query: what was the supreme court reaction to the national industrial recovery act

pos: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 these industrial codes for all industries to adopt." However, the NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced. The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislative program. Section 7(a) of the bill, which protected collective bargaining rights for unions, proved contentious (especially in the Senate), but both chambers eventually passed the legislation. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The Act had two main sections (or "titles"). Title I was devoted to industrial recovery,

pos: Making false statements used in many contexts. Most commonly, prosecutors use this statute to reach cover-up crimes such as perjury, false declarations, and obstruction of justice and government fraud cases. Its earliest progenitor was the False Claims Act of 1863. In 1934, the requirement of an intent to defraud was eliminated. This was to prosecute successfully, under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA), the producers of "hot oil", i.e. oil produced in violation of restrictions established by NIRA. In 1935, NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Pursuant to the decision in "United States v. Gaudin", the jury is to

pos: United States Children's Bureau the decade; its staff grew from 143 to more than 400. In the meantime, the Children's Bureau remained active in the campaign against child labor. In 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) opened the door for the Bureau to establish industry-specific child labor codes and the first federal minimum age for full-time employment. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in May 1935. Many of its provisions, however, were recreated in the Fair Labor Standards Act passed three years later. Throughout World War II, the Children's Bureau continued to promote the well-being of U.S. children through activities

pos: National Apprenticeship Act National Apprenticeship Act The National Apprenticeship Act (also known as the Fitzgerald Act), is a federal law in the United States which regulates apprenticeship and on-the-job training programs. Apprentice programs in the U.S. were largely unregulated until 1934. After passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), industry, trade unions and the National Recovery Administration cooperated to fashion various "industry codes" to govern competition, wages, working conditions and quality of products and services. One aspect of the general construction industry code was a set of rules regulating apprenticeship programs in the construction industry. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the

pos: Judiciary Act of 1789 its original jurisdiction was declared unconstitutional by "Marbury v. Madison", one of the seminal cases in American law. The Supreme Court held that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional because it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution. In "Marbury", the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and that it is the role of the judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits. Thus, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act of Congress to be partially invalidated by the

neg: Robert F. Wagner was very involved in labor issues, fought for legal protection and rights for workers, and was a leader in crafting the New Deal. In April 1943 a confidential analysis by British scholar Isaiah Berlin of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the British Foreign Office stated of Wagner: His most important legislative achievements include the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937. After the Supreme Court ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional, Wagner helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) in 1935,

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Deal. The NIRA was set to expire in June 1935, but in a major constitutional ruling the U.S. Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27, 1935, in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", 295 U.S. 495 (1935). The National Industrial Recovery Act is widely considered a policy failure, both in the 1930s and by historians today. Disputes over the reasons for this failure continue. Among the suggested causes are that the Act promoted economically harmful monopolies, that the Act lacked critical support from the business community, and that it was poorly administered. The Act encouraged

neg: A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the commerce clause. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional. The regulations at issue were promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933. These included price and wage fixing,

neg: Ernest T. Weir Constitution. The federal government appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The case was awaiting resolution when the Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional on other grounds. When Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) in 1935, Weir said he would refuse to obey the law. Labor scholar James A. Gross says Weir was prepared to use violence to oppose unionization at his plants. Weir called the NLRA "one of the most vicious pieces of legislation ever proposed." Weir established an "employee representation plan" (a thinly-disguised company union) and the Weirton Steel Employees Security

neg: Stanley Forman Reed their strong legal argument and extensive research. Reed soon brought before the high court appeals of the constitutionality of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, Securities Act of 1933, , National Labor Relations Act, Bankhead Cotton Control Act, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Guffey Coal Control Act, Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 and the enabling act for the Tennessee Valley Authority, and revived the battle over the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The press of appeals was so great that Reed argued six major cases before the Supreme Court in two weeks. On December 10, 1935, he collapsed from

neg: Minimum wage in the United States gave women the right to vote and equal legal status. In 1933, the Roosevelt administration during the New Deal made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage regiment with the National Industrial Recovery Act, which set minimum wage and maximum hours on an industry and regional basis. The Supreme Court, however, in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935) ruled the act unconstitutional, and the minimum wage regulations were abolished. Two years later after President Roosevelt's overwhelming reelection in 1936 and discussion of judicial reform, the Supreme Court took up the issue of labor legislation again in "West

neg: First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt several agencies, most notably the National Recovery Administration, to reform the industrial sector, though the National Recovery Administration was struck down by the Supreme Court. After his party's success in the 1934 mid-term elections, Roosevelt presided over the establishment of the Works Progress Administration, another major work relief agency. He also won passage of the Social Security Act, which created a national old-age pension program known as Social Security. The same act also established a national unemployment insurance program, as well as the Aid to Dependent Children, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. A third major piece

neg: Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 The Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 was enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision to strike down Section 9 (c) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in "Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan", which gave the President authority "to prohibit the transportation in interstate and foreign commerce of petroleum... produced or withdrawn from storage in excess of the amount permitted... by any State law." The act was named after Senator Tom Connally. It revived the provisions of Section 9 (c) of the NIRA and added procedural safeguards, which, the Supreme Court

neg: Commerce Clause In 1935 the Supreme Court of the United States, in "Schecter Poultry Corporation v. United States", invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress's power under the commerce clause. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional. Again in 1936, in "Carter v. Carter Coal Company", the Supreme Court struck down a key element of the New Deal's regulation of the mining industry, on the grounds that mining was not "commerce." In the preceding decades, the Court

