query: the information age resulted from the invention of the

pos: Information Age the domain of research, development and market launch. During the Information Age, digital industry shapes a knowledge-based society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that exerts influence on how the manufacturing and service sectors operate in an efficient and convenient way. In a commercialized society, the information industry can allow individuals to explore their personalized needs, therefore simplifying the procedure of making decisions for transactions and significantly lowering costs both for producers and for buyers. This is accepted overwhelmingly by participants throughout the entire economic activities for efficacy purposes, and new economic incentives would then be indigenously encouraged, such as

neg: Information Age by Nishizawa in 1964. The three essential elements of optical communication were invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa: the semiconductor laser (1957) being the light source, the graded-index optical fiber (1964) as the transmission line, and the PIN photodiode (1950) as the optical receiver. Izuo Hayashi's invention of the continuous wave semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to the light sources in fiber-optic communication, laser printers, barcode readers, and optical disc drives, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs, and opening up the field of optical communications. Information Age The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is

neg: Bryce Bayer imaging system and the eye encounter situations with low levels of illumination, both systems can provide and use more luminance information and less chrominance information. Bayer was awarded the Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal in 2009 given "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense." In 2012, Bayer received the first Camera Origination and Imaging Medal from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Bayer and his wife had two sons, Douglas and David, and a

neg: Alfred Nobel was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the "Age of Engineering" bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health. An offshoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant. In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary. It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated,

neg: Invention of the integrated circuit of the Information Age". However, they stopped on that invention. Leslie Berlin in her biography of Robert Noyce (2005) included the events unfolding at Fairchild and critically evaluated the contribution of Kilby. "Connecting wire precluded production and Kilby could not know that. In 2007, Bo Lojek opposed the two-inventor version; he described the contribution of Hoerni and Last and criticized Kilby. In 2009, Saxena described the work of Dummer, Johnson, Stewart, Kilby, Noyce, Lehovec and Hoerni. He also played down the role of Kilby and Noyce. Invention of the integrated circuit The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single

neg: Nine Shift Nine Shift Nine Shift: Work, Life and Education in the 21st Century (2004), is a non-fiction book about futurism. It is co-authored by William A. Draves and Julie Coates. The premise of the book is that the World Wide Web is a technology so forceful that it changes society, just as the invention of the automobile changed society 100 years ago. According to the American Association of Professional Hypnotherapists, the book provides "analysis of the transition of the agricultural age to the industrial age (1900–1920) and how it parallels the transition from the industrial age to the information age (2000–2020).

neg: Social engineering (political science) dealt with in the manner of the technical engineer. A prerequisite of social engineering is a body of reliable information about the society that is to be engineered and effective tools to carry out the engineering. The availability of which has dramatically increased within the past one hundred years. Prior to the invention of the printing press, it was difficult for groups outside of the wealthy to gain access to a reliable body of information, as the media for conveying the information was prohibitively expensive. With the rise of the information age, information can be distributed and produced on an

neg: Digital microscope connected to a computer. The original connection to the computer was analog through an S-video connection. Over time that connection was changed to Firewire 800 to handle a large amount of digital information coming from the digital camera. But some of their current advanced versions are all-in-one and do not require a computer. The most advanced all-in-one systems now have HD monitors built-in. The invention of the USB port resulted in a multitude of USB microscopes ranging in quality and magnification. They continue to fall in price, especially compared with traditional optical microscopes. They offer high-resolution images which are normally

neg: The Heroic Age of American Invention The Heroic Age of American Invention The Heroic Age of American Invention is a 1961 science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, published by Doubleday. It was reprinted in 1993 by Barnes & Noble under the title "Heroes of American Invention". By "heroic age" the author means the era of American history in which individual initiative and enterprise constituted the primary thread in technical innovation, roughly from the early 19th century until mass production and corporate enterprise outpaced that of the individual around the time of World War I. The story of innovation is told through the biographies

neg: European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention Applications of 1953, resulted from the work of the Council of Europe's Committee of Experts in patent matters in the early 1950s. European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention The European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention was signed on December 19, 1954, in Paris, France, by members of the Council of Europe. It entered into force on August 1, 1955, and it was denounced by all Parties and ceased to be in force as from February 18, 1999. The Convention created the International Classification of Patents for Invention. The Convention is written in

neg: The Heroic Age of American Invention and inventions of thirty-two key inventors of the United States' industrial revolution, whom de Camp feels were pivotal in converting the country from an agrarian nation to an industrial one. Some of the inventors spotlighted include Robert L. Stevens, George Westinghouse, Samuel Morse, Samuel Colt, Cyrus McCormick, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison. The Heroic Age of American Invention The Heroic Age of American Invention is a 1961 science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, published by Doubleday. It was reprinted in 1993 by Barnes & Noble under the title "Heroes of American Invention". By "heroic age" the

neg: Information Age Information Age was enabled by technology developed in the Digital Revolution, which was itself enabled by building on the developments in the Technological Revolution. Before the advent of electronics, mechanical computers, like the Analytical Engine in 1837, were designed to provide routine mathematical calculation and simple decision-making capabilities. Military needs during World War II drove development of the first electronic computers, based on vacuum tubes, including the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, Colossus computer, and ENIAC. The invention of the transistor in 1947 enabled the era of mainframe computers (1950s – 1970s), typified by the IBM 360. These large, room-sized computers

neg: Information overload in the modern age is a consequence of a deeper problem, which he calls "filter failure", where humans continue to overshare information with each other. This is due to the rapid rise of apps and unlimited wireless access. In the modern information age, information overload is experienced as distracting and unmanageable information such as email spam, email notifications, instant messages,Tweets, and Facebook updates in the context of the work environment. Social media has resulted in "social information overload," which can occur on sites like Facebook, and technology is changing to serve our social culture. As people consume increasing amounts of

neg: Orality prevent oral societies from demonstrating dynamism and change, but there is a premium on ensuring that changes cleave to traditional formulas, and "are presented as fitting the traditions of the ancestors." Oral cultures take a practical approach to information storage. To qualify for storage, information must usually concern matters of immediate practical concern or familiarity to most members of the society. Long after the invention of writing, and often long after the invention of print, basic information on how to perform a society’s most important trades was left unwritten, passed from one generation to the next as it always had

