query: how many electoral districts are there in the us

pos: Lists of electoral districts by nation the number can be changed but has remained at 435 since 1912, except for a brief period from 1959-1962 when two seats were temporarily added for the then-new States of Alaska and Hawaii), while the constituencies for the variously named state legislatures go by a variety of names (and have differing numbers). Long standing practice, reinforced and modified by several U.S. Supreme Court decisions, require the equalization of populations of constituencies after each decennial census, a process known as redistricting. When driven by partisan bodies, this process opens up the possibility of gerrymandering for political or factional advantage. Gerrymandering cannot

pos: Lists of electoral districts by nation the Scottish Parliament are no longer identical to those of the House of Commons. The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies elected by first past the post which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons. Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS. The London Assembly has 14 constituencies elected by first past the post, described in the article on London Assembly constituencies. Its remaining 11 seats are also selected by AMS. In the United States, electoral constituencies for the federal House of Representatives are known as "congressional districts" (of which there are presently 435;

neg: Electorates of the Australian states and territories divisions. There are 93 electoral districts in Queensland, for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. Information about the QLD electoral districts for the 2006 elections can be obtained from the Electoral Commission of Queensland website. There are 47 single-member electoral districts in South Australia, for the South Australian House of Assembly. There are 15 electoral divisions in Tasmania for the upper house Legislative Council. In the lower house the five federal divisions are used, but electing 5 members each There are 88 electoral districts in Victoria, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly. There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for

neg: Donkey vote to speculate how many votes for the first candidate or party on the ballot are genuine supporters and how many are donkey votes. In some elections (e.g. Germany and some US states), the order of parties on the ballot is in descending order of their support at the previous election (with new parties being placed lowest in random order). Such a system makes high ballot position both a cause and an effect of high electoral support. Donkey voting shows up in US state elections that use the "long ballot" for numerous offices, or in multi-seat elections where there are several

neg: Electoral Districts Act 1872 22 electoral districts and the First Schedule to the Act specified how many members from each district, as well as defining the boundaries of each district. The Second Schedule specified the polling places to be used for each district, but the list could be changed later. Place spelling is displayed as it appeared in the schedule to the Act. Electoral Districts Act 1872 The Electoral Districts Act 1872 (No 27 of 1872) was an act of the Government of South Australia. It increased the size of the House of Assembly to 46 members and defined the boundaries of the districts

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation resulted in legislation that has changed the number of members representing some districts, while some rural districts will be merged by 2019. There are five electoral districts in Kuwait. Lebanon has multi-seat constituencies. In Liberia, there are 64 electoral districts, each of which sends a single member to the House of Representatives. Each representative is elected by the first past the post system. The 11 municipalities of Liechtenstein are divided into the electoral district ("wahlkreise") of Oberland and Unterland. Luxembourg has four parliamentary multi-seat constituencies called "electoral circonscriptions". The respective number of seats is proportional to the percentage of voters

neg: Gerrymandering races. (See scenario (c) in the box.) This may lead to increased competition. Instead of gerrymandering, some researchers find that other factors, such as partisan polarization and the incumbency advantage, have driven the recent decreases in electoral competition. Similarly, a 2009 study found that "congressional polarization is primarily a function of the differences in how Democrats and Republicans represent the same districts rather than a function of which districts each party represents or the distribution of constituency preferences." These findings are, however, a matter of some dispute. While gerrymandering may not decrease electoral competition in all cases, there are certainly

neg: Electoral divisions of Chile Electoral divisions of Chile Chile has two distinct electoral division systems: There are 60 electoral districts ("distrito electoral"). Each district elects two deputies. Districts are made of groups of communes. There are 19 senatorial constituencies ("circunscripción senatorial"). Each region constitutes a senatorial constituency, except regions V, RM, VII, VIII and IX, which are each divided into two senatorial constituencies. Each senatorial constituency elects two Senators. Senatorial constituencies which are not full regions are made up of several electoral districts within a region. In 2009 the Constitution was modified so that each region constitutes at least one senatorial constituency. The law

neg: United States Electoral College districts, in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts. Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts, with a district plan, candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven "swing" states. Opponents of the system, however, argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can. Unlike simple congressional district comparisons, the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56% of the Electoral

neg: United States Electoral College early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts. By this method, voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector. This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts. However, the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts. As with congressional districts, moreover, this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering. Under such a system, electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party, rather than

neg: Districts of Malta of the District is 31,879 (as of 31 December 2016), while total area is 68.7 km. It is the smallest district by population and the third largest by area. There are currently 13 electoral districts, also known as electoral divisions. Each consists of a number of localities (although there is no requirement that electoral boundaries follow the boundaries of localities). This district consists of the islands of Gozo and Comino There are 11 police districts, each district having its own police headquarters. Districts of Malta Malta is subdivided in districts of localities in order to administer the country in regions

neg: Electoral district (Canada) the provincial or territorial legislature. While electoral districts in Canada are now exclusively single-member districts, multiple-member districts have been used at the federal and provincial levels. Alberta has had a few districts that returned from two to seven members: see Calgary, Edmonton and Medicine Hat. British Columbia had a mix of multiple-member districts and single-member districts until the 1991 election, and Prince Edward Island had dual-member districts until the 1996 election. Since 2015 there have been 338 federal electoral districts in Canada. Ontario uses the same boundaries for the electoral districts for its Legislative Assembly in Southern Ontario, while seats

