query: list of nuclear power plants in india 2017

pos: Nuclear power in India generate 500 MW of power, for a total generating capacity of 1000 MW; the government decided that a minimum of 250 MW of electricity generated from nuclear reactors would be incorporated into the Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966). In February 1960, it was decided the first power plant would be erected in Western India, with locations in Rajasthan, near Delhi and near Madras noted for future commercial reactors. In September, the Punjab government requested a nuclear power station for their state. On 11 October 1960, the Indian government issued a global tender for India's first nuclear power station near Tarapur,

pos: Electricity sector in India generated 38,247 million kWh at 64.40% PLF in the year 2017-18. India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with General Electric of the United States for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's Department of Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, India created Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise, wholly owned by the Government

pos: Anti-nuclear protests the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies". The People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy is an anti-nuclear power group in Tamil Nadu, India. The aim of the group is to close the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant site and to preserve the largely untouched coastal landscape, as well as educate locals about nuclear power. In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 anti-nuclear activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long-stalled nuclear power plant. Engineers

pos: Sekhar Basu boost to the Indian nuclear power programme. Sekhar Basu has accelerated the pace of Nuclear Power deployment in India. In May 2017, the Government of India has given approval to DAE’s plan for construction of 10 Pressurized heavy-water reactors (PHWRs) and 2 Pressurized water reactors (PWRs). This move will significantly augment the nuclear power generation capacity and India has taken up simultaneous construction of 21 reactors. Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam is in advanced stage of commissioning. He has overseen the launch of various important projects of the Department of Atomic Energy including the commercial power production of

pos: Kaiga Atomic Power Station Kaiga Atomic Power Station Kaiga Generating Station is a nuclear power generating station situated at Kaiga, near the river Kali, in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka, India. The plant has been in operation since March 2000 and is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India. It has four units. The fourth unit went critical on 27 November 2010. The two oldest units comprise the west half of the site and the two newer units are adjoining the east side of the site. All of the four units are small-sized CANDU plants of 220 MW. In December 2018, it got

pos: Kalpakkam Kalpakkam Kalpakkam is a small town in Tamil Nadu, India, situated on the Coromandel Coast 70 kilometres south of Chennai. A conglomerate of two villages (Puduppattinam and Sadurangappatinam) and a DAE township, it is about from Thiruvanmiyur and from Pondicherry. Kalpakkam is mostly famous for its nuclear plants and affiliated research installations. These include the Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), one of India's nuclear power plants, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), and Bhabha Atomic Research Center, an affiliate of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). Due to increasing congestion in Kalpakkam arising from the need to accommodate more

neg: Nuclear power in Switzerland plants after a life-span of 45 years. The 3 oldest nuclear plants (Beznau 1 and 2, and Mühleberg) would have had to be shut down as early as 2017, and every remaining plant by 2029. The initiative was rejected by 54.2% of voters. On 21 May 2017, 58% of Swiss voters accepted the new Energy Act establishing the energy strategy 2050 and forbidding the construction of new nuclear power plants. Nuclear power in Switzerland Nuclear power in Switzerland is generated by four nuclear power plants, with a total of five operational reactors "(see list below)". In 2013, they produced 24.8

neg: Nuclear power in India Nuclear power in India Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. , India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, having a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW. Nuclear power produced a total of 35 TWh and supplied 3.22% of Indian electricity in 2017. 6 more reactors are under construction with a combined generation capacity of 4,300 MW. In October 2010, India drew up a plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63 GW in 2032, but after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan

neg: Nuclear power in India was not an expert in the nuclear field to issue a direction to the government on the nuclear liability issue. Nuclear power in India Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. , India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, having a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW. Nuclear power produced a total of 35 TWh and supplied 3.22% of Indian electricity in 2017. 6 more reactors are under construction with a combined generation capacity of 4,300 MW. In October 2010, India drew up a plan

neg: Westinghouse Electric Company to provide four new AP1000 nuclear power plants. The first was due to come on line in 2013, but has been delayed until the end of 2014. On 7 June 2016, Nuclear Power corporation of India have agreed to begin engineering and site design work for six nuclear power reactors in India and to conclude contractual agreements by June 2017. Westinghouse has been involved in South Africa through support of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station since the 1990s, both reactors are Westinghouse-licensed. In 2007, Westinghouse acquired IST Nuclear (Pty) Ltd, and won the final bidding process for new nuclear plants

neg: Nuclear Power Corporation of India of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act 1962." All nuclear power plants operated by the company are certified for ISO-14001 (Environment Management System). NPCIL was the sole body responsible for constructing and operating India's commercial nuclear power plants till setting up of BHAVINI (Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam) in October 2003. As of 10 August 2012 the company had 21 nuclear reactors in operation at seven locations, a total installed capacity of 6780 MWe.<ref> Nuclear Power Corporation of India The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation of India based in Mumbai in the

neg: Nuclear power in Pakistan Nuclear power in Pakistan As of 2017, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 5 commercial nuclear power plants. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants. As of 2012, the electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal electricity. Pakistan is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

neg: Nuclear power phase-out delays, and in April 2014 the government decided to halt construction. Construction will be halted from July 2015 to 2017 in order to allow time for a referendum to be held. The 2016 election was won by a government with stated policies that included phasing out nuclear power generation. India has 20 reactors operating, 6 reactors under construction, and is planning an additional 24. Vietnam had developed detailed plans for 2 nuclear power plants with 8 reactors, but in November 2016 decided to abandon nuclear power plans as they were "not economically viable because of other cheaper sources of power."

