query: who was the last colonial leader of nigeria before she gained her independence

pos: History of Nigeria under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, The Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies. The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defence, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal

neg: British West Africa colonial banking often disadvantaged the colonies as producers of commodities. Even after its final dissolution, a single currency, the British West African pound, was in effect throughout the region—including Nigeria—from 1907 to 1962. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. Sierra Leone was self-governing by 1958 and gained independence in 1961. Gambia gained independence in 1965. In 1954, the British Gold Coast was allowed by Britain to self-govern and in 1957, the Gold Coast was given independence from Britain, under the name Ghana. British West Africa British West Africa was the collective name for British colonies in West Africa during the colonial

neg: India–Nigeria relations nations were colonised by the British Empire; India supported independence of African countries from colonial rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1958 – two years before Nigeria officially gained independence from British rule. Since the restoration of democracy in 1998, Nigeria has joined India in becoming the largest democracies in their respective regions with diverse religious and ethnic populations. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). After Nigeria's independence, both nations sought to develop strong relations.

neg: Ahebi Ugbabe Ahebi Ugbabe King Ahebi Ugbabe (died 1948) was king ("eze") and warrant chief of Enugu-Ezike, Nigeria. She was the only female king in colonial Nigeria. Her life's impact is described by Nwando Achebe: "She was a 'slave' married to a deity, a runaway, a sex worker, a headman, a warrant chief, and ultimately a female king. She was a strong leader of her people, yet also a collaborator empowered by and serving the British colonial regime in Nigeria." Ahebi Ugbabe was born in the later part of the 19th cetnury to Ugbabe Ayibi, a farmer and palm wine tapper, and

neg: Yoruba Girl Dancing question her upbringing and race. In the book's last pages, as Remi is dancing with her friends and family, her life comes full circle. She is once again with her native culture, after experiencing the difficulties of living in a foreign country, and is completely content. The final line of the novel states: "Is there a sight more beautiful, the older women said, than a Yoruba girl dancing?" Remi's genuine happiness to be reunited with her mother, brothers, sisters, and friends shows through her exotic, cultural dancing. The story is set in 1950s' Nigeria and England. Nigeria gained its independence

neg: Colonial Nigeria the country was ruled by the Royal Niger Company, authorised by charter, and governed by George Taubman Goldie. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Through a progressive sequence

neg: Dass, Nigeria the 19th century during the jihad of Shehu Danfodio Jarawa people immigrated to the area in search for security and respite. By the middle of the century they had settled at the foot of Mbula hill. The area began her administrative role a year before the amalgamation of Nigeria, when the colonial masters gave the area a third class chiefdom in 1913. It was given to the leader of the Jarawa known as Dukkurma who united the groups and ruled up to 1927. After his death, his son who was educated in Bauchi elementary school, by the British colonial masters

neg: Nigeria Africa. Nigeria achieved independence in 1960. The Federation of Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960, while retaining the British monarch, Elizabeth II, as nominal head of state and Queen of Nigeria. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe replaced the colonial governor-general in November 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the

neg: Vicki Garvin called before the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1955, the NNLC disbanded due to political pressure. Garvin left the Communist Party in 1957. In the face of McCarthyism and rising anti-communist sentiment, Garvin had limited outlets to continue union work or community-based organizing. In 1960, Garvin discovered an opportunity to work in Nigeria, which had just gained independence from the United Kingdom. While living in Lagos, Garvin experienced disillusionment with the realities of neocolonialism, which left Nigerians impoverished and divided despite their nation's independence from formal colonial rule. By 1963, Garvin had decided to leave Nigeria, and traveled to Accra,

neg: La Paz Marka. La Paz was under Spanish colonial rule as part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, before Bolivia gained independence. Since its founding, the city was the site of numerous revolts. In 1781, the indigenous leader and independence activist Túpac Katari laid siege to the city for a total of six months, but was finally defeated. On July 16, 1809 the Bolivian patriot Pedro Domingo Murillo ignited a revolution for independence, marking the beginning of the Spanish American Wars of Independence, which gained the freedom of South American states in 1821. As the seat of the government

neg: 2016 Niger Delta conflict signed an agreement with the British colonial agents. It was subsumed into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 without consultations with the people of the region. Southern Nigeria was then merged with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 despite the political and cultural differences between the various ethnicities. Nigeria, which gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960, had at that time a population of 60 million people consisting of nearly 300 differing ethnic and cultural groups. Nigeria's oil, which became its primary source of income after independence from the British Empire, was located in the south of the country.

neg: Jaja Wachuku he returned to Nigeria in 1947 to fight for an end to colonial rule and independence of Nigeria from Great Britain. In 1947 also, Wachuku was, for six weeks, Legal and Constitutional Adviser to the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) Pan-Nigeria Delegation that went to London to press for constitutional reforms in Nigeria. He was awarded LL.D (Honoris Causa) by Trinity College, Dublin. Wachuku returned to Nigeria in 1947, travelling in the same ship with Nnamdi Azikiwe; and was present at Takoradi, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) when Azikiwe spoke to Joseph B. Danquah, leader of the United

neg: Taiwo Ajai-Lycett Royal Stratford East on the 10th anniversary of Tiata Fahodzi, she was honoured as a leader of British-African theatre, alongside Dotun Adebayo and Yemi Ajibade. She is a Fellow of the Society of Nigerian Theatre Artists (SONTA). Taiwo Ajai-Lycett Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, OON (3 February 1941) is a Nigerian actress, journalist, television presenter, and cosmetologist. Lycett is a feminist and was the first editor of "Africa Woman" magazine in the 1970s. Lycett was born on 3 February 1941 in Lagos, Western Region of Colonial Nigeria, her father was of Awori heritage. She was educated at Mt Carmel Convent School, Lagos, before

neg: Gabriela Silang Gabriela Silang María Josefa Gabriela Cariño de Silang (19 March 1731 – 20 September 1763) was a Filipina revolutionary leader best known as the first female leader of a Filipino movement for independence from Spain. She took over the reins of her husband Diego Silang's revolutionary movement after his assassination in 1763, leading the Ilocano rebel movement for four months before she was captured and executed by the colonial government of the Spanish East Indies. Gabriela Silang (March 19, 1731 – September 20, 1763), born Maria Josefa Gabriela Cariño, was born in Barangay Caniogan, Santa, Ilocos Sur to a Spanish

neg: Stanley Fingland and served with the High Commission in India and the embassy in Australia before being posted as Adviser on Commonwealth and External Affairs to the Governor-General of Nigeria 1958–60. After Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960 Fingland served briefly at the new High Commission there before being posted to the West Indies Federation to do a similar advisory job; after Trinidad and Tobago gained their independence in 1962 he was Deputy High Commissioner until the following year. In 1964 Fingland was posted to Rhodesia as Deputy High Commissioner, and was still there in November

neg: Caudillo is not unique in having strong leaders emerge during times of turmoil. The cause of their emergence in Spanish America is generally seen to be in the destruction of the Spanish colonial state structure after the wars of independence, and in the importance of leaders from the independence struggles for providing government in the post-independence period, when nation-states came into being. Historian John Lynch states that "Before 1810 the caudillo was unknown. … The caudillo entered history as a local hero whom larger events promoted to a military chieftain." He gained in power by his success as a military leader.

