query: a law that makes an act illegal after the fact is called a ( n ) law

pos: Ex post facto law For example, the Classical author/advocate/politician Marcus Tullius Cicero employs phrases such as "multis post annis" ("De Re Publica" 2.5.8 and elsewhere). Therefore, "ex post facto" or "ex postfacto" is natively an adverbial phrase, a usage demonstrated by the sentence "He was convicted "ex post facto" (from a law passed after his crime)." The law itself would rightfully be a "postfactum" law ("lex postfacta"); nevertheless, despite its redundant or circular nature, the phrase "an ex post facto law" is used. In Poland the phrase "" ("the law does not operate retroactively") is often used. Ex post facto law An "ex post

neg: Illegal logging (Section 8204. Prevention of Illegal Logging Practices). The requirements under the new Amendments are two-fold. First, the Lacey Act now makes it illegal to import into the United States plants that have been harvested contrary to any applicable Federal Law, State Law, Indian Tribal Law, or Foreign Law. If a plant is found to have been harvested in violation of the laws of the country where it was harvested, that plant would be subject to seizure and forfeiture if imported into the U.S. The Lacey Act also makes it unlawful, beginning December 15, 2008, to import certain plants and plant

neg: Privacy law by Alex Boniface Makulilo, Kenya's privacy laws are far from the European 'adequacy' standard". Kenya is making progress. As of today, the country does have laws that focus on specific sectors. The following are the sectors: communication and information. The law pertaining to this is called the Kenya Information and Communication Act. This Act makes it illegal for any licensed telecommunication operators to disclose or intercept information that is able to get access through the customer's use of the service. This law also grants privacy protection in the course of making use of the service provided by said company. And

neg: Orca Welfare and Safety Act passed the senate, the Governor of California, Jerry Brown, signed the Orca Welfare and Safety Act in September 2016 and the bill went into effect January 2017. This law makes it illegal for any person, institute, or corporation to breed captive Orcas, illegal to move or receive captive Orcas or Orca embryos from a captive orca from any state or country, and illegal to use captive orcas as a mean of entertainment/performance. A violation of this law from any person, institute, or corporation is a $100,000 fine and/or 6 months in jail as a misdemeanor. The law also establishes that

neg: Seán Sherlock called 'Stop SOPA Ireland" petitioned against the legislation. Comparisons have been made between these reforms and the Stop Online Piracy Act in the United States. Sherlock said these comparisons were "not based on fact". According to the Irish government, the legislation is intended to close a loophole after a High Court case in 2010, where EMI sued UPC, an internet service provider, over illegal downloads. A denial-of-service attack was performed against government websites in protest over the changes. On 29 February 2012, Sherlock signed the legislation into law. He cited Ireland's "obligations under EU law”. Subsequently, the legislation resulted in

neg: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act 1996. It modifies US copyright law to include works produced in the countries which sign the following treaties: Section 103 provoked most of the controversy which resulted from the act. It is often called DMCA anti-circumvention provisions. It restricts the ability to make, sell, or distribute devices which circumvent Digital Rights Management systems, adding Chapter 12 (sections 1201 through 1205) to US copyright law. Section 1201 makes it illegal to: The act creates a distinction between access-control measures and copy-control measures. An access-control measure limits access to the contents of the protected work, for example by encryption. A copy-control measure

neg: Illegal per se Illegal per se In US law, the term illegal "per se" means that the act is inherently illegal. Thus, an act is illegal without extrinsic proof of any surrounding circumstances such as lack of "scienter" (knowledge) or other defenses. Acts are made illegal "per se" by statute, constitution or case law. Many drunk driving laws make driving with a blood alcohol content over a certain limit (such as 0.05% or 0.08%) an act which is illegal "per se". In the United States, illegal "per se" often refers to categories of anti-competitive behavior in antitrust law conclusively presumed to be an

neg: Unlawful combatant that they would. On 28 October 2009, President Obama signed the Military Commissions Act of 2009 into law, which was included in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (). While critics said it is an improvement over prior versions of military-commissions passed during the Bush administration, it still fails to provide many of the fundamental elements of a fair trial. Israel, since the 2002 "Imprisonment of Illegal Combatants Law", makes theoretical distinctions between lawful and unlawful combatants and the legal status thereof. The United Kingdom Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) makes the distinction. The CPS conducted a "through