neg: Electricity sector in India raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, nuclear fuels and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy consumption at par with USA/Japan for the peak population in its demographic transition. Indian solar PV power tariff has fallen to per kWh in May 2017 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India. In the year 2017, the

neg: Nuclear power in Pakistan possibly larger heavy water reactor has been under construction at Khushab since about 2002. Khushab is reported to be making demands upon the country's limited uranium resources. Reprocessing of weapon-grade material is reported to take place at Chashma Nuclear Complex, 80 km west. Nuclear power in Pakistan As of 2017, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 5 commercial nuclear power plants. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants. As

neg: Pakistan provided by four licensed commercial nuclear power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is solely responsible for operating these power plants, while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy. The electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly 5.8% of Pakistan's electrical energy, compared to 64.2% from fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas), 29.9% from hydroelectric power, and 0.1% from coal. Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but it is a member

neg: Nuclear power by country their planned first nuclear plants. Of the 31 countries in which nuclear power plants operate, only France, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belgium, and Hungary use them as the source for a majority of the country's electricity supply. Other countries have significant amounts of nuclear power generation capacity. By far the largest nuclear electricity producers are the United States with 805 647 GWh of nuclear electricity in 2017, followed by France with 381 846 GWh. As of December 2017 448 reactors with a net capacity of 391 721 MWe are operational and 59 reactors with net capacity of 60 460 MWe are under

neg: Electricity sector in Germany (5.3%), Russia (5.1%), India (4.1%), Canada (3.2%) and Germany (3.1%). In 2015, Germany generated electricity from the following sources: In 2008, power generation from coal contributed 291TWh or 46% to the overall production of 631TWh. Germany remains one of the world's largest power producer from coal besides China (2,733TWh), USA (2,133TWh) and India (569TWh). Germany has defined a firm active phase-out policy of nuclear power. Eight nuclear power plants were permanently shut down after the Fukushima accident. All nuclear power plants are to be phased out by the end of 2022. According to BMU this is an opportunity for future

neg: Nuclear Power 2010 Program Nuclear Power 2010 Program The "Nuclear Power 2010 Program" was launched in 2002 by President George W. Bush in order to restart orders for nuclear power reactors in the U.S. by providing subsidies for a handful of Generation III+ demonstration plants. The expectation was that these plants would come online by 2010, but it was not met. In March 2017, the leading nuclear-plant maker, Westinghouse Electric Company, filed for bankruptcy due to losing over $9 billion in construction losses from working on two nuclear plants. This loss was partly caused by safety concerns due to the Fukushima disaster, Germany's Energiewende,

neg: Nuclear power in Switzerland Nuclear power in Switzerland Nuclear power in Switzerland is generated by four nuclear power plants, with a total of five operational reactors "(see list below)". In 2013, they produced 24.8 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity, down 5.8% from 2007, when 26.4 TWh were produced. Nuclear power accounted for 36.4% of the nation's gross electricity generation of 68.3 TWh, while 57.9% was produced by hydroelectric plants and 5.7% came from conventional thermal power stations and non-hydro renewable energy sources. In addition, there were a number of research reactors in Switzerland, such as the CROCUS reactor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

neg: Nuclear Terrorism Convention Nuclear Terrorism Convention The Nuclear Terrorism Convention (formally, the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism) is a 2005 United Nations treaty designed to criminalize acts of nuclear terrorism and to promote police and judicial cooperation to prevent, investigate and punish those acts. As of September 2018, the convention has 115 signatories and 114 state parties, including the nuclear powers China, France, India, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Most recently, Benin ratified the convention on 2 November 2017. The Convention covers a broad range of acts and possible targets, including nuclear power plants and

neg: Moon Jae-in South Korea's oldest nuclear reactor, Kori Unit 1, Moon outlined his plan for the future of energy in Korea, saying "we will abandon the development policy centred on nuclear power plants and exit the era of nuclear energy." This would be implemented by canceling plans for new nuclear power plants and not renewing licenses for operating plants. In addition, he shut down eight coal-fired power plants upon assuming office in May 2017, and pledged to shut down the remaining ten coal plants by the end of his term. In the long term, he envisioned renewable sources would eventually be able

neg: Nuclear power in India nuclear company KazAtomProm signed an MoU during the visit of Nazarbaev to Delhi. Under the contract, KazAtomProm supplies uranium which is used by Indian reactors. South Korea became the latest country to sign a nuclear agreement with India after it got the waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG) in 2008. On 25 July 2011 India and South Korea signed a nuclear agreement, which will allow South Korea with a legal foundation to participate in India’s nuclear expansion programme, and to bid for constructing nuclear power plants in India. In 2014, India and Australia signed a civil nuclear agreement which

neg: Economics of nuclear power plants nuclear energy. The investment can contribute about 70% to 80% of the costs of electricity. Timothy Stone, businessman and nuclear expert, stated in 2017 "It has long been recognised that the only two numbers which matter in [new] nuclear power are the capital cost and the cost of capital." The discount rate chosen to cost a nuclear power plant's capital over its lifetime is arguably the most sensitive parameter to overall costs. Because of the long life of new nuclear power plants, most of the value of a new nuclear power plant is created for the benefit of future generations.

neg: Economics of nuclear power plants market penetration before (expensive) energy storage and transmission become necessary. Many countries, including Russia, South Korea, India, and China, have continued to pursue new builds. Globally, 71 nuclear power plants were under construction in 15 countries as of January 2015, according to the IAEA. China has 25 reactors under construction but, according to a government research unit, China must not build "too many nuclear power reactors too quickly", in order to avoid a shortfall of fuel, equipment and qualified plant workers. According to the World Nuclear Association, the global trend is for new nuclear power stations coming online to be

neg: India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement uranium represents only 1% of the world's known uranium reserves, the NSG's uranium export restrictions mainly affected Indian nuclear power generation capacity. Specifically, the NSG sanctions challenge India's long term plans to expand and fuel its civilian nuclear power generation capacity from its current output of about 4GWe (GigaWatt electricity) to a power output of 20GWe by 2020; assuming the planned expansion used conventional Uranium/Plutonium fueled heavy water and light water nuclear power plants. Consequently, India's nuclear isolation constrained expansion of its civil nuclear program, but left India relatively immune to foreign reactions to a prospective nuclear test. Partly for

neg: Michael Shellenberger and leaders within New York's Public Service Commission, urging them to support legislation that would protect New York's nuclear plants from closure, including the Indian Point nuclear power plant. In August, Cuomo announced that the PSC had formally approved a Clean Energy Standard (CES) that explicitly recognises the zero-carbon contribution of nuclear power plants. In July 2017, Shellenberger, with colleagues and associates of Environmental Progress sent an open letter to South Korean President Moon Jae-in urging him to reconsider his nuclear phase-out proposal, given the importance of South Korea's nuclear program to protecting the climate. In August 2017 a comprehensive

neg: Exelon of both the Quad Cities and Clinton nuclear power plants. The two plants create approximately 23 percent of emission-free electricity in Illinois. Passage of the bill and keeping the plants open is expected to preserve around $1.2 billion in annual economic activity within the state. In August 2016, Exelon agreed to purchase the James A. Fitzpatrick Nuclear Power Plant from Entergy Corporation. Exelon formally acquired ownership and operation of James A. Fitzpatrick Nuclear Power Plant on March 31, 2017. Exelon owns and operates a portfolio of fossil fuel and other sources generating more than 12,400 megawatts (MW) of power. Sources

