query: who was involved in the battle of ortona

pos: Battle of Ortona renowned German 1st Parachute Division. These soldiers were battle-hardened after many years of war, and defended doggedly. The initial Canadian attack on the town was made on 20 December by Canadian 2nd Brigade's Loyal Edmonton Regiment with elements of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada under command. Meanwhile, elements of the division's 3rd Infantry Brigade launched a northerly attack to the west of the town in attempt to outflank and cut off the town's rear communications but made slow progress because of the difficult terrain and the skillful and determined German defence. The Germans also concealed various machine guns and anti-tank

pos: The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada rotated off the line to the Church of Santa Maria di Constantinopoli. As they sat down to a fresh meal of roast pork and mashed potatoes one soldier, a corporal, played the church's organ over the roar of the battle just a few hundred yards to the north. A few days later on 28 December the Germans pulled out of Ortona during the night, leaving the town to the Allies. Every year the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada commemorate this battle with the Ortona Dinner. This commemorative dinner takes the place of the regiment's annual Christmas dinner. Veterans from the battle

pos: Ortona Gymnastics Club GO Community Centre. Ortona Gymnastics Club Ortona Gymnastics Club is a gymnastics club located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. They opened in 1976 under the name Gym-Fit until 1980 when the name was changed to Ortona Gymnastics Club. Twelve years after, in 1978, Ortona had produced the first Albertan selected to a Canadian Junior Men's Team. This caused Ortona to increase rapidly in popularity leading to their 1979 move into the historical Ortona Armory in the river valley. In 1981 Ortona's popularity experienced another surge when Canada's 1976 Olympic male gymnastics coach John Herb joined Ortona as head coach. Three years

pos: Ortona Gymnastics Club Ortona Gymnastics Club Ortona Gymnastics Club is a gymnastics club located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. They opened in 1976 under the name Gym-Fit until 1980 when the name was changed to Ortona Gymnastics Club. Twelve years after, in 1978, Ortona had produced the first Albertan selected to a Canadian Junior Men's Team. This caused Ortona to increase rapidly in popularity leading to their 1979 move into the historical Ortona Armory in the river valley. In 1981 Ortona's popularity experienced another surge when Canada's 1976 Olympic male gymnastics coach John Herb joined Ortona as head coach. Three years later John Herb

pos: Ortona Gymnastics Club body builders too. Anna also choreographed theater shows and taught ballett at the Edmonton Theater as well. John's assistant coach George took over the training of body builders in 1989. Their student Tracy became Canada's Champion body builder in 1990. John invited two women's coaches from China named Ming and Feng-Hua Qui in 1987. They began negotiations with Ortona, which led to their eventual move onto the Ortona coaching team. Two years later Ortona moved into their current home, a . facility on 50th Avenue and 87th Street. In 2011, Ortona moved to their larger facility as part of the

pos: The Royal Canadian Regiment RCR fought in several battles of the Italian campaign, including key engagements in the Moro River valley near Ortona in December 1943. During 1944, the regiment took part the Battle of Monte Cassino in attacks on German defensive lines called the Hitler Line and later the Gothic Line. The regiment was transferred to northwest Europe in February 1945 during Operation Goldflake and took part in the liberation the Dutch city of Apeldoorn. The regiment received 28 battle honours for its participation in the Second World War. The regiment returned home to Canada in 1945. In 1950 the regiment was called

pos: Battle of Britain Range met, and battles in which Canadian troops served. Thus names include Mount Churchill, Mount Roosevelt, Teheran Mountain, Yalta Peak, Dieppe Mountain, Falaise Mountain and Ortona Mountain. Citations Sources Battle of Britain Range The Battle of Britain Range is a group of mountains within the Allies Group of the Muskwa Ranges in northern British Columbia, Canada. The Muskwa Ranges also include the Tower of London Range, Italy Range and Allied Leaders Range. The range trends from northeast to southwest. About of the range is covered by glaciers, which lie in the basins of the Churchill Creek, Racing River and Gataga River.

pos: Crown in Saskatoon of socks, mittens, caps, pullovers, scarves and helmets. In October 1941, the unit was presented its colours by the Queen. In July 1943, the 1st Battalion, SLI (Machine Gun) landed in Sicily and fought in the Italian campaign until March 1945, when it was transferred to the Netherlands. 1st Battalion, SLI (Machine Gun), returned to Canada in November 1945. Its battle honours include: Sicily, Ortona, Liri Valley, Hitler Line, Gothic Line, Lamore Crossing, Rimini Line, and Apeldoorn. The 2nd Battalion SLI (Machine Gun) remained in Canada as part of the Reserve Army. The Saskatoon Light Infantry was the only infantry

neg: Battle of Ortona Battle of Ortona The Battle of Ortona (20–28 December 1943) was a battle fought between two battalions of elite German "Fallschirmjäger" (paratroops) from the German 1st Parachute Division under "Generalleutnant" Richard Heidrich, and assaulting Canadian troops from the Canadian 1st Infantry Division under Major General Chris Vokes, most of whom were fresh recruits whose first taste of combat was during the Invasion of Sicily. It was the culmination of the fighting on the Adriatic front in Italy during "Bloody December". The battle was known to those who fought it as the "Italian Stalingrad," for the brutality of its close-quarters combat,

neg: Ortona the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade attracted the attention of the international press, leading this battle to be known as "Little Stalingrad." Ortona is home of several touristic beaches and one historical museum based on the battle of Ortona. The Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park is not far either. Ortona is twinned with: Ortona Ortona (Abruzzese: ""; ) is a coastal town and municipality of the Province of Chieti in the Italian region of Abruzzo, with some 23,000 inhabitants. Ortona was the site of fierce fighting between the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division and the 1st Canadian Infantry Division during the Italian

neg: Battle of Ortona Moro River battles of which Ortona was a part. This represented almost a quarter of all Canadians killed during the entire Italian Campaign. Battle of Ortona The Battle of Ortona (20–28 December 1943) was a battle fought between two battalions of elite German "Fallschirmjäger" (paratroops) from the German 1st Parachute Division under "Generalleutnant" Richard Heidrich, and assaulting Canadian troops from the Canadian 1st Infantry Division under Major General Chris Vokes, most of whom were fresh recruits whose first taste of combat was during the Invasion of Sicily. It was the culmination of the fighting on the Adriatic front in Italy

neg: Ortona Ortona Ortona (Abruzzese: ""; ) is a coastal town and municipality of the Province of Chieti in the Italian region of Abruzzo, with some 23,000 inhabitants. Ortona was the site of fierce fighting between the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division and the 1st Canadian Infantry Division during the Italian campaign in World War II. The ferocity of the Battle of Ortona led it to be known as the "Little Stalingrad". A patron saint of Ortona is Saint Thomas the Apostle (Tommaso), whose relics are kept here. The origins of Ortona are uncertain. Presumably, it was first inhabited by the Frentani, an Italic

