query: us consumer spending as a percentage of gdp

pos: Consumer spending the government and lack of consumer products. Consumer spending in the US rose from about 62% of GDP in 1960, where it stayed until about 1981, and has since risen to 71% in 2013. In the United States, the Consumer Spending figure published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis includes three broad categories of personal spending. For U.S. domestic consumer spending by population and income demographics collected by the U.S Census Bureau at the household level and analyzed and published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, see the link at BLS.gov/CEX Consumer spending Consumer spending, consumption, or consumption expenditure is

neg: Consumer economy economy. They regarded it as the second biggest consumer. The GDP in the country grew 6.3% in 2015. Their inflation rate was about 1.4%, and the service sector had grown, becoming a large part of GDP. The economy did not generate a large amount of savings, despite the fact that the 6% growth during the economic recovery of the 3rd and 4th quarter was largely driven by consumer spending. Consumer economy A consumer economy describes an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP (gross private

neg: Consumer economy Consumer economy A consumer economy describes an economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product, as opposed to the other major components of GDP (gross private domestic investment, government spending, and imports netted against exports). In the U.S., it is usually said by economists, including in Henry Hazlitt's "Economics in One Lesson" that 70% of spending is consumer-based, but this number is disputed by economists like Businessweek columnist Michael Mandel. The absolute income hypothesis argues that income and demand generate consumption, and that the rise in GDP gives life to a rise in consumption. It

neg: Consumer spending controversy. Underlying tax manipulation as a stimulant or suppression of consumer spending is an equation for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The equation is GDP = C + I + G + NX, where C is private consumption, I is private investment, G is government and NX is the net of exports minus imports. Increases in government spending create demand and economic expansion. However, government spending increases translates to tax increases or deficit spending. This creates a potential negative impact on private consumption, investment, and/or the balance of trade. Consumer sentiment is the general attitude of toward the economy and the

neg: Transit City billion per year to GDP, with each $1 billion spent on transit adding 0.06% to Canada's GDP annually. This compares closely to US Congressional testimony, which shows infrastructure investment to stimulate annual GDP at a multiplier of 1.69 within one year, or $14 billion per year for Transit City. Both studies count direct impact of spending only. In addition to this direct consequence, long-term indirect effects on business costs, productivity, and consumer spending from reduced congestion and travel costs create an additional $14.1 billion of value annually to Ontario's economy. Other indirect effects not measured are improved air quality and

neg: Economy of Guam billion (2010 est.) GDP – real growth rate: 1.3% GDP – per capita:' $28,700 purchasing power parity – Uses the US dollar GDP – composition by sector: Population below poverty line: 23% (2001 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (2011 est.) Labor force: 69,390 (Non Military, 2010 est.) Labor force – by occupation: federal and territorial government 31%, private 69% (trade 21%, services 33%, construction 12%, other 3%) (1995) Unemployment rate: 8.2% (2010 est.) Budget: Industries: US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles Industrial production growth

neg:
Economy of French Guiana exchange rates - US$3.52 billion (in 2006) GDP - real growth rate: 6.4% (in 2006) GDP - per capita: real exchange rates - US$17,336 (in 2006) GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" NA%
"industry:" NA%
"services:" NA%
"spaceflight and other related activities:" 16% Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" Na % Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (2002) Labor force: 58.800 (1997) Labor force - by occupation: services, government, and commerce 60,6%, industry 21,2%, agriculture 18,2% (1980) Unemployment rate: 19,2% (2001 est.) Budget:
"revenues:" $135,5 million
"expenditures:" $135,5 million, including

neg: Indian consumer confidence index Indian consumer confidence index Consumer confidence is a key driver of economic growth and is widely considered a leading economic indicator of household spending on consumption. Consumers tend to increase consumption when they feel confident about the current and future economic situation of the country and their own financial conditions. In economies such as India and the US, where personal consumption accounts for more than 60% and 70% of GDP respectively, consumer confidence has a particularly significant impact on the economy. Measuring it can provide critical insight into the economy's growth prospects. Consumer sentiment indices are essential tools used by

neg: History of the United States public debt debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, and reached a low in 1973 under President Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the terms of presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Public debt rose during the 1980s, as President Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. It fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s

neg:
Economy of Vanuatu "$" units are US Dollar. GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.237 billion (2012 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 2.6% (2012 estimate) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $ (2012 est.) GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 20.6%
"industry:" 11.7%
"services:" 67.6% (2012 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (2012 est.) Labor force: Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 58%, industry 10%, services 32% (2010 est.) Unemployment rate: 1.5% (2010) Ease of Doing Business Rank: 60th Budget:
"revenues:" $188.2 million

neg: Consumer economy an essay for the book "An Emotional History of the United States", Susan J. Matt describes "aspirational envy" within the middle class toward the "bourgeois", during a period with a pool of goods that was growing rather than remaining finite. The US consumer economy in the 1920s included many leisure items and products that improved housework. They introduced advertising to sell goods and department stores were created. They introduced lines of credit and installment plans to consumers who could or would not buy things immediately. Consumer spending in the US rose from about 62% of GDP in 1960, where it

neg: Cancer research cancer treatment research include: Cancer research is funded by government grants, charitable foundations, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In the early 2000s, most funding for cancer research came from taxpayers and charities, rather than from corporations. In the US, less than 30% of all cancer research was funded by commercial researchers such as pharmaceutical companies. Per capita, public spending on cancer research by taxpayers and charities in the US was five times as much in 2002-03 as public spending by taxpayers and charities in the 15 countries that were full members of the European Union. As a percentage of GDP,

neg: Government spending (in terms of GDP) was $16,110 per person. Norway and Sweden expended the most at $40,908 and $26,760 per capita respectively. The federal government of the United States spent $11,041 per person. Other large economy country spending figures include South Korea ($4,557), Brazil ($2,813), Russia ($2,458), China ($1,010), and India ($226). The figures below of 42% of GDP spending and a GDP per capita of $54,629 for the U.S. indicate a total per person spending including national, state, and local governments was $22,726 in the U.S. This is a list of countries by government spending as a percentage of gross

