query: when was the first tank used in ww1

pos: Tanks in World War I Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the Battle of the Somme) on 15 September 1916, with mixed results; many broke down, but nearly a third succeeded in breaking through. Of the forty-nine tanks shipped to the Somme, only thirty-two were able to begin the first attack in which they were used and only nine made it across "no man's land" to the German lines. The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design was mature enough (against Churchill's and Ernest Swinton's wishes) and the number was small but their use gave important feedback on how to design newer tanks, the

neg: Tiger II US designs and was put into production in the WW1 Saint-Chamond tank and the post-WW1 FCM Char 2C. The Porsche suspension components were later used on a few of the later "Jagdtiger" tank destroyers. Another proposal was to use hydraulic drives. Dr. Porsche's unorthodox designs gathered little favour. Henschel won the design contract, and all Tiger IIs were produced by the firm. Two turret designs were used in production vehicles. The initial design is often misleadingly called the Tiger II (P), after the "Porsche" turret due to the belief that it was designed by Porsche for their prototype; in fact

neg: Tanks in the German Army or armament troubles. After a counterattack, three ended up in Allied hands. One was unusable and scrapped, one used for shell testing by the French, and the third captured by the Australians when the Infantry moved forward and dragged it back to their lines, the Germans still being in a position in sight of the tank and firing at them. The tank name,"Mephisto" of this captured A7V is painted on the end facing of the box-shaped tank chassis serial number 506, as almost all German tanks in WW1 were given individual names. The A7V was not considered a success and

neg: Sleeve valve car's name. Six-cylinder Daimler sleeve valve engines were used in the first British tanks in WW1, up to and including the Mark IV. As a result of the tendency of the engines to smoke and hence give away the tank positions, Harry Ricardo was brought in, and devised a new engine which replaced the sleeve valve starting with the Mark V tank. Among the companies using Knight's technology were Avions Voisin, Daimler (1909–1930s) including their V12 Double Six, Panhard (1911–39), Mercedes (1909–24), Willys (as the Willys-Knight, plus the associated Falcon-Knight), Stearns, Mors, Peugeot, and Belgium's Minerva company that was forced

neg: Doble steam car suing Abner for patent infringement, whereupon Abner left Detroit for California. John Doble died of lymphatic cancer at the age of 28 in 1921, and the surviving brothers reunited in Emeryville, California, setting up under the name of Doble Steam Motors. They managed to solve most of the remaining engineering problems and added even more innovations which increased the cars' acceleration and reliability. During WW1 Doble's Detroit steam motors were used in two prototype tanks. One was the Holt Manufacturing Company steam powered tank. This tank underwent trials in February 1918, but no further models were made. The other was

neg: Medium Tank M1921 23 tons. One tank was made, and the tank was tested, but found wanting in regards to the power train. The tank resulted in a further developed tank, the M1922, produced a year later. The tank was tested until 1926, after which its whereabouts were not known. Medium Tank M1921 The Medium Tank M1921 was a medium tank built in the United States in the inter-war period. In design, it was similar to earlier WW1 era tanks. United States Army engineers worked on the design of the tank, with some influence from British designs of the period, and from the

neg: Medium Tank M1921 Medium Tank M1921 The Medium Tank M1921 was a medium tank built in the United States in the inter-war period. In design, it was similar to earlier WW1 era tanks. United States Army engineers worked on the design of the tank, with some influence from British designs of the period, and from the earlier war experience. One example was produced. The tank was an early example of a turreted US tank, less usual at the time, with the turret housing the main gun, with the tank also possessing two machine guns for defence. The US Army developed the tank with

neg: David Jenkins (rugby league) on the tour. The team and officials returned to the UK on RMS ‘Rangitiki' ‘Jenkins would tackle anything from a charging elephant to a whippet tank (a small, fast tank of WW1) Dai Jenkins said "his greatest football thrill was at Huddersfield in the 1947 Cup semi-final v Wakefield, when Leeds won through to Wembley" Dai was the son of Richard Jenkins and wife Rachel (nee Howells) who married 1909 (Q3) in Pontypridd Registration district. David’s siblings included sisters Margaret (b1910) Deilwen (b1920) and brothers Elwyn (b 1925) and Venner (b 1927). His father, Richard, played Rugby League for Hull

neg: Tanks in the Italian Army the war, due to a lack of tanks. France sent over the 100 of the FT-17 tanks and 20 of the Schneider CA tanks were sent by France to Italy in 1918. The only other solution at the time was to begin production of original designs. The order to design and produce the first Italian tanks was accepted by the FIAT automobile company in 1916. The Fiat 2000 - Model 17 was conceived by Fiat as a private venture in October 1916 and some feel the finest heavy tank built in WW1. The first prototype was ready in June 1917.

neg: Hill 60 (Ypres) divisions were repulsed during 28 May, which reduced the two 5th Division brigades to each and exhausted the artillery ammunition of I Corps. The division held the "Dunkirk corridor" open for another day, which saved II Corps and the rest of the BEF. Thousands more troops were able to withdraw into the Dunkirk perimeter and the 5th Division then moved to the Yser with the 42nd Division, to fill the gap left when the Belgian army capitulated. During this action the large WW1 constructed observation bunker was also badly damaged by German PAK anti tank gun munitions and the Queen

neg: Siegfried Line Siegfried Line The term Siegfried Line refers to two different German defensive lines, one during the First World War and the other during the Second World War. The original was a line of forts and tank defences built by Germany in northern France during 1916–17, known in German as the Siegfriedstellung ("Siegfried Position"). The British referred to it as the "Hindenburg Line", a name subsequently adopted by the rest of the Allies. After WW1 the German Fortifications East of the Rhein were required to be demolished due to the Treaty of Versailles. The second, commonly known in German as the

neg: Wargaming (company) fought at the Battle of Jutland: the WW1 cruiser "HMS Caroline". To congratulate Russians on Navy Day, Wargaming created a PortHub augmented reality mobile app that allowed users take snapshots with warships. As part of the 100 Years of Tanks celebration, Wargaming presented the "Virtually inside the First Tanks 360°" video that featured a walkthrough of Bovington's collection of early tanks, enhanced by World of Tanks in-game scenes of the Mark I, and the free Tank 100 mobile app. The latest series in its range of 360° videos, "Virtual Inside the Warships", is set to debut soon and will feature

neg: Fürth Airfield Fürth Airfield Fürth Airfield is a former military airfield located in Germany about 2 miles north-northeast of Fürth (Bavaria); approximately 200 miles south-southwest of Berlin. In WW1 der was a Training Center of the Royal Bavarian Air Force. In the 1920s it was the first international Airport of the Cities Nürnberg and Fürth. The importance of the airport increased further when Junkers transferred first its central repair workshop, and then the final assembly line for its F-13 and G-24 aircraft from Dessau to Fürth. In 1935 it became again an Airfield of the Luftwaffe. The airfield was used during World

