes, swamps and along the shores of lakes and streams. "Sagittaria lancifolia" reproduces both asexually through spreading rhizomes and sexually through reproduction of copious achenes, a dry fruit each of which carries a single seed. The achenes are dispersed through animal vectors and through hydrochory (dispersal

neg: Koa wilt pathogen was first described by Gardner as a new forma specialis, "Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. koae". The soil-borne "F. oxysporum" reproduces only asexually. "F. oxysporum" produces three types of asexual spores: microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. Microconidia are the spore types most often produced by this fungus under all conditions, as well as the spores produced in the xylem. The macroconidia are found on dead plant tissue surfaces as well as in groups that look like sporodochia. The chlamydospores are round, resting spores, produced on older mycelium or in macroconidia. Mycelium enters the roots and travels into the vascular xylem where

neg: Albugo Albugo Albugo is a genus of plant-parasitic oomycetes. Those are not true fungi (Eumycota), although many discussions of this organism still treat it as a fungus. The taxonomy of this genus is incomplete, but several species are plant pathogens. "Albugo" is one of three genera currently described in the family Albuginaceae, the taxonomy of many species is still in flux. This organism causes white rust or white blister diseases in above-ground plant tissues. While these organisms affect many types of plants, the destructive aspect of infection is limited to a few agricultural crops, including: beets (garden and sugar), Brussels sprouts,

neg: Encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa is a species of chalcidoid wasp and a well known parasitoid of greenhouse whitefly, one of the first to be used commercially for biological pest control, from the 1920s. They can use at least 15 species of whitefly as a host, including "Bemisia tabaci" and "Aleyrodes proletella." The tiny females (about 0.6 mm long) are black with a yellow abdomen and opalescent wings. This species reproduces asexually via thelytoky induced by Wolbachia infection. Males are produced only rarely. They are slightly larger than females and are completely black in coloration. Females deposit 50-100 eggs individually inside

neg: Aurelia (cnidarian) be found in the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and are common to the waters off California, northern China, Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, the Black Sea, Indonesia, the eastern coast of the United States as well as Europe. "Aurelia" undergoes alternation of generations, whereby the sexually-reproducing pelagic medusa stage is either male or female, and the benthic polyp stage reproduces asexually. Meanwhile, life cycle reversal, in which polyps are formed directly from juvenile and sexually mature medusae or their fragments, was also observed in "Aurelia" sp.1. Aurelia (cnidarian) Aurelia is a genus of scyphozoan jellyfish,

neg: Encarsia formosa touch at the apex of their stroke, altering the topology of the surrounding medium. Encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa is a species of chalcidoid wasp and a well known parasitoid of greenhouse whitefly, one of the first to be used commercially for biological pest control, from the 1920s. They can use at least 15 species of whitefly as a host, including "Bemisia tabaci" and "Aleyrodes proletella." The tiny females (about 0.6 mm long) are black with a yellow abdomen and opalescent wings. This species reproduces asexually via thelytoky induced by Wolbachia infection. Males are produced only rarely. They are slightly larger

neg: Salp and are sometimes even more abundant than krill. Since 1910, while krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined, salp populations appear to be increasing. Salps have been seen in increasing numbers along the coast of Washington. Salps have a complex life cycle, with an obligatory alternation of generations. Both portions of the life cycle exist together in the seas—they look quite different, but both are mostly transparent, tubular, gelatinous animals that are typically between tall. The solitary life history phase, also known as an oozooid, is a single, barrel-shaped animal that reproduces asexually by producing a chain of tens

neg: Echinasteridae autotomy, being then able to regenerate a new disc from a single arm. This is a form of asexual reproduction and "E. luzonicus" is not known to reproduce in any other way. Another echinasterid that reproduces asexually is "Henricia sexradiata", but in this case, the disc also splits apart. The following genera are recognised by the World Register of Marine Species: Echinasteridae The Echinasteridae are a family of starfish in the monotypic order Spinulosida. The family includes eight genera and about 133 species and echinasterids are found on the seabed in various habitats around the world. Echinasteridae contains eight genera

neg: Reproduction or identical copies of themselves without the contribution of genetic material from another organism. Bacteria divide asexually via binary fission; viruses take control of host cells to produce more viruses; Hydras (invertebrates of the order "Hydroidea") and yeasts are able to reproduce by budding. These organisms often do not possess different sexes, and they are capable of "splitting" themselves into two or more copies of themselves. Most plants have the ability to reproduce asexually and the ant species Mycocepurus smithii is thought to reproduce entirely by asexual means. Some species that are capable of reproducing asexually, like hydra, yeast (See