neg: Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration .1% less than when he first took office. Most areas of social spending increased dramatically since Chávez was first elected in 1998. Spending on education as a percentage of GDP (which grew dramatically since 1998) stood at 5.1% in 2006, as opposed to 3.4% in the last year of the Caldera government. Spending on health increased from 1.6% of GDP in 2000 to 7.71% in 2006. Spending on housing "receives low public support", increasing only "from 1% in GDP to 1.6% in 2006". Teresa A. Meade wrote that Chávez's popularity "rests squarely on the lower classes who have benefited from

neg: Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States is often made by government, public health and public policy analysts. The two countries had similar healthcare systems before Canada changed its system in the 1960s and 1970s. The United States spends much more money on healthcare than Canada, on both a per-capita basis and as a percentage of GDP. In 2006, per-capita spending for health care in Canada was US$3,678; in the U.S., US$6,714. The U.S. spent 15.3% of GDP on healthcare in that year; Canada spent

neg: Real gross domestic product Real gross domestic product Real gross domestic product (real GDP) is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation or deflation). This adjustment transforms the money-value measure, nominal GDP, into an index for quantity of total output. Although GDP is total output, it is primarily useful because it closely approximates the total spending: the sum of consumer spending, investment made by industry, excess of exports over imports, and government spending. Due to inflation, GDP increases and does not actually reflect the true growth in an economy. That is why the GDP must be

neg: Fiscal space countries. They define it as the difference between an estimated upper limit of public debt (beyond which action would have to be taken to avoid default) and actual public debt, expressed as a percentage of GDP or equivalently as the difference between the debt-limit-to-GDP percentage and the actual-debt-to-GDP percentage. The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on the future of work suggests ways governments increase fiscal space in order to prepare for the future of work through investments in human capital and social protection. Fiscal space Fiscal space is the flexibility of a government in its spending choices, and, more

neg:
Economy of Samoa power parity – US$2.1 billion (2012 est.) GDP – real growth rate: 6% (2009 est.) GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $6,300 (2012 est.) GDP – composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 18%
"industry:" 28%
"services:" 54% (2011 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (2011 est.) Labor force: 105 000 (2010 est.) Labor force – by occupation: agriculture, forestry and fishing 2%, services 67%, industry or manufacturing 14% (2010 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Ease of Doing Business Rank: 57th Budget:
"revenues:" $110

neg: Welfare state full gear, they had risen to 19 percent – a manageable increase. A Norwegian study covering the period 1980 to 2003 found welfare state spending correlated negatively with student achievement. However, many of the top-ranking OECD countries on the 2009 PISA tests are considered welfare states. The table below shows: first – social expenditure as a percentage of GDP for selected OECD member states; second – GDP per capita (PPP US$) in 2013: Early conservatives, under the influence of Thomas Malthus, opposed every form of social insurance "root and branch". They argued, according to economist Brad DeLong, that it would

neg: Military budget of the United States process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays. Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years. For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP. Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget was slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and

neg: Military budget of the United States Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s. Admiral Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has called four percent an "absolute floor". This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP. In 2015,

neg: Supply-side economics ultimately led to an overall increase in government revenue due to stronger economic growth. However, some economists dispute this assertion pointing to the fact that revenue as a percentage of GDP declined during Reagan's term in office. The fact that tax receipts as a percentage of GDP fell following the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 shows a decrease in tax burden as share of GDP and a corresponding increase in the deficit because spending did not fall relative to GDP. Total tax revenue from income tax receipts increased during Reagan's two terms, with the exception of 1982–1983. The Treasury

neg: Unnecessary health care Unnecessary health care Unnecessary health care (overutilization, overuse, or overtreatment) is healthcare provided with a higher volume or cost than is appropriate. In the United States, where health care costs are the highest as a percentage of GDP, overuse was the predominant factor in its expense, accounting for about a third of its healthcare spending ($750 billion out of $2.6 trillion) in 2012. Factors that drive overuse include paying healthcare providers more to do more (fee-for-service), defensive medicine to protect against litigiousness, and insulation from price sensitivity in instances where the consumer is not the payer—the patient receives goods and

neg: Economy of Venezuela 1 to 1,000 at the beginning of 2008 and renamed the "bolívar fuerte" ("strong bolivar") to ease accounting and transactions. This was carried out on 1 January 2008, at which time the exchange rate was 2.15 "bolívar fuerte" per US$. The ISO 4217 code for the "bolívar fuerte" is VEF. Government spending as a percentage of GDP in Venezuela in 2007 was 30%, smaller than other mixed economies such as France (49%) and Sweden (52%). According to official sources from the United Nations, the percentage of people below the national poverty line has decreased during the presidency of Hugo Chávez,

neg: Greek government-debt crisis left-leaning Greeks into the economic mainstream and so ran large deficits to finance military expenditures, public sector jobs, pensions and other social benefits. As a percentage of GDP, Greece had the second-biggest defense spending in NATO, after the US. Pre-Euro, currency devaluation helped to finance Greek government borrowing. Thereafter this tool disappeared. Greece was able to continue borrowing because of the lower interest rates for Euro bonds, in combination with strong GDP growth. Economist Paul Krugman wrote, "What we’re basically looking at ... is a balance of payments problem, in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro,

neg: David Cameron with Chancellor George Osborne, Cameron aimed to eliminate the structural deficit (i.e. deficit on current spending as opposed to investment) and to have government debt falling as a percentage of GDP. By 2015 the deficit, as a percentage of GDP, had been reduced to half what it was in 2010, and the sale of government assets (mostly the shares of banks nationalised in the 2000s) had resulted in government debt as a proportion of GDP falling. Cameron said immigration from outside the EU should be subject to annual limits. He said in July 2013 that "in the last decade we

neg: Financial crisis of 2007–2008 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the US consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the US and the increased savings rate of US consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico. Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw

neg: Deficit reduction in the United States Defense (DoD). The DoD baseline budget, excluding supplemental funding for the wars, has grown from $297 billion in FY2001 to a budgeted $534 billion for FY2010, an 81% increase. The US defense budget (excluding spending for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Homeland Security, and Veteran's Affairs) is around 5% of GDP. Adding these other costs places defense spending between 6% and 7% of GDP. DoD spending has fallen from as high as 7% GDP in 1971 to 3% GDP in 2000, before rising to around 5% GDP in 2012. According to the CBO, defense spending grew 9% annually on

neg: Education in Pakistan on education as a percentage of GDP was actually reduced in 16 years and maintained in 5 years between 1972–73 and 2008-09. Thus, out of total 37 years since 1972, public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP either decreased or remained stagnant for 21 years. The author argues if linear trend were maintained since 1972, Pakistan could have touched 4 percent of GDP well before 2015. However, it is unlikely to happen because the levels of spending have had remained significantly unpredictable and unsteady in the past. Given this disappointing trajectory, increasing public expenditure on education to 7

neg: Modernization of the People's Liberation Army 1987. However, United States Department of Defense studies suggested that the published budget figures understated defense spending by about one-half. With the growth of the Chinese economy under the modernization program, defense spending also represented a smaller percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) than previously. United States Central Intelligence Agency analysts estimated that defense expenditures in 1978 absorbed 8 to 10 percent of GDP; in 1986 United States Department of Defense analysts estimated that China's military expenses fell within the range of 6 to 8 percent of GDP. Comparison of indices of defense procurement spending and industrial production from

neg: Science and technology in Pakistan billion (circa US$ 0.22 billion) in 2009–2010 to Rs 14 billion (circa US$ 0.14 billion). The higher education sector continues to face an uncertain future, despite the marginal increase in developmental spending wrought by the new administration in Islamabad: Rs. 18.5 billion (circa US$ 0.18 billion) in the 2013–2014 budget. According to HEC statistics, the organization’s budget as a percentage of national GDP has consistently fallen from the 2006-2007 peak of 0.33% to 0.19% in 2011–2012. In defiance of the Supreme Court ruling of April 2011, the provincial assembly of Sindh Province passed the unprecedented Sindh Higher Commission Act in

neg: Education in Saudi Arabia of the Interior provide their affiliates and children with education at all levels, consistent with Ministry of Education guidelines. The highest authority that supervises education in Saudi Arabia is the Supreme Committee for Educational Policy, established in 1963. According to the World Bank database, public spending on education is 6.8 percent of GDP, and public spending on education as a percentage of government expenditure was 27.6 percent in 2004. Education spending as a percentage of overall spending tripled from 1970 to 2000, and neither economic growth nor the price of oil had much impact on this trend. The Ministry of

neg: Effects of war Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. As a result of the Sri Lankan Civil War, Sri Lanka's military spending as a percentage of GDP, increased from 1.6 percent in 1983 to 3.5 in 2008 and reached an all-time peak at 5.9 percent of GDP in 1995 representing over 20 percent of the government's total spending. Until the war, arms were not nearly a significant amount of government spending and their defense personnel increased from 22,000 in 1989 to 213,000 in 2008. After the war began, however, arms were

neg: Great Recession in the United States percentage points above what it was in the decade before." Then-Fed Chair Ben Bernanke explained during November 2012 several of the economic headwinds that slowed the recovery: For example, U.S. federal spending rose from 19.1% GDP in fiscal year (FY) 2007 to 24.4% GDP in FY2009 (the last year budgeted by President Bush) before falling towards to 20.4% GDP in 2014, closer to the historical average. In dollar terms, federal spending was actually higher in 2009 than in 2014, despite a historical trend of a roughly 5% annual increase. This reduced real GDP growth by approximately 0.5% per quarter on

neg: Japan socially from their education and skills in the country's high tech economy. Spending on education as a proportion of GDP is below the OECD average. Although expenditure per student is comparatively high in Japan, total expenditure relative to GDP remains small. In 2015, Japan's public spending on education amounted to just 3.5 percent of its GDP, below the OECD average of 4.7%. In 2014, the country ranked fourth for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 48 percent. In addition, bachelor's degrees are held by 59 percent of Japanese aged 25–34, the second most in

neg: Global Marshall Plan Initiative aid would be available. In comparison: The percentage volume of the US Marshall Plan after the Second World War was 1.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the USA – over a time period of 4 years. Global military spending in 2004 amounted to around $1000 billion excluding the cost for the Iraq War. The Iraq War has already cost an additional several hundred billion US dollars. These numbers illustrate that the proposed Global Marshall Plan on the stated level is by all means financeable. As well as market openings and new delivery mechanisms, global development also requires the above-mentioned

neg: Healthcare in Georgia (country) higher public spending on health. Sustaining the coverage achieved to date and deepening coverage through better financial protection against OOP costs are the policy priorities for the Government of Georgia. Total health spending in Georgia–at 8.5 percent of GDP in 2015 is much higher than the average for upper-middle-income countries (7.0 percent) and approaching the EU average (10 percent). From 2012 to 2015, the health budget more than doubled, increasing from 5.3 percent to 8.6 percent of total government spending, and as a percentage of GDP from 1.7 percent to 2.9 percent. In this respect, Georgia is experiencing a steep

neg: Economy of Indonesia currency debt rating to BBB- from BB+ with both ratings is stable. Fitch also predicted that economy will grow at least 6.0% on average per year through 2013, despite a less conducive global economic climate. Moody's raised Indonesia's foreign and local currency bond ratings to Baa3 from Ba1 with a stable outlook. On May 2017 S&P Global raised Indonesia's investment grade from BB+ to BBB- with a stable outlook, due to the economy experiencing rebound in exports and strong consumer spending during the early 2017. In 2015, total public spending was Rp 1,806 trillion (US$130.88 billion, 15.7% of GDP). Government

neg: Income and fertility government is spending and the balance of trade. Another factor by which is not promptly supportive are the youngsters who play a role within GDP. They clearly do not add to it and do not help the stock and bond market returns. Youngsters are wellsprings of advancement, entrepreneurial souls and play a major incentive to GDP. It is argued then that the poorer individuals have fewer children so that they can obtain more of other types of consumer goods. The wealthier, on the other hand, are able to obtain the consumer goods which they desire as well as to have