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation amount of registered voters, around 400,000. These districts therefore do not correspond to the borders of top administrative divisions within Croatia and each district contains one or more or parts of several Croatian counties. There are 12 electoral districts ("valimisringkonnad") for the parliamentary elections in Estonia. Each district elects 5 to 14 mandates to the 101-membered Riigikogu. The capital and largest city Tallinn constitutes 3 electoral districts and second largest city Tartu 1. Other districts are divided by the 15 counties. Two of the districts are shared by a group of 3 counties, 3 districts by 2 counties and 3

neg: Electorates of the Australian states and territories apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in those states that have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together. There are five electorates for the Legislative Assembly, each with five members each, making up 25 members in total. There are currently 93 electoral districts in New South Wales. There are 25 single-member electoral divisions in the Northern Territory, and 17 former

neg: 2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum 4:30pm on December 7, 2018, but which had not been physically transferred to Elections BC's counting centre, would be accepted and counted as valid ballots. According to Elections BC spokeswoman Rebecca Penz, the results of the referendum are expected to be released by December 25, 2018. In the event a proportional system is adopted, the independent BC Electoral Boundaries Commission will need to determine the number and location of new electoral districts. A legislative committee will need to determine whether the number of members of the Legislative Assembly should increase, and if so by how many (to a maximum of

neg: Electoral reform in California of Equalization districts. It had been viewed with suspicion due to its Republican backers. FairVote suggested that independent redistricting would help avoid gerrymandering, but the major reform needed was the replacement of single member districts with multi-member districts. This would make it possible to implement single transferable vote or other proportional representation systems. In November 2008, voters in California passed Proposition 11 to reform how electoral districts are drawn in the state. The proposition called for a commission of fourteen non-politician voters to draw boundaries for the Senate, Assembly, and Board of Equalization districts. The commission is to be made

neg: 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election The seats that remain unallocated are allocated to the parties at the national level using the d'Hondt method with an electoral threshold of 4%. Although the country is divided into 88 electoral districts, deputies are not elected from all 88 districts. More than one deputy is elected in some districts, which results in some districts not having an elected deputy (for instance, 21 of 88 electoral districts did not have an elected deputy in the 2014 elections). Parties must have at least 35% of their lists from each gender, except in cases where there are only three candidates. For these

neg: Alberta provincial electoral districts Alberta provincial electoral districts Alberta provincial electoral districts are currently single member ridings that each elect one member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. There are 87 districts fixed in law in Alberta. The original twenty five districts were drawn up by Liberal Member of Parliament Frank Oliver prior to the first general election of 1905. The original boundaries were widely regarded as being gerrymandered to favor the Alberta Liberal Party. Every boundary redistribution since 1905 has been based on the original boundaries, with districts being split or merged. From 1905 to 1926 with only a few exceptions each district

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation house). The country is divided into 28 electoral districts for the lower house and 15 senatorial constituencies for the Senate. Each electoral district elects between 3 and 8 deputies and senatorial constituencies elects 3, 4 or 5 senators. That is, 155 deputies and 43 senators, in total. Since 2022 the number of senators rise up to 50 because only the half of the senators is elected every election. Before the 2017 election, Chile was the only country in the world where both seats in two-seat electoral districts are filled in the same election, after 2017, there are plurinominal districts. The

neg: Proportional representation implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats. The most widely used families of PR electoral systems are party list PR, the single transferable vote (STV), and mixed member proportional representation (MMP). With party list PR, political parties define candidate lists and voters vote for a list. The relative vote for each list determines how many candidates from each list are actually elected. Lists can be "closed" or "open"; open lists allow voters to indicate individual candidate preferences and vote for independent candidates. Voting districts can be small (as

neg: Regional Electoral Courts the political parties to the production of reports and electoral maps during the counting of the votes. The regional courts are responsible for the registration of voters, for the constitution of electoral districts and for reporting the results. The regional courts must also settle disputes regarding the elections and judge appeals to the decisions of the electoral judges. Each regional court has the freedom to make their own rules with regard to how these things are handled. Regional Electoral Courts Regional Electoral Court () is a level of the electoral court system in Brazil. The regional courts are in charge

neg: Alberta provincial electoral districts The abolished riding of Edmonton-Roper was named for CCF leader Elmer Roper. "* District has been abolished and re-established." Alberta provincial electoral districts Alberta provincial electoral districts are currently single member ridings that each elect one member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. There are 87 districts fixed in law in Alberta. The original twenty five districts were drawn up by Liberal Member of Parliament Frank Oliver prior to the first general election of 1905. The original boundaries were widely regarded as being gerrymandered to favor the Alberta Liberal Party. Every boundary redistribution since 1905 has been based on the

neg: Gerrymandering states into legislative districts as they wish According to Bradlee, the software was designed to "put power in people's hands," and so that they "can see how the process works, so it's a little less mysterious than it was 10 years ago." Several western democracies, notably Israel, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Slovenia employ an electoral system with only one (nationwide) voting district for election of national representatives. This virtually precludes gerrymandering. Other European countries such as Austria, the Czech Republic or Sweden, among many others, have electoral districts with fixed boundaries (usually one district for each administrative division). The number

neg: Maine's congressional districts Maine's congressional districts Maine is divided into 2 congressional districts, each represented by an elected member of the United States House of Representatives. Unlike every other US State except for Nebraska, Maine apportions two of its Electoral College votes according to congressional district, making each district its own separate battleground in US presidential elections. The districts are currently represented in the 113th United States Congress by 1 Republican and 1 Democrat. Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Maine, presented chronologically. All redistricting events that took place in Maine between 1973 and 2013 are shown.

neg: Electorates of the Australian states and territories Electorates of the Australian states and territories A State Electoral District is an electorate within the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories. Most state electoral districts (except the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting. The area of a state electoral district is dependent upon the Electoral Acts in the various states and vary in area between them. At present, there are 409 state electoral districts in Australia. State electoral districts do not

neg: The Sheo Yang Mission C.I.M. the stations are being reoccupied so far as it is possible to draft workers from other districts, but many more workers are needed. The following letter, written in May 1896 by Mr. T. W. Pigott, B.A., one of the martyred missionaries, should lead us all to a careful consideration of our duty in the light of Eternity : now, will make all the difference a few years hence. /page 16/ With Armenia before us we dare not count too much on future years. How suddenly the work was arrested there and the door shut against much hoped-for labour. Dr

neg: History of the provincial electoral map of Quebec History of the provincial electoral map of Quebec The province of Quebec, in Canada, elects members of Parliament at the federal level and members of the National Assembly at the provincial level. This article is about electoral districts (known as "electoral divisions" or "circonscriptions") at the provincial level, and how they have evolved over the years. The Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created, with 65 seats. The electoral districts for Quebec in 1867 were the same for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec and the federal House of Commons; they were the districts already in place for the pre-Confederation Legislative Assembly

