query: when is the large hadron collider being turned on

pos: Large Hadron Collider superconducting magnets, it was decided to start the second run with a lower energy of 6.5 TeV per beam, corresponding to a current of 11,000 amperes. The first of the main LHC magnets were reported to have been successfully trained by 9 December 2014, while training the other magnet sectors was finished in March 2015. On 5 April 2015, the LHC restarted after a two-year break, during which the electrical connectors between the bending magnets were upgraded to safely handle the current required for 7 TeV per beam (14 TeV). However, the bending magnets were only trained to handle up

neg: High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC; formerly SLHC, Super Large Hadron Collider) is an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider started in June 2018 that will boost the accelerator's potential for new discoveries in physics, starting in 2026. The upgrade aims at increasing the luminosity of the machine by a factor of 10, up to 10 cms, providing a better chance to see rare processes and improving statistically marginal measurements. Many different paths exist for upgrading the collider. A collection of different designs of the high luminosity interaction regions is being maintained by the

neg: Very Large Hadron Collider a collider. Very Large Hadron Collider The Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) is a hypothetical future hadron collider with performance significantly beyond the Large Hadron Collider. There is no detailed plan or schedule for the VLHC; the name is used only to discuss the technological feasibility of such a collider and ways that it might be designed. The Future Circular Collider concept would qualify as such a collider. Given that such a performance increase necessitates a correspondingly large increase in size, cost, and power requirements, a significant amount of international collaboration over a period of decades would be required to

neg: Very Large Hadron Collider Very Large Hadron Collider The Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) is a hypothetical future hadron collider with performance significantly beyond the Large Hadron Collider. There is no detailed plan or schedule for the VLHC; the name is used only to discuss the technological feasibility of such a collider and ways that it might be designed. The Future Circular Collider concept would qualify as such a collider. Given that such a performance increase necessitates a correspondingly large increase in size, cost, and power requirements, a significant amount of international collaboration over a period of decades would be required to construct such

neg: Armageddon Riders Armageddon Riders Armageddon Riders is a vehicular combat video game produced by Targem Games. The protagonist survived a catastrophe caused by the Large Hadron Collider, which turned everyone in the city into bloodthirsty zombies. He returns to the abandoned city, looking for a way to change the zombies. In "Armageddon Riders", the player races a vehicle against a number of other computer controlled competitors in various settings, including city, harbour and Large Hadron Collider areas. "Armageddon Riders" was originally released on the PC on Steam as Clutch in 2009, but was eventually ported to PlayStation 3 (2011). The game is

neg: Armageddon Riders released on June 2, 2011. Armageddon Riders Armageddon Riders is a vehicular combat video game produced by Targem Games. The protagonist survived a catastrophe caused by the Large Hadron Collider, which turned everyone in the city into bloodthirsty zombies. He returns to the abandoned city, looking for a way to change the zombies. In "Armageddon Riders", the player races a vehicle against a number of other computer controlled competitors in various settings, including city, harbour and Large Hadron Collider areas. "Armageddon Riders" was originally released on the PC on Steam as Clutch in 2009, but was eventually ported to PlayStation

neg: Large Hadron Collider from CERN. The name was chosen so to have the same initials as the LHC. National Geographic Channel's "World's Toughest Fixes", Season 2 (2010), Episode 6 "Atom Smasher" features the replacement of the last superconducting magnet section in the repair of the collider after the 2008 quench incident. The episode includes actual footage from the repair facility to the inside of the collider, and explanations of the function, engineering, and purpose of the LHC. The Large Hadron Collider was the focus of the 2012 student film "Decay", with the movie being filmed on location in CERN's maintenance tunnels. The feature

neg: Lyn Evans Large Hadron Collider, and in light of his leadership role in the LHC, Evans was redubbed by the press as "Evans the Atom". He served as the LHC project leader until 2008. In June 2012, the International Committee for Future Accelerators selected Evans as Director of the Linear Collider Collaboration, an international effort promoting construction of a new linear collider to complement CERN's Large Hadron Collider. Lyn Evans Lyn Evans CBE (born Lyndon Rees Evans in 1945), is a Welsh scientist who served as the project leader of the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. Based at CERN, in 2012 he

neg: Large Hadron Collider at the LHC. CERN published a "Science and Fiction" page interviewing Sawyer and physicists about the book and the TV series based on it. Large Hadron Collider The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider and the largest machine in the world. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel in circumference and as deep as beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva. Its

neg: Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider and the largest machine in the world. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel in circumference and as deep as beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva. Its first data-taking period lasted from March 2010 to early 2013 at an energy of 3.5 to 4 teraelectronvolts (TeV) per beam (7 to 8

neg: Muon collider Muon collider A muon collider is a proposed particle accelerator facility in its conceptual design stage that collides muon beams in order to observe the results. Muons are a type of lepton that occurs only in high-energy collisions caused by cosmic rays or induced in particle accelerators. Previous lepton colliders have all used electrons, or their anti-particles, positrons. They offer an advantage over hadron colliders, such as the CERN-based Large Hadron Collider, in that lepton collisions are relatively "clean." Leptons are considered elementary particles, while hadrons, such as protons, are composite particles. While being an elementary particle with low mass,

neg: John Harris (physicist) the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York, was founded in 1991, and John Harris served as its first spokesman from 1991 to 2002. He also served as the acting project manager from 1991 to 1992. At present, he is still a member of this collaboration. Among the most important discoveries by the STAR collaboration is the "perfect liquid". John Harris joined the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) collaboration at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2006 and became the national coordinator for ALICE-USA Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider. Since 2009

neg: Large Hadron Collider events that exist in the LHC and similar experiments occur naturally and routinely in the universe without hazardous consequences, including ultra-high-energy cosmic rays observed to impact Earth with energies far higher than those in any man-made collider. The Large Hadron Collider gained a considerable amount of attention from outside the scientific community and its progress is followed by most popular science media. The LHC has also inspired works of fiction including novels, TV series, video games and films. CERN employee Katherine McAlpine's "Large Hadron Rap" surpassed 7 million YouTube views.<ref name="Telegraph02/09/2008"></ref> The band Les Horribles Cernettes was founded by women