neg: Pontoon bridge enabled use as boats when not needed as pontoons. Side carrying handles helped transportation. The new pontoon proved strong enough to support loaded elephants and siege guns as well as military traction engines. The British Blood Pontoon MkII, which took the original and cut it into two halves, was still in use with the British Army in 1924. The First World War saw developments on "trestles" to form the link between a river bank and the pontoon bridge. Some infantry bridges in WW1 used any material available, including petrol cans as flotation devices. The Kapok Assault Bridge for infantry was

neg: Valentine tank majority of those used in the desert campaigns. The gearbox was a 5-speed, 1-reverse Meadows; improved tracks were added to later marks. The Valentine was extensively used in the North African Campaign, earning a reputation as a reliable and well-protected vehicle, which replaced the Matilda tank. The first Valentines went in action with the 8th Royal Tank Regiment in Operation Crusader. The tank first served in Operation Crusader in the North African desert, when it began to replace the Matilda Tank. Due to a lack of cruisers, it was issued to armoured regiments in the UK from mid-1941. The Valentine

neg: Fort Sherman the US's first operationally deployed early warning radar when an SCR-270 was installed there in 1941. The fort contained the following batteries During WW1 supplemental shore batteries were added on or near Fort Sherman using field pieces. After the decommissioning of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps the forested area was used by the United States Army South (USARSO) Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC). JOTC was founded in 1951 to train both US and allied Central American forces in jungle warfare, with an enrollment of about 9,000 a year. The JOTC also taught a 10-day Air Crew Survival Course, open

neg: 6th Royal Tank Regiment 6th Royal Tank Regiment The 6th Royal Tank Regiment (6 RTR) was a regiment of the Royal Tank Regiment, of the British Army, until 1959. It originally saw action as 6th Battalion Tank Corps in 1917. When tanks were first used in action in 1916, they were operated by the Heavy Branch of the Machine Gun Corps. This constituted six companies, A through F. With the rapid growth of the tank forces, these companies were used as the cadre of new battalions, which were quickly transferred to the newly formed Tank Corps, and then changed from letters to numbers. F

neg: Tanks in the Soviet Union tank is often referred to as the T-37, although that designation was used by a different tank which never left the prototype stage. The T-37A was the first series of mass-produced fully amphibious tanks in the world. The tank was first created in 1932, based on the British Vickers tankette and other operational amphibious tanks. The tank was mass-produced starting in 1933 up until 1936, when it was replaced with the more modern T-38, based on the T-37A. Overall, after four years of production, 2552 T-37A's were produced, including the original prototypes. In the Red Army, they were used to

neg: T-37A tank T-37A tank The T-37A was a Soviet amphibious light tank. The tank is often referred to as the T-37, although that designation was used by a different tank which never left the prototype stage.The T-37A was the first series of mass-produced fully amphibious tanks in the world. The tank was first created in 1932, based on the British Vickers tankette and other operational amphibious tanks. The tank was mass-produced starting in 1933 up until 1936, when it was replaced with the more modern T-38, based on the T-37A. Overall, after four years of production, 2552 T-37A’s were produced, including the

neg: Zenith Motorcycles the word "Barred" to their advertising and logo. The Gradua system was replaced by the now-standard gearbox and chain transmission in 1924. In 1914, the factory moved to larger premises, close to the Brooklands race track, at the old East Moseley Mill near Weybridge, Surrey. As WW1 rapidly approached, the factory turned its attention to commercial sidecar outfits, ostensibly to replace the horses commandeered by the military. After WW1, racing and endurance trials occupied much of Freddie Barnes' interest. Zenith motorcycles used engines from various suppliers including Precision, Villiers, Bradshaw, Martlett, British Anzani, Fafnir, and JAP. Zenith was a relatively

neg: Motor Rail was reported in 1918 to have been "designed by Mr Abbott, in conjunction with W.H. Dorman Ltd of Stafford", which could explain why the company exclusively used this engine. The same article states that the WW1 production of the Dixon-Abbott gearbox was contracted out to David Brown Ltd. of Huddersfield. With over 900 such locomotives supplied to the WD and MoM, post-WW1 the resultantly large and cheap supply of these trench tractors opened up the use of internal combustion engine powered locomotives to many new and existing applications, where steam engines were either too heavy or too expensive thus allowing

neg: Bladder tank may produce is completely sealed within the tank. Contaminants cannot enter a properly sealed tank. Bladder tanks have many practical applications and can be found in agriculture, industry, civil protection, military and humanitarian organisations. Bladder tank A bladder tank is a large, flexible container used to store many types of liquids. When maximum capacity is reached, the bladder tank takes the form of a large pillow, hence it is also called a pillow tank. The first flexible bladder tank was constructed out of polyester and PVC in Alger (Africa) in the 1950s. It was invented by André Labaronne (patent N°1.460.825,

neg: .280 Ross Ballistically, the .280 Ross cartridge's performance was broadly comparable to that of the more modern .280 Remington / 7 mm Express Remington and 7×64mm. It works well on all North American game when used with an appropriate bullet. Once the Ross rifle company went out of business after WW1, the cartridge was orphaned as no one else chambered rifles for it. As a commercially manufactured item this cartridge has been obsolete for some years, because of the inappropriate bullets often used in it originally, as well as problems associated with the Ross rifle that it was normally chambered in. Handloaders

neg: Coco López most piña coladas (pineapple mixed with coconuts) used Coco López to bring out the coconut flavor. Nowadays, various other coconut drinks are also used when making piña coladas. Coco López is sold in fifty countries on several continents. It was marketed for years in the United States via a television commercial showing a man wearing a tuxedo mixing piña coladas with the product, and the final shot of the commercial showing that he has a giant can of Coco Lopez for a head. Ramon Lopez the creator of coco Lopez was a WW1 veteran. He served as a corporal in

neg: Armoured warfare a significant breakthrough in tank design was achieved in the Soviet Union when the T-64 was produced which for the first time used an automatic loader, reducing the crew of the tank to three crewmen. Subsequently, this model, and the later T-72 and T-80 tanks introduced further innovations that influenced armoured warfare by introducing guided missiles into the tank ammunition mix, allowing ATGW fire from standard tank guns. The Soviet Union was also one of the countries that used two Main Battle Tanks: The high-quality T-80s and lower quality T-72s. Modern Soviet tanks, like the ones mentioned, are typically armed