neg: Colonial history of Northern Nigeria formidable split during the 1940s. The Richards constitution, adopted in 1945, gave overwhelming autonomy to the North. This autonomy eventually included the legislative arenas of foreign relations and customs policy. Northern Nigeria was granted independence on March 15, 1953, with Sir Ahmadu Bello as its first Premier. The Northern Peoples Congress under Sir Ahmadu Bello dominated Parliament, while the Northern Elements Progressive Union became the main opposition party. Colonial history of Northern Nigeria The Colonial history of Northern Nigeria extends from the British pacification campaigns to the independence of Northern Nigeria in 1953. Initially, the British involvement in Northern Nigeria

neg: Anthony Enahoro not approved by the British. Fani-Kayode's motion had called for independence to be granted to Nigeria on April 2, 1960. Nigeria was granted independence on October 1, 1960. In furtherance of the ever recurring Enahoro's Motion, a further motion was proposed to Parliament by Sir Tafawa Balewa in 1959 and it was passed. As a consequence of the sustained pressure, the colonial governor announced the decision of the Queen of England to grant her independence in 1960. He was born the eldest of ten children in Onewa village, Uromi, in the present Edo State of Nigeria. His Esan parents were

neg: Abeokuta Women's Revolt in the building of roads and markets. Abeokuta produced and exported several items for the international economy: palm oil, palm kernels, cocoa and the regional economy: kola nuts and indigo-dyed cloth. It also imported items such as cloth and spirits. By the late 1800s, Abeokuta had emerged as economic center in colonial Nigeria and remained relatively independent. It was not until the outbreak of World War I in 1914 that the colonial government gained really grounds in the disruption of Abeokuta’s relative independence. The town became fully incorporated into the colonial state. After the incorporation of Abeokuta, colonial officials faced

neg: Susanna Ounei Susanna Ounei Susanna Ounei (15 August 1945 – 21 June 2016) was a Kanak independence activist and feminist from New Caledonia who spent her last years in New Zealand. She supported various other causes including a nuclear free Pacific and Maori independence. Susanna Ounei was born in 1945 in Ouvéa in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia. Her official birthdate was 15 August 1945, although later in life she found that this date may have been incorrect. She grew up in Poindimié on the east coast of New Caledonia. Under French colonial rule the Kanak population fell from about

neg: Eugenia Charles Empire. Charles began campaigning in politics during the 1960s against restrictions on press freedom. She helped to found the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), and was its leader from the early 1970s until 1995. She was elected to the House of Assembly in 1970 and became Opposition Leader in 1975. She continued serving after Dominica gained full independence from British rule in 1978. Charles became Prime Minister when the DFP swept the 1980 elections, the party's first electoral victory. She took over from Oliver Seraphin, who had taken over only the year before, when mass protests had forced the country's first

neg: John Hodge (police commissioner) John Hodge (police commissioner) John Hodge was a colonial police officer who became Nigeria's Inspector-General of Police in 1962, he was the last expatriate to lead Nigeria's police force. Hodge began his career within the British colonial service. In Nigeria, he worked in all three regions in the country before retiring in 1964. Hodge, the son of missionaries was born in Motihari, India. He started work as a colonial constabulary in Jamaica in 1931, he came to Nigeria in 1935 to become an Assistant Superintendent. In 1946, he led a special crime unit to investigate a case of murders relating

neg: Chicana feminism as Cortés's translator, playing a key role in the Spaniard's conquest of Tenochtitlan and, by extension, the conquest of Mexico. She bore Cortés a son, Martín, who is considered to be the first mestizo and the beginning of the "Mexican" race. After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, a scapegoat was needed to justify centuries of colonial rule. Because of Malintzin's relationship with Cortés and her role as translator and informant in Spain's conquest of Mexico, she was seen as a traitor to her race. By contrast, Chicana feminism calls for a different understanding. Since nationalism was a concept

neg: Gawain Westray Bell to become the British Political Agent in Kuwait during the Suez crisis. In 1957 the Colonial Office recruited Bell to become the Governor of Northern Nigeria, where he worked closely with Sir Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Bello was regarded by the British as difficult to work with; Bell came to his new job with an open mind and won over Bello to the point that he was asked to remain in his post as governor after Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. He stepped down as governor in 1962. Bell worked on several political projects in

neg: Miriam Makeba Maya Angelou and Sidney Poitier. She later described her difficulty living with racial segregation, saying "There wasn't much difference in America; it was a country that had abolished slavery but there was apartheid in its own way." Makeba's music was also popular in Europe, and she travelled and performed there frequently. Acting on the advice of Belafonte, she added songs from Latin America, Europe, Israel, and elsewhere in Africa to her repertoire. She visited Kenya in 1962 in support of the country's independence from British colonial rule, and raised funds for its independence leader Jomo Kenyatta. Later that year she

neg: Adegoke Adelabu successful political career was cut short when he was killed in a car crash, not long before Nigeria gained independence from Britain. Adelabu was a self-described egotist who believed in the merits of radical nationalism, national unity and radical socialist ideology. Adelabu, the son of Sanusi Ashinyanbi and Awujola Adelabu. was born in 1915. Adelabu's mother was the second wife of Sanusi but she died when Adelabu was quite young and the young Adelabu was then raised by a paternal aunt. From 1925 to 1929, he attended St David's C.M.S. School, Kudeti, Ibadan and finished Standard IV and V at

neg: National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons war of secession, Azikiwe became a spokesman for the republic and an adviser to its leader, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, before switching allegiance back to Nigeria and publicly appealing to Ojukwu to end the war. Azikiwe became chairman of the Nigerian People's Party in 1978, making unsuccessful bids for the presidency in 1979 and again in 1983. National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), was a Nigerian political party from 1944 to 1966, during the period leading up to independence and immediately following independence. The National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons

neg: Petro-sexual politics area, was able to impose imperial rule onto the colony. Once Nigeria gained its independence in 1960, colonial ideals were still held in place. While the Nigerian Civil War (also known as the Biafran War) is often thought of as a civil war, the colonial roots that caused much of the tension leading to the conflict cannot be ignored. Scholars have suggested that this conflict illustrates the link between gender violence and petroleum. Emecheta depicts a war in which sexual violence was used as a tactic of regulation. These regulations shared a direct correlation to the protection of local oil

neg: Ogonna Nnamani the top high school recruit for her class, as she was recruited by major universities in 49 of the 50 U.S. States and won the Gatorade National Player of the Year award as a senior in high school. She is closely related to senate president Ken Nnamani of Nigeria. Her father, Chika Nnamani, is former Assistant Vice President and Director of Housing at Illinois State University. Nnamani's family is originally from Nigeria, and moved to America before she was born, in pursuit of better educational opportunities. Her last name translates to "one who knows the land" in the Igbo language.