neg: Internet censorship in the United States private information, as well as dispersing personal private information across seven government agencies, including the NSA and local police. Some felt that the act was more amenable to surveillance than actual security after many of the privacy protections from the original bill were removed. The Stop Advertising Victims of Exploitation Act of 2015 (SAVE) is part of the larger Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 which became law in May 2015. The SAVE Act makes it illegal to knowingly advertise content related to sex trafficking, including online advertising. The law establishes federal criminal liability for third-party content. There

neg: Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 to be released. By October of that year only three were still in force. This part substitutes "racially aggravated" with "racially or religiously aggravated" in some parts of the criminal law. This part makes it illegal to deal in biological or chemical weapons, or set off a nuclear explosion. It also makes it illegal to disclose information "which might prejudice the security of any nuclear site or of any nuclear material". This part allows for the Secretary of State to make new regulations, and for the detention of aircraft where there is suspicion of an act of violence against a

neg: Trial court or more judges, makes "findings of law" based upon the applicable law. In most common law jurisdictions, the trial court often sits with a jury and one judge; in such jury trials, the jury acting as trier of fact. In some cases, the judge or judges act as triers of both fact and law, by either statute, custom, or agreement of the parties; this is referred to as a bench trials. In the case of most judges hearing cases through the bench trial process, they would prefer that all parties are given an opportunity to offer a vigorous and robust

neg: Reciprocity law obvious, the Artin reciprocity law easily implies all the previously discovered reciprocity laws, by applying it to suitable extensions "L"/"K". For example, in the special case when "K" contains the "n"th roots of unity and "L"="K"["a"] is a Kummer extension of "K", the fact that the Artin map vanishes on "N"("C") implies Hilbert's reciprocity law for the Hilbert symbol. Hasse introduced a local analogue of the Artin reciprocity law, called the local reciprocity law. One form of it states that for a finite abelian extension of "L"/"K" of local fields, the Artin map is an isomorphism from formula_16 onto the

neg: Gambling in Nigeria Gambling in Nigeria Gambling in Nigeria is not well regulated. Despite the fact there is the gambling law at place many illegal casinos operate in the country. The legal land based casinos are located in two largest cities. The biggest casino is in Lagos, The Federal Palace Hotel. Nigeria law focus on the activities to reduce Money laundering and illegal gambling. Gambling in Nigeria is regulated by National Lottery Regulatory Commission. The lottery was legalized with National Lottery Act, 2005 and the gambling is defined by Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code Act enacted in 1990. The law splits the

neg: Legality of child pornography in prison. The Child Rights Act makes child pornography illegal in Nigeria, but not all states have implemented it. Child pornography is illegal in Rwanda and punishable by 5 to 10 years in prison and a fine of 200,000 to 500,000 Rwandan francs. The law in São Tomé and Príncipe does not prohibit child pornography. All pornography, including child pornography, is illegal in Senegal. While the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender, and Children’s Issues has indicated child pornography cases are covered under the Child Rights Act of 2007, which prohibits "cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment" of children, the law in

neg: Administrative law in Singapore in fact, been invited by the HDB to buy it. Neither had the Board given any written authorization for the plaintiff's son to reside in the flat. Thus, the Court granted the plaintiff an order that the HDB's action in acquiring the flat was illegal, and that the flat should be revested in him. An error as to a jurisdictional fact or precedent fact is committed when a decision-maker makes a decision in the absence of a fact that must exist objectively before the decision-maker is empowered by the legislation to decide. Here, the courts are not concerned with the

neg: Michigan Religious Freedom Restoration Act the state. Michigan law currently prohibits discrimination due to religious beliefs against individuals in respect to some categories such as age and race. For instance, it is currently illegal for a landlord to refuse to house Jewish tenants due to the landlord's conservative Christian beliefs. The Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, written and passed in 1976, was a landmark law in this regard in Michigan political history. Its name comes from the fact that lawmakers Daisy Elliott and Melvin L. Larsen introduced and spearheaded the act. An amendment offered by Democrats would have required the proposal to state clearly that it