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation 73 legislative districts in Taiwan, each with a representative in parliament elected by first-past-the-post. An additional 34 and 6 seats are elected by proportional voting and single non-transferable vote respectively, with a total of 113 seats. There are 550 seats elected from 85 electoral districts in Turkey to the Grand National Assembly. The districts generally correspond to Turkey's provincial divisions with the exception of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, which are divided into smaller districts owing to their large electorates. Voting last took place nationally across all of the below districts on 12 June 2011. In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary

neg: District a province. There are almost 400 districts in the country. Electoral districts are used in state elections. Districts were also used in several states as cadastral units for land titles. Some were used as squatting districts. New South Wales had several different types of districts used in the 21st century. In Austria, the word "Bezirk" is used with different meanings in three different contexts: Bangladeshi districts are local administrative units. In all, there are 64 districts in Bangladesh. Originally, there were 21 greater districts with several subdivisions in each district. In 1984, the government made all these subdivisions into districts.

neg: Electoral system of Turkey from 550 to 600. Due to this increase, several districts had more MPs. Ankara and Bursa divided into one more electoral district due to this increase. However, Bayburt is represented with one less MP in 2018, making it the only district with a single MP. A total of eight electoral districts had their number of MPs adjusted since the 2011 general election by the electoral council, as listed below. The two electoral districts of Ankara also had their boundaries changed. The number of voters in each province was announced on 17 May 2015. In total, there are 53,741,838 voters in

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation fixed seats are distributed into 29 multi-member districts ("valkretsar"). These follow county borders with the exception of the three largest counties, Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne, which are divided into two, five and four districts respectively. Counties are also divided into several districts for elections to the county councils, while municipalities above a certain size must be divided into several districts for the purpose of elections to the municipal assemblies. In Switzerland, the Canton of St. Gallen uses the "Wahlkreise" (constituency or electoral district) in place of the previous, and more usual, district. See . As of 2016, there are

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation represented by an elected Member of Parliament who sits at the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia called "Dewan Rakyat". With the exception of Federal Territory parliamentary seats, these constituencies are further divided into 505 state legislative assembly districts, whose representative will sit at their respective state legislative assembly. The state assembly seats are indicated as "N.xx". There are currently 13 electoral districts, each consist of various localities, although in some cases, localities are divided between districts in order to obtain a roughly equal spread of population. Each of these districts elects 5 members to parliament, using the single

neg: Electoral divisions of Vietnam huyện"; which could be rural districts ("huyện"), urban districts ("quận"), provincial cities ("thành phố thuộc tỉnh") or towns ("thị xã")). Each electoral unit is further subdivided into voting zones ("khu vực bỏ phiếu"). Two or three delegates would be elected from each electoral unit. Since 2011 there are 183 electoral units and 89,960 voting zones. 10 electoral units and 30 delegates 3 electoral units and 9 delegates 2 electoral units and 6 delegates 10 electoral units and 30 delegates 3 electoral units and 7 delegates Electoral divisions of Vietnam For electoral purpose, each province or municipality (the highest administrative division)

neg: Federal electoral districts of Mexico Federal electoral districts of Mexico The federal electoral districts (Spanish: "distritos electorales federales") of Mexico are the 300 constituencies or electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of federal elections. Each district returns one federal deputy ("diputado"), who sits in the Chamber of Deputies ("Cámara de Diputados"), the lower house of the Federal Congress. An additional 200 deputies are elected by proportional representation from the five electoral regions. Electoral districts are identified by Roman numerals and by federal entity (state or the Federal District). The number of electoral districts was set at 300 in 1979, when the

neg: Canadian provincial electoral districts ranging from just over half the size of each federal district (Quebec) to a seventh (PEI). Like their federal counterparts, Canadian provincial electoral districts are commonly called ridings. Canadian provincial electoral districts Canadian provincial electoral districts have boundaries that are non-coterminous with those of the federal electoral districts, except for districts in the province of Ontario, where districts outside Northern Ontario are coterminous. This means that, until the next Ontario general election (when the electoral district boundaries in Southern Ontario will be revised to become identical to those in the 2013 representation order), Ontario will be the only province whose

neg: 2014 Jersey general election 2014 Jersey general election General elections were held in Jersey on 15 October 2014, alongside a referendum on electoral reform. At the time of the election, the 49 members of the States consisted of three different types of members. The 29 deputies were elected from 18 districts; nine districts elected one deputy, five districts elected two deputies, two districts elected three deputies, and two districts elected four deputies, with voters able to cast as many votes as there were seats in their district. The 12 constables were elected, one from each of the 12 parishes, whilst the eight senators are

neg: Federal electoral districts of Mexico 7.1 million), with 21. The Federal District, with a population of 8.8 million, has 27. On 11 February 2005, the Federal Electoral Institute (now the National Electoral Institute) established the districts to be used in the 2006 general election and the 2009 mid-term election, in accordance with the following criteria: Under this scheme, the current electoral districts are the following: The numbers indicate the number of districts in each federal entity for federal elections between 2006 and 2015. Federal electoral districts of Mexico The federal electoral districts (Spanish: "distritos electorales federales") of Mexico are the 300 constituencies or electoral districts