neg: Battle of Ortona emplacements throughout the town, making movement by armour and infantry increasingly difficult. The house-to-house fighting was vicious and the Canadians made use of a new tactic: "mouse-holing". This tactic involved using weapons such as the PIAT (or even cumbersome anti-tank guns) to breach the walls of a building, as houses within Ortona shared adjoining walls. The soldiers would then throw in grenades and assault through the mouse holes, clearing the top floors and making their way down, where both adversaries struggled in repeated close-quarters combat. Mouse-holing was also used to pierce through walls into adjoining rooms, sometimes catching enemy troops

neg: Moro River Campaign the city centre, but accurate German sniper fire rapidly stalled the advance. Throughout the remainder of the week, the Battle of Ortona degenerated into a small-scale version of the Battle of Stalingrad, with vicious house-to-house fighting through the narrow streets and debris of Ortona. Over the course of the battle, Canadian forces developed innovative "mouse-holing" tactics, moving between houses to avoid German sniper fire in the open streets. German counterattacks on 24 and 26 December caused significant casualties to Canadian forces in the town. In danger of being outflanked by Allied advances west of Ortona, the 1st Parachute Regiment abandoned

neg: Harry Rankin Harry Rankin Rankin was born Harry Riffkin in Vancouver to secular Jewish immigrants from the Ukraine. His father worked at a factory while his mother grew up in Glasgow's working class Jewish community. At 14, Rankin dropped out of secondary school to work in a bakery and through the trade union he got involved in politics. During World War Two he served in the army with Vancouver's Seaforth Highlanders. They fought in Italy where he was wounded during the Battle of Ortona. Rankin married a Jewish divorcee, and they had a son, Phil Rankin, who went on to become a

neg: Battle of Ortona lay Ortona. For the Moro crossing in early December the exhausted British 78th Infantry Division on the Allied right flank on the Adriatic coast had been relieved by the Canadian 1st Infantry Division, under Major-General Christopher Vokes. By mid-December, after fierce fighting in the cold and mud, the Division's 1st Infantry Brigade had fought its way to within of Ortona and was relieved by the 2nd Infantry Brigade for the advance on the town. Ortona was of high strategic importance, as it was one of Italy's few usable deep water ports on the east coast, and was needed for docking

neg: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona In 1818 or 1834, the see of Ortona was united to that of Lanciano by Pope Pius VII. Ortona was an episcopal see in the time of Gregory the Great, who mentions the Bishop Calumniosus and his predecessor Blandinus. Another bishop was Joannes, who in 916 was the papal legate at the Council of Altheim. There is no record of a Bishop of Ortona after the tenth century. Pope Pius V in 1570 re-established the see, to which in 1569 the diocese of Campli was united. When, in 1818, Ortona was joined to Lanciano, Campli was assigned to the diocese

neg: Thomas the Apostle in Bari by the court under John Peacock contracts, the presence of five witnesses, preserved in Ortona at the Diocesan Library, confirming the veracity of that event, reported, as mentioned, by Giambattista De Lectis, physician and writer Ortona of the 16th century. The relics resisted both the Saracen looting of 1566, and the destruction of the Nazis in the famous battle of Ortona fought in late December 1943. The basilica was blown up because the belfry was considered a lookout point by the allies, coming by sea from San Vito Chietino. The relics, together with the treasure of Saint Thomas,

neg: Province of Chieti the Adriatic Sea. On 9 September 1943, the royal family of the House of Savoy left German-occupied Italy from the port of Ortona. The defensive Gustav Line was established by the Germans at Ortona (extending towards Cassino on the opposite side of Italy). Ortona offered the Allies a supply port on the Adriatic and was fiercely defended by the Germans attracted the attention of that the international press in the struggle between the German paratroopers and the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade. This led to this battle being known as "Little Stalingrad." The biggest church in Guardiagrele is Santa Maria Maggiore

neg: Battle of Ortona allied ships and to shorten Eighth Army's lines of supply which at the time stretched back to Bari and Taranto. Allied forces were ordered to maintain the offensive, and going through the built-up areas in and around Ortona was the only feasible option. Ortona was part of the Winter Line defence system and the Germans had constructed a series of interlocking defensive positions in the town. This—together with the fact that the Germans had been ordered to "fight for every last house and tree"— made the town a formidable obstacle to any attacking force. The Canadians faced elements of the

neg: Battle of Ortona which was only worsened by the chaotic rubble of the town and the many booby traps used by both sides. The battle took place in the small Adriatic Sea town of Ortona, with a peacetime population of 10,000. The British Eighth Army's offensive on the Winter Line defences east of the Apennine mountains had commenced on 23 November with the crossing of the river Sangro. By the end of the month, the main Gustav Line defences had been penetrated and the Allied troops were fighting their way forward to the next river, the Moro, north of the mouth of which

neg: Guy Simonds as Chief of the General Staff (CGS) over Simonds. Simonds's only battle in command of 5th Division was the so-called "Arielli Show", an offensive launched on 17 January 1944 against the German 1st Parachute Division's strong-points southeast of the Arielli River in central Italy. After being defeated by the 1st Canadian Division in the Battle of Ortona in December 1943, the 1st Parachute Division had retreated back to the Riccio River north of Ortona. The Canadians brought down heavy artillery fire first on the left flank of the 1st Parachute Division to allow the Perth Regiment to advance and then

neg: Harry Rankin law professor at Thompson Rivers University. Harry Rankin Rankin was born Harry Riffkin in Vancouver to secular Jewish immigrants from the Ukraine. His father worked at a factory while his mother grew up in Glasgow's working class Jewish community. At 14, Rankin dropped out of secondary school to work in a bakery and through the trade union he got involved in politics. During World War Two he served in the army with Vancouver's Seaforth Highlanders. They fought in Italy where he was wounded during the Battle of Ortona. Rankin married a Jewish divorcee, and they had a son, Phil Rankin,

neg: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona The Italian Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona () has existed under this name since 1986. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Chieti-Vasto. The historical Diocese of Lanciano was created in 1515. It was united with the Diocese of Ortona in the nineteenth century. Until 1515 Lanciano was subject to the Bishop of Chieti. In 1562 Pope Pius IV, to end a dispute with that bishop, made it an archdiocese without suffragans. The first bishop was Angelo Maccafani, who was succeeded by Cardinal Egidio Canisio (1532); the first archbishop was the Dominican Leonardo Marini (1560).