neg: Nondelegation doctrine Court struck down the provision on the ground that Congress had set "no criterion to govern the President's course." Other provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act were also challenged. In "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935), the Supreme Court considered a provision which permitted the President to approve trade codes, drafted by the businesses themselves, so as to ensure "fair competition." The Supreme Court found that, since the law sets no explicit guidelines, businesses "may roam at will and the President may approve or disapprove their proposal as he may see fit." Thus, they struck down the relevant

neg: Charles Evans Hughes States", Hughes held that Roosevelt's National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 was doubly unconstitutional, falling afoul of both the Commerce Clause and the nondelegation doctrine. In the 1936 case of "United States v. Butler", Hughes surprised many observers by joining with Roberts and the Four Horsemen in striking down the Agricultural Adjustment Act. In doing so, the court dismantled the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the major New Deal agricultural program. In another 1936 case, "Carter v. Carter Coal Co.", the Supreme Court struck down the Guffey Coal Act, which regulated the bituminous coal industry. Hughes wrote a concurring opinion in "Carter"

neg: Homer Stille Cummings first week as attorney general, he advised Roosevelt that the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 permitted the president to close banks and regulate gold hoarding and export. Cummings personally argued the right of the government to ban gold payments before the U.S. Supreme Court and won the "gold clause" cases. But, during 1935–1936, the Court overthrew eight key New Deal statutes, including the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). Frustration over the conservative nature of the Court, coupled with outrage over the proliferation of lawsuits and injunctions against the government, made Cummings eager

neg: 1927 Indiana bituminous strike of labor injunctions. In 1933 Wagner sponsored the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), which called for collective bargaining between unions and management. This act enabled the UMWA to resume its growth with membership reaching 400,000 in 1934. In 1935, after the United States Supreme Court invalidated the NIRA, Wagner sponsored the National Labor Relations Act, which reinstated the NIRA's collective bargaining provisions and established the National Labor Relations Board to hold union elections and prevent unfair labor practices. Also in 1935, the US Senator from Pennsylvania sponsored the Guffey Coal Conservation Act. This measure, enacted in 1935, regulated the price

neg: History of the Supreme Court of the United States votes. Hughes, as a progressive Republican, tended to side with the Four Horsemen, as he did in "Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States", whilst Roberts was also swayed to the side of the conservatives. As a result, The Court continued to enforce a Federal "laissez-faire" approach, overturning many of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which were designed to combat the Great Depression, by 5–4 margins. Most notably, the National Industrial Recovery Act was overturned in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935), and the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down in "United States v. Butler" (1936). In response,

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 heard oral argument on May 2 and 3. On May 27, 1935, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" that Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional. First, Hughes concluded that the law was void for vagueness because the critical term "fair competition" was nowhere defined in the Act. Second, Hughes found the Act's delegation of authority to the executive branch unconstitutionally overbroad: To summarize and conclude upon this point: Section 3 of the Recovery Act (15 USCA 703) is without precedent. It supplies no standards for

neg: United States labor law for President in 1932, who promised a "New Deal". Government committed to create full employment and a system of social and economic rights enshrined in federal law. But despite the Democratic Party's overwhelming electoral victory, the Supreme Court continued to strike down legislation, particularly the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, which regulated enterprise in an attempt to ensure fair wages and prevent unfair competition. Finally, after Roosevelt's second overwhelming victory in 1936, and Roosevelt's threat to create more judicial positions if his laws were not upheld, one Supreme Court judge switched positions. In "West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish"

neg: Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). This became moot when the Supreme Court struck down the NIRA in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935). Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 The Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 (41 USC §§6501-6511) is a US labor law, passed as part of the New Deal. It is a US federal law on basic labor rights for US government contracts. It was intended to improve labor standards. The Walsh-Healey Act that applies to U.S. government contracts exceeding $15,000 for the manufacturing or furnishing of goods. Walsh-Healey establishes overtime pay for hours worked by

neg: Charles Evans Hughes down its near-unanimous opinion in "United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.", upholding a law that granted the president the power to place an arms embargo on Bolivia and Paraguay. Justice Sutherland's majority opinion, which Hughes joined, explained that the Constitution had granted the president broad powers to conduct foreign policy. Roosevelt won re-election in a landslide in the 1936 presidential election, while congressional Democrats grew their majorities in both houses of Congress. As the Supreme Court had already struck down both the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the president feared that the court would next strike

neg: Social Security Act it is the introduction of the cost-of-living adjustment (COLA). Approved June 28, 1952 Public Law 82-420 H.R.7800 Approved, July 18, 1952 Public Law 82-590 H.R.9366 Approved September 1, 1954 Public Law 83-761 Approved September 1, 1954 Public Law 83-767 Title XV H.R.7544 Approved, October 24, 1963 Public Law 88-156 Title XVII H.R.6675 Approved, July 30, 1965 Public Law 89-97 Title XVIII Title XIX In the 1930s, the Supreme Court struck down many pieces of Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, including the Railroad Retirement Act. The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 the U.S. Department of Justice had on March 25, 1935, declined to appeal an appellate court ruling overturning the lumber industry code on the grounds that the case was not a good test of the NIRA's constitutionality. The Justice Department's action worried many in the administration. But on April 1, 1935 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of the NIRA in the "Schechter" case. Although Donald Richberg and others felt the government's case in "Schechter" was not a strong one, the Schechters were determined to appeal their conviction. So the government appealed first, and the Supreme Court

neg: Labor history of the United States the National Industrial Recovery Act was ultimately deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and replaced by the Wagner Act two months after that, it fueled workers to join unions and strengthened those organizations. In response to both the Norris-La Guardia Act and the NIRA, workers who were previously unorganized in a number of industries—such as rubber workers, oil and gas workers and service workers—began to look for organizations that would allow them to band together. The NIRA strengthened workers' resolve to unionize and instead of participating in unemployment or hunger marches, they started to participate in strikes for

