query: when did the giant kangaroo rat become endangered

pos: Giant kangaroo rat where the giant kangaroo rat rubs its sides in sand, leaving behind a scent to attract mates. They live for only 2–4 years. This species was declared endangered on both the federal and California state levels in the 1980s. It inhabits less than a mere 2% of its original range and can now be found only in isolated areas west of the San Joaquin Valley, including the Carrizo Plain, the Elkhorn Plain, and the Kettleman Hills. The giant kangaroo rat, like many other rodent species, lost much of its habitat as the Central Valley fell under agricultural use. Much information

pos: Giant kangaroo rat where the giant kangaroo rat rubs its sides in sand, leaving behind a scent to attract mates. They live for only 2–4 years. This species was declared endangered on both the federal and California state levels in the 1980s. It inhabits less than a mere 2% of its original range and can now be found only in isolated areas west of the San Joaquin Valley, including the Carrizo Plain, the Elkhorn Plain, and the Kettleman Hills. The giant kangaroo rat, like many other rodent species, lost much of its habitat as the Central Valley fell under agricultural use. Much information

neg: Giant kangaroo rat Giant kangaroo rat The giant kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys ingens") is an endangered species of heteromyid rodent endemic to California. The giant kangaroo rat, is the largest of over 20 species of kangaroo rats, which are small members of the rodent family, measuring about in length, including its long, tufted tail. It is tan or brown in color. Like other kangaroo rats it has a large head and large eyes, and long, strong hind legs with which helps it hop at high speeds. The giant kangaroo rat has been recently added to the endangered species list due to its habitat being

neg: Painted Rock (San Luis Obispo County, California) to tall grass hiding a very irregular ground surface created by the many burrowing mammals including an endangered species of kangaroo rat. During limited business hours, visitor services for the area are provided by the Goodwin Education Center at 805.475-2131 during the months of December through May. In addition to some Painted Rock tours and details, it also provides information and displays regarding threatened and endangered Carrizo Plain wildlife species. These include the San Joaquin kit fox, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the giant kangaroo rat, and the San Joaquin antelope squirrel. There is also information and history regarding settlement and

neg: Giant kangaroo rat still needs to be obtained regarding their basic biology and compatibility with various land uses before clear directives can be made. Besides some projects currently underway in the Carrizo Plain National Monument, studies need to be conducted on populations whose range overlaps with private lands. Recovery of the giant kangaroo rat can be achieved when the three largest populations in eastern Kern County, Carrizo Plain Natural Area, and the Panoche Region along with the populations in the Kettleman Hills, San Juan Creek Valley and Cuyama Valley are protected and managed appropriately. The mating of the giant kangaroo rat is seasonal.

neg: Great horned owl great horned owl predation. While at least the ospreys and peregrines have rebounded admirably nonetheless, bird and mammal species that are much rarer overall sometimes fall prey to great horned owls, many in which even sporadic losses can be devastating. Among the species considered threatened, endangered or critically endangered by the IUCN which are also known to be killed by great horned owls are Townsend's ground squirrels ("Urocitellus townsendii"), Pacific pocket mice ("Perognathus pacificus"), giant kangaroo rats, Stephens' kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys stephensi"), black-footed ferrets, greater and lesser prairie chickens, marbled murrelets ("Brachyramphus marmoratus"), ivory-billed woodpeckers, Florida scrub jays ("Aphelocoma coerulescens"),

neg: Merriam's kangaroo rat bobcats, and several snake species including sidewinders and glossy snakes. In general humans have not caused adverse impact to the Merriam's kangaroo rat through most of its range. However, in southern California one subspecies, the San Bernardino kangaroo rat, "Dipodomys merriami parvus", is at risk due primarily to urban development including construction of dams and alteration of hydrologic regimes throughout its range. Once common on alluvial plains in the washes of San Bernardino and Riverside counties, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed the San Bernardino kangaroo rat as endangered in 1998. Merriam's kangaroo rat Merriam's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys

neg: Giant kangaroo rat During the summer, male rats go out of their normal territories and mate with neighboring female rats. During the winter, the males stay in their original burrow. Endangered "Dipodomys ingens" populations have become more dispersed and less numerous over time. This can have major side effects to the genetic diversity of the species. "D. ingens" populations only cover about 3% of the territory they historically occupied. Agricultural development has severely impacted the habitats of this rodent, and restricted it to several small isolated areas. Because of this, "D. ingens" is at risk for genetic drift and inbreeding within smaller populations.

neg: Stephens's kangaroo rat Stephens's kangaroo rat Stephens' kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys stephensi") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to the Southern California region of the United States, primarily in western Riverside County. The species is named after American zoologist Frank Stephens (1849-1937). The natural habitat of Stephens' kangaroo rat is sparsely vegetated temperate grassland. This habitat has been destroyed or modified for agriculture throughout the species' range; as a result, Stephens' kangaroo rat is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It occurs sympatrically with the agile kangaroo rat, but tends to prefer

neg: Giant kangaroo rat "D. ingens" lives in metapopulation structures due to their habitats being taken over by humans. They are divided into several small remnant populations that are unable to disperse over larger areas because of topographical limitations. This is a larger problem for northern subpopulations of than those in the south. "D. ingens" is believed to be polygynous (one male, multiple females) but a common ratio between male and female partners has not yet been found. The study showed that translocation was a successful method for increasing diversity and population size of "D. ingens". Giant kangaroo rat The giant kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys

neg: Stephens's kangaroo rat due to them living in a disconnected valley from the central and northern populations. Stephens's kangaroo rat Stephens' kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys stephensi") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to the Southern California region of the United States, primarily in western Riverside County. The species is named after American zoologist Frank Stephens (1849-1937). The natural habitat of Stephens' kangaroo rat is sparsely vegetated temperate grassland. This habitat has been destroyed or modified for agriculture throughout the species' range; as a result, Stephens' kangaroo rat is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and

neg: Morro Bay kangaroo rat subspecies. The male is measured to be 300.4 mm while the females are about 295.1 mm long. Their primary food is seeds. "Dipodomys heermanni morroensis" have 2 to 3 litters a year. In each litter they have between one and seven pups, but the average amount of pups per litter is two. They are born with no hair, eyes and ears closed, and toothless. The Morro Bay kangaroo rat is federally endangered. Morro Bay kangaroo rat The Morro Bay kangaroo rat, Dipodomys heermanni morroensis, is endemic to San Luis Obispo County, California. This subspecies of “Heermann” kangaroo rat today lives

neg: Giant kangaroo rat severely reduced. Data was collected on its foraging behavior and social structure. Traps baited kangaroo rats with oats in them for four weeks in the summer. The animals were captured, tagged with tracking devices and set free. Results show that significantly fewer males were captured. This could have been due to the time of year at which the experiment was tested. Females were found to be more social. Studies also showed that the kangaroo rat’s den is the area in which the animal spends the most time. The giant kangaroo rat lives on dry, sandy grasslands and digs burrows in