neg: ATLAS experiment range of signals. This is intended to ensure that whatever form any new physical processes or particles might take, ATLAS will be able to detect them and measure their properties. Experiments at earlier colliders, such as the Tevatron and Large Electron-Positron Collider, were designed based on a similar philosophy. However, the unique challenges of the Large Hadron Collider – its unprecedented energy and extremely high rate of collisions – require ATLAS to be significantly larger and more complex than previous experiments. At 27 kilometres in circumference, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collides two beams of protons together, with each proton

neg: Collider (film) Lisbon and was written by Catriona Scott and Nuno Bernardo, with Bernardo being the director and Iain Robertson reprising his role as Peter Ansay from the film. Rory Cashin of Entertainment.ie gave the film a 1 out 5. Collider (film) Collider (sometimes referred as Collider World) is a 2013 Irish-Portuguese co-produced drama/science fiction film distributed by beActive Entertainment. The film acts as the core for a transmedia project developed for various platforms. The world premiere was scheduled for 10 January 2014, taking place in Dublin. The Large Hadron Collider research at CERN was on the verge of a breakthrough in

neg: Muon collider in 2010, so that the practical considerations for muon collision experimentation might be realized. At Fermilab, a muon collider is the proposed culmination of Project X. Muon collider A muon collider is a proposed particle accelerator facility in its conceptual design stage that collides muon beams in order to observe the results. Muons are a type of lepton that occurs only in high-energy collisions caused by cosmic rays or induced in particle accelerators. Previous lepton colliders have all used electrons, or their anti-particles, positrons. They offer an advantage over hadron colliders, such as the CERN-based Large Hadron Collider, in that

neg: Brookhaven National Laboratory operating heavy-ion colliders, RHIC is as of 2010 the second-highest-energy collider after the Large Hadron Collider. RHIC is housed in a tunnel 2.4 miles (3.9 km) long and is visible from space. In 1958, Brookhaven scientists created one of the world's first video games, Tennis for Two. In 1968 Brookhaven scientists patented Maglev, a transportation technology that utilizes magnetic levitation. It is a contributing partner to ATLAS experiment, one of the four detectors located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is currently operating at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Brookhaven was also responsible for the design of the SNS accumulator

neg: LHCb experiment LHCb experiment The LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) experiment is one of seven particle physics detector experiments collecting data at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. LHCb is a specialized b-physics experiment, designed primarily to measure the parameters of CP violation in the interactions of b-hadrons (heavy particles containing a bottom quark). Such studies can help to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. The detector is also able to perform measurements of production cross sections, exotic hadron spectroscopy, charm physics and electroweak physics in the forward region. The LHCb collaboration, who built, operate and analyse data from the experiment,

neg: LHCf experiment the interaction point IP1 with the much larger general-purpose ATLAS experiment. The LHCf is intended to measure the energy and numbers of neutral pions () produced by the collider. This will hopefully help explain the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The results will complement other high-energy cosmic ray measurements from the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, and the Telescope Array Project in Utah. LHCf experiment The LHCf (Large Hadron Collider forward) is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle (cosmic ray) physics, and one of seven detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN. The other six are: ATLAS, ALICE,

neg: ZZ diboson and Z boson (). The ZZ () is the combination which has the lowest predicted likelihood of production in the Standard Model due to the smaller couplings. ZZ diboson ZZ dibosons are rare pairs of Z bosons. They were first observed by the experiments at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL). The first observation in a hadron collider was made by the scientists of DØ collaboration at Fermilab. They are force-carrying particles produced in proton–antiproton collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s second highest-energy particle accelerator (after the CERN Large Hadron Collider). The observation of the ZZ dibosons

neg: Future Circular Collider hadron collider requires efficient and robust collimators, as 100 kW of hadronic background is expected at the interaction points. Moreover, fast self-adapting control systems with sub-millimeter collimation gaps are necessary to prevent irreversible damage of the machine and manage the 180 GJ stored in each magnet. To address these challenges, the FCC Study searches for designs that can withstand the large energy loads with acceptable transient deformation and no permanent damage. Novel composites with unprecedented thermo-mechanical and electric properties will be investigated in cooperation with the FP7 HiLumi LHC DS and EuCARD2 programmes. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN with

neg: ZZ diboson ZZ diboson ZZ dibosons are rare pairs of Z bosons. They were first observed by the experiments at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL). The first observation in a hadron collider was made by the scientists of DØ collaboration at Fermilab. They are force-carrying particles produced in proton–antiproton collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s second highest-energy particle accelerator (after the CERN Large Hadron Collider). The observation of the ZZ dibosons was announced at a Fermilab seminar on 30 July 2008. The rarest diboson processes after ZZ dibosons are those involving the Higgs boson, so seeing ZZ diboson

neg: LHCf experiment LHCf experiment The LHCf (Large Hadron Collider forward) is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle (cosmic ray) physics, and one of seven detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN. The other six are: ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, MoEDAL, TOTEM, and LHCb. LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the "forward" region of collisions, those almost directly in line with the colliding proton beams. It therefore consists of two detectors, 140 m on either side of the interaction point. Because of this large distance, it can co-exist with a more conventional detector surrounding the interaction point, and shares

neg: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission $10 million. Pakistan with all these efforts is already hoping to become an observer state at CERN. In 2006 PAEC and CERN agreed on expanded cooperation, including contributions by PAEC valued at 5 million Swiss francs. The PAEC, partnered with country's leading universities, send a large team of scientists and engineers to CERN to participate in Large Hadron Collider on 10 September 2008. According to the news sources, the team of Pakistani scientists were keenly involved in the involved in the development of the Large Hadron Collider— the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. The data of the experiment was

neg: Cornell University involved in the design of the proposed International Linear Collider and plan to participate in its construction and operation. The International Linear Collider, to be completed in the late 2010s, will complement the Large Hadron Collider and shed light on questions such as the identity of dark matter and the existence of extra dimensions. In the area of humanities and social sciences, Cornell is best known for being one of the world's greatest centers for the study of Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asia Program (SEAP) at Cornell is designated as a National Resource Center (NRC) by the United States Department

neg: Guy Wilkinson (physicist) CP-violation through measurements of processes involving the decays of hadrons containing beauty or charm quarks. He is a founding member and former spokesperson of the LHCb experiment on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. In 2017 was awarded the Chadwick Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics (IOP) for his work on heavy quarks. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018. Guy Wilkinson (physicist) Guy R. Wilkinson is a particle physicist at the University of Oxford working on the Large Hadron Collider project at CERN and a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford. Wilkinson was