neg: Joseph Adebowale Atanda Oyo under Colonial Rule and Independence" in M. Crowder and O. Ikime (EDs) West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status under Colonial rule and Independence, University of Ife Press & A.RC, New York, 1970, pp. 212–230. "Collision and Coalition in the Politics and Society of Western Nigeria in the 19th century" in J.F Ade Ajayi and B. Ikara (EDs) The Evolution of Political Culture in Nigeria, University Press, Ibadan, 1985, pp. 85–103. "Ideological Re-orientation for Government and Public Policy in Nigeria" in Tekena N.Tamuno and J.A Atanda (EDs) Nigeria Since Independence: The First 25 years, vol. IV: Government and public Policy,

neg: Federal government of Nigeria of general application. (2) Local legislation (comprising enactments of the Nigerian legislatures from colonial period to date). There were other sources which though subsumed in Nigerian legislations were distinctly imported into the Nigerian legal systems. They are called the "criminal and penal codes" of Nigeria.. Nigerian legislation may be classified as follows. "The colonial era until 1960 , post independence legislation 1960-1966 , the military era 1966-1999". The grant of independence to Nigeria was a milestone in the political history of the country. This period witnessed the consolidation of political gains made during the colonial era. Politicians genuinely focused their

neg: Law of Nigeria Law of Nigeria The law of Nigeria consists of courts, offences, and various types of laws. Nigeria has its own constitution which was established on 29 May 1999. The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include English law, Common law, Customary law, and Sharia "(Islamic)" Law. English law in Nigeria is derived from the colonial Nigeria, while common law is a development from its post colonial independence. Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret

neg: Salawa Abeni Nigerian law based on British colonial jurisprudence, same-sex relationships between LGBT people remain a criminal offence, with maximum punishments ranging from 14 years imprisonment to the death penalty. Salawa Abeni Salawa Abeni Alidu (born 5 May 1961) is a Nigerian singer. An Ijebu Yoruba from [Ijebu Waterside, in Ogun State, she began her professional career in waka music when she released her debut album titled, "Late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed", in 1976, on Leader Records. It became the first recording by a female artist in Yoruba Songs to sell over a million copies in Nigeria. Abeni continued recording for Leader

neg: Colonial Nigeria step toward independence, the Governor's Executive Council was merged with the Council of Ministers in 1957 to form the all-Nigerian Federal Executive Council. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Balewa, was appointed prime minister. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at Lancaster House in London in 1957 and

neg: Harold Macmillan 1960. It is considered a landmark in the process of decolonisation. Macmillan felt that if the costs of holding onto a particular territory outweighed the benefits then it should be dispensed with. After securing a third term for the Conservatives in 1959 he appointed Iain Macleod as Colonial Secretary. Macleod greatly accelerated decolonisation and by the time he was moved to Conservative Party chairman and Leader of the Commons in 1961 he had made the decision to give independence to Nigeria, Tanganyika, Kenya, Nyasaland (as Malawi) and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia). Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons and British Somaliland were granted

neg: Colonial history of Northern Nigeria Colonial history of Northern Nigeria The Colonial history of Northern Nigeria extends from the British pacification campaigns to the independence of Northern Nigeria in 1953. Initially, the British involvement in Northern Nigeria was predominantly trade-related and revolved around the expansion of the Royal Niger Company. The Royal Niger Company's interior territories spread north from where the Niger River and Benue River joined, at Lokoja. The company did not represent a direct threat to much of the Sokoto Caliphate or the numerous states of Northern Nigeria. This changed when Frederick Lugard and Taubman Goldie laid down an ambitious plan to pacify

neg: Ryu Gwansun pieces as had been alleged. On October 14, 1920, Yu Gwan-sun's funeral was held at the Jung-dong Church by Minister Kim Jong-wu and her body was buried in the public Itaewon cemetery, which was eventually destroyed. Gwan-sun became known as "Korea's Joan of Arc". While the March 1st Movement did not immediately gain freedom for Korea, the Japanese colonial government soon implemented more lenient political controls. Because she did not abandon her convictions even after her arrest, Gwan-sun became a symbol of the Korean fight for independence through her unrelenting protests and resistance. After Korea gained independence, which occurred in

neg: Beko Ransome-Kuti Beko Ransome-Kuti Dr. Bekolari Ransome-Kuti (2 August 1940 – 10 February 2006) was a Nigerian medical doctor known for his work as a human rights activist. Ransome-Kuti was born in Abeokuta, Nigeria. His mother Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti opposed indiscriminate taxation of women by the British colonial government. She helped negotiate Nigerian independence from Britain and is said to have been the first Nigerian woman to drive a car. His father Oladotun Ransome-Kuti was an Anglican priest and founded the Nigeria Union of Teachers. One of his brothers, Fela Kuti, was a musician and activist who founded Afrobeat; another, Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, was

neg: Flag of Botswana Tswana people negotiated with the British to offer them protection from the Boers, who were invading their lands from the neighbouring South African Republic. In spite of this newfound protection, South Africa continued to pressure the British to allow them to annex Bechuanaland into their union. This did not occur due to widespread opposition from the Batswana people, and Bechuanaland gained independence from Britain in 1966; the new nation was renamed Botswana. Before it gained independence, Botswana did not have its own distinctive colonial flag, with the flag of the United Kingdom serving as the "de facto" flag of the

neg: Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief) Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief) Queen Ann (c. 1650-1725) appears in Virginia records between 1706 and 1718 as ruler of the Pamunkey tribe of Virginia. Ann continued her predecessors' efforts to keep peace with English colonists. She became the leader of her tribe after the death of her husband Totopotomoi in 1656, who was killed when he took troops to help English colonizers in Virginia when inland mountain tribes invaded in the mid-1650s. Ann's last record in history was in 1715, when she was noted as visiting the colonial authorities. She had come to seek fair treatment for her tribe, who