neg: Four Horsemen (Supreme Court) York", 298 U.S. 587 (1936). The Court had also struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" 295 U.S. 495 (1935) the previous May. Though the latter decision was unanimous, Cardozo did not join the opinion for the Court (written by Chief Justice Hughes, and joined by Brandeis, Roberts, and the Four Horsemen), and wrote a separate concurrence, joined by Stone, to state the view of why the delegated power of legislation in the code at issue was "not canalized within banks that keep it from overflowing." The Four Horsemen would ride in a

neg: Kohler strikes union won. The Kohler victory was short-lived, however, for in 1935 the US Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. Congress soon, however, passed the Wagner Act, giving organized labor the right to organize and bargain collectively without employer interference. A majority of workers could now determine who would represent them; this "union shop" was the chief goal of the AFL. Still, the company union and the principle of "open shop" remained in effect at the Kohler Company until 1952, when the United Auto Workers (UAW) won an election. During the Second World War, Herbert V. Kohler, Sr.

neg: Alben W. Barkley "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" – which struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act as unconstitutional – asking "Is the court beyond criticism? May it be regarded as too sacred to be disagreed with?" These remarks help set an anti-Supreme Court tone for Roosevelt's second term. On February 5, 1937, Roosevelt proposed legislation authorizing the president to appoint an additional justice for each one over the age of 70. Many saw this proposal as an attempt to avoid further nullification of New Deal provisions as unconstitutional by appointing more sympathetic justices, and they dubbed the measure Roosevelt's "court-packing plan".

neg: Nondelegation doctrine of government ordained by the constitution" while holding that the tariff-setting authority delegated in the McKinley Act "was not the making of law," but rather empowered the executive branch to serve as a "mere agent" of Congress. During the 1930s, Congress provided the executive branch with wide powers to combat the Great Depression. The Supreme Court case of "Panama Refining v. Ryan", 293 U.S. 388 (1935) involved the National Industrial Recovery Act, which included a provision granting the President the authority to prohibit the interstate shipment of petroleum in excess of certain quotas. In the "Panama Refining" case, however, the

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 the agency's money. Although the U.S. Supreme Court would rule Title I of NIRA unconstitutional, the severability clause in the Act enabled the PWA to survive. Among the projects it funded between 1935 and 1939 are: the USS "Yorktown"; USS "Enterprise"; the 30th Street railroad station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Triborough Bridge; the port of Brownsville; Grand Coulee Dam; Boulder Dam; Fort Peck Dam; Bonneville Dam; and the Overseas Highway connecting Key West, Florida, with the mainland. The agency survived until 1943, when the Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated most federal public works and work relief functions of the federal

neg: Charles Edward Merriam reform proposals were adopted by several states. Merriam believed that part of the success or failure of the National Planning Board's proposals depended on the administrative capacity of the executive branch to adopt and push for the recommended policies. Therefore, Merriam began lobbying President Roosevelt for a commission to study the structure and functions of the executive. Roosevelt was very receptive to the idea. The Supreme Court had struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act (a key legislative accomplishment of the New Deal) in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", 295 U.S. 495 (1935), and significantly limited the president's power

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934 the "NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 slightly modified form, still exists today at . National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934

neg: Felix Morley of Friends or Quakers. From 1933 to 1940, Morley worked as editor for "The Washington Post", winning, in 1936, the paper's first Pulitzer Prize, for his "distinguished editorial writing during the year." The Pulitzer Prize came after the Franklin D. Roosevelt's National Industrial Recovery Act was nullified by the U.S. Supreme Court. Morley had written that Roosevelt "turned his back on the traditions and principles of his party and gave tremendous support stimulus to the move for a complete political realignment in the United States." In 1940, Morley left journalism for a post as President of Haverford College. He also

neg: Stanley Forman Reed not incompetent (he had lost 10 of the 17 cases he argued in his first five months in office). Biggs resigned on March 14, 1935. Reed was named his replacement on March 18 and confirmed by the Senate on March 25. He was confronted by an office in chaos. Several major challenges to the National Industrial Recovery Act—considered the cornerstone of the New Deal—were reaching the Supreme Court, and Reed was forced to drop the appeals because the Office of the Solicitor General was unprepared to argue them. Reed worked quickly to restore order, and subsequent briefs were noted for

neg: Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission to recommend quotas. However, the bill was abandoned after oil industry representatives withdrew their support. From 1933 to 1935, oil was regulated under the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Petroleum Code, which in effect left production control in the hands of industry representatives, with no representation for the states. The Supreme Court found these regulations unconstitutional in 1935, and the idea of an interstate compact was revived. On December 3, 1934, Oklahoma Governor-elect E. W. Marland met with the governors of Kansas and Texas to discuss an interstate compact. This led to the drafting of the Interstate Compact to

neg: Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan claiming that the guidelines had been sufficient. Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935), also known as the "Hot Oil case", was a case, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Roosevelt Administration's prohibition of interstate and foreign trade in petroleum goods produced in excess of state quotas, the "hot oil" orders adopted under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was unconstitutional. The ruling was the first of several that overturned key elements of the Administration's New Deal legislative program. The relevant section 9(c) of the NIRA was found to

neg: Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935), also known as the "Hot Oil case", was a case, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Roosevelt Administration's prohibition of interstate and foreign trade in petroleum goods produced in excess of state quotas, the "hot oil" orders adopted under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was unconstitutional. The ruling was the first of several that overturned key elements of the Administration's New Deal legislative program. The relevant section 9(c) of the NIRA was found to be an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power,

neg: A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States political concern in the 1930s was anti-Semitism. The Schechters felt that without the New Deal, America could have taken the route of Nazi Germany. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the commerce clause. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional.