neg: United States Marine Corps Scout (Tank) and Sniper Company United States Marine Corps Scout (Tank) and Sniper Company The United States Marine Corps Scout and Sniper companies and the Scouts (Tank) companies of the tank battalions were the first among the division's reconnaissance assets. They existed around the same exact moment when 1st and 2nd Marine Division were created. In 1941, each regiment had a scout and sniper platoon. They were assigned to the regimental Headquarters and Service Company. These companies were used in variety of tasks and, on occasion in severe combat, were used as "spare" rifle companies. When 6th Marine Division deactivated after the end of World

neg: Richard Hugh Stotherd (1862-19/10/1915) died of wounds in France Another son Lt. Col. Edward A W Stotherd b:c. 1864 in Canada also fought in WW1. He died aged 75 in 1939 Lynette Saunders (Fallon) born Walton hospital England on 8 December 1966 is 3rd great granddaughter and resides in Australia with her children Emma, Daniel, Joshuah Parr and husband Tank commander Lcpl Paul Saunders of 1st Armoured regiment. Richard Hugh Stotherd Richard Hugh Stotherd (1828–1895) was a British Army officer, a major-general in the Royal Engineers and the director-general of the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom, The son of General Richard J.

neg: Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia planes. A major risk to all air fire operations is reduced visibility due to dust, smoke, fog and even low cloud. It was reported as early as 22 March 1945 that visibility was reduced to zero and all RAAF reconnaissance aircraft were grounded with the result that a fire near Toolangi reached a considerable size before being detected. Aerial photography can be traced back to 1858 but matured during WW1 with the discovery that vertical photos taken with 60% overlap could be used to create a three-dimensional effect when viewed in a stereoscope. Aerial photography was used extensively to map

neg: Anti-tank warfare the weapon, although the USMC used Boys anti-tank rifles in the Pacific Theater. However, the anti-tank rifle remained in Soviet use during the conflict due to the importance it occupied in its doctrine of anti-tank in-depth defense, first demonstrated during the defense of Moscow and again during the Kursk battles. This became particularly true later in the war when the Red Army assumed an almost constant offensive, and anti-tank in-depth defensive deployments were used for protecting flanks of the operational breakthroughs against German tactical counterattacks. By firing on the lighter armored infantry and support vehicles (e.g. artillery tractors) the anti-tank

neg: Bladder tank Bladder tank A bladder tank is a large, flexible container used to store many types of liquids. When maximum capacity is reached, the bladder tank takes the form of a large pillow, hence it is also called a pillow tank. The first flexible bladder tank was constructed out of polyester and PVC in Alger (Africa) in the 1950s. It was invented by André Labaronne (patent N°1.460.825, 19 October 1965) and marketed under the brand CITAF (Citernes pour l’agriculture Française). Flexible bladder tanks are made with high resistance PVC material and are welded with high frequency (HF) soldering techniques. The bladder

neg: Ammunition column From the start of World War One, as they were 'newly' established, BEF/Dominion 'Infantry’ Divisions came to be assigned a 'Divisional Artillery' of three Field Artillery Brigades and one (Field) Howitzer Brigade, each Brigade having four batteries and a ‘Brigade Ammunition Column’. The British Army Divisional Artillery pre WW1 included an additional Heavy 60-pounder Battery. A Cavalry Division had two Horse Artillery Brigades each with 12 × 13-pdr Guns. As warfare progressed and the tank was introduced the demands of ammunition supply to armoured formations called for the development of like structures. Ammunition Columns, Brigade or Divisional, were officered and

neg: 6th Royal Tank Regiment saw action during the Suez crisis in 1956, where HQ, B and C Squadrons were landed to support Operation Musketeer. In 1948, the Regiment was located at Scofton aerodrome, Notts, training TA's from 45 Leeds Rifles. In 1959 it was amalgamated with 3rd Royal Tank Regiment 6th Royal Tank Regiment The 6th Royal Tank Regiment (6 RTR) was a regiment of the Royal Tank Regiment, of the British Army, until 1959. It originally saw action as 6th Battalion Tank Corps in 1917. When tanks were first used in action in 1916, they were operated by the Heavy Branch of the

neg: Aces High (film) depicted, No. 76 Squadron, (which was actually stationed in England throughout the war and never saw combat during WW1), is loosely based on No. 56 Squadron, one of the notable S.E.5 squadrons. The airfield facilities, barracks and motor transport are authentic looking First World War era equipment and the aircraft flown, although not real S.E.5s but converted Stampe SV.4s, similar enough and the camouflage used authentic. There is a real Avro 504 used in the film. The "German" aircraft in the film were all adapted post-First World War aircraft except for a replica Fokker E-III which appears in combat with

neg: Margery Spring Rice (Edward) Dominick Spring Rice in 1919 after her first husband Captain (Charles) Edward Coursolles Jones was killed during WW1. Edward and Margery divorced in 1936. After WW1, Spring Rice became involved with the inception of the League of Nations working as first Secretary to the League of Nations Society (later to become part of the League of Nations Union). Later she would work as Hon. Treasurer of the Women's National Liberal Federation. In 1924 Spring Rice became involved with the issues of poverty and access to birth control within the borough of North Kensington through the instigation of a friend

neg: Ammunition always include a projectile (the only exception being demonstration/blank rounds), fuze and propellant of some form. When a cartridge case is not used, there will be some other method of containing the propellant explosion, usually a breech-loading weapon. Tank ammunition was developed in WWI as tanks first appeared on the battlefield. However, as tank-on-tank warfare developed (including the development of anti-tank artillery), more specialized forms of ammunition were developed such as high-explosive anti-tank warheads and armor-piercing discarding sabot rounds. The development of shaped charges has had a significant impact on anti-tank ammunition design, now common on both tank-fire ammunition and

neg: Separate tank battalion be broken down even further when required, with each of the three tank platoons of a medium tank company being assigned to one of the regiment's three infantry battalions. When breaking out of the Bocage in Normandy, the smallest possible combination—a single tank operating with a nine man infantry squad—was often used. The light tank company was seldom used in direct infantry support missions, and usually served in a screening role or to augment the division's cavalry reconnaissance squadron in their operations. This was due to the severe limitations of the M5 Stuart light tank, which, by 1944, was under-gunned

neg: Holt tractor the war. Early designs of WW1 French and German tanks were based on Holt tractors. There were at least three models used for military purposes: the Holt 75, the Holt 120 and to a lesser extent the Holt 60. The Holt 75 was first produced in 1913. It used two tracks for steering. It had a maximum speed of and had a gasoline engine. In addition to US production 442 Holt 75s were built in Britain by Ruston & Hornsby in Lincoln. Production of the Holt 75 was to continue post war until 1924. The model had a tiller-type steering