neg: San José Island kangaroo rat island and body size of the endangered rodent species is believed to be a cause of endangerment. Human activities have brought in many non-native species, of goats and cats specifically, which pose a great threat to the Dipodomys insularis. These islands have rules and regulations established which protect many endangered species that are endemic to these areas, including Dipodomys insularis. The only activities permitted are believed to have very little ecological impact. Lack of disturbance possibly will assist in preserving the island along with its endemic plant and animal species. San José Island kangaroo rat The San José Island kangaroo

neg: Carrizo Plain valley and provide greater drainage while the soils with more clay are located on the valley floor near Soda Lake, and have much poorer drainage. The soils in the Carrizo Plain have very low fertility because of their high alkalinity content and low rainfall due to the semi-arid climate. The Carrizo Plain is home to 13 species listed as endangered either by the state or federal government, the largest concentration of endangered species in California. Some of these species include the San Joaquin kit fox, the San Joaquin antelope squirrel, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the giant kangaroo rat, greater and

neg: Panoche, California Golden Eagle, Mountain Plover, Ferruginous Hawk, Prairie Falcon, Merlin, Mountain Bluebird, Loggerhead Shrike, Burrowing Owl, and Long-billed Curlew. The valley provides critical habitat, especially in winter, for these birds. Mammals in the area include three federally endangered species; the San Joaquin Kit Fox, Giant Kangaroo Rat, and Nelson's Antelope Squirrel. American Badger is also native to the valley. Endangered reptiles in the valley includes Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard. There is only one place in the entire world named Panoche, making it unique among the world's place names. It is thought that the name Panoche is derived from the local Indian word

neg: Kirindy Forest the only location where the endangered giant jumping rat ("Hypogeomys antimena") occurs. This animal can hop like a miniature kangaroo, but is also seen walking on all four limbs. There are a number of species of nocturnal lemurs present: Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (the world's smallest primate), red-tailed sportive lemur, pygmy mouse lemur, gray mouse lemur, pale fork-marked lemur, Coquerel's giant mouse lemur and the fat-tailed dwarf lemur. Further mammalian species of fossa, narrow-striped mongoose, Verreaux's sifaka, common tenrec, greater hedgehog tenrec and red-fronted brown lemur are also found here. Some of the local reptiles present are: Labord's chameleon, various

neg: Giant kangaroo rat loose soil. It lives in colonies, and the individuals communicate with each other by drumming their feet on the ground. These foot thumping signals range from single, short thumps to long, drawn out “footrolls” that can average over 100 drums at 18 drums per second. These audible signals serve both as a warning of approaching danger, as a territorial communication, and to communicate mating status. Kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters, but also eat green plants and insects. Most giant kangaroo rats gather seeds when they are available and store them for consumption later. The seeds are put into small

neg: California mouse, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rat), Amargosa vole, California least tern, California condor, loggerhead shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered and two that are threatened are on the federal list. Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern sea otter, and northern spotted owl. California has a total of of National Wildlife Refuges. , 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided

neg: San Quintin kangaroo rat whole area which they inhabited has been converted into agricultural land. The colonies have disappeared, and intensive searches in the 1990s failed to detect any specimens. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed their conservation status as "critically endangered" and notes that the species may be extinct. The rediscovery of the species in 2017 has led to a proposed conservation plan for the area by the local organization Terra Peninsular A.C. and University of California Institute for Mexico and the United States. San Quintin kangaroo rat The San Quintin kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys gravipes") is a species of rodent

neg: San Quintin kangaroo rat as "critically endangered" and possibly extinct. However, in 2017, the species was rediscovered in the Valle Tranquilo Nature Preserve by researchers from the San Diego Natural History Museum; these findings were detailed in a report published in 2018. The San Quintin kangaroo rat is a small species of kangaroo rat with a head-and-body length of about and a weight of . The hairy tail has a large tuft of hairs on the end and is longer than the body. The fur on the head and back is a pale pinkish-buff, with some longer black hairs. The underparts are white and

neg: San Bernardino kangaroo rat San Bernardino kangaroo rat The San Bernardino kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys merriami parvus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is one of 19 recognized subspecies of Merriam's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys merriami") that are spread throughout the arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like "Dipodomys merriami", the San Bernardino kangaroo rat has the diagnostic trait of having four toes on its hind legs. Additionally, because of its geographic isolation, it has become the most highly differentiated subspecies of "D. merriami". The San Bernardino kangaroo rat follows the same body plan as "Dipodomys merriami" and other

neg: Merriam's kangaroo rat burrow system. Kangaroo rats lose water mainly by evaporation during gas exchange, and so have developed a behavioural adaptation to prevent this loss. As they spend a lot of time within their burrows to escape the heat of the day, the burrows become much more humid than the air outside (due to evaporative loss). When collecting seeds, they store them in the burrows rather than eating them straight away. This causes the moisture in the air to be absorbed by the seeds, and the kangaroo rat regains the water it has previously lost when it then consumes them. Merriam's kangaroo

neg: March Mammal Madness vole of the bank Divisions: Adjective Mammals, Coulda Shoulda, Desert Adapted, and Two Animals One Mammal Animals who did not advance to round two: snow leopard, fisher, rhesus macaque, sac-winged bat, long-tailed pangolin, burrowing bettong, hairy-nosed wombat, bat-eared fox, red squirrel, brown-throated sloth, silky anteater, southern marsupial mole, meerkat, patas monkey, marbled polecat, bilby, long-eared hedgehog, sand cat, jerboa, giant red flying squirrel, lion, leopard, fossil baboon, dire wolf, giant armadillo, Irish elk, quokka, shrew mole, raccoon dog, otter civet, kangaroo rat, mouse opossum, deer mouse, squirrel monkey, grasshopper mouse Divisions: Antecessors, Great Adaptations, When the Kat's Away, and Urban

neg: San Bernardino kangaroo rat the areas where flooding has been diverted, the canopy density of the brush has increased beyond suitable levels for "D. m. parvus". San Bernardino kangaroo rat The San Bernardino kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys merriami parvus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is one of 19 recognized subspecies of Merriam's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys merriami") that are spread throughout the arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like "Dipodomys merriami", the San Bernardino kangaroo rat has the diagnostic trait of having four toes on its hind legs. Additionally, because of its geographic isolation, it has become the

neg: Giant bushy-tailed cloud rat Giant bushy-tailed cloud rat The giant bushy-tailed cloud rat or Luzon bushy-tailed cloud rat ("Crateromys schadenbergi") is a large, endangered species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is only found in pine and mossy forest at altitudes of in the Central Cordillera of Luzon, the Philippines. Relatively little is known about its behavior, but it is nocturnal, mainly arboreal and feeds on various types of vegetation. It is rarer than the northern Luzon giant cloud rat, a shorter-haired species that mainly occurs at lower elevations, but locally the giant bushy-tailed cloud rat remains moderately common in oak-pine forest. The