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 government into the new Federal Works Agency. President Roosevelt sought re-authorization of NIRA on February 20, 1935. But the backlash against the New Deal, coupled with continuing congressional concern over the Act's suspension of antitrust law, left the President's request politically dead. By May 1935, the issue was moot as the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled Title I of NIRA unconstitutional. On April 13, 1934, the President had approved the "Code of Fair Competition for the Live Poultry Industry of the Metropolitan Area in and about the City of New York." The goal of the code was to ensure that

neg: Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 for the federal fiscal years beginning October 1, 2009 and 2010, after which point they expire, and are in addition to the previously authorized budgets for these agencies. Section 4 of FERA restates part of the False Claims Act, to "reflect the original intent of the law". This amendment is in reaction to the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in "Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel. Sanders", in which the Court held that the mere involvement of Federal money was insufficient to bring a fraudulent claim or invoice within the scope of the False Claims Act. The amended subsection

neg: Deregulation labor practices, and the delivery of more social services to the working classes and social safety nets to many unemployed workers, thus helping to facilitate the creation of a welfare state in the United States and eventually in most developed countries. During the Presidencies of Warren Harding (1921–23) and Calvin Coolidge (1923–29), the federal government generally pursued laissez-faire economic policies. After the onset of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented many economic regulations, including the "National Industrial Recovery Act" (which was struck down by the Supreme Court), regulation of trucking, airlines and the communications industry, the institution of

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Although Section 7(a) was not affected by the Supreme Court's decision in "Schechter v. Poultry," the failure of the section led directly to passage of the National Labor Relations Act in July 1935. Historian Alan Brinkley stated that by 1935 the NRA was a "woeful failure, even a political embarrassment." Many liberals, probably including Roosevelt, were quietly relieved by its demise. However, New Dealers were worried by the Supreme Court's strict interpretation of the interstate commerce clause and worried that other legislation was jeopardized. In 1934, at the request of the Secretary Ickes, who wished to use the statute criminalizing

neg: United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. retail prices of gasoline. First, informally based on the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), and later on their own after the Supreme Court held the NIRA unconstitutional, the majors established a cartel program to divert hot oil from the market. The large, vertically integrated refiners bought "excess" or "distress" oil from the small, non-vertically integrated refiners that lacked sufficient storage capacity and were dumping oil on the market. This cartel program became known as the "dancing partner" program. It was estimated that "between 600 and 700 tank cars of distress oil flooded the Midwestern spot market every

neg: Alben W. Barkley as his assistant. Together, they secured passage of New Deal legislation, including the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. In July 1934, the Democratic National Committee chose Barkley to respond to Republican National Committee chairman Henry P. Fletcher's radio attacks on the New Deal. Later that year, he embarked on a tour of twenty states, defending the New Deal and stumping for Democratic candidates in the 1934 midterm elections. Barkley was again the keynote speaker at the 1936 Democratic National Convention. During his address, he alluded to the Supreme Court's decision in

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 of June 10. The House approved the conference committee's bill on the evening of June 10. After extensive debate, the Senate approved the final bill, 46-to-39, on June 13. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The National Industrial Recovery Act had two major titles. Title I was devoted to industrial recovery. Title I, Section 2 empowered the President to establish executive branch agencies to carry out the purposes of the Act, and provided for a sunset provision nullifying the Act in two years. The heart of the Act was Title I, Section 3, which permitted

neg: National Recovery Administration wholesalers and sold to intrastate buyers. Any interstate effect of Schechter was indirect, and therefore beyond federal reach. Specifically, the Court invalidated regulations of the poultry industry promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, including price and wage fixing, as well as requirements regarding a whole shipment of chickens, including unhealthy ones, which has led to the case becoming known as "the sick chicken case." The ruling was one of a series which overturned some New Deal legislation between January 1935 and January 1936, and which ultimately caused Roosevelt to attempt to pack the Court

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 thus enacting laws for the government of trade and industry throughout the country, is virtually unfettered. We think that the code-making authority thus conferred is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power. Finally, in a very restrictive reading of what constituted interstate commerce, Hughes held that the "'current' or 'flow'" of commerce involved was simply too minute to constitute interstate commerce, and subsequently Congress had no power under the Commerce Clause to enact legislation affecting such commercial transactions. The Court dismissed with a bare paragraph the government's ability to regulate wages and hours. Although the government had argued that the national

neg: New Deal due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration. After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt, Johnson resigned on September 24, 1934 and Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board, of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director. On May 27, 1935, the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of "Schechter v. United States". After the end of the NRA, quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom

neg: Louis Brandeis In "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935), the Court also voted unanimously to declare the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on the grounds that it gave the president "unfettered discretion" to make whatever laws he thought were needed for economic recovery. Economics author John Steele Gordon writes that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was "the first iteration of Roosevelt's New Deal ... essentially a government-run cartel to fix prices and divide markets ... This was the most radical shift in the relation between government and the private economy in American history." Speaking to aides of Roosevelt, Justice Louis

neg: Association of Research Libraries Dissertations Accepted by American Universities" was compiled by ARL and was published by H.W. Wilson in 1933. This series of publications would become the predecessor of what is now Dissertation Abstracts. Passed into law in 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act allowed trade associations and industry representatives to draft industrial codes of fair competition. In order to encourage the preservation of these records, ARL published "Address List of Local Code Authorities under N.R.A.: 1933-1935" in 1933 which had been prepared by the National Recovery Administration for the Joint Committee on Materials for Research established by the American Council of Learned

