query: where does most of earths heat come from

pos: Earth's internal heat budget Earth's internal heat budget Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at formula_1 terawatts (TW) and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the "radiogenic heat" produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the "primordial heat" left over from the formation of the Earth. Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics. Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of Earth's total energy

pos: Geoneutrino amount of heat in the earth's mantle, and these are presently the main contributors to radiogenic heat. However, neutrino flux does not perfectly track heat from radioactive decay of primordial nuclides, because neutrinos do not carry off a constant fraction of the energy from the radiogenic decay chains of these primordial radionuclides. Instruments that measure geoneutrinos are large scintillation detectors. They use the inverse beta decay reaction, a method proposed by Bruno Pontecorvo that Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan employed in their pioneering experiments in 1950s. Inverse beta decay is a charged current weak interaction, where an electron antineutrino interacts

neg: Maceration (wine) benefits does come the risk of developing various wine faults, such as the development of acetic (or "volatile") acidity. Too much extraction can also increase the harshness of some tannins to where the wine is not very approachable to most wine drinkers. One classical method of maceration is grape stomping or "pigeage", where grapes are crushed in vats by barefoot workers. The process of cold maceration or cold soak is where temperatures of the fermenting must are kept low to encourage extraction by water and added sulfur dioxide rather than relying principally on heat and alcohol to act as a

neg: Giordano Bruno to the heavenly bodies which, in Bruno's view, rather than being fixed, moved under their own impetus (momentum). Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchical universe. The universe is then one, infinite, immobile... It is not capable of comprehension and therefore is endless and limitless, and to that extent infinite and indeterminable, and consequently immobile. Bruno's cosmology distinguishes between "suns" which produce their own light and heat, and have other bodies moving around them; and "earths" which move around suns and receive light and heat from them. Bruno suggested that some, if not all, of the objects

neg: Goat are able to breed at any time of the year. Successful breeding in these regions depends more on available forage than on day length. Does of any breed or region come into estrus (heat) every 21 days for two to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags (vigorously wags) her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat. Bucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come into rut in the fall as with the does' heat

neg: Reaction calorimeter the temperature of the process. Heat is measured by monitoring the heat gained or lost by the heat transfer fluid. where Heat balance calorimetry is, in principle, the ideal method of measuring heat since the heat entering and leaving the system through the heating/cooling jacket is measured from the heat transfer fluid (which has known properties). This eliminates most of the calibration problems encountered by heat flow and power compensation calorimetry. Unfortunately, the method does not work well in traditional batch vessels since the process heat signal is obscured by large heat shifts in the cooling/heating jacket. A variation of

neg: Atomic Knight and the Atomic Knights all inhabited the same comics universe, one in which the Great Disaster had taken place (references to 1986 became less and less frequent as that date actually approached). "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Absolute Edition" had "two" Great Disaster realities: Earth-86 (where the Great Disaster was an atomic war) and Earth-295 (where the Great Disaster was natural). Since the Great Disaster on Earth-295 was natural that reality had no Atomic Knights. The entire Great Disaster concept has since been declared to be out-of-continuity in the current DC Universe, although one of the Post-52 alternate Earths (Earth-17) "does"

neg: Twin Earths one issue of "Science Fiction Classics" featuring "Twin Earths". Beginning in 1991, R. Susor Publications reprinted most of the daily and Sunday strips in three magazines, "Twin Earths" (eight issues), "Twin Earths Sunday Pages" (five issues), and "Twin Earths Special Edition" (one issue) "Twin Earths Special Edition" #1, R. Susor Publications, 1993. Twin Earths Twin Earths is an American science fiction comic strip written by Oskar Lebeck and drawn by Alden McWilliams that ran in Sunday and daily newspapers from 1952 until 1963. The strip was distributed by United Feature Syndicate. The daily strip began on June 16, 1952, the

neg: Herrera, Seville dancing come together in this town. Considered by all who have had the opportunity to visit, one of the most prestigious of the region, to which come herrereños who had to emigrate and for good reason do not want to miss the Fair in their hometown. Municipal Park, a venue that has leafy trees, gardens and streets of albero, invites the showcasing of any event. Over sixty booths, between private and public, are installed to hold the Fair of Herrera. The prevailing midday heat does not prevent one from coming to the fair and enjoying the atmosphere. A good handmade

neg: Border line. The Kármán line is a peak point at the altitude of 62 mi (100 km) above the earths surface, setting a boundary between the earths atmosphere and outer space. Airspace regulations are set by nations and local governments within an airspace, regulations of airspace differ by country and location. An open border is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions, this does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas. Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, examples of this include the

neg: Mist (comics) history as it existed on the world of Earth-Two, prior to the consolidating of DC Comics' alternate Earths in the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" miniseries. Much of this can still be considered canon where it does not contradict later established information. June 1962 saw Earth-Two's public re-emergence of Vandal Savage. He briefly terrorized a handful of important U.S. cities and was able to attack and incapacitate various members of the retired JSA.("Flash" #137, 6.63) This brazen attack on major American cities and on the persons of a handful of retired JSAers resulted in the re-emergence and the re-formation of the

neg: Ultraman (comics) ability to see through dimensional barriers, thus alerting the Crime Syndicate to the existence of alternate Earths in their first appearance. This allowed the Syndicate to attack the Justice League and Justice Society. Ultraman also differed from Superman in that his version of the planet Krypton had not exploded. Where the Earth-Three dimension kryptonite originated was never specifically listed in any published book. However, it is implied to be the same as ordinary kryptonite, as Ultraman got powers when exposed to Kryptonite from pre-Crisis Earth-One and Earth-Two, gaining heat vision from Barry Allen throwing some at him. Being exposed to

neg: Passive cooling requirements for an evaporative cooler are approximately 75% less than the power requirements for a conventional packaged unit air-conditioner. As for interior comfort, a study found that evaporative cooling reduced inside air temperature by 9.6 °C compared to outdoor temperature. An innovative passive system uses evaporating water to cool the roof so that major portion of solar heat does not come inside. Earth coupling uses the moderate and consistent temperature of the soil to act as a heat sink to cool a building through conduction. This passive cooling strategy is most effective when earth temperatures are cooler than ambient air

neg: Rijke tube there are two things to consider. Most heat will be transferred to the air where the displacement of the wave is a maximum, i.e. at the end of the tube. However, the effect of increasing the pressure is greatest where there is the greatest pressure variation, i.e. in the middle of the tube. Placing the gauze midway between these two positions (one quarter of the way in from the bottom end) is a simple way to come close to the optimal placement. The Rijke tube is considered to be a standing wave form of thermoacoustic devices known as "heat engines"

neg: Heat Wave (Cal Tjader and Carmen McRae album) Allmusic awarded the album four stars and reviewer Scott Yanow said that "The potentially exciting combination does not really come off that well...The musicians had little to do. McRae sounds OK in the Latin setting, but does not uplift the diverse material...and the effort overall is somewhat forgettable and disappointing". Heat Wave (Cal Tjader and Carmen McRae album) Heat Wave is a 1982 studio album by vibraphonist Cal Tjader and jazz singer Carmen McRae. Tjader died four months after the completion of "Heat Wave", it was his final recording. The album was arranged by pianists Mark Levine and Marshall Otwell.