neg: Nuclear power in Australia power plants in Australia. The Deputy Premier of New South Wales, John Barilaro, has also been urging for debate on the prospect of nuclear power in Australia, including the revisiting of Jervis Bay as a prospective site for a nuclear power plant. In November 2017, Senator Cory Bernardi presented the Nuclear Fuel Cycle (Facilitation) Bill 2017 in the Senate, with the intention of repealing existing prohibitions preventing the establishment of nuclear power in Australia. In 1952, South Australian Premier Thomas Playford expressed with confidence that the first location for a nuclear power station in Australia would be on the shores

neg: Nuclear power in India generation prompted Indian legislators to enact the 2010 Nuclear Liability Act which stipulates that nuclear suppliers, contractors and operators must bear financial responsibility in case of an accident. The legislation addresses key issues such as nuclear radiation and safety regulations, operational control and maintenance management of nuclear power plants, compensation in the event of a radiation-leak accident, disaster clean-up costs, operator responsibility and supplier liability. A nuclear accident like the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster would have dire economic consequences in heavily populated India as did the 1984 Union Carbide Bhopal disaster, considered among the world's worst industrial disasters. India

neg: Anti-nuclear movement defeated the Bush administration's plan to build so-called 'bunker-busters' and 'mini-nukes'." The Megatons to Megawatts Program converts weapons-grade material from nuclear warheads into fuel for nuclear power plants. Thirty-one countries operate nuclear power plants. Nine nations possess nuclear weapons: Today, some 26,000 nuclear weapons remain in the arsenals of the nine nuclear powers, with thousands on hair-trigger alert. Although U.S., Russian, and British nuclear arsenals are shrinking in size, those in the four Asian nuclear nations—China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea—are growing, in large part because of tensions among them. This Asian arms race also has possibilities of bringing Japan

neg: Tummalapalle uranium mine the mine with the world's largest uranium deposits. This finding substantially increased India’s capability of producing energy from nuclear plants. As of 2011, India was producing about 3% of its energy from nuclear plants. These findings suggest that this output can be increased to more than 30% by 2050, essential if India hopes to reduce its emissions, pollution and use of coal power. This domestic uranium find would not only boost India's nuclear energy plans but also help to reduce costs by switching from expensive sources of power like coal. On 23 Aug 2007 The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs

neg: Nuclear Power 2010 Program investment for utilities because the government mandates that taxpayers pay for construction in advance. In 2013, four aging reactors were permanently closed due to the stringent requirements of the NRC and actions by local politicians. Nuclear Power 2010 Program The "Nuclear Power 2010 Program" was launched in 2002 by President George W. Bush in order to restart orders for nuclear power reactors in the U.S. by providing subsidies for a handful of Generation III+ demonstration plants. The expectation was that these plants would come online by 2010, but it was not met. In March 2017, the leading nuclear-plant maker, Westinghouse

neg: Nuclear energy in Hong Kong import 17% of electricity from the planned Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station in Guangdong by 2017 under the agreement with China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company. To reduce the carbon dioxide emission in Hong Kong, new coal-fired power plants have not been allowed to be built anymore since 1997. The government of Hong Kong have been trying to boost the share of renewable energy, natural gas and nuclear energy for power generation in Hong Kong. The current existing coal-fired power plants will be kept on low utilization as reserve. The government itself plan to cut carbon emission up to 50-60% from the

neg: Nuclear energy policy by country prime minister has called for a dramatic reduction in Japan's reliance on nuclear power. Taiwan's president did the same. Mexico has sidelined construction of 10 reactors in favor of developing natural-gas-fired plants. Belgium plans to phase out its nuclear plants by 2025. As of 2012, countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Serbia, Malaysia, and Norway have no nuclear power reactors and remain opposed to nuclear power. In November 2015 and March 2017 Egypt signed preliminary agreements with Russian nuclear company Rosatom for a first VVER-1200 unit at El Dabaa to start

neg: Rosatom Rosatom owns 67% of the world nuclear plant construction market and, currently, the orders portfolio exceeded $133 billion. Rosatom has taken the lead in offering nuclear power plants to emerging countries. 37% of nuclear reactors under construction worldwide being built by Rosatom itself, usually the OKB Gidropress' VVER type. Rosatom received $66.5 billion of foreign orders in 2012, including $28.9 billion for nuclear plant construction, $24.7 billion for uranium products and $12.9 billion for nuclear fuel exports and associated activities. Nuclear power plants in China, India, and Iran, were either designed and built by Rosatom or with the corporation's participation.

neg: A. Gopalakrishnan technology and imported nuclear plants. A. Gopalakrishnan A. Gopalakrishnan () (born 1937) is the former chairman of Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (1993–1996). He is a well-known figure in the field of nuclear power, nuclear safety and nuclear non-proliferation. He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the International Convention on Nuclear Energy convened by the IAEA in 1993. He is notable for his strong criticisms against India Government's move to sign the INDO -US Nuclear agreement in 2010. He is a strong opponent of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission's steps to set up nuclear power plants at Jaitapur

neg: Nawaz Sharif to be built in Karachi. Upon completion, the reactors will produce 2200MW of electricity. During the groundbreaking ceremony, Sharif stated that Pakistan will construct six nuclear power plants during his term in office. He went on to say that Pakistan has plans on constructing a total of 32 nuclear power plants by 2050, which will generate more than 40,000MW of energy. In February 2014, Sharif confirmed to the IAEA that all future civilian nuclear power plants and research reactors will voluntarily be put under IAEA safeguards. On 3 March 2017, Sharif's cabinet approved a set of steps to be taken

neg: Nuclear power in India in Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, that envisages a legal framework for supply of fuel, construction and operation of atomic power plants, exploration and joint mining of uranium, exchange of scientific and research information, reactor safety mechanisms and use of radiation technologies for healthcare. PM Manmohan Singh visited Astana where a deal was signed. After the talks, the Kazakh President Nazarbaev announced that his country would supply India with 2100 tonnes of uranium and was ready to do more. India and Kazakhstan already have civil nuclear cooperation since January 2009 when Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and Kazakh