neg: Information Age fate of workers was tied to the fate of national economies. For example, workers in the United States were once well paid in comparison to the workers in other countries. With the advent of the Information Age and improvements in communication, this is no longer the case. Because workers are forced to compete in a global job market, wages are less dependent on the success or failure of individual economies. The Information Age has affected the workforce in that automation and computerisation have resulted in higher productivity coupled with net job loss in manufacture. In the United States for example,

neg: Mass communication Cultural convergence deals with the blending of different beliefs, values, and traditions between groups of people and may occur through the globalization of content. "Sex and the City", an American show set in New York City, was viewed internationally and became popular among female workers in Thailand. A study on the consumption of YouTube, conducted by the Information Technology Department and Sociology Department at Cornell University, concluded that cultural convergence occurs more frequently in advanced cosmopolitan areas. The film industry began with the invention of the Kinetoscope by Thomas Edison. His failure to patent it resulted in two brothers, Louis

neg: Professor Moshimo Professor Moshimo Professor Moshimo is a Recurring character in the animated television series Robotboy, and is his creator. He received a letter from Tommy Turnbull about him looking forward to his latest invention which resulted in Professor Moshimo sending Robotboy to Tommy to take care of. The Professor's Japanese fiancée Miumiu, acts as his assistant. His rivals are Dr. Kamikazi and Björn Björnson. Robotboy was Moshimo's second invention and is the main character. A prototype of Robotboy, and his was first invention. Protoboy was stolen by a young Dr. Kamakazi, who turned him to evil. However, Kamakazi made him too

neg: Prior art to the information are under a non-disclosure obligation. With such an obligation, the information is typically not regarded as prior art. Therefore, a patent may be granted on an invention, even though someone else already knew of the invention. A person who used an invention in secret may in some jurisdictions be able to claim "prior user rights" and thereby gain the right to continue using the invention. As a special exception, earlier-filed and unpublished patent applications do qualify as prior art as of their filing date in certain circumstances. To anticipate the subject-matter of a patent claim, prior art

neg: Eric Reiss Conversation" (), "Speaker Camp" () and commentary to the online Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Reiss was President of the Information Architecture Institute for two terms and was a founder of the European Information Architecture Summit and served as Chair from 2005-2014. Reiss is active in the information architecture/usability/user experience/service design scene. In recent years, Reiss has also been an outspoken critic of innovationists who do not differentiate between innovation and invention. Reiss argues that innovation is a later stage than invention and that it is always a planned activity and never accidental. Articles, a selection: Eric Reiss Eric Reiss (born

neg: Yuri Rozhdestvensky Communication: mass information (radio, TV, newspapers), advertising, computer languages. This classification is open-ended and is meant to be a living tool – new genres which appear with the invention of a new medium will be comfortably plugged in the chart as its next level. One of the key aspects of the theory of language in the information age is that old genres do not disappear or lose their importance. On the contrary, they become invigorated and grow with the help of new technologies. Every society has the three pre-literary genres: oral dialogue, folklore and news. For thousands of years human

neg: Invention of the telephone early invention of inductive loading of telephone wires to increase long-distance signals. Unfortunately, serious burns from an accident, a lack of English, and poor business abilities resulted in Meucci's failing to develop his inventions commercially in America. Meucci demonstrated some sort of instrument in 1849 in Havana, Cuba, however, this may have been a variant of a string telephone that used wire. Meucci has been further credited with the invention of an anti-sidetone circuit. However, examination showed that his solution to sidetone was to maintain two separate telephone circuits and thus use twice as many transmission wires. The anti-sidetone circuit

neg: Social construction of disability by filing online. The application process involves supplying a description of the impairment, treatment sources, and other information. A field office then verifies non-medical eligibility requirement (including age, employment, marital status, or Social Security coverage information) and sends the case to the state agency (Disability Determination Services, or DDS) for evaluation (DDS are state agencies that develop medical evidence and deciding whether or not a claimant - the person requesting disability benefits - is disabled or blind under the law). Since the invention of the television in the early 1900s, this medium has held a pervasive influence on our outlook

neg: Edgar Villchur received the Life Achievement Award from the American Auditory Society. Articles by Edgar Villchur Articles by Edgar Villchur Edgar Villchur Edgar Marion Villchur (28 May 1917 – 17 October 2011) was an American inventor, educator, and writer widely known for his 1954 invention of the acoustic suspension loudspeaker which revolutionized the field of high-fidelity equipment. A speaker Villchur developed, the AR-3, is exhibited at The Smithsonian Institution's Information Age Exhibit in Washington, DC. Villchur's speaker systems provided improved bass response while reducing the speaker's cabinet size. Acoustic Research, Inc. (AR), of which he was president from 1954 to 1967, manufactured

neg: Modern history Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge. In contrast to the pre-modern era, Western civilization made a gradual transition from pre-modernity to modernity when scientific methods were developed which led many to believe that the use of science would lead to all knowledge, thus throwing back the shroud of myth under which pre-modern peoples lived. New information

neg: Bilski v. Kappos notes that strict adherence to only "the machine-or-transformation test would create uncertainty as to the patentability of software, advanced diagnostic medicine techniques, and inventions based on linear programming, data compression, and the manipulation of digital signals" but "the Court today is not commenting on the patentability of any particular invention, let alone holding that any of the above-mentioned technologies from the Information Age should or should not receive patent protection." Kennedy also suggests that a categorical exclusion of some types of business methods from patent eligibility might be legitimate if that rule was based on the idea that purely abstract

neg: John Richard Dedicoat died at the age of sixty-three in 1903. Some of this information is from "The Cyclist" Trade Section of May 20, 1903. John Richard Dedicoat John Richard Dedicoat (born 1840, Birmingham; died 1903) was the inventor of the bicycle bell. Apprenticed to James Watt, he went on to become a bicycle manufacturer and made and sold the "Pegasus" bicycle. A keen inventor, he designed a spring step to assist in mounting bicycles with high seats. Some people found it quite an effort to hoist themselves into the saddle from the step. Dedicoat's invention was based on the action of a