neg: Deficit spending that Ireland had run an average structural surplus of 1.3% of GDP, per year, between 2000 and 2007, and Spain an average structural surplus of 0.5% of GDP, per year, over the same period. Then, four years later, the IMF decided that, for this same 8-year period, Ireland's annual average structural balance was four percentage points worse than it had thought in April 2008, estimating that Ireland had been running an average structural fiscal deficit of 2.7% of GDP. For Spain, the 2012 IMF estimate differed by 1.7 percentage points, estimating this time that Spain had been running and average

neg: Retail list of the top ten largest deals (ranked by volume) in the Retail Industry: STORES Magazine annually ranks the nation’s top retailers according to sales. Top 100 Chart Since 1951, the U.S. Census Bureau has published the Retail Sales report every month. It is a measure of consumer spending, an important indicator of the US GDP. Retail firms provide data on the dollar value of their retail sales and inventories. A sample of 12,000 firms is included in the final survey and 5,000 in the advanced one. The advanced estimated data is based on a subsample from the US CB

neg: Mandatory spending the Social Security Act in 1935. An increasing percentage of the federal budget became devoted to mandatory spending. In 1947, Social Security accounted for just under five percent of the federal budget and less than one-half of one percent of GDP. By 1962, 13 percent of the federal budget and half of all mandatory spending was committed to Social Security. Less than 30 percent of all federal spending was mandatory. This percentage continued to increase when Congress amended the Social Security Act to create Medicare in 1965. Medicare is a government administered health insurance program for senior citizens. In the

neg: Subprime mortgage crisis geography or land use restrictions. This housing bubble resulted in quite a few homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates, or financing consumer spending by taking out second mortgages secured by the price appreciation. US household debt as a percentage of annual disposable personal income was 127% at the end of 2007, versus 77% in 1990. While housing prices were increasing, consumers were saving less and both borrowing and spending more. Household debt grew from $705 billion at year end 1974, 60% of disposable personal income, to $7.4 trillion at yearend 2000, and finally to $14.5 trillion in midyear

neg: Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate spending increases the national debt, which poses questions of inter-generational equity, meaning the right of current generations to increase the burden on future generations. Economist Peter Schiff has argued that the U.S. economy is resetting at a lower level and stimulus spending will not be effective and only raise debt levels: "America's GDP is composed of more than 70% consumer spending. For many years, much of that spending has been a function of voracious consumer borrowing through home equity extractions (averaging more than $850 billion annually in 2005 and 2006, according to the Federal Reserve) and rapid expansion of credit

neg: Sweden discontinued. Sweden has two domestic ferry lines with large vessels, both connecting Gotland with the mainland. The lines leave from Visby harbour on the island, and the ferries sail to either Oskarshamn or Nynäshamn. A smaller car ferry connects the island of Ven in Øresund with Landskrona. Sweden has one of the most highly developed welfare states in the world. According to a 2012 OECD report, the country had the second-highest public social spending as a percentage of its GDP after France (27.3% and 28.4%, respectively), and the third-highest total (public and private) social spending at 30.2% of its GDP,

neg: Quebec 30.9% of Quebec's GDP. Quebec is experiencing faster growth of its R&D spending than other Canadian provinces. Quebec's spending in R&D in 2011 was equal to 2.63% of GDP, above the European Union average of 1.84% and will have to reaches the target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development activities in 2013 according to the Lisbon Strategy. The percentage spent on research and technology (R&D) is the highest in Canada and higher than the averages for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G7 countries. Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science

neg: United States aircraft carriers, and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, after Saudi Arabia. U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the

neg: Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration and Venezuelanalysis.com contributor, Barry Cannon, wrote that spending had increased under Chavez. "[S]pending on education as a percentage of GDP stood at 5.1% in 2006, as opposed to 3.4% in the last year of the Caldera government." Spending on health "has increased from 1.6% of GDP in 2000 to 7.7% in 2006". In 2012, analysts said that PDVSA was in a "crisis" since “in the last ten years, they haven’t been able to grow production". Analysts and OPEC also disagreed with Venezuela's claims of oil output. Critics have also noticed that investments in oil and natural gas production only amounted

neg: Deficit reduction in the United States care is likely to continue to grow faster than per capita spending on other goods and services for many years. Without significant changes in the laws governing Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, those factors will boost federal outlays as a percentage of GDP well above the average of the past four decades – a conclusion that applies under any plausible assumptions about future trends in demographics, economic conditions, and health care costs." CBO reported that the primary long-term deficit and debt risk is driven by healthcare costs. For example, CBO projects that Social Security spending will rise from 5.0% GDP

neg: Household debt variable "CMDEBT") rose relative to both GDP and disposable income over the 1980 to 2011 period. Consumer credit outstanding includes credit cards, auto loans, student loans, and other types of household debt, but excludes mortgages. It rose from 14.0% GDP in January 1990 to 18.0% GDP by January 2009. It fell to a trough of 16.4% GDP in July 2010 and was back up to 17.5% GDP by January 2013. This increase in debt from 1980 to 2007 enabled spending that stimulated the economy, arguably "papering over" or hiding the sustainable economic growth rate excluding this increase in leverage. This

neg: Hanjin Shipping Hanjin Shipping Co. was declared bankrupt by South Korean courts. The financial struggles and insolvency of Hanjin Shipping were attributable to a downturn in the container shipping industry that was the result of numerous interrelated factors such as weak global GDP, overcapacity on container vessels, "bloated" US retail inventories, changing consumer spending patterns, Chinese economic slowdown, and muted growth in demand for container shipping. The downturn dented profits and crippled the financial health for the majority of the top twenty ocean carriers. In April 2016, Hanjin applied to its creditors for debt restructuring, in order to avoid formal insolvency proceedings.

