query: the children 's online privacy protection act ( 1998 ) is a law designed to protect consumers ' right to

pos: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act Children's Online Privacy Protection Act The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA) is a United States federal law, located at (). The act, effective April 21, 2000, applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction about children under 13 years of age. It details what a website operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13. While children under

pos: FTC fair information practice basic level of privacy protection for consumer-oriented commercial Web sites" and "would establish basic standards of practice for the collection of information online...consumer-oriented commercial Web sites that collect personal identifying information from or about consumers online... would be required to comply with the four widely-accepted fair information practices." The principles, however, form the basis of many individual laws at the both federal and state levels—called the "sectoral approach." Examples are the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA), and the Cable Television Protection and Competition Act.

pos: Privacy law the United States Constitution and common law allowed for the deduction of a general "right to privacy". Their project was never entirely successful, and the renowned tort expert and Dean of the College of Law at University of California, Berkeley, William Lloyd Prosser argued that "privacy" was composed of four separate torts, the only unifying element of which was a (vague) "right to be left alone". The four torts were: One of the central privacy policies concerning minors is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which requires children under the age of thirteen to gain parental consent before putting

pos: Privacy in English law Privacy in English law Privacy in English law is a rapidly developing area of English law that considers in what situations an individual has a legal right to informational privacy - the protection of personal or private information from misuse or unauthorised disclosure. Privacy law is distinct from those laws such as trespass or assault that are designed to protect physical privacy. Such laws are generally considered as part of criminal law or the law of tort. Historically, English common law has recognised no general right or tort of privacy, and was offered only limited protection through the doctrine of

pos: David Vladeck Privacy Online. The Bureau of Consumer Protection has traditionally taken the position that as long as consumers are provided with notice through company privacy policies, collection and use of consumer data is acceptable, and that the Bureau should only intervene when a company’s information practices cause concrete, economic harm to consumers. Vladeck has publicly stated that he doesn’t believe this existing model succeeds in protecting consumers’ privacy online. He has advocated a new framework that is broader than just economic interests, and that doesn’t rely solely on privacy policies to protect consumers online. In a recent interview with the New

pos: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and the "parental consent" process is easy for children to circumvent, and parents generally help them to lie about their age. An Internet Safety Technical Task Force composed of experts from academia and commercial companies found in 2012 that mandatory age verification is not only a poor solution for privacy but also constitutes a violation of privacy. The law has also many safety flaws. For example, it does not protect kids from predatory advertising, it does not prevent kids from accessing pornography or lying about their age, and it doesn't ensure a totally safe environment online. Tech journalist Larry Magid,

pos: FTC regulation of behavioral advertising and in May 2000, released a report which for the first time recommended that Congress pass online privacy legislation to create a basic level of data privacy protection for consumer-oriented commercial web sites. In July 2000, the FTC recommended for the first time that legislation should be passed to protect Internet user’s privacy vis-à-vis online profiling. The FTC further stated that “backstop legislation addressing online profiling is still required to fully ensure that consumers’ privacy is protected online” and recommended that [technology neutral] legislation be passed that created a basic level of privacy protection for users of “consumer-oriented commercial websites

pos: Advertising Self-Regulatory Council a section to its Guidelines that highlight issues that are unique to the Internet including Websites directed at children under age 13 for online privacy. In January 2001, CARU's self-regulatory program became the first Federal Trade Commission-approved Safe Harbor under the federal Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA). Participants who adhere to CARU's Guidelines are deemed in compliance with COPPA and essentially insulated from FTC enforcement action as long as they comply with program requirements. CARU's Self-Regulatory Guidelines are deliberately subjective, going beyond the issues of truthfulness and accuracy to take

pos: North Carolina Identity Theft Protection Act of 2005 North Carolina Identity Theft Protection Act of 2005 The North Carolina Identity Theft Protection Act of 2005 is a series of broad laws that was passed by the General Assembly of the U.S. state of North Carolina to prevent or discourage identity theft as well as guarding and protecting individual privacy. North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper proposed the Identity Theft Protection Act of 2005 which was introduced by Senator Dan Clodfelter. The act was designed to strengthen safeguards for personal information, requiring businesses and government to better protect sensitive financial information, and gave consumers more tools to fight theft

pos: Online Privacy Protection Act Online Privacy Protection Act The California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003 (CalOPPA), effective as of July 1, 2004 and amended in 2013, is the first state law in the United States requiring commercial websites and online services to include a privacy policy on their website. According to this California State Law, under the Business and Professions Code, Division 8 Special Business Regulations, Chapter 22 Internet Privacy Requirements, operators of commercial websites that collect Personally Identifiable Information (PII) from California's residents are required to conspicuously post and comply with a privacy policy that meets specific requirements. A website operator who

pos: Online Privacy Protection Act track" signals—in privacy policies. See Cal. Assembly Bill 370, which became effective on January 1, 2014. Online Privacy Protection Act The California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003 (CalOPPA), effective as of July 1, 2004 and amended in 2013, is the first state law in the United States requiring commercial websites and online services to include a privacy policy on their website. According to this California State Law, under the Business and Professions Code, Division 8 Special Business Regulations, Chapter 22 Internet Privacy Requirements, operators of commercial websites that collect Personally Identifiable Information (PII) from California's residents are required to

pos: Privacy law also protects its people's right to privacy by attaching consequences to the violation of it thereof. In the year 2012, the Philippines passed the Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the "Data Privacy Act of 2012". This act extended privacy regulations and laws to apply to more than just individual industries. This act also offered protection of data belonging to the people regardless of where it is stored, be it in private spheres or not. In that very same year, the cybercrime prevention law was passed. This law was "intended to protect and safeguard the integrity of computer and

pos: Privacy policy the Swedish Data Act in 1973, followed by the West German Data Protection Act in 1977 and the French Law on Informatics, Data Banks and Freedoms in 1978. In the United States, concern over privacy policy started around the late 1960s and 1970s saw the passage of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Although this act was not designed to be a privacy law, the act gave consumers the opportunity to examine their credit files and correct errors. It also placed restrictions on the use of information in credit records. Several congressional study groups in the late 1960s examined the growing