neg: Romer computer or by finding a website with instructions. Invented in 1915 by Temporary Lieutenant (later Captain) Carrol Romer, MC, RE (1883-1951), then “Maps”, First Army: i.e. OC Maps and Printing Section, such Reference Cards were widely used by the British Army in WW1 and after, being described in a Maps GHQ booklet "Maps and Artillery Boards" in December 1916: the name "Romer" seems only to have been used officially from 1929. A version was later developed for car navigational rallies by car rally partners Eric Gardner and John Cridford during the early 1950s, the 'Garford Romer' was available for both

neg: Armoured fighting vehicles of the Irish Army from the Vickers Medium Mark II tank but had a more powerful, water cooled, rear mounted, 6-cylinder Sunbeam Amazon petrol engine, developing 170 bhp at 2100 rpm and a 6 pdr gun was fitted. As many as four Vickers .303 machine guns could be fitted. When the tank was scrapped in 1940 the 6 pounder gun was removed and used as an anti-tank weapon. The first Irish Landsverk L60 light tank was delivered in 1935 and joined Ireland's only other tank the Vickers Mk. D in the 2nd Armoured Squadron. The second Landsverk L60 arrived in 1936. They were both

neg: F1 grenade (France) F1 grenade (France) The F-1 grenade is a hand grenade mass-produced by France during and after WW1, used en masse in the majority of European countries throughout the First World War and Second World War. The F-1 grenade was first put into mass production by the French State in 1915 during the First World War. In May 1915 the first of the F1 grenades (fusante No. 1) appeared in the French military, in limited quantities. This new weapon inherited from the experience of the first months of the war: the shape was made to be more modern, with an external

neg: F1 grenade (France) the grenade was named after its shape and familiarity to the British No. 16 lemon grenade, and other suggesting that the grenade was named after its French designer, Leman. F1 grenade (France) The F-1 grenade is a hand grenade mass-produced by France during and after WW1, used en masse in the majority of European countries throughout the First World War and Second World War. The F-1 grenade was first put into mass production by the French State in 1915 during the First World War. In May 1915 the first of the F1 grenades (fusante No. 1) appeared in the French

neg: Mark IV tank Mark IV tank The Mark IV (pronounced "Mark four") was a British tank of the First World War. Introduced in 1917, it benefited from significant developments of the Mark I tank (the intervening designs being small batches used for training). The main improvements were in armour, the re-siting of the fuel tank and ease of transport. A total of 1,220 Mk IV were built: 420 "Males", 595 "Females" and 205 Tank Tenders (unarmed vehicles used to carry supplies), which made it the most numerous British tank of the war. The Mark IV was first used in mid 1917 at the

neg: Tank steering systems the steering system, in some designs the tank can be turned even when the main gearbox is not engaged. The limitation on this feature is the strength of the steering shaft, which has to be strong enough to move the tank if this feature is desired, but otherwise can be made lighter if this is not needed. Double differentials were first used in experiments in France starting in 1921, and found on many heavy tanks of World War II, including the German Tigers. The addition of a continuously variable output using a hydrostatic transmission was used on the Char B1,

neg: Lincolnshire Coast Light Railway wagon has been returned to its original appearance, apart from the addition of a safety rail above the sides and ends of the vehicle and the inclusion of a small door in one of the drop sides of the wagon for the loading and unloading of passengers and wheelchairs. Seating is provided in the form of boxes resembling WW1 ammunition boxes secured around the sides of the vehicle. The platform at Wall's Lane (former Lakeview) station has been extended and upgraded to accommodate a two-coach train and provide disabled access to the trains. A water tank has been installed to

neg: Australian War Memorial accompanied by an audio-visual experience. they are from West to East. Mephisto, the sole surviving German WW1 Tank is currently on display in ANZAC Hall while on temporary loan from the Queensland Museum. The building is large and the collections are extensive; a full day will suffice for only the most cursory examination of its contents, the conservative estimate is a minimum of three days is required to see every single item on display gallery item to gain any recollection. A gift shop and two coffee shops are on site, one overlooking ANZAC Hall, named "The Landing Place", and the

neg: Tanks in World War I technologically advanced tank of its day. Its very complexity ensured it being produced too late to participate in World War I and in the very small number of just ten, but it was the first tank with a three-man turret; the heaviest to enter service until late in World War II and still the largest ever operational. French production at first lagged behind the British. After August 1916 however, British tank manufacture was temporarily halted to wait for better designs, allowing the French to overtake their allies in numbers. When the French used tanks for the first time on 16

neg: Sandbag longer than burlap and are hence preferable for long-term use. However, the vast majority of sandbags used by modern military and for flood prevention are made of circular woven polypropylene. Some of the WW1 memorial trenches were rebuilt with concrete sandbags after the First World War—although criticized as looking unnatural, they have lasted well. In WW2 in Great Britain, some aircraft revetments and pillboxes were made from concrete filled sandbags, again these have lasted well. Sandbags have been used since at least the late 18th century. For example, British loyalists used sandbag and log fortifications in the 1781 Siege of

neg: Woodside, Dudley Railway and The South Staffordshire line between 1852 and 1993. The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway was closed to all traffic in 1968 and the South Staffordshire Line was closed in sections. From Lichfield to Walsall in 1984 and Walsall to Brierley Hill in 1993. Which meant that Harts Hill which closed to passengers in 1916 due to WW1 never reopened continued to be used for freight traffic and diverted traffic until 1993 when the line was closed from Walsall through Wednesbury, Great Bridge, Dudley Port, Dudley, Blowers Green and Harts Hill. With Round Oak, Brierley Hill, Brettell Lane and

neg: Dawes Plan classes, of which only 50 billion gold marks was required to be paid). Meanwhile, the industrialists of Germany's Ruhr Valley, who had lost their factories in Lorraine (Germany had seized Lorraine in 1870 and it went back to France after WW1), demanded hundreds of millions of marks as compensation from the German government. Despite having large obligations under the Versailles Treaty, the German government paid the Ruhr Valley industrialists for their losses. This contributed significantly to the hyperinflation that followed. During the first five years after WW1, coal was scarce in Europe. France sought coal for its steelmakers from Germany.