neg: Economy of Kiribati existential threat posed by climate change; and, (ii) mitigating the effects of geographic isolation. The CAS is intended to be implemented through grants and trust fund investments of up to US$50 million during the period 2011 to 2014. Further information sourced from: GDP - purchasing power parity: US$618 million (2010 est.) GDP - official exchange rate: US$147 million (2010 est.) GDP - real growth rate: -0.7% (2009); 1.8% (2010 est.) 3% (2011 proj.) GDP - per capita: US$1,420 (2010) GDP - composition by sector: (2002) Agriculture: 8.9% Industry: 24.2% Services: 66.8% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.8 (2009), -2.8% (2010) Total

neg: Economy of Palau the late 1990s, Palau was affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, and their economy suffered. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): purchasing power parity - $132 million (2009 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 1% (2009 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $8 500 (2009 est.) GDP - composition by sector Population below poverty line: N/A Household income or consumption by percentage share Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (2000 est.) Labor force: 10 200 (2000) Labor force - by occupation (1990) Unemployment rate: 4.2% (2000 est.) Dominant industries include tourism, craft items (from shell, wood, pearls), construction, and

neg: Deficit spending increase in government purchases creates a market for business output, creating income and encouraging increases in consumer spending, which creates further increases in the demand for business output. (This is the multiplier effect.) This raises the real gross domestic product (GDP) and the employment of labour, and if all else is constant, lowers the unemployment rate. (The connection between demand for GDP and unemployment is called Okun's law.) The increased size of the market, due to government deficits, can further stimulate the economy by raising business profitability and spurring optimism, which encourages private fixed investment in factories, machines, and the

neg: Reaganomics be noted, however, that the study did not examine the longer-term impact of Reagan tax policy, including sunset clauses and "the long-run, phased-in effect of the tax bills". The fact that tax receipts "as a percentage of GDP" fell following the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 shows a decrease in tax burden as share of GDP and a commensurate increase in the deficit, as spending did not fall relative to GDP. Total federal tax receipts increased in every Reagan year except 1982, at an annual average rate of 6.2% compared to 10.8% during the preceding eight years. The effect

neg: Financial repression (122% of GDP) left over from the Great Depression and World War II. In the UK, government debt declined from 216% of GDP in 1945 to 138% ten years later in 1955. China's economic growth has been attributed to financial repression thanks to "low returns on savings and the cheap loans that it makes possible". This has allowed China to rely on savings-financed investments for economic growth. However, because low returns also dampens consumer spending, household expenditures account for "a smaller share of GDP in China than in any other major economy". However, as of December 2014, the People’s Bank

neg: PAYGO and Budget. These rules were in effect from FY1991–FY2002. Enacted in 1990, it was extended in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. In FY 1991, the Federal deficit was 4.5% of GDP, and by FY 2000, the Federal surplus was 2.4%. Total Federal spending as a percentage of GDP decreased each year from FY1991 through FY 2000, falling from 22.3% to 18.4%. Deficits, though, returned by the last year PAYGO was in effect: There was a "return to deficits ($158 billion, 1.5% of GDP) in 2002". Beginning in 1998, in response to

neg: Infrastructure specified area by using property tax increases. In order to facilitate investment of the private sector in developing countries' infrastructure markets, it is necessary to design risk-allocation mechanisms more carefully, given the higher risks of their markets. The spending money that comes from the government is less than it used to be. Compared to the global GDP percentages, The United States is tied for second-to-last place, with an average percentage of 2.4%. This means that the government spends less money on repairing old infrastructure and or on infrastructure as a whole. In Sub-Saharan Africa, governments spend around US$9.4 billion out

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Economy of Saint Lucia Community and Common Market (CARICOM) and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). St. Lucia is the headquarters of the Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications (ESTEL) authority, which is developing the regulations to liberalize the telecommunications sector in the region by 2004. GDP: purchasing power parity - $1,667 billion (2016 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 3.5% (2012 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $12,952 (2016 est.) GDP - composition by sector: Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.934% (2016 est.) Labour force:

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Economy of Afghanistan wazir akbar khan Tourist sites within the country include: "The majority of the following information is taken from, or adapted from The World Factbook" GDP: purchasing power parity $64.08 billion, with an exchange rate at $18.4 billion (2016 est.) GDP - real growth rate: GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2016) GDP - composition by sector: note: data excludes opium production Population below poverty line: Household income or consumption by percentage share: Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.8% (2011)
"country comparison to the world:" 19 Labor force: 15 million (2004)
"country comparison to the world:" 39 Labor force

neg: Economy of the United Kingdom result of the 2007–2010 financial crisis and the late-2000s global recession, government spending increased to a historically high level of 48% of GDP in 2009–10, partly as a result of the cost of a series of bank bailouts. In terms of net government debt as a percentage of GDP, at the end of June 2014 public sector net debt excluding financial sector interventions was £1304.6 billion, equivalent to 77.3% of GDP. For the financial year of 2013–2014 public sector net borrowing was £93.7 billion. This was £13.0 billion higher than in the financial year of 2012–2013. Taxation in the United

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Economy of Niger in 1980–2017. GDP: purchasing power parity – $21.86 billion (2017 est.) GDP – real growth rate: 4.9% (2017 est.) GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $1,200 (2017 est.) GDP – composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 41.6%
"industry:" 19.5%
"services:" 38.7% (2017) Population below poverty line: 45.4% (2014 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" 3%
"highest 10%:" 29.3% (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.4% (2017 est.) Labour force: 6.5 million (2017 est.) Labour force – by occupation: agriculture 79.2% , industry: 3.3%, services: 17.5% (2012 est.) Unemployment rate: 0.3% (2017 est.) Budget:
"revenues:" $1.757 billion (2017

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Economy of the Netherlands Antilles agriculture. Gross Domestic product- $3.81 billion GDP: purchasing power parity - $3 600 million (3,6 G$) (2007 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 4,0% (2007 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $19 000 (2007 est.) GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 1%
"industry:" 15%
"services:" 84% (2007 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" ± 1,5%
"highest 10%:" ± 31% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3,0% (2007) Labour force: 83 600 (2005) Labour force - by occupation: agriculture 1%, industry 20%, services 79% (2007 est.) Unemployment rate: 9% (2007 est.)