neg: Microcosm (CERN) Microcosm (CERN) Microcosm is an interactive exhibition presenting the work of the CERN particle physics laboratory and its flagship accelerator the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The exhibition displays many real objects, taking visitors on a journey through CERN’s key installations, from the Hydrogen bottle, source of the protons that are injected into the LHC, through the first step in the accelerator chain, the Linac, on to a model of a section of the Large Hadron Collider including elements from the superconducting magnets. Visitors can interact with the displays to try their hand at the controls of a particle accelerator –

neg: Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski exploration by refraining from providing their students with grade point averages, giving them an opportunity to focus on separate research and internship openings. According to Niche.com, they are the #1 public school currently in America.Pasterski, once again, graduated with a 4.00 grade point average. As a sophomore at MIT, Pasterski was part of the CMS(Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. CMS is a physics programmed detector that is built around a solenoid magnet, and used for a variety of physics-related matters. The Large Hadron Collider is the strongest particle accelerator to ever exist. She is currently pursuing

neg: Decay (2012 film) Decay (2012 film) Decay is a 2012 horror film by Luke Thompson (of the University of Manchester), set at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. The movie was created on a budget of $3,225 and was filmed over a period of two years by Thompson and his fellow physicists. The film was released online for free under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC license, shareable and remixable. "Decay" was premiered on 29 November 2012 and centres on the idea of the Large Hadron Collider transforming scientists into zombies. Thompson, a physics doctoral student, came up with the idea of the film

neg: Collide (Howie Day song) the Billboard Reggae Chart. Daniel Evans, a finalist on "The X Factor" (UK), produced a country/pop cover on his YouTube channel in 2013 and was subsequently released on iTunes as track 3 of his self-produced "Reflections" EP. In 2015, Sarah Charley, US communications manager for the Large Hadron Collider experiments at CERN with graduate students Jesse Heilman of the University of California, Riverside, and Tom Perry and Laser Seymour Kaplan of the University of Wisconsin, Madison created a parody video sung from the perspective of a proton in the Large Hadron Collider. Collide (Howie Day song) "Collide" is a song

neg: Don Lincoln contributed many scientific articles in magazines that include Analog Science Fiction and Fact in July 2009, Scientific American in November 2012 and July 2015, and The Physics Teacher many times. He is also the author of books describing particle physics written for the public. They are "Understanding the Universe: From Quarks to the Cosmos (Revised edition)" (2012) and "The Quantum Frontier: The Large Hadron Collider" (2009) and "The Large Hadron Collider: The Extraordinary Story of the Higgs Boson and Other Things That Will Blow Your Mind" (2014). In 2013, he released a book called "Alien Universe: Extraterrestrials in our Minds

neg: Quark–gluon plasma recent Large Hadron Collider near Geneva (Switzerland) are continuing this effort, by colliding relativistically accelerated gold and other ion species (at RHIC) or lead (at LHC) with each other or with protons. Three experiments running on CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC), on the spectrometers ALICE, ATLAS and CMS, have continued studying the properties of QGP. CERN temporarily ceased colliding protons, and began colliding lead ions for the ALICE experiment in 2011, in order to create a QGP. A new record breaking temperature was set by at CERN on August, 2012 in the ranges of 5.5 trillion (5.5×10) kelvin as claimed

neg: LHCb experiment the strange b-meson to dimuon branching fraction. CP violation was studied in various particle systems such as B, Kaons, and D. New Xi baryons were observed in 2014. Analysis of the decay of bottom lambda baryons (Λ) in the LHCb experiment also revealed the apparent existence of pentaquarks, in what was described as an "accidental" discovery. LHCb experiment The LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) experiment is one of seven particle physics detector experiments collecting data at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. LHCb is a specialized b-physics experiment, designed primarily to measure the parameters of CP violation in the interactions

neg: The Phenomenauts the First Amendment". In 2014 they played the Bay Area Science Festival. In 2017 the Phenomenauts played at the March for Science in Las Vegas and an event at the Chabot Space and Science Center. In 2008 The Phenomenauts were invited on a tour of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston. The visit included meetings with astronauts, scientists, and "hands-on experience with space station parts" and training facilities. They also ran a seven-stop "Large Hadron Collider" tour around the Western United States to celebrate the completion of the Large Hadron Collider. In 2012 the Phenomenauts released the music

neg: Future Circular Collider LHC, that may hold the key to understanding those unexplained phenomena. The FCC Study puts an emphasis on proton/proton high-energy and electron/positron high-intensity frontier machines. A hadron/lepton interaction scenario is also examined. A 100 TeV hadron collider in a 100 km long tunnel defines therefore the overall infrastructure for the FCC study. The development of baseline designs for an energy-frontier hadron collider and a luminosity-frontier electron/positron collider forms the core of the study. The FCC study will identify the technological advancements required for reaching the new energy and intensity frontiers and will make the first step by performing technology feasibility

neg: Martha Jones series of "Torchwood" but prior to the "Doctor Who" finale that year, Martha recruits Jack, Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) and Gwen (Eve Myles) on Torchwood's first international adventure, as part of Radio 4's special celebration of the Large Hadron Collider being switched on at CERN in Geneva. The special radio episode's plot focuses on the Large Hadron Collider's activation and the doomsday scenario some predicted it might incite, as well as the Torchwood team's mourning of Toshiko (Naoko Mori) and Owen's recent deaths in the "Torchwood" second series finale. The introduction of Martha as the next companion after Billie Piper's Rose

neg: Large Hadron Collider machine by a factor of 10, up to 10 cms, providing a better chance to see rare processes and improving statistically marginal measurements. The experiments at the Large Hadron Collider sparked fears that the particle collisions might produce doomsday phenomena, involving the production of stable microscopic black holes or the creation of hypothetical particles called strangelets. Two CERN-commissioned safety reviews examined these concerns and concluded that the experiments at the LHC present no danger and that there is no reason for concern, a conclusion endorsed by the American Physical Society. The reports also noted that the physical conditions and collision

