query: where is the first amendment found in the constitution

pos: First Amendment to the United States Constitution deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be inviolable. The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions, or remonstrances, for redress of their grievances. This language was greatly condensed by Congress, and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate, complicating future discussion of the Amendment's intent. The First Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was

pos: United States Constitution several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections, so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise. Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified, they are referred to as "unenumerated". The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel, the right to vote, the right to privacy, and the right to make important decisions about one's health care or body. The Tenth Amendment (1791) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance

pos: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people. The amendment was proposed by the 1st United States Congress in 1789 during its first

pos: First Amendment to the United States Constitution First Amendment to the United States Constitution The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws which respect an establishment of religion, prohibit the free exercise of religion, or abridge the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification. Initially, the First Amendment applied

neg: Right to privacy and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Although the Constitution does not explicitly include the right to privacy, the Supreme Court has found that the Constitution implicitly grants a right to privacy against governmental intrusion from the First Amendment, Third Amendment, Fourth Amendment, and the Fifth Amendment. This right to privacy has been the justification for decisions involving a wide range of civil liberties cases, including "Pierce v. Society of Sisters", which invalidated a successful 1922 Oregon initiative requiring compulsory public education, "Griswold v. Connecticut", where a right to privacy

neg: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution 1933. Bootlegging was also found to be a gateway crime for many gangs, who would then expand operations into crimes such as prostitution, gambling rackets, narcotics, loan-sharking, extortion and labor rackets, thus causing problems to persist long after the amendment was repealed. Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of "intoxicating liquors" in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919. The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first

neg: First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and the First Schedule of the Constitution of Pakistan were amended. First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پہلی ترمیم) is a part of the Constitution of Pakistan which came on effect on May 4 of 1974. The official document of the First Amendment is called the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1974. The First Amendment redefined the international and provisional boundaries, federal treaties of Pakistan, and naval treaties of Pakistan. The amendment eliminates and removed the references of East-Pakistan after the recognition of Bangladesh. Articles 1, 8, 17,

neg: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution (Adoption) Act 1979 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland ensured that certain adoption orders would not be found to be unconstitutional because they had not been made by a court. It was approved by referendum on 5 July 1979 and signed into law on 3 August 1979. In 1977 it came to light that for technical reasons child adoption orders made by "An Bord Uchtála" (the Adoption Board) might be found to be unconstitutional because they were not made by a court or judge. An

neg: Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976, raised the age of retirement of the Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years, by amending article 316(2) of the Constitution. The relevant amended text of clause (2) of article 316, after the 41st Amendment, is given below: "The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 26 August 1976, as the "Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Bill, 1976" (Bill No. 85 of 1976). It was introduced

neg: First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پہلی ترمیم) is a part of the Constitution of Pakistan which came on effect on May 4 of 1974. The official document of the First Amendment is called the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1974. The First Amendment redefined the international and provisional boundaries, federal treaties of Pakistan, and naval treaties of Pakistan. The amendment eliminates and removed the references of East-Pakistan after the recognition of Bangladesh. Articles 1, 8, 17, 61, 101, 193, 199, 200, 209, 212, 250, 260 and 272,

neg: Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Supreme Court under Article 26 of the Constitution. In a judgment delivered on 8 February 1984, they found the bill to be unconstitutional. In response, the government then proposed a constitutional amendment which would specifically allow the franchise in elections to Dáil Éireann to be extended to non-Irish citizens. This did not affect presidential elections or referendums, where the text of the Constitution continued to specify citizens only. Deletion of the entirety of Article 16.1.2º: Substitution of new Article 16.1.2º: Amendment to Article 16.1.3º by the addition of the text in bold: Under the provisions of the Referendum Act 1984,

neg: Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years. This was done by amending Article 326 of the Constitution, which concerns elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies. The full text of Article 326 of the Constitution, after the 61st Amendment, is given below: The bill of "The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 13

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol. The Twenty-first Amendment was proposed by Congress on February 20, 1933, and was ratified by the requisite number of states on December 5, 1933. It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment, as well as being the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions. The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified on January

neg: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland it provided inadequate protection to the life of the unborn, and counsel to argue that it provided inadequate protection to the rights of a woman. It was found to be constitutional and signed into law on 12 May 1995. On 25 May 2018, the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018 was passed by referendum. After it was signed into law, it replaced the previous text of Article 40.3.3º with the following text: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 26 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution

neg: Homelessness in the United States by state was later found unconstitutional by a federal court in the case of "Blair v. Shanahan (1991)". It was found that it was a violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The federal Constitution protects the right to panhandle under free speech clauses, as seen in San Francisco but not Texas due to the laws implemented early 2016 The Houston, Texas area has a civility ordinance affecting the Downtown Central Business District, Midtown Houston, and the Montrose/Neartown area where panhandling and loitering is illegal - this also includes public feeding of the homeless. Elevated highways around the Downtown

neg: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland adoption of children of a marital family, as had been proposed in the amendment rejected in the Seanad in 1979. The new Article 42A.3 provided, Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution (Adoption) Act 1979 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland ensured that certain adoption orders would not be found to be unconstitutional because they had not been made by a court. It was approved by referendum on 5 July 1979 and signed into law on 3 August 1979. In 1977 it came to light that for technical reasons child adoption orders

neg: Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years. This was done by amending Article 326 of the Constitution, which concerns elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies. The full text of Article 326 of the Constitution, after the 61st Amendment, is