neg: Ortona dei Marsi Milionia). Its territory has given birth to the leader Quintus Poppaedius Silo who commanded the "Marsic Group" against Rome in social war (90-88 BC) to obtain the rights of citizenship. In two ancient documents of the eighteenth century about Ortona four churches appear. Around the church of Sant'Onofrio was built the ancient village of Ortona that turned out between alliances of Rainaldo, count of Celano. In the fifteenth century Giampaolo Cantelmo was appointed count of Ortona and Carrito dei Marsi. In the sixteenth century the bishop of Pescina elevated the church of San Giovanni Battista to a collegiate church. In

neg: Ortona, Glades County, Florida of Vance Storter, brought him to Ortona from Naples at four-years-old. They travelled from Naples to Fort Center after their daughter died of typhoid fever. With hogs bought from the Seminole, they finally moved to Ortona. The first Ortona school was located by the O'Bannion's saw mill, according to Storter. A larger school was built by the county on two-acres of land "behind Mr. Komer's house to accommodate the increased enrollment." Teachers were known for "leaving abruptly," according to Marvin Williams, "one with a nervous breakdown." The first consistent teacher was "Mr. Ketring" who "kept the boys at their school

neg: Castello aragonese (Ortona) a noble residence. A gentile palace was built inside the walls, which in the 19th century fell abandoned. Since then the castle was used as a workshop and powder. In 1943 during the Battle of Ortona, the castle was hit by German bombs and American grenades. The gunpowder stored inside made the structure explode, all over the top of the walls and the noble palace skyrocketed. In '46 a landslide destroyed almost half of the castle, the one facing the sea from the tuff cliff. The base is almost trapezoidal and it is characterized by four cylindrical corner towers (though

neg: Bruce Barrymore Halpenny Abruzzo village in World War II. The author's uncle was a Canadian tank commander whose tank was the first to liberate the village, and was also the first tank to enter Ortona in the Battle of Ortona. The bottle was given to the author, as he lived in Abruzzo and his research work had taken to that area. Halpenny said on donating the bottle: He has also long campaigned for the Government to do their part and preserve a 1939-45 War airfield in its original condition; to let future generations see how the RAF operated during those dark days. He

neg: Rhizome Manoeuvre opposing trenches, through infiltration of various weak points, in order to launch surprise attacks overwhelming the defenders. During the Battle of Ortona, the Canadian Army developed a tactic known as mouse-holing, which involved using anti-tank weapons to blast holes through walls of adjacent buildings, allowing the assaulting forces to advance through the hole into the adjacent space. In 1997, the US Army began to identify future warfare concepts, such as Rhizome manoeuvre, describing: "Future land combat units will exploit terrain by maneuvering for tactical advantage within the folds and undulations of the earth's surface without suffering the restrictions imposed on

neg: Winter Line was held by the coastal town of Ortona, captured by Canadian forces in the fierce Battle of Ortona in December 1943 which became known as "the little Stalingrad." Failure by the 8th Army to capture Orsogna however put an end to the Allied plans of a strong drive up the eastern coast. Rain, flooded rivers, and high casualties, as well as the departure of General Montgomery, all put a halt to Allied plans until the spring of 1944. The Gustav Line thus fulfilled the wishes of Field Marshal Kesselring of keeping the Allies south of the so-called Winter Line. On

neg: Christopher Vokes Christopher Vokes Major General Christopher Vokes (13 April 1904 – 27 March 1985) was a senior Canadian Army officer who fought in World War II. He commanded the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade during the Allied invasion of Sicily. Promoted to major-general, he led the 1st Canadian Infantry Division through several battles in the Italian campaign. This included fierce house-to-house fighting in the Battle of Ortona and the advance north to the Hitler Line. In 1944, he took over command of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and fought in the Battle of the Hochwald. During the latter stages of this battle

neg: Ortona Mine and Battery Ortona Mine and Battery Ortona Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Forsayth-Agate Creek - Ortona (Iona) Station Road, Gilberton, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1899 to 1908. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000. The Ortona Mine and Battery is located south of Georgetown and is the most isolated copper mine and treatment plant in the Georgetown Mining District. The mine appears to have operated only briefly, from 1899 to 1908. The remote location of Ortona Mine created difficulties with developing the ore reserves. Gold was discovered in the

neg: SS Arcadian 300 third-class passengers, a total of 620. In December 1902, "Ortona" was used to return troops to the UK after the end of the Second Boer War. On 8 May 1906 "Ortona" was sold to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, who used her in a joint operation with the Orient line to Australia. The "All Golds" professional New Zealand Rugby League team, travelled on "Ortona" from Australia to France via Ceylon in August/September 1907. In April 1909, she was transferred to the Royal Mail West Indies service. In 1910, she was sent to the Harland & Wolff shipyard in

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli the Archdiocese of Lanciano to form the Archdiocese of Lanciano (e Ortona)." Roman Catholic Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli (Latin: "Dioecesis Ortonensis et Camplensis") was a Roman Catholic diocese in Italy, located in the city of Ortona, in the Province of Chieti in the Italian region of Abruzzo. In 1834, it was united with the Archdiocese of Lanciano to form the Archdiocese of Lanciano (e Ortona). "Established: 580"
 "Latin Name: Ortonensis"
 "Suppressed: 1000 (to Diocese of Chieti)"
 "Restored: 20 October 1570"
 "Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Chieti" "Name Changed: 12

neg: Francesco Antonio Biondo December 1640, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli. He served as Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli until his death on 21 December 1643. Francesco Antonio Biondo Francesco Antonio Biondo, O.F.M. Conv. (died 21 December, 1643) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli (1640–1643) and Bishop of Capri (1637–1640). Francesco Antonio Biondo was ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor Conventual. On 14 December 1637, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop

neg: Ortona great mansion (known as Palazzo Farnese), which was never completed due to her death. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, Ortona became one of the first sea resorts on the Adriatic Sea. On 9 September 1943, the royal family of the House of Savoy left German-occupied Italy from the port of Ortona. The defensive Gustav Line was established by the Germans at Ortona (extending towards Cassino on the opposite side of Italy). Ortona offered the Allies a supply port on the Adriatic and was fiercely defended by the Germans. The struggle between the German paratroopers and

neg: Bernhardt Line the relatively quiet XIII Corps sector. The Canadians, with the 8th Indian Infantry Division on their left, led the main thrust across the Moro on 8 December aiming for Ortona. By 20 December, after a stubborn resistance, first from elements of the German 90th Panzergrenadier Division and then elements of the 1st Parachute Division (which had relieved the "panzergrenadier"s), they had patrols on the outerskirts of the town. But the battle for Ortona took another week of fierce house to house fighting as the German 3rd Parachute Regiment tenaciously held on before withdrawing to the other side of the Riccio

neg: Mouse-holing is large enough for a single file of soldiers. Large, unrestricted holes can compromise the structural integrity of the building, and offer little cover from opposing forces. During the Battle of Ortona, the Canadian Army, which gave the tactic its name, used it to great effect. Using weapons such as the PIAT or anti-tank guns to breach the walls of a building (as houses within Ortona shared adjoining walls), the soldiers would then throw in grenades and assault through the mouse holes, clearing the top floors and making their way down, where both adversaries struggled in repeated close-quarters combat. Mouse-holing

neg: Ortona Mine and Battery District. It contains historical landscape qualities and demonstrates a combining of natural and cultural heritage values. Ortona Mine and Battery Ortona Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Forsayth-Agate Creek - Ortona (Iona) Station Road, Gilberton, Shire of Etheridge, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1899 to 1908. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000. The Ortona Mine and Battery is located south of Georgetown and is the most isolated copper mine and treatment plant in the Georgetown Mining District. The mine appears to have operated only briefly, from 1899 to 1908. The remote