neg: Crisis on Infinite Earths awkwardly, describing it as "a textbook definition of style over substance". Sims said it was far from the best work of Wolfman and Pérez; however, he still thought it was groundbreaking: "it's the first time in comics history that EVERYTHING was in danger". A novelization of "Crisis on Infinite Earths" was written by Wolfman and published by iBooks in 2005, with cover art by Pérez and Alex Ross. The book follows the events of the original series; most of the story is presented from Barry Allen's point of view, while parts where he is not present are told from a

neg: Low-temperature thermal desorption circulated through the jacketed trough in which each auger rotates. Thermal screws can also be steam-heated. Systems heated with oil can achieve soil temperatures of up to 500 °F, and steam-heated systems can heat soil to approximately 350 °F. Most of the gas generated during heating of the heat-transfer oil does not come into contact the waste material and can be discharged directly to the atmosphere without emission controls. The remainder of the flue gas maintains the thermal screw purge gas exit temperature above 300 degrees F. This ensures that volatilized organics and moisture do not condense. In addition, the

neg: Anti-Monitor absorbed the entirety of the antimatter universe and traveled to the beginning of time, intending to stop the formation of the positive matter Multiverse and to create a Multiverse where antimatter prevailed. When the heroes followed him there, he began to drain the power from most of them. However, the actions of the Spectre, empowered by the sorcerers of the surviving Earths, brought the Anti-Monitor to a stalemate. The villains of said Earths, sent to stop Krona from viewing the origins of the universe, failed due to squabbling, allowing Krona to see the hands of the Anti-Monitor and the Spectre

neg: Heat engine This is because "any" transfer of heat between two bodies at differing temperatures is irreversible, and therefore the Carnot efficiency expression only applies in the infinitesimal limit. The major problem with that is that the object of most heat engines is to output some sort of power, and infinitesimal power is usually not what is being sought. A different measure of ideal heat engine efficiency is given by considerations of endoreversible thermodynamics, where the cycle is identical to the Carnot cycle except in that the two processes of heat transfer are "not" reversible (Callen 1985): This model does a better

neg: GURPS Alternate Earths history, such as the Confederate States of America (where the Omaha Black Sox play the Mexico City Aztecs in the World Series) and Reich-5 (where you-know-who won World War II)." Swan also noted that the book is "adaptable", saying that the material "translates to other game systems with a minimum of tweaking", and also that the book is funny: ""Alternate Earths" features rock star Jerry Lee Swaggart and time traveling Nazis". "GURPS Alternate Earths" was reviewed in "Valkyrie" #13. Reviewed in "Alarums & Excursions" #261. GURPS Alternate Earths GURPS Alternate Earths is a "GURPS" role-playing game supplement for the game's

neg: Rare-earth element REO mine production, which grade in the range of 0.05% to 0.5% REO. Another recently developed source of rare earths is electronic waste and other wastes that have significant rare-earth components. New advances in recycling technology have made extraction of rare earths from these materials more feasible, and recycling plants are currently operating in Japan, where there is an estimated 300,000 tons of rare earths stored in unused electronics. In France, the Rhodia group is setting up two factories, in La Rochelle and Saint-Fons, that will produce 200 tons of rare earths a year from used fluorescent lamps, magnets and

neg: Working terrier dog is on the large size, and as a consequence it is most useful in large pipes, artificial earths, or when it has been bred down to a 12–13 inch size. From the southern part of England have come the white fox-working dogs whose origins are the same as those of the Jack Russell Terrier. Kennel Club breeds derived from these mainly-white coated dogs include the Smooth Fox Terrier, the Wire Fox Terrier, the Sealyham Terrier and (most recently), the Parson Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier. None of these Kennel Club breeds are commonly found working in the field today.

neg: Heated clothing 7v systems, they are more powerful and therefore heat a larger area at a higher temperature. Most brands using 12v systems are compatible. For instance, most 12v heated jackets come with built-in power cords that come out at the wrists to power heated gloves/liners and out from the bottom to power heated pants/liners. The pants then have cords coming from the bottom of each leg to power socks/liners/insoles. Most 7v garments will power for around 2-8 hours depending on heat setting and outside conditions. Many jackets and vests can be powered for almost double this time with an extended-life battery,

neg: DC Comics Absolute Edition Editions which are a single slipcased book, this was a set of two volumes, with the separate 96 page book containing most of the supplementary material. In addition to memos, notes, sketches, and commentary by the creators, it includes some of the information from "The Official Crisis on Infinite Earths Index #1" and "The Official Crisis on Infinite Earths Crossover Index #1" but expanding the number of distinct Earths identified to 114, some of which appeared after Crisis as Elseworlds. Also some Earths that were described in those volumes (such as Alternate Earth-2 and Crossover Earth) were not included. Released

neg: Working fluids combustion engines or gas turbines. There are also technologies in heat pump and refrigeration, where working fluid does not change phase, such as reverse Brayton or Stirling cycle. This article summarises the main critera of selecting working fluids for a thermodynamic cycle, such as heat engines including low grade heat recovery using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for geothermal energy, waste heat, thermal solar energy or biomass and heat pumps and refrigeration cycles. The article addresses how working fluids affect technological applications, where the working fluid undergoes a phase transition and does not remain in its original (mainly gaseous) phase during

neg: Electrochemical grinding electrochemical grinding is that it can be used to machine hard materials. Hard materials pose a difficulty to other types of machining due to the tool wear that is associated with machining hard materials. It may come as a bit of a surprise that electrochemical grinding can remove material from a hard surface and experience minimal wear. Because most material is removed through electrochemical reactions, the workpiece does not experience heat damage like it would in a conventional grinding process. Electrochemical grinding also has a few disadvantages as well. The system consists of the anode workpiece and the cathode grinding