neg: New Brunswick electoral redistribution, 2006 or for other reasons. These districts are denoted by an asterisk (*). The commission released its final report on February 20, 2006. The commission altered the boundaries of 20 of the 55 districts from its proposals in its preliminary report, though many of the changes were minor. It also changed the proposed names of three districts whose boundaries remained the same as in the preliminary report. There was some question as to whether or not these boundaries will be used in the next general election, there has been much media speculation that the government may fall by April 7, 2006

neg: Arrondissements of Belgium of at least one (administrative) arrondissement. There were previously 13 such electoral districts, but they have since been reduced to 11. Each of these electoral districts take their names from the arrondissements they consist of, usually decreasing in order of population. Arrondissements of Belgium Arrondissements of Belgium are subdivisions below the provinces of Belgium. There are administrative, judicial and electoral arrondissements. These may or may not relate to identical geographical areas. Belgium, a federalized state, geographically consists of 3 regions, of which only the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region are subdivided into five provinces each; the Brussels-Capital Region is

neg: Wasted vote with winner-take-all systems, as with the US Electoral College, multi-member constituencies may see the wasted vote reach or exceed 50%). Wasted votes are the basis for computing the "efficiency gap", a measure devised by University of Chicago law professor Nicholas Stephanopoulos and political scientist Eric McGhee in 2014. This statistic has been used to quantitatively assess the effect of gerrymandering, the assigning of voters to electoral districts in such a way as to increase the number of districts won by one political party at the expense of another. The heart of the computation is to add up, over all electoral

neg: History of the provincial electoral map of Quebec until 2012. See also: Quebec electoral map, 2001 The number of seats remained at 125. This set of electoral districts will be used in the following elections: 2012. See also: Quebec electoral map, 2011 History of the provincial electoral map of Quebec The province of Quebec, in Canada, elects members of Parliament at the federal level and members of the National Assembly at the provincial level. This article is about electoral districts (known as "electoral divisions" or "circonscriptions") at the provincial level, and how they have evolved over the years. The Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created, with 65 seats.

neg: Redistribution (election) Redistribution (election) Redistribution is the process, used in many Commonwealth countries, by which electoral districts are added, removed, or otherwise changed. Redistribution is a form of boundary delimitation that changes electoral district boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results. Redistribution is required by law or constitution at least every decade in most representative democracy systems that use first-past-the-post or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic malapportionment. The act of manipulation of electoral districts to favour a candidate or party is called gerrymandering. In Australia, redistributions are carried out by independent and non-partisan commissioners in the Commonwealth, and in each

neg: Canadian provincial electoral districts Canadian provincial electoral districts Canadian provincial electoral districts have boundaries that are non-coterminous with those of the federal electoral districts, except for districts in the province of Ontario, where districts outside Northern Ontario are coterminous. This means that, until the next Ontario general election (when the electoral district boundaries in Southern Ontario will be revised to become identical to those in the 2013 representation order), Ontario will be the only province whose population has greater representation at the federal level than at the provincial level (121 MPs compared to 107 MPPs). Otherwise, provincial electoral districts tend instead to be smaller,

neg: Paul Davis (Canadian politician) districts in the province by 10. Under the province’s current legislation a committee was supposed to be set up in 2016 to review electoral boundaries. Davis announced he was speeding up the process in order to reduce the number of districts before the next election, which is supposed to be called by September 2015. Currently there are 48 electoral districts in the province. His government expects that by reducing the number to 38 the government will save $10 million over four years. Along with reducing the number of electoral districts, the Davis government will also review MHA pension plans and

neg: Electoral districts of Sri Lanka Electoral districts of Sri Lanka The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka provides for the election of members of Parliament from 22 multi-member electoral districts through the proportional representation electoral system. All but two of the electoral districts are conterminous with their namesake administrative district. The two exceptions are Jaffna (which covers the administrative districts of Jaffna and Kilinochchi) and Vanni (which covers the administrative districts of Mannar, Mullaitivu and Vavuniya). The first general election which used these electoral districts was in 1989. According to the constitution the Parliament should consist of 225 seats (members): The constitution required the establishment of

neg: İstanbul (electoral districts) in terms of members elected. Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. İstanbul has the largest number of allocated seats and also the largest number of electoral districts within its provincial boundaries. The province's administrative districts ("ilçe") are divided among three electoral districts as follows: İstanbul (electoral districts) İstanbul is a Turkish province divided into three electoral districts of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects eighty-five members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same

neg: Timmins—James Bay (provincial electoral district) time, Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes. It consisted initially of: In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation seats are filled from closed national party lists. The other half are chosen from 13 electoral districts allowing open list voter choice. As seat distribution is calculated at the national level, each electoral district is not guaranteed to return a specific number of seats. Each marz is coterminous with an electoral district with the exceptions of Vayots Dzor and Syunik (which are merged into one) and the Yerevan capital region, which is divided into 4 electoral districts. In Australia, federal constituencies are officially termed "divisions", and their state counterparts "electoral districts". At both levels, though, they are popularly referred to

neg: United States Electoral College being selected by the statewide plurality vote. There are two versions of the congressional district method: one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska; another has been proposed in Virginia. Under the implemented congressional district method, the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states' congressional districts; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes. In 2013, a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia. This version would distribute Virginia's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia's congressional districts; the two statewide

neg: The Electoral Atlas of New South Wales to 18-year-olds in 1973. In both World Wars, special provisions were introduced to allow service personal to retain their electoral rights. The vote was also extended to service personal under the legal voting age. The first election was conducted under first past the post voting in districts returning between one and four Members. Voters had as many votes as there were vacancies to be filled. Like minded candidates in multi-Member districts would arrange a “bunch”, advocating a vote for a ticket of candidates. This voting method was retained for both the 1858 and 1880 Electoral Acts. However, the 1880 Act

