query: when did the space shuttle columbia blow up

pos: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster "Somewhere" on their album "The Story" (2016); the song was dedicated to Laurel Clark (who had become a fan of the band during her Navy service in Scotland), and includes a piece of her wake up song, followed by some radio chatter, at the end. Space Shuttle Columbia disaster On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disintegrated upon reentering Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. The disaster was the second fatal accident in the Space Shuttle program after Space Shuttle "Challenger", which broke apart and killed the seven-member crew 73 seconds after liftoff in 1986. During the launch

pos: Space Shuttle Columbia International Space Station programs, "Columbia" did not fly any missions that visited a space station. The other three active orbiters at the time had visited both "Mir" and the ISS at least once. "Columbia" was not suited for high-inclination missions. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Mission cancelled following suspension of shuttle flights following the "Challenger" disaster. <nowiki>**</nowiki> Mission flown by Endeavour due to loss of "Columbia" on STS-107. <nowiki>***</nowiki> Mission flown by Discovery due to loss of "Columbia" on STS-107. "Columbia" was destroyed at about 09:00 EST on February 1, 2003 while re-entering the atmosphere after a 16-day scientific mission. The Columbia Accident Investigation

pos: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Space Shuttle Columbia disaster On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disintegrated upon reentering Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. The disaster was the second fatal accident in the Space Shuttle program after Space Shuttle "Challenger", which broke apart and killed the seven-member crew 73 seconds after liftoff in 1986. During the launch of STS-107, "Columbia"'s 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter. A few previous shuttle launches had seen damage ranging from minor to nearly catastrophic from foam shedding, but some

pos: National Outdoor Leadership School shuttle Columbia completed a 12-day, 50-mile expedition in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming with NOLS Professional Training. These same seven crewmembers were the crew on the space shuttle Columbia that broke up upon returning to Earth on February 1, 2003. When on the course, the crewmembers commented on the group cohesion the course helped them develop, as well as the similarities to space flight: “we spent a whole lot of time together as a team solving problems without any other outside influences, which is similar to the way that it will be in space,” said crewmember Laurel Clark. NOLS

pos: Space Shuttle Columbia on the band's last studio album, "The Story", ends with a recording of her voice introducing the song. Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle "Columbia" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Over 22 years of service, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. Construction began on "Columbia" in 1975 at

pos: Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle "Columbia" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Over 22 years of service, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. Construction began on "Columbia" in 1975 at Rockwell International's (formerly North American Aviation/North American Rockwell) principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los

pos: Space Shuttle program gear tires and brakes, and the reintroduction of pressure suits for shuttle astronauts (these had been discontinued after STS-4; astronauts wore only coveralls and oxygen helmets from that point on until the "Challenger" accident). The shuttle program continued in September 1988 with the launch of "Discovery" on STS-26. The accidents did not just affect the technical design of the orbiter, but also NASA. Quoting some recommendations made by the post-"Challenger" Rogers commission: The shuttle program operated accident-free for seventeen years after the "Challenger" disaster, until "Columbia" broke up on re-entry, killing all seven crew members, on February 1, 2003. The

pos: Kalpana Chawla Kalpana Chawla Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut and the first female of Indian origin to go to space. She first flew on Space Shuttle "Columbia" in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster when the aircraft disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, and several streets, universities and institutions have been named in her honor. Chawla was born on 17

pos: Space Shuttle thermal protection system discontinued development. There were unresolved problems with the repair tools and techniques; also further tests indicated the tiles were unlikely to come off. The first shuttle mission did suffer several tile losses, but they were in non-critical areas, and no "zipper effect" occurred. On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle "Columbia" was destroyed on reentry due to a failure of the TPS. The investigation team found and reported that the probable cause of the accident was that during launch, a piece of foam debris punctured an RCC panel on the left wing's leading edge and allowed hot gases from the

pos: Getaway Special Airlines at the time around the program's conception. The first Getaway Special was purchased by Gilbert Moore and donated to Utah State University. It was flown on Columbia during STS-4 in June/July 1982. The program was canceled after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster on February 1, 2003. The last Getaway Special, which was carried aboard STS-107, was the Freestar experiment package, which carried six different experiments. Much of the data was lost when "Columbia" was destroyed, but some data was transmitted during the mission. After reorganization of the Shuttle Program, NASA cited the need for the remaining shuttle fleet to

neg: NASA Shuttle "Columbia" disaster. The Shuttle fleet lost two orbiters and 14 astronauts in two disasters: "Challenger" in 1986, and "Columbia" in 2003. While the 1986 loss was mitigated by building the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" from replacement parts, NASA did not build another orbiter to replace the second loss. NASA's Space Shuttle program had 135 missions when the program ended with the successful landing of the Space Shuttle "Atlantis" at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011. The program spanned 30 years with over 300 astronauts sent into space. The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's "Space Station Freedom" project

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia a salute, a celebration rather than just concentrating on a few moments of tragedy, but instead the bigger picture of these brave people's lives." The graphic novel "Orbiter" by Warren Ellis and Colleen Doran was dedicated to the "lives, memories and legacies of the seven astronauts lost on space shuttle "Columbia" during mission STS-107." Laurel Clark's wake up call on STS – 107 was Runrig's "Running to the Light". Laurel took "The Stamping Ground" CD into space with her and when the Shuttle exploded the CD was found back on Earth, and presented to the band. "Somewhere", the final track

neg: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster the shuttle's prime contractor, additionally viewed the large amount of ice present on the pad as a constraint to launch. According to Ebeling, a second conference call was scheduled with only NASA & Thiokol management, excluding the engineers. For reasons that are unclear, Thiokol management disregarded its own engineers' warnings and now recommended that the launch proceed as scheduled; NASA did not ask why. Ebeling told his wife that night that "Challenger" would blow up. Ken Iliff, a former NASA Chief Scientist who had worked on the Space Shuttle Program since its first mission (and the X-15 program before that),

neg: Astrotech Corporation in total sales. Spacehab hardware consists of: The Spacehab hardware was specifically designed to be nestled inside the cargo bay of the Space Shuttles and flew on a total of 22 Space Shuttle missions, including seven to the Russian space station Mir and eight to the International Space Station (ISS). The Single Module flew on seven missions, and the Research Double Module flew only on the ill-fated Columbia STS-107 mission, in which it was destroyed. The inaugural flight of Spacehab’s research double module, which launched January 2003 on STS-107, ended when the Space Shuttle Columbia broke up during re-entry. In

neg: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster the changes in its management structure and organizational culture were neither deep nor long-lasting. After the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster in 2003, attention once again focused on the attitude of NASA management towards safety issues. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) concluded that NASA had failed to learn many of the lessons of "Challenger". In particular, the agency had not set up a truly independent office for safety oversight; the CAIB felt that in this area, "NASA's response to the Rogers Commission did not meet the Commission's intent". The CAIB believed that "the causes of the institutional failure responsible for