neg: Quartz known as "vermarine", is a variety of quartz that is green in color. Since 1950, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazilian mine, but it is also seen in Lower Silesia in Poland. Naturally occurring prasiolite is also found in the Thunder Bay area of Canada. It is a rare mineral in nature; most green quartz is heat-treated amethyst. Not all varieties of quartz are naturally occurring. Some clear quartz crystals can be treated using heat or gamma-irradiation to induce color where it would not otherwise have occurred naturally. Susceptibility to such treatments depends on the location

neg: Cochliasanthus above, liking full sun and consistently damp soil. It prefers high heat and humidity. In colder zones, it does well in a pot if it is overwintered inside. Thomas Jefferson called this plant "the most beautiful bean in the world". Some data indicates some edible properties to this plant - specifically the flowers - but this should be verified from a reputable source before attempting. The seeds, which are technically beans, could be edible. Parts of the true Corkscrew plant might be poisonous. Flowers typically bloom in late summer or autumn and, if pollination by ants is successful, seeds come

neg: Dingo has failed. Dingoes breed once annually, depending on the estrus cycle of the females which, according to most sources, only come in heat once per year. Dingo females can come in heat twice per year, but can only be pregnant once a year, with the second time only seeming to be pregnant. Males are virile throughout the year in most regions, but have a lower sperm production during the summer in most cases. During studies on dingoes from the Eastern Highlands and Central Australia in captivity, no specific breeding cycle could be observed. All were potent throughout the year. The

neg: Alan Moore characters, including John Constantine, attempt to stop it and free humanity from the power of superheroes. The series would also have restored the DC Universe's multiple earths, which had been eliminated in the continuity-revising 1985 limited series "Crisis on Infinite Earths". The series was never commissioned, but copies of Moore's detailed notes have appeared on the Internet and in print despite the efforts of DC, who consider the proposal their property. Similar elements, such as the concept of hypertime, have since appeared in DC comics. The 1996 miniseries "Kingdom Come" by Mark Waid and Alex Ross, was also set amid

neg: First law of thermodynamics to one textbook, "The most common device for measuring formula_26 is an adiabatic bomb calorimeter." According to another textbook, "Calorimetry is widely used in present day laboratories." According to one opinion, "Most thermodynamic data come from calorimetry..." According to another opinion, "The most common method of measuring "heat" is with a calorimeter." When the system evolves with transfer of energy as heat, without energy being transferred as work, in an adynamic process, the heat transferred to the system is equal to the increase in its internal energy: Heat transfer is practically reversible when it is driven by practically negligibly small

neg: Origin of Superman Planet". Not only does everyone know they had a child; they were there shortly after Jon was born. The "Daily Planet" crew has known Jon his entire life." Flashbacks seen in that story indicate that the origin as depicted in the New 52 and in "Superman: Secret Origin" have been hybridized, with most of the characters' pre-"Flashpoint" histories overwriting early New 52 stories. In the DC Comics Multiverse, there are several versions of Superman originating from different parallel Earths. Most of these counterparts have subtle differences in their origins. Alterations to Superman's origin are also frequently used as the premises

neg: Superconducting radio frequency an SRF cavity and the heat leak to the vacuum vessel are both heat loads at very low temperature. The refrigerator must replenish this loss with an inherent poor efficiency, given by the product of the Carnot efficiency "η" and a "practical" efficiency "η". The Carnot efficiency derives from the second law of thermodynamics and can be quite low. It is given by where In most cases "T ="300 K, so for "T ≥"150 K the Carnot efficiency is unity. The practical efficiency is a catch-all term that accounts for the many mechanical non-idealities that come into play in a

neg: Opacifier especially true in the case of most polymers which are often unrecognizable in the body when viewed using X-rays. In solid rocket propellants and some translucent smokeless powders, the primary method of heat transfer into the propellant grain from the combustion process is by radiation, and opacifiers such as "lamp black" may be added to the propellant mixture to ensure the heat does not penetrate far below the surface of the grain, which could cause detonation. The opacifiers also prevent sub-surface overheating and localized premature ignition in the grains where imperfections absorbing the thermal radiation are present. Carbon black is

neg: JLA: Earth 2 being on Earths where they, by the nature of the respective universes, cannot win. Brainiac anticipated this and has prepared himself to collect the energy released by the destroyed Earths, evolving into an "Nth Level Intelligence" and essentially becoming a god. Attempting to stop the collision, Superman discovers that this Brainiac is a biological organism; Superman's code against killing prevents him from harming Brainiac. Convinced now that only evil could win on the antimatter Earth, Superman and Wonder Woman refrain from trying to defeat Brainiac themselves. Flash switches the teams back to their respective Earths. Upon arrival, a vengeful Ultraman

neg: Earth Prime it appears to be the case that such Prime Earths — and sometimes the 'central universes' in which those Prime Earths exist as well — are portrayed in fiction to be vital to the existence of the other Earths). In the DC Multiverse, Earth-Prime is the true Earth from which all the other worlds within the multiverse originate, the actual reality where the readers live, DC Comics operates as a publisher, and all superheroes are fictional. However, Earth Prime became an alternate reality in its first appearance in "The Flash" #179 (May, 1968), when the Flash accidentally travels there from

neg: Superboy (Kal-El) Thus, most of Kal-El's pre-"Crisis on Infinite Earths" stories with the Legion are once again considered canonical. In addition, Clark wears his Superboy outfit when he works as a clandestine superhero in and around Smallville. Superboy has the same powers and abilities of Superman, including superhuman strength, superspeed, heat vision, X-ray vision, telescopic and microscopic vision, flight, invulnerability, and super-speed sufficient to travel through both interstellar space and time. Kal-El would not build his Fortress of Solitude until he becomes Superman, so Superboy uses the Kent house in Smallville as a base. Superboy's well-stocked secret laboratory in the Kent basement

neg: Rare Earth hypothesis tectonics in large rocky planets and liquid water on the surface as most should generate internal heat even without the assistance of radioactive elements. Studies by Valencia and Cowan suggest that plate tectonics may be inevitable for terrestrial planets Earth sized or larger, that is, Super-Earths, which are now known to be more common in planetary systems. The hypothesis that molecular oxygen, necessary for animal life, is rare and that a Great Oxygenation Event (Rare Earth equation factor formula_12) could only have been triggered and sustained by tectonics, appears to have been invalidated by more recent discoveries. Ward and Brownlee

