query: who led a mission to california in 1846

pos: Californio Pacific Squadron had orders, in the event of war with Mexico, to seize the ports in Mexican California and elsewhere along the Pacific Coast. The only other United States military force in California at the time was a small exploratory expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont, made up of 30 topographical, surveying, etc. army troops and about 25 men hired as guides and hunters. The Frémont expedition had been dispatched to California, in 1845, from the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. Rumors that the Californio government in California was planning to arrest and deport many of

neg: Andrés Pico son. In 1846, to raise funds for the Mexican–American War, the Pío Pico government sold secularized mission lands. The Mission San Fernando was sold to Eulogio de Celis, who established Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. Celis returned to Spain, but his descendants stayed in California. Under the terms of secularization, the sale excluded the Mission compound and its immediate surroundings, which were reserved for Don Andrés. During the Mexican–American War, Andrés Pico commanded the native forces, the California Lancers, in Alta California. In 1846 Pico led an attack on forces commanded by U.S. General Stephen Watts Kearny at the fierce but

neg: Convento Building (Mission San Fernando) Francisco García Diego y Moreno, lived at the Convento from 1820 to 1835. In 1846, the Mexican government confiscated the missions and secularized the properties. Pio Pico became the owner of the Mission San Fernando, selling it in 1846 to Elogio de Chelis. When John C. Fremont led an American military force into California in 1847, he occupied the Convento and used it as a base of operations. Between 1857 and 1861, the Convento was used as a station for the Butterfield Stage Line between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The "Los Angeles Times" visited the Mission in 1883 and

neg: Sacagawea of Württemberg, who took him to Europe. There, Jean-Baptiste spent six years living among royalty, while learning four languages and fathering a child in Germany named Anton Fries. After his infant son died, Jean-Baptiste came back from Europe in 1829 to live the life of a Western frontiersman. He became a gold miner and a hotel clerk and in 1846 led a group of Mormons to California. While in California he became a magistrate for the Mission San Luis Rey. He disliked the way Indians were treated in the Missions and left to become a hotel clerk in Auburn, California,

neg: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in California the first known Latter-day Saints to set foot in California. Their numbers nearly tripled the population of the small town of Yerba Buena, later renamed San Francisco. While there, Brannan and other Saints began publication of one of California's first English-language newspapers, the "California Star", in October 1846. One of the "Brooklyn" saints, Angeline Lovett, set up a school in the old Franciscan Dolores Mission, the first English-language school in California. During the early autumn of 1846, Brannan led 20 men to the San Joaquin Valley where they founded a Mormon farming village named New Hope Colony. It soon failed

neg: Mission San Diego de Alcalá August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation." The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into "ranchos" and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain. On June 8, 1846, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico ""...for services rendered to the government"." After the United States annexed California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862. President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May

neg: Mexican secularization act of 1833 the town he made, in 1841 Vallejo had a small chapel built were the original parish church was. On June 14, 1846 the town of Sonoma was taken over by American settlers who declared a "California Republic,". General Vallejo was taken prisoner and the Bear Flag was raised. The Bear Flag flew over Sonoma until July 9, 1846 when California became part of the American. In addition to the 21 main Missions, there were "sub-mission" to serve as a rest stop for those traveling the El Camino Real road connected the missions. These small sub-mission were also lost: Santa Ysabel

neg: Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa with Mexico in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The mission fell to ruins during the period of secularization and the priests who were left would rent out rooms to help support the mission. The Mission San Luís Obispo de Tolosa became the first courthouse and jail in San Luis Obispo County, California. In 1850, when California became a part of the United States, the first California bishop, Joseph Alemany, petitioned the Government to return some of the mission lands back to the Church. Since then, it has undergone major civic, political and structural changes, but real restoration did not begin

neg: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in California 1846 with Samuel Brannan as president. It was discontinued in 1858 due to the Utah War, but later reopened in 1892 with Luther Dalton who began missionary labors in San Francisco and Oakland. In 1894, Karl G. Maeser relocated to California to direct the Utah exhibit on the California's mid-winter fair and to serve as president of the California Mission. In January 2015, the church announced that a new California Modesto Mission would be formed on July 1, 2015. It will comprise three stakes from the Fresno Mission and three stakes from the Sacramento Mission. With only six stakes, it

neg: Maritime history of California the new 28 star U.S. flag fired by each of the U.S. Navy ships in the harbor. The British ships observed but took no action—getting a message to and from Britain requesting new orders to interfere would have taken from one to two years. The abandoned Presidio and Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) at San Francisco, (then called Yerba Buena), was occupied without firing a shot on 9 July 1846 by U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy sailors from the sloop . Militia Captain Thomas Fallon led a small force of about 22 men from Santa Cruz, California and

neg: Palo Alto, California (now the city of San Jose a few miles to the south of what was to be Palo Alto) was established by order of the viceroy despite the displeasure of the local mission. The Mexican War of Independence ending in 1821 led to Mexico becoming an independent country, though San Jose did not recognize rule by the new Mexico until May 10, 1825. Mexico proceeded to sell off or grant much of the mission land. During the Mexican–American War, the United States seized Alta California in 1846; however, this was not legalized until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed

neg: California Battalion was ambiguous as to his status. The rank of Commodore and Brigadier General were roughly equivalent (both one star titles) so it was not clear who had superior rank. In late 1846 Frémont, acting under orders from Commodore Robert F. Stockton to retake the California cities as he marched overland to Los Angeles, led the California Battalion, now expanded to about 400 men, to capture Santa Barbara, California. Frémont led his unit over the Santa Ynez Mountains at San Marcos Pass, in a rainstorm on the night of 24 December 1846. In spite of losing many of his horses, mules,

neg: San Luis Obispo, California funds or supplies from Spanish sources. Beginning soon after Mexico won her independence from Spain in 1821, anti-Spanish feelings led to calls for expulsion of the Spanish Franciscans and secularization of the missions. Because the fledgling Mexican government had many more important problems to deal with than far-off California, actual secularization didn't happen until the mid-1830s. After 1834, the mission became an ordinary parish, and most of its huge land holdings were broken up into land grants called "ranchos". The ranchos were given by Mexican land grant from 1837–1846, with the mission itself being granted in the final year. The

neg: Pauma massacre Pauma massacre The Pauma massacre occurred in December 1846, north of Escondido, California. Luiseño Indians killed eleven Mexicans, Californio lancers who had stolen horses from them. The action was related to a series of regional conflicts during the Mexican–American War and followed the Battle of San Pasqual in California. Fundamentally, it was also related to the appropriation of Mission Luiseno land from the Luiseño after the successful mission with a population of 3,000 was secularized in 1833. Gov. José Figueroa had granted the Luiseño three pueblos including Las Flores and San Pascual. Pío Pico was to hold the mission land