pos: Reverse telephone directory between $0.80 and $1.50 per month for residential customers. As cellular phones become more popular, there has been debate about releasing cell phone numbers into public 411 and reverse number directories. (S. 1963, the "Wireless 411 Privacy Act" 9/2004). However, opposition led by leading consumer-protection organization Consumers Union presented several privacy concerns in their congressional testimony. Right now, cell phone numbers are not available in any public 411 or reverse-number directories. However, several information companies provide reverse cell phone lookups that are obtained from utility resources, and are available online. Because there is no central database of cell phone numbers,

pos: Information privacy law Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA), are all examples of U.S. federal laws with provisions which tend to promote information flow efficiencies. The Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution to grant a right of privacy to individuals in "Griswold v. Connecticut". Very few states, however, recognize an individual's right to privacy, a notable exception being California. An inalienable right to privacy is enshrined in the California Constitution's article 1, section 1, and the California legislature has enacted several pieces of legislation aimed at protecting this right. The California Online Privacy Protection Act (OPPA) of 2003 requires operators of commercial web sites or

pos: Privacy policy as the Consumer Internet Privacy Enhancement Act and the Online Privacy Protection Act of 2001, but none have been enacted. In 2001, the FTC stated an express preference for "more law enforcement, not more laws" and promoted continued focus on industry self-regulation. In many cases, the FTC enforces the terms of privacy policies as promises made to consumers using the authority granted by Section 5 of the FTC Act which prohibits unfair or deceptive marketing practices. The FTC's powers are statutorily restricted in some cases; for example, airlines are subject to the authority of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and

pos: Information privacy law use of personal data in the U.S. In general terms, in the U.S., whoever can be troubled to key in the data, is deemed to own the right to store and use it, even if the data was collected without permission, except to any extent regulated by laws and rules such as the federal Communications Act's provisions, and implementing rules from the Federal Communications Commission, regulating use of customer proprietary network information (CPNI). For instance, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA), and the Fair and Accurate Credit

pos: E-commerce direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers' personal information. As a result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC. The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law

pos: Internet privacy to take care of these issues, but most individuals can only do their best to learn about all this. In 1998, the Federal Trade Commission in the USA considered the lack of privacy for children on the Internet, and created the Children Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). COPPA limits the options which gather information from children and created warning labels if potential harmful information or content was presented. In 2000, Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was developed to implement safe Internet policies such as rules, and filter software. These laws, awareness campaigns, parental and adult supervision strategies and Internet filters

pos: Right to be forgotten of personal data (see also Costeja). The European Union is a highly influential group of states, and this movement towards the right to be forgotten in the EU is a step towards its global recognition as a right. To support this, in 2012 the Obama Administration released a "Privacy Bill of Rights" to protect consumers online, and while this is not quite the strength of the EU law, it is a step towards recognition of the right to be forgotten. Businesses that manage their client's online reputation have responded to the European Court ruling by excercising the right to be

pos: Chad Barefoot being collected into the student data system. In the 2015-16 session, Barefoot passed into law the Student Online Protection Act, which creates a new statute governing student data privacy requirements for operators of third-party online educational applications for K-12 students. The law specifically prohibits renting and selling student data, building student profiles for non-educational reasons, and engaging in targeted advertising using student data. The Student Online Protection Act also directs third-party operators to implement and maintain security procedures to protect covered information, and prohibits operators from using personally identifiable information for any purpose other than the administration of school activities.

pos: Doug Gansler Internet space that affect consumers’ control over their information, and headed several efforts to hold accountable those who fail to properly respect consumer privacy online. He called attention to companies that collect information from children in ways that appear out of compliance with the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act. Gansler formally announced his candidacy in the Maryland's 2014 Gubernatorial race to succeed Martin O'Malley, who was term limited, on September 24, 2013. Gansler had a warchest of $5.2m and said that he was "flattered by the depth and breadth of support I have received from all corners of Maryland". Gansler

pos: Chris Hoofnagle Chris Hoofnagle Chris Jay Hoofnagle is an American professor at the University of California, Berkeley who teaches information privacy law, computer crime law, regulation of online privacy, and internet law. Hoofnagle has contributed to the privacy literature through a set of surveys that establish that most Americans prefer not to be targeted online for advertising and that, despite claims to the contrary, young people care about privacy and take actions to protect it. Hoofnagle is the author of "Federal Trade Commission Privacy Law and Policy", a history of the FTC's consumer protection and privacy efforts. Hoofnagle has served as an

pos: Cupcake Digital Technology Review. 2014 2013 The company complies with industry “best practices” and Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) consumer privacy regulations. The Federal Trade Commission has published updated privacy protections for children online (Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, or “COPPA”). The company has affirmed that it is currently in compliance with COPPA rules, which restrict the collection of personal, non-personal and analytical data from children as well as gaining parental permission. Cupcake Digital Cupcake Digital Inc. is an independent developer of mobile applications for tablets and smartphones focusing on the children's market (ages 2 through 8). Cupcake Digital is headquartered

pos: Privacy and the US government calls. This protected privacy rights, because it prevented private companies from revealing private personal information of its clientele, and outlined that the illegal acquisition of private communication for the purposes of fraud or external knowledge about clientele could be a punishable offense. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”), enacted in 1998, addresses the regulation of Web sites or other online services that collect, use, and disclose children's information. This act even includes financial institutions that knowingly collect child personal information through an online medium. The law even sets aside specific instructions the company must undertake to notify the subjects parents,

pos: Internet censorship in the United States confirm the users age. Signed into law in 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA, ) criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology that could be used to circumvent copyright protection mechanisms and makes it easier to act against alleged copyright infringement on the Internet. The Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA) is included as Title II of the DMCA and limits the liability of the on-line service providers for copyright infringement by their users. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) went into effect on 21 April 2000. It applies to the online collection of personal information by

pos: Canadian privacy law in 1996, and expanded upon the principles of the "Privacy Act" and "Access to Information Act". It was designed to make governmental institutions more accountable to the public, and to protect individual privacy by giving the public right of access to records, as well as giving individuals right of access to and a right to request correction of personal information about themselves. It also specifies limits to the rights of access given to individuals, prevents the unauthorized collection, use or disclosure of personal information by public bodies, and redefines the role of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. The "Personal Information