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa particularly the Bophuthatswana "coup d'état" and its aftermath, that had occurred in the run-up to the 1994 general elections. The official short title of the amendment is "Constitution First Amendment Act of 1997". It was originally titled "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 1997" and numbered as Act No. 35 of 1997, but the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, 2005 renamed it and abolished the practice of giving Act numbers to constitutional amendments. First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa The First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa made changes related to the oath of

neg: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan to the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 2018, seeks to amend Article 1 of the Constitution, where the country's territory is defined and FATA is mentioned as a territory separate from the other four provinces. It also amends Articles 51 and 59, which concern the allocation of seats in national and provincial assemblies for each of the federating administrative units. Articles 106, 155, and 246 are amended by the act, and 247 is repealed. The amendment effectively abolishes the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR). A US$865 million package will be allocated to a 10-year plan aimed at

neg: Amendment of the Constitution of India constitutional amendment is formulated as a statute. The first amendment is called the "Constitution (First Amendment) Act", the second, the "Constitution (Second Amendment) Act", and so forth. Each usually has the long title "An Act further to amend the Constitution of India". The original constitution provided for three categories of amendments. The first category of amendments are those contemplated in articles 4 (2), 169 -1962, 239A (2) -1962, 239AA (7b) -1991, 243M (4b) -1992, 243ZC (3) -1992, 244A (4) -1969, 356 (1)c, para 7(2) of chitiya sala V and para 21(2) of Schedule VI. These amendments can be effected by

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of India First Amendment of the Constitution of India The First Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted in 1951, made several changes to the Fundamental Rights provisions of the constitution. It provided against abuse of freedom of speech and expression, validation of "zamindari" abolition laws, and clarified that the right to equality does not bar the enactment of laws which provide "special consideration" for weaker sections of society. The formal title of the amendment is the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. It was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May 1951 and enacted by Parliament

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution Commerce Clause, it acknowledged "the relevance of the Twenty-first Amendment to other constitutional provisions becomes increasingly doubtful". Likewise, it has been held that Section 2 of the Twenty-first Amendment does not affect the Supremacy Clause or the Establishment Clause. "Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.", 459 U.S. 116, 122, n. 5 (1982). However, the "Craig v. Boren" Court did distinguish two characteristics of state laws permitted by the Amendment, which otherwise might have run afoul of the Constitution. The constitutional issues in each centered or touched upon:(1) ""importation of intoxicants", a regulatory area where the State's authority under the Twenty-first Amendment

neg: Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland 11 June 2001. The International Criminal Court came into force on 1 July 2002. The Twenty-third Amendment Bill was put to the people with the Twenty-first and Twenty-fourth Amendment Bills. This is because the Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution Bill was withdrawn by the government during the course of debate in the Oireachtas. There was therefore no Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, as the title of legislation is not changed on its enactment. Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution Act 2001 of the Constitution of Ireland permitted the state to become

neg: 2004 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 a woman." 2004 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 Constitutional Amendment 2 of 2004 is an amendment to the Missouri Constitution that prohibited same-sex marriages from being recognized in Missouri. The Amendment passed via public referendum on August 3, 2004 with 71% of voters supporting and 29% opposing. Every county voted in favor of the amendment, with only the independent city of St. Louis voting against it. The text of the adopted amendment, which is found at Article I, section 33 of the Missouri Constitution, states: "That to be valid and recognized in this state, a marriage shall exist only between a

neg: 2004 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 2004 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 Constitutional Amendment 2 of 2004 is an amendment to the Missouri Constitution that prohibited same-sex marriages from being recognized in Missouri. The Amendment passed via public referendum on August 3, 2004 with 71% of voters supporting and 29% opposing. Every county voted in favor of the amendment, with only the independent city of St. Louis voting against it. The text of the adopted amendment, which is found at Article I, section 33 of the Missouri Constitution, states: "That to be valid and recognized in this state, a marriage shall exist only between a man and

neg: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to fifteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop. The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. The 71st Amendment, enacted in 1992, included three more languages, i.e. Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali. The 92nd Amendment, added Bodo,