neg: Redwood Grove Catholicism by the Friars Minor. Little more than twenty years later, in 1791, a Catholic mission, Mission Santa Cruz was consecrated nearby. This mission, served as a site for ecclesiastical conversion of natives. From 1805 to 1812, the mission was run by Father Andrés Quintana who was one of only two Spanish missionaries martyred in Alta California. After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the newly independent Mexico assumed control of this area until the transfer to the United States in 1846. During Mexican ownership, it was common for land grants to be sold to those who were in

neg: History of California formerly there having already evacuated the city. They raised the flag of the United States without firing a shot. The only shots fired were a 21-gun salute to the new U.S. flag fired by each of the U.S. Navy ships in the harbor. The British ships observed but took no action. The abandoned Presidio and Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) at San Francisco, then called Yerba Buena, were occupied without firing a shot on July 9, 1846, by U.S. marines and U.S. Navy sailors from the sloop . Militia Captain Thomas Fallon led a small force of about

neg: Rancho Trabuco the Mexican army, and was commandant at the Presidio of San Diego from 1830 to 1835. In 1841, Argüello was granted the two square league Rancho Trabuco for his services. In 1846 Argüello was granted Rancho Ex-Mission San Diego. John Forster, who was the grantee of the adjacent Rancho Mission Viejo in 1845, acquired Argüello's Rancho Trabuco and was granted an additional three square leagues in 1846. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act

neg: Fremont, California of the missionaries declined after 1834, when the Mexican government enacted secularization. José de Jesus Vallejo, brother of Mariano Vallejo, was the grantee of the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda Mexican land grant. His family was influential in the Fremont area in the late colonial era, and owned and built a flour mill at the mouth of Niles Canyon. In 1846 the town's namesake John C. Frémont led a military expedition to map a trail through Mission Pass for reaching the Pacific coast and to take possession of California from Mexico for the United States. The Fremont area grew rapidly

neg: Pauma massacre the Temecula Massacre. Pauma massacre The Pauma massacre occurred in December 1846, north of Escondido, California. Luiseño Indians killed eleven Mexicans, Californio lancers who had stolen horses from them. The action was related to a series of regional conflicts during the Mexican–American War and followed the Battle of San Pasqual in California. Fundamentally, it was also related to the appropriation of Mission Luiseno land from the Luiseño after the successful mission with a population of 3,000 was secularized in 1833. Gov. José Figueroa had granted the Luiseño three pueblos including Las Flores and San Pascual. Pío Pico was to hold

neg: Contra Costa County, California them to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, so the Rancho Los Meganos became the terminus of the California trail. This led to the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846 when about 30 settlers originally from the United States declared a republic in June 1846 and were enlisted and fighting under the U.S. flag by July 1846. Following the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, California was controlled by U.S. settlers organized under the California Battalion and the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron. After some minor skirmishes California was under U.S. control by January 1847 and formally annexed and paid for

neg: Ventura County, California a secular administrator. The natives who had been working at the mission gradually left to work on the ranchos. By 1839, only 300 Indians were left at the Mission and it slipped into neglect. Several outhouses were discovered in July 2007 dating back to the 1800s where a new site had been cleared to prepare for development. The area proved to be a treasure trove for archaeologists who braved the lingering smell in the dirt to uncover artifacts that showed heavy utilization by mission inhabitants, Indians, early settlers and Spanish and Mexican soldiers. The Mexican–American War began in 1846 but

neg: Mexican secularization act of 1833 the original intent of the secularization legislation was to have the property divided among former surviving Mission Indians, most of the grants were made to local Californios.(See: List of Ranchos of California) The small number of Indians did receive land grants in the 1840s, but all were lost by the 1850s. The United States (US) declared war against Mexico on May 13, 1846. Military action in California began with the Bear Flag Revolt on June 15, 1846. On July 7, 1846, US forces took possession of Monterey, the capital of California, and terminated the authority and jurisdiction of Mexican officials

neg: Narciso Durán Narciso Durán Narcisco Durán, OFM (December 16, 1776 in Empúries, Catalonia, Spain – June 4, 1846 in Santa Barbara, Alta California, Mexico) was a Franciscan friar and missionary. He arrived in California in 1806 after studying briefly at the missionary College of San Fernando de Mexico. He served at Mission San José until 1833, when he moved to Mission Santa Barbara. A the Mission San José he arrested Jedediah Smith shortly and then released him and have him go to Governor José María de Echeandía in Monterey, California. Under his leadership, Mission San Jose became one of the most prosperous

neg: Mexican secularization act of 1833 sold to private owners. But, in 1846 was occupied by U.S. Army troops under Captain Frémont. Some mission buildings in poor shape and 65 acres of land returned in 1865. Mission Santa Inés land was sold off in 1836. Part of mission buildings were rented out by the government. Mission was divided and padres live in part and maintained church chapel. Late in 1843 the Governor gave 350,000 acres to Bishop Francisco García Diego start the College of Our Lady of Refuge, the first college in California. Later in 1846 the college moved to a new site and original land

neg: Ventura County, California April 11, 1822. California land that had been vested in the King of Spain was now owned by the nation of Mexico. By the 1830s, Mission San Buenaventura was in a decline with fewer neophytes joining the mission. The number of cattle owned by the mission dropped from first to fifteenth ranking in the California Missions. The missions were secularized by the Mexican government in 1834. The Mexican governors began granting land rights to Mexican Californians, often retiring soldiers. By 1846, there were 19 rancho grants in Ventura County. In 1836, Mission San Buenaventura was transferred from the Church to

neg: Australian native police the Native Police is demonstrated by officer Windredge who was employed in both forces in Gippsland. In 1845 and 1846, Tyers led extensive punitive raids with his forces around Lake Wellington, up the Avon River and down to the Lakes region. In late 1846 and early 1847, in a horrible example of British colonial values, a rumour began that a shipwrecked white woman had been abducted by a Gunai clan. Outraged Victorian sensibility demanded both the rescue of the supposed damsel and the wholesale punishment of the natives involved. A special Native Police mission was organised in September 1846 under