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster "Columbia"s flight data recorder was found near Hemphill, Texas, on March 19, 2003. Unlike commercial jet aircraft, the space shuttles did not have flight data recorders intended for after-crash analysis. Instead, the vehicle data were transmitted in real time to the ground via telemetry. Since "Columbia" was the first shuttle, it had a special flight data OEX (Orbiter EXperiments) recorder, designed to help engineers better understand vehicle performance during the first test flights. After the initial Shuttle test-flights were completed, the recorder was never removed from "Columbia", and it was still functioning on the crashed flight. It recorded many hundreds

neg: Kalpana Chawla Chawla finally returned to space aboard [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle "Columbia"]] on the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|ill-fated STS-107 mission]]. The crew performed nearly 80 experiments studying earth and [[space science]], advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety. During the launch of [[STS-107]], "Columbia"s 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the [[Space Shuttle external tank]] and struck the left wing of the [[Space Shuttle orbiter|orbiter]]. Previous shuttle launches had seen minor damage from foam shedding, but some engineers suspected that the damage to "Columbia" was more serious. [[NASA]] managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew

neg: STS-5 STS-5 STS-5 was the fifth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the fifth flight of the Space Shuttle "Columbia". It launched on 11 November 1982 and landed five days later on 16 November. STS-5 was the first shuttle mission to deploy communications satellites into orbit, and the first officially "operational" shuttle mission. "Columbia" launched on schedule from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) at 7:19 am EST, 11 November 1982. The shuttle carried a crew of four – the largest spacecraft crew up to that time – and the first two commercial communications satellites to be flown aboard a shuttle. The commercial satellites

neg: Spacecraft of which have flown in space. "Enterprise" was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 SCA and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was "Columbia", followed by "Challenger", "Discovery", "Atlantis", and "Endeavour". "Endeavour" was built to replace "Challenger" when it was lost in January 1986. "Columbia" broke up during reentry in February 2003. The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the "Buran"-class shuttle, launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster While this did not delay the launch for the next mission – STS-115, originally set to lift off on August 27 – the weather and other technical glitches did, with a lightning strike, Hurricane Ernesto and a faulty fuel tank sensor combining to delay the launch until September 9. On September 19, landing was delayed an extra day to examine "Atlantis" after objects were found floating near the shuttle in the same orbit. When no damage was detected, "Atlantis" landed successfully on September 21. The "Columbia" Crew Survival Investigation Report released by NASA on December 30, 2008, made further recommendations

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia southern California. The facility is also a hands-on learning center with interactive exhibits, workshops, and classes about space science, astronautics, and the Space Shuttle program's legacy — providing educational opportunities for all ages. The Shuttle's final crew was honored in 2003 when the United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name Columbia Point for a mountain in Colorado's Sangre de Cristo Mountains, less than a half-mile from Challenger Point, a peak named after America's other lost Space Shuttle. The Columbia Hills on Mars were also named in honor of the crew, and a host of other memorials were dedicated

neg: STS-2 launch, were effective; no tiles were lost and only 12 were damaged. "Columbia" was flown back to the Kennedy Space Center on 25 November 1981. STS-2 was the first shuttle flight where O-ring blow-by was observed. After the damage was discovered, another O-ring was intentionally damaged to a further degree. It was then put through a flight simulation at three times the flight pressure. It survived the test, and was endorsed as flightworthy. This same problem would occur on fourteen more shuttle flights, before contributing to the loss of orbiter "Challenger" in 1986. STS-2 was the last shuttle flight to

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia and ended in disaster 73 seconds after launch. In the aftermath NASA's shuttle timetable was disrupted, and "Columbia" was not flown again until 1989 (on STS-28), after which it resumed normal service as part of the shuttle fleet. STS-93, launched on July 23, 1999, was the first U.S. space mission with a female commander, Lt. Col. Eileen Collins. This mission deployed the Chandra X-ray Observatory. "Columbia"'s final successful mission was STS-109, the fourth servicing mission for the Hubble Space Telescope. Its next mission, STS-107, culminated in the orbiter's loss when it disintegrated during reentry, killing all seven of its crew.

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster XXXVIII held in Houston's Reliant Stadium began with a pregame tribute to the crew of the "Columbia" by singer Josh Groban performing "You Raise Me Up", with the crew of STS-114, the first post-"Columbia" Space Shuttle mission, in attendance. In 2004, Bush conferred posthumous Congressional Space Medals of Honor to all 14 crew members lost in the "Challenger" and "Columbia" accidents. NASA named several places in honor of "Columbia" and the crew. Seven asteroids discovered in July 2001 at the Mount Palomar observatory were officially given the names of the seven astronauts: 51823 Rickhusband, 51824 Mikeanderson, 51825 Davidbrown, 51826 Kalpanachawla,

neg: STS-114 STS-114 STS-114 was the first "Return to Flight" Space Shuttle mission following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. "Discovery" launched at 10:39 EDT (14:39 UTC), 26 July 2005. The launch, 907 days (approx. 29 months) after the loss of "Columbia", was approved despite unresolved fuel sensor anomalies in the external tank that had prevented the shuttle from launching on 13 July, its originally scheduled date. The mission ended on 9 August 2005 when "Discovery" landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Poor weather over the Kennedy Space Center in Florida hampered the shuttle from using its primary landing site. Analysis

neg: Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex positioned at a 43.21 degrees angle with the payload bay doors open; a view only previously seen in space. The exhibit also includes a life sized replica of Hubble Space Telescope, the shuttle program’s astrovan, Dr. Maxime Faget’s shuttle prototype from 1969, a large-scale slide mimicking the 22 degree slope of a shuttle when landing, numerous astronaut training and shuttle simulators, and other displays about life in space. On the ground level is the "Forever Remembered" exhibit, commemorating the 14 astronauts lost in both space shuttle "Challenger" STS-51L and space shuttle "Columbia" STS-107 disasters. Forever Remembered includes personal artifacts from