pos: Privacy brought under another tort (usually breach of confidence) and privacy must then be considered under EC law. In the UK, it is sometimes a defence that disclosure of private information was in the public interest. There is, however, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), an independent public body set up to promote access to official information and protect personal information. They do this by promoting good practice, ruling on eligible complaints, giving information to individuals and organisations, and taking action when the law is broken. The relevant UK laws include: Data Protection Act 1998; Freedom of Information Act 2000; Environmental Information

pos: Privacy in English law breach of confidence and a "piecemeal" collection of related legislation on topics like harassment and data protection. The introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated into English law the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 8.1 of the ECHR provided an explicit right to respect for a private life. The Convention also requires the judiciary to "have regard" to the Convention in developing the common law. The earliest definition of privacy in English law was given by Thomas M. Cooley who defined privacy as "the right to be left alone". In 1972 the Younger Committee, an inquiry into privacy

pos: Woozworld previously ready the company for a number of enhancements in technology and growth allowing a successful transition of the service to mobile Woozworld has a strict emphasis on protecting the private information of its users and creating a safe gaming environment that parents can trust. The company complies with all protective measures set forth by the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) and the company is Privo Privacy Certified. These measures protect children's privacy on the Internet and ensure parental consent before account activation. If broken, Woozworld has the right to ban the offending user. Woozworld is free to join,

pos: Privacy law it second longest SC hearing after the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala. On August 24, 2017, a nine-judge bench of Supreme Court in Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors. unanimously held that the right to privacy is an intrinsic part of right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. Previously, the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 made changes to the Information Technology Act, 2000 and added the following two sections relating to Privacy: The island of Ireland is under the Data Protection Act 1988 and amended by

pos: 2017 Broadband Consumer Privacy Proposal repeal protection via HTTPS. Also apps that use end-to-end encryption can be used to protect communication contents. Some consumers might assume that they can protect their browsing histories by deleting them or by using privacy modes of browsers such as Chrome's "incognito mode" which is not the case. 2017 Broadband Consumer Privacy Proposal repeal On 28 March 2017 the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution of disapproval (S.J.Res 34) to overturn the Broadband Consumer Privacy Proposal privacy law by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and is now expected to be approved by United States' President Donald Trump. It was

pos: Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) (the "Act") is a Canadian law relating to data privacy. It governs how private sector organizations collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial business. In addition, the "Act" contains various provisions to facilitate the use of electronic documents. PIPEDA became law on 13 April 2000 to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce. The act was also intended to reassure the European Union that the Canadian privacy law was adequate to protect the personal information of European citizens. In accordance with

pos: United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law is one of seven subcommittees within the Senate Judiciary Committee. It was created at the start of the 112th Congress. "Jurisdiction: (1) Oversight of laws and policies governing the collection, protection, use and dissemination of commercial information by the private sector, including online behavioral advertising, privacy within social networking websites and other online privacy issues; (2) Enforcement and implementation of commercial information privacy laws and policies; (3) Use of technology by the private sector to protect privacy, enhance transparency

pos: Do Not Track legislation of 2011" is to strengthen privacy protection for children by: The Obama administration announced that consumers have right to control which companies collect and use their information. The administration also stated that the privacy policy of companies should be transparent and understandable, and hacking and personal information leakage should be completely stopped. The Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights advances these objectives by holding that consumers have a right to: The purpose of the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights is to deter Internet companies from indiscriminate collection of personal information for targeted ads. In response, The Internet companies such as Mozilla,

pos: Privacy law South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community and the African Union. The Data Act is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. The law was then superseded on 24 October 1998 by the Personal Data Act (Sw. "Personuppgiftslagen") that implemented the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive. The main legislation over personal data privacy for the personal and private sector in Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Protection Act, specifically the Data Protection Act, a specific section under the Swiss Federal Protection Act. The Data Protection Act has been enacted

pos: Mobile phone spam Protection Act 1998 and section 22 of the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003. Section 13 of Data Protection Act 1998 and section 30 of Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 enable consumers to bring proceedings for compensation for spam emails or text messages. In 2013, Club Texting, Inc. petitioned the FCC for a Declaratory Ruling that Text Broadcasters Are Not Senders of Text Messages, and had a private meeting with five FCC staff members to argue their case. This would mean that Text Broadcasters would no longer be liable for mobile phone spam they conveyed. Fighting SMS spam is

pos: Driver's Privacy Protection Act actions, a law related to the unauthorized access to DMV records and permitted statutory damages for privacy violations, IE., $2500.00 damage award "per person-per violation, (per company)". Initially filing federal class actions against 3-400+ companies starting in 2006, and continuing to date: https://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/articles/privacy-class-action-lawsuit-driver-s-protection-act/interview-privacy-class-action-lawsuit-driver-s-2-21951.html http://www.fox13news.com/news/local-news/216818850-story Tampa Florida Fox 13 news-5 part series talking about DPPA cases. the investigation caught the attention of US Senator, who then requested Federal Investigation by US Attorney General Lynch: http://www.fox10tv.com/story/36851521/drivers-license-info-sold-fox-news-investigation-finds Driver's Privacy Protection Act The Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (also referred to as the "DPPA"), Title XXX of the Violent Crime Control and Law

pos: Common Sense Media keep on clients. It has also called for updates to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) rules to ensure that they keep pace with changes in technology since the law was passed in 1998 – as documented by Common Sense Media in a report to the Federal Trade Commission as part of a review of the law. The organization also helped Massachusetts Representative Edward Markey and Texas Representative Joe Barton draft legislation that required websites aimed at children under 13 to obtain parental permission before collecting personal information. According to the Wall Street Journal, the group also wanted websites

pos: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act a long-time vocal opponent of the law — also notes that parents, not the government, hold the bulk of responsibility of protecting children online. COPPA has also been criticized for its potential chilling effect on children's apps, content, websites and online services. For example, Snapchat released a Snapkidz version of its app in June 2013, but unlike Snapchat, Snapkidz didn't allow photo sharing at all due to COPPA regulations. Similarly, it has been pointed out that the COPPA Rule was not necessarily about privacy protection but more about "enforcing the laws." COPPA's penalties ($40,000 per violation) can be potentially catastrophic