neg: Civil liberties in the United States Constitution, ratified February 3, 1870, states that: The text of Amendment XIX to the United States Constitution, ratified August 18, 1919, states that: The text of Amendment XXIII to the United States Constitution, ratified January 23, 1964, states that: The text of Amendment XXVI to the United States Constitution, ratified July 1, 1971, states that: In the 1967 United States Supreme Court ruling in the case of "Loving v. Virginia" found a fundamental right to marriage, regardless of race. In the 2015 United States Supreme Court ruling in the case of "Obergefell v. Hodges" found a fundamental right to marriage,

neg: Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fifteenth Amendment bill to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پندرھویں ترمیم) was Passed by National Assembly of Pakistan on 28 August 1998. It was then moved to the Senate where it was never passed. The proposed amendments included addition of a new article 2B in the constitution and amendment in Article 239 of the Constitution of Pakistan. It also sought to impose Sharia Law as supreme law in Pakistan in light of the Objective Resolution of Pakistan in addition to the Quran and Sunnah as is in the Constitution

neg: Amendment of the Constitution of India included the following: Amendment of the Constitution of India Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India. However, there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India, which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament, where Parliament wants to exercise

neg: Amendment of the Constitution of India Amendment of the Constitution of India Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India. However, there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India, which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament, where Parliament wants to exercise discretionary use of

neg: Waters v. Churchill basis and was not at-will or probationary. "We believe that the possibility of inadvertently punishing someone for exercising her First Amendment rights makes such care necessary." She then addressed Stevens' claim in dissent that this was less protection than the Court had required for lesser rights. "We have never held that it is a violation of the Constitution for a government employer to discharge an employee based on substantively incorrect information. Where an employee has a property interest in her job, the only protection we have found the Constitution gives her is a right to adequate procedure." Applying this analysis

neg: Constitution of Virginia Constitution. Any amendment to the Constitution must first be passed by a majority in each of the two legislative houses. The proposed amendment must then be held over for consideration by the succeeding elected legislature, where it must again be passed by a majority in each house. The amendment then goes on the general ballot and becomes enacted into the Constitution if approved by a majority of the voters. Alternatively, a two-thirds majority of both Virginia houses may call for the creation of a constitutional convention. Any revisions or amendments proposed by the constitutional convention are presented to the citizens

neg: Mississippi Amendment 1 Mississippi Amendment 1 Amendment 1 of 2004 is an amendment to the Mississippi Constitution that prohibited same-sex marriages from being conducted or recognized in Mississippi. The Amendment passed a public referendum on November 2, 2004 with 86% of voters supporting and 14% opposing. The text of the adopted amendment, which is found at Article XIV, section 263A of the Mississippi Constitution, states: "Marriage may take place and may be valid under the laws of this state only between a man and a woman. A marriage in another state or foreign jurisdiction between persons of the same gender, regardless of when

neg: Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland to be made by law arising from the amendment. Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1996 (previously bill no. 49 of 1996) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which provides that a court can refuse bail to a suspect where it feared that while at liberty they would commit a serious criminal offence. It was approved by referendum on 28 November 1996 and signed into law on 12 December of the same year. In "People (AG) v O'Callaghan" (1966), the Supreme Court had ruled that the provisions of Article 40.4,

neg: Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to eighteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop. The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. Sindhi was included by the 21st Amendment, enacted in 1967. Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithili were included in the Eighth Schedule

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan duration of these courts is two years. The decision to amend the constitution came after the 2014 Peshawar school massacre. Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں اکیسویں ترمیم) was passed by both the National Assembly of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan on January 6, 2015, and received the assent of the President on January 7, 2015. The Bill amended the Article 175 and the First Schedule of the Constitution. It also has a self-contained sunset clause, which causes the amendments to expire on January 7, 2017. The amendment

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause before passage of the Twenty-first Amendment. In its second holding, the Court rejected an equal protection claim because "A classification recognized by the Twenty-first Amendment cannot be deemed forbidden by the Fourteenth." Over time, the Court has significantly curtailed this initial interpretation. In "Craig v. Boren" (1976), the Supreme Court found that analysis under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had not been affected by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment. Although the Court did not specify whether the Twenty-first Amendment could provide an exception to any other constitutional protections outside of the

neg: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa post, reflecting the pre-eminence of the Constitutional Court at the apex of the court system. Consequentially many provisions of the Constitution had to be amended where they made reference to the President of the Constitutional Court. Other changes made by the amendment were: The official short title of the amendment is "Constitution Sixth Amendment Act of 2001". It was originally titled "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 2001" and numbered as Act No. 34 of 2001, but the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act, 2005 renamed it and abolished the practice of giving Act numbers to constitutional amendments.