neg: 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election election and that its rule remained provisional until its authority would be confirmed by the Constituent Assembly. 81 electoral districts ("okrugs") were formed by the Provisional Government. Electoral districts were generally set up on (pre-revolutionary) governorate or ethnic oblast boundaries. Moreover, there were electoral districts for the different army groups and fleets. There were also an electoral district assigned for the workers at the Chinese Eastern Railroad and an one electoral district for the soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France and the Balkans. No official electoral census exists. The estimated population of eligible voters at the time (excluding

neg: 2018 Lebanese general election allies, as well as the intricacies of Lebanon's confessional political system. In June 2017 a new electoral law was passed, replacing the previous system under which the 128 members of parliament were elected from 26 multi-member constituencies in which voters cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency and the candidates with the highest number of votes within each religious community were elected with a new electoral law instituting proportional representation in 15 multi-member constituencies while still maintaining the confessional distribution. However, the 7 out of the 15 of the electoral districts are divided into 2 or

neg: Local government in California of the rail service. There are at least 3,000 special districts, and possibly as many as 5,000, depending on how they are counted. Special districts spend over $26 billion each year (over $700 per person in California), though some significant amount of that is double-counted as some districts subsidize or purchase services from others. A partial list of the types of special districts includes: Local government in California California has an extensive and complicated system of local government that manages public functions throughout the state. Like most states, California is divided into counties, of which there are 58 (including San

neg: Osaka Prefectural Assembly fell two seats short of the outright majority it had won in the April 2011 election. As of 11 May 2016, the assembly was composed as follows: Changes to the electoral districts at the April 2015 election, there are 88 assembly members who are elected in 53 electoral districts, reduced from the 109 members who were elected at the 2011 election. Most districts cover one municipality or one ward of a designated major city (Osaka and Sakai), but some cover several wards or municipalities. The nine towns and one village within the prefecture are referred to by the district that

neg: İzmir (electoral districts) 13 per district. The province's administrative districts ("ilçe") are divided among two electoral districts as follows: İzmir (electoral districts) İzmir is a Turkish province divided into two electoral districts of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects twenty-six members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system. Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. İzmir is the third largest province in Turkey

neg: Administrative geography of the United Kingdom electorate into electoral districts for voting. It is the primary unit of British electoral geography. There are also many informal, historical and special purpose regional designations. Some such as the Highlands of Scotland have or have had, to some extent, formal boundaries. Others such as the London commuter belt are more diffuse. Some such as Snowdonia ("Eryri") have a formal boundary in some contexts; in this case as a National Park. Others such as The Fens of eastern England are quite distinctly defined by geography but do not form any official entity. Both Eurostat and the International Organization for Standardization

neg: Nipissing (provincial electoral district) consistently in the Legislative Assembly ever since. In 1996, Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes. They were redistributed whenever a readjustment took place at the federal level. In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001

neg: Thunder Bay—Superior North (provincial electoral district) from Port Arthur and Lake Nipigon in 1999 when Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes. They were redistributed whenever a readjustment took place at the federal level. In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the

neg: Croatian Parliament electoral districts Croatian Parliament electoral districts The Croatian Parliament electoral districts () are the special territorial subdivision of Croatia used for the country's parliamentary elections. Croatia has 12 electoral districts. Ten of these are geographical districts within Croatia, each providing 14 members of Croatian Parliament. District XI is for Croatian citizens living abroad, with 3 members of parliament (until 2011, it elected a maximum 12 members of parliament, depending on turnout). District XII is for national minorities, providing 8 members of parliament. The first ten districts are roughly based on geography, but shaped according to the number of voters so that each

neg: Algoma—Manitoulin (provincial electoral district) Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts, including Algoma—Manitoulin, are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten. This riding has elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario: Algoma—Manitoulin (provincial electoral district) Algoma—Manitoulin is a

neg: Electoral districts of Sri Lanka the criticism, saying that they were only doing what the constitution required them to do. Current allocation of seats. Historical allocation of seats. Electoral districts of Sri Lanka The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka provides for the election of members of Parliament from 22 multi-member electoral districts through the proportional representation electoral system. All but two of the electoral districts are conterminous with their namesake administrative district. The two exceptions are Jaffna (which covers the administrative districts of Jaffna and Kilinochchi) and Vanni (which covers the administrative districts of Mannar, Mullaitivu and Vavuniya). The first general election which used these

neg: Ankara (electoral districts) with the first district electing 16 MPs while the second district electing 15 MPs per district. The province's administrative districts ("ilçe") are divided among two electoral districts as follows: Ankara (electoral districts) Ankara is a Turkish province divided into three electoral districts of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects thirty-six members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system. Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or

neg: Parliament of Finland Since independence in 1917, no party has ever won the 101 seats needed for a majority. Instead, most Finnish governments have been coalitions formed by three or more parties. Many of them have been grand coalitions between parties with varying ideological backgrounds, as the socialist and non-socialist blocs usually do not win enough seats between them to govern on their own. The seats for each electoral district are assigned according to the d'Hondt method. Electoral districts were originally based on the historical lääni division of 1634, but there have been several subsequent changes. Although there is no set election threshold,

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation counties make up a separate electoral district. All municipalities have at least one electoral district in their local elections. In the 2005, 2009 and 2013 local elections, Tallinn had 8 electoral districts, one for each administrative district of the town. In 2009 Vändra Parish, which merged to Kaisma Parish, also had 2 electoral districts. In 2005 Suure-Jaani Parish, merged by 4 different parishes, had 4 electoral districts and Türi Parish had 2 electoral districts. Elections to the European Parliament whole country constitutes one electoral district. The Falkland Islands are divided into two constituencies, the Camp and Stanley which return three

neg: Electoral divisions of Chile determining senatorial constituencies has not been revised to reflect this change, so the list continues to be as follows: There are 64 provincial constituencies ("circunscripción provincial"). Each province constitutes a provincial constituency, except Valparaíso, Santiago, Cachapoal, Concepción and Cautín, which are divided into two, six, two, three and two constituencies, respectively. The number of regional advisors each constituency elects depends on its population. The following five provinces are divided into two to six provincial constituencies, each containing a number of communes: Electoral divisions of Chile Chile has two distinct electoral division systems: There are 60 electoral districts ("distrito electoral"). Each

neg: 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election for Maliki's State of Law Coalition alleged an election official has manipulated election results in favour of a rival candidate. Meanwhile, the Iraqi National Alliance voiced concerns that the US was trying to manipulate the country's election results. INA candidate Entifadh Qanbar told Press TV: "The concern is that how the ballots from each voting center are going to be processed in the computer center inside the Electoral Commission, the reason we are insisting on this issue is that we are afraid there is some sort of American intervention inside the Electoral Commission in processing these numbers and may be

neg: Parry Sound—Muskoka (provincial electoral district) Sherborne and Others (formerly Sherborne, McClintock, Livingstone, Lawrence and Nightingale) in the County of Haliburton. In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten.