neg: Field-tube boiler and were originally developed for steam fire-engines where speed of raising steam was important. More recently, Field-tube boilers have been most widely used by French manufacturers, either for small vertical boilers, or as a marine boiler. The use of this type of Field tube has also been researched for the transfer of heat from nuclear reactors, vacuum condensers and heat exchangers. The thimble-tube boiler has some similarities, in that its water-tubes are also single-ended. The simpler thimble tube does not have the inner tube of the field-tube, therefore its flow is mixed, turbulent and dependent on random boiling. For this

neg: Jahannam they will hear its fury and roaring". According to a hadith, God will ask Jahannam, if it is full and Jahannam answers: "Are there any more (to come)?" Sunnism traditionally divides "Jahannam" (analogue to heaven) into seven stages. According to one common tradition the layers of hell are: Another common tradition divides "seven earths" identified with hell, into the following: Muslim mystics, just like non-mystics, take "Jahannam" to be a place where sinners in this world will be punished, but they have provided various characterizations of the notion of the "Jahannam". Historically speaking, Sufi views develop from the fear of

neg: Heat rate (efficiency) indicates the amount of fuel required to generate one unit of electricity. Performance parameters tracked for any thermal power plant like efficiency, fuel costs, plant load factor, emissions level, etc. are a function of the station heat rate and can be linked directly. Given that heat rate and efficiency are inversely related to each other, it is possible to convert from one to the other: Most power plants have a target or design heat rate. If the actual heat rate does not match the target, the difference between the actual and target heat rate is the heat rate deviation. Heat

neg: Hot working temperature of the workpiece should rise, however, this does not usually happen in practice. Most of the heat is lost through the surface of the workpiece into the cooler tooling. This causes temperature gradients in the workpiece, usually due to non-uniform cross-sections where the thinner sections are cooler than the thicker sections. Ultimately, this can lead to cracking in the cooler, less ductile surfaces. One way to minimize the problem is to heat the tooling. The hotter the tooling the less heat lost to it, but as the tooling temperature rises, the tool life decreases. Therefore the tooling temperature must

neg: GURPS Alternate Earths the concept of the conflict between the Infinity Patrol and Centrum across the many parallel Earths was made central to the Fourth Edition of GURPS as the default setting in the Basic Set and in the supplement "GURPS Infinite Worlds". Dixie posits an alternate history where the Southern filibuster William Walker, as President of Nicaragua, chose to protect Cornelius Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company rather than turn on his tycoon supporter. Without Vanderbilt's opposition to his regime in this timeline, Walker was able to conquer Cuba and make his Nicaragua the most powerful nation in Latin America. During the American Civil

neg: Quality Comics other Quality characters. Plastic Man has starred in several short-lived series starting in 1966, as well as a Saturday morning cartoon from 1979–1981. He went on to become a member of the Justice League in the 1990s. According to DC canon, the Quality characters, before the DC revamping event called "Crisis on Infinite Earths", existed on two separate realities in the DC Multiverse: Earth-Quality and Earth-X. While Earth-Quality followed much the same history as the main Earths, Earth-X was radically different from most Earths, in that World War II continued there until 1973, enabling the Freedom Fighters to continue their

neg: Steel types of heat treating processes available to steel. The most common are annealing, quenching, and tempering. Heat treatment is effective on compositions above the eutectoid composition (hypereutectoid) of 0.8% carbon. Hypoeutectoid steel does not benefit from heat treatment. Annealing is the process of heating the steel to a sufficiently high temperature to relieve local internal stresses. It does not create a general softening of the product but only locally relieves strains and stresses locked up within the material. Annealing goes through three phases: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. The temperature required to anneal a particular steel depends on the type

neg: Thermal oxidizer the burner and enough residence time is provided to get the desired destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of the VOCs. Most direct-fired thermal oxidizers operate at temperature levels between and with air flow rates of 0.24 to 24 standard cubic meters per second. Also called afterburners in the cases where the input gases come from a process where combustion is incomplete, these systems are the least capital intensive, and can be integrated with downstream boilers and heat exchangers to optimize fuel efficiency. Thermal Oxidziers are best applied where there is a very high concentration of VOCs to act as the fuel

neg: Heat flux method of measuring heat flux is by using a heat flux sensor, or heat flux transducer, to directly measure the amount of heat being transferred to/from the surface that the heat flux sensor is mounted to. The most common type of heat flux sensor is a differential temperature thermopile which operates on essentially the same principal as the first measurement method that was mentioned except it has the advantage in that the thermal resistance/conductivity does not need to be a known parameter. These parameters do not have to be known since the heat flux sensor enables an in-situ measurement of

neg: Spacecraft thermal control heat created on the spacecraft is rejected to space by the use of radiators. Radiators come in several different forms, such as spacecraft structural panels, flat-plate radiators mounted to the side of the spacecraft, and panels deployed after the spacecraft is on orbit. Whatever the configuration, all radiators reject heat by infrared (IR) radiation from their surfaces. The radiating power depends on the surface's emittance and temperature. The radiator must reject both the spacecraft waste heat and any radiant-heat loads from the environment. Most radiators are therefore given surface finishes with high IR emittance to maximize heat rejection and low

neg: Pratidwandi asked to name the most significant world event in the last ten years. His reply is 'the plain human courage shown by the people of Vietnam', instead of the expected: man landing on the moon. The interviewer asks if he is a communist. Needless to say, he does not get the job. He reaches a coffee shop where he is offered work for the communist party. When he does not show any interest, the party leader tells him about an opening for a medical representative. To escape from the heat and have a snooze, he goes into a cinema. As

neg: Five-Percent Nation the key to understanding humankind's relationship to the universe. The Nation does not believe in a mystery God but instead teaches that the Asiatic Blackman is God and his proper name is "Allah", the Arabic word for "God". The Nation of Gods and Earths was founded by Allah the Father after he left the Nation of Islam's Temple Number Seven in Harlem, New York (the same temple where Malcolm X was a minister from 1960 to 1963). Multiple stories exist as to why the father and the NOI parted ways: some have him refusing to give up gambling; others have