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli Roman Catholic Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli (Latin: "Dioecesis Ortonensis et Camplensis") was a Roman Catholic diocese in Italy, located in the city of Ortona, in the Province of Chieti in the Italian region of Abruzzo. In 1834, it was united with the Archdiocese of Lanciano to form the Archdiocese of Lanciano (e Ortona). "Established: 580"
 "Latin Name: Ortonensis"
 "Suppressed: 1000 (to Diocese of Chieti)"
 "Restored: 20 October 1570"
 "Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Chieti" "Name Changed: 12 May 1600"
 "Latin Name: Ortonensis et Camplensis" "19 February 1834: United with

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona of Teramo. In 2015 Lanciano celebrated the 500th anniversary of the diocese. "Erected: 27 April 1515"
 "Latin Name: Lancianensis"
 "Elevated: 9 February 1562"
 "Latin Name: Lancianensis" "United on 19 February 1834 with the Diocese of Ortona a Mare e Campli"
 "Latin Name: Lancianensis (et Ortonensis)" "Latin Name: Lancianensis et Ortonensis"
 "Name Changed: 24 November 1945" Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona The Italian Catholic Archdiocese of Lanciano-Ortona () has existed under this name since 1986. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Chieti-Vasto. The historical Diocese of Lanciano was created in 1515. It was united with the Diocese of Ortona

neg: Ortona, Glades County, Florida Ortona, Glades County, Florida Ortona is an unincorporated area and a populated place in Glades County, Florida. One of the area's attractions is the Ortona Indian Mound Park, which preserves part of the Ortona Prehistoric Village, and the hiking trail through that area. The prehistoric mounds, canoe canals and earthworks were constructed by Native Americans across a five-square-mile region along the north side of the Caloosahatchee River. The site is located on SR 78, north of LaBelle. A LaBelle investor and businessman, Jerome G. Attanasio, bought 360 acres of land southwest of Citrus Center. He named the subdivision "Ortona" after

neg: Egidio Ortona 85. He was buried in Casale Monferrato where, on 16 March 2007, the public gardens of the Piazza Martiri della Libertà near the house where he was born were officially dedicated to him. Egidio Ortona Egidio Ortona (16 September 1910 – 10 January 1996) was an Italian diplomat whose career spanned the years 1931 to 1975. He was Italian Ambassador to the United Nations (1958–1961) and Ambassador to the United States (1967–1975). Egidio Ortona was born in Casale Monferrato on 16 September 1910. He graduated in law at the University of Turin in 1931 and the following year entered the

neg: Egidio Ortona Egidio Ortona Egidio Ortona (16 September 1910 – 10 January 1996) was an Italian diplomat whose career spanned the years 1931 to 1975. He was Italian Ambassador to the United Nations (1958–1961) and Ambassador to the United States (1967–1975). Egidio Ortona was born in Casale Monferrato on 16 September 1910. He graduated in law at the University of Turin in 1931 and the following year entered the Italian diplomatic service. He worked first in Cairo and then in Johannesburg, where he married. In 1937 he was posted to the Italian embassy in London, where he worked for the ambassadors Dino

neg: Ortona Prehistoric Village Ortona Prehistoric Village The Ortona Prehistoric Village is an archaeological site in northeastern Glades County, Florida, north of the Caloosahatchee River and west of Lake Okeechobee, consisting of mounds, canals and other features. Part of the site is currently in the Glades County owned Ortona Indian Mound Park, but much remains in private hands. The site has been extensively modified by 20th century activities, including the construction of a county road and a cemetery, sand mining operations, and improvements to pasture land. The Ortona mounds are located about north of the present-day Caloosahatchee River. Until late in the 19th century

neg: Ortona Prehistoric Village by the Calusa, connected the major waterway, the Caloosahatchee River at Ortona, because the site was just below the falls. Former state archaeologist Ryan J. Wheeler, made researches on the Ortona Canals using government maps and areal photography. Wheeler believes the canals traveled 20 miles, an incredible feat of hydraulic engineering by a group of hunter-gathers. Wheeler was instrumental in having the Mud Lake Canal, a 3.9 mile long Calusa canal in the Everglades, designated a National Historic Landmark. The restoration and further study of the Ortona Canals is being undertaken by Robert S. Carr and his organization, the Florida

neg: Ortona Apostle Thomas were brought to Ortona by the sailor Leone Acciaiuoli. In the first half of the 15th century its walls were built, and during this period Ortona fought with the nearby town of Lanciano in a fierce war that ended in 1427. On June 30, 1447, ships from Venice destroyed the port of Ortona; consequently the King of Sicily at that time commissioned the construction of a Castle to dominate the renovated port. In 1582 the town was acquired by Margaret of Parma, daughter of Emperor Charles V and Duchess of Parma. In 1584 Margaret decided to build a

neg: Egidio Ortona of private mass motorization in the leading socialist State. In 1967 Ortona was appointed Italian ambassador in Washington, a post which he held for the next eight years. In 1975 Ortona, aged 65, retired from the diplomatic service. He took on posts as president of Honeywell’s Italian businesses, of Aeritalia and of Confitarma (Confederazione italiana armatori). He also became president of the Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (Institute for International Policy Studies) and published several volumes of his diaries which together cover the years 1937–1975. Egidio Ortona died in Rome on 10 January 1996 at the age of

neg: Province of Chieti well as some archaeological findings are the only remains of this period. Ortona remained a part of the Roman Empire (i.e., the Byzantine Empire) for several centuries, before it was annexed by the Kingdom of the Lombards. In 803 the Franks incorporated Ortona into the county of Chieti. From that date on, the town remained tied to Chieti and its territory. In 1258 the relics of the Apostle Thomas were brought to Ortona by the sailor Leone Acciaiuoli. In the first half of the 15th century its walls were built, and during this period Ortona fought with the nearby town