neg: Consumer Expenditure Survey different socioeconomic groups. Researchers use the data in a variety of studies, including those that focus on the spending behavior of different family types, trends in expenditures on various expenditure components including new types of goods and services, gift-giving behavior, consumption studies, and historical spending trends. Both the Diary and Interview Surveys utilize a representative sample to measure the buying habits of Americans. Only a small percentage of the US population is being surveyed, and therefore the data are subject to sampling errors. The division publishes standard error tables on their website. Non-sampling errors include, but are not limited to,

neg: Bangladesh that by 2023, travel and tourism will directly generate 1,785,000 jobs and support an overall total of 3,891,000 jobs, or 4.2 percent of the country's total employment. This would represent an annual growth rate in direct jobs of 2.9 percent. Domestic spending generated 97.7 percent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Bangladesh's world ranking in 2012 for travel and tourism's direct contribution to GDP, as a percentage of GDP, was 142 out of 176. Estimates of the Bangladeshi population vary, but UN data suggests million. The 2011 census estimated 142.3 million, much less than 2007–2010

neg: Education in the United States its public schools, with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000. However, the United States is ranked 37th in the world in education spending as a percentage of gross domestic product. All but seven of the leading countries are developing countries; ranked high because of a low GDP. Figures exist for education spending in the United States, both total and per student, and by state and school district. They show a very wide range in spending, but due to the varying spending policies and circumstances among school districts, a cost-effectiveness analysis is very difficult to perform. Changes in

neg: Welfare state Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Brazil. Within this group, average social spending per capita in the 1973–2000 period was around $532, while as a percentage of GDP and as a share of the budget, social spending reached 51.6 and 12.6 percent, respectively. In addition, between approximately 50 and 75 percent of the population is covered by the public health and pension social security system. In contrast, the second group of countries, which we call non-welfare states, has welfare-effort indices that range from 37 to 88. Within this second group, social spending per capita averaged $96.6, while social spending as a

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Economy of Solomon Islands as a % of GDP: 40.125% (2006 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2011 est.) GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 37.7%
"industry:" 6.4%
"services:" 55.9% (2011 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1999 est.) Labor force: 202,500 (2007) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 75%, industry 5%, services 20% (2000 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget:
"revenues:" $313.1 million
"expenditures:" $261.7 million, including capital expenditures of $0 (2011 est.) Industries: fish (tuna), mining, timber Industrial production growth rate:

neg: Republic of Ireland subsidiaries in 2015). The Central Bank of Ireland introduced a new statistic, "modified GNI" (or GNI*), to remove these distortions. GNI* is 30% below GDP (or, GDP is 143% of GNI). Ireland's GDP and GNP should no longer be used. From the creation of the IFSC, the country experienced strong and sustained economic growth, which fuelled a dramatic rise in Irish consumer borrowing and spending, and Irish construction and investment, which became known as the Celtic Tiger period. By 2007, Ireland had the highest private sector debt in the OCED with a household debt-to-disposable income ratio of 190%. Global capital

neg: Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration controlling health care costs, and that a multifaceted approach will be needed to achieve meaningful progress. During February 2010, President Obama updated his reform proposal, with modifications to the bills that had passed as of that time. Health spending accounted for 17.6% of GDP in the United States in 2010, down slightly from 2009 (17.7%) and by far the highest share in the OECD, and a full eight percentage points higher than the OECD average of 9.5%. Following the United States were the Netherlands (at 12.0% of GDP), and France and Germany (both at 11.6% of GDP). The United States

neg: Namibian Defence Force government buildings and key installations as provided in the Defence Act. Defence spending and percentage of GDP included $90 million in 1997/98, 2.6% of GDP. The 73.1 million figure in 2002 was 2.4% of GDP. These figures are almost certainly CIA World Factbook estimates. Major General A W Dennis, CB, OBE (rtd), British Army, previously Director of Military Assistance Overseas, made the following comments on the initial phase in Namibia at a conference in Pretoria, South Africa on 6 August 1992: You will no doubt recall that the Angola accords were signed in Luanda on 22 December 1988. In November

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Economy of Dominica gambling companies. The ease with which such companies can be formed and the secrecy surrounding their operations have led some critics to allege that Dominica may be facilitating money-laundering and tax evasion. GDP: purchasing power parity - $485 million (2006 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 3.2% (2007 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2005 est.) GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 17.7%
"industry:" 32.8%
"services:" 49.5% (2004 est.) Population below poverty line: 29% (2009 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.1% (2005 est.)

neg: National debt of the United States under the extended baseline with economic feedback, and that interest rates would be about three-quarters of a percentage point higher. Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments, federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039. Over the long-term, the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security) will continue to grow relative to GDP, while discretionary categories (e.g., Defense and other Cabinet Departments) continue to fall relative to GDP. Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios, although the CBO did also offer

neg: Discretionary spending GDP, while discretionary spending is projected to continue getting smaller, eventually reaching 5% of GDP. By 2022, the Congressional Research Service projects that discretionary spending's share of the economy "will be equal to or less than spending in each of the two largest categories of mandatory programs, Social Security and Major Health Programs." Discretionary spending In US American public finance, discretionary spending is government spending implemented through an appropriations bill. This spending is an optional part of fiscal policy, in contrast to entitlement programs for which funding is mandatory and determined by the number of eligible recipients. Some examples of

neg: United States federal budget rates would be about three-quarters of a percentage point higher. Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments, federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039." Over the long-term, CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security) will continue to grow relative to GDP, while discretionary categories (e.g., Defense and other Cabinet Departments) continue to fall relative to GDP. Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios, although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt

neg: History of the United States public debt deficit relative to GDP (9.9%) since 1945. The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009, versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008. The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending. The four changes were: Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear. This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, or GDP, each year since World War II. The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7% of GDP at