neg: Food irradiation the food stuffs never come in contact with the radioactive substances and that the personnel and the environment are protected from exposure radiation. Irradiation treatments are typically classified by dose (high, medium, and low), but are sometimes classified by the effects of the treatment (radappertization, radicidation and radurization). Food irradiation is sometimes referred to as "cold pasteurization" or "electronic pasteurization" because ionizing the food does not heat the food to high temperatures during the process, and the effect is similar to heat pasteurization. The term "cold pasteurization" is controversial because the term may be used to disguise the fact the

neg: Bizarro hideously disfigured Phantom Zone sorcerer, Mr. Mxyzptlk destroys Zrfff and then causes the Bizarro world to implode, killing all its inhabitants. Bizarro's severed head crashes onto Clark Kent's desk and addresses Clark Kent before his simulated life ends. Bizarro does not appear in the Crisis on Infinite Earths, apparently because of this story's events. This story directly contradicts a "World's Finest" story where it is revealed that sometime in the future, Htrae is transformed into a more normal world (egg-shaped rather than cubical) by the radiation from an exploding celestial body. The Bizarros are changed into normal people without powers,

neg: GURPS Alternate Earths II earlier book "GURPS Alternate Earths". GURPS Alternate Earths II GURPS Alternate Earths II is a supplement for the "GURPS" role-playing game. Like "GURPS Alternate Earths", "Alternate Earths II" presents a half-dozen parallel Earths with alternate histories, though one of these parallels is the world of Centrum which had previously appeared only as the mysterious and little-detailed home parallel of the antagonists from the "GURPS Time Travel" supplement to which both "Alternate Earths" titles are supplementary. The conflict between the Infinity Patrol and Centrum across the multiplicity of parallel Earths was made central to the Fourth Edition of GURPS as the

neg: Heat exchanger or just "coils" due to their often-serpentine internal tubing. Liquid-to-air, or air-to-liquid HVAC coils are typically of modified crossflow arrangement. In vehicles, heat coils are often called heater cores. On the liquid side of these heat exchangers, the common fluids are water, a water-glycol solution, steam, or a refrigerant. For "heating coils", hot water and steam are the most common, and this heated fluid is supplied by boilers, for example. For "cooling coils", chilled water and refrigerant are most common. Chilled water is supplied from a chiller that is potentially located very far away, but refrigerant must come from a

neg: Micro combined heat and power the heat content of the primary heat energy source, such as biomass, coal, solar thermal, natural gas, petroleum or uranium, reaches the consumer, although the efficiency can be 20% for very old plants and 45% for newer gas plants. In contrast, a CHP system converts 15%–42% of the primary heat to electricity, and most of the remaining heat is captured for hot water or space heating. In total, over 90% of the heat from the primary energy source (LHV based) can be used when heat production does not exceed the thermal demand. CHP systems are able to increase the total

neg: Sonny J Mason for both performance and music video at The International Songwriting Competition (ISC) in 2013. The song has received positive reviews from critics. Cole Waterman of "PopMatters" stated that the song has "funk swagger," and Erin Brady of "Interview" magazine wrote: "Blending elements of pop and '70s funk with expansive vocals, 'Come Into My Head' ricochets from relative calm to full-blown groove as effortlessly as it does from interior to exterior, imagination to actuality." "Come into My Head" was also featured during the end credits and on the soundtrack for the 2013 film "The Heat". In 2013 Mason released two official

neg: Higher Earth "Our Love is real", which was published by Image Comics. The story is set in a multiverse where many parallel Earths exist, one of which is "Higher Earth": a world that has conquered 99 other Earths from alternative timelines. It revolves around a girl named Heidi and a rogue soldier called Rex. Rex is present from the opening scene where he is falling from the sky onto an alternative Earth which has been designated a "junk" world. He is introduced as being committed to a quest of vengeance against an unspecified opponent. Heidi is introduced as a tough young woman

neg: Crisis on Infinite Earths create a single, unified DC Universe (DCU). The foundation of "Crisis on Infinite Earths" developed through a character (the Monitor) introduced in Wolfman's "The New Teen Titans" in July 1982 before the series itself started. Pérez was not the intended artist for the series, but was excited when he learned of it and called illustrating it some of the most fun he ever had. At the start of "Crisis on Infinite Earths", the Anti-Monitor (the Monitor's evil counterpart) is unleashed on the DC Multiverse and begins to destroy the various Earths that it comprises. The Monitor tries to recruit heroes

neg: Multiverse (DC Comics) comics, where it was "our" Earth. In the film, Earth-Prime is shown to be the cornerstone of all reality, and that decisions made by humankind on this world caused alternate Earths where the opposite decision was made to come into being. This world is shown to be a desolate barren wasteland of a planet, with ruins as far as the eye can see. It is unknown what exactly caused its desolation, though the Owlman reasons that it was mankind who destroyed itself. There was also an unnamed Earth that is mostly covered in ice. It was destroyed when the Owlman

neg: Cyclone Mark V Engine gasses to a given temperature. This technology has been extensively used in industrial furnaces and powerplants where it is known as an air preheater or APH. A feedwater heater is placed around each cylinder where the exhaust steam exits. This transfers some heat to the water before it enters the steam generator, further reducing the amount of fuel necessary. Although the Schoell patent is titled "Heat regenerative engine", it does not use the regenerative Rankine cycle nor does it use a regenerative heat exchanger. The Mark V engine's design requires the use of water to lubricate the moving parts for

neg: Biomass heating system most boilers claim to be able to turn down to 30% of nominal output, in the real world this is often not achievable due to differences in the fuel from the 'ideal' or test fuel. A suitably sized buffer tank should therefore be considered where the loading of the boiler drops below 50% of the nominal output – in other words unless the biomass component is purely base load, the system should include a buffer tank. In any case where the secondary system does not contain sufficient water for safe removal of residual heat from the biomass boiler irrespective of

neg: GURPS Alternate Earths II GURPS Alternate Earths II GURPS Alternate Earths II is a supplement for the "GURPS" role-playing game. Like "GURPS Alternate Earths", "Alternate Earths II" presents a half-dozen parallel Earths with alternate histories, though one of these parallels is the world of Centrum which had previously appeared only as the mysterious and little-detailed home parallel of the antagonists from the "GURPS Time Travel" supplement to which both "Alternate Earths" titles are supplementary. The conflict between the Infinity Patrol and Centrum across the multiplicity of parallel Earths was made central to the Fourth Edition of GURPS as the default setting in the Basic