neg: Santa Rosa Plateau mission were all labeled Luiseno. When Spanish rule ended in 1822, the new Mexican government decreed that mission lands would be secularized. In California this did not happen until 1834. It was during this period that the plateau received its name, probably in honor of Saint Rose of Lima. In 1846, Juan Moreno was granted 47,000 acres by the Mexican governor of California, Pio Pico. In 1855, Moreno sold Rancho Santa Rosa to Augustin Machado. After he died, the land passed through several hands before being purchased by John Deer of England, who moved here. After him the land went

neg: History of the San Fernando Valley Chumash village Hu'wam was granted to three of the mission Indians under the name Rancho El Escorpión. The majority of the mission's grazing lands and mission buildings were leased to the governor's brother Andrés Pico. After the United States declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846, Pico sold the mission property outright to Eulogio de Celis for much-needed cash; Celis graciously extended the terms of his friend Andrés Pico's lease. From this time the property was known as Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. On June 18, 1846 a small group of Yankees raised the California Bear Flag and declared independence

neg: Mission San Fernando Rey de España inventory from Fray Ibarra. From then, the mission was to be a parish of the second class with a $1000 salary. In 1842, six years before the California Gold Rush, a brother of the mission mayordomo (foreman) made the first Alta California gold discovery in the foothills near the mission. In memory of that discovery, the place was given the name Placerita Canyon, but only small quantities of gold were found. In 1845, Governor Pío Pico declared the Mission buildings for sale and, in 1846, made "Mission San Fernando Rey de España de velicata" his headquarters as Rancho Ex-Mission San

neg: Mexican secularization act of 1833 by Governor Pío Pico ""...for services rendered to the government".". After the United States annexed California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862. Most of the grants were made to rich "Californios" of Spanish background who had long been casting envious eyes on the vast holdings of the Roman Catholic missions. In 1845 California Governor Pio Pico confiscated the lands of Mission San Diego de Alcala. He granted eleven square leagues (about 48,800 acres, 197 km) of the El Cajon Valley to Dona Maria Antonio Estudillo, daughter of José Antonio Estudillo, alcalde of San Diego, to

neg: El Cajon, California to gather the sparse rainfall. For years the pasture lands of El Cajon supported the cattle herds of the mission and its native Indian converts. It was not until the Mexican era (1821–1846) that titles to plots of land were granted to individuals. The original intent of the 1834 secularization legislation was to have church property divided among the former mission Indians. However, most of the grants were actually made to rich "Californios" of Spanish background who had long been casting envious eyes on the vast holdings of the Roman Catholic missions. In 1845 California Governor Pio Pico confiscated the

neg: Mission San Buenaventura Arnaz and Narciso Botello and was later illegally sold to Arnaz. And the mission did not fully escape the impact that the Mexican–American War of 1846–1847 had on California. On January 5, 1847, while on its way from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles, the 428 men strong California Battalion, under the command of U.S. Army Major John C. Fremont, managed to disperse an armed force of up to 70 enemy Californios near the mission. After California became a state of the Union, Bishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany petitioned the United States Government to return that part of the Mission holdings comprising

neg: Mission San Luis Rey de Francia preferential conditions and treatment the padres received: In the mission of San Luis Rey de Francia the Fernandiño father is like a king. He has his pages, alcaldes, majordomos, musicians, soldiers, gardens, ranchos, livestock... The first Peruvian Pepper Tree ("Schinus molle") in California was planted here in 1830, now iconic, widely planted, and renamed the "California Pepper tree" in the state. After the Mexican secularization act of 1833 much of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia land was sold off. During the Mexican–American War in Alta California (1846–1847), the Mission was utilized as a military outpost by the United States

neg: Francisco Sanchez (politician) June 14, 1846 California Republic insurrection which established United States control of Mexican California. Francisco Sanchez is buried at the Mission Dolores in San Francisco. Francisco Sanchez (politician) Francisco Sanchez (April 11, 1805 – September 8, 1862) was Commandante of the San Francisco Presidio and the eighth alcalde of San Francisco, California in 1843, and grantee of the Rancho San Pedro. Francisco Sanchez was born in San Jose, California and was the son of José Antonio Sánchez, grantee of Rancho Buri Buri. Francisco's brother, José de la Cruz Sánchez, was also an alcalde of San Francisco. During 1842 to 1846,

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando In 1874, the heirs of Eulogio de Celis sold their northern half of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando to northern Californians, California State Senator Charles Maclay and his partners George K. Porter, a San Francisco shoe manufacturer, and his cousin Benjamin F. Porter. The Porters land was west of present-day Sepulveda Boulevard, and the Maclay land was east of Sepulveda Boulevard. Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando was a Mexican land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California granted in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to Eulogio de Celis. The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission San

neg: History of Santa Clara County, California the Mission Santa Clara. The time of the Californios, the rural land owning gentlemen, was short lived in California, however. American immigrants began arriving in California, followed by the Mexican–American War. On May 13, 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Captain Thomas Fallon, leading 19 men, entered San Jose on July 14, 1846, and raised the United States flag over the town hall. San Jose consisted of a small town of Spanish Californians, Mexicans, Peruvians, Chileans, and Indians. After the completion of the Mexican–American War, in 1848, California, along with most of the western states, was added to

neg: Narciso Durán Barbara during his third term as Father-President, and is buried at Mission Santa Barbara. Narciso Durán Narcisco Durán, OFM (December 16, 1776 in Empúries, Catalonia, Spain – June 4, 1846 in Santa Barbara, Alta California, Mexico) was a Franciscan friar and missionary. He arrived in California in 1806 after studying briefly at the missionary College of San Fernando de Mexico. He served at Mission San José until 1833, when he moved to Mission Santa Barbara. A the Mission San José he arrested Jedediah Smith shortly and then released him and have him go to Governor José María de Echeandía in

neg: Alfred Robinson (businessman) he appended to it a lengthy ethnographic description of the Juaneño - "Acagchemem" Native American Mission Indians, and Chinigchinix, at Mission San Juan Capistrano written in the 1820s by the Franciscan missionary Jerónimo Boscana. Robinson's unpublished papers are on file at the California Historical Society library in San Francisco, and at the University of California, Berkeley. Alfred Robinson (businessman) Alfred Robinson (1806–1895) was an American businessman and author in 19th century Alta California of Mexico and California of the United States. Robinson wrote "Life in California" in 1846, an influential early description of the region, and Juaneño Native American people.