neg: Hafeez Hoorani up a group working on different aspects of the Large Hadron Collider at the National Center for Physics. Due to his efforts, in 2000 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (led by nuclear physicist Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad) signed an agreement with CERN. This agreement opened the door for to collaborate with CERN's particle physics project. His current research area is the development of gaseous detectors for the hadron collider. Hafeez Hoorani Hafeez Hoorani or Hafeez-ur-Rehman Hoorani or Hafeez R. Hoorani is a Pakistani particle physicist, with a specialisation in accelerator physics, and a research scientist at the CERN. Hoorani is working at

neg: High energy nuclear physics being conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and in CERN's new Large Hadron Collider. The four primary experiments at RHIC (PHENIX, STAR, PHOBOS, and BRAHMS) study collisions of highly relativistic nuclei. Unlike fixed target experiments, collider experiments steer two accelerated beams of ions toward each other at (in the case of RHIC) six interaction regions. At RHIC, ions can be accelerated (depending on the ion size) from 100 GeV/nucleon to 250GeV/nucleon. Since each colliding ion possesses this energy moving in opposite directions, the maximum energy of the collisions can achieve a center of mass collision energy

neg: Ianto Jones the voices of John Barrowman, Eve Myles, Gareth David-Lloyd and Freema Agyeman (Martha). Set after the events of the 2008 series, Ianto and the team make their first international adventure to CERN in Geneva, as part of Radio 4's special celebration of the Large Hadron Collider being switched on. The special radio episode's plot focuses on the Large Hadron Collider's activation and the doomsday scenario some predicted it might incite, as well as the team's mourning of Toshiko and Owen's recent deaths. After his character was written out of the televised series, David-Lloyd still lends his voice 2011 audio drama

neg: Jack Harkness "Torchwood" drama, "Lost Souls" which aired in Summer 2008 as an Afternoon Play featuring the voices of John Barrowman, Eve Myles, Gareth David-Lloyd and Freema Agyeman. Set after the events of the 2008 series, Jack and his team make their first international adventure to CERN in Geneva, as part of Radio 4's special celebration of the Large Hadron Collider being switched on. The special radio episode's plot focuses on the Large Hadron Collider's activation and the doomsday scenario some predicted it might incite, as well as the team's mourning of Toshiko and Owen's recent deaths. Between 1 and 3 July,

neg: Collider collisions were recorded at a center of mass energy of 1.8 TeV, making it the highest energy collider in the world, at the time. The most high-energetic collider in the world (as of 2016) is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. There are several particle collider projects currently under consideration. Sources: Information was taken from the website Particle Data Group and "Handbook of accelerator physics and engineering". Collider A collider is a type of particle accelerator involving directed beams of particles. Colliders may either be ring accelerators or linear accelerators, and may collide a single beam of particles against

neg: Linear Collider Collaboration Linear Collider Collaboration The Linear Collider Collaboration (LCC) is an organization designated by the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) to coordinate global research and development efforts for two next-generation particle physics colliders: the International Linear Collider (ILC) and the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). The mission of the LCC is to facilitate decisions that the next collider "will be built, and where". Members of the collaboration include approximately 2000 accelerator and particle physicists, engineers and other scientists. In June 2012 ICFA named Lyn Evans, the former project manager of the CERN Large Hadron Collider, as Linear Collider Director. "CERN Courier"

neg: Large Hadron Collider are first accelerated by the linear accelerator LINAC 3, and the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) is used as an ion storage and cooler unit. The ions are then further accelerated by the PS and SPS before being injected into LHC ring, where they reached an energy of 2.3 TeV per nucleon (or 522 TeV per ion), higher than the energies reached by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The aim of the heavy-ion programme is to investigate quark–gluon plasma, which existed in the early universe. Seven detectors have been constructed at the LHC, located underground in large caverns excavated at

neg: Majorana fermion of B − L. Neutrinoless double beta decay, which has not (yet) been observed. It can be viewed as two ordinary beta decay events whose resultant antineutrinos immediately annihilate with each other, and is only possible if neutrinos are their own antiparticles. The high-energy analog of the neutrinoless double beta decay process is the production of same-sign charged lepton pairs in hadron colliders; it is being searched for by both the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. In theories based on left–right symmetry, there is a deep connection between these processes. In the currently most-favored explanation of

neg: CERN Hadron Linacs xenon ions in 2017 for NA61's fixed-target physics programme. On October 12, 2017, these were delivered to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for a unique run of data taking: For the first time, xenon ions were accelerated and collided in the LHC. For six hours, LHC's four experiments could take data of the colliding xenon ions. Linac 3 is expected to stay in use at least until 2022. Linac 4 is a future linear accelerator currently being commissioned, designed to replace Linac 2 in 2020. Unlike its predecessors, Linac 4 will accelerate negative hydrogen ions to an energy of 160

neg: Large Hadron Collider of time. Thus many of them are hard or nearly impossible to study in other ways. Physicists hope that the Large Hadron Collider will help answer some of the fundamental open questions in physics, concerning the basic laws governing the interactions and forces among the elementary objects, the deep structure of space and time, and in particular the interrelation between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Data are also needed from high-energy particle experiments to suggest which versions of current scientific models are more likely to be correct – in particular to choose between the Standard Model and Higgsless model and

neg: Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments The safety of high energy particle collisions was a topic of widespread discussion and topical interest during the time when the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and later the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—currently the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—were being constructed and commissioned. Concerns arose that such high energy experiments—designed to produce novel particles and forms of matter—had the potential to create harmful states of matter or even doomsday scenarios. Claims escalated as commissioning of the LHC drew closer, around 2008–2010. The claimed dangers included the production of stable micro black holes

neg: Gluino and the lightest supersymmetric particle, LSP (which leaves the detector unseen). This means that a typical signal for a gluino at a hadron collider would be four jets plus missing energy. However, if gluinos are lighter than squarks, 3-body decay of a gluino to a neutralino and a quark antiquark pair is kinematically accessible through an off-shell squark. Gluino In supersymmetry, a gluino (symbol ) is the hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a gluon. Should they exist, gluinos are expected by supersymmetry theorists to be pair produced in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider. In supersymmetric theories, gluinos are

neg: Energy recovery linac recent study suggests to improve CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the largest accelerator existing at present (2013), by adding to the large storage ring of the LHC a tangential construction of two electron Energy recovery linacs, each of 1008 m length, producing thus the possibility to obtain not only Hadron-Hadron smashes, but also, e.g., Hadron-Electron ones, and thus to improve the LHC into some kind of "LHeC". For this suggestion, originating from a special committee of CERN physicists, M. Klein (Liverpool university), on the suggestion of the UK's Institute of Physics, received the 2013 mutual Max Born Prize of the