neg: Bush tax cuts on a sustainable fiscal course. Policymakers will need to increase revenues substantially above historical levels as a percentage of GDP, decrease spending significantly from projected levels, or adopt some combination of those two approaches. In fact, the current laws that underlie CBO's baseline projections provide for significant changes of those kinds in coming years; many other approaches to constraining future deficits are possible as well. CBO's term "alternative scenario" refers to extending the tax cuts and preventing scheduled automatic spending cuts, while "baseline scenario" refers to allowing the tax cuts to expire and the spending cuts to take place, as

neg: History of the United States public debt the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s, Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s. Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits; that is, government spending exceeding revenues. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001. From fiscal years 2001 to 2009, spending increased by 6.5% of gross domestic product (from 18.2% to 24.7%) while taxes declined by 4.7% of GDP (from 19.5% to 14.8%). Spending increases (expressed as percentage

neg: Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín opposition in the Senate. Economic concerns continued to dominate the national discourse, and sharp fall in global commodity prices in 1986 stymied hopes for lasting financial stability. The nation's record US$4.5 billion trade surplus was cut in half and inflation had declined to 50% in the twelve months to June 1986 (compared to 1,130% to June 1985). Inflation, which had been targeted for 28% in the calendar year, soon began to rise, however, exceeding 80% in 1986. GDP, which had fallen by 5% in 1985, recovered by 7% in 1986, led by a rise in machinery purchases and consumer spending.

neg: Economy of Paraguay than fixed line coverage. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. GDP - composition by sector: Labor force: 3.428 million (2017 est.) Labor force - by occupation: Unemployment rate: 6.5% (2017 est.) Population below poverty line: 22.2% (2015 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: Distribution of family income - Gini index: 51.7 (2015) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (2017 est.) Investment (gross fixed): 21.2% of GDP (2005 est.) Budget: Public debt: 25.6% of GDP (2017 est.) Agriculture - products: cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables; beef, pork, eggs, milk; timber Industries:

neg: Keynesian cross as there is some aggregated demand—from consumer spending, investment, net exports, or government spending—even if there is no national output. The slope of the "AD" curve is steeper given a high multiplier value. Keynesian cross The Keynesian cross diagram demonstrates the relationship between aggregate demand (shown on the vertical axis) and real GDP (shown on the horizontal axis, measured by output). In the Keynesian cross diagram (or "45-degree line diagram"), a "desired total spending" (or "aggregate expenditure", or "aggregate demand") curve (shown in blue) is drawn as a rising line since consumers will have a larger demand with a rise

neg: International inequality out of the equation, the differences in government spending between the industrialized and developing is as follows: Therefore, in contrast to the North, the developing states are far more vulnerable to the pressures arising from economic globalization. Overall, social spending is far lower in the South, with some regions registering just a few percentage points of GDP. However, some people argue that decrease in welfare spending is not an issue of global inequality but rather a common phenomenon in an era of globalization. Some potential solutions to help with decreasing the inequality levels are: Education and Family Planning: Many countries

neg: Cut, Cap and Balance Act on future spending, and an amendment of the federal constitution. The bill proposed to reduce total spending by $111 billion in FY 2012. The savings were divided as follows: The bill proposed that federal spending would be scaled back based on the glide path for the fiscal years below as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Supporters of the bill advocated an amendment to the U.S. Constitution requiring a balanced budget and permanently restricting the authority of Congress to spend and raise taxes. An ordinary act of Congress cannot alter the constitution or obligate Congress to do so.

neg: Consumer confidence index for credit. Builders can prepare for a rise in home construction and government can anticipate improved tax revenues based on the increase in consumer spending. Consumer-demand surveys are interview-based statistical surveys that measure the percentage of households that will buy a car, white goods, PCs, TVs, home furnishings, kitchenware or toys in, for example, the next three-month period. The surveys provide a percentage of those who will purchase more, less or the same amount of food and clothing in the next three months than in the corresponding period the year before. If you ask people about their purchasing behavior within

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Economy of the Cayman Islands billion (2004 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 1.7% (2005 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $43,800 (2004 est.) GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" 1.4%
"industry:" 3.2%
"services:" 95.4% (1994 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share:
"lowest 10%:" NA%
"highest 10%:" NA% Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (2004) Labour force: 23,450 (2004) Labour force - by occupation: agriculture 1.4%, industry 12.6%, services 86% (1995) Unemployment rate: 1.7% (2010) Budget:
"revenues:" $423.8 million
"expenditures:" $392.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997) Industries: tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, construction

neg: Greece Competitiveness is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2003, public spending on research and development (R&D) was 456.37 million euros, a 12.6% increase from 2002. Total R&D spending (both public and private) as a percentage of GDP has more than doubled since 1989, from 0.38 percent to 0.83 percent . Although R&D spending in Greece remains lower than the EU average of 1.93 percent, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third-highest increase in Europe, after Finland and Ireland. Because of its strategic location, qualified workforce, and political and economic

neg: Background of the Russo-Georgian War military spending as percentage of GDP was higher than Russia's. According to the 2007 report of Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Georgia had the highest average growth rate of military spending in the world. Tbilisi stated that it was not aimed at the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. According to the 2008 budget of Georgia, defence funding accounted for slightly over 19% of all state spending, with a further significant increase approved in an parliament session on 15 July 2008. From 2005 to 2008, Georgia has repeatedly proposed broad autonomy for Abkhazia and South Ossetia within the

neg: Economy of Tajikistan 2001 and the government’s 2002 budget targets a fiscal deficit of 0.3% of GDP, including recent increases in social sector spending. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1997–2017. In 2005 Tajikistan’s GDP grew by 6.7%, to about US$1.89 billion, and growth for 2006 was about 8%, marking the fifth consecutive year of annual growth exceeding 6%. The official forecast for GDP growth in 2007 is 7.5%. Per capita GDP in 2005 was US$258, lowest among the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. In 2005 services contributed 48%, agriculture 23.4%, and industry 28.6% to GDP. The recent

neg: Gross output significantly larger than consumer spending in the economy, and tends to be more volatile than GDP. Earlier-stage and intermediate inputs in GO may also be helpful in forecasting the direction of economic growth. He contends that gross output should be the starting point of national income accounting, and offers a more complete picture of the macro economy. GO can be integrated into macroeconomic analysis and textbook economics, and is more consistent with leading indicators and other macroeconomic data. He makes the case that GO and GDP complement each other as macroeconomic tools and that both should play a vital role

neg: Timeline of the Great Recession and after the most disastrous fall since World War II of 4% between January and March, its GDP grew 3.7% in the second quarter of 2009 in comparison with the same quarter of 2008. In annual terms, Japanese GDP grew 0.9% between April and June. Recovery was mostly contributed to recovering demand in the manufacturing sector with exports growing 6.3%. Consumer spending had only increased by 0.8% in the same period. Thai GDP grew 2.3% in 2009's second quarter, technically leaving the recession. Cyprus enters recession after 0.6% contraction in the first quarter, followed by 0.4% in the second quarter.