neg: Light Tank Mk VI the commander's cupola was removed and replaced with a hatch in the turret roof. When the Mk VI was first produced in 1936, the Imperial General Staff considered the tank to be superior to any light tank produced by other nations, and well suited to the dual roles of reconnaissance and colonial warfare. Like many of its predecessors, the Mark VI was used by the British Army to perform imperial policing duties in British India and other colonies in the British Empire, a role for which it and the other Vickers-Armstrongs light tanks were found to be well suited. When

neg: IS tank family with 5-baffle muzzle brake and 14.5 mm machine gun. This was the last Soviet heavy tank to enter service. When the advanced T-64 MBT became available it replaced the T-10 in front line formations. The IS-2 tank first saw combat in early 1944. IS-2s were solely assigned to the Red Army's elite Guards Heavy Tank Regiments, with one regiment having a total of 21 IS-2 tanks, spread out across four individual companies that are provided with five tanks each, with the remaining one being used by the regimental commander. These special tank regiments were reserved for specific combat purposes and

neg: Heterophoria under heavy criticism during WW1 for its lack of accuracy however it was discovered that operators had simply allowed too much light in the test room and had used a light source that was too bright. Even low levels of light stimulate fusion which is why it is imperative to perform the test with the minimum amount of light in order for the patient to observe a misalignment. Heterophoria Heterophoria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position, when "not" performing binocular fusion, are not the same as each other, or, "not

neg: TOG2 suspension and went through successful trials in May 1943. No further development occurred, although a revised version, the TOG 2 (R) was proposed. The 'R' would have been shorter, used torsion bar suspension and had no sponsons. The TOG 2 can be seen at The Tank Museum. TOG2 The Tank, Heavy, TOG II* was a prototype British tank design produced in the early part of the Second World War in case the battlefields of northern France devolved into a morass of mud, trenches and craters as had happened during the First World War. When this did not happen the tank

neg: History of the tank History of the tank The history of the tank began in World War I, when armoured all-terrain fighting vehicles were first deployed as a response to the problems of trench warfare, ushering in a new era of mechanized warfare. Though initially crude and unreliable, tanks eventually became a mainstay of ground armies. By World War II, tank design had advanced significantly, and tanks were used in quantity in all land theatres of the war. The Cold War saw the rise of modern tank doctrine and the rise of the general-purpose main battle tank. The tank still provides the backbone to

neg: Hawkins grenade Hawkins grenade " The Grenade, Hand, Anti-tank, No. 75, also known as the Hawkins grenade was a British anti-tank hand grenade used during World War II. It was one of a number of grenades developed for use by the British Army and Home Guard in the aftermath of the Dunkirk evacuation. The grenade first appeared in 1942, and was designed to be more versatile than previous grenades, such as the Grenade, Hand, Anti-tank No. 73 and the Grenade, Hand, Anti-Tank, No. 74. It was rectangular in shape, about in length and in width, and contained approximately of explosive. When a

neg: General Aircraft Hamilcar 1946. Hamilcars were only used on three occasions, and only in support of British airborne forces. They first saw action in June 1944, when approximately thirty were used to carry 17-pounder anti-tank guns, transport vehicles and Tetrarch light tanks into Normandy in support of British airborne forces during Operation Tonga. In September 1944 a similar number of Hamilcars were used to transport anti-tank guns, transport vehicles and supplies for airborne troops as part of Operation Market Garden. They were used a third and final time in March 1945 during Operation Varsity, when they transported M22 Locust light tanks and other

neg: Te Puea Herangi roundly abused by all the elders of the kingitanga. Te Puea's support base was mainly with the lower Waikato tribes initially-she was a minor figure for up river iwi such as Maniapoto. Because of Waikato's anti government stance on conscription during WW1 and Te Puea's personal involvement in hiding conscripts, she was not a popular figure with government or local pakeha after WW1. Because of the German background of her father Te Puea was often accused of being a traitor. After WW1, farmers were reluctant to offer Kingites work and during the Royal visit of the Prince of Wales the

neg: Tanks in the Soviet Union due to the Soviet Union's shortage of 37 mm ammunition. The T-60 was also used in the design of the experimental T-90 antiaircraft tank. This project switched to the T-70 light tank and was finally cancelled without any production. The T-70 light tank was used by the Red Army during World War II, replacing both the T-60 scout tank for reconnaissance and the T-50 light infantry tank for infantry support. The T-80 light tank was a more advanced version of the T-70 with a two-man turret—it was only produced in very small numbers when light tank production was abandoned. The

neg: Canon de 145 L modele 1916 Saint-Chamond slightly shorter (L/48.5), barrels were constructed by the Fonderie de Ruelle and mounted on a Saint-Chamond carriage. The barrels were delivered in 145mm calibre with an option to bore them out to 155mm when they wore out although this wasn't done during WW1. The box trial was fairly conventional except for a pair of semi-circular plates at the front of the carriage. Because the gun used the cradle, recoil and recuperators of the Naval gun there was some residual recoil which was not absorbed by the carriage. The practice was to place a pair of inclined ramps under the circular

neg: Hawkins grenade tank. When sufficient grenades were grouped together, they were capable of disabling a medium tank. The Hawkins was also used in other roles, such as breaching walls, and its small size also meant that it could easily be placed into the 'web' of a railway line and, when detonated, destroy a section of track. Users of the grenade included: Hawkins grenade " The Grenade, Hand, Anti-tank, No. 75, also known as the Hawkins grenade was a British anti-tank hand grenade used during World War II. It was one of a number of grenades developed for use by the British Army

neg: Raketenjagdpanzer 1 Raketenjagdpanzer 1 The Raketenjagdpanzer 1 is an anti-tank guided missile-armed tank destroyer (the first such vehicle in service with the West German Armed Forces) that entered service in 1961. It was built on the chassis of the Hispano-Suiza HS.30, which was also used on the Schützenpanzer SPz 12-3, and armed with twin French SS.11 antitank guided missile launchers. Only one of the missile launchers is visible from the outside at any time, however, as the other is retracted into the hull to be reloaded when the first is ready to fire. The twin mounted launchers for the SS.11 anti-tank guided

neg: Anti-tank grenade anti-tank grenade - known as the "sticky bomb" - that was not very successful in combat. When tanks overran entrenchments, hand grenades could be, and were, used by infantry as improvised anti-tank mines by placing or throwing them in the path of a tank in the hope of disabling a track. While this method was used in desperation, it usually proved more dangerous to the soldier on the ground than to the crew of the tank. Chinese troops in the Second Sino-Japanese War used suicide bombing against Japanese tanks. Chinese troops strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their

neg: David O'Keefe (historian) of Ypres Original air date: November 9, 2014 S2, Episode 2 WW1, Battle of the Somme Original air date: November 10, 2014 War Junk Season 3 was a 4-part series filmed at the iconic battlefields of Juno Beach, Vimy Ridge, Monte Cassino and Northern Holland. At Vimy Ridge in France, they have unprecedented access to a WW1 tunnel system that is part of Vimy Memorial Park and they will be the first TV crew to go 100 feet below the battlefield. At Juno Beach they have been given the rare opportunity to investigate and excavate a portion of the landing