neg: SuperB SuperB SuperB was a proposed high-luminosity electron-positron collider that was cancelled by the Italian government on 27 November 2012. The collider was supposed to be built near Rome, Italy, under the supervision of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. The title "SuperB" referred to the fact that the collider was expected to produce very large quantities of B mesons. The designers hoped that SuperB would help to provide evidence about the flavour sector of the Standard Model. SuperB was intended to give further information about any new physics found by the Large Hadron Collider. It may also have been able

neg: Mariangela Lisanti and studied a Ph.D. in high-energy physics at Stanford University. In 2010, she joined the Princeton University Center for Theoretical Science as an associate research scholar, and became an assistant professor in 2013. Her best-known research has been on the phenomenology of collider physics. She has encouraged the use of simplified search strategy models in the observation of new particles from collider data, an approach that was consequently adopted by groups using the Large Hadron Collider. She has also described theoretical models concerning dark matter, and in 2014 she co-authored a paper predicting the times of year when dark matter

neg: Collider (film) Collider (film) Collider (sometimes referred as Collider World) is a 2013 Irish-Portuguese co-produced drama/science fiction film distributed by beActive Entertainment. The film acts as the core for a transmedia project developed for various platforms. The world premiere was scheduled for 10 January 2014, taking place in Dublin. The Large Hadron Collider research at CERN was on the verge of a breakthrough in regards to black holes. Scientists believed that they would be able to control the micro black holes once created but Peter Ansay, a young genius in quantum physics thought differently. His report brought up astounding conclusions that the

neg: Micro black hole dimensions predict that micro black holes could be formed at energies as low as the TeV range, which are available in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider. Popular concerns have then been raised over end-of-the-world scenarios (see Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider). However, such quantum black holes would instantly evaporate, either totally or leaving only a very weakly interacting residue. Beside the theoretical arguments, the cosmic rays hitting the Earth do not produce any damage, although they reach center of mass energies in the range of hundreds of TeV. In principle, a black hole

neg: Bruno Touschek concept is at the base of all present-day very high energy particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The first electron-positron storage ring, called Anello Di Accumulazione (ADA), was constructed in Frascati under Touschek's supervision in the early sixties. During the next decade more electron-positron rings followed and their outcomes changed completely some of the physics community perceptions of the world. One of the transitions, the elementary hadrons by then turned to be composite particles after. Even though ADA has been turned off long time ago, the laboratory is active and contributes work in the field

neg: Barry Barish Particles and Fields and the U.S. Liaison committee to the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). In 2002 he chaired the NRC Board of Physics and Astronomy Neutrino Facilities Assessment Committee Report, "Neutrinos and Beyond". In 2005-2013 Barry Barish was Director of the [Global Design Effort] for the International Linear Collider (ILC). The ILC is the highest priority future project for particle physics worldwide, as it promises to complement the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in exploring the TeV energy scale. This ambitious effort is being uniquely coordinated worldwide, representing a major step in international collaborations going from

neg: Compact Linear Collider Compact Linear Collider The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier. CLIC would collide electrons with positrons and is currently the only mature option for a multi-TeV linear collider. The accelerator would be between long, more than ten times longer than the existing Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in California, USA. CLIC is proposed to be built at CERN, across the border between France and Switzerland near Geneva, with ﬁrst beams starting by the time the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has ﬁnished operations around 2035. The CLIC

neg: Compact Linear Collider in 2019-2020. Compact Linear Collider The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier. CLIC would collide electrons with positrons and is currently the only mature option for a multi-TeV linear collider. The accelerator would be between long, more than ten times longer than the existing Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in California, USA. CLIC is proposed to be built at CERN, across the border between France and Switzerland near Geneva, with ﬁrst beams starting by the time the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has ﬁnished operations around 2035.

neg: Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments two places. I would refer you to the up-to-date safety study." The risk assessments of catastrophic scenarios at the LHC sparked public fears, and some scientists associated with the project received protests - the Large Hadron Collider team revealed that they had received death threats and threatening emails and phone calls demanding the experiment be halted.<ref name="telegraph-2008/09/05/">Highfield, Roger (5 September 2008). "Scientists get death threats over Large Hadron Collider". "Telegraph.co.uk".</ref> , Romania's Conservative Party held a protest before the European Commission mission to Bucharest, demanding that the experiment be halted because it feared that the LHC could create dangerous black

neg: Future Circular Collider acceleration power. Liquefaction of gas is a power-intensive operation that requires state-of-the-art cryogenic technology. The future lepton and the hadron colliders would make intensive use of low-temperature superconducting devices, operated at 4.5 K and 1.8 K, requiring very large-scale distribution, recovery, and storage of cryogenic fluids. As a result, the cryogenic systems that have to be developed correspond to two to four times the presently deployed systems and require increased availability and maximum energy efficiency. Any further improvements in cryogenics are expected to find wide applications in medical imaging techniques. The cryogenic beam vacuum system for an energy-frontier hadron collider

neg: Magnetic monopole Beyond this, very little is known theoretically about the creation of magnetic monopoles in high energy particle collisions. This is due to their large magnetic charge, which invalidates all the usual calculational techniques. As a consequence, collider based searches for magnetic monopoles cannot, as yet, provide lower bounds on the mass of magnetic monopoles. They can however provide upper bounds on the probability (or cross section) of pair production, as a function of energy. The MoEDAL experiment, installed at the Large Hadron Collider, is currently searching for magnetic monopoles and large supersymmetric particles using nuclear track detectors and aluminum bars

neg: Circular Electron Positron Collider high energy and discover New Physics. The underground particle-smashing ring aims to be at least twice the size of the globe's current leading collider - the Large Hadron Collider (CERN) outside Geneva. With a circumference of 80 kilometres (49.70 miles), the Chinese accelerator complex would encircle the entire island of Manhattan. The following parameters reflect the "baseline" configuration of a collider with 53.6 km circumference and 2×120 GeV center-of-mass energy. Since the project is in the early stages of planning, they are subject to change. The CEPC enables a wide physics program. As an electron-positron collider, it is suited to