pos: Celebrity privacy personality right in Canada stems from unfair competition law. Ellen Whitehorn claims that The United Kingdom currently does not have a specific legal statute to protect the right of publicity because, in history, U.K has been inclined to offer more protection for free speech and thus less focus on celebrity and their publicity rights. However, the U.K government still protects the right of publicity through other torts, such as some claims in the British Human Rights Act, violation of copyright, or misuse of private information. Copyright is also closely related to celebrity privacy. In the U.S, the Congress enacts copyright

pos: Right to privacy in New Zealand Zealand Law Commission released the fourth and final part to a detailed inquiry into the state of New Zealand’s privacy laws. The four parts discuss the concept of privacy, public registers, the invasion of privacy in both civil and criminal contexts, and the Privacy Act 1993. The Commission recommends a range of changes be made to the law, such as the creation of a Do Not Call register and better protection of online information. Some of these recommendations are currently tabled before Parliament, while others are currently awaiting a response from the government. These developments demonstrate that the status of

pos: The Right to Privacy (article) upon another of an act, though purely wanton or even malicious, yet if the act itself is otherwise lawful, the suffering inflicted is "damnum absque injuria" " (a loss or harm from something other than a wrongful act and which occasions no legal remedy). Second, in the next several paragraphs, the authors examine intellectual property law to determine if its principles and doctrines may sufficiently protect the privacy of the individual. Warren and Brandeis concluded that "the protection afforded to thoughts, sentiments, and emotions, expressed through the medium of writing or of the arts, so far as it consists in

pos: Advertainment just viewed a commercial. The dangers to consumers are tangible, critics argue, and consumers require added sophistication to address them. "Deceptive marketing harms consumers’ health, welfare and financial resources, reduces people’s privacy and self-esteem, and ultimately undermines trust in society. Individual consumers must try to protect themselves from marketers’ misleading communications by acquiring personal marketplace deception-protection skills that go beyond reliance on legal or regulatory protections," wrote the authors of "Deception In The Marketplace: The Psychology of Deceptive Persuasion and Consumer Self-Protection." Where children are concerned, many parents believe the idea of explicit advertainment is unfair because the target audience

pos: Privacy law any personal information online. For additional information on Privacy laws in the United States, see: Though the right to privacy exists in several regulations, the most effective privacy protections come in the form of constitutional articles of Uzbekistan. Varying aspects of the right to privacy are protected in different ways by different situations. Vietnam, lacking a general data protection law, relies on Civil Code regulations relating to personal data protection. Specifically, the Code "protects information relating to the private life of a person." The 2006 Law on Information Technology protects personal information, such as name, profession, phone number, and email

pos: Paolo Cirio personal sensitive information, Cirio designed the campaign "Right2Remove.us" to introduce a privacy policy adapting the Right to Be Forgotten law to the United States. With the "Right to Remove" policy, Cirio suggested types of sensitive personal data that should be removed from online search results to protect specific categories of vulnerable individuals. Selected awards include: Paolo Cirio Paolo Cirio is a conceptual artist, hacktivist and cultural critic. Cirio's work embodies hacker ethics, such as open access, privacy policies, and disrupting economic, legal, and political models. He received a number of legal threats for his Internet art performances with practices such

pos: Privacy concerns regarding Google top 4,000 sites worldwide and in the top 2500 for the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and other countries in web traffic. Google has been criticized by some for the way it implements support for the requirements of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) because of its "biased" terms of service on YouTube and its "heavy-handed" ways of enforcing the law. According to Google's Privacy Policy, children under 13 aren't allowed to use any Google services, including Gmail. European Union (EU) data protection officials (the Article 29 working party who advise the EU on privacy policy) have

pos: Consumer protection industries. For example, in California, the California Department of Consumer Affairs regulates about 2.3 million professionals in over 230 different professions, through its forty regulatory entities. In addition, California encourages its consumers to act as private attorneys general through the liberal provisions of its Consumers Legal Remedies Act. California has the strongest consumer protection laws of any US state, partly because of rigorous advocacy and lobbying by groups such as Utility Consumers' Action Network, Consumer Federation of California, and Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. For example, California provides for "cooling off" periods giving consumers the right to cancel contracts within a certain

pos: ScuttlePad a parental email address and answers to security questions to create a profile. Users create profiles and upload photos. Members can add friends and communicate using pre-defined word lists. All photos are manually reviewed by ScuttlePad management. Adults may not join ScuttlePad, but can use the site in a supervisory role with their children. ScuttlePad offers basic social networking, including user photos and status updates, and communication among users. ScuttlePad abides by the requirements of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) guidelines. The act applies to websites and online services and details what the site's responsibilities are to protect

pos: Privacy law the law against such interference or attacks". The Act on the Protection of Personal Information was fully enacted in 2005 to protect the rights and interests of individuals while taking consideration of the usefulness of personal information. The law applies to business operators that hold the personal information of 5,000 or more individuals. Kenya at the moment does not have a strong general privacy protection law for its constituents. But in chapter 4 — The Bill of Rights and in the second part which is titled "Rights and Fundamental Freedoms," of the consitiution privacy is allocated its own section. There

pos: Connected toys has been made towards the families that have the toy. The Federal Network Agency advised the parents to immediately destroy the toy to avoid potential risk in comprising personal data privacy. Federal laws that are commonly associated with connected toys including the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) and section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Both acts are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission regarding the data collection of children's personal information. Toys, that are able to connect to the internet through various ways, are subject to the law regulation from Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). COPPA

pos: Privacy Rights guarantees the right to respect for private and family life, one's home and correspondence. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has developed a large body of jurisprudence defining this fundamental right to privacy. The European Union requires all member states to legislate to ensure that citizens have a right to privacy, through directives such as the 1995 Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data. It is regulated in the United Kingdom by the Data Protection Act 1998 and in France data protection is also monitored by the CNIL, a governmental body which must authorize legislation concerning

pos: Cliff Stearns increase pay for VA health professionals were signed into law. Stearns has been working on extending privacy protection for about 10 years. In 2003, the International Association of Privacy Professionals gave Stearns its Privacy Leadership Award for his efforts on leadership, including holding the most extensive hearings on privacy issues as Chairman of the Commerce, Trade & Consumer Protection Subcommittee. On April 13, 2011, Stearns offered bi-partisan legislation to protect consumer privacy on line—H.R. 1528, the Consumer Privacy Protection Act. The goal is to encourage greater levels of electronic commerce by providing to Internet users the assurance that their experience