neg: Edwards Air Force Base Before it was closed, a trial run set a world speed record of before the test car broke up. After it closed, the rails were pulled up to help straighten Lancaster Boulevard. After President Richard M. Nixon announced the Space Shuttle program on January 5, 1972, Edwards was chosen for Space Shuttle orbiter testing. The prototype was carried to altitude by the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) and released. In all, 13 test flights were conducted with the Enterprise and the SCA to determine their flight characteristics and handling. After Space Shuttle "Columbia" became the first shuttle launched into orbit on

neg: NASA space flights, such as the Shuttle–Mir Program and the International Space Station. The Space Shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Planned as a frequently launchable and mostly reusable vehicle, four space shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to launch, "Columbia", did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first known human space flight. Its major components were a spaceplane orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid-fuel launch rockets at its side. The external tank, which was bigger than the spacecraft itself, was the only major

neg: The Adventures of Dr. McNinja arrive from the future to stop different types of apocalypses. The newest Goodrich reveals that he is attempting to stop an imminent invasion by intelligent space dinosaurs. Dr. McNinja, with Judy and the newly arrived Chuck Goodrich's help, attempts to steal a warhead to blow up a dinosaur scout ship that is supposed to appear in 48 hours. However, King Radical shows up to steal the warhead himself. After explaining they need the warhead to blow up the space dinosaurs, Radical lets them have it. McNinja formulates a plan to sneak Chuck Goodrich into a NASA space shuttle. However, the

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia facility beginning in January 1984, undergoing modifications that removed the Orbiter Flight Test hardware and bringing it up to similar specifications as those of its sister orbiters. At that time the shuttle fleet was expanded to include "Discovery" and "Atlantis". "Columbia" returned to space on January 12, 1986, with the launch of STS-61-C. The mission's crew included Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz, as well as the first sitting member of the House of Representatives to venture into space, Bill Nelson. The next shuttle mission, STS-51-L, was undertaken by "Challenger". It was launched on January 28, 1986, ten days after STS-61-C had landed,

neg: Space Coast Office of Tourism had a strong focus on tourism through the space industry, and the industry accounted for as much as 15% of the tourism in the region, but with a reduction in shuttle launches this dropped to under 5% by 2005. Accordingly, the office had to move their focus to alternative tourism operations, selling "beaches, cruise ships and nature tourism", and after the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster in 2003, the Space Shuttle was dropped from their advertising campaigns. Although the "Discovery's" launch in 2005 did see a return of astronaut imagery, the region's dependency on the space industry was much reduced, and

neg: Terahertz nondestructive evaluation (non ionisant), it can be used in high resolution imaging to detect skin cancer. NASA Space Shuttle inspections are an example of this technology's application. After the Shuttle Columbia accident in 2003, Columbia Accident Investigation Board recommendation R3.2.1 stated “Initiate an aggressive program to eliminate all External Tank Thermal Protection System debris-shedding at the source….” To support this recommendation, inspection methods for flaws in foam are being evaluated, developed, and refined at NASA. STS-114 employed Space Shuttle "Discovery", and was the first "Return to Flight" Space Shuttle mission following the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster. It launched at 10:39 EDT, 26

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia magnifier screen, which would result in its reentry and break-up in Earth's atmosphere. A "Soft Capture Docking Mechanism", based on the docking adapter that was to be used on the Orion spacecraft, was installed during the last servicing mission in anticipation of this event. "Columbia" was also scheduled to launch the X-38 V-201 Crew Return Vehicle prototype as the next mission after STS-118, until the cancellation of the project in 2002. "Columbia" flew 28 missions, gathering 300.74 days spent in space with 4,808 orbits and a total distance of up until STS-107. Despite being in service during the Shuttle-Mir and

neg: Wesley Clark embarrassing that a group of candidates up here are working on changing the leadership in this country and can't get their own story straight ... I would have never voted for war. The war was an unnecessary war, it was an elective war, and it's been a huge strategic mistake for this country." Another media incident started during the New Hampshire primary September 27, 2003, when Clark was asked by space shuttle astronaut Jay C. Buckey what his vision for the space program was after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Clark responded he was a great believer in the exploration

neg: STS-118 STS-118 STS-118 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by the orbiter "Endeavour". STS-118 lifted off on 8 August 2007 from launch pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida and landed at the Shuttle Landing Facility at KSC on 21 August 2007. This was the first flight of "Endeavour" since STS-113 in November 2002, which was also the last successful shuttle flight before STS-107 which culminated in the loss of "Columbia" when it disintegrated during reentry. STS-118 pilot Charles Hobaugh had been the entry team CAPCOM for STS-107. "Columbia" would have been chosen for

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster orbiter prevented safe reentry. The shuttle's main fuel tank is covered in thermal insulation foam intended to prevent ice from forming when the tank is full of liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Such ice could damage the shuttle if shed during lift-off. Mission STS-107 was the 113th Space Shuttle launch. Planned to begin on January 11, 2001, the mission was delayed 18 times and eventually launched on January 16, 2003, following STS-113. (The Columbia Accident Investigation Board determined that this delay had nothing to do with the catastrophic failure.) 81.7 seconds after launch from Kennedy Space Center's LC-39-A, a suitcase-sized piece

neg: STS-107 STS-107 STS-107 was the 113th flight of the Space Shuttle program, and the final flight of Space Shuttle "Columbia". The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on January 16, 2003, and during its 15 days, 22 hours, 20 minutes, 32 seconds in orbit conducted a multitude of international scientific experiments. An in-flight break up during reentry into the atmosphere on February 1 killed all seven crew members and disintegrated "Columbia". Immediately after the disaster, NASA convened the "Columbia" Accident Investigation Board to determine the cause of the disintegration. The source of the failure was determined to have been

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia afore the orbiter's name on the right; only "Columbia's" distinctive wing "chines" remained. These black areas on the upper surfaces of the shuttle's forward wing were added because, at first, shuttle designers did not know how reentry heating would affect the craft's upper wing surfaces. The "chines" allowed "Columbia" to be easily recognized at a distance, as opposed to the subsequent orbiters. The "chines" were added after "Columbia" arrived at KSC in 1979. Another unique external feature, termed the "SILTS" pod (Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing), was located on the top of "Columbia's" vertical stabilizer, and was installed after STS-9