neg: Pío Pico Pío Pico Pío de Jesús Pico (May 5, 1801 – September 11, 1894) was a Californio rancher and politician, the last governor of Alta California (now the State of California) under Mexican rule. He served from 1845 to 1846. He was also elected to one term (1853) on the Los Angeles Common Council. Pico was a first-generation Californio, born in Alta California to parents who emigrated from the part of New Spain that is now Mexico. He was born at the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel to José María Pico and his wife María Eustaquia Gutiérrez, with the aid of midwife

neg: Rancho Ulistac Rancho Ulistac Rancho Ulistac was a Mexican land grant in present-day Santa Clara County, California given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to Marcello and Cristobal, Indians. The grant extended across lowlands reaching from the Alviso shoreline southward and encompassing the land between the Guadalupe River and Saratoga Creek, and the town of Agnew. In 1846, Governor Pico granted one-half square league to Santa Clara Mission Indians Marcello and his companion Cristobal. Jacob David Hoppe (1813-1853), was born in Maryland and came to California in 1846. He established a newspaper, which later became the "Alta California". He was elected a

neg: Rancho Las Camaritas arter the darde fashion all, An' kickin' colored folk about, you know, 's a kind o' national." -J. R. Lowell, Biglow Papers, First Series, No. II (1846) After 1846, Jose Noe retreated from his homes he had at Yerba Buena and Las Camaritasto to live at his Rancho San Miguel in present-day Noe Valley. He supposedly turned control of Las Camaritas over to former Alcalde Francisco Guerrero who was killed in 1851 while coming back to the Mission from a Public Land Commission hearing. Between 1850–54, the state of California passed a series of legislative actions proposed by San Francisco

neg: Mexican secularization act of 1833 1836, when Monterey-born Juan Bautista Alvarado led a revolt and seized the governorship from Nicolás Gutiérrez. Alvarado's actions began a period of de facto home rule, in which the weak and fractious central government was forced to allow more autonomy in its most distant department. Other local governors followed, including Carlos Antonio Carrillo, Alvarado himself for a second time, and Pío Pico. The last non-Californian governor, Manuel Micheltorena, was driven out after another rebellion in 1845. Micheltorena was replaced by Pío Pico, last Mexican governor of California, who served until 1846. It was not until the California Mexican era (1821–1846)

neg: John M. Horner "Brooklyn" in 1846 with a group of Mormons led by Sam Brannan. He had been a teacher and farmer in New Jersey and quickly took up farming in California quickly became one of California’s premier agriculturists, despite being swindled into buying the same land four times and then losing much of it to squatters (according to his own account). In 1847, he began farming in the vicinity of Mission San Jose. Although he briefly tried mining in 1848, he realized that there was more potential in farming. By 1849, he was making a profit at selling his produce. He was

neg: Hope Masterton Waddell His prompting eventually led the Church of Scotland Mission to approve the mission in 1845, and he arrived in the village of Old Calabar in 1846 accompanied by former members of his congregation who wished to “carry the gospel to their native land". In 1847 he moved the mission to Creek Town and worked educating the local population, teaching them English and converting them to Christianity. He made attempts to stop the practice of infanticide in the area, building a settlement for twins and their mothers so as to isolate them from the rest of the population, and allowing them

neg: Rios-Caledonia Adobe Rios-Caledonia Adobe The Rios-Caledonia Adobe is a California Historical Landmark (#936) and is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is an adobe dwelling built in 1835, located in San Miguel, California, in San Luis Obispo County. Petronilo Rios, corporal commanding the Mission San Miguel guard and later owner of Rancho Paso de Robles, supervised the building of the two-story adobe home using Indian labor on property belonging to Mission San Miguel (which is now across the street). In 1846, when the mission property was sold by Governor Pio Pico, Rios and William Reed purchased the mission and adobe.

neg: Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero José Antonio Estudillo was appointed administrator and major domo at Mission San Luis Rey in 1840. Three grants, comprising over of the former Mission San Luis Rey lands in the San Jacinto area were made to the Estudillo family: Rancho San Jacinto Viejo to José Antonio Estudillo in 1842; Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante to his daughter, María del Rosario Estudillo, in 1846; and Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero to his son-in-law, Miguel Pedrorena, in 1846. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants

neg: The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846 further from the influence of Mexico City. Weber examines the collapse of the mission system, which caused significant social disorder in California and New Mexico. The decline of the "presidio" system left border residents with no protection from raids by hostile Indian tribes. Most communities reluctantly raised militias to fill the gap in defense. Mexico continued the economic policies implemented by Spain, limiting production and import opportunities. This led to high prices and scarcities throughout the border regions, and, in part, sparked local rebellions against customs duties throughout the borderlands. The book describes the success that the United States had

neg: San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County, California July 15, 1836, the Mexican government secularized mission lands, including Mission San Miguel, and Ygnacio Coronel took charge. In 1846, Governor Pío Pico sold the Mission for $600 to Petronillo Rios and William Reed. Reed used the Mission as a family residence and a store. In 1848, Reed and his family were murdered, leaving the Mission vacant for a period of time. The Mission was a stopping place for miners coming from Los Angeles to San Francisco, and was consequently was used as a saloon, dance hall, storeroom and living quarters. In 1859, President James Buchanan returned the Mission to

neg: Santa Clara, California began to colonize California with 21 missions and the Mission Santa Clara de Asis was founded in 1777. In 1846, the American flag was raised over Monterey and symbolized the transfer of the sovereignty of the California Republic over to the United States. In 1851, Santa Clara College was established on the grounds of the original Mission. In 1852, Santa Clara was incorporated as a town; it became state-chartered by 1862. For the next century the economy centered on agriculture since orchards and vegetables were thriving in the fertile soil. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had

neg: Mission San Rafael Arcángel de Sarría, as a medical "asistencia" ("sub-mission") of the San Francisco Mission to treat their sick population. It was granted full mission status in 1822. This was one of the missions turned over to the Mexican government in 1833 after the Mexican secularization act of 1833. In 1840, there were 150 Indians still at the Mission. By 1844, Mission San Rafael Arcángel had been abandoned; what was left of the empty buildings was sold for $8,000 in 1846. The Mission was used by John C. Fremont as his headquarters during the battles to make California a United States possession ("see