neg: Nuclear power debate 4 February 2013 by letting go its 20% option on four new nuclear plants. Cumbria county council (a local authority) turned down an application for a final waste repository on 30 January 2013 — there is currently no alternative site on offer. In terms of current nuclear status and future prospects: Brazil, China, India, Japan and the Netherlands generate more electricity from wind energy than from nuclear sources. New power generation using solar power grew by 33% in 2015, wind power over 17%, and 1.3% for nuclear power, exclusively due to development in China. Nuclear power debate The nuclear power

neg: Nuclear power in the United States and Quad Cities power stations as potentially at risk of premature closure for economic reasons. As of 2017, the U.S. shale gas boom has lowered electricity generation costs placing severe pressure on the economics of operating older existing nuclear power plants. Analysis by Bloomberg shows that over half of U.S. nuclear plants are running at a loss. The Nuclear Energy Institute has estimated that 15 to 20 reactors are at risk of early closure for economic reasons. Nuclear operators in Illinois and New York have obtained financial support from regulators, and operators in Connecticut, New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania are

neg: Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant Harris Nuclear Power Plant consists of one operational reactor. Three additional units were cancelled. Two new additional reactors are planned. As of September 2017, the Harris plant is one of three out of the 99 plants in the country to have no Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) findings during the past 4 quarters of inspections. The NRC's risk estimate for an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Shearon Harris was 1 in 434,783, according to an NRC study published in August 2010. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a

neg: Nuclear power in the United States 100 orders for nuclear power reactors, many already under construction, were canceled in the 1970s and 1980s, bankrupting some companies. Up until 2013, there had also been no ground-breaking on new nuclear reactors at existing power plants since 1977. Then in 2012, the NRC approved construction of four new reactors at existing nuclear plants. Construction of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3 began on March 9, 2013 but was abandoned on July 31, 2017. On March 12, 2013 construction began on the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Units 3 and 4, but has been stalled as

neg: Economics of nuclear power plants as a low carbon, mature energy source which should be nearly quadrupled to help address soaring greenhouse gas emissions. Some independent reviews keep repeating that nuclear power plants are necessarily very expensive, and anti-nuclear groups frequently produce reports that say the costs of nuclear energy are prohibitively high. This is despite the fact that in 2017 the cost of electricity for non-household consumers in nuclear France was approximately the same as in Denmark and two-thirds of that in Germany. In 2012 in Ontario, Canada, costs for nuclear generation stood at 5.9¢/kWh while hydroelectricity, at 4.3¢/kWh, cost 1.6¢ less than nuclear.

neg: Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project Olkiluoto 3 plant is currently under construction and has experienced severe delays and cost overruns in construction. China has signed the agreement with Areva for three such reactors. Also, a memorandum of understanding was signed between the Indian and French governments and an agreement between Areva, a French state run company, and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India during French president Nicolas Sarkozy's visit to India during December 2010. The cost of building the plant is about per MW electric power compared with per MW electric power for a coal power station. Nuclear power plants generally feature significantly higher investment

neg: State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation 4 nuclear reactors, two located in sites Sanmen and Haiyang, with all units commencing operations by 2016 or 2017. State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation Limited ( SNPTC) is a Chinese state owned enterprise in nuclear power. The company develops nuclear technology and is one of the country's three operators of nuclear power plants. SNPTC was formally created in May 2007 by the State Council with the mandate to adopt 3rd generation nuclear technology from foreign suppliers and to implement and manage nuclear power projects. The State Council was the primary contributor in establishment, contributing 60

neg: Nuclear energy in Vietnam Thuận price had risen from 4 to 8 US cents per kWh, reflecting a project cost of VND400 trillion (US$18 billion) or higher. With a public debt at around 65% of Gross domestic product, Vietnam would struggle to finance the plants. The nuclear power plants planned would have been operated by the state electricity utility company - EVN. The list of planned NPPs were as follows: Nuclear energy in Vietnam Vietnam has been considering to develop nuclear power for peaceful purposes based on modern, verified technology since 1995, and firm proposals surfaced in 2006. However, in November 2016 Vietnam decided

neg: World Nuclear Industry Status Report water contained in the basement of reactors and in storage tanks contains 2.5 times the total amount of caesium-137 released at the Chernobyl accident. The report says that China, Germany and Japan, three of the world’s four largest economies, as well as India, now generate more power from renewables than from nuclear power. For the first time in 2012 China and India generated more power from wind alone than from nuclear plants, while in China solar electricity generation grew by 400 percent in one year. According to the "World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2012", written by Mycle Schneider and Antony

neg: India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement in the plant. After the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan, issues relating to the safety of operating nuclear power plants, compensation in the event of a radiation-leak accident, disaster clean-up costs, operator responsibility and supplier liability has once again come into the spot-light. Dr. Siegfried S. Hecker, PhD., former Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, observed while testifying before a U.S. Senate Committee in 2008 that the United States might benefit from access to Indian nuclear technology: "I found that whereas sanctions slowed progress in nuclear energy, they made India self-sufficient and world

neg: Vattenfall Germany, Vattenfall is the electric utility for the states of Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Saxony. As of 2017, Vattenfall generates electricity from fossil fuels (25%), nuclear power (41%), hydropower (28%), wind power (6%) and "other sources" (biomass, waste) (0,1%). Some of Vattenfall's most notable power generation plants include the 110 MW Lillgrund Wind Farm off the coast of Malmö, Sweden, the world's largest offshore wind farm at Thanet, UK, the nuclear reactors Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant (67% ownership), Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant (50% ownership), Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant (20% ownership) in Germany, and the Forsmark Nuclear Power

neg: Energy policy of the United Kingdom This is required to fill the gap between the closure of all coal-fired power stations by 2025 and the delayed opening of new nuclear power stations. Following the UK Government's January 2008 decision to support the building of new nuclear power stations, EDF announced that it plans to open four new plants in the UK by 2017. EON and Centrica have also shown interest in building further plants. However, there are questions over whether more nuclear power stations will be built in Scotland as the Scottish Government is opposed. From the mid-1990s renewable energy began to contribute to the electricity

neg: CANDU Owners Group CANDU Owners Group CANDU Owners Group is a private, not-for-profit corporation funded voluntarily by CANDU operating utilities worldwide, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) and supplier participants. It is dedicated to providing programs for cooperation, mutual assistance and exchange of information for the successful support, development, operation, maintenance and economics of CANDU technology. All CANDU Operators in the world are members of COG. This includes plants in Canada (Pickering Nuclear Generating Station, Darlington Nuclear Generating Station and Bruce Nuclear Generating Station), Argentina (Embalse Nuclear Power Station), China (Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant), India (Rajasthan Atomic Power Station), Pakistan (Karachi Nuclear Power Complex), South

