query: what is the irrigation system for the central valley in california

pos: Central Valley Project Central Valley Project The Central Valley Project (CVP) is a federal water management project in the U.S. state of California under the supervision of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). It was devised in 1933 in order to provide irrigation and municipal water to much of California's Central Valley—by regulating and storing water in reservoirs in the northern half of the state (once considered water-rich but suffering water-scarce conditions more than half the year in most years), and transporting it to the water-poor San Joaquin Valley and its surroundings by means of a series of canals, aqueducts and pump

pos: Central Valley land subsidence snowmelt from the surrounding Sierra Nevada mountain range in the spring. A controlled system of dams and canals have been built by state and federal agencies to ensure a steady flow of water into the valley primarily to support agriculture. The California State Water Project and the Central Valley Project are the two main projects diverting surface water into the valley. This system helps prevent spring flooding and summer and fall water shortages. Farmers use a combination of surface water and groundwater for irrigation. During drought years there is less surface water being provided to farmers and they rely on

pos: Trinity Dam a 3-mile tunnel to the Sacramento Valley. In response to the Great Depression and drought conditions in California during the early 20th century, the United States Congress passed the 1935 Rivers and Harbors Act, which authorized the Central Valley Project (CVP) – a system of dams and canals to provide a stable supply of irrigation water to California's Central Valley. Among the project works was a 1942 proposal to divert water from the Trinity River in northwestern California to augment water supplies in the CVP service area, known as the Trinity River Division. However, the state dropped the Trinity River

pos: Economy of California Europe. Starting in the late 1880s, Chinese workers and other laborers were used to construct hundreds of miles of levees throughout the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta's waterways in an effort to control flooding, reclaim and preserve flooded land that could be converted into farmland. This area now often grows extensive rice crops. Subsequent irrigation projects have brought many more parts of the Central Valley into productive agriculture use. The Central Valley Project, formed in 1935 to redistribute water from northern California to the Central valley and Southern California helped develop more of the Central Valley. Water for agricultural and municipal

pos: Trinity Lake Trinity Lake Trinity Lake, previously called Clair Engle Lake, is an artificial lake on the Trinity River formed by the Trinity Dam and located in Trinity County, California, United States. The dam was built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The lake's capacity is , making it one of the largest reservoirs in California. The lake's surface is at above MSL. Trinity Lake captures and stores water for the Central Valley Project, which provides the Central Valley with water for irrigation and produces hydroelectric power. This lake is known for its many small arms, glassy inlets, and great water-skiing conditions.

pos: Trinity River (California) of California had floated the idea of diverting water from the rainy north to support irrigation in the fertile, but dry San Joaquin Valley. A diversion of the Trinity River was contemplated in order to boost the available water supply for the Central Valley watershed, but planners eventually determined that the extra water was not yet needed. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation took over the Central Valley Project from the bankrupt state of California during the Great Depression in 1933 as a federal public works project, and in 1942 it began investigations to dam the Trinity River. However, the Trinity

pos: Central Valley Project preservation of river programs, the state legislature continued to have the power to construct dams. Central Valley Project The Central Valley Project (CVP) is a federal water management project in the U.S. state of California under the supervision of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). It was devised in 1933 in order to provide irrigation and municipal water to much of California's Central Valley—by regulating and storing water in reservoirs in the northern half of the state (once considered water-rich but suffering water-scarce conditions more than half the year in most years), and transporting it to the water-poor San

pos: Madera Canal Madera Canal The Madera Canal is a aqueduct in the U.S. state of California. It is part of the Central Valley Project managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to convey water north to augment irrigation capacity in Madera County, California. It was also the subject of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Central Green Co. v. United States. The Madera Canal begins at Millerton Lake, a reservoir on the San Joaquin River north of Fresno. The canal runs north along the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley, ending at the Chowchilla River east of Chowchilla. Average

pos: Red Bluff Diversion Dam Red Bluff Diversion Dam Red Bluff Diversion Dam is a disused irrigation diversion dam on the Sacramento River in Tehama County, California, United States, southeast of the city of Red Bluff. Until 2013, the dam provided irrigation water for two canals that serve of farmland on the west side of the Sacramento Valley. The dam and canals are part of the Sacramento Canals Unit of the Central Valley Project, operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. In 2013, the dam was decommissioned and the river allowed to flow freely through the site in order to protect migrating fish. A pumping

pos: Shasta Lake Shasta Lake Shasta Lake is a reservoir in Shasta County, California, United States. It is within the Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area, operated by the Shasta-Trinity National Forest. It is also popularly known as "Lake Shasta". It is impounded by Shasta Dam, the ninth tallest dam in the United States. Known as the keystone of the Central Valley Project, the outflow of Shasta Dam provides electricity and irrigation water. It also provides Sacramento River flood control below the dam for the Sacramento Valley. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught

pos: New Melones Lake New Melones Lake New Melones Lake is a reservoir on the Stanislaus River in the central Sierra Nevada foothills, within Calaveras County and Tuolumne County, California. The New Melones Dam and reservoir are a water collection and transfer unit of the Central Valley Project. New Melones Lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power, flood control, and wildlife habitat. Recreation uses include fishing, camping, and boating within the Glory Hole Recreation Area and Tuttletown Recreation Area. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in New Melones Lake based on levels of

pos: Whiskeytown Dam Whiskeytown Dam Whiskeytown Dam (officially Clair A. Hill Whiskeytown Dam) is an earthfill dam on Clear Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River of northern California in the United States. The dam is located about west of Redding, and impounds Whiskeytown Lake on the southern flank of the Trinity Mountains. The dam is high, with a storage capacity of of water. The dam was one of the first units built of the Trinity River Division of the Central Valley Project, a federal water project intended to provide irrigation water to the eponymous Central Valley. Construction started in August 1960 with

pos: Keswick Dam 1974). From Keswick Dam south to Red Bluff, California, the Sacramento River is relatively narrow and deep with some areas of broader alluvial floodplain. Most of the Chinook-salmon-spawning habitat in the river is located in this reach. The variability and magnitude of natural seasonal flows of the Sacramento River have been significantly altered for the purposes of irrigation and flood control. The dams and diversions operated by the Central Valley Project and local irrigation districts control much of the flow in the Sacramento River. Since 1993, to protect the holding and spawning of winter-run Chinook salmon, Reclamation has been required