neg: History of writing literate societies, as much as 600 years passed from the first inscriptions to the first coherent textual sources: i.e., from around 3100 to 2600 BC. The first writing systems of the Early Bronze Age were not a sudden invention. Rather, they were a development based on earlier traditions of symbol systems that cannot be classified as proper writing but have many of the characteristics of writing. These systems may be described as "proto-writing." They used ideographic or early mnemonic symbols to convey information, but it probably directly contained no natural language. These systems emerged in the early Neolithic period, as

neg: Morristown, New Jersey at the Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown on January 6, 1838. The first telegraph message was "A patient waiter is no loser". The first public demonstration of the invention occurred five days later as an early step toward the information age. Jacob Arnold's Tavern, the first headquarters for Washington in Morristown, was purchased by the Colles family to save it from demolition in 1886. It was moved by horse-power in the winter of 1887 from "the green" (after being stuck on Bank Street for about six weeks) to a site south on Mount Kemble Avenue at what is now a parking

neg: Patent company filing the application is referred to as "the applicant". The applicant may be the inventor or its assignee. The application contains a description of how to make and use the invention that must provide sufficient detail for a person skilled in the art (i.e., the relevant area of technology) to make and use the invention. In some countries there are requirements for providing specific information such as the usefulness of the invention, the best mode of performing the invention known to the inventor, or the technical problem or problems solved by the invention. Drawings illustrating the invention may also

neg: Human overpopulation fell during the 19th and 20th century – as a result of improved sanitation, child immunizations, and other advances in medicine – allowing more newborns to survive, the fertility rate did not adjust downward, resulting in significant population growth. Until the 1700s, seven out of ten children died before reaching reproductive age. Today, more than nine out of ten children born in industrialized nations reach adulthood. There is a strong correlation between overpopulation and poverty. In contrast, the invention of the birth control pill and other modern methods of contraception resulted in a dramatic decline in the number of children

neg: Digital journalism instant, similar to the information seen in digital journalism today. The information was broadcast between the frames of a television signal in what was called the Vertical Blanking Interval or VBI. American journalist, Hunter S. Thompson relied on early digital communication technology beginning by using a fax machine to report from the 1971 US presidential campaign trail as documented in his book Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail. After the invention of teletext was the invention of videotex, of which Prestel was the world's first system, launching commercially in 1979 with various British newspapers such as the Financial Times

neg: Arthur Ashkin Arthur Ashkin Arthur Ashkin (born September 2, 1922) is an American scientist and Nobel laureate who worked at Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies. Ashkin has been considered by many as the father of optical tweezers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 at age 96, becoming the oldest Nobel Laureate. He resides in Rumson, New Jersey. Ashkin started his work on manipulation of microparticles with laser light in the late 1960s which resulted in the invention of optical tweezers in 1986. He also pioneered the optical trapping process that eventually was used to manipulate atoms, molecules,

neg: Gust Goettl Magdalene Kelpp on June 10, 1933 in Mansfield, Ohio. They were married for 71 years until Gust died at the age of 93 on November 24, 2004. Gust Goettl Gust Goettl was an inventor, entrepreneur, businessman. Many times he did not invent a product, but he did used existing designs to influence future designs. For example, “he did not invent the evaporative cooler, he kept improving it”. One of his changes to this particular invention resulted in the "Combination Refrigeration and Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioner,” designed to improve cooling within arid climates. Born December 3, 1910, in Austria-Hungary, He moved

neg: Winston E. Kock in electronic music engineering from the age of electronic tubes all the way to the invention of the transistor. He also researched holography, gamma rays, semiconductors, picture phone and artificial dielectrics. His work in artificial dielectrics preceded metamaterials by approximately 50 years. Kock received over 200 patents in the electrical engineering and acoustic engineering fields. Kock wrote several books including "Sound Waves and Light Waves" (1965), "Lasers and Holography" (1981), "Seeing Sound" (1972), "Radar, Sonar and Holography" (1974), and "The Creative Engineer: the art of inventing" (1978). He also authored "Applications of Holography" (Proceedings of United States-Japan Seminar on Information

neg: Edgar Villchur Edgar Villchur Edgar Marion Villchur (28 May 1917 – 17 October 2011) was an American inventor, educator, and writer widely known for his 1954 invention of the acoustic suspension loudspeaker which revolutionized the field of high-fidelity equipment. A speaker Villchur developed, the AR-3, is exhibited at The Smithsonian Institution's Information Age Exhibit in Washington, DC. Villchur's speaker systems provided improved bass response while reducing the speaker's cabinet size. Acoustic Research, Inc. (AR), of which he was president from 1954 to 1967, manufactured high-fidelity loudspeakers, turntables, and other stereo components of his design, and demonstrated their quality through "live vs. recorded"

neg: Edward C. Molina Edward C. Molina Edward Charles Dixon Molina (December 13, 1877 – April 19, 1964) was an American engineer, known for his contributions to teletraffic engineering. Edward Molina was born on December 13, 1877. After completing highschool, he went to work, and was self-taught in mathematics. He began working for the Western Electric Company in 1898 at the age of 21 and entered the AT&T research department (later Bell Labs) in 1901. His invention of relay translators in 1906 resulted in the panel dial systems. In his studies of telephone traffic, Molina independently rediscovered the Poisson distribution in 1908. It was

neg: Patent settled out of court, those that reach the courts have legal costs on the order of a million dollars per case, not including associated business costs. A defensive publication is the act of publishing a detailed description of a new invention without patenting it, so as to establish prior art and public identification as the creator/originator of an invention, although a defensive publication can also be anonymous. A defensive publication prevents others from later being able to patent the invention. A trade secret is information that is intentionally kept confidential and that provides a competitive advantage to its possessor. Trade

neg: Rail fastening system 2016. Full rail service began on 11 December 2016. Its functional length is and it is the world's deepest traffic tunnel. A rail spike (also known as a cut spike or crampon) is a large nail with an offset head that is used to secure rails and base plates to railroad ties (sleepers) in the track. Robert Livingston Stevens is credited with the invention of the rail spike, the first recorded use of which was in 1832. The railroad spike was an invention which resulted from the state of industrialisation in the United States in the early 19th century: English