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San Diego Rancho Ex-Mission San Diego Rancho Ex-Mission San Diego was a Mexican land grant in present-day San Diego County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pio Pico to Santiago Argüello. The rancho derives its name from the secularized Mission San Diego, and was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the Mission — the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this are called ex-Mission lands. The grant extended eastward from the San Diego Pueblo to Rancho El Cajon, and encompassed present day east San Diego, Normal

neg: Livermore, California Livermore. Robert Livermore was a very accommodating host and welcomed nearly all that stopped by with lodging and meals. Robert Livermore died in 1858 and was buried at Mission San Jose before the establishment of the town that bears his name. His ranch included much of the present-day city. The city of Livermore, named in honor of Robert Livermore, was established in 1869 by William Mendenhall, who had first met Livermore while marching through the valley with John C. Fremont's California Battalion in 1846 as they were recruited to occupy the surrendering Californio towns captured by the U.S. Navy's Pacific

neg: Robert B. Semple Robert B. Semple Doctor Robert Baylor Semple (1806–1854) was a 19th-century California newspaperman and politician. A newspaperman in Kentucky, he came west over the California Trail with Lansford Hastings in 1845, before the gold rush. During the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt, he led the Americans around Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento valley. With Walter Colton, he published the Monterey-based "Californian" on August 15, 1846, the first newspaper ever published in California. Semple moved the newspaper to San Francisco in 1847. In late 1848 it was merged with the "California Star", founded by Samuel Brannan, and became the "Alta California". In

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando was a Mexican land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California granted in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to Eulogio de Celis. The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission San Fernando Rey de España, but was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the Mission — the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this were called ex-Mission lands. The grant encompassed most of the present-day San Fernando Valley. Eulogio de Celis, a native of Spain,

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San Buenaventura Rancho Ex-Mission San Buenaventura Rancho Ex-Mission San Buenaventura was a Mexican land grant in present-day Ventura County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pio Pico to José de Arnaz (Arnas). The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission San Buenaventura, and was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the Mission — the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this are called ex-Mission lands. The grant extended east from present day Ventura, excluding the Rancho San Miguel (Olivas) lands, inland up the Santa Clara

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San José Rancho Ex-Mission San José Rancho Ex-Mission San José was a Mexican land grant in present-day Alameda County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pio Pico to Andrés Pico and Juan B. Alvarado. The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission San José, and was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the Mission—the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this are called ex-Mission lands. The grant extended to the lands of present-day Fremont including the former towns, now districts of Centerville, Irvington and Mission

neg: Californio in Alta California. The oldest governmental building in the state is the Monterey Custom House and California's Historic Landmark Number One. The "Californian", California's oldest newspaper, was first published in Monterey on August 15, 1846, after the city's occupation by the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron on July 7, 1846. Late in 1775, Colonel Juan Bautista de Anza led an overland expedition over the Gila River trail he had discovered in 1774 to bring colonists from Sonora New Spain (Mexico) to California to settle two missions, one presidio, and one pueblo (town). Anza led 240 friars, soldiers and colonists with their

neg: Narciso Durán of the Spanish missions in California, notwithstanding the devastation for the Chocheño-speaking Natives, and Northern Valley Yokuts who resided at San Jose. His interests included music, which he transcribed himself and assembled a famous band of "neophytes" dressed in uniforms obtained from a French vessel. Father Durán served as the Father-President of the California missions three times, first from 1824–1828, again from 1831–1838 and finally from 1844–1846. During his second term, the Mexican government decided to secularize the missions, and Father Durán moved to Santa Barbara, which was the only mission not to be secularized. Father Durán died in Santa

neg: California Battalion California Battalion The California Battalion (also called the first California Volunteer Militia and U.S. Mounted Rifles) was formed during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) in present-day California, United States. It was led by U.S. Army brevet lieutenant colonel John C. Fremont and composed of his cartographers, scouts and hunters and the California Volunteer Militia formed after the Bear Flag Revolt. The battalion's formation was officially authorized by Commodore Robert F. Stockton, commanding officer of the U.S. Navy Pacific Squadron. Hostilities between U.S. and Mexican forces had been underway in Texas since April 1846 resulting in a formal declaration of war on

neg: José Castro José Castro José Antonio Castro (1808 – February 1860) was a Californio politician, statesman, and military leader who served as acting governor of Alta California in 1835. He was also Commandante General of Mexican forces in northern areas of "Las Californias" during the Bear Flag Revolt and the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. José Castro was a "Californio", born in Monterey, California when it was under Spanish colonial rule. His father José Tiburcio Castro was a soldier, member of the "Diputación" (territorial legislature), mayordomo (administrator) of Mission San Juan Bautista after it was secularized, and grantee of Rancho Sausal. As a

neg: History of California and miners, led almost inevitably to many fires. Most of San Francisco burned down six times in six "Great Fires" between 1849 and 1852. "Californios" who lived in California had finally had enough of the Mexican government and seized control of the territory of Alta California in 1846. At the time gold was discovered in 1848, California had about 9,000 former Californios and about 3,000 United States citizens including members of Colonel Jonathan D. Stevenson's 1st Regiment of New York Volunteers and discharged members of the California Battalion and Mormon Battalions. The Pacific Squadron secured San Francisco Bay and the

neg: Ranchos of California gentry of Spain. Their workers included Native Americans who had learned to speak Spanish, many of them former Mission residents. Spain made about 30 grants between 1784 and 1821, and Mexico granted about 270 more between 1833 and 1846. The ranchos established land-use patterns and place names that are still in use in California today. Rancho boundaries became the basis for California's land survey system, and are found on modern maps and land titles. Ranchos were partially based on geography, such as access to river water. Land development in the 20th and 21st century often follow the boundaries of the

neg: Santa Ysabel Asistencia approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells. In 1846, two bells, the oldest in Alta California, were purchased from Misión Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó (Our Lady of Loreto) in Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico in exchange for six burro loads of barley and wheat. The bells were inscribed: "N.S. De Loreto 1723"" and "San Pedro 1767"." After the Mission began to deteriorate in the 1830s, and the bells were hoisted onto the yoke shown in the photograph at right. On a

neg: Sutter Buttes massacre of the state for several months, provoking the Mexican authorities and building up patriotic sentiment among Americans who had settled there. They briefly left the state in April 1846 under pressure from Mexican authorities, committing the Sacramento River massacre on their way out of the state and the Klamath Lake massacre after leaving it. A message from the American government implying war with Mexico was imminent led Frémont and his men to return to California in late May. On 30 May 1846, the band arrived at the Sutter Buttes and set up camp there, planning to take Sutter Fort and

neg: Zamora, California swans as they came into the tule marshlands during migrations. Spanish explorers explored the area in the early 1800s and, as a result, thousands of Patwins died from ill-treatment or previously unknown diseases. Patwins were also rounded up and taken as slaves to build Mission churches and work the mission ranches. Between 1829 and 1846, hunters and fur trappers from Santa Fe, New Mexico and from Hudson's Bay Company in Fort Vancouver sometimes traded with Patwin resulting in heavy losses of life for the trappers and hunters and for Patwin. The 1849 California gold rush miners brought more violence and