neg: Mathogo Agusta A109 helicopter, although the missile's accuracy reportedly suffers when used in this role. Mathogo The Mathogo (Acronym for "Misil Anti-Tanque Hilo Guiado" - ) is an Argentine first-generation wire-guided anti-tank missile. The anti-tank missiles (ATGW, anti-tank guided weapons) evolved in the late 1950s from the portable anti-tank rockets (ATR) like the bazooka, which required the operator to be close to the target, to overcome the limitations of these. The Mathogo was developed by CITEFA ("Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de las FFAA" - the Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute) in the 1970s to supplement and eventually

neg: Anti-tank warfare submunitions such as HEAT bomblets, an example of which would be the CBU-100 Cluster Bomb). Guided anti-tank missiles were first used in a helicopter-borne role by the French in the late 1950s, when they mounted SS.11 wire-guided missiles on Alouette II helicopters. While, initially, there were many teething problems, the possibilities were clear, such as providing the ability to attack the more lightly armored top of the tank. Although putting weapons on helicopters (probably) dates back to 1955 with the Bell 47, the first specific attack helicopter that went into mass production was the Bell AH-1 Cobra in 1966. The

neg: Wevelgem of money with flax, many people came to Wevelgem and stayed there for many generations. Nowadays, the cultivation of flax is not so important, but there are still some factories where they process flax. During the First World War, the Germans constructed an airport. The airport still exists and is now used for private purposes. Also remaining is the German Military cemetery, which is also partly situated in Menen. There are 47,864 soldiers buried there, who all died during WW1. This makes the cemetery the biggest German cemetery in Belgium. Across the cemetery, there used to be a (fake) airport,

neg: Hamilton Palace are available on the first Sunday of each month between February and November. Some of the stonework was used to build other buildings throughout Scotland, such as the WW1 Memorial Kirk at Bangour Village Hospital Hamilton Palace Hamilton Palace was a large country house located north-east of Hamilton in Lanarkshire, Scotland. The former seat of the Dukes of Hamilton, it was built in 1695 and subsequently much enlarged. Widely acknowledged as having been one of the grandest houses in Britain, the palace was demolished in 1927, due to the prohibitive cost of upkeep and the subsidence caused by the nearby

neg: Bathurst Correctional Centre his kindness in placing them under the treatment, stating that they were grateful for the concessions allowed to them in the way of reading and light at night." Marble cutting and polishing provided works for the prisoners between 1893 and 1925. The gaol accommodated the tougher and more experienced prisoners until 1914 when the gaol then catered for the "previously convicted but hopeful cases". During WW1, rural industries such as dairy, pig-raising, market gardening, hay and fodder production were established. During WW2, the gaol was used as an internment camp for some 200 German and other "enemy aliens". In 1957-62,

neg: M15 mine M15 mine The M15 mine is a large circular United States anti-tank blast mine, first used during World War Two. Essentially, it is a larger version of the M6A2 anti-tank mine, which it replaced. Although the M15 has been superseded by the M19 mine (a plastic-cased minimum metal mine of more modern design), the U.S. retains large stocks of M15s because they are still regarded as reliable and effective weapons. When used against main battle tanks the M15 is primarily a "track-breaker" which creates mobility kills, but has a comparatively small likelihood of causing crew fatalities. However, when used against

neg: Challenger 1 an Iraqi tank with an armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS) round fired over a distance of —the longest tank-on-tank kill shot recorded. Challengers were also used by the British Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Operation Joint Guardian, the NATO-led drive into Kosovo. Challenger 1 The FV4030/4 Challenger 1 is a British main battle tank (MBT) used by the British Army from 1983 to the mid-1990s, when it was superseded by the Challenger 2. It is also currently used by the Royal Jordanian Army as its main battle tank, after heavy modifications. The variants for the Jordanian military are to be

neg: History of the tank a total revival in terms of operational capabilities. History of the tank The history of the tank began in World War I, when armoured all-terrain fighting vehicles were first deployed as a response to the problems of trench warfare, ushering in a new era of mechanized warfare. Though initially crude and unreliable, tanks eventually became a mainstay of ground armies. By World War II, tank design had advanced significantly, and tanks were used in quantity in all land theatres of the war. The Cold War saw the rise of modern tank doctrine and the rise of the general-purpose main battle

neg: Tank desant first kilometer of the forward edge of the combat area for only the simplest of tactical mission objectives, since the circumstances would be difficult for the troops engaged. Riding on tanks during actual combat is very dangerous. Tank riders are very vulnerable to machine gun and high explosive fire, and the high silhouette of most tanks would draw enemy fire. Smoke and covering fire may be used to reduce the hazards. Tank riding is mostly used when troops need to move faster than is possible on foot and there is a shortage of motor transport or armoured personnel carriers. Usually,

neg: M36 tank destroyer M36 tank destroyer The M36 tank destroyer, formally 90 mm Gun Motor Carriage, M36, was an American tank destroyer used during World War II. The M36 combined the hull of the M10 tank destroyer, which used the M4 Sherman's reliable chassis and drivetrain combined with sloped armor, and a massive new turret mounting the 90 mm gun M3. Conceived in 1943, the M36 first served in combat in Europe in October 1944, where it partially replaced the M10 tank destroyer. It also saw use in the Korean War, able to defeat any of the Soviet tanks used in that conflict.

neg: 47 mm APX anti-tank gun used in Atlantic Wall fortifications and armed a number of their self-propelled tank destroyers. Panzerjägers: 47 mm APX anti-tank gun The 47 mm APX anti-tank gun was a French anti-tank gun that saw service in the first years of the Second World War. In the 1930s the French Army sought a replacement for the derivatives of the 75 mm mle 1897 field gun it used as an anti-tank gun. The venerable "soixante-quinze" was a decent anti-tank gun but was heavy and much harder to conceal than the newer, small, high-velocity, small calibre anti-tank weapons. The chosen weapon was a design

neg: East Kent Light Railway was known as "Sandwich Haven". There was a gravel pit (now a lake) and a quay on the Long Reach of the River Stour, used during the construction of the Admiralty Harbour at Dover by S. Pearson & Sons Co. This firm built a tramway, nicknamed "Pearson's Railway", from a junction with the SECR at Richborough Castle to the pit and to "Pierson's Quay" (also known as "Old Quay" or "Stonor Quay"). It is not known why the first coalfield promoters chose this place for a coal port instead of the more obvious Dover. However, before WW1 Dover was intended