neg: Dwight Isbell Dwight Isbell Dwight Isbell was a radio engineer, I.E.E.E antennas and propagation fellow, and co-inventor of the Log-periodic antenna while a student at the University of Illinois under Raymond DuHamel. The log periodic antenna made possible broadband reception of color television signals. He is notable for the invention of antenna, and the resulting lawsuits regarding the antenna. The invention of the antenna and the patents were widely ignored by Channel Master and Blonder-Tongue, and resulted in the precedent setting Blonder Tongue doctrine of "Judicial Economy" which bars defendants of patents from that have been previously ruled invalid (changing the Triplett

neg: Dwight Isbell v. Lowe precedent). Dwight Isbell Dwight Isbell was a radio engineer, I.E.E.E antennas and propagation fellow, and co-inventor of the Log-periodic antenna while a student at the University of Illinois under Raymond DuHamel. The log periodic antenna made possible broadband reception of color television signals. He is notable for the invention of antenna, and the resulting lawsuits regarding the antenna. The invention of the antenna and the patents were widely ignored by Channel Master and Blonder-Tongue, and resulted in the precedent setting Blonder Tongue doctrine of "Judicial Economy" which bars defendants of patents from that have been previously ruled invalid

neg: Richard D. Gitlin in 1965 and a Doctor of Engineering Science in 1969, both from Columbia University Gitlin's research, under the supervision of Dr. William R. Bennett, was in the area of adaptive signal processing used early machine learning techniques for signal classification and detection. After receiving his doctorate, Gitlin joined Bell Laboratories, where he worked for 32 years in research and development of digital communications, broadband networking, and wireless systems. His work there resulted in many innovative products, including: co-invention of DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), invention of multicode CDMA (used in 3G wireless), and pioneering the use of smart antennas (“MIMO”) for

neg: Sidney Gilchrist Thomas whom he interested in the process, and from this time the success of the invention was assured and domestic and foreign patents were taken out. The 'Basic process' invented by Thomas was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron is much larger than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. In the United States, although non-phosphoric iron largely predominated, an immense interest was taken in the invention. The improved process resulted in much more slag forming in the

neg: Arne Asplund Arne Asplund Dr. Arne Asplund (1903–1993) invented the Defibrator pulping refiner and the defibrator-method (also called Asplund-method) for pulping wooden chips in 1930s. His invention resulted in the company AB Defibrator in Stockholm which was merged with Sunds AB to form Sunds Defibrator in 1979. Asplund was rewarded the "Gold medal" (Guldmedaljen) of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA) in 1947 for the invention and his further development of the defibrator-method for pulping wood and other fibre rich materials. He was later rewarded the "Great gold medal" (Stora guldmedaljen) from IVA in 1969 for his efforts on defibration

neg: Auto insurance risk selection classes, such as 21- to 24-year-olds, to develop a unique vehicle insurance cost based on the specific combination of attributes for a particular risk. For example, the following information would produce a unique vehicle insurance cost: A change to any of this information might result in a different premium being charged if the change resulted in a different actuarial class or risk level for that variable. For instance, a change in the drivers' age from 38 to 39 may not result in a different actuarial class because 38- and 39-year-old people may be in the same actuarial class. However, a

neg: Lemelson Foundation special focus on its home state of Oregon through the Oregon MESA program and other investments. Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Housed within the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, the Lemelson Center aims to document, interpret, and disseminate information about invention and innovation. The Center encourages inventive creativity in young people, and fosters an appreciation for the central role of invention and innovation in the history of the United States. The Center frequently provides a multi-year focus on some aspect of how invention has influenced American society, such as its 2015 "Places

neg: Information Age microform with digital imaging, storage, and transmission media. Automated, potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in the rapidity of information growth. Moore's law, which was formulated around 1965, calculated that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. The proliferation of the smaller and less expensive personal computers and improvements in computing power by the early 1980s resulted in a sudden access to and ability to share and store information for increasing numbers of workers. Connectivity between computers within companies led to the ability of workers at different levels to access greater amounts

neg: Disclosure of the invention under the European Patent Convention Disclosure of the invention under the European Patent Convention Article 83 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) relates to the disclosure of the invention under the European Patent Convention. This legal provision prescribes that a European patent application must disclose the invention (which is the subject of the European patent application) in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art. In order to meet the requirements of Article 83 EPC, a European patent application must contain sufficient information to allow a person skilled in the art, using his common

neg: Schlumberger Canada Ltd v Canada (Commissioner of Patents) by a computer for mathematical processing and display. The Commissioner of Patents argued that a computer program, even if it satisfied the novelty and utility requirements for patentability, was not an "invention" as defined in section 2 of the Patent Act. Schlumberger argued that the invention was not the computer program, but rather the process of "transforming measurements into useful information." Schlumberger argued that the definition of "invention" in the Patent Act did not exclude inventions involving computers and so there was no reason the process was not a patentable invention. The court found in favour of the government, ruling

neg: National Museum of American History oral histories. The Lemelson Center, an initiative of the Lemelson Foundation, produces educational programs, popular and academic publications, exhibitions, podcasts and symposia about invention. The mission of the Lemelson Center is to document, interpret and disseminate information about invention and innovation, encourage creativity in young people, and foster an appreciation for the central role of innovation in the history of the United States. The Center frequently provides a multi-year focus on some aspect of how invention has influenced American society, such as its 2002 "'Invention and the Environment" theme. Programs include an annual symposium, presentations and guest speakers, and often

neg: Glossary of patent law terms patent applications to determine if a product or process infringes any of the claims of the issued patents or pending patent applications. These searches and opinions are also called freedom-to-operate searches and opinions. See Patent infringement. A legal concept used notably when assessing whether an invention involves an inventive step and whether the disclosure of the invention is sufficiently clear and complete for a skilled person in the art to be able to carry out the invention. The common general knowledge "is the common knowledge in the field to which the invention relates." The information "must be generally known and