neg: Household debt on consumer durables rose significantly. Household debt rose as living standards rose, and consumers demanded an array of durable goods. These included major durables like high-end electronics, vehicles, and appliances, that were purchased with credit. Easy credit encouraged a shift from saving to spending. Households in developed countries significantly increased their household debt relative to their disposable income and GDP from 1980 to 2007 — one of the many factors behind the U.S. and European crises of 2007–2012. Research indicates that U.S. household debt increased from 43% to 62% of GDP from 1982 to 2000. Looking at the early years

neg: Political debates about the United States federal budget a standard, spending has risen by 5.6% GDP, from 18.2% GDP in 2001 to 23.8% GDP in 2010, while revenues declined by 4.6% GDP, from 19.5% GDP to 14.9% GDP over the same interval. By this measure, spending has increased about 1% GDP more than revenues have declined. Using the historical (1971–2008) average spending of 20.6% GDP and revenues of 18.2%, the spending increase of 3.2% GDP is smaller than the revenue decline of 3.3% GDP. In other words, the "spending problem" and "revenue problem" are comparable in size. Recessions typically cause spending to rise on social safety net programs

neg: Israel ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities. The Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles, offering second-strike capability. Since the Gulf War in 1991, when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles, all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room, Merkhav Mugan, impermeable to chemical and biological substances. Since Israel's establishment, military expenditure constituted a significant portion of the country's gross domestic product, with peak of 30.3% of GDP spent on defense in 1975. In 2016, Israel ranked 6th in the world by defense spending as a percentage of GDP, with

neg: Economy of Mumbai Tata Group, Reliance Industries, and Aditya Birla Group, are based in Mumbai. Below is a list of some of these major companies: Mumbai is home to some of India's largest consumer packaged goods companies like Hindustan Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Nivea, Colgate-Palmolive, Godrej Consumer Products and many more. The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated US$3.9 billion or 3.2% of the city's GDP in 2016 and supported 637,900 jobs, 7.3% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 8.8% to US$9 billion by 2026 (3.1% of GDP). Mumbai's tourism

neg: Public administration in Israel of all annual government expenditures (local, state, and federal). After government expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) peaked in the 1980s, the government pursued a "stabilization program" with the goal of shaping a "smaller government" through privatization, savings in public spending, lower tax burdens and reducing public debt. As a result, expenditures decreased to around 44 percent of GDP in 2009, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In 2008, the Israeli government devoted a much larger share of public resources to defense and education than the average OECD country, roughly 16 percent. Total revenue

neg: Unemployment in the United States 2008. Relative to the size of the economy, that deficit—at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP)—was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years, and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009. By CBO's estimate, revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year." As part of the economic policy of Barack Obama, the United States Congress funded approximately $800 billion in spending and tax

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Economy of Andorra access to them is difficult. In addition to iron, small amounts of lead are still mined, and alum and building stones are extracted. The sulfurous waters of Les Escaldes are used in washing wool. GDP: purchasing power parity - US$3.66 billion (2007)
"country comparison to the world:" 168 GDP - real growth rate: 2% (2007 est.)
"country comparison to the world:" 163 GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - US$42,500 (2007)
"country comparison to the world:" 15 GDP - composition by sector:
"agriculture:" N/A
"industry:" N/A
"services:" N/A Population below poverty line: N/A Household income or consumption by percentage

neg: Economy of Fiji spin doctor, the HDI report was put together by professionals who had no hidden agendas, and should therefore be taken very seriously. Gross national product (GNP): US$101.48 billion; US$1820 per capita (2000) Gross domestic product (GDP): US$1.64 billion; US$2031 per capita (2000) GDP – real growth rate: -6.6% (2008 est.) GDP – composition by sector: "agriculture:" 8.9% "industry:" 13.5% "services:" 77.6% (2006 est.) Population below poverty line: 25.5% Household income or consumption by percentage share: "lowest 10%:" NA% "highest 10%:" NA% 1.6% (2002 est.) Labor force: 335,000 Labor force – by occupation: subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners

neg: Financial position of the United States debt in 1946 represented 66.5% of household debt; consumer credit represented another 24%. By 2009, home mortgage debt had risen to 76% of household debt and consumer credit had fallen to 18.22%. According to the McKinsey Global Institute, the 2008 financial crisis was caused by "unsustainable levels of household debt." The ratio of debt to household income rose by about one-third from 2000 to 2007. The US currently has the twelfth highest debt to GDP ratio among advanced economies. In 1946, US nonfinancial businesses owed $63.9 billion of debt or 28.8% of GDP. By 2009 this figure had risen to

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Economy of the Northern Mariana Islands term refused by other defendants such as Lane Bryant and J.C. Penney. In 2004 — and in response to a long and expensive class action lawsuit brought by garment workers against various clothing manufacturers — a Garment Oversight Board, aimed at protecting workers' rights, was created. These actions have reportedly resulted in improved conditions since the turn of the 21st century. GDP: purchasing power parity – $524 million (1996 est.)
"note:" GDP numbers reflect US spending GDP – real growth rate: NA% GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300 (1996 est.) GDP – composition by sector:
"agriculture:" NA%