neg: José María de Zalvidea José María de Zalvidea José María de Zalvidea (2 March 1780 – 1846) was a Spanish Franciscan missionary. He was born at Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain, and became a Franciscan at the convent of San Mames, Cantabria, on 13 December 1798. He joined the College of San Fernando de Mexico in 1804 and became a missionary to the California Native Americans in August 1805. He served at Mission San Fernando Rey de España until 1806, at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel until 1826, at Mission San Juan Capistrano until 1842, and at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia until his death. He

neg: John C. Frémont orders from Stockton, Frémont led a military expedition of 300 men to capture Santa Barbara. In September, Mexican Californians unwilling to be ruled by the United States, under José María Flores, fought back and retook Los Angeles, driving out Americans. In December 1846, U.S. Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny arrived in California having instructions to establish a military control. Kearny, who was undermanned, mistakenly believing war in California had ended, was attacked at the Battle of San Pasqual, but was reinforced when Stockton sent troops to drive off Pio Pico and the California Lancers. It was at this time a

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando had settled in California in 1836. De Celis operated a hide trading business with Henry D. Fitch, Jonathan Temple and Abel Stearns. He married Josefa Argüello, daughter of Governor Luís Antonio Argüello. In 1846, to raise war funds during the Mexican–American War, the Pico government sold the secularized lands from the Mission San Fernando to Eulogio de Celis. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim was filed with the United

neg: Rise of nationalism in Europe voice, spurred by nationalist writers championing the cause of self-determination. The Poles attempted twice to overthrow Russian rule in 1831 and 1846. In 1848, revolutions broke out across Europe, sparked by severe famine and economic crisis and mounting popular demand for political change. In Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini used the opportunity to encourage a war mission: "A people destined to achieve great things for the welfare of humanity must one day or other be constituted a nation". In Hungary, Lajos Kossuth led a national revolt against Austrian rule; in Transylvania, Avram Iancu led successful revolts in 1846. The 1848 crisis had

neg: California Battalion in California who replaced Sloat in July 1846. Frémont was given the (brevet) rank of Lieutenant Colonel with U. S. Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie, second in command, promoted to major. Commodore Stockton was in charge of the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy that occupied Monterey, California on 7 July 1846 and Yerba Buena (to be renamed San Francisco) on 9 July 1846. A compact was drawn in early July 1846 for all volunteers to sign, which in part read: "Not to violate the chastity of Women; conduct their revolution honorably; and pledge obedience to their officers." With the signatures

neg: Vargas Plateau Regional Park of California, the two tribes began living and working at Mission San Jose in 1797. After the mission was secularized, the land was granted to Juan Bautista Alvarado and Andres Pico in 1846. The native people essentially became serfs under this arrangement, losing any claim to the Vargas Plateau. After California became an American state in 1850, many of the old land grants were declared void by American courts. Such was the case with the Alvarado and Pico properties, and the land eventually became part of a horse breeding ranch, which was subdivided about 1900. In 1909, Antonio Francisco Vargas

neg: Mulegé mission to the Indians. It was not until 1754 that Father Francisco Escalante started the construction of the mission, called Misión Santa Rosalía de Mulegé. Years later, many other Jesuit fathers came into today's area of Mulegé to bring the Catholic faith and convert the natives to Catholicism. The official name of the town is "Heroica Mulegé." This title is based on incidents during the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848. The Americans tried to occupy long stretches of the Pacific coast such as California, Baja California, and New Mexico all of which were then part of Mexico. The people of Mulegé

neg: California Chamber of Commerce as the California State Chamber of Commerce, Agriculture and Industry. In 1972, the Board of Directors adopted the shorter name: California Chamber of Commerce. Alongside staff legal counsel, the CalChamber's Business Services Division develops and provides compliance resources for anyone who handles HR in California. CalChamber provides businesses with resources to understand and comply with complex laws and regulations. In 2014, the CalChamber organized and led a delegation of approximately 90 business, economic development, investment, and policy leaders from throughout California to participate in a trade mission to Mexico led by California Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. The Gubernatorial Trade

neg: Rancho San Marcos Rancho San Marcos Rancho San Marcos was a Mexican land grant in present-day Santa Barbara County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pio Pico to Nicolas A. Den and Richard S. Den. The grant in the Santa Ynez Valley extended between the San Rafael Mountains and the Santa Ynez River. The former Santa Barbara Mission land was granted to the Den brothers, who emigrated from Ireland. Nicolas Den came to Santa Barbara in the 1836 and was also the grantee of Rancho Dos Pueblos. His younger brother Richard Den came to Santa Barbara in 1843, and was a doctor who

neg: Chatsworth, Los Angeles of Independence from Spain, the Mission San Fernando became part of Alta California, Mexico. In 1834, the Mexican government began redistributing the mission lands. In 1846, the Mexican land grant for Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando was issued by Governor Pío Pico. It was bounded on the north by Rancho San Francisco and the Santa Susana Mountains, on the west by the Simi Hills, on the east by Rancho Tujunga, and on the south by the Montañas de Portesuelo (Santa Monica Mountains). The Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando received a Federal land patent to retain ownership by the United States Public Land

neg: Cooke's Wagon Road Rey River, and west along the river, past Mission San Luis Rey to the Pacific Ocean. The last march was south to Mission San Diego. Cooke's Wagon Road Cooke's Wagon Road or Cooke's Road was the first wagon road between the Rio Grande and the Colorado River to San Diego, through the Mexican provinces of Nuevo México, Chihuahua, Sonora and Alta California, established by Philip St. George Cooke and the Mormon Battalion, from October 19, 1846 to January 29, 1847 during the Mexican–American War. It became the first of the wagon routes between New Mexico and California that with subsequent

neg: Ryan Edwards (American soccer) an assistant coach to the Saint Mary's College of California men's soccer team. Edwards resides in Marin County, California, with his wife, Carly. Ryan Edwards (American soccer) Ryan Edwards is a retired American soccer defender who played professionally in the USL First Division and Major League Soccer, now gracing the recreational soccer fields of Northern California as a member of North Tam United. Edwards graduated from Mission San Jose High School in Fremont, California, where he led the league in scoring and was named most valuable player by the San Jose Mercury News. The Mission High School men's soccer team