neg: Economics of nuclear power plants reactor, LaSalle, 2 reactors, and Limerick, 2 rectors), four by the largest nuclear company in the United States, suggest that the nuclear industry faces "a broad range of operational and economic problems". As of July 2013, economist Mark Cooper has identified some US nuclear power plants that face particularly significant challenges to their continued operation due to regulatory policies. These are Palisades, Fort Calhoun, Nine Mile Point, Fitzpatrick, Ginna, Oyster Creek, Vermont Yankee, Millstone, Clinton, Indian Point. Cooper said the lesson here for policy makers and economists is clear: "nuclear reactors are simply not competitive". In 2017 analysis by Bloomberg

neg: Nuclear power in Finland has slowly but steadily grown more positive all the way from the 1980s. Two latest polls from December 2017 showed support for both nuclear power in Finland in general, as well as strong local support for the Fennovoima Hanhikivi plant. 37% of the respondents supported and 29% opposed additional construction of nuclear power to the country. Nuclear power in Finland As of 2008, Finland's nuclear power program has four nuclear reactors in two power plants, all located on the shores of the Baltic Sea. The first of these came into operation in 1977. In 2007 they provided 28.4% of Finland's

neg: Nuclear proliferation States would give nuclear power assistance to India. Over the several years, the Nuclear power infrastructure has been well established by Pakistan which is dedicated for the industrial and economic development of the country. Its current nuclear policy is directed and aimed to promote the socio-economic development of the people as a "foremost priority"; and to fulfill the energy, economic, and industrial needs from the nuclear sources. Currently, there are three operational mega-commercial nuclear power plants while three larger ones are under construction. The nuclear power supplies 787MW (roughly ~3.6%) of electricity as of 2012, and the country has projected

neg: Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant build two new nuclear reactors at the Bushehr site, with an option of six more at other sites later. Construction formally started on 14 March 2017. The facility was the idea of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He wanted a national electrical grid powered by nuclear power plants. Bushehr would be the first plant, and would supply energy to the inland city of Shiraz. In August 1974, the Shah said, "Petroleum is a noble material, much too valuable to burn... We envision producing, as soon as possible, 23,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity using nuclear plants". In 1975, German , a

neg: Brahma Chellaney be built on strategic opportunism, but rather must grow from shared national interests. In coming years, India will increasingly be aligned with the West economically. But strategically it can avail itself of multiple options, even as it moves from nonalignment to a contemporary, globalized strategic framework. In keeping with its long-standing preference for policy independence, India is likely to become multialigned, while tilting more toward the U.S." After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, several countries have frozen or scrapped plans to build new nuclear power plants, with Germany and Switzerland even deciding to gradually phase out all their nuclear plants. In

neg: Nuclear power in South Korea Moon was sworn in, construction was suspended on SKN-5/6 in July 2017 and an independent panel was convened to evaluate continuing construction. After hearing from 471 citizens, the panel recommended that construction resume on SKN-5/6 in October 2017 by approximately a three-fifths majority. Research Reactors: Nuclear power in South Korea The total electrical generation capacity of the nuclear power plants of South Korea is 20.5 GWe from 23 reactors. This is 22% of South Korea's total electrical generation capacity and 29% of total electrical consumption. Responding to widespread public concerns after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, the high

neg: Bruce Nuclear Generating Station 3–6 plus the entire expected remaining post-refurbishment lifetimes of all eight Bruce Power reactors (including the two that were already refurbished)) was estimated to be approximately /MWh in 2017 dollars by the Financial Accountability Office of Ontario. In contrast, the estimated average price of nuclear electricity from all three Ontario nuclear plants during that same 2016–2064 period was estimated to be /MWh in 2017 dollars, the 2017–2018 unit cost of Ontario nuclear power was /MWh, and the current price of electricity for "most residential and small business customers" was /MWh (prior to the Fair Hydro Plan) or (after the Fair

neg: Sustainable energy (nuclear power being an exception). Although fossil fuel power plants too can be made emissionless (through carbon capture and storage), as well as renewable (if the plants are converted to e.g. biomass) the best solution is still to phase out the latter power plants over time. Nuclear power plants too can be more or less eliminated from their problem of nuclear waste through the use of nuclear reprocessing and newer plants as fast breeder and nuclear fusion plants. Renewable energy power plants do provide a steady flow of energy. For example, hydropower plants, ocean thermal plants, osmotic power plants all

neg: Nuclear power in the United Kingdom considered to be a SMR. As of 2017 Rolls-Royce is seeking UK government finance to support further development. In 2018 the UK government announced £56 million of spending to fund initial SMR research and development for eight companies. In 2017 a consensus of government and industry developed that the Contract for Difference financing model used for Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, involving fully private sector financing, may not used for subsequent nuclear plants, and discussions with government are under way about alternative finance mechanisms for the following possible development at Wylfa by Horizon Nuclear Power. The CEO of Horizon

neg: Nuclear energy policy of the United States American in almost 30 years. According to Southern Company, they plan on utilizing $1 billion in benefits from the Department of Energy loan guarantees, production tax credits and recovering financing costs during construction. If construction proceeds on schedule, Georgia Power expects Unit 3 to begin operating in 2016 and Unit 4 in 2017. A number of factors have led to increased pressure on the economic viability of the current fleet of nuclear power plants. The age of the existing 104 nuclear power plants means that the licenses of most need to be extended. Most of the nation's first wave of

neg: Dispatchable generation dispatched. The fastest plants to dispatch are hydroelectric power plants and natural gas power plants. For example, the 1,728 MW Dinorwig pumped storage power plant can reach full output in 16 seconds. Although theoretically dispatchable, certain thermal plants such as nuclear or coal are designed to run as base load power plants and may take hours or sometimes days to cycle off and then back on again. The attractiveness of utility-scale energy storage is that it can compensate for the indeterminacy of wind power and solar PV power. During 2017, solar thermal storage power has become cheaper and a bulk

neg: Nuclear Liability Act MWe by 2020. This will be further increased to 27,000 MWe by 2032. In this way, India will produce 25 percent of its electricity from nuclear power plants by 2050. India's present production of electricity through nuclear power is 5780 MW. To increase the share of nuclear power, foreign companies would need to be involved in the manufacture and supply of nuclear reactors. Although there is no international obligation for such a bill, in order to attract the US companies involved in nuclear commerce such as General Electric and Westinghouse, it is necessary to introduce a liability bill which would