pos: Environment of California Joaquin Delta encouraging crop production on drained wetlands. The Central Valley Project continued with Folsom Dam on the American River, Trinity Dam on the Trinity River, and Oroville Dam on the Feather River. Construction of the California Aqueduct has been completed to Southern California except for a Peripheral Canal which might restore pre-dam delta salinity concentrations. A major fraction of water transferred to southern California is used for production of food. Irrigation return flows like the New River may contain pesticides and elevated concentrations of dissolved minerals, and may accumulate in endorheic basins like Kesterson Reservoir. The Salton Sea was

pos: Madera Canal annual throughput is . The Madera Canal has a capacity of , gradually decreasing to at the terminus. It was completed in 1945. The headworks was rebuilt in 1965 to deliver . Madera Canal The Madera Canal is a aqueduct in the U.S. state of California. It is part of the Central Valley Project managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to convey water north to augment irrigation capacity in Madera County, California. It was also the subject of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Central Green Co. v. United States. The Madera Canal begins at Millerton Lake,

pos: Friant Dam the first dam on the San Joaquin River was constructed by the Upper San Joaquin Irrigation Company roughly on the present site of Friant Dam. Built of local rock, the dam was an long, tall structure designed to divert water for the irrigation of . The project was abandoned in the wake of floods that destroyed the dam two years later. Friant Dam was originally proposed in the 1930s as a main feature of the Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project that would involve building an expansive system of dams and canals on the rivers of the Central

pos: Trinity River (California) Fork and Stuart Fork of the Trinity River also flow into the reservoir. Just below Trinity Dam is the smaller Lewiston Dam, which diverts part of the Trinity River through a hydroelectric plant to the Sacramento River Basin as part of the Central Valley Project, providing irrigation water to California's Central Valley. Below Lewiston Dam the Trinity River passes the towns of Lewiston and Douglas City and turns west, passing within a few miles of Weaverville, the seat of Trinity County and the main population center of the area. It then turns northwest, past Junction City, and receives the North

pos: New Melones Lake focus on the use of the Stanislaus River by prehistoric and historic peoples, including Miwok Indians, the California Gold Rush, ranchers, and the now defunct community of Robinson Ferry, renamed Melones in 1902. Other exhibits highlight the area's geologic past, natural history and the New Melones project. New Melones Lake New Melones Lake is a reservoir on the Stanislaus River in the central Sierra Nevada foothills, within Calaveras County and Tuolumne County, California. The New Melones Dam and reservoir are a water collection and transfer unit of the Central Valley Project. New Melones Lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power, flood

pos: Mokelumne River communities, which allows more water to be retained in Pardee Reservoir for the Bay Area's use. Camanche forms the largest reservoir on the Mokelumne with a capacity of . The dam regulates releases from Pardee for local uses, primarily irrigation, and provides flood control for the lower Mokelumne River. The dam is also operated by EBMUD. The Mokelumne River in the Delta forms part of the water pathway for the Central Valley Project and State Water Project, which divert Sacramento River water to a number of aqueducts that supply central and southern California. The Sacramento River is connected to the

pos: Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta reduce the amount of freshwater flowing through the Delta. Farmers in the Delta are among the most opposed to the project because it would decrease the amount of water available to them for irrigation. All solutions, however, aim to produce a Delta which simultaneously supports a vibrant ecosystem and continues to supply fresh water to the Central Valley Project, the State Water Project and the Bay Area. Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta The Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, or California Delta, is an expansive inland river delta and estuary in Northern California. The Delta is formed at the western edge of the

pos: Sly Park Dam Sly Park Dam Sly Park Dam is located near Pollock Pines, California in the United States. The dam impounds Sly Park Creek, a tributary of the Middle Fork Cosumnes River, to form a , reservoir called Jenkinson Lake. It was constructed as part of the American River Division of the Central Valley Project to provide irrigation water to a portion of El Dorado County, California. The dam was begun on May 1953, with clearing operations, and was completed in mid 1955. The earthfill Sly Park Dam is high, with a hydraulic height of , and long. Its auxiliary dam is

neg: Clifton Court Forebay earthquake happens near or at the Clifton Court Forebay, the California water system for irrigation and municipal use will be adversely affected. Several earthquakes have nearly shut down the Forebay. The 2014 South Napa earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake came very close to shutting down the Forebay intake system. The Clifton Forebay is a wetland system that drained nearby small rivers into the Pacific Ocean. Only in recent times was its freshwater drainage functions turned into a gateway to water storage. The Central Valley region that this forebay interfaces with is very gradually filling in the central valley

neg: California State Water Project canals and pumps would carry the water south through the Central Valley to the foot of the Tehachapi Mountains, where it would pass through the Tehachapi Tunnel to reach Southern California. Calls for a comprehensive statewide water management system (complementing the extensive, but primarily irrigation-based Central Valley Project) led to the creation of the California Department of Water Resources in 1956. The following year, the preliminary studies were compiled into the extensive California Water Plan, or Bulletin No. 3. The project was intended for "the control, protection, conservation, distribution, and utilization of the waters of California, to meet present and

neg: Will S. Green (350 m³/s) of river water was being diverted for irrigation of lands on the west side of the Sacramento Valley (this location is now registered as California Historical Landmark #831). In 1888, Green broke ground on the Central Irrigation District canal and he organized the Sacramento Valley Development Corporation to attract settlers for the soon to be irrigated land. It is therefore not surprising that Green became known as the "father of irrigation" in California. In 1900, Green helped to found the Sacramento Valley Development Association, an organization created to advance the area's political and commercial interests as well as

neg: Hydraulic engineering it has because it simply doesn't have enough local water to support its population. The same is true for many of our world's largest cities. In much the same way, the central valley of California could not have become such an important agricultural region without effective water management and distribution for irrigation. In a somewhat parallel way to what happened in California, the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) brought work and prosperity to the South by building dams to generate cheap electricity and control flooding in the region, making rivers navigable and generally modernizing life in the region.