neg: Certain General band so fervent and young has come to stand for something. That notoriety would eventually extend to Europe, where they would release "November's Heat" in 1984. Considered a seminal album of the 1980s and one of the defining New York rock records, "November's Heat" would earn the band many accolades, especially in France. In 1995, "Rock & Folk" called it "one of the most important albums made between 1965 and 1995." Certain General came together as a band in late 1980 after meeting in Manhattan's East Village. Before playing their first club date at New York's Hurrah, the band had

neg: Heat equation the temperature fields and heat transport, with time. Steady-state condition: The steady-state heat equation for a volume that contains a heat source (the inhomogeneous case), is the Poisson's equation: where "u" is the temperature, k is the thermal conductivity and "q" the heat-flux density of the source. In electrostatics, this is equivalent to the case where the space under consideration contains an electrical charge. The steady-state heat equation without a heat source within the volume (the homogeneous case) is the equation in electrostatics for a volume of free space that does not contain a charge. It is described by Laplace's

neg: Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths obsessed with the idea that nothing he does can possibly matter, as there will always be parallel worlds where he explored another option. As a result, he searches for Earth-Prime, the very first Earth from which all other universes originated, intending to use the Q.E.D. to destroy it and spark a chain reaction that will erase the entire multiverse, as it is the only action that would not result in the creation of another universe. Superwoman agrees to help him, as it would give her the power to kill everyone who's ever lived. Owlman sends Superwoman with three of her

neg: Scenario planning typically generates as much light as it does heat. Indeed, the demanding process of developing these basic scenario frameworks often, by itself, produces fundamental insights into what are the really important (perhaps life and death) issues affecting the organisation. During this extended debate – and even before it is summarised in the final reports – the participants come to understand, by their own involvement in the debate, what the most important drivers for change may be, and (perhaps even more important) what their peers think they are. Based on this intimate understanding, they are well prepared to cope with such

neg: Prasiolite Prasiolite Prasiolite (also known as green quartz or vermarine) is a green variety of quartz, a silicate mineral chemically silicon dioxide. Since 1950, almost all natural prasiolite has come from a small Brazilian mine, but it is also seen in Lower Silesia in Poland. Naturally occurring prasiolite is also found in the Thunder Bay area of Canada. Most prasiolite sold is used in jewellery settings, where it can substitute for far more expensive precious gemstones. It is a rare stone in nature; artificially produced prasiolite is heat treated amethyst. Most amethyst will turn yellow or orange when heated producing citrine,

neg: Clothes dryer than half the energy per load of a condenser dryer. Whereas condensation dryers use a passive heat exchanger cooled by ambient air, these dryers use a heat pump. The hot, humid air from the tumbler is passed through a heat pump where the cold side condenses the water vapor into either a drain pipe or a collection tank and the hot side reheats the air afterwards for re-use. In this way not only does the dryer avoid the need for ducting, but it also conserves much of its heat within the dryer instead of exhausting it into the surroundings. Heat

neg: Rare Earths Trade Dispute earths from the mine. The rare earths dispute formed part of the storyline in Season 2 of the Netflix series House of Cards. (Real Clear World) From February to May 2015, the Thyssen Bornemisza Museum ran an art exhibition titled RARE EARTHS related to the dispute, featuring seventeen commissioned works, one for each element. Contemporary artists from The European Union, China, Mexico, Congo and Russia contributed works. Artist and political activist Ai Weiwei was among the artists who contributed. Rare Earths Trade Dispute The Rare Earths Trade Dispute was a trade dispute between China on one side and several countries

neg: Formica polyctena night, indicating that the physical nest material effectively retains most of the heat gained during the day. Additionally, because these workers metabolize, they release heat from this process and counteract the heat loss from the nest during the night. Moist, shaded nests display a different daily temperature pattern than dry nests due to the different conditions. In the evenings, the nest temperature drops and then increases as the night progresses. Solar radiation does not contribute a lot of heat to the nest. Also, the nest material is not an effective insulator like the dry nest material. Moist nests have high

neg: Joule heating in the superconducting state. Resistors create electrical noise, called Johnson–Nyquist noise. There is an intimate relationship between Johnson–Nyquist noise and Joule heating, explained by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The most general and fundamental formula for Joule heating is: where The explanation of this formula ("P=VI") is: When Ohm's law is also applicable, the formula can be written in other equivalent forms: where "R" is the resistance. When current varies, as it does in AC circuits, where "t" is time and "P" is the instantaneous power being converted from electrical energy to heat. Far more often, the "average" power is of more

neg: Heat capacity needed to describe the heat capacities of most solids, as shown by the Dulong–Petit law. Other contributions can come from magnetic and electronic degrees of freedom in solids, but these rarely make substantial contributions. For quantum mechanical reasons, at any given temperature, some of these degrees of freedom may be unavailable, or only partially available, to store thermal energy. In such cases, the heat capacity is a fraction of the maximum. As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the heat capacity of a system approaches zero because of loss of available degrees of freedom. Quantum theory can be used to quantitatively

neg: Second law of thermodynamics a traditional doctrine, starting with Clausius, that entropy can be understood in terms of molecular 'disorder' within a macroscopic system. This doctrine is obsolescent. In 1856, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius stated what he called the "second fundamental theorem in the mechanical theory of heat" in the following form: where "Q" is heat, "T" is temperature and "N" is the "equivalence-value" of all uncompensated transformations involved in a cyclical process. Later, in 1865, Clausius would come to define "equivalence-value" as entropy. On the heels of this definition, that same year, the most famous version of the second law was read

neg: Geography of Ireland well. There are wide bogs and free-draining brown earths. The mountains are granite, sandstone, limestone with karst areas, and basalt formations. Lion's share of Ireland has with most likehood been above sea level during the last 60 million years. As such its landscapes have been shaped by erosion and weathering on land. Protracted erosion does also means most of the Paleogene and Neogene sediments have been eroded away or, as known in a few cases, buried by Quaternary deposits. Before the Quaternary glaciations affected Ireland the landscape had developed thick weathered regolith on the uplands and karst in the lowlands.