pos: Medical privacy Many states have passed its own laws to try and better protect the medical privacy of their citizens. An important national law regarding medical privacy is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), yet there are many controversies regarding the protection rights of the law. The Oregon Genetic Privacy Act (GPA) states that “an individual’s genetic information is the property of the individual”. The idea of an individual’s DNA being compared to property occurred when research caused an individual’s privacy to be threatened. Many individuals believed that their genetic information was “more sensitive, personal, and potentially damaging

pos: Data Protection Directive law. Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data had to be transposed by the end of 1998. All member states have enacted their own data protection legislation. , the United States has not a single data protection law comparable to the EU's Data Protection Directive. United States privacy legislation tends to be adopted on an "ad hoc" basis, with legislation arising when certain sectors and circumstances require (e.g., the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988, the Cable Television Protection and Competition Act of 1992, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, HIPAA

pos: Politics of Quebec Access to Information, CAI) is an institution created in 1982 to administer the Quebec legislative framework of access to information and protection of privacy. The first law related to privacy protection is the Consumer Protection Act, enacted in 1971. It ensured that all persons had the right to access their credit record. A little later, the Professional Code enshrined principles such as professional secrecy and the confidential nature of personal information. Today, the CAI administers the law framework of the Act respecting access to documents held by public bodies and the protection of personal information as well as the Act

pos: Internet censorship in South Africa 1996 was an unconstitutional limitation on freedom of expression. In September 2013 President Jacob Zuma refused to sign the Protection of State Information Bill (POSIB) into law and instead sent it back to the National Assembly for reconsideration. The bill provided for heavy penalties for journalists who reveal "State secrets", including a prison sentence of up to 25 years for "divulging classified information". The bill was criticized because of the danger it posed to investigative journalism. In November 2013, the Protection of Personal Information Act was signed into law, enacting measures to protect users’ online security, privacy, and data. No

pos: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act 13 can legally give out personal information with their parents' permission, many websites – particularly social media sites, but also other sites that collect most personal info — disallow underage children from using their services altogether due to the cost and work involved in complying with the law. In the 1990s, the electronic commerce was on its rise, but there have been expressed various concerns about the data collection practices and the impact of Internet commerce on the user privacy - especially children, because very few websites had their own privacy policies. Center of Media Education petitioned the Federal Trade

pos: Privacy-enhancing technologies Privacy-enhancing technologies Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PET) are the methods of protecting data in accordance with the law. PET allow online users to protect the privacy of their personally identifiable information (PII) provided to and handled by services or applications. PET uses techniques to minimize possession of personal data without losing the functionality of an information system. The objective of PETs is to protect personal data and ensure the users of technology that their information is confidential and management of data protection is a priority to the organizations who withhold responsibility for any PII - allowing users to take one or more

pos: Human Rights Act 1998 fact that Parliament has not passed such legislation. He was referring to the indirect horizontal effect of the Human Rights Act on the doctrine of breach of confidence which has moved English law closer towards a common law right to privacy. In response, Baron Falconer (as Lord Chancellor) stated that the Human Rights Act had been passed by Parliament, that people's private lives needed protection and that the judge in the case had interpreted relevant authorities correctly. In contrast, some have argued that the Human Rights Act does not give adequate protection to rights because of the ability for the

pos: Privacy law the Council of Europe in 1950 and currently covers the whole European continent except for Belarus and Kosovo, protects the right to respect for private life: "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence." Through the huge case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, privacy has been defined and its protection has been established as a positive right of everyone. The Council of Europe also addressed privacy protection in regards to the Internet in 1998 when it published "Draft Guidelines for the protection of individuals with regard to

pos: FTC regulation of behavioral advertising consent, and suggested that software could be used by consumers to communicate their privacy preferences automatically. In 1998, the FTC released a report in which it undertook a comprehensive review of commercial websites’ disclosures of their privacy practices and laid out the Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs). The report concluded that, “[a]s evidenced by the Commission’s survey results, and despite the Commission’s three-year privacy initiative supporting a self-regulatory response to consumers’ privacy concerns, the vast majority of online businesses have yet to adopt even the most fundamental fair information practice (notice/awareness)”. The FTC held a further public workshop in 1999,

pos: Canadian privacy law it is today. The first instance of a formal law came when, in 1977, the Canadian government introduced data protection provisions into the Canadian Human Rights Act. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlined that everyone has "the right to life, liberty and security of the person" and "the right to be free from unreasonable search or seizure", but did not directly mention the concept of privacy. In 1983, the federal "Privacy Act" regulated how federal government collects, uses and discloses personal information. Canadians' constitutional right to privacy was further confirmed in the 1984 Supreme Court case,

pos: Children's Advertising Review Unit comic books, the Internet and mobile services for compliance with its Guidelines. When ads are found to be misleading, inaccurate or inconsistent with its Guidelines, CARU seeks changes through voluntary cooperation. The results of CARU inquiries are publicly recorded in the NAD/CARU Case Reports. CARU also handles advertiser challenges and consumer complaints. In 1996, CARU added a section to its Guidelines that highlight issues that are unique to the Internet including Websites directed at children under age 13 for online privacy. These Guidelines served as the basis of the federal Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA). In January

pos: Email Privacy Act 6, 2017, but was again expected to encounter Republican opposition in the Senate. Email Privacy Act The Email Privacy Act is a bill introduced in the United States Congress. The bipartisan proposed federal law is sponsored by Representative Kevin Yoder, a Republican from Kansas, and Representative Jared Polis, a Democrat of Colorado. The law is designed to update and reform existing online communications law, specifically the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986. In the 113th Congress (2013-14), the bill never made it out of subcommittee. In the 114th Congress (2015-16), the bill was unanimously passed by the House, but

pos: Right to privacy economic aspects of personal information control. Posner criticizes privacy for concealing information, which reduces market efficiency. For Posner, employment is selling oneself in the labour market, which he believes is like selling a product. Any 'defect' in the 'product' that is not reported is fraud. For Lessig, privacy breaches online can be regulated through code and law. Lessig claims "the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right", and that "individuals should be able to control information about themselves". Economic approaches to privacy make communal conceptions of privacy difficult to maintain. There