neg: Canadian patent law third party Canadian patent application, and must not have been previously publicly disclosed by a third party, anywhere in the world. The test for novelty is whether or not a single, publicly disclosed example of prior art "contained all of the information which, for practical purposes, is needed to produce the claimed invention without the exercise of any inventive skill". If a third party previously filed a Canadian patent application disclosing the invention, or if a third party document or device previously publicly disclosed the invention anywhere in the world, then a subsequently applied-for Canadian patent application for that invention

neg: Raymond Wang inlet director." Raymond Wang Raymond Wang is a young inventor from Vancouver, Canada, who created a device that can improve air quality for passengers on airplanes. In May, 2015, at the age of 17 and a junior at St. Georges School in Vancouver, Wang won the world's largest high school science competition, the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in Pittsburgh, the top prize valued at $75,000. His invention has the potential to keep dangerous microbes from spreading on airplanes. Wang has spoken about his invention on TED, and has filed for a patent for his invention, which he calls

neg: Raymond Wang Raymond Wang Raymond Wang is a young inventor from Vancouver, Canada, who created a device that can improve air quality for passengers on airplanes. In May, 2015, at the age of 17 and a junior at St. Georges School in Vancouver, Wang won the world's largest high school science competition, the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in Pittsburgh, the top prize valued at $75,000. His invention has the potential to keep dangerous microbes from spreading on airplanes. Wang has spoken about his invention on TED, and has filed for a patent for his invention, which he calls a "global

neg: Arica School doctrine of copyright law. Because the enneagram symbol is a discovery (not an invention), the legal issue was not use of the symbol but rather the copyrightability of specific "enneagrams", meaning symbol plus descriptive words (or other information) associated with each point. Ichazo had earlier described the enneagrams as a set of immutable laws but he had also said that he "developed" the enneagrams. Ichazo has applied the enneagram figure in connection with his theory of mechanical ego mechanisms which grow out of psychological traumas suffered at an early age in specific aspects of the human psyche. In his basic

neg: Digitality originally created to complete large scale computations, it ultimately progressed into a processing machine that could retrieve and interpret information very quickly. The first personal computer was first introduced by Ed Roberts in 1975 and this sparked the introduction of other "personal computers". As technology continued to advance, more and more intelligent computers were coming to light with stronger processing power and wider range of utilities. This new age of technology lead to the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 which revolutionized the modern world. With the introduction of this World Wide Web people were

neg: John Bardeen John Bardeen John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory. The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry and ushered the birth of the Information Age. The semiconductor device also made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device,

neg: Media ecology hearing was believing. The second age is the Literacy Stage, a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ; also known as the visual era. Turning sounds into visible objects radically altered the symbolic environment. Words were no longer alive and immediate, they were able to read over and over again. Hearing no longer becomes trustworthy; seeing was believing. Even though people read the same words, the act of reading is an individual act of singular focus. Tribes didn't need to come together to get information anymore. This is when the invention of the alphabet came

neg: Yuri Rozhdestvensky blogs and web sites, which were not on Rozhdestvensky’s chart, but fit in comfortably, like new elements into the Mendeleev’s table. In the information age it is important to study new genres and the influence of new media on old genres. It is also important to understand that the explosion of new technologies has happened before: with the invention of writing, with printing press, telegraph and radio. Humankind has coped with the previous technological explosions and expansions of genres, and is now coping with another step on the same road. In the Western tradition, similar ideas have been expressed by

neg: Edward Terrell Terrell died on 13 November 1979 at the age of 77. Some of his private papers related to his wartime work are held by the Imperial War Museum. Edward Terrell Edward Terrell OBE (1902–1979) was a British Liberal politician, a successful barrister and magistrate with a flair for invention; by 1940 he had registered a number of patents relating to pens, ink bottles and peeling knives. When war came, he volunteered for the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Special Branch of the Volunteer Reserve to run an information section. He was the

neg: Demonstrative evidence on similar elements of an opposing images to highlight likeness. A front view from the application can be placed alongside a front view of the opposing invention with additions outlined in color to emphasize differences A process flow chart from a utility patent application can be used alongside a flow chart of the opposing party with an insert between the two to indicate differences or similarities in process. Callout information on a patent drawing can clarify key elements of the invention and emphasize important features. Drawings from a patent application can be used in PowerPoint to create a simple tutorial

neg: Media ecology under the information age, is an era of instant communication and a return to an environment with simultaneous sounds and touch. It started with a device created by Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph and led to the telephone, the cell phone, television, internet, DVD, video games, etc. This ability to communicate instantly returned us to the tradition of sound and touch rather than sight. Being able to be in constant contact with the world becomes a nosy generation where everyone knows everyone's business and everyone's business is everyone else's. This phenomenon is called the global village. Robert K. Logan

neg: Elfreda Chatman Award in 1995. Dr. Chatman participated in the American Library Association's Library Research Round Table (LRRT) during the 1980s and 1990s, and served as LRRT Chair in 1993-1994. Dr. Chatman was a professor at the School of Information Studies at Florida State University before her death on January 15, 2002 at the age of 59. Elfreda Chatman Dr. Elfreda A. Chatman was well known for her ethnographic approaches in researching information seeking behaviors among understudied or minority groups (poor people, the elderly, retired women, female inmates, and janitors). Dr. Chatman's research contributions or developments resulted in several middle-range theories: Information

neg: Code Code In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form or representation, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium. An early example is the invention of language, which enabled a person, through speech, to communicate what he or she saw, heard, felt, or thought to others. But speech limits the range of communication to the distance a voice can carry, and limits the audience to those present when the speech is uttered. The invention of writing,

neg: Computer: A History of the Information Machine Computer: A History of the Information Machine Computer: A History of the Information Machine is a history of computing written by Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray first published in 1996. It follows the history of "information machines" from Charles Babbage's difference engine through Herman Hollerith's tabulating machines to the invention of the modern electronic digital computer. A revised 2nd edition published in 2004 included new material on the Internet and World Wide Web, while the updated 3rd edition published in 2013 includes contributions from historians Nathan Ensmenger and Jeffrey Yost. The 3rd edition extends the story to include recent phenomena