neg: Gas gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol K), and "T" is the temperature. Written this way, it is sometimes called the "chemist's version", since it emphasizes the number of molecules "n". It can also be written as where formula_3 is the specific gas constant for a particular gas, in units J/(kg K), and ρ = m/V is density. This notation is the "gas dynamicist's" version, which is more practical in modeling of gas flows involving acceleration without chemical reactions. The ideal gas law does not make an assumption about the specific heat of a gas. In the most general case, the specific heat

neg: Desert tree frog breeding habits. Populations which live in temperate or tropical zones breed annually during the wet season or summer. However, the populations in desert regions will breed whenever rain occurs. Tadpole development is dependent on the temperature of the water. Small amounts of water heat to higher temperatures, which triggers the tadpoles to develop faster; some develop in just 14 days. Unlike most desert frogs, it does not burrow to avoid heat and desiccation. It will seek out shelter under rocks, trees, or leaf litter. They are commonly found around human dwellings, where water is available, and can be found in

neg: Direct exchange geothermal heat pump some corrosion in abnormally aggressive soils. It generally requires an oxidizing environment to start corrosion, and most soils are reducing, thus they contribute electrons to the copper and protect it against corrosion. In those areas where corrosive conditions may exist, copper will then naturally form a protective film on its surface which remains intact under most soil conditions. In anticipation of particularly corrosive soils, DX systems come with a Cathodic Protection system. The principle is to protect the metal surface from corrosion by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. In that process, the metal –copper – is connected

neg: Moving heat source model for thin plates Gaussian heat source defined by the equation: formula_1 where: and later, other heat source distributions, such as semi-ellipsoidal and double ellipsoidal. The governing equation for three-dimensional transient heat transfer in a solid of semi-infinite dimensions, no heat generation, and no surface losses is: formula_2 where: In the case of a moving heat source applied to a plate that is so thin that temperature does not vary in the through-thickness dimension, the third term becomes zero, and the problem is two-dimensional conduction. The factors that determine whether temperature varies through the thickness include: The problem is further simplified by taking advantage

neg: Swallow European subspecies does not. Even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs the male may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss (this is different from incubation as that involves warming the eggs, not just stopping heat loss). Incubation stints last for 5–15 minutes and are followed by bursts of feeding activity. From laying, swallow eggs take between 10–21 days to hatch, with 14–18 days being more typical. The chicks of swallows hatch naked, generally with only a few tufts of down. The eyes are closed and do not fully open for

neg: Erotica (song) music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic highlighted the song as an album standout, calling it "some of Madonna's best and most accomplished music". "Rolling Stone"s Arion Berger wrote: "'Erotica' [...] promise[s] a smorgasbord of sexual experimentation, like the one portrayed in the video for 'Justify My Love'. But the sensibility of 'Erotica' is miles removed from the warm come-ons of 'Justify', which got its heat from privacy and romance [...] The Madonna of 'Erotica' is in no way interested in your dreams; she's after compliance"; he called the song "'Vogue' with a dirty mouth, where all the real action's

neg: Isobaric process work. Restated, the environment does positive work on the gas. If the volume expands (Δ"V" = final volume − initial volume > 0), then "W" > 0. That is, during isobaric expansion the gas does positive work, or equivalently, the environment does negative work. Restated, the gas does positive work on the environment. If heat is added to the system, then "Q" > 0. That is, during isobaric expansion/heating, positive heat is added to the gas, or equivalently, the environment receives negative heat. Restated, the gas receives positive heat from the environment. If the system rejects heat, then "Q" <

neg: Einstein solid zero point energy and does not contribute to specific heat. It will therefore be lost in the next step. Differentiating with respect to temperature to find formula_34 we obtain: or Although the Einstein model of the solid predicts the heat capacity accurately at high temperatures, it noticeably deviates from experimental values at low temperatures. See Debye model for how to calculate accurate low-temperature heat capacities. Heat capacity is obtained through the use of the canonical partition function of a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO). where substituting this into the partition function formula yields This is the partition function of "one" SHO.

neg: Anna Meares eventful semi-final in the sprint at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Having lost the first heat to her opponent Guo Shuang, she won the second heat. The third heat saw Guo come down the banking too steeply and her front wheel slipped from beneath her. The heat was re-run and although Guo won by a few millimetres, she was relegated for coming down the track and pushing Meares onto the côte d'azure on the final lap. This put Meares through to the final ride-off for gold against Victoria Pendleton, where she was beaten and received the silver medal. At the 2012

neg: Thermal hydraulics heat equation can be written as Where Fourier’s law of conduction is applied. Applying the boundary condition gives a solution to temperature distribution. In single-phase heat transfer, convection is often the dominant mechanism of heat transfer. For a diabatic flow where the flow receives heat, the temperature of the coolant changes as it flows. An example of single-phase heat transfer is a gas-cooled reactor and molten-salt reactor. The most convenient way for characterizing the single-phase heat transfer is based on an empirical approach, where the temperature difference between the wall and bulk flow can be obtained from the heat transfer

neg: Exploratorium in the floor, creating 82 different heating and cooling zones with distinct control systems. After the bay water passes through the heat exchangers, it is returned to the San Francisco Bay as allowed by a permit issued by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board. Most of the energy savings are expected to come from using the bay water as a heat sink for the building’s cooling needs. When the temperature of the bay water is below that of the chilled water return from the radiant pipes, which is the case for most of the year in the Bay Area’s

neg: Batgirl stories published in "Detective Comics" through issue #519 (October 1982). "Crisis on Infinite Earths", a limited miniseries published in 1985, was written in order to reduce the complex history of DC Comics to a single continuity. Although Batgirl is a featured character, her role is relatively small—she delivers Supergirl's eulogy in issue seven of the 12-part series. The conclusion of "Crisis on Infinite Earths" changed DC Universe continuity in many ways. Following the reboot, Barbara Gordon is born to Roger and Thelma Gordon, and she is Jim Gordon's niece and adopted daughter in current canon. Post-"Crisis", Supergirl does not arrive

neg: Heat transfer coefficient The following relationship is used to solve for the heat transfer resistance with the additional fouling resistance: where This equation uses the overall heat transfer coefficient of an unfouled heat exchanger and the fouling resistance to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient of a fouled heat exchanger. The equation takes into account that the perimeter of the heat exchanger is different on the hot and cold sides. The perimeter used for the formula_69 does not matter as long as it is the same. The overall heat transfer coefficients will adjust to take into account that a different perimeter was used

neg: Flight into Egypt marking places where the family stayed. The most important of these is the church of Abu Serghis, which claims to be built on the place the family had its home. One of the most extensive and, in Eastern Christianity, influential accounts of the Flight appears in the perhaps seventh-century "Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew", in which Mary, tired by the heat of the sun, rests beneath a palm tree. The infant Jesus then miraculously has the palm tree bend down to provide Mary with its fruit, and release from its roots a spring to provide her with water. The Qur'ān does not