neg: Sault Ste. Marie (provincial electoral district) were redistributed whenever a readjustment took place at the federal level. In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts, including Sault Ste. Marie, are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten.

neg: Districts of the Turks and Caicos Islands web site mentions two additional electoral districts on Providenciales, namely "Long Bay Hills" and "Richmond Hill", but without giving district numbers For the November 2012 elections the Electoral District Boundary Commission has delineated 10 Electoral districts: On August 14, 2012, Governor Roderic Todd signed into law the Electoral Districts (Boundaries Amendment) Ordinance. Districts of the Turks and Caicos Islands The Turks and Caicos Islands are divided into five administrative districts (one in the Turks Islands and four in the Caicos Islands), and the Island of Grand Turk; four of these are headed by District Commissioners, and Providenciales District is run

neg: South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission The South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission is responsible for the compulsory re-drawing of South Australian House of Assembly electoral districts before each South Australian election. Historically, there have been issues with 'fair' electoral boundaries in South Australia, especially in relation to the so-called Playmander. To produce 'fair' boundaries, the Commission has been required since the 1989 election to redraw boundaries after each election through a "fairness" provision with the objective that the party which receives over 50 percent of the statewide two-party vote at the forthcoming election should win the two-party vote in

neg: South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission it a very inexact science". Additionally, she had previously stated in 2010 "Had the Liberal Party achieved a uniform swing it would have formed Government. The Commission has no control over, and can accept no responsibility for, the quality of the candidates, policies and campaigns." South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission The South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission is responsible for the compulsory re-drawing of South Australian House of Assembly electoral districts before each South Australian election. Historically, there have been issues with 'fair' electoral boundaries in South Australia, especially in relation to the so-called Playmander. To produce 'fair' boundaries,

neg: Fair Boundaries of Utah Fair Boundaries of Utah Fair Boundaries of Utah is a non-partisan coalition of citizens whose major goal is "to set up a fair and independent redistricting commission and eliminate an obvious conflict of interest: elected officials drawing their own districts". Incumbents often modify political boundaries for their own personal advantage, without following any logical or established principle. The major areas of concern are the boundaries of Congressional Districts, State Senators, State Representatives, and School Districts. Presently in Utah the boundaries of the electoral districts (except those of the two US Senators) are often drawn at the will of the elected

neg: Electoral districts of Victoria 2005, 2001 and 1991. Electoral districts are: Some districts have been abolished and recreated, the incarnations are included as separate entries with a (1) or (2) etc. suffix.<br> This sortable table includes districts to be abolished or created at the election in November 2014. Electoral districts of Victoria For the purpose of electing members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, one of the two houses of the Parliament of the Australian State of Victoria, the State is divided into 88 single-member electoral districts, commonly referred to as "seats" or "electorates". The Legislative Assembly has had 88 electorates since the 1985 election,

neg: Social history of viruses few thousand cases per year, but by the 1950s there were 60,000 cases each year in the US alone and an average of 2,300 in England and Wales. During 1916 and 1917 there had been a major epidemic in the US; 27,000 cases and 6,000 deaths were recorded, with 9,000 cases in New York City. At the time nobody knew how the virus was spreading. Many of the city's inhabitants, including scientists, thought that impoverished slum-dwelling immigrants were to blame even though the prevalence of the disease was higher in the more prosperous districts such as Staten Island – a

neg: House of Representatives (Ceylon) districts and six appointed by the Governor-General. The members were known as ""Members of Parliament"". The six appointed members represented important interests which were not represented or inadequately represented in the House. The fourth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution increased the number of members to 157 (151 elected from 145 electoral districts and six appointed). The initial 89 electoral districts consisted of 84 single-member districts, four two-member districts (Ambalangoda-Balapitiya, Badulla, Balangoda and Kadugannawa) and one three-member district (Colombo Central). From March 1960 there were 145 electoral districts consisting of 140 single-member districts, four two-member districts (Akurana, Batticaloa, Colombo South and

neg: Parliament of Finland many electoral districts have become smaller in terms of population in recent decades, and some now elect as few as six representatives. This makes it harder for small parties to win MPs in these districts. MPs work in parliamentary groups ("eduskuntaryhmä"). The parliamentary groups correspond to political parties, although occasionally dissidents can be removed from the party group and form their own. There are currently 11 groups, of which two are one-man groups. A group generally tries to reach a unanimous decision on a common position. This position then defines voting in the parliamentary session proper according to party discipline.