neg: Ortona Lighthouse 3864 E.F. Ortona Lighthouse Ortona Lighthouse () is an active lighthouse located in Ortona on the Adriatic Sea. The lighthouse was built in 1937 and consists of an octagonal prism tower high, painted with black and with horizontal bands, atop a 2-storey keeper's house with balcony and lantern. The lantern, which mounts a Type OF 375 optics, is painted in grey metallic, is positioned at above sea level and emits two white flashes in a 6 seconds period, visible up to a distance of . The lighthouse is completely automated and is managed by the Marina Militare with the identification

neg: Ortona Lighthouse Ortona Lighthouse Ortona Lighthouse () is an active lighthouse located in Ortona on the Adriatic Sea. The lighthouse was built in 1937 and consists of an octagonal prism tower high, painted with black and with horizontal bands, atop a 2-storey keeper's house with balcony and lantern. The lantern, which mounts a Type OF 375 optics, is painted in grey metallic, is positioned at above sea level and emits two white flashes in a 6 seconds period, visible up to a distance of . The lighthouse is completely automated and is managed by the Marina Militare with the identification code number

neg: Farley Mowat suffered from battle stress, heightened after an incident on Christmas Day outside of Ortona, Italy when he was left weeping at the feet of an unconscious friend, Lieutenant Allan (Al) Park, who had an enemy bullet in his head. He then accepted a job as Intelligence Officer at battalion headquarters, later moving to Brigade Headquarters. He stayed in Italy with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division for most of the war, and was eventually promoted to the rank of captain. Mowat moved with the division to northwest Europe in early 1945. There, he worked as an intelligence agent in the Netherlands

neg: Ortona dei Marsi Ortona dei Marsi Ortona dei Marsi is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is included in traditional area of Marsica. The commune is part of the National Park of Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise. Ortona dei Marsi is situated on 1000 meters above sea level and the mountains that surround the valley reach up to 1,800 meters. Included in the territory between the towns of Rivoli and Cesoli are located the megalithic stones and the remains of the fortifications that would belong to the ancient city of Marsi, Milonia (or

neg: I Canadian Corps March 19, 1944), Lieutenant-General Eedson Burns (March 20, 1944 to November 5, 1944), and Lieutenant-General Charles Foulkes (November 10, 1944 to July 17, 1945). However, the 1st Canadian Infantry Division took part in the Italian Campaign, participating in the Moro River Campaign and the Battle of Ortona in December 1943 as part of British V Corps and it was not until the fourth Battle of Monte Cassino ("Operation Diadem") in May 1944 that I Canadian Corps fought its first battle as a corps. The Eighth Army held the Corps in reserve until after the Gustav defences in the Liri valley

neg: Lionel Wigram (British Army officer) Abruzzi region; he is interred at Moro River Canadian War Cemetery (XVI.B.9 Camp) in Ortona Italy. At the outbreak of World War II the British Army battle drill developed during the First World War and revived by the then Lieutenant-General Harold Alexander in I Corps after Dunkirk, was the method of teaching infantry minor tactics. Wigram played the leading part in spreading this training technique to the whole of the Home Army. While studying his troops he concluded that on average a British Army platoon would almost invariably be 25% "gutful," men who would go anywhere and do anything, 50%

neg: Ortona dei Marsi Immigration Act of 1921, the Johnson Quota Act, and the Immigration Act of 1924). The North End, Boston, Haverhill, Brockton, Revere, Quincy, and Pittsfield Massachusetts were home to many Ortona dei Marsi families. Other families migrated to Latin America, especially to Argentina and Brazil. The commune is part of the territory of National Park of Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise. Included as part of the municipal territory are several villages: Aschi Alto, Carrito, Castiglione, Cesoli, Rivoli, Santa Maria and Sulla Villa. Ortona dei Marsi Ortona dei Marsi is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region

neg: Carlo Bonafaccia 1675, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement X as Bishop of Terni. He served as Bishop of Terni until his death on 18 October 1683. Carlo Bonafaccia Carlo Bonafaccia (24 March, 1612 – 18 October, 1683) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Terni (1675–1683) and Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli (1653–1675). Carlo Bonafaccia was born in Rome, Italy on 24 March 1612. On 3 February 1653, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli. On 9 February 1653, he was consecrated

neg: Ortona Prehistoric Village that features at Ortona were the result of contact by societies associated with the Mississippian Culture due to similarities in building types. The recent dating of the neighboring Fort Center site to 800-500 B.C. indicates that most likely, the culture that built Ortons, Fort Center, Big Mound City, and Tony's Mound had a unifying religion, trade and engineering skills and feats many centuries before the Hopewell and Mississippi culture. Ortona Prehistoric Village The Ortona Prehistoric Village is an archaeological site in northeastern Glades County, Florida, north of the Caloosahatchee River and west of Lake Okeechobee, consisting of mounds, canals and

neg: Ortona, Glades County, Florida groves in 1979. At the same time, Ortona featured a beauty shop, store and bar for locals and "enthusiastic winter visitors." Meadowlark Shores 55+ RV Park River Oaks Subdivision Turkey Creek The Cane Grinding Festival is a fund-raiser originally for Ortona's volunteer fire department, with the firehouse being built by the community. "It commemorates the early settlers’ cultivation and processing of the delectable sugar cane syrup. The festival features bluegrass music, clogging, arts and crafts booths, and barbecue chicken and rib dinners. Proceeds from the festival benefit the local fire department." Ortona, Glades County, Florida Ortona is an unincorporated area

neg: Ortona, Glades County, Florida to the locals and hauled to Fort Myers. "At that time, the cattle were too scrawny to be slaughtered, and the price wasn't nearly as good as for hogs." Thirty-two acres of land was used for the Ortona Cemetery in 1921. The first caretaker was Clive Hicks. A train depot was built after Chihi, a railroad crossing, was finished. The first bridge tender at the railroad was Eugene Walker, who "bought the cane mill from an outlaw for $112" and was still the owner in 1985. The depot was used as a refuge for flooding for those in lower areas

neg: Giovanni Domenico Rebiba Giovanni Domenico Rebiba Giovanni Domenico Rebiba (died 6 February 1604) was a Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Catania (1595–1604) and Bishop of Ortona (1570–1595). On 8 November 1570, Giovanni Domenico Rebiba was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Ortona. On 19 November 1570, he was consecrated bishop by Scipione Rebiba, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, with Nicola Perusco, Bishop of Civita Castellana e Orte, and Francesco Rusticucci, Bishop of Fano, serving as co-consecrators. On 11 December 1595, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Catania. He