neg: Pachypodium habitats "P. rutenbergainum", and "P. windsorii". In continental southern Africa, the extreme temperatures range from -10 °C (14 °F) for "P. succulentum" locations to as much as 45 °C (113 °F) for "P. bispinosum", "P. lealii", and "P. namaquanum". In winter time, snow remains a possibility for Africa's south-eastern Mountain Grassland. Importantly the African species of "Pachypodium" live in habitats with a heat regime resembling greater amplitudes than those of Madagascar. There, in the central part where most species come from, frost occasionally occurs. One station there has recorded a temperature of -2.6 °C (27 °F) whereas another has recorded a

neg: Gulliver's nightclub fire patrons unable to get up the stairs to the main floor of the club and the main entrance where they had come in. 19 fire companies responded to the incident, mainly from the Port Chester and Greenwich Fire Departments, but from other Westchester and Connecticut municipalities as well. Initial attempts to enter the building were hampered by intense heat and smoke. Various reports claim it took about 90 minutes to four hours to get the fire under control. Most of the 24 victims were found at the foot of the stairs, with some others on the sunken dance floor. The

neg: Heat-Ray their ships face, while the Heat-Ray on top can be pointed in any direction. Most of their targets glow and vanish, sometimes leaving a stain or pile of ash; the Heat-Ray differs from the disintegrators as the former sets the surrounding environment ablaze as well as vaporizing the target within a few seconds. Although the Heat-Ray does have a simple destructive effect on certain objects, at other times, the ray would set objects ablaze or cause them to explode (as shown when the machines reach Los Angeles). In one scene, General Mann states that it is likely the Martians generate

neg: Terraforming ago, and the magnetic field of Mars has largely disappeared, probably due to "... loss of core heat, solidification of most of the core, and/or changes in the mantle convection regime." Results from the NASA MAVEN mission show that the atmosphere is removed primarily due to Coronal Mass Ejection events, where outbursts of high-velocity protons from the sun impact the atmosphere. Mars does still retain a limited magnetosphere that covers approximately 40% of its surface. Rather than uniformly covering and protecting the atmosphere from solar wind, however, the magnetic field takes the form of a collection of smaller, umbrella-shaped fields,

neg: Enthalpy < 0 for a contraction). This means that the change in enthalpy under such conditions is the heat absorbed or released by the system through a chemical reaction or by external heat transfer. Enthalpies for chemical substances at constant pressure usually refer to standard state: most commonly 1 bar pressure. Standard state does not, strictly speaking, specify a temperature (see standard state), but expressions for enthalpy generally reference the standard heat of formation at 25 °C. Enthalpy of ideal gases and incompressible solids and liquids does not depend on pressure, unlike entropy and Gibbs energy. Real materials at common temperatures

neg: Low emissivity enclosed in insulated glazing or an Insulated Glass Unit (IGU) to maintain their properties over time. Specially designed coatings may be applied to one or more surfaces of insulated glass. One type of coating (low-e coatings) reduces the emission of radiant infrared energy, thus tending to keep heat on the side of the glass where it originated, while letting visible light pass. This results in glazing with better control of energy - heat originating from indoors in winter remains inside (the warm side), while heat during summer does not emit from the exterior, keeping it cooler inside. Glass can be

neg: Convective heat transfer temperatures between the body and its surroundings while under the effects of a breeze". The constant of proportionality is the heat transfer coefficient. The law applies when the coefficient is independent, or relatively independent, of the temperature difference between object and environment. In classical natural convective heat transfer, the heat transfer coefficient is dependent on the temperature. However, Newton's law does approximate reality when the temperature changes are relatively small. The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection is: where formula_2 is the heat transferred per unit time, "A" is the area of the object, "h" is the heat transfer

neg: Camel even when ambient temperatures reach . Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight to sweating, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance. When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water. Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to

neg: Heat map is discouraged by many in the scientific community, for the following reasons: Choropleth maps are sometimes incorrectly referred to as heat maps. A choropleth map features different shading or patterns within geographic boundaries to show the proportion of a variable of interest, whereas the coloration a heat map (in a map context) does not correspond to geographic boundaries. Several heat map software implementations are freely available: Heat map A heat map (or heatmap) is a graphical representation of data where the individual values contained in a matrix are represented as colors. "Heat map" is a newer term but shading matrices

neg: Griddle reduce the response lag between the control and plate surface common in such designs (less material improves heat transfer time). Because most commercial griddle plates are made from the same material the heat transfer characteristics of a griddle plate can commonly be inferred from its geometry. A carbon steel plate heated by an array of U-shaped or H-shaped burners does not distribute heat in a perfectly even pattern, even if all thermostats are set to the same temperature and are perfectly calibrated. As a result, temperature 'islands' can develop on the griddle plate surface, resulting in measurable hot and cold

neg: Heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer fluid applications. Experimental assessment of the heat transfer coefficient poses some challenges especially when small fluxes are to be measured (e.g. formula_7). A simple method for determining an overall heat transfer coefficient that is useful to find the heat transfer between simple elements such as walls in buildings or across heat exchangers is shown below. Note that this method only accounts for conduction within materials, it does not take into account heat transfer through methods such as radiation. The method is as follows: Where: As the areas for each surface approach being equal the equation can be

neg: Thermosynthesis on the subsurface ocean that may exist on the moon Europa. Thermosynthesis also permits a simple model for the origin of photosynthesis. It has moreover been used to explain the origin of animals by symbiogenesis of benthic sessile thermosynthesizers at hydrothermal vents during the Snowball Earths of the Precambrian. Preliminary experiments have started to attempt to isolate thermosynthetic organisms. A Dutch biochemist and physicist Anthonie Muller[1] wrote many papers on thermosynthesis since 1983. He defined thermosynthesis as: "Biological heat engines working on thermal cycling." also as: "Theoretical biological mechanism for free energy gain from thermal cycling, tentatively stated as the

neg: Wrought iron those was puddling, using a puddling furnace (a variety of the reverberatory furnace), which was invented by Henry Cort in 1784. It was later improved by others including Joseph Hall, who was the first to add iron oxide to the charge. In that type of furnace, the metal does not come into contact with the fuel, and so is not contaminated by its impurities . The heat of the combustion products pass over the surface of the puddle and the roof of the furnace reverberates (reflects) the heat onto the metal puddle on the fire bridge of the furnace. Unless