pos: Ghostery blocked them or not, in a "findings window" accessible from clicking on the Ghostery Icon in the browser. When configured, Ghostery also displays the list of trackers present on the page in a temporary purple overlay box. Originally developed by David Cancel, Ghostery was acquired by Evidon (renamed Ghostery, Inc.) in January 2010. Ghostery is among the most popular browser extensions for privacy protection. In 2014, Edward Snowden suggested consumers use Ghostery along with other tools to protect their online privacy. Cliqz GmbH acquired Ghostery from Evidon Inc. in February 2017. On March 8, 2018, Ghostery shifted back to an

pos: Email Privacy Act Email Privacy Act The Email Privacy Act is a bill introduced in the United States Congress. The bipartisan proposed federal law is sponsored by Representative Kevin Yoder, a Republican from Kansas, and Representative Jared Polis, a Democrat of Colorado. The law is designed to update and reform existing online communications law, specifically the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986. In the 113th Congress (2013-14), the bill never made it out of subcommittee. In the 114th Congress (2015-16), the bill was unanimously passed by the House, but was derailed in the Senate following a series of weakening amendments offered by

pos: David Vladeck York Times, Vladeck argued that, “I don’t believe that most consumers either read [privacy policies], or, if they read them, really understand it [sic]. Second of all, consent in the face of these kinds of quote disclosures, I’m not sure that consent really reflects a volitional, knowing act.” Vladeck’s new approach to online privacy can be seen in his handling of FTC litigation against Sears in In the Matter of Sears Holdings Management Corporation. In June 2009, shortly after Vladeck assumed office, the Bureau of Consumer Protection settled a case against Sears. The company had offered consumers $10 to download

pos: Video Privacy Protection Act the incorporation of complex graphics within online ads, and the exchange of data derived from video ads not confined to an internal network, used via a TCP/IP protocol. This unauthorized activity would become the core allegation. Extensive research and case analysis of Federal and State laws, regulations, and Court Opinions, yielded limited assistance. An adaptation of the law was needed to litigate this new computer technology involving the unauthorized access to online consumer's data. Attorney Malley seized on an archaic law written concerning the technology of the 1980s involving video cassettes, VHS, and Betamax, the Video Privacy Protection Act ("VPPA"),

pos: European Digital Rights to promote, protect and uphold civil rights in the field of information and communication technology. This includes many issues relating to privacy and digital rights, from data retention to copyright and software patents, from the right to data protection and privacy to freedom of speech online, from privatised enforcement to cybersecurity. EDRi provides a strong civil society voice and platform to ensure that European policy, which affects the digital environment, is in line with fundamental rights. Recently, EDRi highlighted fundamental rights issues in the current collective rights management regime and privacy implications of online tracking. The organisation continues to defend

pos: Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand) Zealand’s Privacy Commissioner participates internationally to promote global co-ordination in privacy protection. Such forums include the International Conference of Data Protection Commissioners, APEC’s Cross Border Privacy Arrangement, and the Global Privacy Enforcement Network. The Commissioner’s Annual Report 2013 emphasised the need for cross-border protection given the accessibility of private information online. In December 2012, New Zealand gained international approval for its privacy protection from the European Commission. The Commission stated that the Privacy Act and common law “cover all the basic principles necessary for an adequate level of protection for natural persons, and also provide for exemptions and limitations in

pos: Privacy law not apply to non-commercial organizations or provincial governments. Personal information collected, used and disclosed by the federal government and many crown corporations is governed by the "Privacy Act". Many provinces have enacted similar provincial legislation such as the Ontario "Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act" which applies to public bodies in that province. There remains some debate whether there exists a common law tort for breach of privacy. There have been a number of cases identifying a common law right to privacy but the requirements have not been articulated. In "Eastmond v. Canadian Pacific Railway & Privacy Commissioner

pos: Privacy policy that site's privacy policies". However, the same study contends where private information is clearly presented, consumers prefer retailers who better protect their privacy and may "pay a premium to purchase from more privacy protective websites". Furthermore, a 2007 study at the University of California, Berkeley found that "75% of consumers think as long as a site has a privacy policy it means it won't share data with third parties," confusing the existence of a privacy policy with extensive privacy protection. Privacy policies suffer generally from a lack of precision, especially when compared with the emerging form of the Data Use

pos: Search and Surveillance Act 2012 and human rights of concern for invasions of privacy by law enforcement activities. The Commission considered the wording of s21 of the Bill of Rights Act with reference to the draft White Paper Bill. The protection of s21 was intended to apply to "any circumstances where state intrusion...is unjustified" and this was to extend to all forms of surveillance. Section 21 of the Bill of Rights Act partially incorporated the ICCPR, which emphasizes an international right to privacy. Even case law has indicated that the underpinning value in s21 is the right to privacy. In some situations a reasonable search will also involve

pos: False light False light In law, false light is a tort concerning privacy that is similar to the tort of defamation. The privacy laws in the United States include a non-public person's right to protection from publicity which puts the person in a false light to the public. That right is balanced against the First Amendment right of free speech. False light differs from defamation primarily in being intended "to protect the plaintiff's mental or emotional well-being", rather than to protect a plaintiff's reputation as is the case with the tort of defamation and in being about the impression created rather than

pos: Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act PIPEDA: Notable provisions of PIPA: The "Personal Health Information Protection Act", known by its acronym PHIPA (typically pronounced 'pee-hip-ah'), established in 2004, outlines privacy regulations for health information custodians in Ontario, Canada. Breaches of PHIPA are directed to the Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner. The "Personal Health Information Protection Act" serves three important functions: On June 18, 2015, the "Digital Privacy Act" (Senate Bill S-4) became law, amending the PIPEDA to include a business transaction exemption, mandatory breach notification requirements, enhanced powers for the Privacy Commissioner, and various other updates. The PIPEDA sets out ground rules for how private sector

pos: Privacy law data, to destroy the data, or to pay a penalty of up to $1 million. Singapore has also passed various sector-specific statutes that more indirectly deal with privacy and personal information, including: There are also more specific acts for electronically stored information: The Constitution of South Africa guarantees the most general right to privacy for all its citizens. This provides the main protection for personal data privacy so far. The Protection of Personal Act 2013 (POPI) was signed into act, focusing on data privacy and is inspired by other foreign national treaties like the United Kingdom. Minimum requirements are presented