neg: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland se" rather than on an amendment that would prohibit it. Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act 2001 (previously bill no. 16 of 2001) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which introduced a constitutional ban on the death penalty and removed all references to capital punishment from the text. It was approved by referendum on 7 June 2001 and signed into law on 27 March 2002. The referendum was held on the same day as referendums on the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was also

neg: Defense of Marriage Act aimed at amending the constitution of Hawaii to define marriage as involving one man and one woman. In 1998, the first anti-same-sex marriage amendment was added to the constitution of a U.S. state, though it was not until 2002 that a federal marriage amendment was first introduced in the U.S. Congress. The General Accounting Office issued a report in 1997 identifying "1,049 federal statutory provisions classified to the United States Code in which benefits, rights, and privileges are contingent on marital status or in which marital status is a factor". In updating its report in 2004, the GAO found that

neg: One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India The One Hundred and Twenty Second Amendment Bill of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, introduced a national Goods and Services Tax in India from 1 July 2017. The GST is a Value added Tax (VAT) proposed to be a comprehensive indirect tax levy on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods as well as services at the national level. It replaces all indirect taxes levied on goods and services by the Indian Central and state governments. It is aimed at

neg: Third Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Legislatures of more than one-half of the States specified in Parts A and B of the First Schedule by resolutions to that effect passed by those Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the President for assent, as required by the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Third Amendment of the Constitution of India The Third Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954, re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution with relation to

neg: Flag Desecration Amendment Gallup's 1999 poll. Another poll conducted by CNN in June 2006 also found that 56% of Americans supported a flag desecration amendment. In contrast, a summer 2005 poll by the First Amendment Center found that 63% of Americans opposed amending the constitution to outlaw flag burning, up from 53% in 2004. During each term of Congress from 1995 to 2005, the proposed amendment was passed by the House of Representatives, but not the Senate, falling four votes short on two occasions in the upper house. As approved by the House of Representatives each time, the joint resolutions called for ratification

neg: Land acquisition in India 44th Amendment, w.e.f. 10.6.1979). The amendment ensured that the right to property‟ is no longer a fundamental right but rather a constitutional/legal right/as a statutory right and in the event of breach, the remedy available to an aggrieved person is through the High Court under Article 226 of the Indian Constitution and not the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution. State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right

neg: Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1996 (previously bill no. 49 of 1996) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which provides that a court can refuse bail to a suspect where it feared that while at liberty they would commit a serious criminal offence. It was approved by referendum on 28 November 1996 and signed into law on 12 December of the same year. In "People (AG) v O'Callaghan" (1966), the Supreme Court had ruled that the provisions of Article 40.4, which guarantees personal liberty and the principle of "habeas

neg: Near v. Minnesota Near v. Minnesota Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931), is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that found that prior restraints on publication violate freedom of the press as protected under the First Amendment, a principle that was applied to free speech generally in subsequent jurisprudence. The Court ruled that a Minnesota law that targeted publishers of "malicious" or "scandalous" newspapers violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment). Legal scholar and columnist Anthony Lewis called "Near" the Court's "first great press case". It was later a key precedent in "New

neg: First Amendment to the United States Constitution responsibility. The Supreme Court found that freedom, but not responsibility, is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish. Content-based regulation of television and radio, however, have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases. Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations, the government licenses them to various companies. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue. The government may restrain

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland and provided that the emergency provisions of the Constitution could not be used to allow the death penalty. Those later changes are highlighted in bold: First Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1939 on the Oireachtas Beta website First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The First Amendment of the Constitution Act 1939 amended the Constitution of Ireland to extend the constitutional definition of "time of war" to include a period during which a war occurs without the state itself being a direct participant. It was introduced and signed into law on 2 September 1939, the day after the Invasion of

neg: Open primaries in the United States for the advancement of beliefs and ideas is an inseparable aspect of the "liberty" assured by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment, which embraces freedom of speech." In other words, the freedom of association is part of the freedom of speech. The freedom of speech, which is found in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, is applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment. In "Gitlow v. New York", Justice Sanford states that "[f]or present purposes we may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press-which are protected by the First

neg: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act 2001 (previously bill no. 16 of 2001) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which introduced a constitutional ban on the death penalty and removed all references to capital punishment from the text. It was approved by referendum on 7 June 2001 and signed into law on 27 March 2002. The referendum was held on the same day as referendums on the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was also approved, and on the ratification of the Nice Treaty, which

neg: Constitution of Maryland of the Maryland Bar. The amendment was approved with 88.1% of the vote. The third amendment proposed to change the point at which an elected official charged with certain crimes is suspended or removed from office. Under the amended law, an elected official would be suspended when found guilty and removed when the conviction becomes final or when pleading guilty or no contest. The amendment was approved with 88% of the vote. Constitution of Maryland The current Constitution of the State of Maryland, which was ratified by the people of the state on September 18, 1867, forms the basic law

neg: Augmented reality First Amendment to the United States Constitution allows for such recording in the name of public interest, the constant recording of an AR device makes it difficult to do so without also recording outside of the public domain. Legal complications would be found in areas where a right to a certain amount of privacy is expected or where copyrighted media are displayed. In terms of individual privacy, there exists the ease of access to information that one should not readily possess about a given person. This is accomplished through facial recognition technology. Assuming that AR automatically passes information about persons