neg: Central Valley land subsidence pumping more groundwater. In California, there is a hierarchy of water entitlement in which those with water rights have precedence to receive and use surface water. Farmers without water rights may not always receive surface water during drought years. Farmers not receiving surface water may choose to rely on groundwater for irrigation. Drought years accelerate land subsidence in the Central Valley due to a collective effort of increased groundwater pumping without replenishing underground aquifers. Groundwater in the Central Valley is primarily used for irrigation needs in the agriculture industry and is retrieved using wells. During drought years, groundwater pumping is

neg: Wright Act of 1887 was created in 1913, is now responsible for forming new irrigation districts. These irrigation districts are public entities. Irrigation canals in California's Central Valley, along with the expansion and creation of railroads, helped farmers to mass produce and transport agriculture nationwide. California Department of Water Resources Wright Act of 1887 The Wright Act of 1887 is a state law of California passed by the legislature on March 7, 1887, that allowed farming regions to form and bond irrigation districts which allowed small farm owners to band together, pool resources, and get water to where it was needed. In the state

neg: Klamath Diversion under the Klamath Mountains to the Sacramento Valley, through which water would flow by gravity into the Sacramento River. From there it would travel to the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California through the proposed Peripheral Canal (which would bypass the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta) and the California Aqueduct. The Klamath Diversion was also considered as part of the California Water Plan, a statewide effort in the early 1960s to provide more water for the State Water Project, for irrigation in the Central Valley and urban uses in Central and Southern California. The California Water Plan was virtually identical to

neg: Central Valley land subsidence Central Valley land subsidence California’s Central Valley subsides when groundwater is pumped faster than underground aquifers can be recharged. The Central Valley has been sinking at differing rates since the 1920s and is estimated to have sunk up to 28 feet. During drought years, the valley is prone to accelerated subsidence. California periodically experiences droughts of varying lengths and severity. The Central Valley is an agriculturally productive region dependent on large volumes of irrigation water. This region is considered arid to semiarid and is reliant on infrastructure to deliver water. The Central Valley is prone to excessive flooding due to

neg: California State Water Project California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and power plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains, with at the Edmonston Pumping Plant alone, the highest single water lift in the world. The SWP shares many facilities with the federal Central Valley Project (CVP), which primarily serves agricultural users.

neg: Trinity River (California) annual chinook salmon run has dropped by almost 80 percent since the 1950s. In 2002, 65,000 adult salmon perished in a fish kill on the lower Trinity and Klamath rivers (the fish were mostly of Trinity stock). The Trinity River Division has also indirectly caused environmental impacts in other parts of California. Because no aqueduct or pipeline linking to the Imperial Valley or Colorado Basin was ever built, Trinity River water was and still is used in the Central Valley for irrigation. Most of it was used to develop new irrigation in the Westlands Water District on the western side

neg: New Melones Dam New Melones Dam New Melones Dam is an earth and rock filled embankment dam on the Stanislaus River, about west of Jamestown, California, United States, on the border of Calaveras County and Tuolumne County. The water impounded by the -tall dam forms New Melones Lake, California's fourth largest reservoir, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada east of the San Joaquin Valley. The dam serves mainly for irrigation water supply, and also provides hydropower generation, flood control, and recreation benefits. The dam was authorized in 1944 as a unit of the federal Central Valley Project, a system designed to provide

neg: Imperial Irrigation District Imperial Irrigation District The Imperial Irrigation District (IID) is an irrigation district that serves the Imperial Valley in Southern California. Established under the State Water Code, the IID supplies roughly 500,000 acres of Imperial Valley farmland with raw Colorado River water to support irrigation. In addition to providing irrigation, IID also supplies electrical energy to the valley. IID was formed in 1911 under the California Irrigation District Act to acquire the properties of the bankrupt California Development Company and its Mexican subsidiary. The IID was formed as a public agency, acquiring 13 mutual water companies in the valley which had

neg: Imperial Irrigation District consists of representatives of both the Imperial and Coachella valley served by the Energy Department. Imperial Irrigation District The Imperial Irrigation District (IID) is an irrigation district that serves the Imperial Valley in Southern California. Established under the State Water Code, the IID supplies roughly 500,000 acres of Imperial Valley farmland with raw Colorado River water to support irrigation. In addition to providing irrigation, IID also supplies electrical energy to the valley. IID was formed in 1911 under the California Irrigation District Act to acquire the properties of the bankrupt California Development Company and its Mexican subsidiary. The IID was

neg: Central Valley (California) world's most productive agricultural regions. More than 230 crops are grown there. On less than 1 percent of the total farmland in the United States, the Central Valley produces 8 percent of the nation's agricultural output by value: $43.5 billion USD in 2013. Its agricultural productivity relies on irrigation from both surface water diversions and groundwater pumping from wells. About one-sixth of the irrigated land in the U.S. is in the Central Valley. Virtually all non-tropical crops are grown in the Central Valley, which is the primary source for a number of food products throughout the United States, including tomatoes,

neg: Imperial County, California productive farming regions in California with an annual crop production of over $1 billion. Agriculture is the largest industry in Imperial County and accounts for 48% of all employment. Although this region is a desert, with high temperatures and low average rainfall of three inches (75 mm) per year, the economy is heavily based on agriculture due to irrigation, which is supplied wholly from the Colorado River via the All-American Canal. A vast system of canals, check dams, and pipelines carry the water all over the valley, a system which forms the Imperial Irrigation District, or IID. The water distribution

neg: Wright Act of 1887 Wright Act of 1887 The Wright Act of 1887 is a state law of California passed by the legislature on March 7, 1887, that allowed farming regions to form and bond irrigation districts which allowed small farm owners to band together, pool resources, and get water to where it was needed. In the state of California, this Act enabled the diverting of waters from the Merced, San Joaquin and Kings rivers in California's Central Valley. California made an amendment to the Wright Act in 1897, which stopped new irrigation districts from being formed. The Irrigation District Bond Certification Commission, which

neg: California water wars Valley had been claimed. The large number of claims made by land speculators hindered the region’s development because speculators would not participate in developing canals and ditches. Before the Los Angeles Aqueduct, most of the of canals and ditches that constituted the irrigation system in the Owens Valley were in the north, while the southern region of the valley was mostly inhabited by people raising livestock. The irrigation systems created by the ditch companies did not have adequate drainage and as a result oversaturated the soil to the point where crops could not be raised. The irrigation systems also significantly

neg: California Department of Water Resources series of investigations in California's Central Valley and drafted a series of plans calling for various publicly funded and owned irrigation projects. Hall's study was accomplished on a budget of $100,000.. The Central Valley continued to grow in the absence of a state-run project, yet Central Valley landowners and coastal cities (including San Francisco) managed to acquire water rights in the Sierra Nevada mountain range for use in the valley. In response to growing political and legal contests for limited water resources, the Water Commission Act of 1913 established the Water Commission to oversee permits associated with the rights to