neg: Peter Stallard Peter Stallard Sir Peter Hyla Gawne Stallard (6 March 1915 – 25 October 1995) was Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man from 1967 to 1972. Educated at Bromsgrove School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Stallard joined the colonial service in Nigeria in 1937. He served in West Africa and Burma during World War II being given an emergency commission in 1941 and reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel by the end of the War. He later re-joined the colonial service, becoming Secretary to the Prime Minister of the Federation of Nigeria in 1957 in the run-up to independence before moving

neg: Communist insurgency in Myanmar 1944; it was transformed into the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) a year later after the defeat of Japan and the return of the British colonial administration to continue the fight for independence. The party that had started with a small group of men now became a major legal political party from 1945 until 1948 when Burma gained independence from Britain. In February 1946 Thakin Soe denounced the leadership, accusing them of Browderism, the form of revisionism espoused by Earl Browder, leader of the American Communist Party, who proposed that armed struggle would no longer be necessary, as world fascism

neg: Gogo Chu Nzeribe novelist, Flora Nwapa. Nzeribe was born into a well-to-do family and attended King's College, Lagos. He turned to trade unionism as a result his interest in Nigeria's struggle for independence. He started out organizing student and workers rallies against the colonial regime. Gogo Chu Nzeribe Gogo Chu Nzeribe was a Nigerian trade unionist and a leader of the nation's communist movement during the drive towards independence in the 1950s. He was the secretary general of the All Nigeria Trade Union Federation which at the time was led by president Michael Imoudu. Nzeribe was murdered in 1967 by troops loyal to

neg: Johan Ferrier projects with educational and cultural goals. The Johan Ferrier Fund is an initiative of his daughter Joan Ferrier who first presented the fund in the presence of her father in September 2009. Johan Ferrier Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier (12 May 1910 – 4 January 2010) was a Surinamese politician who served as the 1st President of Suriname from 25 November 1975 to 13 August 1980. He was that country's last governor before independence, from 1968 to 1975, and first president after it gained independence from the Netherlands. He was named the twentieth century's most important politician in Suriname in 1999.

neg: Indira Gandhi of anti-colonialism, its cordial relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations and liberal views of British colonial policies in East Africa had harmed its image as a staunch supporter of the anti-colonial movements. Indian condemnation of militant struggles in Kenya and Algeria was in sharp contrast to China, who had supported armed struggle to win African independence. After reaching a high diplomatic point in the aftermath of Nehru's role in the Suez Crisis, India's isolation from Africa was complete when only four nations; Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and Libya supported her during the Sino-Indian War in 1962. After Gandhi became Prime Minister,

neg: Flavia Agnes Indian economic structure, especially regarding property ownership. She acknowledges that some Hindu women were not allowed any property, and other women were allowed a small amount in the pre-colonial and civil time in India under the British law. Women eventually gained more independence before marriage, but not in the sense of property law. In India, the death penalty is handed out in cases described as "rarest of rare" but Agnes and her team of lawyers at MAJLIS have been prominent critics of the death penalty and oppose it for all cases. Sometimes their opposition has been controversial as they opposed

neg: Bridget Jones (academic) faculty of the University of the West Indies (UWI), as a lecturer in the French Department. Two years before, the University College of the West Indies, as it was then called, gained independence from the University of London, simultaneously with Jamaican and Trinidadian independence from the British colonial system. The press for decolonization led Jones, and other academics of her time, to investigate ways to include both language and literature from the Caribbean in her courses. Translations of various Creole languages, which had previously been omitted from dictionaries, began to be included in resources and works by francophone and Afro-Caribbean

neg: Sylvia Leith-Ross published in her lifetime, "Nigerian Pottery" (1970), records her findings in photographs and text, as a catalogue to an exhibit she organised at the Jos Museum. Sylvia Ruxton married Arthur Leith-Ross, a Canadian officer who served in Northern Nigeria with Upton Fitzherbert Ruxton, Sylvia's brother. Sylvia was widowed at 24, when Arthur died from blackwater fever. She died in London in 1980, aged 95 years. One more book, her autobiography titled "Stepping Stones: Memoirs of Colonial Nigeria, 1907–1960", was published after her death, in 1983. Sylvia Leith-Ross Sylvia Hope Leith-Ross (30 September 1884 – 12 February 1980) was an English

neg: Nigerian nationalism its independence and British colonial rule ended. Nigeria's government has sought to unify the various peoples and regions of Nigeria since the country's independence in 1960. Nigerian nationalism has been negatively affected by multiple historical episodes of ethnic violence and repression of certain ethnic groups by the Nigerian government between the various peoples has resulted in multiple secessionist movements demanding independence from Nigeria. However aside from instances of extremism, most Nigerians continue to peacefully coexist with each other, and a common Nigerian identity has been fostered amongst the more-educated and affluent Nigerians as well as amongst the many Nigerians who

neg: Uru Eke Uru Eke Uru Eke is a Nigerian actress. She is known for her producing debut "Remember Me", her role as Obi in Ndani TV's popular webseries "Rumour Has It", "Last Flight to Abuja", "Weekend Getaway" and "Being Mrs Elliot". Eke is a descent of the Mbaise region of Imo State, South-Eastern Nigeria, but she was born in Newham, East London in the United Kingdom. She had her basic education at Galleywall Infants School, London, before she moved to Nigeria where she attended Baptist Girls College, Lagos for her secondary school education. In furtherance of her education, she returned to London

neg: Derek Jakeway Derek Jakeway Sir Francis Derek Jakeway , better known as Sir Derek Jakeway (6 June 1915 – 6 November 1993) was a British colonial administrator, who was instrumental in preparing several British colonies for self-government, and who played a key role in preparing a somewhat unwilling Colonial Fiji for independence. Jakeway spent seventeen years with the Colonial Administrative Service in Nigeria (1937 - 1954); during this time, he was seconded to the Seychelles from 1946 to 1949, and the Colonial Office from 1949 to 1951. He served in Sarawak from 1959 to 1963. He became Governor of Fiji in 1964,

neg: Valerie Hart Valerie Hart Valerie Paul Hart (Rupununi District, currently Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, 1934–) was an indigenous political leader from the Wapishana ethnic group and a member of Guyana's Amerindian Party, opposed to the Forbes Burnham government; she ran for the 1968 general elections, although she wasn't elected. She was exiled after participating in the Rupununi uprising. Valerie got her last name from her husband (Harry Hart) who was a pilot with whom she had five children. Both Valerie and her husband participated in the celebrations of the Independence of Guayana in 1966 in an aerobatic display. Being a member of Guyana's