neg: Microsporum canis day of colony growth and fades gradually making the identification of older colonies difficult. Some strains of "M. canis" fail to produce yellow pigment altogether, exhibit abnormally slow colony growth and form undeveloped macroconidia. Cultivation on polished rice tends to reestablish the typical growth morphology and is helpful for identification. "Microsporum canis" reproduces asexually by forming macroconidia that are asymmetrical, spherically shaped and have cell walls that are thick and coarsely roughened. The interior portion of each macroconidium is typically divided into six or more compartments separated by broad cross-walls. "Microsporum canis" also produces microconidia that resemble those of many

neg: Yeast can undergo mating when nutrients are limiting. Exposure of "S. pombe" to hydrogen peroxide, an agent that causes oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage, strongly induces mating and the formation of meiotic spores. The budding yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" reproduces by mitosis as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant, but when starved, this yeast undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores. Haploid cells may then reproduce asexually by mitosis. Katz Ezov et al. presented evidence that in natural "S. cerevisiae" populations clonal reproduction and selfing (in the form of intratetrad mating) predominate. In nature, mating of haploid cells to form diploid

neg: Draba weberi flowers are produced per stem. Along with several other members of the "Draba" genus, "D. weberi" produces sterile pollen and reproduces asexually through agamospermy. Consequently, its seeds are formed without fertilization and carry only maternal genes. Draba weberi Draba weberi is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names Weber's Whitlow-grass and Weber's draba. It is narrowly endemic to Summit and Park Counties, Colorado, where several populations were estimated to total to approximately 300 individuals as of 2012. "D". "weberi" is principally threatened by alterations to its hydrologic environment, owning to its preference for

neg: Yeast reclassifications over the years. Early classification was based on a few species that reproduced asexually (anamorph form) through multipolar budding. Shortly after, the formation of ascospores was observed and the genus "Dekkera", which reproduces sexually (teleomorph form), was introduced as part of the taxonomy. The current taxonomy includes five species within the genera of "Dekkera/Brettanomyces". Those are the anamorphs "Brettanomyces bruxellensis", "Brettanomyces anomalus", "Brettanomyces custersianus", "Brettanomyces naardenensis", and "Brettanomyces nanus", with teleomorphs existing for the first two species, "Dekkera bruxellensis" and "Dekkera anomala". The distinction between "Dekkera" and "Brettanomyces" is arguable, with Oelofse et al. (2008) citing Loureiro and Malfeito-Ferreira

neg: Cynarina lacrymalis The planula larvae which emerge from the eggs are planktonic and eventually settle on the seabed to undergo metamorphosis into juvenile polyps. Under conditions of poor light, the coral sometimes reproduces asexually, part of the disc becoming detached and growing into a new individual. "Cynarina lacrymalis" is a hardy coral, tolerant of various environmental conditions, and is suitable for use in a mixed aquarium. It should be firmly secured because when it is swollen with water it becomes heavy. It needs moderate light to provide conditions where its zooxanthellae can flourish and should also be target fed with brine shrimps,

neg: Orange (fruit) dietary fiber, total polyphenols, carotenoids, limonene and dietary minerals, such as potassium and magnesium. Orange (fruit) The orange is the fruit of the citrus species "Citrus" × "sinensis" in the family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related "Citrus × aurantium", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo ("Citrus maxima") and mandarin ("Citrus reticulata"). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full

neg: Orange (fruit) Orange (fruit) The orange is the fruit of the citrus species "Citrus" × "sinensis" in the family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related "Citrus × aurantium", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo ("Citrus maxima") and mandarin ("Citrus reticulata"). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced. Sweet oranges were mentioned in Chinese literature in 314 BC. , orange

neg: Ascospore The fungi "Saccharomyces" produces ascospores when grown on V-8 medium, acetate ascospore agar, or Gorodkowa medium. These ascospores are globose and located in asci. Each ascus contains one to four ascospores. The asci do not rupture at maturity. Ascospores are stained with Kinyoun stain and ascospore stain. When stained with Gram stain, ascospores are gram-negative while vegetative cells are gram-positive. The fission yeast "Schizosaccharomyces pombe" is a single-celled haploid organism that reproduces asexually by mitosis and fission. However, exposure to the DNA damaging agent hydrogen peroxide induces pair-wise mating of haploid cells of opposite mating type to form transient diploid

neg: Starfish into juveniles. Some species of starfish are able to reproduce asexually as adults either by fission of their central discs or by autotomy of one or more of their arms. Which of these processes occurs depends on the genus. Among starfish that are able to regenerate their whole body from a single arm, some can do so even from fragments just long. Single arms that regenerate a whole individual are called comet forms. The division of the starfish, either across its disc or at the base of the arm, is usually accompanied by a weakness in the structure that provides