neg: Croatian Parliament electoral districts by law to 5%, had grown to 25%. In April 2011 the parliament discussed a proposal to the effect, but no change was made in time for the 2011 elections. Croatian Parliament electoral districts The Croatian Parliament electoral districts () are the special territorial subdivision of Croatia used for the country's parliamentary elections. Croatia has 12 electoral districts. Ten of these are geographical districts within Croatia, each providing 14 members of Croatian Parliament. District XI is for Croatian citizens living abroad, with 3 members of parliament (until 2011, it elected a maximum 12 members of parliament, depending on turnout). District

neg: Sherbrooke there are only two districts in Brompton, which only has 6,314 inhabitants, whereas Fleurimont (pop. 40,824) has five. Sherbrooke has 21 districts total, for which the average population is 7,200 inhabitants. Sherbrooke is split into the federal electoral districts of Sherbrooke, represented by Pierre-Luc Dusseault of the New Democratic Party (NDP) and Compton—Stanstead, represented by Marie-Claude Bibeau of the Liberals. Provincially, Sherbrooke is divided into three electoral districts. Sherbrooke is represented by Christine Labrie of the Québec solidaire (QS), Saint-François is represented by Guy Hardy of the PLQ and Richmond is represented by Karine Vallières of the PLQ. In 2007,

neg: Redistribution (election) constituencies. Members of Boundary Commissions are political appointees. In the United States, redistribution occurs after each decennial census. Most states' legislative district redistributions are approved by the state legislature. Supreme Court rulings (such as the one man, one vote principle) require that legislative districts have roughly equal populations. Redistribution (election) Redistribution is the process, used in many Commonwealth countries, by which electoral districts are added, removed, or otherwise changed. Redistribution is a form of boundary delimitation that changes electoral district boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results. Redistribution is required by law or constitution at least every decade in

neg: Historical federal electoral districts of Canada Historical federal electoral districts of Canada This is a list of past arrangements of Canada's electoral districts. Each district sends one member to the House of Commons of Canada. In 1999 and 2003, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was elected using the same districts within that province. 96 of Ontario's 107 provincial electoral districts, roughly those outside Northern Ontario, remain coterminous with their federal counterparts. Federal electoral districts in Canada are re-adjusted every ten years based on the Canadian census and proscribed by various constitutional seat guarantees, including the use of a Grandfather clause, for Quebec, the Central Prairies and

neg: Historical federal electoral districts of Canada seats at any single redistribution since confederation. Historical federal electoral districts of Canada This is a list of past arrangements of Canada's electoral districts. Each district sends one member to the House of Commons of Canada. In 1999 and 2003, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was elected using the same districts within that province. 96 of Ontario's 107 provincial electoral districts, roughly those outside Northern Ontario, remain coterminous with their federal counterparts. Federal electoral districts in Canada are re-adjusted every ten years based on the Canadian census and proscribed by various constitutional seat guarantees, including the use of a Grandfather

neg: Electoral districts of South Australia over 75% of the state's population resides in the metropolitan area and has 72% of seats (34 of 47) alongside a lack of comparatively sized rural population centres, therefore the metropolitan area is crucial in deciding election outcomes. At the 2014 election for example, although the statewide two-party vote (2PP) was 47.0% Labor vs. 53.0% Liberal, the metropolitan area recorded a 2PP of 51.5% Labor v 48.5% Liberal. Since 1938, the South Australian House of Assembly has had single-member electoral districts. From 1938 to 1968 there were 39 districts. Since 1970 there have been 47 electoral districts. From 1857 to

neg: Electoral system is to simulate many elections with different electoral systems, and estimate the typical overall happiness of the population with the results, their vulnerability to strategic voting, their likelihood of electing the candidate closest to the average voter, etc. Electoral system An electoral system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Political electoral systems are organized by governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. Electoral systems consist of sets of rules that govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur,

neg: 1971 South Vietnamese parliamentary election divided into two districts. Voters had as many votes as there were seats to be filled. In single-member districts, this made the electoral system single-member plurality: in districts where there were more than one seat to be filled, this became the multiple non-transferable vote system. As voters in districts that elected more than one member had more than one vote, percentages may not add up to 100%. 1971 South Vietnamese parliamentary election Elections to the House of Representatives were held in South Vietnam on 29 August 1971. Only a few candidates were affiliated with political parties. Voter turnout was reported

neg: Electoral districts of South Australia Electoral districts of South Australia Since 1970, the South Australian House of Assembly (the "lower house") has consisted of 47 single-member electoral districts consisting of approximately the same number of enrolled voters. The district boundaries are regulated by the State Electoral Office, according to the requirements of the South Australian Constitution and are subject to mandatory redistributions by the State Electoral Office in order to respond to changing demographics. Electoral boundaries are adjusted after each election. The primary consideration is to attempt to ensure that the party that obtains 50% or more of the overall vote at a general election

neg: Lists of electoral districts by nation word for constituency is "kjördæmi". In India a constituency is an area, where people of this notified area elect their representative either to Lok Sabha or the state legislature or local governing bodies. India has a multi-tier democratic system. The apex legislative body of India which forms part of the Union government is Loksabha (lower house); then there are state legislatures, also called legislative assemblies (Vidhan Sabha), then Zilla Parishad, Taluk Panchayat and Grama Panchayat. Hence every area has a constituency under which it falls. For People's Representative Council (DPR), there are 80 multi-member electoral districts called "daerah pemilihan". Number

neg: Thunder Bay—Atikokan (provincial electoral district) districts, including Thunder Bay—Atikokan, are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten. Thunder Bay—Atikokan (provincial electoral district) Thunder Bay—Atikokan is a provincial electoral district in northwestern Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1999. The electoral district was created from Port Arthur, Fort William, Lake

neg: Electoral reform are also initiatives to end gerrymandering, a process by which state legislatures alter the borders of representative districts to increase the chances of their candidates winning their seats (cracking), and concentrating opponents in specific districts to eliminate their influence in other districts (packing). Some refer to the results of this process as "the candidates choosing their voters". Electoral reform Electoral reform is change in electoral systems to improve public desires are expressed in election results. That can include reforms of: In less democratic countries, elections are often demanded by dissidents; therefore the most basic electoral-reform project in such countries is