neg: Heermann's kangaroo rat and east to west from the Sierra Nevada mountain range to the Pacific Ocean. They can be found in a range of habitats, however they do not surpass the altitude of . Even with this small home range, the Heermann's kangaroo rat is listed as a species of least concern according to the IUCN. According to USFWS the sub-species "D.h. morroensis" is listed as endangered. With all the interconnected surface runways within a community composed of individual Heermann's kangaroo rats, it is incredibly difficult to narrow down individual home ranges. Because of this difficulty in distinguishing home ranges, the estimated

neg: Ord's kangaroo rat length exceeds 240 mm. Its tail is usually less than 160 mm, distinguishing it from "D. elator" (which exceeds 160 mm). Though a common species in the United States, the population in Canada is considered endangered. The currently accepted scientific name for Ord's kangaroo rat is "Dipodomys ordii" Woodhouse. It belongs to the family Heteromyidae, kangaroo rats and mice. Hall listed 35 subspecies, but Kennedy and Schnell reported many of these subspecies are probably not legitimate since they were based on the assumption of little sexual dimorphism in the species. It has now been established that sexual dimorphism within the

neg: Giant kangaroo rat pits on the surface of the soil and scattered over the home range of the individual. The small pits only the content of the two cheek pouches. In the spring and summer, individuals generally spend less than two hours of the night foraging above ground. They are very territorial and never leave their den for more than 15 minutes per day. The giant kangaroo rat then stores the seeds in a larder for later eating and gives birth to a litter of 1 to 7 babies, with an average of 3 per litter. It communicates with potential mates by sandbathing,

neg: California Valley Solar Ranch 2011, the Department of Energy (DOE) offered NRG Solar a $1.237 billion loan from the federal government to cover most of the construction cost. The total cost of the project is estimated to be $1.6 billion. The Carrizo Plain is home to 13 species listed as endangered either by the state or federal government, including the San Joaquin kit fox, giant kangaroo rat, and the California condor. SunPower has been working with the community to protect local wildlife habitat and migration patterns, and reduce the amount of traffic in the area during construction. The company recently announced a plan to

neg: Giant bushy-tailed cloud rat primary threats are hunting and habitat loss. The appearance of the giant bushy-tailed cloud rat has been described as spectacular, and it appears to be an equivalent of large tropical tree squirrels, which are not found in Luzon. It weighs and is long. The very long, soft fur, which also covers the tail, is typically all black, but some individuals have white patches. Giant bushy-tailed cloud rat The giant bushy-tailed cloud rat or Luzon bushy-tailed cloud rat ("Crateromys schadenbergi") is a large, endangered species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is only found in pine and mossy forest at

neg: Giant thicket rat Kenya National Park but it is a priority to establish other protected areas for this species. The giant thicket rat is classified as endangered because its range is less than and is in a single locality where the habitat is being degraded. As this species is so little known the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources recommends that it needs further study to evaluate its status and ensure its conservation. Giant thicket rat The giant thicket rat (Grammomys gigas) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae which is restricted to a small area of Kenya.

neg: Tipton kangaroo rat Refuge, Delano, and the natural lands surrounding Lamont (southeast of Bakersfield), Kern County, at the Coles Levee Ecosystem Preserve and in other scattered areas to the south in Kern County, in areas west of Tipton, Pixley, and Earlimart, Pixley National Wildlife Refuge, Allensworth Ecological Reserve, and Allensworth State Historical Park in Tulare County. Tipton kangaroo rats eat mainly seeds. They also consume some insects and small amounts of herbaceous vegetation when available. Kangaroo rat Tipton kangaroo rat The Tipton kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides"), is a subspecies of the San Joaquin kangaroo rat, a rodent in the family Heteromyidae. Adult

neg: Desert kangaroo rat communicate location and other kangaroo rats respond in kind. This is not the case with the desert kangaroo rat. The desert kangaroo rat, living in a sand dune environment, has the highest level of food scarcity. When the desert kangaroo rat hears a drum from another rat, it comes out of its burrow and chases it away or engages in a rollover fight. Desert kangaroo rats function under a high risk of predation for a variety of reasons. The first of which is they forage alone. They do not have a community of other rats to watch out for snakes

neg: Panamint kangaroo rat rat inhabits, it has developed a specialized way to metabolize water from their food that they obtain. These kangaroo rats are able to excrete urine that is extremely concentrated as a means to retain water. When deprived of water, it only produces a small drop of urine every 1–2 hours. Surprisingly these kangaroo rats possess very limited means of temperature regulation, despite living in an environment characterized by wide extremes of temperature. Above 35 °C the Panamint kangaroo rat utilizes their burrows to help maintain homeothermy. Panamint kangaroo rat The Panamint kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys panamintinus") is a species of rodent

neg: Malagasy giant rat Malagasy giant rat The Malagasy giant rat ("Hypogeomys antimena"), also known as the votsotsa or votsovotsa, is a nesomyid rodent found only in the Menabe region of Madagascar. It is an endangered species due to habitat loss, slow reproduction, and limited range (200 square kilometres north of Morondava, between the rivers Tomitsy and Tsiribihina) Pairs are monogamous and females bear only one or two young per year. It is the only extant species in the genus "Hypogeomys"; another species, "Hypogeomys australis", is known from subfossil remains a few thousand years old. Malagasy giant rats have an appearance somewhat similar to

neg: Wet Tropics of Queensland including all seven of the ancient fern species. 370 species of bird have been recorded in the area. 11 species of those are found nowhere else. The endangered southern cassowary and rare spotted-tailed quoll are some of the many threatened species, while the musky rat-kangaroo is one of 50 animal species that are unique to this area. The musky rat-kangaroo is significant because it represents an early stage in the evolution of kangaroos. Other rare animals include the yellow-bellied gliders and brush-tailed bettong. 107 mammal species have been identified. Australia's rarest mammal, the tube nosed insectivorous murina florious bat, is

neg: California chaparral and woodlands colloquially known as Chaparral Yucca, is commonplace throughout the lower elevations of the climate zone. Species include the California gnatcatcher ("Polioptila californica"), Costa's hummingbird ("Calypte costae"), coast horned lizard ("Phrynosoma coronatum"), and rosy boa ("Lichanura trivirgata"). Other animals found here are the Heermann kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys heermanni"), Santa Cruz kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys venustus"), and the endangered white-eared pocket mouse ("Perognathus alticolus"). Another notable insect resident of this ecoregion is the rain beetle ("Plecoma" sp.) It spends up to several years living underground in a larval stage and emerges only during wet-season rains to mate. Chaparral, like most Mediterranean shrublands, is

neg: Kangaroo rat outside temperature is too hot, a kangaroo rat stays in its cool, humid burrow and leaves it only at night. To reduce loss of moisture through respiration when sleeping, a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air. The burrows of Merriam's kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats. Kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization. Kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship. They do cluster together in some feeding situations.