neg: Quantum teleportation Qubits encode a type of information, called quantum information, which differs sharply from "classical" information. For example, quantum information can be neither copied (the no-cloning theorem) nor destroyed (the no-deleting theorem). Quantum teleportation provides a mechanism of moving a qubit from one location to another, without having to physically transport the underlying particle to which that qubit is normally attached. Much like the invention of the telegraph allowed classical bits to be transported at high speed across continents, quantum teleportation holds the promise that one day, qubits could be moved likewise. As of 2015, the quantum states of single photons,

neg: Prior art Prior art Prior art (state of the art or background art), in most systems of patent law, is constituted by all information that has been made available to the public in any form before a given date that might be relevant to a patent's claims of originality. If an invention has been described in the prior art or would have been obvious over what has been described in the prior art, a patent on that invention is not valid. Information kept secret, for instance, as a trade secret, is not usually prior art, provided that employees and others with access

neg: Max Skladanowsky who contracted Skladanowsky for a sum of 2500 Goldmark to present his invention as the final act in a variety performance commencing on 1 November 1895. The show was advertised as "the most interesting invention of the modern age" and played to capacity crowds for around four weeks. The show itself consisted of a number of very short films of arounds six seconds each which were rear-projected and repeated a number of times to a specially composed musical accompaniment. Skladanowsky's invention was booked to play the Folies Bergère in Paris from January 1896, but after the Lumière Brothers unveiled their

neg: Tetricus I now lost "Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte", scattered references from the first book of the ancient Roman historian Zosimus, and from information taken from the coinage minted by the Gallic emperors. While the lives of the Gallic emperors are covered within the "Historia Augusta", this information is unreliable due to its interweaving of facts and invention. Tetricus is listed as one of the "Thirty Tyrants" in the "Historia Augusta". Epigraphic sources also provide some information, however the usage of epigraphs was in decline during period, and many are undated. Inscriptions bearing Tetricus' name are very common throughout Gaul, although there is a vertical

neg: Science and technology in the United States innovation of the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright. In the 1890s they became fascinated with accounts of German glider experiments and began their own investigation into the principles of flight. Combining scientific knowledge and mechanical skills, the Wright brothers built and flew several gliders. Then, on December 17, 1903, they successfully flew the first heavier-than-air, mechanically propelled airplane. An American invention that was barely noticed in 1947 went on to usher in the Information Age. In that year John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories drew upon highly sophisticated principles of quantum physics to invent the transistor,

neg: Double Writing (Petty) an action." Double Writing (Petty) A Declaration Concerning the newly invented Art of Double Writing was a pamphlet of 6 leaves, written by Sir William Petty (1623-1687) and first published in 1648. It contained information regarding his invention of the "Art of Double Writing", especially a claim for patent rights. It did not contain any information on what his invention exactly was. William Petty was educated in France and in Holland, and returned to England in 1646, to finish his education in the medical science at Oxford University. He was quite active in many fields of scientific discovery and inventions

neg: Double Writing (Petty) Double Writing (Petty) A Declaration Concerning the newly invented Art of Double Writing was a pamphlet of 6 leaves, written by Sir William Petty (1623-1687) and first published in 1648. It contained information regarding his invention of the "Art of Double Writing", especially a claim for patent rights. It did not contain any information on what his invention exactly was. William Petty was educated in France and in Holland, and returned to England in 1646, to finish his education in the medical science at Oxford University. He was quite active in many fields of scientific discovery and inventions and developed

neg: Provisional application reveals that what the inventor thought was the invention is found to be an obvious aggregation of prior-art elements or steps, the invention may still be patentable if the provisional application describes a non-obvious novel structure, element, or step. This novel structure can be claimed in the non-provisional patent application, instead of claiming the invalid aggregation. Information Disclosure Statements (IDSs) are not permitted in provisional applications. Since no substantive examination is given in provisional applications, a disclosure of information is unnecessary. Any such statement filed in a provisional application will be returned or destroyed at the option of the Office.

neg: Information overload in information by excessively copying ancient manuscripts and replicating artifacts, creating libraries and museums that have remained in the present. Around 1453 AD, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and this marked another period of information proliferation. As a result of lowering production costs, generation of printed materials ranging from pamphlets, manuscripts to books were made available to the average person. Following Gutenburg's invention, the introduction of mass printing began in Western Europe. Information overload was often experienced by the affluent, but the circulation of books were becoming rapidly printed and available at a lower cost, allowing the educated to

neg: Invention European patent law. In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, "Is this an invention?" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter-intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries "as such" and software "as such". The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italians and German tradition. British courts don't

neg: Freedom of speech in the United States of employment contracts, loss of government employment, monetary penalties, non-disclosure agreements, forfeiture of property, injunctions, revocation of passports, and prior restraint are used to deter such speech. The Voluntary Tender Act of 1917 gave the Commissioner of Patents the authority to withhold certification from inventions that might harm U.S. national security, and to turn the invention over to the United States government for its own use. It was replaced in 1951 with the Invention Secrecy Act which prevented inventors from publishing inventions or sharing the information. Both attached criminal penalties to subjected inventors. The United States was under a declared

neg: Cerium discovered that pure thorium oxide produced a much better, though blue, light, and that mixing it with cerium dioxide resulted in a bright white light. Additionally, cerium dioxide also acts as a catalyst for the combustion of thorium oxide. This resulted in great commercial success for von Welsbach and his invention, and created great demand for thorium; its production resulted in a large amount of lanthanides being simultaneously extracted as by-products. Applications were soon found for them, especially in the pyrophoric alloy known as "mischmetall" composed of 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and the remainder being the other lanthanides, that is

neg: Inventor's notebook on either a "first to file" or "first to invent" basis. Therefore, it is important to keep and maintain records that help establish who is first to invent a particular invention. The inventor's notebook (also called a journal, lab book or log book) is a systematic device for recording all information related to an invention in such a way that it can be used to develop a case during a patent contestation or patent-related lawsuit. The notebook is also a valuable tool for the inventor since it provides a chronological record of an invention and its reduction to practice. Each