neg: Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua (born in Tamburco, 1744; died in Cusco, May 18, 1781), was a pioneering indigenous leader against Spanish rule in South America, and a martyr for Peruvian independence. With her husband Túpac Amaru II, she led a rebellion against the Spanish and like him, suffered martyrdom of execution by the Spaniards when the revolt failed. She was a full partner in her husband's enterprises before the revolt, and "an exceptionally able leader of the rebellion." She has been described as the "celebrated wife of José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II)... who played a paramount role

neg: Niger Delta Liberation Front years they attacked oil installations on and off. In February 2013 civil war erupted within the group when 2 different commanders claimed to be leader. After a month of fighting one was killed and the other took full control of the group. Niger Delta Liberation Front The Niger Delta Liberation Front (NDLF) is a militant group in Nigeria's Niger Delta. The group's former leader John Togo claims that their main goal is to secede from Nigeria and gain independence from Nigeria. The group is best known for their notorious leader John Togo who is known throughout Nigeria as a fierce

neg: Gambo Sawaba off at age 13 to a World War II veteran Abubakar Garba Bello who left and never returned after her first pregnancy. Subsequent marriages didn't last as the marriage between her and Hamidu Gusau was called off due to violent fighting between the two. Others also didn't work out. A general hospital was named after her in Kaduna. Gambo Sawaba Hajia Gambo Sawaba (15 February 1933 – October 2001) was a Nigerian women's rights activist, politician and philanthropist. She served as the deputy chairman of Great Nigeria People's Party and was elected leader of the national women’s wing of Northern

neg: Doris Sands Johnson the right to vote had been secured, Johnson immediately entered politics in 1961, running in the first election in which women were allowed to participate. Though she lost her bid, she worked with the Progressive Liberal Party to gain Bahamian independence. When the country gained its freedom from colonial rule, Johnson was appointed to the Senate and served the government until her death, a decade later. Doris Louise Sands was born on 19 June 1921 in St. Agnes, New Providence, The Bahamas, to Sarah Elizabeth (née Fyne) and John Albert Sands. After completing her secondary education, Sands began teaching at

neg: United National Independence Party (Nigeria) United National Independence Party (Nigeria) The United National Independence Party (UNIP) was a Nigerian political party formed in the mid-1950s. It was made up of a group of N.C.N.C members who were opposed to some of the policies of Nnamdi Azikiwe and had formed the National Independence Party. In 1954, the National Independence Party merged with Alvan Ikoku's United National Party to form the United National Independence Party. The party was one of the few prominent and fairly popular groups that emerged to challenge Azikiwe and N.C.N.C in the Eastern region of Nigeria. Before the formation of UNIP, the Eastern

neg: Daniel Clark (Connecticut colonial leader) the mother of all of his nine children and who died in 1688. Following her death, in 1689 he married Martha (Pitkin) Wolcott, the widow of Simon Wolcott, and became stepfather of her six children, including future Connecticut colonial governor Roger Wolcott, who served as governor from 1750-1754. Clark's great-grandson (through Roger Wolcott, who married Clark's biological granddaughter, Sarah Drake) was Oliver Wolcott, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation, and governor of Connecticut from 1796 until his death a year later. Oliver Wolcott's son, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., also served as governor of Connecticut, from

neg: Untouched (Angel) has gained control over her powers by telling her father "Goodbye" before hurling him out of the window and allowing him to fall until she stops his descent five feet from the ground, letting him land unharmed. Her independence regained and her self-confidence increasing, Bethany calmly confronts Lilah and packs up her things, striking out on her own. Lilah and Angel speak on the doorstep as Lilah reminds him that he is not invited in. In a last-ditch effort to stop Bethany from trusting Angel, Lilah reveals that Angel is a vampire – to which an unfazed Bethany merely replies;

neg: Andrée Blouin by French President Charles de Gaulle for her political activism, Blouin returned to Central Africa to support the struggle for independence from France. She organized and mobilized women for the Parti Solidaire Africain an organization whose goal was freeing African colonial rule. She later became chief of protocol in Patrice Lumumba's government formed during the aftermath of Congolese independence from France. Blouin was expelled from the Congo just before Lumumba was executed by political rivals, after which she decided to settle in Paris. While in Europe, she continued her work as an advocate for gender and social equality as well

neg: Samuel Brady hard as her husband's on the firing line of the Revolution. She kept her younger sons working the farm. They all had to be constantly alert to the danger of a surprise Indian attack. This ordeal wore on her health considerably. She gave birth to her last and thirteenth child just four days before her son, James, succumbed to his wounds in her home. She named this last child, Liberty to commemorate the just declared American independence. She made sure that the minister who christened the child knew that her infant with the genderless name of Liberty was a girl

neg: Cecília Meireles in a symposium on the work of Gandhi, and India had a great influence on her work. She had taught herself both Hindi and Sanskrit. "Romanceiro da Inconfidência" (1953) was written in the style of medieval Iberian ballads. The work draws its subject from the first colonial attempt at Brazilian Independence, in Minas Gerais in 1789, and centers on the leader of the uprising, Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, who was hailed as another Jesus Christ. "Giroflê, Giroflá" (1956) was based on the author's journeys to India and Italy. Meireles was a prolific contributor to Brazilian periodicals, and for a

neg: Chidera Okolie Chidera Okolie Chidera Nneoma Okolie (born 27 March 1993) is a Nigerian writer who gained national attention when her debut novel "When Silence Becomes Too Loud" was endorsed in 2015 by then President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan. Okolie studied Law at the University of Nigeria and was admitted to the Nigerian bar in November 2016. Okolie published her first novel, "When Silence Becomes Too Loud", in December 2014 while a law student. In March 2015 the novel was endorsed by then President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan, in an entrepreneurship initiative in Abuja. In April 2017, she announced the pre-release of

neg: Lota Chukwu Lota Chukwu Ugwu Lotachukwu Jacinta Obianuju Amelia (born November 29, 1989), is a Nigerian actress popularly known as Lota Chukwu. She gained popularity after starring in popular Nigerian TV series, "Jenifa's Diary" alongside Funke Akindele, Juliana Olayode, Falz where she plays the role of "Kiki", a friend of the lead character, Jenifa. She is also a yoga fitness enthusiast. Lota was born on November 29, 1989, in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria but she had her childhood upbringing mostly in Benin City. Lota is the last of four children of her parents. She studied Agricultural Economics and Extension at the University