neg: Canary Islands variety of endemic (local) taxa including the: Terrestrial fauna includes geckos, wall lizards, and three endemic species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant lizard: the El Hierro giant lizard (or Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard), La Gomera giant lizard, and La Palma giant lizard. Mammals include the Canarian shrew, Canary big-eared bat, the Algerian hedgehog (which may have been introduced) and the more recently introduced mouflon. Some endemic mammals, the lava mouse, Tenerife giant rat and Gran Canaria giant rat, are extinct, as are the Canary Islands quail, long-legged bunting, the eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff and the giant

neg: Big-headed African mole-rat Big-headed African mole-rat The big-headed African mole-rat, ("Tachyoryctes macrocephalus"), also known as the giant root-rat, Ethiopian African mole-rat, or giant mole-rat, is a rodent species in the family Spalacidae. It is endemic to Ethiopia's Bale Mountains. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, where it can reach densities of up to 2,600 individuals per square kilometre. It is threatened by habitat loss. Where the two species overlap, it is the main prey of the endangered Ethiopian wolf ("Canis simensis"). Big-headed African mole-rats are highly distinctive in their large size, especially that of their heads. They are a mottled

neg: The Talons of Weng-Chiang Future "Doctor Who" executive producer Steven Moffat addressed the issue of the giant rat in an interview in 1995, saying: "How could a good hack think that the BBC could make a giant rat? If he'd come to my house when I was 14 and said 'Can BBC Special Effects do a giant rat?' I'd have said no. I'd rather see them do something limited than something crap. What I resented was having to go to school two days later, and my friends knew I watched this show. They'd go 'Did you see the giant rat?!' and I'd have to

neg: Agile kangaroo rat distinct habitat differences between the agile and Stephens's kangaroo rats, with the agile preferring more shrubs and lighter soils. Agile kangaroo rat The agile kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys agilis") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in Baja California, Mexico and southern California in the United States. Relatively little information has been published on the natural history, life history, ecology, or behavior of the agile kangaroo rat. The species appears to be part of the Californian kangaroo rat radiation, which is derived from a common ancestor with Ord's kangaroo rat. Best compared 19 morphological measurements from

neg: Desert rat-kangaroo AC Robinson (1997) The present status and distribution of the desert rat-kangaroo Caloprymnus campestris (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) The South Australian Naturalist, 72(1) 1997 Desert rat-kangaroo The desert rat-kangaroo ("Caloprymnus campestris"), also called the buff-nosed rat-kangaroo, plains rat-kangaroo or oolacunta, is an extinct small hopping marsupial endemic to desert regions of Central Australia. It was discovered in the early 1840s and described by John Gould in London in 1843, on the basis of three specimens sent to him by George Grey, the governor of South Australia at the time. It was formed like a kangaroo, but had the bulk of a small

neg: Tipton kangaroo rat Tipton kangaroo rat The Tipton kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides"), is a subspecies of the San Joaquin kangaroo rat, a rodent in the family Heteromyidae. Adult Tipton kangaroo rats have small forefeet, exceptionally large hind feet, and long tail. They have a head and body length of about 100 to 110 millimeters and weigh approximately 35 to 38 grams. The tail length is about 125 to 130 millimeters in length. This subspecies is larger than the Fresno kangaroo rat and smaller than the short-nosed kangaroo rat ("D. nitratoides brevinasus"). This subspecies lives in ground burrows between the Kern National Wildlife

neg: Agile kangaroo rat Agile kangaroo rat The agile kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys agilis") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in Baja California, Mexico and southern California in the United States. Relatively little information has been published on the natural history, life history, ecology, or behavior of the agile kangaroo rat. The species appears to be part of the Californian kangaroo rat radiation, which is derived from a common ancestor with Ord's kangaroo rat. Best compared 19 morphological measurements from specimens from 34 populations across the species range, and concluded that the species is monotypic. An observational study found

neg: Dulzura kangaroo rat Dulzura kangaroo rat The Dulzura kangaroo rat, or San Diego kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys simulans") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in Baja California, Mexico, and in the Colorado Desert and elsewhere in California in the United States. It is a common species and the IUCN has assessed its status as being of "least concern". The Dulzura kangaroo rat was at one time thought to be conspecific with the agile kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys agilis") but the two are now recognised as being separate species; there is significant differences between them in their morphology, and their

neg: Phillips's kangaroo rat others have several entrances a metre or so apart. The tunnels consist of curved cylindrical tubes about in diameter and a terminal chamber. Phillips' kangaroo rat forages on calm nights, even in frosty weather, but do not venture out during severe storms. It appears these kangaroo rats sometimes share their burrows with the silky pocket mouse ("Perognathus flavus"). Little is known of the breeding habits of this kangaroo rat, but females containing two or three embryos were found in June and October, and, when attempts were made to trap the animal, juveniles were caught in seven months of the year.

neg: Lost Land of the Volcano the Lost Land of the Tiger (2010). Hundreds of species were catalogued, and over 40 species or subspecies discovered during the nine-month expedition, including 16 frogs, 3 fish, a tube-nosed bat, a tree kangaroo, a cuscus (Bosavi silky cuscus), and a giant woolly rat. The rat, provisionally called the Bosavi woolly rat, is among the biggest species of rat in the world measuring in length and weighing . Papua New Guinea's rainforest is currently being destroyed at the rate of 3.5% per year, and the practice of logging about south from the volcano presents a potential threat to the ecosystem.

neg: Panamint kangaroo rat when limited by snow cover. The species is solitary and separate except during estrus. The bipedal form of locomotion that the Panamint kangaroo rat utilizes is very specialized. They will move by various means depending on the environmental situation they are in. For example, when undisturbed, a slowly moving animal travels by quadrupedal hopping, bipedal hopping or, bipedal walking and when frightened, the hopping changes into erratic bipedal leaps in order to avoid predators. Panamint kangaroo rats are excellent swimmers, their large hind feet give them considerable agility in the water. The Panamint kangaroo rat's hop is about the same

neg: Great horned owl a very important food is the pocket mice, primarily the Great Basin pocket mouse ("Perognathus parvus"). While the Great Basin species is a relative giant at , other hunted pocket mice (which may include both "Perognathus" and "Chaetodipus" ssp.) can average nearly as light as . In East Texas, the hispid cotton rat ("Sigmodon hispidus") is the most commonly recorded prey species. The same species constituted 75% by number of a small sampling in Oklahoma. In semi-desert and other arid habitats, kangaroo rats become increasingly important prey, ten species have been reported in the diet but most prominently the Ord's

neg: Great horned owl and Merriam's kangaroo rats ("Dipodomys ordii & merriami"), both being widespread, numerous and relatively diminutive (at . Eight known larger species of kangaroo rats, including the giant kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys ingens") averaging at , are also taken. The squirrels, including ground squirrels, marmots ("Marmota"), prairie dogs ("Cynomys"), chipmunks and tree squirrels, are diurnal and so are largely unavailable to great horned owls as prey. Occasionally though, one will be caught from their leaf nest, nest hole or burrow entrance first thing in the morning or in the late afternoon and approximately 35 species have been successfully predated by these owls.