neg: Fresno, California the town of Scottsburg on the nearby Kings River that winter. Rebuilt on higher ground, Scottsburg was renamed Centerville. In 1867, Anthony "McQeen" Easterby purchased land bounded by the present Chestnut, Belmont, Clovis and California avenues, that today is called the Sunnyside district. Unable to grow wheat for lack of water, he hired sheep man Moses J. Church in 1871 to create an irrigation system. Building new canals and purchasing existing ditches, Church then formed the Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company, a predecessor of the Fresno Irrigation District. In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now

neg: Tuolumne River Tuolumne River The Tuolumne River (; Yokutsan: "Tawalimnu") flows for through Central California, from the high Sierra Nevada to join the San Joaquin River in the Central Valley. Originating at over above sea level in Yosemite National Park, the Tuolumne drains a rugged watershed of , carving a series of canyons through the western slope of the Sierra. While the upper Tuolumne is a fast-flowing mountain stream, the lower river crosses a broad, fertile and extensively cultivated alluvial plain. Like most other central California rivers, the Tuolumne is dammed multiple times for irrigation and the generation of hydroelectricity. Humans have

neg: Tuolumne River Merced Rivers to limited paddling and rafting. Tuolumne River The Tuolumne River (; Yokutsan: "Tawalimnu") flows for through Central California, from the high Sierra Nevada to join the San Joaquin River in the Central Valley. Originating at over above sea level in Yosemite National Park, the Tuolumne drains a rugged watershed of , carving a series of canyons through the western slope of the Sierra. While the upper Tuolumne is a fast-flowing mountain stream, the lower river crosses a broad, fertile and extensively cultivated alluvial plain. Like most other central California rivers, the Tuolumne is dammed multiple times for irrigation

neg: Chai Nat Province Chai Nat Province Chai Nat (, ) is one of the central provinces ("changwat") of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Nakhon Sawan, Sing Buri, Suphan Buri, and Uthai Thani. The town of Chai Nat is 188 km north of Bangkok. Chai Nat is on the flat river plain of central Thailand's Chao Phraya River valley. In the south of the province the Chao Phraya Dam (formerly Chai Nat Dam) impounds the Chao Phraya River, both for flood control as well as to divert water into the country's largest irrigation system for the irrigation of rice paddies in the

neg: Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Project (CVP), California's first major statewide water system, most of which was built between the 1930s and the 1960s. Today, the California Aqueduct and the Delta-Mendota Canal, two of the state's largest water conveyance facilities, both draw water from the southern end of the Delta at the Clifton Court Forebay. Built in the mid-twentieth century, the former supplies water to the Los Angeles Basin and coastal central California via the State Water Project; the latter, a part of the CVP, provides supplies of irrigation water in the fertile San Joaquin Valley. Although the vast majority of water supplied by these

neg: Imperial Irrigation District negative environmental impacts. But the agreement calls for this for the first 15 years of the water transfer. (Water conserved on Imperial Valley farms and in the IID water delivery system is provided to Southern California coastal communities—specifically the San Diego County Water Authority, the Coachella Valley Water District and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California). This flow of mitigation water to the sea will end on Dec. 31, 2017. To date, the State of California has not lived up to its obligation to develop a restoration plan for the sea. Because a declining Salton Sea poses a serious

neg: Central Valley (California) the Farallon Plate into a trench further offshore. The San Joaquin Fault is a notable seismic feature of the Central Valley. The valley was enclosed by the uplift of the Coast Ranges, with its original outlet into Monterey Bay. Faulting moved the Coast Ranges, and a new outlet developed near what is now San Francisco Bay. Over the millennia, the valley was filled by the sediments of these same ranges, as well as the rising Sierra Nevada to the east; that filling eventually created an extraordinary flatness just barely above sea level; before California's massive flood control and aqueduct system

neg: Pine Flat Dam Pine Flat Dam Pine Flat Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Kings River in the Central Valley of Fresno County, California United States. Situated about east of Fresno, the dam is high and impounds Pine Flat Lake, one of the largest reservoirs in California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada just outside the boundary of Kings Canyon National Park. The dam's primary purpose is flood control, with irrigation, hydroelectric power generation and recreation secondary in importance. The dam was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) after a six-year controversy between supporters of irrigation development

neg: South San Joaquin Irrigation District However, the Central Valley is one of the world's most productive agricultural regions. In 2002, NPR reported that the Central Valley grows a full 25% of the food that America eats. Irrigation to sustain these crops is paramount to the agricultural economy of the state and the reliance of the entire country. About one-sixth of the irrigated land in the United States is in the Central Valley. The Central Valley is the primary source for a number of food products throughout the United States, including tomatoes, almonds, grapes, cotton, apricots, and asparagus. The securing of water rights on the Stanislaus

neg: Peak water replenishment—a classic example of peak non-renewable water. Portions of the aquifer will not naturally recharge due to layers of clay between the surface and the water-bearing formation, and because rainfall rates simply do not match rates of extraction for irrigation. The term fossil water is sometimes used to describe water in aquifers that was stored over centuries to millennia. Use of this water is not sustainable when the recharge rate is slower than the rate of groundwater extraction. In California, massive amounts of groundwater are also being withdrawn from Central Valley groundwater aquifers—unreported, unmonitored, and unregulated. California's Central Valley is

neg: Standish, California Colonies recruited local people to form the Honey Lake Valley Colonial Club; which would go on to design the Standish Colony. A 240-acre site was chosen to build the town on February 5, 1898. It was on February 18, 1898 that the Colonial Irrigation Company of the Honey Lake Valley was incorporated in order to irrigate water for the crops. However, legal problems with the system and water rights caused delay in its operation and the development of Standish; after several legal battles, the courts placed restraints on their irrigation rights. On January 14, 1905, the courts finally ordered the

neg: 2011 Southwest blackout (afterwards, SDG&E built a second line, but this connects in the Imperial Valley and the Arizona section is still a single line). There is no connection at the 500 kV level between SDG&E and either Southern California Edison (SCE) or the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). Rather, they were both connected to the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS). The Imperial Irrigation District (IID) has a 92 kV system connected to both. Five utilities were affected: SDG&E, serving San Diego County and parts of southern Orange County and Riverside County; Imperial Irrigation District, serving the Imperial Valley;