neg: Human factors and ergonomics factors issues such as weightlessness and extreme g-forces. Tolerance of the harsh environment of space and its effects on the mind and body were widely studied The dawn of the Information Age has resulted in the related field of human–computer interaction (HCI). Likewise, the growing demand for and competition among consumer goods and electronics has resulted in more companies and industries including human factors in their product design. Using advanced technologies in human kinetics, body-mapping, movement patterns and heat zones, companies are able to manufacture purpose-specific garments, including full body suits, jerseys, shorts, shoes, and even underwear. In physical ergonomics,

neg: MAREC from the source to the target language. Since the patent document refers to the same “invention” or “concept of idea” the text is a translation of the invention, but it does not have to be a direct translation of the text itself – text parts could have been removed or added for clarification reasons. The 19,386,697 XML files measure a total of 621 GB and are hosted by the Information Retrieval Facility. Access and support are free of charge for research purposes. MAREC The MAtrixware REsearch Collection (MAREC) is a standardised patent data corpus available for research purposes. MAREC seeks

neg: Internet Invention Because the EmerAgency was created to build a mass of consultants who are all working on this same question, the members of the EmerAgency take on the slogan, “Problems B Us." "Internet Invention" is roughly divided into four sections, each one covering one of the four discourses. Each chapter is further divided into smaller topics that loosely build upon each other with a series of concepts, examples, and exercises for the reader. Keeping in line with the concept of electracy, Ulmer borrows concepts and terms from many different sources to describe his ideas, although the background information describing these terms

neg: Enio Iommi spearhead ready to revamp it. Claudio Girola, Alfredo Hlito, Tomás Maldonado, Edgar Bayley, Gyula Kosice, Rod Rothfuss, Arde Quin and others got together at Rubí bar, in front of Miserere Square. They were interested in the information, available albeit scarce in the city, about the Russian Constructivism and the Dutch De Stijl. Two groups of artists emerged from those gatherings that led the way across the path of Modern Art in Argentina: Concrete-Invention Art Association (in Spanish, Asociación Arte Concreto Invención) and Madí Arts (Arte Madí). Both rejected figuration and representation, to which they opposed the invention. In other words,

neg: Plato a much later invention. Although "Platon" was a fairly common name (31 instances are known from Athens alone), the name does not occur in Plato's known family line. Another scholar, however, claims that "there is good reason for not dismissing [the idea that Aristocles was Plato's given name] as a mere invention of his biographers", noting how prevalent that account is in our sources. The fact that the philosopher in his maturity called himself "Platon" is indisputable, but the origin of this naming must remain moot unless the record is made to yield more information. Apuleius informs us that Speusippus

neg: History of Newfoundland and Labrador steam-powered catcher boats. They made possible the targeting of large and fast-swimming whale species that were taken to shore-based stations for processing. The invention of the harpoon cannon in the 1860s and the westward expansion of the Scandinavian industry that resulted from the rapid depletion of their local stocks resulted in the emergence of the modern whaling industry in off Newfoundland and Labrador. The industry was highly cyclical, with well-defined catch peaks in 1903–05, 1925–30, 1945–51, and 1966–72, after which world-wide bans shut it down. Seal hunting off the coast of Labrador, for the fur, became a small specialty in

neg: Internet as a source of prior art Internet as a source of prior art In the context of patent law, using the Internet as a source of prior art when assessing whether an invention is novel and inventive (two conditions for patentability), may be problematic if it is difficult to ascertain precisely when information on websites became available to the public. In most patent laws, an (alleged) invention must be "new" and "inventive" (or non-obvious, which is basically synonymous of "inventive") to be considered "patentable", i.e., to be validly patented. An invention is considered new if it does not form part of the "prior art" (or state

neg: Beulah Parson Davis Writers' Project was created in efforts to provide jobs for white collar workers during the Great Depression. Many of the hired writers were unemployed teachers, librarians, and historians, both novice and experienced, which “resulted to uneven qualities” of interviews. At the time of the FWP’s production, interviewers recorded information strictly through notes and memory, as tape recorders were not yet invented. Thus, some useful reports can be missing or not as accurate. The interview of Beulah Parsons Davis does not provide any information on the exact birthplace or age of Davis. In addition to this absent data, many interviews of

neg: Eureka (UK TV series) sketches to deliver key facts and information. Notable cast members included Sylvester McCoy, Simon Gipps-Kent, Bernard Holley, Madeline Smith, Mike Savage, Julia Binsted, Philip Fox and Jackie Clarke. Each show also featured a segment showcasing a madcap and not always reliable invention by Wilf Lunn often to the bemusement of McCoy or another of the regular cast. In the fourth and final series, the format changed slightly and Lunn became the presenter, playing the Doctor of Alternative Invention at the Eureka Museum of Invention. Eureka (UK TV series) Eureka (sometimes referred to as Eureka!) is a British educational television series

neg: Yvonne Brill for a new rocket engine, the hydrazine resistojet, and she proposed the use of a single propellant because of the value and simplicity that it would provide. Her invention resulted in not only higher engine performance but also increased reliability of the propulsion system. The reduction in propellant weight requirements enabled either increased payload capability or extended mission life. Brill invented the hydrazine resistojet propulsion system in 1967 for which she holds U.S. Patent No. 3,807,657. Her invention became a standard in the industry, and has translated into millions of dollars of increased revenue for commercial communications satellite owners. Brill

neg: Hidetsugu Yagi the title of Doctor of Engineering. He was able to foresee that short waves or ultra short waves would become the main element for communication using radio waves and he aimed his research in this direction. This resulted in the publication of his papers called "Generation of Short Wavelength Waves", "Measuring Specific Wavelengths with Short Wavelengths", and other papers. The so-called Yagi antenna is based on these published articles. He invented it as an antenna using his "method for directional electric waves". He obtained the patent rights to his invention (patent number 69115, issued in 1926). Because this invention uses

neg: Metamood experiences. The scale has been used on adolescents between ages 12 and 17, and resulted with information researchers had already found. People have three emotional structures: attention to feelings, clarity of feelings, and mood repair. Researchers already knew that, but by testing 1,497 adolescents, researchers found some new information; age and gender appear differently on the TMMS. Metamood Metamood is a term used by psychologists to refer to an individual's awareness of their emotions. It can be described as being caught up in any emotion and then becoming aware that you are being swept away by it. Being able to