neg: Giovanni Domenico Rebiba served as Bishop of Catania until his death on 6 February 1604. Giovanni Domenico Rebiba Giovanni Domenico Rebiba (died 6 February 1604) was a Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Catania (1595–1604) and Bishop of Ortona (1570–1595). On 8 November 1570, Giovanni Domenico Rebiba was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Ortona. On 19 November 1570, he was consecrated bishop by Scipione Rebiba, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, with Nicola Perusco, Bishop of Civita Castellana e Orte, and Francesco Rusticucci, Bishop of Fano, serving as co-consecrators. On 11 December 1595, he was appointed

neg: Carlo Bonafaccia Carlo Bonafaccia Carlo Bonafaccia (24 March, 1612 – 18 October, 1683) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Terni (1675–1683) and Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli (1653–1675). Carlo Bonafaccia was born in Rome, Italy on 24 March 1612. On 3 February 1653, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Ortona a Mare e Campli. On 9 February 1653, he was consecrated bishop by Marcello Santacroce, Bishop of Tivoli, with Giovanni Lucas Moncalvi, Bishop of Guardialfiera, and Riginaldo Lucarini, Bishop of Città della Pieve, serving as co-consecrators. On 27 May

neg: Battle of Groningen resistance was useless. The Canadians used armour effectively in co-operation with their infantry. Artillery support was forbidden out of fear of harming the civilian population. The death toll included approximately 130 Germans, 43 Canadians, and 100 Dutch civilians. Some 270 buildings were damaged or destroyed in the fighting. Over 5,200 Germans surrendered (including 95 officers) and the remaining Germans (about 2,000) fled northeast, and the 2nd Division again met them in battles such as the Battle of Grüppenbühren near Delmenhorst. Groningen was one of the largest urban battles of the war for the Canadian Army; while Ortona was made famous

neg: Ortona, Glades County, Florida the coastal town in Italy, where he was born. Hoping to attract grape growers to his development, Attanasio reported to the "Moore Haven Times", in 1924, that he was impressed with the growth of 500 rootstock Carmen Grape on his six acres of land. The original settlers were "squatters who moved in and out. Members of the Townsend family visited, stayed awhile, then moved on." After the Depression, all land developers left except Williams, Storter, Hicks, Komer, and Rivers families. Afterward, settlers moved into Ortona, along the Caloosahatchee River, living in "houses built of cane poles and roofed over with

neg: Ortona population. In 2005, during works near the Castle, a Bronze Age settlement was discovered, and the Roman town largely coincided with this first settlement. Some sections of paved roads and urban walls, as well as some archaeological findings are the only remains of this period. Ortona remained a part of the Eastern Roman Empire (later Byzantine Empire) for several centuries, before it was annexed by the Kingdom of the Lombards. In 803 the Franks incorporated Ortona into the county of Chieti. From that date on, the town remained tied to Chieti and its territory. In 1258 the relics of the

neg: Thomas the Apostle took the tombstone and took her away. Just the Chinardo admiral was aware of the precious cargo moved all the sailors of the Muslim faith on other ships and ordered him to take the route to Ortona. He landed at the port of Ortona 6 September 1258. According to the story of De Lectis, he was informed the abbot Jacopo responsible for Ortona Church, which predispose full provision for hospitality felt and shared by all the people. Since then the body of the apostle and the gravestone are preserved in the crypt of the Basilica. In 1259 a parchment written

neg: Urban warfare be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the 1907 Hague Convention "IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land" which specifically includes articles 25–27. This has since been supplemented by the "Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International and Non-International Armed Conflicts". Sometimes distinction and proportionality, as in the case of the Canadians in Ortona, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle

neg: Battle of Ortona by surprise. The tactic would be used repeatedly as assaulting through the streets caused heavy casualties for both Canadian and German troops. Throughout the battle, engineers on both sides used the brutal but effective tactic of using demolition charges to collapse entire buildings on top of enemy troops. After six days of combat, 2nd Brigade's third battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, joined the battle together with tanks from 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade's Three Rivers Regiment. On 28 December, after eight days of fighting, the depleted German troops finally withdrew from the town. The Canadians suffered 1,375 dead during the

neg: Mount Moran Battery alluvial gold were found in gullies around Mount Moran. Although it was not until the 1920s that the area produced three working gold reefs. Between 1922 and 1936 the three mines, the Mona, Iona and Bosker, yielded of gold. Ore from the area was first crushed at the Ortona battery. By 1924 Mount Moran required its own crushing facilities. The ten head battery at Ortona, situated about from Mount Moran field, was relocated from Ortona to its present site. In 1924 there was increased prospecting in the area with satisfactory results. Several new gold-bearing lodes were discovered, however most of

neg: 15 Field Ambulance During the Dieppe Raid, 4 CCS remained in Dorking, England. Casualties from the battle were evacuated by landing craft back to the casualty reception area at Portsmouth and 4 CCS handled the walking wounded. In 1943 4 CCS was sent to Sicily and operated in Catania providing care for sick and injured Canadian soldiers. The unit followed the battle of the I Canadian Corps through Ortona to the Gustav Line, on to the Hitler Line and Northern Italy. In 1945, the unit moved to Marseilles, France, and to Belgium and finally into the Netherlands. 4 CCS opened with attached surgical

neg: Ortona Prehistoric Village Small, Aleš Hrdlička, Henry B. Collins, John W. Griffin and John Mann Goggin. Goggin returned to the site in 1952 with some students to excavate part of the large mound. Glades County created the Ortona Indian Mound Park in 1989. Many archaeologists believe that the village was first settled around 300 AD, and that the village lasted till 1150 A.D. They also believe that the height of the occupation was from 550 - 800 A.D. Ortona was built at a critical intersection of a north-south and an east-west trade routes. The longest canals built by Indians in North America, built

neg: Caeso Fabius Vibulanus (consul) given command of an army against the Aequi, who had laid siege to the Latin town of Ortona. Fabius and his army met the Aequi in battle, and routed them solely by a cavalry charge. However, due to popular discontent amongst the Roman army, both with the patricians and with Fabius himself, the Roman infantry refused to pursue the enemy. Fabius exhorted them to attack the fleeing enemy, but they refused, and returned to camp. Nevertheless Fabius and the army returned to Rome victorious. In his third consulship in 479 BC, Fabius sought to heal the discord between patricians and

neg: Ortona Mine and Battery by embedding slate into antbed. The extant walls are approximately high. Oral evidence indicates that this building was the manager's residence, the last known manager being Anthony Linedale. Ortona Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Ortona Mine and Battery is significant demonstrating the effort employed in the early exploration and development of mineral deposits, in this case, copper. The place is the most isolated copper mine and treatment plant in the Georgetown Mining