neg: Super Collider (album) which features three bonus tracks along with 3D cover art. Additionally, standard and limited vinyl editions were made available, as well. The cover artwork is modified from an existing photograph of the Inner Barrel of the Compact Muon Solenoid's Silicon Tracker, a particle physics experiment built on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. A very faint reflection of Vic Rattlehead can be seen in the object's center. A 3D cover is featured on the special edition. On April 23, 2013, "Super Collider" was released as the album's lead single through iTunes. Several days earlier, the track debuted on an edition

neg: Particle accelerator source. The Fermilab Tevatron has a ring with a beam path of . It has received several upgrades, and has functioned as a proton-antiproton collider until it was shut down due to budget cuts on September 30, 2011. The largest circular accelerator ever built was the LEP synchrotron at CERN with a circumference 26.6 kilometers, which was an electron/positron collider. It achieved an energy of 209 GeV before it was dismantled in 2000 so that the underground tunnel could be used for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is a proton collider, and currently the world's largest and highest-energy

neg: Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (a proposed upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider located at CERN in Europe); the International Linear Collider (a proposed electron-positron collider, likely hosted in Japan); and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (an expansion of the proposed Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment, to be constructed at Fermilab in Illinois and at the Homestake Mine in South Dakota). In addition to these large projects, the report identified numerous smaller projects with potential for near-term return on investment, including the Mu2e experiment, second- and third-generation dark matter experiments, particle-physics components of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), cosmic microwave background experiments, and a number

neg: Future Circular Collider Future Circular Collider The Future Circular Collider (FCC) study aims at developing conceptual designs for a post-LHC particle accelerator research infrastructure in a global context, with an energy significantly above that of previous circular colliders (SPS, Tevatron, LHC). The FCC study explores the feasibility of different particle collider scenarios with the aim of significantly expanding the current energy and luminosity frontiers. It aims to complement existing technical designs for linear electron/positron colliders (ILC and CLIC). The study has an emphasis on proton/proton (hadron) and electron/positron (lepton) colliders while a hadron/lepton scenario is also examined. The study explores the potential of

neg: Tara Shears the Victoria University of Manchester. Shears was awarded a Royal Society Research Fellowship with the University of Liverpool in 2000 to continue her work at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration at the Fermilab facility in the USA. In 2004 she joined the LHCb experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator (the world's largest), for which she initiated and developed the electroweak and exotica physics working group. Shears became the first female Professor of Physics at the University of Liverpool. She researches the properties of bottom quarks using hadron colliders, testing the Standard Model theory in

neg: Large Hadron Collider to validate their predictions and allow further theoretical development. Many theorists expect new physics beyond the Standard Model to emerge at the TeV energy level, as the Standard Model appears to be unsatisfactory. Issues explored by LHC collisions include: Other open questions that may be explored using high-energy particle collisions: The LHC is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of , at a depth ranging from underground. The wide concrete-lined tunnel, constructed between 1983 and 1988, was formerly used to house the Large Electron–Positron Collider. It crosses the

neg: Gail Hanson facilities has taken place at the PEP storage ring and Linear Collider at SLAC and on the OPAL experiment at the LEP collider at CERN, where she served as Physics Coordinator. She currently performs studies for a future muon accelerator facility, and is a member of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. In 1989 Hanson moved to Indiana University to become Professor and, in 1997, Distinguished Professor of Physics. In 2002 she was appointed Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of California, Riverside. Gail Hanson Gail G. Hanson, born 22 February 1947 in Dayton, Ohio is an

neg: Lyn Evans Lyn Evans Lyn Evans CBE (born Lyndon Rees Evans in 1945), is a Welsh scientist who served as the project leader of the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. Based at CERN, in 2012 he became the director of the Linear Collider Collaboration, an international organisation managing development of next generation particle colliders, including the International Linear Collider and the Compact Linear Collider. Born and raised in Aberdare in the South Wales Valleys, Evans had an interest in chemistry in his youth, initially enrolling in university to study the subject before switching to physics because he found the subject easier. Evans

neg: Bremsstrahlung or formula_14 formula_15. Since formula_16, we see that the total radiated power goes as formula_17 or formula_18, which accounts for why electrons lose energy to bremsstrahlung radiation much more rapidly than heavier charged particles (e.g., muons, protons, alpha particles). This is the reason a TeV energy electron-positron collider (such as the proposed International Linear Collider) cannot use a circular tunnel (requiring constant acceleration), while a proton-proton collider (such as the Large Hadron Collider) can utilize a circular tunnel. The electrons lose energy due to bremsstrahlung at a rate formula_19 times higher than protons do. The most general formula for radiated

neg: Compact Muon Solenoid an underground cavern at Cessy in France, just across the border from Geneva. In July 2012, along with ATLAS, CMS tentatively discovered the Higgs boson.. By March 2013 its existence was confirmed. Recent collider experiments such as the now-dismantled Large Electron-Positron Collider and the newly renovated Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, as well as the () recently closed Tevatron at Fermilab have provided remarkable insights into, and precision tests of, the Standard Model of Particle Physics. A principle achievement of these experiments (specifically of the LHC) is the discovery of a particle consistent with the Standard Model Higgs boson,

neg: CERN the next more powerful accelerator. Currently active machines are: Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project. The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to

neg: L3 experiment particles. Another important part of the detector were the two luminosity monitors, placed along the beam on both sides of the interaction point. They measured the "luminosity" of the beam, which is a way of quantifying the rate of interactions produced. L3 experiment The L3 experiment was one of the four large detectors on the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP). The detector was designed to look for the physics of the Standard Model and beyond. It started up in 1989 and stopped taking data in November 2000 to make room for construction of the Large Hadron Collider(LHC). Now, the sits in

neg: Holger Bech Nielsen theory to explain the seemingly improbable series of failures preventing the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from becoming operational. The collider was intended to be used to find evidence of the hypothetical Higgs boson particle. They suggested that the particle might be so abhorrent to nature that its creation would ripple backward through time and stop the collider before it could create one, in a fashion similar to the time travel Grandfather paradox. Subsequently LHC claimed the discovery of Higgs boson on 4 July 2012. Nielsen is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Holger Bech Nielsen Holger