neg: Sheridan Downey His shift from a liberal New Dealer to a conservative Democrat would become officially recognized after the war ended. After his narrow reelection to the Senate in 1944, defeating Republican Lieutenant Governor Frederick F. Houser by 52 percent to 48 percent, Downey began a push for the California Central Valley project, which had been initiated during the 1930s as part of the New Deal's vast array of public works projects, such as power dams and irrigation canals. In a 1947 book entitled "They Would Rule the Valley", Downey argued that the farmers of the Central Valley, who controlled water rights

neg: History of California 1900–present of 6,500 GWh of hydroelectricity annually. However, as the largest single consumer of power in the state, its net output in an "average" rainfall year is 5,100 GWh. The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and hydroelectric plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped

neg: Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta sloughs surrounding low islands of peat and tule. Since the mid-19th century, most of the region has been gradually claimed for agriculture. Wind erosion and oxidation have led to widespread subsidence on the Central Delta islands; much of the Delta region today sits below sea level, behind levees earning it the nickname "California's Holland". Much of the water supply for central and southern California is also derived from here via pumps located at the southern end of the Delta, which deliver water for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley and municipal water supply for southern California. The Delta consists of

neg: Modesto Irrigation District Modesto Irrigation District The Modesto Irrigation District (MID) is a special-purpose district that provides irrigation and drinking water, and electrical service, to customers in the San Joaquin Valley within Stanislaus County, California. It was the second established irrigation district in California, using the resources of the Tuolumne River. The district now supplies irrigation water to 3,100 agricultural customers, electrical service to over 120,000 customers, and drinking water to the city of Modesto. The Modesto Irrigation District was the second irrigation district to be established in California, in July 1887, under the Wright Act of 1887, which allowed the formation of

neg: John West (horticulturist) married Milvina Gardiner on 7 April 1882 near Bacchus Marsh. He also printed the "Goulburn Valley Yeoman" and the "Euroa Advertiser" and wrote for the "Argus" and the "Australasian". West was also one of the initial syndicate of five who established the first irrigation settlement in Victoria at Ardmona. Producing impressive results with his irrigation system, he was sent to California to study irrigation methods by the commissioner of water supply, Alfred Deakin, in 1890; on his return he began training other horticulturists. Also politically active, he founded the Triple Reform League, a free trade organisation, in 1894. A supporter

neg: Lajas Valley Valley. Lajas Valley The Lajas Valley (Spanish: "Valle de Lajas") is located in southwestern Puerto Rico, within the municipalities of Lajas, Cabo Rojo, Guánica, and Sabana Grande. It is surrounded by the Cordillera Central and the Santa Marta hills to the north, the Sierra Bermeja (a small range in Lajas and Cabo Rojo), the Boqueron Bay in Cabo Rojo, and Guánica Bay. Its large extension and fertile soil has made it a good place for agriculture. However, it is one of the driest places of Puerto Rico, making irrigation necessary. A Tethered Aerostat Radar System aerostat is located at the

neg: George Chaffey renamed by the Canadian party and is now known as the Imperial Valley. Chaffey along with the other pioneers believed this name would bring more people to this southwestern part of California. In 1905, Chaffey purchased the ranch of John Shepherd at Manzanar, California, located in California's Owens Valley. Chaffey subdivided the ranch, along with other adjacent ranches, and founded the town of Manzanar in 1910. Chaffey's Owens Valley Improvement Company built an irrigation system and planted thousands of fruit trees, and by 1920, the town had more than twenty-five homes, a two-room school, a town hall, and a general

neg: Canyon Dam (California) Western Canal Company, an irrigation district in the Central Valley and a subsidiary of Great Western. The dam provided flows for a hydroelectric plant about downstream at the Big Bend Powerhouse, today submerged by the reservoir behind Oroville Dam. Canyon Dam was modified in 1927 and 1962 to increase its usable storage. Today the dam and reservoir, owned by Pacific Gas and Electric, supply water to the 41 megawatt Butt Valley Powerhouse and provide summer flow for six hydroelectric plants on the North Fork Feather River downstream. Canyon Dam (California) Canyon Dam (National ID # CA00327m also known as Lake

neg: Central Valley land subsidence satellite imagery. Continuous Global Positioning Survey station data from UNAVCO, Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center, Caltrans, and others are obtained for topography changes over a large region. Spirit Leveling data from the DWR, Delta-Mendota Water Authority, the Central California Irrigation District, and others are used to measure elevation change in a smaller area. The USGS uses the data from borehole extensometers provided by the DWR, and also utilizes information from piezometers to track changes in groundwater. Key components of studying land subsidence in the Central Valley include large and small scale monitoring, studying topography in relation to groundwater, and

neg: Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta of the flat terrain coupled with year-round availability of fresh water, irrigation here was cheaper and simpler than other fertile regions of California. As a result, the Delta remained California's richest farming region (alongside Los Angeles County) until the 1940s, when massive federal water projects finally made possible the full-scale irrigation of the main body of the Central Valley. Today, the Delta is still among the state's most productive farming regions. In 1850, Congress passed the Arkansas or Swampland Act, which allowed for the transfer of title for wetlands to private owners on the conditions that the land would be

neg: 2011 Southwest blackout the 2003 Northeast blackout. Many of the same factors contributed to both events. FERC cited six entities for alleged standards violations, Arizona Public Service, California Independent System Operator, Imperial Irrigation District, Southern California Edison, Western Area Power Administration, and Western Electricity Coordinating Council. 2011 Southwest blackout The 2011 Southwest blackout, sometimes referred to as the Great Blackout of 2011, was a widespread power outage that affected the San Diego–Tijuana area, southern Orange County, the Imperial Valley, Mexicali Valley, and Coachella Valley, and parts of Arizona. It occurred on Thursday, September 8, 2011, beginning at about 3:38 pm PDT. It was

neg: Una Lake (California) 1897, the South Antelope Valley Irrigation Company built a dam west of the railroad causeway and built a ditch from Little Rock Creek to keep Una Lake full year round for irrigation purposes south of Palmdale. Una Lake (California) Una Lake is a sag pond in Palmdale, Los Angeles County, California. It is located in the Antelope Valley, within the San Andreas Rift Zone at an elevation of 2,812 feet / 857 meters. Una Lake was originally much larger consisting of the current small lake and some of the eastern area of modern Lake Palmdale. Its size would depend on