neg: California kangaroo rat California kangaroo rat The California kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys californicus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. However, populations are declining as the drought in California destroys their habitat (the grasslands) and changes it into desert. The California kangaroo rat is endemic to the Western United States, found in Northern California and southern Oregon. Habitats include the (U.S.) Its distribution is from the Sierra Nevada foothills to Suisun Bay, and northwards in the California Coast Ranges to the foothills of the Cascade Mountains. California's Kangaroo Mountain was likely named after the California kangaroo rat. It is an IUCN listed

neg: Dulzura kangaroo rat but altogether the population is thought to be stable. No particular threats have been identified, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this kangaroo rat's conservation status as being of "least concern". Dulzura kangaroo rat The Dulzura kangaroo rat, or San Diego kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys simulans") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in Baja California, Mexico, and in the Colorado Desert and elsewhere in California in the United States. It is a common species and the IUCN has assessed its status as being of "least concern". The Dulzura kangaroo rat was

neg: Fresno kangaroo rat Fresno kangaroo rat The Fresno kangaroo rat or San Joaquin kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys nitratoides") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to areas within and near the San Joaquin Valley of California in the United States. Habitat destruction due to agricultural development and urbanization has put this species at risk, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable". There are three subspecies of "D. nitratoides": The Fresno kangaroo rat is the smallest of the kangaroo rats in its genus, and has a head-and body length of about .

neg: Kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system. Kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems. The burrows have separate chambers for specific purposes like sleeping, living and food storage. The spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food. Kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens. The burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment. To maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows, kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day. When the

neg: Flores endangered species. The Flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and Verhoeven's giant tree rat was formerly present. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism. Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean "Stegodon", the most recent ("Stegodon florensis insularis") disappearing approximately 12,000 years ago and the diminutive "Homo floresiensis". It is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism. The presence of "Trigonoceps" vultures indicates that the island bore mammalian carnivores at some

neg: Desert rat-kangaroo Desert rat-kangaroo The desert rat-kangaroo ("Caloprymnus campestris"), also called the buff-nosed rat-kangaroo, plains rat-kangaroo or oolacunta, is an extinct small hopping marsupial endemic to desert regions of Central Australia. It was discovered in the early 1840s and described by John Gould in London in 1843, on the basis of three specimens sent to him by George Grey, the governor of South Australia at the time. It was formed like a kangaroo, but had the bulk of a small rabbit, and was described as being of a delicate and slender form. Its average body size was estimated to be about 254–282

neg: Phillips's kangaroo rat Phillips's kangaroo rat Phillips's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys phillipsii") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat is hot deserts. The species is named after John Phillips, an official of a Mexican mining company who sent zoological specimens, including the type specimen of this kangaroo rat, to the British Museum. Phillips's kangaroo rat is a moderate-sized rodent with a small body and a long, banner-like tail. The incisors are smaller and less prominent than those of other kangaroo rats. There are four toes on the hind feet. The pelage varies from ochre,

neg: Ord's kangaroo rat bobcats ("Lynx rufus"), badgers ("Taxidea taxus"), long-eared owls ("Asio otus"), short-eared owls ("Asio flammeus"), great horned owls ("Bubo virginianus"), burrowing owls ("Athene cunicularia"), hawks (Buteonidae and Falconidae), rattlesnakes ("Crotalus" spp.), and gopher snakes ("Pituophis melanoleucus"). In Idaho, the remains of Ord's kangaroo rats were found in up to 25% of prairie falcon ("Falco mexicanus") nests. The three-year average frequency of Ord's kangaroo rat remains in prairie falcon nests was 4%. Ord's kangaroo rat Ord's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys ordii") is a kangaroo rat native to western North America, specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin, with its range extending from

neg: Merriam's kangaroo rat to keep the animal stable during locomotion. "merriami" have four toes on each hind foot in contrast to the pacific kangaroo rat, "Dipodomys simulans" and the Stephens' kangaroo rat, "Dipodomys stephensi" (both kangaroo rat species also found in San Diego County), which have five toes. </div> Merriam's kangaroo rat can be found in desert scrub, alkali scrub, sagebrush steppe, pinyon-juniper woodland, and Joshua tree habitat throughout the southwestern United States and Mexico. Merriam's kangaroo rats live individually within a maze of underground burrows. Males and females each establish individual territories. They defend their territories against other male and female "merriami",

neg: Zayante band-winged grasshopper sandhills ecosystem is not only home to the endangered Zayante band-winged grasshopper, but also to other unique species, many of which are on the endangered species list, including the Mount Hermon June beetle, Santa Cruz wallflower, Ben Lomond buckwheat, Bonny Doon manzanita, Ben Lomond spineflower, and the Santa Cruz kangaroo rat (Donald J. Barry 2000). The Zayante band-winged grasshopper (Trimertropis infantilis) has been listed as an endangered species. The main threat to the species is habitat loss. The introduction of non-native plant species of plants has also impacted the grasshopper populations. Over-collection and pesticides have been identified as potential threats

neg: Desert kangaroo rat Desert kangaroo rat The desert kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys deserti") is a rodent species in the family Heteromyidae that is found in desert areas of southwestern North America. It is one of the large kangaroo rats, with a total length greater than 12 inches (30 cm) and a mass greater than 3.2oz (91g). The desert kangaroo rat is found in arid parts of southwestern North America, including Death Valley, the Great Basin, the Mojave Desert, and portions of the Sonoran Desert. Though kangaroo rats persist in a variety of soils, desert kangaroo rats live exclusively in areas with loose sand, often

neg: Texas kangaroo rat kangaroo rat burrows in Wichita County, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 66:3-20. https://www.researchgatenet/publication/303538847_VEGETATION_ASSOCIATED_WITH_TEXAS_KANGAROO_RAT_DIPODOMYS_ELATOR_BURROWS_IN_WICHITA_COUNTY_TEXAS 4. Nelson, A. D., J. R. Goetze, E. Watson, and M. Nelson. 2009. Changes in vegetation patterns and their effect on Texas kangaroo rats "(D"i"podomys elator"). Texas Journal of Science 61:119-130 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283720234_Changes_in_vegetation_patterns_and_their_effect_on_Texas_kangaroo_rats_Dipodomys_elator Texas kangaroo rat The Texas kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys elator") is a rodent of the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to Texas where it often lives in association with brush species like mesquite and lotebush growing in areas with firm clay-loam soils. It is a relatively large kangaroo rat that ranges in size from approximately 60