neg: Particle physics reasons to expect new physics, including dark matter and neutrino mass. There are also theoretical hints that this new physics should be found at accessible energy scales. Much of the effort to find this new physics are focused on new collider experiments. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was completed in 2008 to help continue the search for the Higgs boson, supersymmetric particles, and other new physics. An intermediate goal is the construction of the International Linear Collider (ILC), which will complement the LHC by allowing more precise measurements of the properties of newly found particles. In August 2004, a decision

neg: Tests of relativistic energy and momentum of a considerable amount of different particles at relativistic velocities have been (and still are) conducted in hadron colliders such as Tevatron (up to 1 TeV), the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (up to 200 GeV), and most recently the Large Hadron Collider (up to 7 TeV) in the course of searching for the Higgs boson. Tests of relativistic energy and momentum Tests of relativistic energy and momentum are aimed at measuring the relativistic expressions for energy, momentum, and mass. According to special relativity, the properties of particles moving approximately at the speed of light significantly deviate from the predictions of

neg: Ornex collider, the tunnel now houses the Large Hadron Collider that started operating in 2008. The major visible presence of the LHC tunnel in the area are some surface buildings and some large helium gas tanks further North in Cessy. There are also a number of smaller tunnel Access Points, including one on the border of Ornex and Ferney-Voltaire. Liquid helium is used to cool the LHC's superconducting magnets. The first documented mention of Ornex was in 1153 under the name of "Ornacho"; from 1286 onwards the name of Ornay is mentioned. It is assumed the name was derived from the

neg: Terry Wyatt Terry Wyatt Terence Richard Wyatt (born 29 June 1957) FRS is a Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester, UK. Wyatt was educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Tamworth, Imperial College London (Bachelor of Science) and St Edmund Hall, Oxford where he was awarded a DPhil degree in 1983 for research supervised by Robin Devenish. Wyatt's conducts research in particle physics primarily on the DØ experiment at the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider in Fermilab and on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider proton-proton collider in CERN. He was one of three short-listed candidates

neg: Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector proximity gap, and is detected on the photon detector plane. The image is a ring of light the radius of which is defined by the Cherenkov emission angle and the proximity gap. The ring thickness is mainly determined by the thickness of the radiator. An example of a proximity gap RICH detector is the High Momentum Particle Identification (HMPID), one of the detectors of ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment), which is one of the five experiments at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN. In a DIRC (Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light), another design of a RICH detector,

neg: Super Proton Synchrotron which reached an energy of 500 GeV on 14 May of that year. The SPS has been used to accelerate protons and antiprotons, electrons and positrons (for use as the injector for the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP)), and heavy ions. From 1981 to 1991, the SPS operated as a hadron (more precisely, proton–antiproton) collider (as such it was called SpS), when its beams provided the data for the UA1 and UA2 experiments, which resulted in the discovery of the W and Z bosons. These discoveries and a new technique for cooling particles led to a Nobel Prize for Carlo Rubbia

neg: Particle accelerator Particle accelerator A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies, and to contain them in well-defined beams. Large accelerators are used for basic research in particle physics. The most powerful accelerator currently is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built by the European collaboration CERN. It is a collider accelerator, which can accelerate two beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 TeV and cause them to collide head-on, creating center-of-mass energies of 13 TeV. Other powerful accelerators are KEKB at KEK in Japan, RHIC at

neg: David Charlton Physics at the University of Birmingham, which he was awarded in 1989 for work on the UA1 experiment, searching for the top quark. Charlton's research investigates the Higgs mechanism and electroweak symmetry breaking. He is regarded as a leader in the experimental elucidation of electroweak symmetry-breaking, culminating in the observation and first characterisation of a Higgs boson, at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). His research has been funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). From 1989 to 2001, Charlton worked on the OPAL experiment of the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, on data analysis, components of the

neg: Glen Cowan Glen Cowan Glen Cowan is a professor of Particle Physics at Royal Holloway, University of London. He has made a considerable contribution to the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Cowan obtained a Bachelor of Science in Physics in 1981 from UCLA. In 1988 he completed his PhD at UC Berkeley where he focused his researched on the TPC/Two-Gamma Experiment. Cowan was a postdoctoral researcher between 1988 - 1992 at the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Munich and at the University of Siegen. At both institutes he worked on the ALEPH experiment and Large Electron–Positron Collider at CERN.

neg: Superconducting Super Collider Superconducting Super Collider The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) (also nicknamed the Desertron) was a particle accelerator complex under construction in the vicinity of Waxahachie, Texas. Its planned ring circumference was with an energy of 20 TeV per proton and was set to be the world's largest and most energetic. It would have greatly surpassed the current record held by the Large Hadron Collider which has ring circumference and energy of 6.5 TeV per proton. The project's director was Roy Schwitters, a physicist at the University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Louis Ianniello served as its first Project Director for 15

neg: Superconducting Super Collider the use of the pre-existing engineering infrastructure and 27 km long underground cavern of the Large Electron–Positron Collider, and its use of a different, innovative magnet design to bend the higher energy particles into the available tunnel. The LHC eventually cost the equivalent of about 5 billion US dollars to build. The total operating budget of CERN runs to about $1 billion per year. The Large Hadron Collider became operational in August 2008. After the project was canceled, the main site was deeded to Ellis County, Texas, and the county tried numerous times to sell the property. The property was

neg: Supersymmetry incomplete and their limitations are well established, and supersymmetry would be an attractive solution to some of the major concerns. Direct confirmation would entail production of superpartners in collider experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The first runs of the LHC found no previously-unknown particles other than the Higgs boson which was already suspected to exist as part of the Standard Model, and therefore no evidence for supersymmetry. Indirect methods include the search for a permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) in the known Standard Model particles, which can arise when the Standard Model particle interacts with the supersymmetric

neg: Vinod Chohan Indore, India. In 2002, he joined the LHC Project team responsible for developing CERN's new project, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Chohan led and managed the team responsible for testing hundreds of superconducting magnets to be used in the collider. This was a tedious process: 1706 superconducting magnets – each 14 meters long — were to be tested. From the beginning of the testing in 2001 to 2002, only 21 magnets were tested, due to shortage of staff. The situation improved when one started recruiting personnel from India, for a year at the time, as part of the CERN-India Collaboration