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland the Transitory Provisions of the Constitution, the Constitution could be amended by a vote of the Oireachtas alone from 1938 to 1941. Addition of the text in bold to Article 28.3.3º: The First Amendment was passed only in English. That created a constitutional difficulty, as the Irish text of the Constitution has legal precedence. The error was rectified by the Second Amendment, passed in 1941, which included in its provisions, at Reference No. 21, the Irish text of the First Amendment. The Emergency Powers Act 1939 was passed and signed on the same day as the First Amendment. Further Acts

neg: One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India has been ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. On 12 August 2016, Assam became the first state to ratify the bill, when the Assam Legislative Assembly unanimously approved it. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India The One Hundred and Twenty Second Amendment Bill of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, introduced a national Goods and Services Tax in India from 1 July 2017. The GST

neg: First Amendment to the United States Constitution school assembly and, in "Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier" (1988), the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission. In "Morse v. Frederick" (2007), the Court ruled that schools could, consistent with the First Amendment, restrict student speech at school-sponsored events, even events away from school grounds, if students promote "illegal drug use". In "Packingham v. North Carolina" (2017), the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment. The Court held that "a fundamental principle

neg: Crotty v. An Taoiseach Crotty v. An Taoiseach Crotty v. An Taoiseach was a landmark decision of the Irish Supreme Court which found that Ireland could not ratify the Single European Act unless the Irish Constitution was first changed to permit its ratification. The case taken by Raymond Crotty directly led to the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (which authorised the ratification of the Single Act) and established that significant changes to European Union treaties required an amendment to the Irish constitution before they could be ratified by Ireland. As a consequence, the Republic of Ireland, uniquely in the EU, requires a

neg: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India of the First Schedule by resolutions to that effect passed by those Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the President for assent, as required by the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, brought taxes on inter-State sales and purchases of goods other than newspapers within the exclusive legislative and executive power of the Union, and levied taxes on inter-State sales and purchase

neg: Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 2004, through the 92nd Amendment, raising the total number of languages to 22. The "Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992", was introduced in Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992, as the "Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1992" (Bill No. 142 of 1992). It was introduced by Shankarrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to include Konkani, Meitei and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: The Bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992 and, as amended,

neg: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India the original form on the same day. The Bill, as passed by the Rajya Sabha, was considered and passed by the Lok Sabha on 7 April 1967. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 10 April 1967. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" and came into force on the same date. Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the

neg: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Constitution of Japan, and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without due process of law. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person". Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness "Life, Liberty

neg: Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India from 20 December 1961. Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962, incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu as the eighth Union territory of India, by amending the First Schedule to the Constitution. India acquired control of Goa, Daman and Diu from Portugal in December 1961. The amendment also amended clause (1) of article 240 of the Constitution to include therein these territories in order to enable the President to "make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the territory". The 12th Amendment

neg: Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962, incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu as the eighth Union territory of India, by amending the First Schedule to the Constitution. India acquired control of Goa, Daman and Diu from Portugal in December 1961. The amendment also amended clause (1) of article 240 of the Constitution to include therein these territories in order to enable the President to "make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the territory". The 12th Amendment retroactively came into effect

neg: Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1983 amended the Constitution of Ireland by inserting a subsection recognising the equal right to life of the pregnant woman and the unborn. Abortion had been subject to criminal penalty in Ireland since 1861; the amendment ensured that legislation or judicial interpretation would be restricted to allowing abortion in circumstances where the life of a pregnant woman was at risk. It was approved by referendum on 7 September 1983 and signed into law on 7 October 1983. The amendment was adopted during the Fine Gael–Labour Party

neg: Amendment of the Constitution of India Anr". An amendment was struck down on the basis that it violated Article 13: "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by [the charter of Fundamental Rights]". The term "law" in this article was interpreted as including a constitutional amendment. Parliament responded by enacting the twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India which declared that "nothing in Article 13 shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution". The current limitation on amendments comes from "Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala", where the Supreme Court ruled that amendments of the constitution must

neg: United Public Workers v. Mitchell to the U.S. Constitution. Justice Reed also asserted (without explanation) that the Hatch Act implicated rights guaranteed by the First Amendment, and by implication the due process protections of the Fifth Amendment as well. Justice Reed found unpersuasive Poole's claim that off-hours political activity was different from such activity conducted during working hours. "The influence of political activity by government employees, if evil in its effects on the service, the employees or people dealing with them, is hardly less so because that activity takes place after hours." Reed next concluded that no rights guaranteed by the Constitution are absolute, and