neg: Castello aragonese (Ortona) Castello aragonese (Ortona) Castello aragonese (Italian for "Aragon Castle") is a Renaissance castle in Ortona, Province of Chieti (Abruzzo). The first building dates back to 1492. The Aragonese family built it over the old Caldora structure of the 14th century. This structure, however, dates back to the 13th century Anglican era. According to the same hypothesis, Giacomo Cavuto could have strengthened the castle that could have been pre-existent. In the 15th century there were some adaptations and partial reconstructions of a pre-existing plant. The castle was defensive until the 17th century when it was bought by the Baglioni family as

neg: Ortona Prehistoric Village the Ortona Canals may have been used to bypass a marshy section of the Caloosahatchee watershed and bring canoe traffic between Lake Okeechobee and the lower Caloosahatchee to the Ortona site, while the other canals provided shortcuts that also avoided taking canoes into open, and possibly rough, water. On the east side of the site is a large mound (8GL5). Estimates of the size of the mound have varied over the years. In 1918 the mound was described as being by , and tall. In 1948 the dimensions were given as by , and tall, with part of the mound

neg: Guardiagrele Until 1982, the region of Guardiagrele was served by the Sangritana Railroad line, through the strip Ortona Marina-Crocetta. The railroad till then allowed people to commute to Ortona (consequently to the Adriatic line), to Lanciano and to the other communes in the Sangro Valley. Its presence has strongly contributed to the socio-economic development of the area. The stations were Guardiagrele (in the Melone district) and Villa San Vincenzo. Nowadays the nearby stations are Chieti, Central Pescara, San Vito-Lanciano and Ortona, and one will have to take then the bus line to reach Guardiagrele. ADMINISTRATION __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jun 6,1993 - Apr 27,1997

neg: 1st Parachute Division (Germany) the island by 29 May. The division took part in the July 1943 fight against the Allied invasion of Sicily. For the remainder of the war, the division fought in the Italian Campaign. From 14–27 December 1943, the division, under General-Lieutenant Richard Heidrich, saw action against the 1st Canadian Division in the Battle of Ortona. Later the division was concentrated in the defense of the Winter Line south of Rome, defending against the advance of the British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese. In February to March 1944, the 1st Parachute Division took part in the Battle of Monte

neg: Moro River Campaign the Ortona–Orsogna Line. On 20 December, the line was attacked by both corps. By 26 December, strong German defences had stalled Canadian forces in Ortona and British and New Zealand forces in Orsogna. Although both Ortona and Villa Grande were captured by the end of December, general exhaustion among the Allied forces prevented the capture of Orsogna and an advance to Pescara. When harsh winter weather set in, it became clear to the Allied commanders that no further progress would be made and General Alexander called off the offensive. In late 1943, the 15th Army Group under General Sir Harold

neg: Ortona Mine and Battery connect with the Etheridge Railway. An undated map of Ortona shows a cottage and office with a well and another office nearby, on the bank of the Percy River. On the same side of the river, further south, a hotel and kitchen apparently owned by August Kremens are located. On the opposite bank another hotel and kitchen, under the name of George Daly Ryan and next to it, a butcher shop with the name John Henry Clarke are also marked. A brief revival of the Ortona Mine in 1919 was prompted by new gold finds. Although this engendered some activity,

neg: Castello aragonese (Ortona) side of the Matteott course. In fact, there are stairs leading to the basement of the castle, while a second staircase leads to the Museum of the West Tower: there are panels of the historical photos of the castle and furnishings of the noble families that possessed the structure. Castello aragonese (Ortona) Castello aragonese (Italian for "Aragon Castle") is a Renaissance castle in Ortona, Province of Chieti (Abruzzo). The first building dates back to 1492. The Aragonese family built it over the old Caldora structure of the 14th century. This structure, however, dates back to the 13th century Anglican era.

neg: Frentani Tifernus, which constituted the southern limit of their country, are the Trinius (modern Trigno), which, according to Pliny, had a good port at its mouth; and the Sagrus (Sangro), which enters the Adriatic about halfway between Histonium (modern Vasto) and Ortona. The Tabula Peutingeriana also gives the name of a river that it places between Ortona and Anxanum, and calls Clotoris. The name is probably corrupt; but the stream meant (if its position can be depended upon) could be the Moro, which falls into the Adriatic a few kilometers south of Ortona. The coast-line of this part of the Adriatic

neg: TaskForceMajella of Oil Companies, whereas the GFN was sponsored by only a few companies and focussed on specific genetic relationships in different selected sites. Furthermore, between the three projects there was an overlap in industrial sponsors and stake holders (though Eni was in the privileged position of being the only company involved in all three of them). In this way, the Projects could mutually benefit from the results obtained, and provide suggestions for steering of their relative research activities. A technical office of the TFM was founded and is supported by the Ortona District Office of Eni (DORT) and based in

neg: Moro River Campaign with demolition charges throughout the main piazza, and booby traps littered the town. German forces had also buried tanks in the rubble, leaving only the turrets exposed. On 20 December 1943, the under-strength Loyal Edmonton Regiment moved toward Ortona, with the Seaforth Highlanders covering their eastern flank. Throughout the day, they encountered heavy machine gun fire during their attempts to enter Ortona. By nightfall, both battalions held a toehold on the western edge of Ortona, yet had encountered heavy resistance in their attempts to secure it. The following day, D Company of the Loyal Edmonton Regiment launched attacks eastward towards

neg: Christopher Vokes the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, he served as Adjutant General, Assistant Quartermaster General, General Staff Officer, grade 1, and as Officer Commanding Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry. He proved to be an outstanding operational officer and on 24June 1942 was promoted to Brigadier, in charge of the 2nd Infantry Brigade, which he commanded during the Allied invasion of Sicily. One historian lauded his performance: In 1943 he became the commander of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and was promoted to the rank of major-general. He was the commander of the division during the Battle of Ortona, after which he was

neg: Abruzzo the province of L'Aquila. In the twentieth century, war had a great impact on the region. During the second World war, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German's Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoner of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti, and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War 1; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history. Geographically, Abruzzo is located in central Italy and southern Italy,

neg: Province of Chieti France. Chieti was made the capital of Abruzzo Citra under its period of rule by the House of Bourbon. The province of Chieti contains Ortona, a town founded by Fretani people for trading with the Greeks, which was the scene of a World War II battle between German and predominantly British and Canadian forces; over 2,000 civilians died and the town was largely destroyed. The province of Chieti is one of four provinces in the region of Abruzzo on the eastern coast of Italy. It is the most easternmost province in the region and is bounded to the northeast by