neg: Maria Spiropulu Maria Spiropulu Maria Spiropulu (; ) is an experimental physicist at the California Institute of Technology. She is a member of the CMS collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider where the Higgs boson was discovered in 2012. Maria Spiropulu received her bachelor's degree in physics from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1993, and obtained her PhD with the CDF experiment from Harvard University in 2000. For her doctoral thesis, she applied for the first time in hadron colliders a novel double blind analysis method to search for evidence of supersymmetry. She excluded a large part of the parameter space

neg: 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony and three performers create a giant Newton's cradle. Also in this section Miranda led the stadium in the big crunch. Prospero at the telescope explained the journey that Miranda had been on. He concluded that Miranda was ready for the next step to change the world. The stadium was transported back to 2012 and became a large replica of the Large Hadron Collider; Stephen Hawking reappearing explained that the collider can change our perceptions of the world just like the Games themselves. Orbital then performed "Where Is It Going?" as protesters with placards entered to call for equal rights. Ian

neg: Large Hadron Collider further to 450 GeV before they are at last injected (over a period of several minutes) into the main ring. Here the proton bunches are accumulated, accelerated (over a period of ) to their peak energy, and finally circulated for 5 to while collisions occur at the four intersection points. The LHC physics programme is mainly based on proton–proton collisions. However, shorter running periods, typically one month per year, with heavy-ion collisions are included in the programme. While lighter ions are considered as well, the baseline scheme deals with lead ions (see A Large Ion Collider Experiment). The lead ions

neg: DESY and operates at sites in Hamburg and Zeuthen. DESY's function is to conduct fundamental research. It specializes in: In addition to operating its own large accelerator facilities, DESY also provides consulting services to research initiatives, institutes and universities. It is closely involved in major international projects such as the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser, the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole and the International Linear Collider. DESY operates in two locations. The primary location is in a suburb of Hamburg. In 1992, DESY expanded to a second site in Zeuthen near Berlin. The DESY

neg: Ágnes Mócsy behind the scenes at the international conference "Quark Matters" and explores the work that goes on at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Large Hadron Collider. She screened the film at CERN in February 2017. For 2018 and 2019, Mócsy is a Visiting Professor in the Physics Department at Yale University. Mócsy is on the board of SistersMATR, a public engagement project that looks to engage young women of colour in physics. She has written for HuffPost on the popular misconception that discoveries in physics are made by lone, usually male geniuses. Ágnes Mócsy Ágnes Mócsy is a Professor of

neg: Large Hadron Collider collider on the morning of 10 September 2008. CERN successfully fired the protons around the tunnel in stages, three kilometres at a time. The particles were fired in a clockwise direction into the accelerator and successfully steered around it at 10:28 local time. The LHC successfully completed its major test: after a series of trial runs, two white dots flashed on a computer screen showing the protons travelled the full length of the collider. It took less than one hour to guide the stream of particles around its inaugural circuit. CERN next successfully sent a beam of protons in an

neg: Higgs boson find the Higgs boson, a powerful particle accelerator was needed, because Higgs bosons might not be seen in lower-energy experiments. The collider needed to have a high luminosity in order to ensure enough collisions were seen for conclusions to be drawn. Finally, advanced computing facilities were needed to process the vast amount of data (25 petabytes per year as of 2012) produced by the collisions. For the announcement of 4 July 2012, a new collider known as the Large Hadron Collider was constructed at CERN with a planned eventual collision energy of 14 TeV—over seven times any previous collider—and over

neg: Cherenkov radiation for ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment), one of the six experiments at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN. The Cherenkov effect can occur in vacuum. In a slow-wave structure, the phase velocity decreases and the velocity of charged particles can exceed the phase velocity while remaining lower than formula_3. In such a system, this effect can be derived from conservation of the energy and momentum where the momentum of a photon should be formula_23 (formula_24 is phase constant) rather than the de Broglie relation formula_25. This type of radiation (VCR) is used to generate high power microwaves. Cherenkov

neg: Cloudant acquired by IBM from the start-up company of the same name. The acquisition was announced on February 24, 2014, The acquisition was completed on March 4 of that year. By March 31, 2018, Cloudant Shared Plan will be retired and migrated to IBM Cloud. Cloudant was founded by Alan Hoffman, Adam Kocoloski, and Michael Miller. The three met in the physics department at MIT where they worked with large data sets from experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. In early 2008 their ideas for fixing the "big data problem" caught the attention of

neg: L3 experiment L3 experiment The L3 experiment was one of the four large detectors on the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP). The detector was designed to look for the physics of the Standard Model and beyond. It started up in 1989 and stopped taking data in November 2000 to make room for construction of the Large Hadron Collider(LHC). Now, the sits in the cavern that L3 used to occupy, reusing L3's characteristic red octagonal magnet. The L3-detector was a multi-layered cylindrical set of different devices, each of them measuring physical quantities relevant to the reconstruction of the collision under study. Starting from the

neg: Gwen Cooper of the Large Hadron Collider. The special radio episode's plot focuses both on the Large Hadron Collider's activation and the doomsday scenario some warned it might cause, and the team's mourning of Toshiko and Owen's recent deaths. Between 1 and 3 July 2009, Radio 4 aired three further audio dramas in the "Afternoon Play" time-slot, titled "Asylum", "Golden Age" and "The Dead Line", bridging the gap between Series 2 and 3. "The Dead Line" depicts Gwen working together with Rhys to investigate a mysterious case; she identifies him as a member of Torchwood during the mission. To tie in with

neg: Gluon in a liquid. It was found at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven in the years 2004–2010 by four contemporaneous experiments. A quark–gluon plasma state has been confirmed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) by the three experiments ALICE, ATLAS and CMS in 2010. The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility at Jefferson Lab, also called the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, in Newport News, Virginia, is one of 10 Department of Energy facilities doing research on gluons. The Virginia lab is competing with another facility on Long Island, New York, Brookhaven National Laboratory, for funds to build

neg: Y(4140) Y(4140) The Y(4140) particle is an electrically neutral exotic hadron candidate that is about 4.4 times heavier than the proton. It was observed at Fermilab and announced on 17 March 2009. This particle is extremely rare and was detected in only 20 of billions of collisions. Since it decays into J/ψ and φ mesons, it has been suggested that this particle is composed of charm quarks and charm antiquarks, possibly even a four quark combination. The existence of the particle has been confirmed by members of the CMS collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider on November 14, 2012 and by