neg: Executive order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board. In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (in the time period known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the

neg: William Borah of his influence was independent of party. Borah liked Roosevelt for his liberalism and his energy. Due to illness, Borah took only a limited role in Roosevelt's Hundred Days, though he did play a key part in the passage of Glass–Steagall in June 1933, helping forge a compromise that ended the opponents' filibuster. He opposed Roosevelt's calling in of gold, alleging that the government had no power to tell individuals what to do with their money. Borah opposed the National Recovery Act (NRA) and was gratified when it was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1935. Borah's fifteen-year fight

neg: Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 many independent oil producers vehemently opposed the government regulations. However, in 1937, four federal courts upheld the Connally Act, which was later administered by the Federal Petroleum Board that was also created by the law; the Petroleum Board was a part of the Department of the Interior. Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 The Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 was enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision to strike down Section 9 (c) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in "Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan", which gave the President authority "to prohibit the transportation in interstate

neg: National Labor Board National Labor Board The National Labor Board (NLB) was an independent agency of the United States Government established on August 5, 1933 to handle labor disputes arising under the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The American labor movement, encouraged by the protections guaranteed under Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), undertook a wave of organizing not seen in almost two decades. A series of strikes overtook the country in the summer of 1933. The NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), and General Hugh S. Johnson was named the agency's administrator. Gen. Johnson had initially expressed the

neg: Economy Act of March 20, 1933 purchased fewer goods and services, and some argue that this led to a worsening of the Great Depression. The act also halved Supreme Court pensions and two of the four anti-New Deal Supreme Court justices, Willis Van Devanter and George Sutherland, refused to retire, remained on the bench, and struck down some of Roosevelt's recovery acts; Supreme Court pensions were originally halved in 1932 but had been temporarily restored by Congress to full pay in February 1933. These two justices would likely have retired from the Supreme Court early into Roosevelt's first term if their pensions had not been halved.

neg: National Recovery Administration in keeping informed of these codes, supplemental codes, code amendments, executive orders, administrative orders, office orders, interpretations, rules, regulations and obiter dicta." On 27 May 1935, in the court case of "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", the Supreme Court held the mandatory codes section of NIRA unconstitutional, because it attempted to regulate commerce that was not interstate in character, and that the codes represented an unacceptable delegation of power from the legislature to the executive. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in invalidating the industrial "codes of fair competition" which the NIRA enabled the President

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (which provided low-interest loans to businesses). Hoover was defeated for re-election by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. Roosevelt was convinced that federal activism was needed to reverse the country's economic decline. In his first hundred days in office, the Congress enacted at Roosevelt's request a series of bills designed to strengthen the banking system, including the Emergency Banking Act, the Glass–Steagall Act (which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), and the 1933 Banking Act. The Congress also passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize the nation's agricultural industry. Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act

neg: James Clark McReynolds Authority in "Ashwander v. TVA", the National Industrial Recovery Act in "Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States", the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 in "United States v. Butler", the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 in "Carter v. Carter Coal Co.", and the Social Security Act 42 U.S.C.A. § 301 et seq. in "Steward Machine Co. v. Davis", 301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279 (1937). He continued to vote against New Deal measures after most of the Court shifted in 1937 to upholding New Deal legislation. Howard Ball called McReynolds "the most strident Court critic

neg: Industrial Court of New South Wales jurisdiction held by the Supreme Court of New South Wales. The Court was formerly called the "Industrial Commission of New South Wales in Court Session". The name of the court was changed by the "Industrial Relations Amendment Act 2005" (NSW) to the "Industrial Court of New South Wales". Persons seeking relief in the Court for unfair contract needed to bring the claim within 2 years and earn under $200,000 per annum (an extension to the time limit of 3 months was available in certain circumstances). A prosecution for a breach of the "Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000" (NSW) or

neg: Stanley Forman Reed exhaustion during oral argument before the Court. Reed lost a number of these cases, including "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", (invalidating the National Industrial Recovery Act) and "United States v. Butler", (invalidating the Agricultural Adjustment Act). 1937 proved to be a banner year for the Solicitor General. Reed argued and won such major cases as "West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish", (upholding minimum wage laws), "National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation", (upholding the National Labor Relations Act), and "Steward Machine Company v. Davis", (upholding the taxing power of the Social Security Act). By the end

neg: Court of Industrial Relations (Kansas) Court of Industrial Relations (Kansas) The Court of Industrial Relations was a three-person tribunal established in Kansas in 1920 to mediate labor disputes between businesses and labor groups. It was established after a crippling coal miner strike in the state. The United States Supreme Court overturned some of its rulings and it was disbanded in 1925. Coal miner union leader Alexander Howat, who had led strikes, opposed the court. It was established by the Kansas Legislature as part of the Kansas Industrial Relations Act in 1920. The Act banned strikes, picketing, and the use of boycott in favor of a

neg: National Recovery Administration The NRA also had a two-year renewal charter and was set to expire in June 1935 if not renewed. In 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that the NRA law was unconstitutional, ruling that it infringed the separation of powers under the United States Constitution. The NRA quickly stopped operations, but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), passed later the same year. The long-term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions, which became a core of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics for the next

neg: Blue Eagle Blue Eagle The Blue Eagle was a symbol used in the United States by companies to show compliance with the National Industrial Recovery Act, a part of President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" program. The NIRA authorized the creation of the NRA (National Recovery Administration), which was used to exercise control over business and industry, focusing on regulations and price controls, and was later found to be unconstitutional. The blue eagle was proclaimed the symbol of industrial recovery on July 20, 1933 by Hugh S. Johnson, the head of the National Recovery Administration. Many sources credit advertising art director Charles T.