neg: Desert kangaroo rat or other predators. Secondly, in the desert, food is scarce and spread out, so desert rodents have to spend a substantial amount of time out of their holes searching for food. Because of these reasons, the desert kangaroo rat has had to evolve a few adaptations to protect itself. Though the more commonly studied Merriam's kangaroo rat protects itself by predator avoidance, the desert kangaroo rat behaves more aggressively. In the case of a snake, the desert kangaroo rat drums its feet and moves within striking distance of the snake and kicks sand in the air. Though this is an

neg: Banner-tailed kangaroo rat Banner-tailed kangaroo rat The banner-tailed kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys spectabilis") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in arid environments in the southwestern United States and Mexico where it lives in a burrow by day and forages for seeds and plant matter by night. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat can grow to a length of about . The dorsal surface is ochre-buff with some black-tipped hairs and the underparts are white. The species' most distinctive characteristic is the black-banded, white-tipped bushy tail which is waved like a banner. The hind legs of the kangaroo rat are much

neg: Nelson's kangaroo rat Nelson's kangaroo rat is similar in appearance to the banner-tailed kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys spectabilis") but is smaller in size, weighing on average to the banner-tail's . Nelson's kangaroo rat is endemic to the Mexican Altiplano, a large upland area between the mountain ranges of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental. Its typical habitat is rolling grassland or semiarid areas with scattered trees and shrubs such as "Acacia", "Prosopis juliflora", "Larrea tridentata", "Fouquieria splendens", cactus, "Yucca" and "Agave". Nelson's kangaroo rat creates a complex burrow system with several entrances which are surrounded by a distinctive large, low-domed mound.

neg: Nelson's kangaroo rat that litters consist of two young. Nelson's kangaroo rat has a wide range in central Mexico where it is generally uncommon, being present at an estimated density of 9–20 individuals per hectare. The total population is presumed to be large and it faces no particular threats so the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it as being of "least concern". Nelson's kangaroo rat Nelson's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys nelsoni") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae which is endemic to the central plateau of Mexico. Nelson's kangaroo rat reaches a length of about including a tail

neg: Ord's kangaroo rat Ord's kangaroo rat Ord's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys ordii") is a kangaroo rat native to western North America, specifically the Great Plains and the Great Basin, with its range extending from extreme southern Canada to central Mexico. Ord's kangaroo rat has a fifth toe on its hind feet, which distinguishes it from "Dipodomys elator". It is bicolored with gold-brown dorsal hair and a white stomach. It has a long tail with a bushy tip, and is dark dorsally and ventrally with a white lateral stripe. Its hind feet are modified for jumping, and exceed 35 mm in length, and its total

neg: Kangaroo rat within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources. Different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other, as is the case for the banner-tailed kangaroo rat and Merriam's kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges. Merriam's kangaroo rats scatterhoard small caches of seeds in numerous small, shallow holes they dig. This is initially done close to the food source, maximizing harvest rates and reducing travel costs, but later redistributed more widely, minimizing theft by other rodents. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats larderhoard a sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy. This

neg: Desert rat-kangaroo followed periods of rain in 1956-1957 and 1974-1975. Also, recent remains of this species have been found in the mid 1980s inside caves. The desert rat-kangaroo was declared extinct in 1994, making it the only mammal species to be recovered and then lost again. In view of its amazing recovery following a 90-year period when it was not seen, the extinction of the desert rat-kangaroo is not certain; thus, sightings of this animal would not fall into the cryptozoology category. In similar cases, the broad-faced potoroo was last seen in the late 19th century and is considered extinct, Gilbert's potoroo

neg: Bonny Doon Ecological Reserve There are two species endemic to the Sandhills that are federally listed as endangered: the Zayante band-winged grasshopper and the Mount Hermon June beetle. Also occurring in the Sandhills is the narrow-faced kangaroo rat. The rodent's name comes from the jumping style of movement, resembling the Australian kangaroo. Bird species observed include the long-eared owl, pileated woodpecker and Townsend's warbler. Other wildlife are the species common to forested mountain terrains like the coyote, black-tailed deer, mountain lion and raccoon. There are several species of bat, including the big brown bat, one of several species of bat afflicted with the white

neg: Daintree National Park fruit-dove is one of six species of pigeon that live in the park as well as significant populations of the endangered cassowary, a flightless bird of substantial size. The buff-breasted paradise kingfisher is a seasonal visitor. Mammals include the striped possum, Daintree River ringtail possum, brown bandicoot, long-nosed bandicoot, musky rat-kangaroo, Bennett’s tree kangaroo, swamp wallaby, platypus and short-beaked echidna. At least 23 species of reptile and 13 species of amphibian can be found in the park. Among the reptiles present are Boyd's forest dragon, eastern water dragon, chameleon gecko, northern leaf-tailed gecko, the scrub or amethystine python, keelback, and

neg: Gulf Coast kangaroo rat steady and no particular threats have been identified. In suitable habitat it is quite common and the IUCN has listed it as being of "least concern". Gulf Coast kangaroo rat The Gulf Coast kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys compactus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae found in Mexico and the state of Texas in the United States. Its appearance and ecology are very similar to those of its putative sister species, Ord's kangaroo rat. Adult Gulf Coast kangaroo rats are about long including a tail of about . There are two distinct color forms, an ashy gray and a

neg: Kangaroo rat caches. This caching behavior affects the range-land and croplands where the animals live. Kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible. To conserve energy and water, they minimize their time away from their cool, dry burrows. In addition, maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators. When on foraging trips, kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find. It is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed, at least at one point in the year, as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain

neg: Ord's kangaroo rat also cache seed in scattered shallow holes; this activity sometimes results in seedling emergence. They are easily able to retrieve shallowly buried seeds. A single Ord's kangaroo rat may make tens to hundreds of caches, each with tens to hundreds of seeds. Kangaroo rats are physiologically adapted to arid environments. Most water is obtained from seeds and succulent plants. They drink water when it is available, but apparently do not require free water. In the Great Basin sagebrush, intermountain sagebrush steppe, and intermountain salt desert shrublands, potential predators of Ord's kangaroo rats include coyotes ("Canis latrans"), kit fox ("Vulpes velox"),

neg: California tree, geranium, and Scotch broom. The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower, Antioch Dunes evening primrose, Solano grass, San Clemente Island larkspur, salt marsh bird's beak, McDonald's rock-cress, and Santa Barbara Island liveforever. , 85 plant species were listed as threatened or endangered. In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone, the mammals include the jackrabbit, kangaroo rat, squirrel, and opossum. Common birds include the owl, roadrunner, cactus wren, and various species of hawk. The area's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper, desert tortoise, and horned toad. The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such