neg: Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan of Pakistan till today. Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Fifteenth Amendment bill to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں پندرھویں ترمیم) was Passed by National Assembly of Pakistan on 28 August 1998. It was then moved to the Senate where it was never passed. The proposed amendments included addition of a new article 2B in the constitution and amendment in Article 239 of the Constitution of Pakistan. It also sought to impose Sharia Law as supreme law in Pakistan in light of the Objective Resolution of Pakistan in addition to the Quran and Sunnah as

neg: Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland that rights of the unborn were not limited to the right to life specified in the Eighth Amendment, but rather included others such as those specified in the 33rd Amendment. This contradicted a 2009 ruling by Justice John Cooke. Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Act 2012 (previously bill no. 78 of 2012) amended the Constitution of Ireland by inserting clauses relating to children's rights and the right and duty of the state to take child protection measures. It was passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament) on 10 October 2012,

neg: Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka need a referendum before presenting it to parliament. Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka The 19th Amendment (19A) to the Constitution of Sri Lanka was passed by the 225-member Sri Lankan Parliament with 215 voting in favor, one against, one abstained and seven were absent, on 28 April 2015. The amendment envisages the dilution of many powers of Executive Presidency, which had been in force since 1978. It is the most revolutionary reform ever applied to the Constitution of Sri Lanka since JR Jayawardhane became the first Executive President of Sri Lanka in 1978. The amendment was a

neg: Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka The 19th Amendment (19A) to the Constitution of Sri Lanka was passed by the 225-member Sri Lankan Parliament with 215 voting in favor, one against, one abstained and seven were absent, on 28 April 2015. The amendment envisages the dilution of many powers of Executive Presidency, which had been in force since 1978. It is the most revolutionary reform ever applied to the Constitution of Sri Lanka since JR Jayawardhane became the first Executive President of Sri Lanka in 1978. The amendment was a result of promise made by President Maithripala Sirisena

neg: Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida of the federal courts beyond what Article Three of the U.S. Constitution permitted. The Eleventh Amendment, it contended, had further protected the states' sovereign immunity; the Fourteenth Amendment placed limitations on the Eleventh Amendment, but only with respect to the rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court also found that the doctrine of "Ex parte Young" did not apply, invoking the rationale of an earlier case, "Schweiker v. Chilicky", 487 U.S. 412 (1988), for the proposition that where Congress had provided a remedial scheme, the Courts would not imply the existence of additional remedies. Justice Souter wrote a lengthy

neg: Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India 1 September 1976. The bill received assent from then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 7 September 1976, and came into force on the same day. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 9 September 1976. Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976, raised the age of retirement of the Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years, by amending article 316(2) of the Constitution. The relevant amended text of clause (2) of article 316, after

neg: Federal Marriage Amendment favored amending the U.S. Constitution to ban same-sex marriage, while 49% felt each state should make its own laws on marriage, and 18% were unsure. In May 2006, a Gallup poll found that 50% of Americans would favor amending the federal Constitution to ban same-sex marriage, while 47% were opposed, and 3% were undecided or did not respond. An ABC News poll that year found that 42% of Americans supported amending the U.S. Constitution, banning same-sex marriage. A 2003 Wirthlin poll found that 57% of Americans supported a constitutional amendment to define marriage as the union of a man and

neg: Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Act 2002 (previously bill no. 32 of 2003) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to ratify the Treaty of Nice. It was approved by referendum on 19 October 2002 (sometimes known as the second Nice referendum) and signed into law on 7 November of the same year. The amendment followed a previous failed attempt to approve the Nice Treaty which was rejected in the first Nice referendum held in 2001. The Treaty of Nice was signed by the member states of

neg: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution (Treaty of Lisbon) Act 2009 (previously bill no. 49 of 2009) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon of the European Union. It was approved by referendum on 2 October 2009 (sometimes known as the second Lisbon referendum). The amendment was approved by the Irish electorate by 67.1% to 32.9%, on a turnout of 59%. The amendment's enactment followed the failure of a previous attempt which was rejected in the first Lisbon referendum, held in June

neg: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one

neg: San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee discriminatory manner (which it termed a "difficult issue") because the court found that the USOC is not a state actor bound by the constraints of the Constitution. The court also found that the USOC's "property righ[t] [in the word 'Olympic' and its associated symbols and slogans] can be protected without violating the First Amendment." In April 1986, the Ninth Circuit denied the SFAA's petition for rehearing en banc. Three judges strongly dissented with that decision, finding that the panel's interpretation of the Act raised serious First Amendment issues. The SFAA appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in August