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 became widely known, a number of court challenges to the NIRA were winding their way through the courts. The constitutionality of the NIRA was tested in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", 295 U.S. 495 (1935). Courts identified three problems with the NIRA: "(i) was the subject matter sought to be regulated by the power of congress; (ii) if the regulations violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution; and (iii) had Congress properly delegated its power to the executive." Although Roosevelt, most of his aides, Johnson, and the NRA staff felt the Act would survive a court test,

neg: Bombing of Gorky in World War II the GAZ. A significant part of the plant was destroyed or burnt. Although he continued to work, but the output basically stopped, all the workers' forces were thrown at its recovery. The Luftwaffe could not develop its success further, after the destruction of GAZ. In subsequent raids, secondary industrial objects and residential areas were attacked, which were less protected. Industrial enterprises in the northern part of the city almost did not suffer from bombing. The bombing of the largest industrial center of the country caused an immediate reaction of the supreme power of the Soviet Union. On June 5, Stalin

neg: Ernest T. Weir 1950s. In 1956, he served as national finance chairman for the Republican National Committee. In 1933, 10,000 workers at Weirton Steel went out on strike in protest against a company union which Weir had imposed on workers. Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act guaranteed workers in the United States the right to form a union. Weir sued to have the act overturned on constitutional grounds. On May 29, 1934, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware held in "United States v. Weirton Steel Co.", 7 F.Supp. 255 (1934), that the act violated the United States

neg: National Industrial Court of Nigeria the 2010 act. The 2006 Act encouraged arbitration of labour matters and in 2015, the court established the Alternate Dispute Resolution center. The centre's mandate include reduction in cost and delays in judicial delivery through efficient, fast and equitable settlement of disputes. National Industrial Court of Nigeria The National Industrial Court of Nigeria also known as NIC is a court empowered to adjudicate trade disputes, labour practices, matters related to the Factories Act, Trade Disputes Act, Trade Unions Act, Workmen’s Compensations Act and appeals from the Industrial Arbitration Panel. Most matters adjudicated by the court are exclusive to the court

neg: Rose Schneiderman 1937. Rose Schneiderman died in New York City on August 11, 1972, at age ninety. In an obituary appearing in "The New York Times", she was credited with teaching Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt "most of what they knew about unions," and having an indirect influence on the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act), the National Industrial Recovery Act, and other New Deal legislation. The obituary also declared that she had done "more to upgrade the dignity and living standards of working women than any other American." In March 2011, almost

neg: Court of Arbitration (New South Wales) of Australia, not the current Federal Court], or to the Supreme Court of New South Wales”. However, in 1904, the High Court of Australia in Clancy v Butchers Shop Employees Union held that proceedings by way of prohibition could be taken to the Supreme Court of New South Wales on matters where the court had exceeded its jurisdiction. The court was replaced in 1908 by the Industrial Court which was established by the Industrial Disputes Act 1908 (NSW). This was in part due to the High Court’s decision in allowing decisions of the court to be challenged. Sexton refers to

neg: Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers two other AFL vice presidents supported the plan, the AFL executive council voted to initiate a joint organizing drive similar to the failed 1919 campaign. By early 1935, what little organizing the AA had exhibited in the steel industry melted away. When the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the NIRA on constitutional ground on May 27, 1935, the AFL's organizing drive collapsed. Other events swiftly overtook the AA. The National Labor Relations Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) formed within the AFL on November 8, 1935. The CIO wanted

neg: Judiciary of Cyprus custody and real estate matters. There is also a family court for religious groups in Nicosia. There are two Rent Control Courts which try cases of recovery of property, property rentals and associated matters. There are three Industrial Disputes Tribunals, based in Nicosia, Larnaca and Limassol, which have jurisdiction over employment matters. The Military Court has jurisdiction over military matters. Judges are members of the Judicial Service of the Republic. All judges, except those of the Supreme Court, are appointed by the Supreme Council of Judicature, a body composed of the judges of the Supreme Court, which is responsible for

neg: History of Social Security in the United States ruled constitutional. The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and New York State's minimum-wage law. President Roosevelt responded with an attempt to pack the court via the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937. On February 5, 1937, he sent a special message to Congress proposing legislation granting the President new powers to add additional judges to all federal courts whenever there were sitting judges age 70 or older who refused to retire. The practical effect of this proposal was that the President would get to appoint six new

neg: Willard v. Tayloe had moved away from with the National Banking Act of 1863. Nominalism was critical to the development of the law of contract and the modern industrial economy. Most nations adhered to it until the 20th century but abandoned it thereafter. This trend away from nominalism was under way at the time the "Willard" case came before the Supreme Court, and it represents the Court's attempt to reconcile this modern economics with contract law. The Supreme Court's ruling in "Willard" also was certainly influenced by the forthcoming Legal Tender Cases. The Court was ready to take up "Hepburn v. Griswold", a

neg: Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894 Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894 The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894 was a piece of industrial relations legislation passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1894. Enacted by the Liberal Government of New Zealand, it was the world's first compulsory system of state arbitration. It gave legal recognition to unions and enabled them to take disputes to a Conciliation Board, consisting of members elected by employers and workers. If the Board's decision was unsatisfactory to either side, an appeal could be made to the Arbitration Court, consisting of a Supreme Court judge and two assessors, one elected