neg: Bataan Nuclear Power Plant it would be possible to revive the plant, noting its "relatively good condition" despite decades of disuse. In late 2017..., representatives from Russia's Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation and Slovenia's GEN Energija went to assess the plant and make recommendations for its rehabilitation. They estimated rehabilitation costs between $3 to 4 billion dollars and proposed steps for securing the necessary financing, drafting of relevant regulations & training of technical personnel. They also recommended that the government consider the construction of new nuclear power plants. Bataan Nuclear Power Plant Bataan Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant, completed but never

neg: Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant ruled out the possibility that the plant was vulnerable. Other nuclear power stations declared that the active faults near their nuclear plants would not move at the same time, and even when this would happen, the impact would be limited. NISA would look into the evaluation of active faults done by the plants. In 2017 the Nuclear Regulation Authority discovered that the wrong fuel rod position data had been used in safety evaluations since the plant had been built, consequent to a change to fuel rod specifications during the design and construction process. On 11 October 2011 Tatsuya Murakami, the

neg: Nuclear power in India Russian reactors. But after stiff resistance from locals, the proposed Nuclear Power Plant planned in Haripur has been shifted to Kavali in Andhra Pradesh. Interestingly, the Nuclear Power Plant planned at Kovvada in Andhra Pradesh was shifted from Mithi Virdi in Gujarat after locals in the Western state too showed resistance. A Public-interest litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government’s civil nuclear program at the Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies". But the Supreme Court said it

neg: Nuclear power in Pakistan Karachi Nuclear Power Complex. The following list provides information about current and future commercial nuclear power plants. The People's Republic of China has been a strong vocal and avid supporter of Pakistan's nuclear power generation programme from the early on. The history of Chinese-Pakistan cooperation dates back to the 1970s when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, as prime minister, first visited China. The strong academic interaction between Chinese and Pakistan scientists was begun in the 1970s. In 1986, the scientists from KRL and military engineers of Pakistan Army Engineering Corps built a HEU enrichment plant in Hanzhong province of PRC, and provided

neg: Defense industry of Russia the commercial production of the regional airliner Sukhoi Superjet 100, as well as started developing a number of other major projects. Putin created the United Shipbuilding Corporation in 2007, which led to the recovery of shipbuilding in Russia. Since 2006, much efforts were put into consolidation and development of the Rosatom Nuclear Energy State Corporation, which led to the renewed construction of nuclear power plants in Russia as well as a vast activity of Rosatom abroad, buying huge shares in world's leading uranium production companies and building nuclear power plants in many countries, including India, Iran, China, Vietnam and Belarus.

neg: Nuclear power in South Korea Nuclear power in South Korea The total electrical generation capacity of the nuclear power plants of South Korea is 20.5 GWe from 23 reactors. This is 22% of South Korea's total electrical generation capacity and 29% of total electrical consumption. Responding to widespread public concerns after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, the high earthquake risk in South Korea, and a 2013 nuclear scandal involving the use of counterfeit parts, the new government of President Moon Jae-in elected in 2017 has decided to gradually phase out nuclear power. The three reactors currently under construction will be completed, but the

neg: Nuclear power by country generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999. China has the fastest growing nuclear power program with 28 new reactors under construction, and a considerable number of new reactors are also being built in India, Russia and South Korea. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10–15 years". Some countries operated nuclear reactors in the past but have currently no operating nuclear plants. Among them, Italy closed all of its nuclear stations by 1990 and nuclear power has since been discontinued because of the 1987 referendums

neg: International reactions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Switzerland and Spain have banned the construction of new reactors. Japan's prime minister has called for a dramatic reduction in Japan's reliance on nuclear power. Taiwan's president did the same. Mexico has sidelined construction of 10 reactors in favor of developing natural-gas-fired plants. Belgium is considering phasing out its nuclear plants, perhaps as early as 2015. China—nuclear power's largest prospective market—suspended approvals of new reactor construction while conducting a lengthy nuclear-safety review. Neighboring India, another potential nuclear boom market, has encountered effective local opposition, growing national wariness about foreign nuclear reactors, and a nuclear liability controversy that threatens to prevent

neg: 1980 Swedish nuclear power referendum not change much. High profits in hydroelectric generation were not excessively taxed. Some of the nuclear power plants have been phased out, but most (as of 2017) haven't. 1980 Swedish nuclear power referendum A non-binding referendum on nuclear power was held in Sweden on 23 March 1980. Three proposals were put to voters: The second option won a narrow plurality of the vote, receiving 39.1% of the ballots cast to 38.7% for option 3. Option 1 was the least popular, receiving only 18.9% of the votes. The actual long term result of the nuclear power politics in Sweden after the

neg: Ikata Nuclear Power Plant Ikata Nuclear Power Plant The is a nuclear power plant in the town of Ikata in the Nishiuwa District of Ehime Prefecture, Japan. It is the only nuclear plant on the island of Shikoku. It is owned and operated by the Shikoku Electric Power Company. The plant was shut down along with all other nuclear plants in Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Unit 3 was reactivated using plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuel on 12 August 2016 and began providing electricity to the grid three days later. On December 13, 2017, the Hiroshima High Court issued a temporary injunction to

neg: Power plant engineering nuclear power plant. Nuclear power plants use a nuclear reactor's heat to turn water into steam. This steam is sent through a turbine which is connected to an electric generator to generate electricity. Nuclear power plants account for 20% of America's electricity generation. Another example of a fuel burning power plant is coal power plant. Coal power plants generate 50% of the United States' electricity supply. Coal power plants operate in a manner similar to nuclear power plants in that the heat from the burning coal powers a steam turbine and electric generator. There are several types of engineers that

neg: Tihange Nuclear Power Station a total of 314 actions, of which 142 were already carried out. The intention was that around August 2017 the action plan was to be completed. The Tihange 1 plant has two separate turbines to produce electricity, the total net electrical power of 962 MW is produced by two 481 MW turbines. These are referred to as Tihange 1N and Tihange 1S, "turbogroupe nord" (North) and "sud" (South) respectively. Tihange Nuclear Power Station The Tihange Nuclear Power Station is one of two nuclear energy production sites in Belgium and contains 3 nuclear power plants. The site is located on the