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster it would likely have sent "Columbia" into the Pacific Ocean; NASA later developed the Remote Control Orbiter system to permit mission control to land a shuttle. NASA investigators determined that on-orbit repair by the shuttle astronauts was possible but overall considered "high risk", primarily due to the uncertain resiliency of the repair using available materials and the anticipated high risk of doing additional damage to the Orbiter. "Columbia" did not carry the Canadarm, or Remote Manipulator System, which would normally be used for camera inspection or transporting a spacewalking astronaut to the wing. Therefore, an unusual emergency extra-vehicular activity (EVA)

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster engineers suspected that the damage to "Columbia" was more serious. NASA managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. When "Columbia" re-entered the atmosphere of Earth, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate the heat shield and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and break apart. After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, as they had been after the "Challenger" disaster. Construction of the International Space Station (ISS) was put on hold; the station relied

neg: STS-61-C STS-61-C STS-61-C was the twenty-fourth mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the seventh mission of Space Shuttle "Columbia". It was the first time that "Columbia", the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since STS-9. The mission launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center on 12 January 1986, and landed six days later on 18 January. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the second African-American shuttle pilot, future NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, the first Costa Rican-born astronaut, Franklin Chang-Diaz, and the second sitting politician to fly in space, Representative Bill Nelson (D-FL). It was the last shuttle mission before

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of the crew of "Columbia". "Seven" was premiered in 2007 by violinist Akiko Suwanai, conducted by Pierre Boulez, and it was recorded in 2012 with violinist Patricia Kopatchinskaja and the composer conducting. The 2008 album "Columbia: We Dare to Dream" by Anne Cabrera was written as a tribute to Space Shuttle "Columbia" STS-107, the crew, support teams, recovery teams, and the crew's families. A copy of the album on compact disc was flown aboard Space Shuttle "Discovery" mission STS-131 to the International Space Station by astronaut Clayton Anderson in April 2010. The Scottish Folk-Rock band Runrig included a song titled

neg: Chapman, Kansas in freight trains. He ended up settling in Chapman, where he died in 1983 at the age of 67. Joseph Henry Engle is a retired U.S. Air Force Major General and a former NASA astronaut. Engle helped to flight test the joint NASA-Air Force X-15 rocket airplane and was one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle Enterprise in 1977. He was commander of the second orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1981. Harvey T. "Pop" Hollinger was one of the first comic book collectors. He set up his

neg: Space Shuttle (pinball) up a ball lock or two balls up two different ball locks and then shooting a ball up the center ramp when the drop target is down. The table is included in "". Space Shuttle (pinball) Space Shuttle (full title: Space Shuttle: Pinball Adventure) is a Space Shuttle themed pinball machine designed by Barry Oursler and Joe Kaminkow and produced in 1984 by WMS Industries. The machine's marketing slogan is "The fastest way to make your earnings really take off!". In "Space Shuttle" the main goal is to acquire the shuttle score value from spelling out "S H U T

neg: STS-28 Force Base, California, at 9:37 am EDT on 13 August 1989, after a mission lasting 5 days and 1 hour. STS-28 STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, the fourth shuttle mission dedicated to United States Department of Defense purposes, and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle "Columbia". The mission launched on 8 August 1989 and traveled 2.1 million miles during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 13 August. STS-28 was also "Columbia"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first flight since January 1986, when it had flown STS-61-C, the mission directly preceding the

neg: Marshall Space Flight Center shuttle missions shows all flights, their missions, and other information. The first orbital flight (STS-1) by Shuttle "Columbia" on April 12, 1981, did not have a payload, but all flights that followed generally had multiple payloads. Through 1989, there were 32 flights; this includes the one on January 28, 1986, when "Challenger" was lost, and the delay until September 29, 1988, when flights resumed. During the 1990s, there were 58 flights, giving a total of 95 successful flights through 1999. For the "Magellan" planetary spacecraft, MSFC managed the adaptation of the Inertial Upper Stage. This solid-rocket was used in May

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster to the crew. A Department of Defense school in Guam was renamed Commander William C. McCool Elementary School. The City of Palmdale, California, the birthplace of the entire shuttle fleet, changed the name of the thoroughfare Avenue M to Columbia Way. In Avondale, Arizona, the Avondale Elementary School where Michael Anderson's sister worked had sent a T-shirt with him into space. It was supposed to have an assembly when he returned from space. The school was later renamed Michael Anderson Elementary. The first dedicated meteorological satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 2 September 2002, named Metsat-1,

neg: Brewster H. Shaw Brewster H. Shaw Brewster Hopkinson Shaw Jr. (born May 16, 1945) is a former NASA astronaut, a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel and former executive at Boeing. Shaw was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 6, 2006. Shaw is a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions and has logged 533 hours of space flight. He was Pilot of Space Shuttle "Columbia" in November 1983, Commander of Space Shuttle "Atlantis" in November 1985 and Commander of "Columbia" in August 1989. Following the Space Shuttle "Challenger" accident in 1986, he supported the Roger’s Presidential Commission investigating the accident.

neg: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! estranged father, former NASA colonel Gil Shepard, to help him with a risky plan to destroy the storm from space. Gil, Fin, April, and Nova reach Cape Canaveral where they plan to use a top-secret Space Shuttle to blow up tanks of rocket fuel in the storm. They head inside to prepare, while Claudia and Billy fend off incoming sharks by using guns. They share a kiss and begin to head back inside, but Billy is killed when a shark lands on him. While Nova clears a path, Gil, Fin, and April launch into space where they detonate the external

neg: Husband Hill the summit plateau before moving on. Named areas on the hill include the "Cumberland Ridge", where rocks with higher than normal phosphorus content exist, and "El Dorado", a dark albedo feature on the south side. Husband Hill rises about 351 ft (107 m) above surrounding plains. Husband Hill Husband Hill is one of the Columbia Hills in Gusev crater, Mars, which are close to the landing site of NASA's "Spirit" rover. It was named in honor of Rick Husband, the commander of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" when it disintegrated upon atmospheric reentry (see Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster). In 2005, the

neg: Husband Hill Husband Hill Husband Hill is one of the Columbia Hills in Gusev crater, Mars, which are close to the landing site of NASA's "Spirit" rover. It was named in honor of Rick Husband, the commander of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" when it disintegrated upon atmospheric reentry (see Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster). In 2005, the "Spirit" rover, as part of its exploration of its landing site, slowly climbed to the top of Husband Hill. It reached the summit on August 22, 2005, and began its descent on September 25, 2005, after spending nearly two months examining the outcrops and views of