neg: Nirmala Srivastava in the ashram of Mahatma Gandhi. Like her parents, she was involved with the struggle for Indian independence and, as a youth leader when a young woman, was jailed for participating in the Quit India Movement in 1942. Taking responsibility for her younger siblings and living a spartan lifestyle during this period infused the feeling of self-sacrifice for the wider good. She studied at the Christian Medical College in Ludhiana and the Balakram Medical College in Lahore. Shortly before India achieved independence in 1947, Shri Mataji married Chandrika Prasad Srivastava, a high-ranking Indian civil servant who later served Prime Minister

neg: Henry Rawlingson Carr work on the Board of Education, serving as director of education between 1906 and 1918, and became the Resident of the Colony of Nigeria in 1918. He appears to be the first black man under British colonial rule to achieve this position. Henry Carr was one of the few West Africans during the early twentieth century that broke barriers in colonial governance. Before the Second World War, few Africans rose beyond the position of chief clerk in colonial administration. While as the death rate of Europeans declined in west Africa, many expatriates came to the country and gained administrative positions,

neg: Elizabeth Kenny without a visa. This honour had only been granted once before, to French marquis Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, who was a leader in the American War of Independence. Kenny filled her final years with extensive journeys in America, to Europe and Australia in an effort to gain further acceptance of her method. She tried, unsuccessfully, have medical researchers agree with her that Polio was a systemic disease. She attended the second International Congress about polio in Copenhagen. There she was shunned and unable to participate. Suffering from Parkinson's disease, on her way home she stopped in Melbourne to

neg: Mrs Henry de la Pasture Edmée Dashwood), she authored the "Provincial Lady" series, but predeceased her mother in 1943. However, she failed to mention her mother in her "Who's Who" entry. The younger daughter, Yolande Friedl, was a medical doctor, who died in London in 1976. Her first marriage ended in 1908 with the death of her husband. Two years later she remarried Sir Hugh Clifford, a colonial administrator. Between 1912 and 1929, they lived successively in the Gold Coast (where she edited an album in 1908), Nigeria, Ceylon and Singapore. He ended his career as Governor of the Straits Settlements. In 1918 Elizabeth was

neg: Rose Chibambo of 3 March when governor Robert Armitage declared a state of emergency. After Malawi gained independence in 1964, Rose Chibambo was the first woman minister in the new cabinet. When she fell out with Dr. Hastings Banda she was forced into exile for thirty years, returning after the restoration of democracy Rose Lomathinda Chibambo (Ziba maiden name)was born in Kafukule, Mzimba District on 8 September 1928 when Nyasaland was still a protectorate under British colonial rule. In 1947, she married Edwin Chibambo, formerly a teacher and now a civil servant. Her husband was the son of the Reverend Yesaya Chibambo,

neg: Insulinde (political party) opinion considered the Marxist aims of the ISDV to uproot and transform world order, more dangerous and extreme than Insulinde's aim for independence. Under the guidance of former IP leader Tjipto, who due to health reasons had returned early from exile, the party flourished. In 1917 Insulinde gained a large majority at the council elections of the colonial capital Batavia. In both Semarang and Ambon city Ambonese political activists joined the party. Insulinde was the first political organization obtaining a serious foothold in the Moluccas. By June 1919 Insulinde had a membership of 17,000 members and was well represented in

neg: Cuban intervention in Angola Africa gained its independence from South Africa. Cuban military engagement in Angola ended in 1991, while the Angolan civil war continued until 2002. The Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 in Portugal took the world by surprise and caught the independence movements in its last African colonies unprepared. After smooth negotiations, Mozambique's independence was granted on 25 June 1975, but Angolan control remained disputed between the three rival independence movements: MPLA, FNLA and UNITA in Angola-proper and Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) in Cabinda. Until independence, the independence movements' priority lay in fighting the colonial

neg: Anna Gréki only child of a family of progressive teachers who were very integrated into the Muslim culture. Her father taught elementary school. She became very conscious of the discrimination and injustice of the colonial system. As an adolescent she was extremely poor, but was helped by the community. Colette Grégoire attended university in Paris, but returned to Algeria before graduating to assist in the struggle for independence. She joined the "Parti Communiste Algérien" (PCA). In 1955 she was a communist at a time when the communist party was banned. She always also fought for equal rights for women. Grégoire was arrested

neg: Miss Nigeria remains the only non-Nigerian to have won the contest; she was eligible as Southern Cameroon was under Nigerian constitution in 1959. The following year the contest was briefly renamed 'Miss Independence' to commemorate the country's independence from British rule, and the winner Rosemary Anieze was crowned in a ceremony which included Coker as one of the judges. The sixties saw Miss Nigeria competing at international level. Yemi Idowu, who had won the contest in 1962 was a semi-finalist at Miss United Nations 1963. Her successor, salesgirl Edna Park, was the first Nigerian at Miss Universe in 1964, and is best

neg: Amalia Mendoza cockfighting arenas). Amalia was loved for all the fans of Mexican folkloric misic. Tariácuri, from whom Mendoza received her nickname, was an indigenous leader of the Purépecha people, who inhabited present-day Michoacán. The nickname was used before in her brothers' musical group (Trío Tariácuri) and in her own duo (Las Tariacuritas) with her sister, Perla. She gained notice as a solo singer when she began to sing for the XEW radio station in 1954. She recorded a total of 36 albums. In 1962, she won the Macuilxóchitl Award for best female bolero singer of ranchera music ("bolerista de ranchero"). Through

neg: History of Western civilization May 1948. The other major center of colonial power, Africa, was freed from colonial rule following World War II as well. Egypt gained independence from Britain and this was soon followed by Ghana and Tunisia. One violent independence movement of the time was fought in Algeria, in which Algerian rebels went so far as to kill innocent Frenchmen. In 1962, however, Algeria gained independence from France. By the 1970s the entire continent had become independent of European rule, although a few southern countries remained under the rule of white colonial minorities. By the close of the 20th century, the European

neg: Charity Waciuma Charity Waciuma Charity Waciuma (born 1936) is a Kenyan writer, who wrote several novels for adolescents and an autobiographical novel, "Daughter of Mumbi" (1969). Her work draws on Kikuyu legends and storytelling traditions. In the 1960s Waciuma and Grace Ogot became the first Kenyan women writers to be published in English. Charity Wanjiku Waciuma grew up in pre-Independence Kenya, during the violent anti-colonial struggle between the Mau-Mau and British rulers. In accordance with Kikuyu naming traditions she was given her father's younger sister's name Wanjiku ("the gossip"), her last name Waciuma, meaning "beads", being a nickname of her grandmother’s father