neg: Peak uranium 62% of the people will live in Africa, Southern Asia and Eastern Asia. The largest energy-consuming class in the history of earth is being produced in world’s most populated countries, China and India. Both plan massive nuclear energy expansion programs. China intends to build 32 nuclear plants with 40,000 MWe capacity by 2020. According to the World Nuclear Association, India plans on bringing 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020, and aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050. The World Nuclear Association believes nuclear energy could reduce the fossil fuel burden of generating the new

neg: Greenpeace India micro-grid. Dharnai had gone off-grid in 1981 at height of Maoist violence when village transformer burnt and cables connecting to grid were stolen. One of the concerns on relying solely on solar power is reliability on "non-Sun" days where only 10-25% power is produced. Several states in India like Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP have instead used large solar plants feeding into the common integrated grid along with nuclear and thermal power plants. The Mahan Coal Mine project is a joint venture between Hindalco Industries Ltd, India and Essar Energy Plc, of the Essar Group, an Indian multinational conglomerate partly floated on

neg: Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant shut all the nuclear plants down, and argued that the nuclear output tax should be scrapped. Through an agreement 10 June 2016 the major part of the nuclear power tax was removed 1 July 2017, but combined with prolonged and enhanced support for renewable electricity production. The removal of the nuclear power tax corresponds to a tax reduction of approximately 7 öre or 0.007 EUR/kWh which corresponds to maybe 1/4:th of the generating cost. This is a significant cost reduction and has been important for Vattenfalls decision to operate R3 and R4 until the 2040s. Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant Ringhals

neg: Nuclear proliferation under the UN Conference on Disarmament. Bilateral confidence-building measures between India and Pakistan to reduce the prospects of confrontation have been limited. In 1990 each side ratified a treaty not to attack the other's nuclear installations, and at the end of 1991 they provided one another with a list showing the location of all their nuclear plants, even though the respective lists were regarded as not being wholly accurate. Early in 1994 India proposed a bilateral agreement for a 'no first use' of nuclear weapons and an extension of the 'no attack' treaty to cover civilian and industrial targets as

neg: Economics of nuclear power plants made similar statements. However, some "nuclear cheerleaders" and lobbyists in the West continue to champion reactors, often with proposed new but largely untested designs, as a source of new power. Significant new build activity is occurring in developing countries like South Korea, India and China. China has 25 reactors under construction, However, according to a government research unit, China must not build "too many nuclear power reactors too quickly", in order to avoid a shortfall of fuel, equipment and qualified plant workers. The 1.6 GW EPR reactor is being built in Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant, Finland. A joint effort of

neg: Chiu Tzu-tsung plan to make Taiwan nuclear-free by 2025 and to decommission nuclear power plants on schedule. On 21-23 September 2017, Chiu will become the commander-in-chief for the annual safety drill which will take place around Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant in Wanli District, New Taipei, in which 10,000 personnel will be mobilized. Health and Welfare Deputy Minister Hsueh Jui-yuan and Economic Affairs Deputy Minister Yang Wei-fuu will become deputy commanders. Chiu Tzu-tsung Chiu Tzu-tsung () is the Deputy Minister of the Atomic Energy Council of the Republic of China since 2017. Chiu obtained his bachelor's degree in nuclear engineering from National Tsing

neg: International Nuclear Safety Group necessary, and creates new safety plans and procedures to follow. The IAEA was established in 1957 with the goal of advocating the use of nuclear energy. Civil nuclear power began in the 1950s when nuclear power plants were first being built. Many countries joined the IAEA, recognizing the extreme importance of nuclear safety. The full list of current members are the same as the Member states of the International Atomic Energy Agency. A problem that occurred after the creation of the IAEA was that even though safety precautions existed, accidents started to happen. The first serious nuclear accident happened with

neg: Energy policy of India solar power capacity by 2020. India also envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. The country has five nuclear reactors under construction (third highest in the world) and plans to construct 18 additional nuclear reactors (second highest in the world) by 2025. Indian solar power PV tariff has fallen to per kWh in May 2017 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India. In the year 2016, the levelized tariff in US dollars for solar PV electricity has fallen below 2.42 cents/kWh. Also

neg: Nuclear energy in Nigeria Both sites are planned to house two plants each. Nuclear energy in Nigeria Since 2004 Nigeria has a Chinese-origin research reactor at Ahmadu Bello University, and has sought the support of the International Atomic Energy Agency to develop plans for up to 4,000 MWe of nuclear capacity by 2027 according to the National Program for the Deployment of Nuclear Power for Generation of Electricity. Nigeria hoped to begin construction in 2011 and start nuclear power production in 2017-2020. On 27 July 2007 Nigeria's President Umaru Yar'Adua has urged the country to embrace nuclear power in order to meet its growing

neg: Fossil fuel phase-out of coal in the world. India's federal energy minister is planning to stop importing thermal coal by 2018. The annual report of India's Power Ministry has a plan to grow power by about 80 GW as part of their 11th 5-year plan, and 79% of that growth will be in fossil fuel–fired power plants, primarily coal. India plans four new "ultra mega" coal-fired power plants as part of that growth, each 4000 MW in capacity. , there are six nuclear reactors under construction. In the first half of 2016, the amount of coal-fired generating capacity in pre-construction planning in India

neg: Nuclear Liability Act this amount, special drawing rights up to 300 million will be paid by the Central Government. The Act made amendments in the Atomic Energy Act 1962 allowing private investment in the Indian nuclear power program. The issue of an accident is sensitive in India, where a gas leak in a US company's Union Carbide factory in Bhopal city killed about 20,000 people in 1984 in one of the world's worst industrial disasters. The Act came into force from 11 November 2011. India has an ambitious goal to increase 5-fold the amount of electricity produced from nuclear power plants to 20,000

neg: Westinghouse Electric Company in South Africa, for which it signed an MOU in 2013. IST Nuclear provides services and systems for the pebble-bed reactor. Westinghouse Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Company LLC is a US based nuclear power company formed in 1998 from the nuclear power division of the original Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It offers nuclear products and services to utilities internationally, including nuclear fuel, service and maintenance, instrumentation, control and design of nuclear power plants. Westinghouse's world headquarters are located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania. Brookfield Business Partners is the majority owner of Westinghouse. On March 24, 2017, parent company