neg: STS-3 the glareshield pushbuttons. Consequently, he did not know that the autoland system was still partially engaged until Fullerton warned him, causing Lousma to pitch up; Bolden, who had worked on the autoland system early in his astronaut career prior to his first space flight, stated in 2004 that "he saved the vehicle" by doing so. STS-3 was the only shuttle mission to land at White Sands. The unexpectedly difficult landing and post flight conditions damaged the shuttle, requiring extensive repair at KSC. So much gypsum dust covered "Columbia" that Bolden recalled, "I flew it several flights later on my first

neg: Space Shuttle Challenger Space Shuttle Challenger Space Shuttle "Challenger" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service, after "Columbia". "Challenger" was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division, in Downey, California. Its maiden flight, STS-6, began on April 4, 1983. The orbiter was launched and landed nine times before breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission, STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, including a civilian school teacher. It was the first of two shuttles to be destroyed in flight, the other being "Columbia",

neg: STS-28 STS-28 STS-28 was the 30th NASA Space Shuttle mission, the fourth shuttle mission dedicated to United States Department of Defense purposes, and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle "Columbia". The mission launched on 8 August 1989 and traveled 2.1 million miles during 81 orbits of the Earth, before landing on runway 17 of Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 13 August. STS-28 was also "Columbia"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first flight since January 1986, when it had flown STS-61-C, the mission directly preceding the "Challenger" disaster of STS-51-L. The mission details of STS-28 are classified, but the payload is widely believed to have been

neg: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Congressional Space Medals of Honor to all 14 crew members lost in the "Challenger" and "Columbia" accidents. In 2009, Allan J. McDonald, former director of the Space Shuttle Solid Motor Rocket Project for Morton-Thiokol, Inc. published his book "Truth, Lies, and O-Rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster". Up to that point, no one directly involved in the decision to launch "Challenger" had published a memoir about the experience. In June 14, 2011, Christian electronic/dance pop singer Adam Young, through his electronica project, released a song about the "Challenger" incident on his third studio album "All Things Bright and Beautiful".

neg: Wesley Clark 2004 presidential campaign war was an unnecessary war, it was an elective war, and it's been a huge strategic mistake for this country." Another media incident started during the New Hampshire primary September 27, 2003, when Clark was asked by space shuttle astronaut Jay C. Buckey what his vision for the space program was after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Clark responded he was a great believer in the exploration of space but wanted a vision well beyond that of a new shuttle or space plane. "I would like to see mankind get off this planet. I'd like to know what's out there

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia honor those who lost their lives aboard the shuttle and during the recovery efforts, the Patricia Huffman Smith NASA Museum "Remembering Columbia" was opened in Hemphill, Sabine County, Texas. The museum tells the story of Space Shuttle "Columbia" explorations throughout all its missions, including the final STS-107. Its exhibits also show the efforts of local citizens during the recovery period of the "Columbia" shuttle debris and its crew's remains. An area is dedicated to each STS-107 crew member, and also to the Texas Forest Service helicopter pilot who died in the recovery effort. The museum houses many objects and artifacts

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia from: NASA and its contractors; the families of the STS-107 crew; and other individuals. The crew's families contributed personal items of the crew members to be on permanent display. The museum features two interactive simulator displays that emulate activities of the shuttle and orbiter. The digital learning center and its classroom provide educational opportunities for all ages. The Columbia Memorial Space Center is the U.S. national memorial for the Space Shuttle "Columbia"s seven crew members. It is located in Downey on the site of the Space Shuttle's origins and production, the former North American Aviation plant in Los Angeles County,

neg: STS-90 after planned landing on Sunday, 3 May. STS-90 Mission Specialist Kathryn Hire was Kennedy Space Center’s first employee to be chosen as an astronaut candidate. STS-90 was the first shuttle flight known to carry a bat on the solid booster. A bat suffered a similar fate during STS-119. STS-90 STS-90 was a 1998 Space Shuttle mission flown by the Space Shuttle "Columbia". The 16-day mission marked the last flight of the European Space Agency's Spacelab laboratory module, which had first flown on "Columbia" on STS-9, and was also the last daytime landing for "Columbia". Neurolab was a Spacelab module mission

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster as programs, photographs and patches, went up dramatically following the disaster, creating a surge of "Columbia"-related listings. A three-day amnesty offered for "looted" shuttle debris brought in hundreds of illegally recovered pieces. About 40,000 recovered pieces of debris have never been identified. The largest pieces recovered include the front landing gear and a window frame. On May 9, 2008, it was reported that data from a disk drive on board "Columbia" had survived the shuttle accident, and while part of the 340 MB drive was damaged, 99% of the data was recovered. The drive was used to store data from

neg: STS-61-C photographer took a gag photo of the STS-61-C crew with their heads and faces obscured by their helmets and visors. STS-61-C STS-61-C was the twenty-fourth mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the seventh mission of Space Shuttle "Columbia". It was the first time that "Columbia", the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since STS-9. The mission launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center on 12 January 1986, and landed six days later on 18 January. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the second African-American shuttle pilot, future NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, the first Costa Rican-born astronaut, Franklin Chang-Diaz,

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster failed to respond to engineers' requests about the status of astronaut inspection of the left wing. Engineers made three separate requests for Department of Defense (DOD) imaging of the shuttle in orbit to determine damage more precisely. While the images were not guaranteed to show the damage, the capability existed for imaging of sufficient resolution to provide meaningful examination. NASA management did not honor the requests and in some cases intervened to stop the DOD from assisting. The CAIB recommended subsequent shuttle flights be imaged while in orbit using ground-based or space-based DOD assets. Details of the DOD's unfulfilled participation

neg: James C. Adamson to the "Challenger" accident. During the Shuttle Program reconstruction period, Adamson was one of eleven astronauts selected to hold management positions within NASA. He served as Shuttle Program Office Assistant Manager for Engineering Integration. In this position he was responsible for the initial development of a reliability based maintenance program for the Space Shuttle program. He also initiated an enhancements program for Shuttle ground processing. In February 1988 Adamson was assigned to the flight crew of STS-28, the first flight of Space Shuttle "Columbia" following the reconstruction period. Columbia launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 8, 1989.