neg: Estero Bay (California) Estero Bay (California) Estero Bay is a bay located on the Pacific Coast in , central California. It is about from its south end at Point Buchon/Montana de Oro State Park, to its north end at Point Estero, which is about northwest of Cayucos. It is indented about into the California coast. The Morro Bay kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys heermanni morroensis" ) is endemic to the Baywood fine sands habitats surrounding Morro Bay. It is a federally listed endangered species and on the IUCN Red List of Critically endangered species. Morro Bay is located in the center of Estero Bay. Towns

neg: Gilbert's potoroo Gilbert's potoroo Gilbert's potoroo ("Potorous gilbertii"), sometimes called the "rat-kangaroo" or "garlgyte", is Australia's most endangered marsupial and one of the world's most endangered mammals. It is a small nocturnal marsupial which lives in small groups or colonies. It has long hind feet and front feet with curved claws which it uses to dig for food. Its body has large amounts of fur which helps with insulation, and its fur ranges between brown and grey; the color fading on its belly. This potoroo has a long, thin snout curving downward that it uses to smell its surroundings; this trait is

neg: Gulf Coast kangaroo rat blackish sheen. The cheeks are white and the ears and upper and lower tail stripes are brown. This species is generally paler in color than other kangaroo rats and can be distinguished from the Ord's kangaroo rat by its shorter, uncrested tail and its shorter, coarser fur. The Gulf Coast kangaroo rat is found in southeastern Texas, southwards from Bexar and Gonzales counties, and in Zapata County, in Mustang Island and Padre Island, just off the coast of Texas, and in the barrier islands off the state of Tamaulipas in Mexico. The Gulf Coast kangaroo rat is mainly nocturnal and

neg: Banner-tailed kangaroo rat kangaroo rat has very specific habitat requirements and if threatened by invasion of the open desert grassland by creosote bush, mesquite and other woody plants. It is common in some localities, but in general the population trend is downwards and the IUCN lists its conservation status as "near threatened". Banner-tailed kangaroo rat The banner-tailed kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys spectabilis") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in arid environments in the southwestern United States and Mexico where it lives in a burrow by day and forages for seeds and plant matter by night. The banner-tailed kangaroo

neg: Gulf Coast kangaroo rat Gulf Coast kangaroo rat The Gulf Coast kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys compactus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae found in Mexico and the state of Texas in the United States. Its appearance and ecology are very similar to those of its putative sister species, Ord's kangaroo rat. Adult Gulf Coast kangaroo rats are about long including a tail of about . There are two distinct color forms, an ashy gray and a reddish- or yellowish-buff. In both cases the purest color is on the sides and flanks with hairs in the dorsal region having dark tips giving a

neg: Morro Bay kangaroo rat Morro Bay kangaroo rat The Morro Bay kangaroo rat, Dipodomys heermanni morroensis, is endemic to San Luis Obispo County, California. This subspecies of “Heermann” kangaroo rat today lives only in a restricted 2 km area south of Morro Bay in San Luis Obispo County, California. With 22 species, kangaroo rats can be found from the southeastern United States to Panama. They live in warm and semidesert areas, and like gerbils and pyramid rats resemble little kangaroos, with well-developed hind limbs for jumping, short front limbs, and a long tail used for balance during the leap. Being nocturnal animals, their eyes

neg: Musky rat-kangaroo Musky rat-kangaroo The musky rat-kangaroo ("Hypsiprymnodon moschatus") is a marsupial species found only in the rainforests of northeast Australia. Although some scientists place this species as a subfamily (Hypsiprymnodontinae) of the family Potoroidae, the most recent classification places it in the family Hypsiprymnodontidae with prehistoric rat-kangaroos. The generic name combines the Ancient Greek (‘high’), ( ‘hindmost’), and (‘teeth’). Its specific name, , is scientific Latin for ‘musk’. It is the smallest macropod that is quadrupedal and only diurnal. The musky rat-kangaroo is about 21 to 34 cm long with a 6.5- to 12.3-cm-long hairless tail, weighs between 332 and 680

neg: Uromys vika include thick-shelled nuts like ngali nuts and coconuts, and probably fruits. The species is likely to be designated critically endangered, due to the small amount of forest habitat (about 80 km) remaining on the island and ongoing logging. Uromys vika The Vangunu giant rat ("Uromys vika"), locally known as the vika, is a giant arboreal species of rodent in the family Muridae. The rat was discovered in the island of Vangunu in the Solomon Islands in 2015, after years of searching based on local stories, and described in 2017. It was identified as a new species on the basis of

neg: Merriam's kangaroo rat Merriam's kangaroo rat Merriam's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys merriami") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. The species name commemorates Clinton Hart Merriam. "Dipodomys merriami" is found in the Upper and Lower Sonoran life zones of the southwestern United States, Baja California, and northern Mexico. Merriam's kangaroo rats, like other kangaroo rats and pocket mice, are members of the family Heteromyidae. Each species within this family has fur-lined food storage pouches. The cheek pouch is utilized as a portable cache for food while foraging. Kangaroo rats are named for their extremely long, kangaroo-like hind feet and they are almost

neg: Cockatoo the Philippines; the amethystine python, black butcherbird and rodents including the giant white-tailed rat in Cape York; and brushtail possum on Kangaroo Island. Furthermore, galahs and little corellas competing for nesting space with the glossy black cockatoo on Kangaroo Island have been recorded killing nestlings of the latter species there. Severe storms may also flood hollows drowning the young and termite or borer activity may lead to the internal collapse of nests. Like other parrots, cockatoos can be afflicted by psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). The viral infection causes feather loss and beak malformation and reduces the bird's overall

neg: Seven Oaks Dam presented an opportunity to test large water releases through the dam's outlet works, but the trial had to be cancelled because the high flows destroyed sections of the concrete tunnel lining. The tunnel was repaired and later tested successfully in 2011. In March 1999, as the dam neared completion, environmental groups filed a lawsuit against the USACE because construction activity at the Seven Oaks site had affected the habitats of two endangered plants, the Santa Ana River woolly star and slender-horned spineflower, and the endangered San Bernardino kangaroo rat. The USACE responded by purchasing of land adjoining the dam and

neg: Gilbert's potoroo in its selection, which will provide the Gilbert's potoroo with a similar level of long-term protection enjoyed by the quokkas of Rottnest Island, also in Western Australia. Gilbert's potoroo Gilbert's potoroo ("Potorous gilbertii"), sometimes called the "rat-kangaroo" or "garlgyte", is Australia's most endangered marsupial and one of the world's most endangered mammals. It is a small nocturnal marsupial which lives in small groups or colonies. It has long hind feet and front feet with curved claws which it uses to dig for food. Its body has large amounts of fur which helps with insulation, and its fur ranges between brown

neg: Campos rupestres but the flora are different with species such as "Calea lutea" and others that are found in caatinga forest. This montane savanna ecoregion is a chief center of biodiversity in the family Cactaceae. A large percentage of South American Cactaceae species are present within the campos rupestres. Indigenous mammals include tapirs, capybaras, bush dogs, and armadillos. Indigenous reptiles include crocodiles, lizards, tortoises and iguanas. The riparian zones offer habitat for birds, reptiles, and mammals that require more water than the plateau species. Endangered mammals include fossorial giant rat ("Kunsia fronto"), orange-brown Atlantic tree-rat ("Phyllomys brasiliensis") and giant otter ("Pteronura brasiliensis").