neg: T-80 2008 Russo-Georgian War, or 2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine. T-80B and T-80BV MBTs were never used in Afghanistan in the 1980s to maintain the tank's characteristics secret, but they were first used during the First Chechen War. This first real combat experience for T-80 MBTs was unsuccessful, as the tanks were used for capturing cities, a task for which they were not very well suited. The biggest tank losses were suffered during the ill-fated assault on the city of Grozny. During assault, 84 T-80 tanks were used. 133th tank battalion used 53 T-80s and lost 12 of them. 3th tank

neg: Caves of Namibia areas water supply for transport animals. Cave pools which were accessible were used as water points for police patrols and resistance fighters alike. As years passed, landowners became interested in caves, as due to WW1 and WW2 nitrate was regarded a strategic resource and could no longer be used in fertilizers. Nitrate minerals were replaced by bird guano, but only a small quantity was used locally, the rest was exported. As no fertilizer was available, farmers searched caves and used bat guano as alternative. In the period of 1935 to 1942 more than 10 000 tons of bat guano was

neg: Chieftain (tank) that point. It was in the Middle East that the Chieftain was to see all of its operational experience. First, it was used extensively by Iran during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–88, including the largest tank battle of the war, with mixed results as the Chieftain Mk 3/5 suffered from chronic engine problems and low power-to-weight ratio, making the Chieftain unreliable and slow when manoeuvring over harsh terrain, which in turn made it prone to breakdowns in the midst of battle or a sluggish target and thus vulnerable to enemy tank fire. The Chieftain remains in service in Iran, the

neg: M36 tank destroyer and entered combat in October 1944. The First and Ninth US Armies used M36s to reequip tank destroyer battalions attached to armored divisions. The 703rd Tank Destroyer Battalion began reequipping on September 30, 1944. The Third US Army used them to reequip towed battalions. The 610th Tank Destroyer Battalion (Towed) began retraining on September 25, 1944. The first tank destroyer battalion to actually receive the M36 in early September, the 776th, was in transit from Italy to Europe at the time and did not use them in combat until October 1944. The M36 was well-liked by its crews, being one

neg: Anti-tank mine Tellermine 35 was developed in 1935. Anti-tank mines were used by both sides during the Spanish Civil War. Notably, Republican forces lifted mines placed by Nationalist forces and used them against the Nationalists. This spurred the development of anti-handling devices for anti-tank mines. The Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland also saw widespread use of anti-tank mines. The German Tellermine was a purpose-built anti-tank mine developed during the period between the first and second world wars, the first model being introduced in 1929. Some variants were of a rectangular shape, but in all cases the outer casing served

neg: Monitor (warship) II. When the requirement for shore support returned, two large new s, "Roberts" and "Abercrombie", were constructed and fitted with guns from older battleships. Allied monitors saw service in the Mediterranean in support of the British Eighth Army's desert and Italian campaigns. They were part of the offshore bombardment for the Invasion of Normandy in 1944. They were also used to clear the German-mined River Scheldt by the British to utilize the port of Antwerp. The former Italian WW1 monitor Faa di Bruno had been redesignated as floating battery by the beginning of WW2, in which role she continued to

neg: British Colonial Auxiliary Forces a Military Units united in 1911 but with no East West communication. Before WW1 they spent the time fighting slavers in the NE and maintaining the security of the frontiers against German, Belgium & Portuguese encroachment and keeping order as the railways developed. Out the outbreak of WW1 and WW2 they divided into police and militia units serving in WW1 in Namibia & in the East Africa Campaign, as the campaign wore on & on they became like regular units, in 1917 the 5 NRP & 2 BASP companies (from S. Rhodesia) became Northern Rhodesia Police Service Battalion. Other regular

neg: Type 61 (tank) Type 61 (tank) The is a medium tank developed and used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Development started in 1955 and the vehicle was first deployed in April 1961. The type number follows the year of deployment. A total of 560 Type 61s were manufactured between 1961 and 1975, when production ceased. It was succeeded by the Type 74. In the Empire of Japan, there were many domestic armoured fighting vehicles. After the Surrender of Japan, AFVs development and manufacturing had all ceased, resulting in Japan losing the technology needed to build and

neg: QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss barrels sometimes dug into the mud or struck obstacles when the vehicle crossed trenches or shell craters. The shortened QF 6 pounder 6 cwt Mk I of single tube construction was introduced in January 1917 in the Mark IV tank, and may be considered the world's first specialised tank gun. The shortened barrel incurred a reduction in muzzle velocity, but as tank guns in World War I were used against unarmoured or lightly armoured targets such as machine gun nests and artillery pieces at relatively short ranges of a few hundred yards, this was not a major disadvantage. The Mk

neg: Terence the Tractor Terence the Tractor Terence the Tractor is a fictional anthropomorphic crawler tractor from the children's book series "The Railway Series" by the Rev. W. Awdry, and the spin-off TV series "Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends". Terence first appeared in the "Railway Series" story 'Thomas, Terence and the Snow' from the book "Tank Engine Thomas Again" (1949). In this story, he is portrayed with a widow's peak – the guise that would be used as the basis for the TV series character. Terence was teased about his caterpillar tracks by Thomas the Tank Engine when they both met each other

neg: Northwestern University Graduate School voted to establish the school in 1910. James Alton James, a member of the history department, became the first graduate school dean in 1917. The Graduate School saw an increasing number of applicants in the decade after its founding. With the exception of the years of 1917-18 and 1918–19, where many college students were enlisted in the army during WW1, attendance increased every year between 1910 and 1922: from 91 students in 1910-11 to 300 in 1922. The post-WW1 years in particular saw a growing focus, in American universities, on graduate studies and research, in part due to the increase

neg: Harris R. Oke by Field Marshal Douglas Haig in his 9 April 1917 dispatch, one of only 25 Newfoundland soldiers in WW1 to be mentioned in despatches by official report from a Commander-in-Chief, for which he received a certificate and an emblem of a bronze oak leaf for his Victory Medal. He also received a British War Medal for his service in WW1. While recuperating in Harrogate, Yorkshire at the Furness Auxiliary Hospital (also known as Furness Officers Hospital), Oke met Lady Furness, Ada "Daisy" Hogg, the first wife of Marmaduke Furness. The Furness' had converted the former Grand Hotel into a hospital

neg: 1st Tank Battalion the shields upper left to the shields lower right). The crest is a Marine Corps emblem of silver and gold contained within a green laurel. A gold banner above the arms is inscribed "First Tank Battalion" and another below the arms inscribed "August-Guadalcanal-1942" in scarlet. The battle of Guadalcanal began in August 1942 and was the first combat action of the battalion and the M2A4 tank was the first tank used by the battalion. Additionally, the battalion was the only American military unit to ever use the M2A4 tank in battle. The use of this tank memorializes the first combat