neg: Anthropogenic hazard extremely thin atmosphere. If they are large enough, massive pieces traveling at great speed can fall to the Earth before burning up, with the potential to do damage. One of the worst human-piloted space accidents involved the Space Shuttle "Challenger" which disintegrated in 1986, claiming all seven lives on board. The shuttle disintegrated 73 seconds after taking off from the launch pad in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Another example is the Space Shuttle "Columbia", which disintegrated during a landing attempt over Texas in 2003, with a loss of all seven astronauts on board. The debris field extended from New Mexico to

neg: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster but Hardy did not forward these memos to Thiokol, and the field joints were accepted for flight in 1980. Evidence of serious O-ring erosion was present as early as the second space shuttle mission, STS-2, which was flown by "Columbia." Contrary to NASA regulations, the Marshall Center did not report this problem to senior management at NASA, but opted to keep the problem within their reporting channels with Thiokol. Even after the O-rings were redesignated as "Criticality 1"—meaning that their failure would result in the destruction of the Orbiter—no one at Marshall suggested that the shuttles be grounded until the

neg: Ulrich Walter completed basic training at the German Aerospace Center, and was then nominated to be in the prime crew for the second German Spacelab mission. In 1993, he flew on board the Space Shuttle Columbia on mission STS-55 (Spacelab D-2) as a Payload Specialist. He spent 9 days, 23 hours, and 40 minutes in space. After his spaceflight. he worked for another four years at DLR, managing a space imaging database project. When the German astronaut team was merged into a European Space Agency, he did not transfer, but resigned to work at IBM Germany. Since 2003, he has been a

neg: Night Glider mode in 2003, after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, when the ability of the space shuttle to bring propellant to the station for orbital maintenance was removed while the space shuttle program went through a period of redesign. The implementation of drag-reducing flight modes of the space station resulted in saving about 1,000 kg of orbital-maintenance propellant per year. A different operational mode, "sun slicer" drag-reduction, is also sometimes used; in sun slicer mode, the arrays are oriented edge-on to the direction of travel for the full orbit. In this mode, the drag is minimized, however, the power output is reduced

neg: Deke Slayton Formula One Pylon Air Racing and Director of Columbia Astronautics. He also served on the Department of Transportation's Commercial Space Advisory Committee. Slayton penned an autobiography with space historian Michael Cassutt entitled "Deke!: U.S. Manned Space from Mercury to the Shuttle". As well as Slayton's own astronaut experiences, the book describes how he made crew choice selections, including choosing the first person to walk on the Moon. Numerous astronauts have noted that only when reading this book did they learn why they had been selected for certain flights decades earlier. Slayton's name also appears with three other co-authors, including fellow

neg: Columbia Memorial Space Center Columbia Memorial Space Center The Columbia Memorial Space Center (CMSC) is a science museum owned and operated by the City of Downey, California. Located on 12400 Columbia Way in Downey, it is open to the general public as hands-on space museum and activity center in the Los Angeles area. The center's mission is to "ignite people's passion in science, technology, engineering, and space while honoring Downey's aerospace history." The site of the museum is the former Boeing/Rockwell/North American plant where all of the Apollo Command/Service Modules were built and the Space Shuttle was conceived. In 1999, when the Downey Plant

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia its technical characteristics and performance. Its first operational mission, with a four-man crew, was STS-5, which launched on November 11, 1982. At this point "Columbia" was joined by "Challenger", which flew the next three shuttle missions, while "Columbia" underwent modifications for the first Spacelab mission. In 1983, "Columbia", under the command of John Young on what was his sixth spaceflight, undertook its second operational mission (STS-9), in which the Spacelab science laboratory and a six-person crew was carried, including the first non-American astronaut on a space shuttle, Ulf Merbold. After the flight, "Columbia" spent 18 months at the Rockwell Palmdale

neg: Jon Michael Smith and use policy for the Shuttle and the first launch agreements with commercial users. Later he managed the Advanced Communication Technology Satellite experiments program and the commercialization of the NASA polar communications network. Mike retired from the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas in January 2007. When at NASA, Smith managed the special projects office in the Space Shuttle Program Strategic Planning office. His work dealt with NASA's response to the recommendations made by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board and with NASA's terminating the Space Shuttle Program. Prior to this assignment, he served as the Commercialization Manager for the

neg: Joe Engle as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 17, but was bumped when later flights were cancelled, so that geologist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt could fly. He subsequently became one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle "Enterprise" in 1977. He was Commander of the second orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" in 1981. Engle was born on August 26, 1932, in Chapman, Kansas. He attended primary and secondary schools in Chapman, Kansas, and he graduated from Dickinson County High School in 1950. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster the "Columbia". A photo tribute commemorating the "Columbia" and its crew is displayed in the "Wings of Fame" section of the queue for Soarin' Around the World at Disney California Adventure park alongside many other notable air and space craft. Following the loss of "Columbia", the space shuttle program was suspended. The further construction of the International Space Station (ISS) was also delayed, as the space shuttles were the only available delivery vehicle for station modules. The station was supplied using Russian unmanned "Progress" ships, and crews were exchanged using Russian-manned "Soyuz" spacecraft, and forced to operate on a skeleton

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia that remained fitted to the avionics suite, and an internal airlock that, originally fitted into the other orbiters, was later removed in favor of an external airlock to facilitate Shuttle/Mir and Shuttle/International Space Station dockings. Due to its weight, "Columbia" could not have used the planned Centaur-G booster (cancelled after the loss of "Challenger"). The retention of the internal airlock allowed NASA to use "Columbia" for the STS-109 Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, along with the Spacehab double module used on STS-107. Due to "Columbia's" heavier weight, it was less ideal for NASA to use it for missions to the

neg: Space Shuttle program from the back of a specially modified Boeing 747, only for initial atmospheric landing tests (ALT). "Enterprise"'s first test flight was on February 18, 1977, only five years after the Shuttle program was formally initiated; leading to the launch of the first space-worthy shuttle "Columbia" on April 12, 1981 on STS-1. The Space Shuttle program finished with its last mission, STS-135 flown by "Atlantis", in July 2011, retiring the final Shuttle in the fleet. The Space Shuttle program formally ended on August 31, 2011. Before the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, NASA began early studies of space shuttle designs.