neg: Westinghouse Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Company LLC is a US based nuclear power company formed in 1998 from the nuclear power division of the original Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It offers nuclear products and services to utilities internationally, including nuclear fuel, service and maintenance, instrumentation, control and design of nuclear power plants. Westinghouse's world headquarters are located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania. Brookfield Business Partners is the majority owner of Westinghouse. On March 24, 2017, parent company Toshiba announced that Westinghouse Electric Company would file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of US$9 billion of losses from nuclear reactor

neg: James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant Power Authority (NYPA)]. It was named after Power Authority Chairman James A. FitzPatrick. On November 2, 2015, Entergy Corp. announced its plans to shut down FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant in Oswego County after the reactor runs out of fuel in 2016. To avoid closure, Exelon Generation agreed to purchase the plant from Entergy at the price of $110 million. On April 1, 2017, Exelon assumed ownership and operation of the plant. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure to, and

neg: AP1000 opposition from the local community. Westinghouse's parent company Toshiba decided in 2017 to withdraw from the construction of nuclear power plants, following financial difficulties, leaving the proposed agreement in doubt. AP1000 The AP1000 is a nuclear power plant designed and sold by Westinghouse Electric Company. The plant is a pressurized water reactor with improved use of passive nuclear safety. The first AP1000 began operations in 2018 in China at the Sanmen Nuclear Power Station, where Unit 1 became the first AP1000 in the world to achieve first criticality at 2:09 AM on June 21, 2018. In December 2005, the Nuclear

neg: Nuclear energy policy by country and smaller biofuel plants before risking nuclear. In the 1980s Vietnam undertook two preliminary nuclear power studies, which concluded that there was a need to introduce nuclear energy in order to meet the expected growth in electricity demand. A national energy plan stated that the nuclear power program was to be commenced by 2010. In February 2006, the government announced the first nuclear power plant would be commissioned by 2017. In June 2010, Vietnam announced that it plans to build fourteen reactors at eight locations by 2030, providing 10% of the nation's electricity. In October 2010, it signed an agreement

neg: Plug-in electric vehicle generated by nuclear power plants; similarly, most regions of Canada are primarily powered with hydroelectricity, nuclear, or natural gas which have no or very low emissions at point of generation; and the state of California, where most energy comes from natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial emission benefits. The United Kingdom also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as natural gas plants dominate the generation mix. On the other hand, emission benefits in Germany, China, India, and the central regions of the United States are limited or non-existent because most electricity is generated from

neg: Nuclear safety and security certainly quickly incapacitate or kill anyone who attempts to do so. Nuclear power plants are considered to be targets for terrorist attacks. Even during the construction of the first nuclear power plants, this issue has been advised by security bodies. Concrete threats of attack against nuclear power plants by terrorists or criminals are documented from several states. While older nuclear power plants were built without special protection against air accidents in Germany, the later nuclear power plants built with a massive concrete buildings are partially protected against air accidents. They are designed against the impact of combat aircraft at a

neg: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons the foreseeable future. In early March 2006, India and the United States finalized an agreement, in the face of criticism in both countries, to restart cooperation on civilian nuclear technology. Under the deal India has committed to classify 14 of its 22 nuclear power plants as being for civilian use and to place them under IAEA safeguards. Mohamed ElBaradei, then Director General of the IAEA, welcomed the deal by calling India "an important partner in the non-proliferation regime." In December 2006, United States Congress approved the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act, endorsing a deal that was forged during

neg: Electricity sector in India of Ocean Technology (NIOT) attempted this approach over the last 20 years, but without success. In 2003, with Saga University of Japan, NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant. However, mechanical problems prevented success. After initial tests near Kerala, the unit was scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in 2005. The demonstration project's experience have limited follow-on efforts with ocean thermal energy technology in India. As of 31 March 2018, India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear power generation capacity or nearly 2% of total installed utility power generation capacity. Nuclear plants

neg: Nuclear power in Australia the nuclear fuel cycle. there are three active uranium mines, Ranger in Northern Territory, Olympic Dam in South Australia, and Beverley with Four Mile in South Australia. The Royal Commission determined that there was no case for the introduction of nuclear power to the electricity grid in South Australia, but it did not consider its potential interstate. In its final report of May 2016, the Royal Commission recommended that prohibitions preventing the development of nuclear power plants nationally should be repealed. In 2017, former Prime Minister Tony Abbott advocated for legislation to be changed to allow the construction of nuclear

neg: A. Gopalakrishnan A. Gopalakrishnan A. Gopalakrishnan () (born 1937) is the former chairman of Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (1993–1996). He is a well-known figure in the field of nuclear power, nuclear safety and nuclear non-proliferation. He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the International Convention on Nuclear Energy convened by the IAEA in 1993. He is notable for his strong criticisms against India Government's move to sign the INDO -US Nuclear agreement in 2010. He is a strong opponent of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission's steps to set up nuclear power plants at Jaitapur and Koodankulam by using foreign

neg: Environmental issues in Japan conditioning use in government offices. In January 2017 the Japanese environment ministry said that 70% of the Sekisei lagoon in Okinawa, Japan’s biggest coral reef, had been killed by a phenomenon known as bleaching. Japan maintains one third of its electric production from nuclear power plants. While a majority of Japanese citizens generally supported the use of existing nuclear reactors, since the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 11, 2011, this support seems to have shifted to a majority wanting Japan to phase out nuclear power. Former Prime Minister Naoto Kan was the first leading

neg: Energy in Armenia MW is currently in operation. Because Turkey despite of its WTO obligation illegally blockades Armenian borders nuclear fuel must be flown in from Russia. Used fuel is sent back to Russia. Despite an abundance of renewable energy sources in the country, the government of Armenia is currently discussing the issue of constructing a new nuclear power plant. During 2010-2017 thermal power plants (running on imported natural gas from Russia and Iran) provided about one-third of Armenia's electricity. Thermal power plants (running on natural gas) in Armenia have an established capacity of 1,756 MW. The following table lists the three thermal

neg: Eisaku Satō (governor) concerns about nuclear power and how he was set up and wrongfully convicted. The book was largely ignored until the events of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster sent it rocketing up the bestseller list. Eisaku Satō (governor) Sato was initially an enthusiastic supporter of nuclear power. Like his predecessors he appreciated the jobs and subsidies associated with the nuclear plants in the prefecture. He believed it was part of Fukushima playing a role in the Japanese nation as a whole. In 1998 he conditionally agreed the controversial use of mixed oxide plutonium uranium fuel (MOX) at the Fukushima plant, withdrawing