neg: Maine's 2nd congressional district When it became a state in 1820, Maine had seven congressional districts credited to it (Massachusetts including Maine had been given 20 districts after the 1810 Census). Since Maine became a state, all but two districts have been reallocated to other states. In US presidential elections, most states give all the state's electoral votes to the candidate that wins the statewide popular vote. This is a type of winner-takes-all voting. Maine and Nebraska instead use the congressional district method, where the winner in each of the state's congressional districts gets one electoral vote, and the statewide winner gets an additional

neg: Vancouver (electoral districts) Vancouver (electoral districts) This page is a listing of federal and provincial electoral districts located in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, and for ridings which include the name Vancouver in their title, including those on Vancouver Island among which was the original first-use of the riding-name Vancouver. For ridings in any of the suburbs other than North Vancouver and West Vancouver, please see New Westminster (electoral districts) (all other Lower Mainland ridings are descendants of the original New Westminster riding. Vancouver Island ridings not including the name "Vancouver" can be found on Vancouver Island (electoral districts). In Vancouver: Not

neg: 2003 Mississippi general election of Representatives and for the Senate, usually after the U.S. Census. There are no term-limits for members of the legislature. According to Article 5, Sections 140-41 of the state constitution, the governor and the other seven statewide officers are elected if they receive a majority of electoral votes and a majority of the direct total popular vote. A candidate wins an electoral vote by winning a plurality of the votes in a state house district; therefore, with there being 122 house districts, there are 122 electoral votes. When no candidate receives both majorities, the House of Representatives decides the election

neg: 1969 Somali parliamentary election control of 120 of the 123 seats. The electoral system used was a mixture of single-member plurality and party-list proportional representation. There were 48 electoral districts. In ten of them, only one member was elected, and thus the single-member plurality system was used. In the remaining districts, seats were distributed using party-list proportional representation and the Hare quota. The average number of members elected in a multi-member district was approximately three. 1969 Somali parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Somalia on 26 March 1969. A total of 64 parties contested the election, many of which had been formed shortly

neg: Administrative divisions of Singapore country's population into equal parts. Each CDC is managed by a Council, which in turn is headed by a mayor and has between 12 and 80 members. The members are appointed by the Chairman or Deputy Chairman of the People's Association. The role of the CDCs is to initiate, plan and manage community programmes to promote community bonding and social cohesion within local communities. The electoral boundaries of Singapore are relatively fluid, and are reviewed prior to each general election. The districts are composed of the constituencies and electoral districts (the latter as of the 2015 General Elections). There are

neg: 2018 Venezuelan presidential election to the last announcement of the elections. Both the time allotted for applications toward the Electoral Registry and the electoral campaigns were significantly reduced. To determine the electoral districts, the CNE must comply with the population estimates provided by the state-run , which in turn requires the approval of the National Assembly first. This step was omitted and the CNE published the districts for the legislative councils at its own discretion, without disclosing its process and without answering any complaints. On 26 March, the Peace and Justice Center (CEPAZ) denounced how the CNE changed the schedule of the 20 May

neg: Northern Ontario population, federal and provincial electoral districts in the region are almost all extremely large geographically. The federal electoral district of Sudbury and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie are the only ones that are comparable in size to an electoral district in Southern Ontario, while at the other extreme the districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay are both geographically larger than the entire United Kingdom. One consequence of this, for example, is that a politician who represents a Northern Ontario riding in the House of Commons of Canada or the Legislative Assembly of Ontario must typically

neg: Peaceful Revolution of the otherwise mostly unused voting booths. Electoral observers identified an estimate electoral turnout of around 60-80% in their voting spots and abstentions of between 3–30%. When Egon Krenz as Chairman of the Electoral Commission announced a 98.85% approval vote for the National Front candidates, this was viewed by many – not only by regime critics – as clear evidence of electoral fraud. There were districts in East Berlin where independent election observers at a selection of polling stations reported clearly counted more "no" votes than the official result for the entire area reported; a subsequent 1993 trial would find

neg: Gerrymandering of representatives for each district can change after a census due to population shifts, but their boundaries do not change. This also effectively eliminates gerrymandering. Additionally, many countries where the president is directly elected by the citizens (e.g. France, Poland, among others) use only one electoral district for presidential election, despite using multiple districts to elect representatives. Gerrymandering has not typically been considered a problem in the Australian electoral system largely because drawing of electoral boundaries has typically been done by non-partisan electoral commissions. There have been historical cases of malapportionment, whereby the distribution of electors to electorates was not

neg: New Westminster (electoral districts) to trace the lineage of the Lower Mainland ridings (other than those in Vancouver or the North Shore, which can be found on Vancouver (electoral districts): And all Vancouver, North Vancouver and West Vancouver ridings are "descendants" of the original New Westminster riding. New Westminster (electoral districts) New Westminster was the name, or part of the name, of several Canadian federal and provincial electoral districts. All provincial and federal ridings in the area of the Lower Mainland were part of the original New Westminster ridings. "Off-spring" ridings are indicated accordingly. The New Westminster riding originally included all of the Lower

neg: Administrative divisions of France Administrative divisions of France The administrative divisions of France are concerned with the institutional and territorial organization of French territory. These territories are located in many parts of the world. There are many administrative divisions, which may have political (local government), electoral (districts), or administrative (decentralized services of the state) objectives. All the inhabited territories are represented in the National Assembly, Senate and Economic and Social Council and their citizens have French citizenship. The French republic is divided into 18 regions: 12 in mainland France and 6 elsewhere (1 in Europe (Corsica), 2 in the Caribbean (The lesser Antilles) (Guadeloupe

neg: Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis Chapter XI of the constitution includes provisions relating to how the secession of Nevis would alter the constitution itself, additional functions of the Governor General, how to handle the resignation of various public officials, how words and phrases in the constitution are to be interpreted, and handling modifications of various provisions. Appended to the end of the constitution are six schedules which are referred to earlier in the document. They set forth instructions for things like determining constituencies (or electoral districts), alterations to the constitution should Nevis succeed, oaths of office, and legislative powers, among other things. Constitution of Saint