neg: Space Shuttle Columbia led to vehicle break up. The report delved deeply into the underlying organizational and cultural issues that the Board believed contributed to the accident. The report was highly critical of NASA's decision-making and risk-assessment processes. Further, the board determined that, unlike NASA's early claims, a rescue mission would have been possible using the Shuttle "Atlantis", which was essentially ready for launch, and might have saved the "Columbia" crewmembers. The nearly 84,000 pieces of collected debris of the vessel are stored in a 16th-floor office suite in the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center. The collection was opened to

neg: Columbia (supercomputer) Columbia (supercomputer) Columbia was a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for the National Aeornautics and Space Administration (NASA), installed in 2004 at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility located at Moffett Field in California. Named in honor of the crew who died in the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, it increased NASA's supercomputing capacity ten-fold for the agency's science, aeronautics and exploration programs. Missions run on Columbia include high-fidelity simulations of the Space Shuttle vehicle and launch systems, hurricane track prediction, global ocean circulation, and the physics of supernova detonations. Columbia debuted as the second most powerful supercomputer on the

neg: Columbia (supercomputer) of 9 terabytes. Columbia (supercomputer) Columbia was a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for the National Aeornautics and Space Administration (NASA), installed in 2004 at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility located at Moffett Field in California. Named in honor of the crew who died in the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, it increased NASA's supercomputing capacity ten-fold for the agency's science, aeronautics and exploration programs. Missions run on Columbia include high-fidelity simulations of the Space Shuttle vehicle and launch systems, hurricane track prediction, global ocean circulation, and the physics of supernova detonations. Columbia debuted as the second most powerful

neg: Charles D. Gemar Space Shuttle "Columbia", which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on March 4, 1994. This microgravity science and technology demonstration mission carried the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2) and the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST-2) payloads. Sixty experiments or investigations were conducted in many scientific and engineering disciplines including: materials science, human physiology, biotechnology, protein crystal growth, robotics, structural dynamics, atmospheric ozone monitoring and spacecraft glow. During the spacecraft glow investigation, "Columbia"'s orbital altitude was lowered to , the lowest ever flown by a Space Shuttle. STS-62, the second longest Space Shuttle mission to date, concluded after

neg: STS-4 STS-4 STS-4 was the fourth NASA Space Shuttle mission, and also the fourth for Space Shuttle "Columbia". The mission launched on 27 June 1982 and landed a week later on 4 July. STS-4 was the final test flight for the shuttle; it was thereafter officially declared to be operational. "Columbia" carried numerous scientific payloads during the mission, as well as military missile detection systems. STS-4, being the last test flight of the Space Shuttle, was also the last to carry a crew of two astronauts. Commander Ken Mattingly had previously flown as Command Module Pilot on Apollo 16, and was

neg: STS-3 STS-3 STS-3 was NASA's third Space Shuttle mission, and was the third mission for the Space Shuttle "Columbia". It launched on 22 March 1982, and landed eight days later on 30 March. The mission involved extensive orbital endurance testing of the "Columbia" itself, as well as numerous scientific experiments. STS-3 was the first shuttle launch with an unpainted external tank, and the only mission to land at the White Sands Space Harbor near Las Cruces, New Mexico. The shuttle was forced to land at White Sands due to flooding at its originally planned landing site, Edwards Air Force Base. Commander

neg: Sacagawea dollar were struck at the West Point Mint. In total, 39 such coins were struck, twelve of which were found to be of adequate quality, while the rest were eventually destroyed. Unlike those denominated at five dollars, the one dollar pieces were "struck to commemorate the historic flight of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" in July 1999", according to Former Mint Director Ed Moy. The twelve surviving gold dollars were sent into space aboard "Columbia" on mission STS-93 in July 1999. Following the return of the shuttle, the coins were placed in storage at Fort Knox, where they remained until 2007, when

neg: Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center and the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 another HLV program, the Space Launch System, which is also Shuttle-derived, has been selected to replace the Constellation launch vehicles, with the development commencing thereafter. An unmanned side-mounted concept of the Space Shuttle named Shuttle-C was the subject of various concepts that were investigated between 1984 and 1995. After the Space Shuttle Columbia accident a two-year industry study was prepared in 2004 and 2005 to further investigate the concept in order to replace the Space Shuttle. The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) in 2005 also investigated

neg: Space policy of the United States own use of space; and countering, if necessary, space systems and services used for hostile purposes." The Clinton policy also said the United States would develop and operate "space control capabilities to ensure freedom of action in space" only when such steps would be "consistent with treaty obligations." The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred early in George W. Bush's term, leading to the report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board being released in August 2003. The Vision for Space Exploration, announced on January 14, 2004 by President George W. Bush, was seen as a response to the Columbia disaster and

neg: Kalpana Chawla could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. When "Columbia" re-entered the [[atmosphere of Earth]], the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and break apart. After the disaster, Space Shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years, similar to the aftermath of the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|"Challenger" disaster]]. Construction of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) was put on hold; the station relied entirely on the Russian [[Roscosmos State Corporation]] for resupply for 29 months until Shuttle flights resumed with [[STS-114]] and

neg: STS-118 crew for this mission would have been a four-person subset of the full STS-120 crew. STS-118 STS-118 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by the orbiter "Endeavour". STS-118 lifted off on 8 August 2007 from launch pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida and landed at the Shuttle Landing Facility at KSC on 21 August 2007. This was the first flight of "Endeavour" since STS-113 in November 2002, which was also the last successful shuttle flight before STS-107 which culminated in the loss of "Columbia" when it disintegrated during reentry. STS-118 pilot Charles

neg: Space art Four original oil paintings by American artist Ellery Kurtz were flown in one of NASA's Get Away Special (G.A.S.) container mounted to a bridge in the shuttle cargo bay. These original works of art are the first oil paintings to enter Earth orbit. This NASA GAS canister, designated G-481, was the 46th such canister flown aboard a Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle "Columbia" orbited the Earth 98 times during its mission duration time of 6 days, 2 hours, 3 minutes and 51 seconds. "Columbia" was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, on January 12, 1986 and landed at

neg: STS-109 STS-107, it disintegrated on re-entry, killing all aboard. STS-109 is considered a night launch, as sunrise was at 6:47 am, and "Columbia" launched at 6:22 am EST, 25 minutes before sunrise. STS-109 STS-109 (SM3B) was a Space Shuttle mission that launched from the Kennedy Space Center on 1 March 2002. It was the 108th mission of the Space Shuttle program, the 27th flight of the orbiter "Columbia" and the fourth servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope. It was also the last successful mission of the orbiter "Columbia" before the ill-fated STS-107 mission, which culminated in the "Columbia" disaster. The Hubble