neg: Rocky Mountain (film) mountain, and though their mission failed, the heroism displayed by these gallant men honored the cause for which they fought so valiantly. In 1865, eight horsemen trek across the California desert, arriving at Ghost Mountain. Led by Captain Lafe Barstow (Errol Flynn) of the Mississippi Mountain Rifles. The eight soldiers encounter a man who calls himself California Beal (Howard Petrie). As a last desperate effort to turn the tide of the war, Barstow's mission is to persuade Cole Smith and his 500 men to raid California on behalf of the Confederacy. From their vantage point on the mountain, the men

neg: KOTA-TV stations, and soon sold KEVN-TV and KIVV-TV to Mission TV, LLC, an independent private company led by California attorney William Reyner, who at that time held partial stakes in fellow Fox affiliates KKFX-LP in Santa Barbara, California and Smith Broadcasting-owned WFFF-TV in Burlington, Vermont. (Mission TV was not related to Mission Broadcasting, a holding company whose stations are controlled by Nexstar Media Group.) KEVN filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on November 20, 2003 to prevent Finova Capital Corp., the station's largest creditor, from taking legal action to acquire control of the station; KEVN's programming and operations were not affected

neg: Rancho Ex-Mission San Buenaventura River to Santa Paula, between the north bank of the River and Sulphur Mountain. José de Arnaz (1820–1895), born in Spain, was a trader along the California coast. He opened a store in Los Angeles, and married Maria Mercedes de Avila (1832–1867) in 1847. Avila was the niece of Antonio Ygnacio Avila. With his partner, Narciso Botello, Arnaz leased the extensive lands of Ex-Mission San Buenaventura. In 1846, Governor Pío Pico granted the twelve square league Rancho Ex-Mission San Buenaventura to Arnaz. Later it was claimed that the grant had been sold (which would not have been legal) by Pio

neg: John C. Frémont John C. Frémont John Charles Frémont or Fremont (January 21, 1813July 13, 1890) was an American explorer, politician, and soldier who, in 1856, became the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, when he led five expeditions into the American West, that era's penny press and admiring historians accorded Frémont the sobriquet "The Pathfinder". During the Mexican–American War, Frémont, a major in the U.S. Army, took control of California from the California Republic in 1846. Frémont was convicted in court-martial for mutiny and insubordination over a conflict of who

neg: West Hills, Los Angeles alignment points in the ancestral Chumash homelands, believed essential to maintaining the balance of the natural world. From 1797 to 1846, the area (future West Hills) was part of Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Mission San Fernando). After Mexico won independence from Spain, it later became part of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando in Alta California. In 1845, a separate land grant for Rancho El Escorpión was issued by Governor Pío Pico to three Chumash people: Odón Eusebia, Urbano, and Urbano's son Mañuel. It encompassed the land west of present-day Woodlake Avenue in West Hills, with its adobe ranch buildings

neg: Rancho Cañada de San Vicente y Mesa del Padre Barona Rancho Cañada de San Vicente y Mesa del Padre Barona Rancho Cañada de San Vicente y Mesa del Padre Barona was a Mexican land grant in present-day San Diego County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to Juan Bautista Lopez. The grant was located in the San Vicente and Padre Barona Valleys, which lie south of Ramona. The area served as grazing lands for the Mission San Diego. Father José Barona served at the Mission San Diego from 1798 to 1810, before moving to the Mission San Juan Capistrano. The three square league Rancho Cañada de San Vicente

neg: Riverside County, California 1819, the Mission granted land to Leandro Serrano, mayordomo of San Antonio de Pala Asistencia for the Mission of San Luis Rey for Rancho Temescal. Following Mexican independence and the 1833 confiscation of Mission lands, more ranchos were granted. Rancho Jurupa in 1838, El Rincon in 1839, Rancho San Jacinto Viejo in 1842, Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio in 1843, Ranchos La Laguna, Pauba, Temecula in 1844, Ranchos Little Temecula, Potreros de San Juan Capistrano in 1845, Ranchos San Jacinto Sobrante, La Sierra (Sepulveda), La Sierra (Yorba), Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero in 1846. New Mexican

neg: Rancho Boca de la Playa California in 1790 as a leather jacket soldier (Soldado de Cuero). Emigdio Véjar was Juez de Campo at Los Angeles, in 1838. He was mayordomo of Mission San Juan Capistrano, and Juez de Paz at San Juan Capistrano in 1844-45. In 1843, he married María Rafaela Avila (1818–), daughter of Antonio Ygnacio Avila. In 1845, he delivered the Mission and all that belonged to it to John Forster. Véjar was granted Rancho Boca de la Playa, one and half square leagues of former Mission San Juan Capistrano land, in 1846. In 1852, Emigdio Vejar married Ysabel Cota. With the cession

neg: Mexican secularization act of 1833 transferred the headquarters of the Alta California Mission System to Mission Santa Bárbara, where it remained until 1846. Governor Figueroa issued a regulation ("Reglamento Provisional para la secularizacion de las Misiones") on August 9, 1834 outlining the requirements for the distribution of property (land, cattle and equipment) to each mission’s neophytes. Among the provisions were that "5. To each head of a family and to all over 20 years old, will be given from the Mission lands a lot not over 400 nor less than 100 "varas" square" (28 to 7 acres). Plus "6. ..."pro rata"...one-half of the livestock" and

neg: Thomas O. Larkin the goal of arranging a peaceful annexation of California when the Bear Flag Revolt began on 14 June 1846 and the General was captured and imprisoned by a band of Americans who had heard a rumor that the Mexican authorities were thinking of arresting all Americans. In 1846, Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie was sent by President James Polk with secret messages to U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin in Monterey, California, Commodore John D. Sloat commanding the Pacific Squadron and John C. Frémont. Gillespie, after traveling in secret across Mexico and catching a ship to California arrived early June 1846 with

neg: Pacifica, California more dangerous than San Francisco Bay. In the Spanish era, Pacifica was the site of the San Pedro Valley Mission Outpost (1786–1793) of Mission Dolores. This was dissolved when a newly independent Mexico secularized the mission system. Pacifica is also the site of the still extant Mexican-era Sánchez Adobe built in 1846. The city is located on a part of the Mexican land grant Rancho San Pedro given to Francisco Sanchez in 1839. Pacifica was incorporated in 1957, relatively recently in the history of San Mateo County, as the union of nine previously separate, unincorporated communities, including Edgemar, Sharp Park,

neg: Myron Angel Myron Angel Myron Angel (1827-1911) was a historian and journalist who led efforts to found California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, California. He was born in Oneonta, New York. Myron W. Angel of Milford, New York, was admitted to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point on July 1, 1846, at the age of eighteen years, seven months. At the examinations that were held in June 1848, Angel was found deficient in both mathematics and French. At the urging of his brother and due to his poor grades, Angel resigned from the Academy on June 30, 1848. The