neg: Niger Delta Liberation Front Niger Delta Liberation Front The Niger Delta Liberation Front (NDLF) is a militant group in Nigeria's Niger Delta. The group's former leader John Togo claims that their main goal is to secede from Nigeria and gain independence from Nigeria. The group is best known for their notorious leader John Togo who is known throughout Nigeria as a fierce soldier. Although Togo is the NDLF's most notorious member he was killed on July 19, 2011 by a Nigerian air strike near Warri in Delta State. The group is closely linked to the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and

neg: African nationalism Union. Mohammed, who was semi-illiterate, was an impressive orator and later combined her nationalist work in the 1950s with her political ambitions. She was one of the most visible Tanganyikan nationalists during the struggle against colonialism and imperialism. She was the only nationalist leader, besides Julius Nyerere, who was recognized across the country at the time of Tanzanian independence. Her legacy as a leader, speaker, organiser and activist is testimony to the pivotal role played by many uneducated women in spreading a national consciousness, a political awareness and securing independence from British rule in Tanzania. Whilst some female-oriented initiatives may

neg: Samora Machel Irene. Machel was not married to either Tchaiakomo or Buque. When he joined Frelimo in 1963 it was widely believed that the war for independence would last years, if not decades, and that the chances of Frelimo cadres being reunited with their families in Mozambique were vanishingly small. Josina Abiatar Muthemba, who had been active in the anti-colonial student organisation NESAM, arrived in Tanzania in 1965, on her second attempt to flee Mozambique. In Tanzania she worked first as an assistant to Janet Mondlane, Eduardo Mondlane's wife and director of the Mozambique Institute. She became one of the earliest recruits

neg: Hororo people anti-colonial resistance leader in all of Africa. As late as 1891, Emin Pasha also wrote: "The Queen of Mpororo had never seen anyone, not even her own subjects. All that they ever know of her is the voice heard behind the curtain of a bark cloth. Such theatrical practices have gained for her throughout Karagwe, Mpororo, the reputation of a great sorceress capable of bewitching people and also benefiting them." Muhumuza organized armed resistance against the German, British and French colonialists. She was captured in 1913 and detained by the British in Kampala, Uganda. She died in prison in 1944.

neg: Colonial Nigeria of the independence of Nigeria. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. While each generated considerable political controversy, they moved the country toward greater internal autonomy, with an increasing role for the political parties. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was

neg: Taiwo Ajai-Lycett Taiwo Ajai-Lycett Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, OON (3 February 1941) is a Nigerian actress, journalist, television presenter, and cosmetologist. Lycett is a feminist and was the first editor of "Africa Woman" magazine in the 1970s. Lycett was born on 3 February 1941 in Lagos, Western Region of Colonial Nigeria, her father was of Awori heritage. She was educated at Mt Carmel Convent School, Lagos, before proceeding to Methodist Girls' High School, Lagos. To further her studies, she traveled to London to study business and administration. In London, she took courses at Christine Shaw School of Beauty Science in London, where she received

neg: Yemisi Ransome-Kuti Yemisi Ransome-Kuti Yemisi Ransome-Kuti is the only child of Azariah Olusegun Ransome-Kuti MBE (who was appointed Chief Pharmacist for the Federation of Nigeria in 1956 until retirement from federal Medical Service; in 1951, she was appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by King George VI). She is also the granddaughter of the Late Rev. Canon Josiah Ransome-Kuti. Her aunt Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was a foremost feminist in Nigeria who was also part of the delegation to negotiate independence for the country from the British. Ransome-Kuti is cousin to Fela Kuti, Olikoye Kuti, Beko Ransome-Kuti and Africa's

neg: Eric Williams to draft the Independence Constitution without input from the DLP. Although supported by the Colonial Office, independence was blocked by the DLP, until Williams was able to make a deal with DLP leader Rudranath Capildeo that strengthened the rights of the minority party and expanded the number of Opposition Senators. With Capildeo's assent, Trinidad and Tobago became independent on 31 August 1962, 25 days after Jamaica. Between 1968 and 1970 the Black Power movement gained strength in Trinidad and Tobago. The leadership of the movement developed within the Guild of Undergraduates at the St. Augustine Campus of the University of

neg: John Mwakangale John Mwakangale John Mwakangale was one of the main leaders in the struggle for independence in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania) during British colonial rule. When the country gained independence, Mwakangale joined the first cabinet of Julius Nyerere, the first President of Tanzania as Minister of Labour. Mwakangale is also regarded as a Pan-Africanist and a staunch African nationalist. He was also the first leader whom Nelson Mandela met in 1962 when he escaped from prison seeking assistance from other African leaders. Mandela gave a detail account about that encounter in his book Long Walk to Freedom. When the Tanganyika

neg: S. K. Trimurti held at the state palace in Central Jakarta. She was buried at Kalibata Heroes Cemetery. In 1938 she married to Muhammad Ibnu Sayuti, the typist of the Indonesian Declaration of Independence, which was proclaimed by Sukarno on 17 August 1945. Trimurti spent much of the rest of her life at her rented residence in Bekasi, West Java. S. K. Trimurti Soerastri Karma Trimurti (11 May 1912 – 20 May 2008), who was known as S. K. Trimuti, was an Indonesian journalist, writer and teacher, who took part in the Indonesian independence movement against colonial rule by the Netherlands. She later

neg: Nina Mba Nina Mba Nina Emma Mba (1944–2002) was an Australian author, historian and editorialist who was based in Nigeria for most of her career. She was a member of the Historical Society of Nigeria and a founding member of the Women's Research and Documentation Centre at the University of Ibadan. she was an early contributor in the study of Nigerian women's history. Mba was born in Australia, her father was Jewish and a holocaust survivor. She met her husband at a university in Australia and the couple soon left Australia for Nigeria in 1966 right before the Nigerian civil war. She

neg: Nina Mba her death. Nina Mba Nina Emma Mba (1944–2002) was an Australian author, historian and editorialist who was based in Nigeria for most of her career. She was a member of the Historical Society of Nigeria and a founding member of the Women's Research and Documentation Centre at the University of Ibadan. she was an early contributor in the study of Nigerian women's history. Mba was born in Australia, her father was Jewish and a holocaust survivor. She met her husband at a university in Australia and the couple soon left Australia for Nigeria in 1966 right before the Nigerian civil

neg: Ejya Yadav Ajay Kumar Bulganin, who had represented the area twice before. Bulganin ran as the candidate of the Jan Adhikar Party. She won the race, defeating her nearest rival, independent candidate Rajesh Singh by margin of over 23,000 votes. Ejya Yadav has gained prominence within the RJD since her election. She was made the party spokesperson. She is seen as someone that can articulate the party's view to both journalists as well as the grassroots, especially since the arrest of party leader Lalu Prasad Yadav. She is one of the few party leaders who has visited Lalu in Ranchi jail to