neg: Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution The Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution is a proposed change to the United States Constitution. The amendment's advocates say that it will allow parents' rights to direct the upbringing of their children, protected from federal interference and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Amendment was first proposed during the 110th Congress as House Joint Resolution 97 in July 2008, but no action was taken during that Congress. The Amendment has been described as a "wedge issue" and part of the culture wars. The current

neg: 2008 Florida Amendment 2 2008 Florida Amendment 2 Florida Amendment 2 is an amendment made to the Constitution of Florida in 2008. It added Article I, Section 27 to the constitution, which defines marriage as a union only between one man and one woman, and thus bans the creation of similar unions, such as civil unions or same-sex marriage. Since 2014, the measure has been litigated in court and has been struck down by multiple state courts so far in several counties of southern Florida. Same-sex marriage became legal in Florida when the decision in "Brenner v. Scott" found the amendments banning same-sex marriage,

neg: Search and seizure Constitution states that: The text of the amendment is brief, and most of the law determining what constitutes an unlawful search and seizure is found in court rulings. The brief definitions of the terms "search" and "seizure" was concisely summarized in "United States v. Jacobsen", which said that the Fourth Amendment: The general rule under the United States Constitution is that a valid warrant is required for a search. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule, based on the language of the fourth amendment that the people are to be "secure ... against unreasonable searches and seizures". For instance,

neg: First Amendment to the United States Constitution press have been struck down. In "Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland" (1987), for instance, the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting "religious, professional, trade and sports journals" from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content. In "Leathers v. Medlock" (1991), the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently, such as by taxing cable television, but not newspapers. The Court found that "differential taxation of speakers, even members of the press, does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at, or presents the danger of suppressing, particular ideas."

neg: Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland married, despite having bonded with foster parents in the interim; and a man found guilty underage sex, after his defence of mistaken age had been ruled inadmissible under strict liability, had his conviction overturned when the strict-liability provision was ruled unconstitutional. The 1996 Constitution Review Group recommended: The All-Party Oireachtas Committee's 2006 report on the family proposed inserting a section into Article 41: A children's rights bill, the Twenty-Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2007, was introduced by the Fianna Fáil–PD government. The bill sought to replace section 5 of Article 42 with a new Article 42A, which had five

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933. It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose. All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures. It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously existing amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15, though people started drinking openly before that date. The various responses of the 48 states is as follows: The following states ratified the amendment: Ratification was completed on December 5, 1933.

neg: Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Law (Divorce) Act, 1996, specified its own commencement date as 27 February 1997, the first divorce was granted on 17 January 1997, based solely on the constitutional amendment, to a dying man who wanted urgently to marry his new partner. Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1995 (previously bill no. 15 of 1995) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which removed the constitutional prohibition on divorce, and allowed for the dissolution of a marriage provided specified conditions were satisfied. It was approved by referendum on 24 November 1995 and signed

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution simplified the language of the Webb-Kenyon Act and made it clear that States could regulate importation destined for in-state delivery free of negative Commerce Clause restraints". In his historical account, Justice Thomas argued the early precedent provided by "State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co." was indeed correct, and furthered the original intent of the Twenty-first Amendment to provide a constitutional guarantee authorizing state regulation that might conflict with the Dormant Commerce Clause (similar to the Webb–Kenyon Act). Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment

neg: Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa the Fifth did not. The Act made two technical modifications to the Constitution. The first was to clarify that, when the term of a provincial legislature is due to expire, the Premier may issue the proclamation calling an election either before or after the term actually expires. The Fifth Amendment made the same change for elections to the National Assembly. The second was to modify the formula for the allocation of delegates' seats in the National Council of Provinces to parties. The official short title of the amendment is "Constitution Fourth Amendment Act of 1999". It was originally titled "Constitution

neg: Religion and politics in the United States political principle which advocates derive from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The phrase "separation of church and state", which does not appear in the Constitution itself, is generally traced to an 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson to the Danbury Baptists, where Jefferson spoke of the combined effect of the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. It has since been quoted in several opinions handed down by the United States Supreme Court. Robert N. Bellah

neg: Missouri v. Holland any prohibitory words to be found in the Constitution. The only question is whether [252 U.S. 416, 434] it is forbidden by some invisible radiation from the general terms of the Tenth Amendment. We must consider what this country has become in deciding what that amendment has reserved. Many legal analysts have argued that the decision implies that Congress and the President can essentially amend the Constitution by means of treaties with other countries. These concerns came to a head in the 1950s with the Bricker Amendment, a series of proposed amendments that would have placed restrictions on the scope

neg: Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961, incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as the seventh Union territory of India, by amending the First Schedule to the Constitution. It also amended clause (1) of article 240 of the Constitution to include therein the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in order to enable the President to "make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the territory". The 10th Amendment retroactively came into effect on 11 August 1961. Indian forces took control