neg: Muzeum Broni Pancernej Centrum Szkolenia Wojsk Lądowych brought from Portugal. Such tanks were used by Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II. Its restoration began in May 2014. In September 2013, three new vehicles were acquired from Norway - a wreck of Panzer III medium tank, the M47 Patton main battle tank and the M88 Recovery Vehicle. It was the second time when museum worked together with Norwegian authorities, the first being the acquisition of the TKS tankette. Thanks to the assistance from Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, another wreck was donated to the museum, and the two wrecks will be used to complete

neg: 17pdr SP Achilles anti-tank gun, able to reinforce a position taken by infantry and engage counter-attacking German forces while the slower towed 17 pounders were pulled up and dug in for a more long-term defensive presence. This had the advantage of mitigating the weak armour protection of the Achilles as being used defensively usually allowed it to fire the vital first shot. This was in line with the original design concept of the vehicle, intended to blunt German "blitzkrieg" attack tactics. The M10/Achilles turret had an extremely slow manual only turret rotation, a limited tactical disadvantage when the tank was used only in

neg: M32 Tank Recovery Vehicle It was also used during the Korean War. It was phased out after the introduction of the M74 Tank Recovery Vehicle in 1954, when heavier tanks were produced, such as the M46 Patton. The M32 had a winch, boom, and an A-frame jib. It was armed with two machine guns and a mortar mainly to provide cover for an emergency retreat. The M32 Tank Recovery Vehicle was an armored recovery vehicle based on the chassis of the M4 Sherman, adding an boom, an A-frame jib, and a winch. It was long, adding when the boom, which is used to lift

neg: 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K) number of guns produced was 37,354. The German designation for captured M1937 guns was the 4.5 cm Pak 184/1(r). Two such guns were employed as an anti-tank platoon, organic to each rifle battalion. Additionally twelve guns were in anti-tank battalions of each rifle division. It was also used by separate anti-tank regiments (4-5 batteries of 4 guns each). Ammunition types: 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K) The 45 mm anti-tank gun model 1937 (factory designation 53-K) was a light quick-firing anti-tank gun used in the first stage of the German-Soviet War. It was created by Soviet artillery designer M.N. Loginov

neg: FCM 1A FCM 1A The FCM 1A was French heavy tank that served as a prototype of the Char 2C. The FCM 1A began development in January 1917 when 200 hp engines became available. Trials where planned to start at the beginning of May after the first prototype began construction in April. However, after the failed Nivelle Offensive, the first operation where French tanks were used, all French tank development was halted. After a reversal of that decision, development was repeatedly delayed due to multiple problems. Testing began on 20 November 1917 after six months of delays. The vehicle was the largest

neg: Mark IV tank its new career was allegedly brought to an early end after a number of cars were damaged. . Seven Mark IVs survive. Mark IV tank The Mark IV (pronounced "Mark four") was a British tank of the First World War. Introduced in 1917, it benefited from significant developments of the Mark I tank (the intervening designs being small batches used for training). The main improvements were in armour, the re-siting of the fuel tank and ease of transport. A total of 1,220 Mk IV were built: 420 "Males", 595 "Females" and 205 Tank Tenders (unarmed vehicles used to carry supplies),

neg: Anti-tank guided missile had serious guidance to target issues. The SS.10 is the first anti-tank missile to be widely used. It entered service in the French Army in 1955. It was also the first anti-tank missile used by the US Army and Israeli Defense Forces. The Malkara missile (from an Aboriginal word for "shield") was one of the earliest anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). It was jointly developed by Australia and the United Kingdom between 1951 and 1954, and was in service from 1958 until gradually replaced by the Vickers Vigilant missile in the late 1960s. It was intended to be light enough to

neg: Diosa del Mar of the top of the keel. The divers performed this connection at low tide, then waited for high tide to float the keel and the tank off the rocks, at about . When the tide came in, the surge was very strong, and the 20-ton keel and tank swayed back and forth. The bronze nuts on the keel didn't like to bend, and the keel studs broke off and the tank floated to the surface, thus ending their attempt. The second time they attempted to raise the keel, the same tank was used and the tide was not used for

neg: M2 Medium Tank configuration had been tested on an M2; the experimental vehicle was designated T5E2. M2 Medium Tank The M2 Medium Tank, officially Medium Tank, M2, was a United States Army medium tank that was first produced in 1939 by the Rock Island Arsenal, just prior to the commencement of the Second World War in Europe. Production was 18 M2 tanks, and 94 slightly improved M2A1 tanks, for a total of 112. Events in Western Europe rapidly demonstrated that the M2 was obsolete, and it was never used overseas in combat; it was, however, used for training purposes throughout the war. The

neg: Gongchen tank the Imperial Japanese Army, the People's Liberation Army, heavily influenced by Soviet war doctrine, classed the tank as a light tank in official documents. Gongchen tank The Gongchen tank () is the Chinese designation of a Japanese-built Type 97 ShinHoTo Chi-Ha medium tank used within the People's Liberation Army. It was the first tank used by the PLA, and saw service during the Chinese Civil War against the National Revolutionary Army. Following the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in October 1945, a surplus of Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tanks originally belonging to the Imperial Japanese Army remained in China

neg: Italian Bakelite Anti-tank mines Italian Bakelite Anti-tank mines The Bakelite anti-tank mine type I and type II were Italian anti-tank mines produced during the Second World War. As the name suggests, the mines used Bakelite cases and used relatively few metal components, making them difficult to detect with mine detectors of the era. It was primarily used to deter pursuit when withdrawing from an area. The Type I mine had a cylindrical case with a domed upper pressure plate that is held above the main case of the mine by the spring-loaded central fuze well. A strip of canvas around the circumference seals the

neg: Italian Bakelite Anti-tank mines line up with cavities that allow them to escape, releasing the striker into the percussion cap detonator, this triggers the booster charge, followed by the main charge. Italian Bakelite Anti-tank mines The Bakelite anti-tank mine type I and type II were Italian anti-tank mines produced during the Second World War. As the name suggests, the mines used Bakelite cases and used relatively few metal components, making them difficult to detect with mine detectors of the era. It was primarily used to deter pursuit when withdrawing from an area. The Type I mine had a cylindrical case with a domed upper

neg: Farningham was a visitor during his time for the trout fishing that the Darent provided. The Domesday Book records that before the Norman conquest, Farningham was owned by an Anglo Saxon thane called Alstan. In the nineteenth century "Farningham" was adopted as the assumed surname of Marianne Farningham, a religious writer and editor, who was born here. Used only for WW1 there used to be an airfield used by the RAF for emergency landings. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul. The parish was part of Axstane Hundred and later Dartford Rural District. Farningham is situated upon