neg: Temecula massacre Temecula massacre The Temecula massacre took place in December 1846 east of present-day Temecula, California, United States. It was part of a series of related events in the Mexican–American War. A combined force of California militia and Cahuilla Indians attacked and killed an estimated 33 to 40 Luiseño Indians. The Mexicans took the military action in retaliation for the Indians' killing 11 Californio lancers, in what was called the Pauma Massacre. In a conflict that was part of the Mexican–American War, in the Battle of San Pasqual on December 6, 1846, Andrés Pico led a force of Californios against the

neg: Santa Barbara, California Period" in California and Santa Barbara history. The Fernando Tico was one of the first settlers who received land grants for the local area. Fernando led the Native Americans against the Argentinian pirate in the 1800s. The population remained sparse, with enormous cattle operations run by wealthy families. It was during this period that Richard Henry Dana, Jr. first visited Santa Barbara and wrote about the culture and people of Santa Barbara in his book "Two Years Before the Mast". Santa Barbara fell bloodlessly to a battalion of American soldiers under John C. Frémont on December 27, 1846, during the

neg: California Trail about 1,500 settlers made their way to California over the Truckee branch of the California Trail—just in time to join the war for independence there. Many of the 1845 and 1846 emigrants were recruited into the California Battalion to assist the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron with its sailors and marines in the fight for California's independence from Mexico. The last immigrant party in 1846 was the Donner Party, who were persuaded by Lansford Hastings, who had only traveled over the route he recommended by pack train, to take what would be called the Hastings Cutoff around the south end of

neg: Jim Savage At Independence, Missouri, they joined the party led by former Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs for the trip to California. During the six-month journey, both his wife and child died. Boggs' party arrived in California in late October 1846, and Savage joined John Fremont's California Battalion during the California Campaign of the Mexican–American War. In April 1847, Frémont disbanded the battalion, and Savage went to the San Joaquin Valley, where he lived with the Tularenos and learned their language. He eventually married several daughters of the tribal leaders of the tribes in the Sierra foothill region and led them in war

neg: Suisun people Chief Solano was also one of a handful of natives to receive a land grant in the mission secularization and parcelling out of Mexican-American lands. The Suisunes who survived the epidemic began to earn their livelihoods through farm labor or fishing. Some chose to work as seasonal or year-round ranch labors for Vallejo at the Rancho Petaluma Adobe or other area ranches. In 1846, at the end of the Bear Flag Revolt when California was ceded to the United States, General Vallejo was taken prisoner by Americans at Sutter's Fort, Sem-Yeto fled north, and the people continued to earn their

neg: Presidio of Monterey, California the tide of history, only to appear years later with a new face, a new master, and a new mission – first under the Spanish, then the Mexicans, and ultimately the Americans. United States control of the area began in 1846 during the Mexican–American War when Commodore John D. Sloat, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, landed unopposed a small force in Monterey and claimed the territory and the Presidio for the United States. He left a small garrison of Marines who moved the fort up to its current location on the hill overlooking the harbor, combining in one

neg: Félix Caballero Arizpe. He returned to Mission Santa Catalina from Tucson with a military expedition under Captain José Romero who was to establish a route for a mail service through the region. In 1834 he founded Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte, the last Dominican mission to be established in California. The mission survived only until 1840, when a local chief, Jatñil, who had previously provided support to the missions, led a rebellion in response to forced conversions of his people. Félix Caballero Félix Caballero was a Dominican priest. He played an important part in the history of the missions

neg: William Maxwell Wood Dr. Wood was commended by Commodore Sloat, Secretary Bankcroft, and Senator Mallory, Chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs in the Senate of the United States for his successful mission behind enemy lines in Mexico in 1846 and his communication to Commodore Sloat which enabled the US Navy to acquire California at the onset of the War with Mexico. He was posthumously honored in 1901 by The Society of California Pioneers, with his inclusion in the volume "Portraits of Members of the Society of California Pioneers". Wood's name is inscribed in one of the base stones of The Sloat Monument

neg: Stanislaus County, California American chief who led a band of Native Americans in a series of battles against Mexican troops until finally being defeated by General Mariano Vallejo in 1826. Estanislao was his baptismal name, the Spanish version of Stanislaus (), itself the Latin version of the name of an 11th-century Polish Catholic Saint Stanislaus the Martyr. Between 1843 and 1846, when California was a province of independent Mexico, five Mexican land grants totaling were granted in Stanislaus County. Rancho Orestimba y Las Garzas, Rancho Pescadero and Rancho Del Puerto were located on the west side of the San Joaquin River, and Rancho

neg: Rancho Cholame Rancho Cholame Rancho Cholame was a Mexican land grant in present-day Monterey County and San Luis Obispo County, California given in 1844 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Mauricio Gonzales. The grant extended along the Cholame Valley, and encompassed present day Cholame. Mauricio Gonzales, son of Rafael Gonzales grantee of Rancho San Miguelito de Trinidad, was granted the six square league Rancho Cholame from the secularized holdings of Mission San Miguel Arcángel in 1844, but it was soon abandoned due to Indian raids. Charles White (1823–1853), a native of Ireland who came overland from Missouri in 1846 with his wife, Ellen

neg: Alta California Monterey-born Juan Bautista Alvarado led a revolt and seized the governorship from Nicolás Gutiérrez. Alvarado's actions began a period of de facto home rule, in which the weak and fractious central government was forced to allow more autonomy in its most distant department. Other "Californio" governors followed, including Carlos Antonio Carrillo, Alvarado himself for a second time, and Pío Pico. The last non-Californian governor, Manuel Micheltorena, was driven out after another rebellion in 1845. Micheltorena was replaced by Pío Pico, last Mexican governor of California, who served until 1846, when the 1824 constitution was restored. In the final decades of

neg: Ramona, California the first recorded interaction between indigenous groups and Europeans in the area. The next recorded foray of Europeans into the area was a Catholic expeditionary mission (Father Sanchez and six Spanish soldiers), who stopped for a meal in the valley. Sanchez recorded that the valley appeared well-suited for raising hay. In 1843 José Joaquín Ortega and his son-in-law, Edward Stokes, received the Rancho Valle de Pamo Mexican land grant. In 1846 Ortega's rancho was visited by US Army General Stephen W. Kearny, on his way to the Battle of San Pasqual. The first recorded entry of a four-wheeled vehicle (a