neg: Aboriginal title in California Commission Act, the same group of tribes struggled to bring a single action for recovery under the broader claims allowed under the ICCA, which settled for $29M. The earliest cases heard by the Supreme Court under the Land Claims Act involved non-Indians. Therefore, in "Thompson v. Doaksum" (1886), the California Supreme Court considered the application of the Act to Indians as a matter of first impression. The court upheld a quiet title judgment for the plaintiff, holding: "If defendants [Indians belonging to the Big Meadows tribe] had any right to the land, it should have been asserted in the land

neg: United States v. Mitchell (1983) the case under the Indian General Allotment Act. The United States appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court reversed the Court of Claims, holding that the Indian General Allotment Act did not create a trust relationship and that any grounds for recovery must be based on other grounds. The case then returned to the Court of Claims to consider the plaintiff's other claims, and the United States again moved for dismissal. The Court of Claims rejected the motion to dismiss, holding that three other federal laws gave the plaintiffs a cause of action. These three laws dealt with timber

neg: Chief Industrial Magistrate's Court empower an Industrial Magistrate to deal with cases. For example, the Australian Government gave power to Industrial Magistrates to deal with matters under the "Workplace Relations Act 1996" (Cth) through the now repealed section 177A. Generally, criminal proceedings are restricted to breaches of safety regulations (for example under the "Occupational Health and Safety Act"). Civil proceedings are generally restricted to the recovery of unpaid wages or leave by employees against employers. Where the court makes an order in this type of case, the amount of money awarded must be registered and enforced in the Local Court rather than through an

neg: National Industrial Court of Nigeria National Industrial Court of Nigeria The National Industrial Court of Nigeria also known as NIC is a court empowered to adjudicate trade disputes, labour practices, matters related to the Factories Act, Trade Disputes Act, Trade Unions Act, Workmen’s Compensations Act and appeals from the Industrial Arbitration Panel. Most matters adjudicated by the court are exclusive to the court and its decisions are subject only to appeal when certain conditions are met. NIC's power as a court of first and last resort has it share of critics who believe it deprives litigants the ability to appeal its decisions and an overreaching

neg: First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency the first promoted industrial recovery, and the second established the Public Works Administration (PWA). The National Industry Recovery Act set up the Public Works Administration (PWA) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The PWA used government money to build infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, for the state. This demand for construction created new jobs, which achieved Roosevelt's main priority. The National Recovery Act also improved working conditions and outlawed child labor. Wages increased, making it possible for workers to earn and spend more. Today, the act is widely considered a legal failure because it generated large numbers of regulations

neg: Reference Re Anti-Inflation Act Reference Re Anti-Inflation Act Reference Re Anti-Inflation Act, [1976] 2 S.C.R. 373 was a landmark reference question opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada on the constitutionality of the "Anti-Inflation Act". In what has become among the most significant federalism cases of the Supreme Court, the Act was held to be within the power of the federal government. The "Anti-Inflation Act" was passed in 1975, on recommendation of the Bank of Canada, to control the growing inflation of the past several years. Due to growing unease with the Act, the federal government put two questions to the Supreme Court on

neg: South Australian Employment Court South Australian Employment Court The South Australian Employment Tribunal, which also sits as the South Australian Employment Court (formerly the Industrial Relations Court of South Australia and Industrial Relations Tribunal of South Australia) is a South Australian tribunal empowered to adjudicate on rights and liabilities arising out of employment. It has existed in some form or another since 1912, under various names. The Employment Court is a court of record established under the South Australian Employment Tribunal Act 2014. In 1906, the "Factories Amendment Act" created a Court of Industrial Appeals, consisting of a single Supreme Court judge who heard

neg: J. Howard Marshall dramatic boom/bust cycles. They gained the interest of the government, especially since the legal minds behind the New Deal were staunch supporters of legal realism. In 1933, he left Yale to become the Assistant Solicitor at the Department of the Interior under Harold L. Ickes. During his first tour at Interior, he authored the Code of Fair Competition for the Petroleum Industry (1933), and the Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision to strike down the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Specifically, it revived the portion of the original legislation that regulated the

neg: Allied Concrete Ltd v Meltzer Supreme Court noted, "The court may, for example, order a person to pay the company an amount that fairly represents some or all of the benefits received because of the transaction." Section 296(3) of the Act provides a defence to the s 295 orders:(3) A court must not order the recovery of property of a company (or its equivalent value) by a liquidator, whether under this Act, any other enactment, or in law or in equity, if the person from whom recovery is sought (A) proves that when A received the property— (a) A acted in good faith; and (b)

neg: Donald Richberg purpose of carrying into effect" the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. Now, through an Executive Order, Roosevelt made Richberg director of the Industrial Emergency Committee, composed of the secretaries of the Interior and Labor and the heads of the NRA and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, to "make recommendations to the President ... with respect to problems of relief, public works, labor disputes and industrial recovery and to study and coordinate the handling of joint problems affecting these activities." At the same time, Roosevelt put Richberg in charge of

neg: British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd, [2005] 2 S.C.R. 473, 2005 SCC 49, is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court found that the provincial "Tobacco Damages and Health Care Costs Recovery Act", which allowed the government to sue tobacco companies, was constitutionally valid. Imperial Tobacco Canada is an indirect subsidiary of British American Tobacco. The British Columbia government passed the Tobacco Damages and Health Care Costs Recovery Act that granted the government power to sue tobacco manufacturers for breach of duty to recover costs on the health

neg: Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Bill, 2016", passed by Lok Sabha on 2 August 2016. Act passed by Rajya Sabha by voice vote on August 10, 2016. In "Mardia Chemicals Ltd. v. ICICI Bank", on 8 April 2004, the Supreme Court of India declared the Sarfaesi Act to be constitutionally valid. The Court said that a borrower may appeal against the lender in the debt recovery tribunal, without having to deposit 75% of the amount of the debt. If the tribunal does not stay the order, the lender may sell the assets. After this