neg: Kenneth Blackburne Jamaica from 1957 until 1962. When Jamaica received its independence in August 1962, Blackburne was appointed as the Governor-General; he served in that position for three months before his Jamaican replacement, Sir Clifford Campbell, took office. He wrote two books: Blackburne died in Douglas, Isle of Man, aged 72. Kenneth Blackburne Sir Kenneth William Blackburne (12 December 1907 – 4 November 1980) was a British colonial official, arguably best known as the first governor-general of Jamaica. He was knighted in 1952. Blackburne was born in Bordon, England. He entered the colonial service in 1930 and served in Nigeria, Palestine and

neg: Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria while the West Coast services were operated with Bristol Wayfarers. The control and administration of Civil Aviation were vested in the Directorates of Public Works of these countries who applied United Kingdom Colonial Air Navigator orders as their legislative authority. On attaining independence in 1957 Ghana pulled out of the airline company, and in August 1958 the Nigerian government in partnership with BOAC and Elder Dempster lines formed the West African Airways Corporation (Nigeria) limited (which would later metamophorse into today's Nigeria Airways). This single, historic move heralded the genesis of the airline industry in Nigeria. When dealing with the

neg: Military history of Nigeria during World War II Combined with the tensions which had emerged on the home-front throughout the war, Nigeria pushed significantly for the principles of self-determination following the war. Like many nations following the end of WWII, wartime experiences inspired the population to attempt to gain independence. The Nigerian Civil War of 1966 was fought and organised by many veterans of WWII. This may also be due to the high numbers of ethnic Igbos, the group who gained the most experience in civil office gained throughout the war. The general strike of 1945 has been credited as one of the defining moments in Nigeria's history.

neg: Provinces of Nigeria Provinces of Nigeria The Provinces of Nigeria are a former administrative division in Nigeria, which were in use in Colonial Nigeria and shortly after independence; from 1900 to 1967. They were altered many times through their history. They were divided into divisions, some of these were further subdivided into native authorities. Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria were also sometimes known as the Northern Provinces or Southern Provinces respectively. Currently Nigeria uses states as its administrative division. The first use of provinces was in Northern Nigeria after Britain took over administration of the area from the Royal Niger Company in 1900.

neg: Bajuni people teachings of Islam. Men are the working breadwinners. A woman's place among the Bajuni is usually within the home. She customarily leaves the house only to visit or to go to the market. Her visiting is done late in the afternoon when the housework is finished and the children are playing. The husbands like to gather at a men's meeting place or the mosque. The Bajuni are traditionally fishermen and sailors. Some also pursue other trades such as metalwork. By 1960, Somalia (then known as Somaliland) gained its freedom from colonial governance. Kenya gained its independence in December 1963. The

neg: Begum Feroza Bari Bangladesh. She served as an adviser during the governance of President Ziaur Rahman before the formation of the BNP. She was declared as Tamgha-e-Pakistan (Medal of Pakistan). On 1982, for her contribution on society and people of Bangladesh,government awarded her with the Independence Day Award known as "highest civilian award" of the country. Begum Feroza Bari Begum Feroza Bari was a Bangladeshi social worker and female leader. For her contributions on social welfare, she was awarded the Independence Day Award. Bari was born on 5 June 1882 in Chuadanga. Her father was Hossain Joardar and her mother Fatema Begum. Feroza

neg: Arewa region. The economic plan should be built on current regional opportunities, collaboration and innovation linking States macroeconomic models with regional development and economic plan termed: Regional Econometric Model”…President ACRD Click to read on: www.arewaonline-ng.com In post independence Nigeria, some use the word as a general term for Nigerian Hausaland: a contraction of ""Arewacin Nijeriya"" (Northern Nigeria). Much of the north was once politically united in the Northern Region, a federal division disbanded in 1967, and was previously home of the seven Hausa states, later the Sokoto Caliphate in the pre-colonial period, and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate under British colonial rule.

neg: Mouche No. 2-class schooner-avisos entirely Senegalese crew from 1823. She last appears in operational records in 1826. She was off fleet list and transferred to colonial accounts in September 1830. She was launched at Genoa on 15 July 1809 and her builder was François Pestel. The French Navy ceded her to their creditors on 17 March 1814, one day before the British captured the city; the British apparently did not seize her. She was launched at Bayonne on 2 August 1809. On 18 September 1809 she was under the command of "enseigne de vaisseau" Gautier who sailed her for Île de France. However she

neg: Ludu U Hla Amar. Their incisive political commentaries and analyses made a significant contribution to the country's yearning for independence and unified struggle against colonial rule. Their publications had never carried advertisements for alcohol, drugs to enhance sexual performance or gambling, nor racing tips, salacious affairs and gossip. U Hla had to be persuaded to make an exception of film advertisements for the survival of the paper. One morning in 1948, soon after Burma gained her independence from the British, however, the "Kyipwa Yay" Press in Mandalay was dynamited to rubble by government troops who were angry that the Ludu couple appeared to

neg: Abibatu Mogaji Abibatu Mogaji Chief Abibatu Mogaji, MFR, OON (October 1917–June 2013) was a Nigerian business magnate and the President-General, Association of Nigerian Market Women and Men. She was born on October 1916 in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria. She was the mother of the National Leader of the All Progressives Congress and former governor of Lagos State, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu. Prior to her appointment as the President-General, Association of Nigerian Market Women and Men, she was the vocal leader of the market women’s association in Lagos State. In recognition of her contributions to trading in Nigeria, she was bestowed with National awards

neg: Ghana national cricket team Coast to an innings victory. However, European-only matches were introduced around the same time, beginning in 1906 and ending only in 1956, the year before Ghanaian independence. The Gold Coast's leading runscorer in the inaugural European-only fixture was Gordon Guggisberg, who had earlier played a single first-class match (and was later Governor of the Gold Coast, from 1919 to 1927). After a long gap, inter-colonial matches resumed in April 1926, when the Gold Coast played the Nigerian national team in Lagos. Gold Coast–Nigeria fixtures, both multiracial and European-only, were played almost annually from 1926 to 1939, and resumed again after

neg: Andorinha Sport Club Andorinha Sport Club Andorinha Sport Club is a football club that plays in the São Tomé and Príncipe Championship. The team is based in the neighbourhood of Ponta Mina near Praia Cruz in the island of São Tomé. The club was founded in 1931 and is one of the oldest sport clubs in the nation. The team won their first colonial title in the 1938, in 1970, Andorinha won five straight provincial titles. Andorinha won their last provincial title in 1973, two years before São Tomé and Príncipe gained independence. 1968/69 season. In 1984, Andorinha won their first title after