neg: California water wars Mono Lake's ecosystem for migrating birds was threatened by dropping water levels. Between 1979 and 1994, David Gaines and the Mono Lake Committee engaged in litigation with Los Angeles. The litigation forced Los Angeles to stop diverting water from around Mono Lake, which has started to rise back to a level that can support its ecosystem. The Paiute natives were the original inhabitants living in the valley, and used irrigation to grow crops. In 1833, Joseph Reddeford Walker led the first known expedition into the central California area that would later be called the Owens Valley. Walker saw that the

neg: Middle Fork Eel River the Middle Fork Eel River watershed's primary agricultural area and also the location of the town of Covelo, plus the Round Valley Indian Reservation). If built, this dam would have diverted most of the flow of the river into the Central Valley for irrigation purposes. The project was defeated by outcry from local residents and the intervention of then-California governor Ronald Reagan. Reagan remarked, "Enough treaties had already been broken with the Indians". The river provides wildlife habitat for preservation of rare and endangered species including cold freshwater habitat for fish migration and spawning. In a 1965 California Fish and

neg: Stanislaus River Stanislaus River The Stanislaus River is a tributary of the San Joaquin River in north-central California in the United States. The main stem of the river is long, and measured to its furthest headwaters it is about long. Originating as three forks in the high Sierra Nevada, the river flows generally southwest through the agricultural San Joaquin Valley to join the San Joaquin south of Manteca, draining parts of five California counties. The Stanislaus is known for its swift rapids and scenic canyons in the upper reaches, and is heavily used for irrigation, hydroelectricity and domestic water supply. Originally inhabited

neg: Lajas Valley Lajas Valley The Lajas Valley (Spanish: "Valle de Lajas") is located in southwestern Puerto Rico, within the municipalities of Lajas, Cabo Rojo, Guánica, and Sabana Grande. It is surrounded by the Cordillera Central and the Santa Marta hills to the north, the Sierra Bermeja (a small range in Lajas and Cabo Rojo), the Boqueron Bay in Cabo Rojo, and Guánica Bay. Its large extension and fertile soil has made it a good place for agriculture. However, it is one of the driest places of Puerto Rico, making irrigation necessary. A Tethered Aerostat Radar System aerostat is located at the Lajas

neg: Leavitt, California Leavitt, California Leavitt is an unincorporated community in Lassen County, California, United States. It is located alongside the Southern Pacific Railroad east of Susanville, and 7 miles west of Litchfield, at an elevation of . Leavitt was named for Benjamin Hanson Leavitt (1834–1918), a pioneer rancher and lumberman who came from the state of Maine, born to a father who was a Maine farmer and a mother from New Brunswick, Canada, and who settled in Lassen County in 1864. Benjamin Leavitt was a descendant of Samuel Leavitt of Exeter, New Hampshire. Benjamin Leavitt engineered the Honey Lake Valley irrigation system,

neg: Route of California High-Speed Rail an alternative for California destinations such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento and Ontario. Route of California High-Speed Rail The California High-Speed Rail system will be built in two phases. Phase 1 will be about long, and is planned to be completed in 2029, connecting the downtowns of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Anaheim using high-speed rail through the Central Valley. In Phase 2, the route will be extended in the Central Valley north to Sacramento, and from Los Angeles east through the Inland Empire and then south to San Diego. The total system length will be about long. Phase

neg: Mahomet Aquifer Mahomet Aquifer The Mahomet Aquifer is the most important aquifer in east-central Illinois. Composed of sand and gravel, it is part of the buried Mahomet Bedrock Valley. It underlies 15 counties and ranges from 50 to 200 feet (15 to 60 m) thick. It supplies over per day of groundwater for public water use, industrial supply, and irrigation. The Mahomet Aquifer consists of sand and gravel deposited by glacial meltwater flowing westward along the Mahomet Bedrock Valley during the Pre-Illinoian glacial episode. This bedrock valley forms the western part of the Teays-Mahomet Bedrock Valley System that extends into Illinois from

neg: Temescal Creek (Riverside County) drained, and, gradually, the central portion of the Temescal Valley became dry and desolate. Farms and orchards in Temescal the central part of the Temescal Valley were abandoned by 1918. In the 1890s Lake Elsinore water was purchased by the Temescal Water Company for the irrigation of land in Corona, California. Its outlet channel was deepened, permitting gravity flow down the natural channel of Temescal Canyon to Corona for a year or more after the water level sank below the natural elevation of its outlet. As the lake surface continued to recede, a pumping plant was installed, and pumping was

neg: Imperial Valley per year, the economy is heavily based on agriculture due to irrigation, which is supplied wholly from the Colorado River via the All-American Canal. Thousands of acres of prime farmland have transformed the desert into one of the most productive farming regions in California with an annual crop production of over $1 billion. Agriculture is the largest industry in the Imperial Valley and accounts for 48% of all employment. An environmental cost is that, south of the canal, the Colorado River no longer flows above ground at all for much of the year into Mexico. A vast system of canals,

neg: Barton S. Alexander study the potential of irrigating the San Joaquin Valley, Tulare Valley, and Sacramento Valley. The board, which became known as the Alexander Commission, conducted a survey of the California Central Valley throughout the summer and fall of 1873. The Commission's report declared that large-scale irrigation was possible and that much land could be reclaimed from the swamps around the Sacramento River. The report was not initially acted upon, but was the first professional survey of the valley and set the stage for further development. In 1874 and 1875, Alexander was assigned to a board examining the problem of keeping the

neg: San Benito River 1960s for irrigation supply and flood control. The lake has a storage capacity of . San Benito River The San Benito River is a river on the Central Coast of California. From its headwaters southeast of Santa Rita Peak in the Diablo Range, it flows northwest between the Diablo Range and the Gabilan Range, traveling for about , past Hollister, California, where it turns west into the San Juan Valley where it follows the northern hills before turning north to its confluence with the Pajaro River, about upstream from the river's outlet in Monterey Bay. The San Benito River is