neg: Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic In the reform of 1877 and until the reform of 1907, over the years was expressly attributed to the Supreme Court the power ""to declare what the law, when ever are in collision."" Organic Judiciary Act of 1884 provided that the Supreme Court ""resolve queries that ask for the lower courts, but not before they make judgments."" In the same year of 1884 definitively were approved and promulgated, translated into Spanish and adapted to our environment, the French codes in civil, commercial, criminal, civil procedure and criminal procedure matters, which since 1845 had ordered his observation throughout the national territory

neg: Fiske v. Kansas other unlawful acts or methods, as a means of accomplishing or effecting industrial or political ends, or as a means of effecting industrial or political revolution, or for profit . . ." The law was applied by a state court and was charged if the accused in some fashion held these views and formed a group of followers with a similar intent. Fiske was tried and convicted of violating this act, and the judgement was upheld in the Supreme Court of Kansas. He then appealed to the Federal Supreme Court where his case was heard. The federal question was whether

neg: Employment and Social Insurance Act decision of the Supreme Court, a decision that was upheld in 1937 by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Supreme Court split 3-3 on the case involving three other pieces of legislation, collectively referred to as the "Labour Conventions Case". These were the "Weekly Rest in Industrial Undertakings Act", the "Minimum Wages Act", and the "Limitations of Hours of Work Act". That split decision would have left those acts in force, but the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council also struck down those laws. The "Natural Products Marketing Act" was declared ultra vires by the unanimous judgment of

neg: Women in Military Service for America Memorial all fiscal year 1933 funding for the project. This put the Hemicycle's completion and the paving of Memorial Avenue on hold. Ten months later, the CFA met to discuss what to do about the Hemicycle should no more funds be forthcoming. Franklin D. Roosevelt took office as President of the United States in March 1933. Convinced that massive federal spending on public works was essential not only to "prime the pump" of the economy but also to cut unemployment, Roosevelt proposed passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The act contained $6 billion in public works spending. The act passed

neg: Greenpoint, Brooklyn spill may be retained in soils as residual product."). The Department of Environmental Conservation's website states that petroleum companies participating in the cleanup have used a Free Product Recovery System for groundwater, rather than the soils. On October 20, 2005, local residents within the area of the oil recovery operation, which is located in the predominantly commercial/industrial eastern section of Greenpoint near the East Williamsburg Industrial Park, filed a lawsuit against ExxonMobil, BP and Chevron Corporation in Brooklyn State Supreme Court, alleging they have suffered adverse health consequences. Such claims from residents have been resisted by oil industry supporters through

neg: Carter v. Carter Coal Co. Carter v. Carter Coal Co. Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 298 U.S. 238 (1936), is a United States Supreme Court decision interpreting the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, which permits the United States Congress to "regulate Commerce... among the several States." Specifically, it analyzes the extent of Congress’ power, according to the Commerce Clause, looking at whether or not they have the right to regulate manufacturing. The Bituminous Coal Conservation Act was passed in 1935 and replaced the previous codes set forth by the National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA). The new law established a commission, made up of

neg: Petroleum in the United States to demand a price support system. For example, the way prices were propped up was a pro-rationing order made by the Texas Railroad Commission, which restricted oil production and increased price. This order was soon ruled illegal by federal district court in 1931. The 1930s marked the beginning of large federal intervention in the oil industry and began by creating the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, which allowed for natural price competition, instead of agreements between the major producers. However, this act was ruled unconstitutional a year later. While the time before World War II was filled with issues

neg: Montanile v. Board of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan recovery when the funds have been spent" and that "benefit plans must consider new ways to preserve their rights". Montanile v. Board of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan Montanile v. Board of Trustees of the National Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan, 577 U.S. ___ (2016) was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States clarified subrogation procedures under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"). The Court held that healthcare plan fiduciaries cannot demand reimbursement for medical benefits from a plan member's general assets if the beneficiary's general assets cannot be traced back to

neg: Palmer Hayden not further elaborated on by Hayden. Additionally, as his comfort within the artistic community grew, he offered a political voice in his paintings, and in 1935, he depicted "The Execution of NIRA", which referenced the Supreme Court's refusal of the National Industrial Recovery Act on the grounds of unconstitutionality. Hayden branching out artistically became more evident as his work became more outspoken and experimental. One of Hayden's most prolific works came in 1937, when he created the iconic alleged narrative "The Janitor Who Paints". This painting, labeled a protest painting à la "The Execution of NIRA", was thought by critics

neg: Right-to-work law U.S. Supreme Court challenges, among which were challenges regarding the constitutionality of the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA). In 1936, as a part of its ruling in "Carter v. Carter Coal Co." the Court ruled against mandatory collective bargaining, stating: The effect, in respect to wages and hours, is to subject the dissentient minority ... to the will of the stated majority ... To 'accept' in these circumstances, is not to exercise a choice, but to surrender to force. The power conferred upon the majority is, in effect, the power to regulate the affairs of an unwilling minority.

neg: Donald Richberg Donald Richberg Donald Randall Richberg (July 10, 1881 - November 27, 1960) was an American attorney, civil servant, and author who was one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's key aides and who played a critical role in the New Deal. He co-wrote the National Industrial Recovery Act, was general counsel and executive director of the National Recovery Administration. He also co-authored the Railway Labor Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and the Taft-Hartley Act. Donald Richberg was born in July 1881 in Knoxville, Tennessee, to John Carl and Eloise Olivia (née Randall) Richberg. His grandfather, Louis Richberg, and his father had migrated