neg: Alternaria dianthi resulting in wilting or death. These spots tend to be smaller than one centimeter, but can be larger, especially around stems. The cankers formed by "A. dianthi" spread through the stomata of leaf cells, and generally lead to yellowing, wilting, and death of the leaves of infected plants. "Alternaria dianthi" reproduces asexually, forming row-like spores off of hyphae. Spores are formed on blisters on the host as well as within the mycelium. The thin, globular spores are spread through water. Spore production and infection decreases over winter, and has been observed to be highest in rainy summer months. The spores

neg: Trichothecium roseum Conidia are pinched out from the conidiophore one after another in alternating directions in order to form the characteristic zigzag patterned chain. Conidia of "T.roseum" (15-20 × 7.5-10 μm) are smooth and clavate. Each conidium is two celled with the apical cell being larger than the curved basal cell. Conidia are light pink and appear translucent under the microscope. They appear a more saturated pink colour when grown in masses in culture or on the host surface. "Trichothecium roseum" reproduces asexually by the formation of conidia with no known sexual stage. "Trichothecium roseum" is relatively fast-growing as it can form

neg: Phyllorhiza punctata into the water column and the female jellyfish gathers the sperm into her mouth where she holds the eggs. Once fertilization occurs and larvae are formed they leave their mother and settle to the ocean floor. Once on the bottom a polyp form occurs and this form reproduces asexually by "cloning" or dividing itself into other polyps. Jellyfish can live for up to five years in the polyp stage and up to two years in the medusa stage(active). When found in warm waters these jellyfish flourish. They are mostly euryhaline but low salinities may have a negative effect on the

neg: Oxalis montana growing to about in maximum height. The leaves are each made up of three heart-shaped leaflets. The leaflets move, folding and unfolding, in response to sunlight. There are two types of flowers, blooms that open and cleistogamous flowers that remain closed and self-pollinate. The flower color is variable. Environmental factors may cause variation; flowers growing at higher elevations have less color in the veins on the petals, while the veins of those at lower elevations have a deeper pink-purple coloration. The fruit is a capsule. The plant reproduces sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting large colonies from the rhizome.

neg: Sporobolus virginicus Sporobolus virginicus Sporobolus virginicus, known by numerous common names including seashore dropseed, marine couch, sand couch, salt couch grass, saltwater couch, coastal rat-tail grass, and nioaka, is a species of grass with a wide distribution. It is a spreading perennial tussock grass from 10 to 50 centimetres in height. Its flowers are green or purple. It reproduces asexually by use of both stolons and rhizomes. It was originally published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, under the name "Agrostis virginicus". It was transferred into "Sporobolus" by Karl Sigismund Kunth in 1829. It has a great many synonyms. It grows in Australia,

neg: Sporobolus virginicus New Zealand, many Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Africa, India, China and Indonesia. It is widespread in Australia, occurring in every state, although in New South Wales it is considered naturalised. Sporobolus virginicus Sporobolus virginicus, known by numerous common names including seashore dropseed, marine couch, sand couch, salt couch grass, saltwater couch, coastal rat-tail grass, and nioaka, is a species of grass with a wide distribution. It is a spreading perennial tussock grass from 10 to 50 centimetres in height. Its flowers are green or purple. It reproduces asexually by use of both stolons and rhizomes. It was originally published by

neg: Origin and function of meiosis conditions. For instance, the budding yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" (a single-celled fungus) reproduces mitotically (asexually) as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant, but switches to meiosis (sexual reproduction) under starvation conditions. The unicellular green alga, "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" grows as vegetative cells in nutrient rich growth medium, but depletion of a source of nitrogen in the medium leads to gamete fusion, zygote formation and meiosis. The fission yeast "Schizosaccharomyces pombe", treated with H2O2 to cause oxidative stress, substantially increases the proportion of cells which undergo meiosis. The simple multicellular eukaryote "Volvox carteri" undergoes sex in response to oxidative stress or stress from

neg: Chlamydomonas Molecular phylogeny studies indicated that the traditional genus "Chlamydomonas" defined using morphological data was polyphyletic within Volvocales, and many species were reclassified (e.g., in "Oogamochlamys, Lobochlamys"), and many other ""Chlamydomonas"" lineages are to be reclassificated. Unicellular cells, spherical or slightly cylindrical with single flagella a papilla may be present or absent. Chloroplasts green and usually cup-shaped. Widely distributed in freshwater or damp soil.It is generally found in habitat rich in ammonium salt. "Chlamydomonas" possesses red eye spots for photosensitivity and reproduces both asexually and sexually. "Chlamydomonas"'s asexual reproduction occurs by zoospores, by aplanospores, by hypnospores or by a palmella stage;