pos: ECRUSH Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, eCRUSH shut down the existing accounts of children who identified themselves as being under thirteen. According to a "Red Herring" article, "eCRUSHONLINE.com is seizing an elusive but highly desirable audience of young, mostly female viewers, ranging in age from 10 to 37." According to that article, the service saw its biggest growth at high schools and colleges. In January 2009, eSPIN began the "Don't Be An Idiot" campaign to educate teens about online safety. The campaign consisted of a safety hub page, a safety quiz, a YouTube video and a place to submit safety

pos: Canadian privacy law Protection and Electronic Documents Act" ("PIPEDA") governs the topic of data privacy, and how private-sector companies can collect, use and disclose personal information. The Act also contains various provisions to facilitate the use of electronic documents. PIPEDA was passed in the late 1990s to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce, as well as was intended to assure other governments that Canadian privacy laws were strong enough to protect the personal information of citizens of other nationalities. PIPEDA includes and creates provisions of the Canadian Standards Association's Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information, developed in 1995. Like any privacy

pos: Personal Data Privacy and Security Act of 2009 its comprehensive approach to data security and personally identifiable information and the provisions for accountability in security breaches. The comprehensive nature of the bill was intended to patch together different laws from the state level that protect some residents into a federal bill that would have supremacy and offer greater protection to individuals’ information, most notably preempting State data breach notification laws. Consumers Union, the non-profit publisher of "Consumer Reports", addressed Senator Leahy directly to offer support. Unfortunately for proponents of the bill, the bill did not receive the expected attention in Congress. Personal Data Privacy and Security Act of

pos: California Senate Bill 420 the date of application, regardless if the physician's recommendation expires before that date. The California Department of Public Health maintains a 24-hour telephone hotline and an online website by which law enforcement and collectives/cooperatives can verify the validity of the card(s). The system is designed with safeguards to protect patient privacy like the former San Francisco and Oakland ID card system. Police may identify whether persons are medical marijuana patients by only a unique identification number appearing on the card. Although some patient advocates have expressed qualms about the privacy of the new identification system, California NORML recommends that patients

pos: Celebrity privacy in the 1977 "Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co".case. The right of publicity is significant because with the advent of a new media age when “everyone can be famous on the Internet for 15 minutes”, the right of publicity becomes increasingly relevant and vital protection. This right is closely related to celebrity privacy because most of the time, it is used to protect celebrities from paparazzi or individuals who take the celebrities’ names and images for commercial use. Currently no federal law in the U.S protects celebrities’ right of publicity, however states like California have established statutes and common law to

pos: Information privacy law the STE 108 agreement of the Council of Europe and a corresponding amendment of the federal Data Protection Act. However, Swiss law imposes less restrictions upon data processing than the Directive in several respects. In Switzerland, the right to privacy is guaranteed in article 13 of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The Swiss Federal Data Protection Act (DPA) and the Swiss Federal Data Protection Ordinance (DPO) entered into force on July 1, 1993. The latest amendments of the DPA and the DPO entered into force on January 1, 2008. The DPA applies to the processing of personal data by private persons

pos: Xanga site with links to tips for parents, youth, and law enforcement. Links to these safety tips were added to the bottom of every page on Xanga. In September, 2006, Xanga was fined by the FTC for violating the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) for $1,000,000 USD, the largest fine leveled against any online company. Xanga was found to have harvested private information from children under the age of 13 without consent of parents for commercial profit. Xanga had failed to post terms of usage on their website, as well as failing to post their practice involving children. A "Report

pos: Privacy law individual's right to control their personal data and the organizations' legal needs to collect this data. It imposes eight obligations on those organizations that use personal data: consent, purpose limitation, notification, access, correction, accuracy, protection/security, and retention. The Act prohibits transfer of personal data to countries with privacy protection standards that are lower than those outlined in the general data protection rules. The Personal Data Protection Commission is responsible for enforcing the Act, which is based primarily on a complaints-based system. The punishments for violating the Act can include being ordered by the Commission to stop collecting and using personal

pos: VTech the company inquiring as to why and what kind of information belonging to children is stored by VTech and how they use this data, security practices employed to protect that data, if children's information is shared or sold to third-parties and how the company complies with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act. In February 2016, Hunt publicized the fact that VTech had modified its Terms and Conditions for new customers so that the customer acknowledges and agrees that any information transmitted to VTech may be intercepted or later acquired by unauthorized parties. In January 2018 the US Federal Trade Commission

pos: Online Privacy Protection Act was signed into law in 2013, amended CalOPPA requiring new privacy policy disclosures for websites and online services that track visitors. It was defined in the legislative analysis of the bill as "the monitoring of an individual across multiple websites to build a profile of behavior and interests." On February 6, 2013, Assembly Member Ed Chau had introduced AB 242, which would amend the act to impose additional requirements on privacy policies. The amendments would require: AB 242 died in the Assembly Judiciary Committee. In 2013 the Act was amended to require additional disclosure items—including items relating to "do not

pos: Privacy policy 22575-22579" requires "any commercial websites or online services that collect personal information on California residents through a web site to conspicuously post a privacy policy on the site". Both Nebraska and Pennsylvania have laws treating misleading statements in privacy policies published on websites as deceptive or fraudulent business practices. Canada's federal Privacy Law applicable to the private sector is formally referred to as Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). The purpose of the act is to establish rules to govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by commercial organizations. The organization is allowed to collect, disclose

neg: Data Protection Act 1998 Data Protection Act 1998 The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It enacted the EU Data Protection Directive 1995's provisions on the protection, processing and movement of data. Under the DPA 1998, individuals had legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act did not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes was legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions. The

neg: Adam4Adam Speech Coalition recently endorsed the RTA website label. Maryclaire Dale, Associated Press Writer, March 22, 2007, writes: Federal judge blocks 1998 online porn law. Software filters work much better than a 1998 federal law designed to keep pornography away from children on the Internet, a federal judge ruled Thursday in striking down the measure on free-speech grounds. Senior U.S. District Judge Lowell Reed Jr. also said the Child Online Protection Act fails to address threats that have emerged since the law was written, including online predators on social-networking sites like MySpace, because it targets only commercial Web publishers. "Even defendant's