neg: San Luis Dam structural volume of . When full, San Luis Reservoir is more than deep, covers , and contains of water. The storage capacity of San Luis Reservoir is divided with 55 percent belonging to the state and 45 percent to the federal government. The Delta-Mendota Canal, originally built in 1951, carries irrigation water for the federal Central Valley Project (CVP) operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to supply San Joaquin Valley farms. The California Aqueduct was built in 1968 as part of the State Water Project (SWP), to deliver water to Los Angeles and other cities and farmlands in Southern

neg: San Joaquin River San Joaquin River The San Joaquin River () is the longest river of Central California in the United States. The long river starts in the high Sierra Nevada, and flows through the rich agricultural region of the northern San Joaquin Valley before reaching Suisun Bay, San Francisco Bay, and the Pacific Ocean. An important source of irrigation water as well as a wildlife corridor, the San Joaquin is among the most heavily dammed and diverted of California's rivers. People have inhabited the San Joaquin Valley for more than 8,000 years, and it was long one of the major population centers

neg: Friant-Kern Canal Friant-Kern Canal The Friant-Kern Canal is a Central Valley Project aqueduct managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in Central California to convey water to augment irrigation capacity in Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties. Construction began in 1949 and the canal was completed in 1951, at a cost of $60.8 million. The Friant-Kern Canal begins at the Friant Dam of Millerton Lake, a reservoir on the San Joaquin River north of Fresno, and flows south along the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley, ending at the Kern River near Bakersfield. In a typical year, it diverts almost all

neg: Klamath Diversion Klamath Diversion The Klamath Diversion was a federal water project proposed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in the 1950s. It would have diverted the Klamath River in Northern California to the more arid central and southern parts of that state. It would relieve irrigation water demand and groundwater overdraft in the Central Valley and boost the water supply for Southern California. Through the latter it would allow for other Southwestern states—Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah—as well as Mexico to receive an increased share of the waters of the Colorado River. Although many different versions of the plan were

neg: Modesto Irrigation District the board. Daily management is provided by a General Manager and four Assistant General Managers (AGMs) The Board of Directors has the follow members as of 5 Dec 2013: The General Management consists of: Modesto Irrigation District The Modesto Irrigation District (MID) is a special-purpose district that provides irrigation and drinking water, and electrical service, to customers in the San Joaquin Valley within Stanislaus County, California. It was the second established irrigation district in California, using the resources of the Tuolumne River. The district now supplies irrigation water to 3,100 agricultural customers, electrical service to over 120,000 customers, and drinking

neg: Carson River cut into the valley floor in many places. In the early 20th century, the Newlands Reclamation Act was passed to bring irrigation water into the region for agriculture. The Lahontan Dam, completed in 1914, was constructed as part of the Newlands Irrigation Project. The Truckee-Carson Irrigation District was formed in 1918 as part of the project to divert water from the Truckee River to the Carson Valley for agricultural use. In 1989, the East Fork Carson River was designated a "Wild and Scenic River" by the State of California from Hangman's Bridge just east of Markleeville, California to the CA/NV

neg: Economy of California purposes was captured in the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals. The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s, consisting of the California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams. The California Aqueduct, developed at the cost of several billion dollars, helps store and transport water from the Feather River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide. The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct

neg: Central Valley Wicca offshoot or even a precursor of Gardnerian Wicca, while others suggest that the CVW share a common ancestor with what later became Gardnerian Wicca. According to their original custom, an initiate of Central Valley Wicca was not told who their initiator's initiator was; therefore, the identity of the person who first brought Wicca to the Central Valley remains a mystery. What is known is that she had ties to England and had most likely lived there; she was either British or had close connection to a British subject prior to settling in California. At that time, individual names for "traditions"

neg: Pit River the upper end of Pit 6 Reservoir. These facilities are collectively known as the McCloud-Pit Hydroelectric Project and are also operated by PG&E. The lowermost of the Pit River are flooded by Shasta Lake, which is formed by Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River about below what was formerly the confluence of the Pit and Sacramento Rivers. Completed in 1945, Shasta is a key component of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Central Valley Project, a primary source of irrigation water in the Central Valley. The lake also floods parts of two Pit River tributaries, the McCloud River and Squaw Creek.

neg: Environment of California Lake and Tulare Lake shrank as flows were diverted to irrigation. Little Lake was drained to form the town of Willits, California in 1874, and Laguna de Santa Rosa was drained to bring rail service to Sonoma County. The Klamath Project drained large shallow lakes for conversion to cropland in 1905. The Potter Valley Project diverted water from the Eel River to the Russian River in 1906 to provide hydroelectric power to Ukiah, California; and Lake Pillsbury was formed behind Scott Dam in 1922 to increase summer flows allowing irrigation of Potter Valley. California Water Wars opened with the Los

neg: Center pivot irrigation Zybach saw success with modified designs, which improved the systems operational efficiency. In 1954, he licensed his patent to Robert Daugherty and his company, Valley Manufacturing. Daugherty's engineers spent the next decade refining Zybach's innovation - making it sturdier, taller and more reliable - and converting it from a hydraulic power system to electric drive. Daugherty's company went on to grow into Valmont Industries, with it's subsidiary Valley Irrigation continuing his vision for irrigation in the United States, eventually spanning the globe. Center pivot irrigation is a form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized

neg: Bardsdale, California opposite slopes of the Santa Clara Valley. Either offers enough points of interest to occupy the whole of the space devoted to Ventura County. From the former large quantities of brown stone are being constantly shipped to San Francisco and Los Angeles. Bardsdale has a splendid irrigation system, in fact, the best in the county. Large tracts of land are devoted to potatoes, which, with irrigation, will produce two crops a year, or one crop of potatoes and one of barley or beans may be raised. Land here is worth $140 to $200 per acre, but fine inducements are offered

neg: California State Water Project SWP. In the early 1970s, the SWP system still had a lot of "surplus" – water supply developed through the construction of Oroville Dam, which was running unused to the Pacific Ocean because the water delivery infrastructure for Southern California had not yet been completed (and when it was, southern California was slow to use the water). The surplus water was given for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley instead. Because the water would only be a temporary supply, farmers were advised to use it for seasonal crops (such as alfalfa or hay) rather than permanent crops such as orchards.