neg: Clock the 15th century, although they are often erroneously credited to Nuremberg watchmaker Peter Henlein (or Henle, or Hele) around 1511. The earliest existing spring driven clock is the chamber clock given to Phillip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, around 1430, now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Spring power presented clockmakers with a new problem: how to keep the clock movement running at a constant rate as the spring ran down. This resulted in the invention of the "stackfreed" and the fusee in the 15th century, and many other innovations, down to the invention of the modern "going barrel" in 1760. Early

neg: Steven Sasson camera invention was awarded the U.S. patent number 4,131,919. Sasson continues to work for the Eastman Kodak Company, now working in an intellectual property protection role. On November 17, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Sasson the National Medal of Technology and Innovation at a ceremony in the East Room of the White House. This is the highest honor awarded by the US government to scientists, engineers, and inventors. On September 6, 2012 The Royal Photographic Society awarded Sasson its Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution that has resulted in an

neg: Terrazzo the United States in the late 1890s, but did not achieve popularity until the 1920s. Until then it was hand polished with a long handled tool called "galleras". Due to its likelihood of cracking, terrazzo was used at a small scale in comparison to the large expanses we see today. Two inventions resulted in its rise in popularity: divider strips and the electric grinding machine. The invention of divider strips by L. Del Turco and Bros. in 1924 contained the cracking of terrazzo by allowing the material greater space to expand and shrink after installation. This invention made terrazzo a

neg: Poul la Cour The idea was to permit a number of telegraphers to send messages on a single wire, each using his own frequency. By using the resonance phenomenon of tuning forks it was possible to split out the messages at the receiving end of the wire. He patented his invention in London on 2 September 1874, but in the United States Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray and others had been working along similar lines, which resulted in protests against his American patent applications. Having too little money to pay lawyers, he gave up his claim in America, and this invention was credited

neg: Petro Prokopovych studies he committed to a military career. He resigned his commission in 1798, bearing officer rank, and enjoyed retirement at his brother's apiary. By 1808 Prokopovych had 580 beehives. Prokopovych studied the biology of bee colonies and strove to improve existing methods of beekeeping. His main intention was to develop methods that allowed the least disturbance and damage to bees. These efforts resulted in 1814 in the invention of the world's first frame hive, which allowed an easier honey harvest. Another invention was a wooden partition with apertures passable only by worker bees, now called a queen excluder. It made

neg: Lewis Temple Lewis Temple Lewis Temple (1 October 1800 – 5 May 1854) was an American blacksmith, abolitionist, and inventor. He was born in slavery in Richmond, Virginia, and moved to the whaling village of New Bedford, Massachusetts during the 1820s, where he worked as a blacksmith. He married Mary Clark in 1820 and they had no children. He is best remembered for the invention of "Temple's Toggle" or "Temple's blood" which was a harpoon that was similar to the ancient Eskimo design. After some trials, whalers took to the improved harpoon. Temple never patented his invention which resulted in others copying

neg: Shubb Shubb Shubb is a company that specialises in producing capos for all kinds of stringed instruments. The company was formed in 1974 by banjoists Rick Shubb and Dave Coontz. Shubb capos remain a top-selling capo forty years after their invention. Shubb wanted to create a capo that would not make his instrument go out of tune, which has resulted in ongoing efforts to refine his invention. The Shubb Capo utilises an "over-centre" locking action, which is lever operated. The design includes a screw for adjusting the clamp's tightness, and has been described as "a turning point in modern capo design."

neg: Stegosauria the twentieth century. From the 1950s onwards, the geology of China was systematically surveyed in detail and infrastructural works led to a vast increase of digging activities in that country. This resulted in a new wave of Chinese stegosaurian discoveries, starting with "Chialingosaurus" in 1957. Chinese finds of the 1970s and 1980s included "Wuerhosaurus", "Tuojiangosaurus", "Chungkingosaurus", "Huayangosaurus", "Yingshanosaurus" and "Gigantspinosaurus". This increased the age range of good fossil stegosaurian material, as they represented the first relatively complete skeletons from the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. Especially important was "Huayangosaurus", which provided unique information about the early evolution of the

neg: Julius Blum second place in the invention rankings and ranks amongst Austria’s top ten patent candidates. The company has set up training rooms, laboratory kitchens and test-drive areas to identify requirements of kitchen fitters, manufacturers, sellers and kitchen buyers. Research insights have resulted in new and improved products and concepts for storage space planning in kitchens. Blum has won several awards in product quality and design. In 2013, the furniture manufacturer received the European Inventor Award in the "industry" category for its hinge system Blumotion. The invention assures that doors, drawers and lift systems close gently and silently. Blum Austria started its

neg: Glossary of patent law terms a third party opposes the grant of a patent in an attempt to prevent that grant, or have the patent revoked. Opposition proceedings may be pre- or post-grant. A territorial right to prevent others from commercially exploiting an invention, granted to an inventor or his successor in rights in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. A patent is regarded as a specific type of intellectual property right, and is granted for a limited period of time, the term of the patent. A patent ambush occurs when a member of a standard-setting organization withholds information, during participation in development

neg: Intelligent character recognition back office system avoiding laborious manual keying and can be more accurate than traditional human data entry. An important development of ICR was the invention of Automated Forms Processing in 1993 by Joseph Corcoran who was awarded a patent on the invention. This involved a three-stage process of capturing the image of the form to be processed by ICR and preparing it to enable the ICR engine to give best results, then capturing the information using the ICR engine and finally processing the results to automatically validate the output from the ICR engine. This application of ICR increased the usefulness

neg: Canadian patent law and information on the subject available to him on (the date that the application is filed in Canada), would have been led directly and without difficulty to [the] invention." The requirement for non-obviousness is codified under s. 28.3 of the "Patent Act". In "Apotex Inc. v. Sanofi‑Synthelabo Canada Inc.", the Supreme Court of Canada affirmed the test for non-obviousness laid out in the 1985 English case of "Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd.": For a product to have utility it must perform some useful function. The requirement for utility originates from the definition of invention as a