neg: Glik v. Cunniffe on technical qualified immunity ground". In February 2016, Judge Mark A. Kearney of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania ruled in "Fields v. City of Philadelphia" that "observing and recording" police is not expressive conduct under the First Amendment and is therefore not protected by the constitution. Commentators have noted that this opinion "breaks with consensus among federal courts", and that the case marked "the first time a federal court has "not" found that recording cops while on duty and in a public setting is protected by the First Amendment". Eugene Volokh also stated that

neg: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan, officially known as the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2018 (formerly Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 2018), was passed by the Parliament of Pakistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly in May 2018. Under the amendment, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are to be merged with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Since the independence of Pakistan from the United Kingdom in 1947, the seven districts of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas were governed by "Political Agents" (PA) appointed by the President of Pakistan. The PA had

neg: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Qahar Khan Wadan defended his party's position against the merger and stated that the people of FATA want their own province, chief minister, governor, and public service commission. Leaders of the FATA Grand Alliance (FGA) called the merger "forced and unjustifiable". Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan, officially known as the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2018 (formerly Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 2018), was passed by the Parliament of Pakistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly in May 2018. Under the amendment, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are to be merged with

neg: Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں اکیسویں ترمیم) was passed by both the National Assembly of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan on January 6, 2015, and received the assent of the President on January 7, 2015. The Bill amended the Article 175 and the First Schedule of the Constitution. It also has a self-contained sunset clause, which causes the amendments to expire on January 7, 2017. The amendment established speedy trial military courts for terrorist offenses, waging war against Pakistan, and acts threatening the security of Pakistan. The

neg: Patriation Reference Constitution? Seven judges, a majority, found that the federal government had the legal authority to unilaterally seek the amendment of the Constitution without consent of the provinces. As to the second matter, the judges unanimously agreed that constitutional conventions exist in Canada, and a majority found that the federal government's plan to seek the amendment of the Constitution without provincial consent did indeed violate such a convention. However, that majority also argued that it was not the role of the courts to enforce constitutional conventions, stating that "... they are generally in conflict with the legal rules which they postulate

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of India the proposed amendment, while Syama Prasad Mookerjee spoke in opposition to it. Certain amendments in respect of articles dealing with the convening and proroguing of the sessions of Parliament were also incorporated in the Act. So also a few minor amendments in respect of articles 341, 342, 372, and 376. First Amendment of the Constitution of India The First Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted in 1951, made several changes to the Fundamental Rights provisions of the constitution. It provided against abuse of freedom of speech and expression, validation of "zamindari" abolition laws, and clarified that the right to

neg: Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia Richmond Newspapers Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555 (1980) is a United States Supreme Court case involving issues of privacy in correspondence with the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, the freedom of the press, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. After a murder case ended in three mistrials, a judge, in accordance with a state statute, closed the fourth trial to the public and the press. On appeal, the Supreme Court ruled the statute to be in violation of the First Amendment

neg: Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1986 Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1986 The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1986 (bill no. 15 of 1986) was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of Ireland to remove the prohibition on divorce. The proposal was rejected in a referendum on 26 June 1986. It was the first of two referendums held in Ireland on the question of divorce; the Fifteenth Amendment in 1995 allowed for divorce under specified conditions. The Constitution of Ireland adopted in 1937 included a constitutional ban on divorce. The prohibition reflected the religious values of the document's Catholic drafters, but was also supported

neg: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote. This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people's rights and welfare within those states. Section 1 has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment, and this amendment in turn has been the most

neg: Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution The proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution was first proffered, pursuant to the Constitution's Article V, for the consideration of the 82nd United States Congress on June 28, 1952, in the form of House Joint Resolution No. 491 (""proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to calling of a convention to consider an amendment to the Constitution to prohibit the United States Government from engaging in business in competition with its citizens"") by the late United States Representative Ralph W. Gwinn of New York (98 "Congressional

neg: Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution editing this list includes states not listed below and Arizona's date of 1979 vs 1982 should be reconciled) Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution The proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution was first proffered, pursuant to the Constitution's Article V, for the consideration of the 82nd United States Congress on June 28, 1952, in the form of House Joint Resolution No. 491 (""proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to calling of a convention to consider an amendment to the Constitution to prohibit the United States Government from engaging in business in

neg: Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India to the Legislatures of States". Provisions for the trial of election petitions by High Courts instead of the election tribunals, was provided for by amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The full text of clause (1) of article 324, after the 19th Amendment, is given below: "The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966" was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 29 August 1966, as the "Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1966" (Bill No. 57 of 1966). It was introduced by Gopal Swarup Pathak, then Minister of Law, and sought to amend article 324 of the Constitution. Article 324 provides for