neg: Antelope Valley (California-Nevada) Antelope Valley (California-Nevada) The Antelope Valley is a high valley in the eastern Sierra Nevada stretching from Mono County, California to Douglas County, Nevada. Antelope Valley is approximately long and wide. The USGS reports its elevation at . It stretches from to . The mountains surrounding the valley floor rise to over . The topography of the valley floor is gently rolling and conducive to the agricultural and pastoral uses to which it is put. The valley sides are made up of steep slopes. The primary land use is irrigation-based agriculture and grazing. Antelope Valley is watered by the West

neg: Reclamation district often defined by the extent of land they protect. Different sides of a river often will fall under the jurisdiction of different reclamation districts. Federal, state, and local governments all interact with reclamation districts. In states like California the districts can operate under their own authority. The California Reclamation Districts occupy mostly the Central Valley area that drains into the San Francisco Bay. However, if the Central Valley Flood Protection Board, which is responsible for monitoring California reclamation districts, determines that a local district is not adequately maintaining its levee system, the Board has the power to authorize the California

neg: Imperial Irrigation District District of Southern California). Imperial Irrigation District also supplies electricity to residents of the Imperial Valley and Coachella valleys including the Imperial Valley cities of El Centro, Calexico, Holtville, Brawley and Coachella Valley cities including Mecca, Thermal, La Quina, Coachella and Indio, Bermuda Dunes, Thousand Palms, Indio Hills and Sky Valley. IID's Energy Department provides electric power to more than 145,000 customers in the Imperial Valley and parts of Riverside and San Diego counties. As the third largest public power utility in California, IID controls more than 1,100 megawatts of energy derived from a diverse resource portfolio that includes its

neg: Kern River Kern golden trout ("O. m. whitei"), found in the Little Kern River basin, and the Kern River rainbow trout ("O. m. gilberti"), are also found in the Kern River system. Together, these three trout form what is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Trout Complex". In 2008, after public outcry, the City of Bakersfield and the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) decided to relocate a family of California Golden beaver ("Castor canadensis subauratus") instead of killing them. California Golden beaver were native to the Central Valley and throughout the Sierra Nevada. Specifically to the Kern watershed, an oral

neg: Central Valley land subsidence a multi-agency approach. Discoveries made by monitoring may allow for better mitigation practices and policies to prevent subsidence. Infrastructure damage caused by accelerated land subsidence threatens the effectiveness of many dams and canals sourcing surface water to the central valley. Damage has been noted in the California Aqueduct system and is attributed to the rate at which the valley floor is settling. Building foundations, pipelines, and other infrastructure may be at risk of damage as well. Areas with substantial subsidence may be at higher risk of flooding. Central Valley land subsidence California’s Central Valley subsides when groundwater is pumped faster

neg: Central Valley (wine region) the Rapel Valley, the Curicó Valley and the Maule Valley. The soil of Maipo Valley is noted for high salinity stemming from irrigation from the Maipo river and low potassium level which has some impact on the grapevines. Vineyards in the Maule also suffer from low potassium as well as deficient nitrogen levels. Advances in viticultural techniques have helped vineyards in these regions compensate for some of these effects. Central Valley (wine region) In terms of viticulture the Central Valley of Chile (Spanish: "Valle Central") spans the O'Higgins Region (VI) and Maule Region (VII) Administrative Regions and the Administrative Metropolitan

neg: Uttar Pradesh classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two regions, the central and the western are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system. They suffer from waterlogging and large-scale user tracts. In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Betwa, and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism. Cultivation is intensive. The valley areas have fertile and rich soil. There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation

neg: Trinity Dam for Northern California residents. Since 1965, the lake has been part of the Trinity Unit of the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area. The lake has been developed with boat ramps and marinas, most of which are concentrated in the Stuart Fork arm in the southwest and around the resort town of Trinity Center near the north end of the reservoir. Trinity Dam Trinity Dam is an earthfill dam on the Trinity River located about northeast of Weaverville, California in the United States. The dam was completed in the early 1960s as part of the federal Central Valley Project to provide irrigation

neg: Trinity Dam Trinity Dam Trinity Dam is an earthfill dam on the Trinity River located about northeast of Weaverville, California in the United States. The dam was completed in the early 1960s as part of the federal Central Valley Project to provide irrigation water to the arid San Joaquin Valley. Standing high, Trinity Dam forms Trinity Lake – California's third largest reservoir, with a capacity of more than . The dam includes a hydroelectric plant, and also provides flood control to the Trinity and Klamath river basins. Below the dam is Lewiston Lake, formed by a second dam, which diverts water through

neg: Collins Lake Collins Lake Collins Lake, previously known as Virginia Ranch Reservoir during its construction, is a freshwater man-made lake with located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains north of Sacramento, California. The lake was originally created to provide additional irrigation water to Browns Valley and Loma Rica. It still serves that purpose as well as a recreation and fishing lake. Collins Lake's founding organization, Browns Valley Irrigation District (BVID), was established in 1888. Demand for irrigation water in the area quickly exceeded availability. As early as 1919 BVID began exploring the idea of damming the water flowing through Virginia

neg: Imperial Valley the Imperial Canal was opened and diverted Colorado River water into the valley through Mexico. Flood-waters in 1905–07 destroyed the irrigation channels and created the Salton Sea now filled by the New River and irrigation run-off. The rivers in the southern part of the Salton Sea river basin flow south to north. The valley is bordered by the Colorado River to the east and, in part, the Salton Sea to the west. Farther west lies the border with San Diego County and to the south the international boundary between the US state of California and Baja California, Mexico. To the

neg: Central Valley (California) almonds, grapes, cotton, apricots, and asparagus. There are 6,000 almond growers that produced more than 1.8 million tonnes in 2013, about 60 percent of the world's supply. The top four counties in agricultural sales in the U.S. are in the Central Valley (2007 Data). They are Fresno County (#1 with $3.731 billion in sales), Tulare County (#2 with $3.335 billion), Kern County (#3 with $3.204), and Merced County (#4 with $2.330 billion). Early farming was concentrated close to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where the water table was high year round and water transport more readily available, but subsequent irrigation projects

neg: South San Joaquin Irrigation District River along with Oakdale Irrigation District a century ago is responsible for SSJID being one of the best positioned irrigation districts in California in terms of its ability to deliver adequate water for agricultural and urban users as well as to generate clean hydroelectric power. SSJID updates and maintains its extensive irrigation system during the winter season, shortly after the area’s almond harvest concludes in October of each year. It is also forging ahead with a state-of-the-art pressurized pipeline system to augment open irrigation canals in the southwest corner of the district south of Manteca. The aim is to reduce