neg: Space Shuttle orbiter Space Shuttle orbiter The Space Shuttle orbiter was the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the Space Shuttle program. Operated by NASA, the U.S. space agency, this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into low Earth orbit, perform in-space operations, then re-enter the atmosphere and land as a glider, returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth. Six orbiters were built for flight: "Enterprise", "Columbia", "Challenger", "Discovery", "Atlantis", and "Endeavour". All were built in Palmdale, California, by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Rockwell International company. The first orbiter, "Enterprise", made

neg: Faith of the Heart Station. It was again used on 2 August 2005 for mission STS-114, the first mission of the Space Shuttle programme following the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster. It was broadcast to the seven crew of the Space Shuttle "Discovery", and had been chosen as a surprise for the crew by Deputy Shuttle Programme Manager Wayne Hale. NASA astronaut Richard Mastracchio selected "Where My Heart Will Take Me" for broadcast on 9 August 2007 onboard "Endeavour" for STS-118. The final broadcast on board a Space Shuttle was on May 23, 2009 during STS-125, the final Space Shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble

neg: Marshall Space Flight Center management and development of Space Shuttle propulsion was a major activity at MSFC. Alex A. McCool, Jr. was manager of MSFC's Space Shuttle Projects Office. Throughout 1980, engineers at MSFC participated in tests related to plans to launch the first Space Shuttle. During these early tests and prior to each later Shuttle launch, personnel in the Huntsville Operations Support Center monitored consoles to evaluate and help solve any problems at the Florida launch that might involve Shuttle propulsion On April 12, 1981, "Columbia" made the first orbital test flight of a full Space Shuttle with two astronauts. This was designated

neg: Orbiter Boom Sensor System captured during lift-off or the rendezvous pitch maneuver, then additional regions could be scanned. The OBSS was introduced to the shuttle fleet with STS-114, the "Return to Flight" mission executed by "Discovery", and was flown on every mission after that until the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011. It was used to inspect the shuttle for damage to the heat shield, officially called the Thermal Protection System (TPS), that could jeopardize the shuttle during re-entry. The decision to perform focused inspections of the TPS was prompted by the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, in which "Columbia" was destroyed due

neg: Space Shuttle program the go for launch. This mission increased the ISS crew to three. "Discovery" touched down successfully on July 17, 2006 at 09:14 (EDT) on Runway 15 at Kennedy Space Center. Following the success of STS-121, all subsequent missions were completed without major foam problems, and the construction of ISS was completed (during the STS-118 mission in August 2007, the orbiter was again struck by a foam fragment on liftoff, but this damage was minimal compared to the damage sustained by "Columbia"). The "Columbia" Accident Investigation Board, in its report, noted the reduced risk to the crew when a shuttle flew

neg: STS-50 down almost 14 days later returning with data and specimens amassed from an important suite of microgravity experiments. Shuttle mission STS-50 carried the first United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) to space, conducting long-duration microgravity experiments. Microgravity is a gravitational acceleration that is small when compared to the gravitational attraction at Earth's surface. Through the action of free fall (e.g., Space Shuttle orbiting Earth), the local effects of gravity are greatly reduced, thus creating a microgravity environment. During "Columbia"’s extended mission, scientist crew members, working inside the Spacelab long module carried in "Columbia"’s payload bay, conducted more than 30 microgravity investigations

neg: Columbia Accident Investigation Board tank, breaking free during launch. The problem of debris shedding from the external tank was well known and had caused shuttle damage on every prior shuttle flight. The damage was usually, but not always, minor. Over time, management gained confidence that it was an acceptable risk. NASA decided that it did not warrant an extra EVA for visual inspection, feeling that it would be like a car going down a highway and hitting a Styrofoam cooler. The board made 29 specific recommendations to NASA to improve the safety of future shuttle flights. These recommendations include: Only two further Space Shuttle

neg: STS-109 STS-109 STS-109 (SM3B) was a Space Shuttle mission that launched from the Kennedy Space Center on 1 March 2002. It was the 108th mission of the Space Shuttle program, the 27th flight of the orbiter "Columbia" and the fourth servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope. It was also the last successful mission of the orbiter "Columbia" before the ill-fated STS-107 mission, which culminated in the "Columbia" disaster. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was placed in orbit during mission STS-31 on 25 April 1990. Initially designed to operate for 15 years, plans for periodic service and refurbishment were incorporated into its

neg: STS-90 STS-90 STS-90 was a 1998 Space Shuttle mission flown by the Space Shuttle "Columbia". The 16-day mission marked the last flight of the European Space Agency's Spacelab laboratory module, which had first flown on "Columbia" on STS-9, and was also the last daytime landing for "Columbia". Neurolab was a Spacelab module mission focusing on the effects of microgravity on the nervous system. The goals of Neurolab were to study basic research questions and to increase the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for neurological and behavioral changes in space. Specifically, experiments would study the adaptation of the vestibular system and space

neg: Dan Rather faced repeated delays in the preparations to launch the space shuttles "Columbia" and "Challenger" in close sequence. Rather's description of the January 10 delay of the space shuttle "Columbia" as "star-crossed space shuttle "Columbia" stood ready for launch again today and once more the launch was scrubbed. Heavy rain was the cause this time. The launch has been postponed so often since its original date, December 18, that it's now known as mission impossible" was an example of the "biting sarcasm" and pressure the media was applying to NASA over scheduling. "Columbia" launched on January 12. On January 27, Rather's

neg: Space policy led to a reevaluation of the future of the national space program in the National Commission on Space report and the Ride Report. The United States has participated in the International Space Station beginning in the 1990s, the Space Shuttle program has continued, although the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster has led to the planned retirement of the Space Shuttle in mid-2011. There is a current debate on the post-Space Shuttle future of the civilian space program: the Constellation program of the George W. Bush administration directed NASA to create a set of new spacecraft with the goal of sending astronauts

neg: Barbara Prey She has painted the x-43, the world's fastest aircraft; a commemorative work for the anniversary of the Space Shuttle Columbia tragedy titled "The Columbia Tribute; a rendition of the International Space Station"; and a painting of the Space Shuttle Discovery titled "Shuttle Discovery: Return to Flight". In 2003, Prey was commissioned by the President and First Lady of the United States, George and Laura Bush, to paint the official White House Christmas Card. Prey's painting is included in the White House permanent collection. In 2004 the New York State Senate honored Prey with the Senate's "Women of Distinction Award." Prey