neg: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act the first significant changes to the act since the issuance of the rules in 2000. The proposed rule changes expanded the definition of what it meant to "collect" data from children. The proposed rules presented a data retention and deletion requirement, which mandated that data obtained from children be retained only for the amount of time necessary to achieve the purpose that it was collected for. It also added the requirement that operators ensure that any third parties to whom a child's information is disclosed have reasonable procedures in place to protect the information. The act applies to websites and

neg: Negative option billing delivered is subversive of the efficiency of the market as a whole. The Ontario government also outlawed the practice in July 2005. Ontario's regulations prohibiting negative option billing do not protect consumers from owing for goods or services that they have agreed to receive. Additionally, Alberta has outlawed negative billing in 1998. In the UK the law which applies is "The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000" (2000 No. 2334), specifically section 24 "Inertia Selling". (This effectively replaces the repealed s.1 of the "Unsolicited Goods and Services Act" (1971, as amended).) In summary: (2) The recipient [of unsolicited goods] may,

neg: Children's Online Privacy Protection Act camera, which is then compared to the photo on the ID. While COPPA is an American law, the Federal Trade Commission has made it clear that the requirements of COPPA will apply to foreign-operated web sites if such sites "are directed to children in the U.S. or knowingly collect information from children in the U.S." Since it is US Federal law, it's applicable only to websites that are run: European Union's General Data Protection Regulation article 8 explicitly says that children's personal information deserves parental consent as well. However, GDPR has variable age of consent - from 13 to 16.

neg: Children's Internet Protection Act the workforce". Children's Internet Protection Act The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) requires that K–12 schools and libraries in the United States use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content as a condition for federal funding. It was signed into law on December 21, 2000, and was found to be constitutional by the United States Supreme Court on June 23, 2003. CIPA is one of a number of bills that the United States Congress proposed to limit children's exposure to pornography and explicit content online. Both of Congress's earlier attempts at restricting indecent Internet

neg: Children's Internet Protection Act Children's Internet Protection Act The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) requires that K–12 schools and libraries in the United States use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content as a condition for federal funding. It was signed into law on December 21, 2000, and was found to be constitutional by the United States Supreme Court on June 23, 2003. CIPA is one of a number of bills that the United States Congress proposed to limit children's exposure to pornography and explicit content online. Both of Congress's earlier attempts at restricting indecent Internet content, the

neg: Privacy concerns with social networking services Maryland (law passed in March 2012) in prohibiting employer access to social media web sites of their employees and prospective employees. A number of other states that are also considering such prohibitory legislation (California, Delaware, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, South Carolina and Washington), as is the United States Congress. In April 2012, the Social Networking Online Protection Act (2012 H.R. 5050) was introduced in the United States House of Representatives, and the Password Protection Act of 2012 (2012 S. 3074) was introduced in the United States Senate in May 2012, which prohibit employers from requiring

neg: Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA) (), is a legislative act that made several significant changes to the United States Bankruptcy Code. Referred to colloquially as the "New Bankruptcy Law", the Act of Congress attempts to, among other things, make it more difficult for some consumers to file bankruptcy under Chapter 7; some of these consumers may instead utilize Chapter 13. Voting record of S. 256. It was passed by the 109th United States Congress on April 14, 2005 and signed into law by President George W. Bush

neg: Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act The Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act (OPEN Act) is a bill introduced in the United States Congress proposed as an alternative to the Stop Online Piracy Act and PROTECT IP Act, by Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon, a Democrat, and Representative Darrell Issa of California, a Republican. The text of the bill is available for public comment at keepthewebopen.com . Wyden first introduced OPEN in the Senate (S. 2029) on December 17, 2011, with co-sponsors Jerry Moran of Kansas and Maria Cantwell of Washington. Issa and 25 co-sponsors introduced

neg: Veratrum album prank others. In 1983, there were nine cases of accidental poisoning as a result of these pranks due to the presence of "Veratrum" alkaloids in the sneezing powders. The victims were nine boys aged between 11 and 18 years old in Scandinavian countries who used supplies imported from the Federal Republic of Germany. All boys had inhaled the powder and six had ingested it. Symptoms typically presented within an hour, after which calls were made to authorities. After sneezing, the victims began to develop gastrointestinal disturbances such as vomiting in all cases and epigastric pain in two. Three of the

neg: Robert Rinder Rinder the opportunity to front it. Since 2014, he has been the eponymous judge in the reality courtroom series "Judge Rinder", where he has been referred to as a British "Judge Judy". Shortly after the programme started, he criticised Judith Sheindlin, the judge of "Judge Judy", for making judgements based on her preconceptions while claiming that he applied the law seriously and made "real legal rulings". Despite this, he insisted that it be clarified on the programme that he is a practising criminal law barrister and not a civil court judge. As such, he wears his normal barrister's court dress

neg: Padmé Amidala with no formal style, although she continued to use her regal name instead of her family name in accordance with Naboo custom. "Return of the Jedi", the final film in the original trilogy, alludes to the character. While in the Ewok village on the forest moon of Endor, Luke Skywalker asks if Leia Organa remembers their "real mother". Leia answers that "she died when I was very young" and also says that "she was very beautiful... kind... but sad", while Luke confesses to have no memories of their mother. An extended scene of "Return of the Jedi" expands on the

neg: Maurice Brocco Maurice Brocco Maurice Brocco (28 January 1883, in Fismes – 26 June 1965, in Erigné) was a French professional road bicycle racer between 1906 and 1927. He was born into a family of Swiss-Italian immigrants. In 1911 he won a stage in the Tour de France. He participated six times in the Tour de France, but finished the race only once. In his later career he was successful in six-day races. In the 1911 Tour de France, Brocco did not finish the ninth stage. Brocco then profited from a rule that allowed riders who did not finish a stage to

neg: Blind Landing Experimental Unit to a Smiths Type D autopilot and installed in Varsity "WF417", a much larger aircraft, capable of carrying 38 people rather than 10 in the Devon. The first fully automatic approach and landing was made by "WF417" on 11 November 1954 under calm and misty conditions. A similar system was installed in Canberra "WE189" to provide the first application of Autoland to jet-type aircraft. Automatic approaches and automatic landings were recorded by "WE189" but the development was interrupted in April 1956 when the facilities at Woodbridge, which had the only suitable leader cable installation, ceased to be available to BLEU.