neg: Malagasy giant rat highly territorial and both members will defend their territory from other rats. They mark their territory with urine, feces, and scent gland secretions. The Malagasy giant rat is listed as endangered. Limited range, habitat destruction, increased predation by non-native feral dogs and cats, and disease have all led to the decline. Many feral cats also carry a parasite called toxoplasmosis. The parasite causes rodents to lose their fear of cats, to the point of almost being attracted to cats, which allows them to be caught and killed more easily. Hantavirus is another rodent disease that is ravaging the population that

neg: Gurupa várzea (Ateles paniscus) and Venezuelan red howler (Alouatta seniculus). Endemic mammals include red-handed tamarin ("Saguinus midas"), bare-eared squirrel monkey ("Saimiri ustus"), red-bellied titi ("Callicebus moloch"), silvery marmoset ("Mico argentatus"), black dwarf porcupine ("Coendou nycthemera"), red acouchi ("Myoprocta acouchy"), white-faced spiny tree-rat ("Echimys chrysurus"), giant tree rat ("Toromys grandis"), crab-eating fox ("Cerdocyon thous") and several species of bat. Endangered mammals include the white-cheeked spider monkey (Ateles marginatus), white-nosed saki ("Chiropotes albinasus") and giant otter ("Pteronura brasiliensis"). 558 bird species have been recorded, including herons and egrets (Egretta and Ardea genera), whistling duck (Dendrocygninae family), sharp-tailed ibis ("Cercibis oxycerca") ibis (Theristicus species), roseate

neg: Kangaroo rat independent. Banner-tailed kangaroo rat are weaned between 22–25 days. Offspring remain in the mound for 1-6 more months in the maternal caches. --United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1091, from September 1922 Kangaroo rat Kangaroo rats, small rodents of genus Dipodomys, are native to western North America. The common name derives from their bipedal form. They hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo, but developed this mode of locomotion independently, like several other clades of rodents (e.g. dipodids and hopping mice). Kangaroo rats are four-toed heteromyid rodents with big hind legs, small front legs and relatively

neg: California kangaroo rat Least Concern species, due to the size of its distribution range. "Dipodomys californicus" was formerly included as a subspecies of "Dipodomys heermanni", but differs enough in chromosomal and biochemical characteristics to warrant being recognized as a distinct species. California kangaroo rat The California kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys californicus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. However, populations are declining as the drought in California destroys their habitat (the grasslands) and changes it into desert. The California kangaroo rat is endemic to the Western United States, found in Northern California and southern Oregon. Habitats include the (U.S.) Its distribution is

neg: Phillips's kangaroo rat The feeding habits are also obscure, but seeds and small green leaves have been found in the animal's cheek pouches, and dandelion leaves have been found in one burrow. Phillips's kangaroo rat is common within its extensive range; the population is presumed to be large and seems to be stable. For these reasons, the IUCN lists the species as being of "least concern". Phillips's kangaroo rat Phillips's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys phillipsii") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat is hot deserts. The species is named after John Phillips, an official

neg: Fresno kangaroo rat risk is "D. n. exilis" which now has a total area of occupancy of only . Some populations of "D. n. nitratoides" have fewer than 50 individuals and occupy such restricted habitats as the central strip of highways. Fresno kangaroo rat The Fresno kangaroo rat or San Joaquin kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys nitratoides") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to areas within and near the San Joaquin Valley of California in the United States. Habitat destruction due to agricultural development and urbanization has put this species at risk, and the International Union for Conservation of

neg: Kangaroo rat in a short time, perhaps to ensure greater chances of producing offspring. Mating in banner-tailed kangaroo rats involve more chasing and foot drumming in the male before the females allows him to mate. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats mate on mounds and the more successful males chase away rival males. The gestation period of kangaroo rats lasts 22–27 days. The young are born in a fur-lined nest in the burrows. They are born blind and hairless. For the first week, young Merriam kangaroo rats crawl, and develop their hind legs in their second or third week. At this time, the young become

neg: Giant otter giant otter, but different spatial use and dietary preferences suggest minimal overlap. Furthermore, Defler observed associations between giant otters and the Amazon river dolphins, and suggested that dolphins may benefit by fish fleeing from the otters. The spectacled caiman is another potential competitor, but Duplaix found no conflict with the species in Suriname. The IUCN listed the giant otter as "endangered" in 1999; it had been considered "vulnerable" under all previous listings from 1982 when sufficient data had first become available. It is regulated internationally under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

neg: Nelson's kangaroo rat Nelson's kangaroo rat Nelson's kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys nelsoni") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae which is endemic to the central plateau of Mexico. Nelson's kangaroo rat reaches a length of about including a tail of about and is one of the largest species in the genus. The upper parts are pale brown with some dark-tipped hairs on the head, along the spine and on the rump, and the underparts are white. The tail has a white stripe on either side along two thirds of its length, and the terminal third is bushy, black with a white tip.

neg: Rufous rat-kangaroo Rufous rat-kangaroo The rufous rat-kangaroo ("Aepyprymnus rufescens"), more commonly known as the rufous bettong, is a small marsupial species of the family Potoroidae found in Australia. It is found in coastal and subcoastal regions from Newcastle in New South Wales to Cooktown in Queensland, and was formerly found in the Murray River Valley of New South Wales and Victoria. It is not classified as threatened. The rufous bettong is about the size of a full-grown rabbit. The rufous rat-kangaroo is the only member of its genus, and is the largest of all the potoroids. It is generally grey with a

neg: Panamint kangaroo rat Panamint kangaroo rat The Panamint kangaroo rat ("Dipodomys panamintinus") is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to the Mojave Desert in eastern California and western Nevada, in the United States. The Panamint kangaroo rat is considered medium-sized for its genus. It is pale clay-colored with blackish patches around the face. The tail is extremely long, on average 140% of its body length and contains a white stripe with a heavy tuft of hair at the end. The species is named after an area of its range in the Panamint Valley and Panamint Range Mountains just