neg: 250t-class torpedo boat at Pola to Cattaro in the southern Adriatic; this force included six of the T-group torpedo boats. This force was tasked to maintain a permanent patrol of the Albanian coastline and interdict any troop transports crossing from Italy. On 3 February 1916, "83 F", "87 F" and "88 F" were involved in another shore bombardment operation against Ortona and San Vito Chietino, this time led by the armoured cruiser . Three days later, the scout cruiser , "74 T", "78 T", "80 T", "83 F", "87 F" and "88 F" were intercepted by the British light cruiser and French destroyer

neg: Māori Battalion again ordered into reserve, occupying positions east of Castelfrentano. Meanwhile, on 3 December, the 6th Infantry Brigade assaulted Orsogna, and was involved in heavy fighting there, first capturing and then losing it following a counter-attack by German armour. A subsequent attack against Orsogna was planned by the New Zealanders utilising both the 5th and 6th Infantry Brigades. The attack was scheduled for 7 December, with both brigades to advance on a one battalion front. The Māori Battalion would lead the assault in the 5th Infantry Brigade section, up the Pascuccio spur to cut the Orsogna–Ortona road east of the 6th

neg: 1st Canadian Division begun calling a "miniature Stalingrad", based on the ferocity of the street fighting and the heavy losses on both sides, with the Canadians suffering 650 casualties, mainly in the 3rd Brigade. By December 27, what remained of Ortona, after days of shelling and aerial bombardment, was in Canadian hands. After this the division was rested and many months of static warfare ensued, the division then went on to break out of the Eighth Army's bridgehead with the second wave in the spring offensive, Operation Diadem, the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino. The 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, the reconnaissance (or

neg: Charles Walter Allfrey Allies thus far in the Italian Campaign and casualties were very heavy on both sides. The line of the Sangro was breached in late November, but Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey's XIII Corps was brought into the battle. The fighting raged on for the next month until the 1st Canadian Division under Major General Chris Vokes (replacing the 78th Division, now under Major General Charles Keightley, which transferred to Dempsey's XIII Corps) captured the town of Ortona in late December, enabling engineers to erect bridges over the River Sangro, although these were soon washed away. However, the worsening weather, combined with

neg: Yugoslav torpedo boat T5 use turbines, and this contributed to ongoing problems. The boats were armed with two Škoda L/30 guns, and four torpedo tubes. They could also carry 10–12 naval mines. "87 F" was laid down on 5 March 1914, launched on 20 March 1915 and completed on 25 October of that year. During World War I, "87 F" was used for convoy, patrol, escort and minesweeping tasks, anti-submarine operations, and shore bombardment missions. On 3 February 1916, "87 F" and two other 250t-class boats were involved in a shore bombardment operation against Ortona and San Vito Chietino, led by the armoured cruiser

neg: Gilles Turcot Gilles Turcot Lieutenant-General Gilles-Antoine Turcot (9 December 1917 – 15 December 2010) was the Commander, Mobile Command of the Canadian Forces. Educated at the Séminaire de Québec and Université Laval, Turcot enlisted in the Militia in 1935. He served in World War II, joining Royal 22 Régiment in 1939. After training in England for several years and defending the coast, the Regiment was sent in on the invasion of Sicily, where he was injured. He later fought as a company commander in Eastern Italy, notably at the bitterly fought Battle of Ortona where his regiment was out-numbered but held off

neg: Urban warfare such as Stalingrad and Warsaw, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences. However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, particularly in urban settings. For example, Canadian operations in both Ortona and Groningen avoided the use of artillery altogether to spare civilians and buildings, and during the Battle of Manila in 1945, General MacArthur initially placed a ban on artillery and air strikes to save civilian lives. Military forces are bound by the laws of war governing military necessity to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to

neg: Battlefield Burma, or in Vietnam, the geography of the battlefield could not only dictate how a battle was fought, but with what weapons, and both reinforcement and logistics could be critical. At Arnhem, for instance, there were failures in both, while in Burma, aerial supply deliveries enabled the Chindits to do something that would otherwise have been impossible. Armies generally avoided fighting in cities, when possible, and modern armies dislike giving up the freedom of maneuver; as a result, when compelled to fight for control of a city, such as Stalingrad or Ortona, weapons, tactics, and training are ill-suited for the

neg: 10th Indian Infantry Division January 1944, Lloyd was killed in a car accident while overseeing a training exercise in Egypt, command passed to Major General Denys Whitehorn Reid. On 9 March 1944, the division was ordered to transfer to the Italian front. On 22 April, it relieved the 1st Canadian Division at the Ortona sector which it held along with the 4th Indian Infantry Division. There it engaged in frequent patrols in order to prevent the enemy from sending reinforcement to the ongoing Battle of Monte Cassino. On 4 June, the division was moved to Venafro where it continued its training in mountain and

neg: Battle of Monte Cassino optimistic. Although in the east the German defensive line had been breached on Montgomery's Eighth Army Adriatic front and Ortona was captured, the advance had ground to a halt with the onset of winter blizzards at the end of December, making close air support and movement in the jagged terrain impossible. The route to Rome from the east using Route 5 was thus excluded as a viable option leaving the routes from Naples to Rome, highways 6 and 7, as the only possibilities; Highway 7 (the old Roman Appian Way) followed along the west coast but south of Rome ran

neg: The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada first stand. From December 6 to 22 the 1st Division advanced only three miles from the Moro River to the edge of a small town named Ortona. The town was located on the eastern end of the Gustav Line on the Adriatic Sea. The narrow streets and dense buildings lead to intense street to street fighting. The battle was so intense that it was nicknamed "little Stalingrad". Amidst the fighting on the night of 25 December the Seaforth's quartermaster arranged a Christmas dinner for the soldiers at the front. One at a time the four companies of the regiment were

neg: Military history of Canada during World War II The Westminster Regiment (Motor). Notable battles in Italy included the Moro River Campaign, the Battle of Ortona and the battles to break the Hitler Line, later fighting on the Gothic Line. The political astuteness of Mackenzie King, combined with much greater military sensitivity to Quebec volunteers resulted in a conscription crisis that was minor compared to that of the First World War. French-Canadian volunteers were front and centre, in their own units, throughout the war, highlighted by actions at Dieppe (Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal), Italy (Royal 22 Régiment), the Normandy beaches (Le Régiment de la Chaudière), the thrust into the Netherlands

neg: The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada along with the unit’s serving and former members sit down to a Christmas dinner with the same menu served in the church in 1943. From Ortona the Seaforths continued to move north fighting through the Liri Valley and breaking through the Hitler Line, the Germans' second defensive line. This was the hardest fought battle for the Seaforths of the entire Italian campaign. At one point on the afternoon of 23 May 1944, the Seaforths, having taken the line, repelled a German counterattack, and when the Germans pulled off only eight soldiers remained, commanded by C Company Sergeant Major J.M. Duddle,