neg: Countermeasure (law) that the wrongfulness of an act is precluded if the act constitutes a countermeasure. Therefore, a validly executed countermeasure is legal under international law. Countermeasure (law) Countermeasure in public international law refers to reprisals not involving the use of force. In other words, it refers to non-violent acts which are illegal in themselves, but become legal when executed by one state in response to the commission of an earlier illegal act by another state towards the former. The leading case on countermeasure is the International Court of Justice decision in Gabčíkovo – Nagymaros Dams case. The court remarked that, for

neg: Coroners and Justice Act 2009 £5 a day (the National Minimum Wage at the time was £5.80 per hour for an adult aged 21 or over). Coroners and Justice Act 2009 The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It changed the law on coroners and criminal justice in England and Wales. Among its provisions are: The Act makes it illegal to own any picture depicting under-18s participating in sexual activities, or depictions of sexual activity in the presence of someone under 18. The law has been condemned by a coalition of graphic artists, publishers

neg: Blasphemy law in Australia 3 of the Tasmania "Criminal Code Act 1924" (No. 69 of 1924) repealed the "Blasphemy Act 1697" and section 6 abolished the common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel while Section 119 of the "Criminal Code" makes blasphemy or blasphemous libel or both an offence, but leaves the definitions and penalties to common law. Section 119 states that any person who, by words spoken or intended to be read, wilfully publishes a blasphemous libel is guilty of a crime of blasphemy, that the question whether any matter so published is or is not blasphemous is a question of fact,

neg: Cousin marriage by uncodified personal law, it is acceptable and legal to marry a first cousin, but for Hindus, it may be illegal under the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act, though the specific situation is more complex. The Hindu Marriage Act makes cousin marriage illegal for Hindus with the exception of marriages permitted by regional custom. Practices of the small Christian minority are also location-dependent: their cousin marriage rates are higher in southern states such as Karnataka with high overall rates. Apart from the religion-based personal laws governing marriages, the civil marriage law named Special Marriage Act, 1954 governs. Those who do not

neg: Legality of child pornography it was already illegal to use children for pornography and to sell and distribute that material. Under section 9 of Republic Act No. 7610 "Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act", its prohibited to hire, employ, use, persuade, induce or coerce a child into performing for obscene publications or pornographic materials. In addition, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (Republic Act no. 9208) also outlaws the trafficking of children for the use in pornographic material. All pornography is illegal in Saudi Arabia, and the law makes no distinction between adult pornography and child pornography. It is illegal

neg: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act The Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act (also called the Tamil Nadu Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act or the Madras Devadasi Act) is a law that was enacted on 9 October 1947 just after India became independent from British rule. The law was passed in the Madras Presidency and gave devadasis the legal right to marry and made it illegal to dedicate girls to Hindu temples. The bill that became this act was the Devadasi Abolition Bill. Periyar E. V. Ramasamy was instrumental in passing the Devadasi Abolition Bill but, owing to strong protests

neg: Actus reus that a California law making it illegal to be a drug addict was unconstitutional because the mere status of being a drug addict was not an "act" and thus not criminal. Commentator Dennis Baker asserts: "Although lawyers find the expression actus reus convenient, it is misleading in one respect. It means not just the criminal act but all the external elements of an offence. Ordinarily, there is a criminal act, which is what makes the term actus reus generally acceptable. But there are crimes without an act, and therefore without an actus reus in the obvious meaning of that term.

neg: Military Whistleblower Protection Act Military Whistleblower Protection Act Military Whistleblower Protection Act of 1988 (MWPA), as amended at title 10, United States Code, Section 1034, and elsewhere, is an American law providing protection of lawful disclosures of illegal activity by members of the United States Armed Forces. The act protects a United States Armed Forces member who makes a "protected communication" regarding a violation of law or regulation. The superiors of these service members are prohibited from retaliating against the service member making the protected statements. The Congressional statute is implemented by Department of Defense Directive 7050.06 (July 23, 2007), which protects: But the

neg: E-Verify Island, and Illinois. In 2011, the Supreme Court of the U.S. rejected a suit arguing that Arizona's state law, which can cause employers found failing to use E-Verify to lose their state business licenses, was pre-empted by federal law. The ruling effectively confirmed that states may mandate the use of E-Verify. The state of Alabama passed a law mandating employers to use E-Verify on new hires. The "Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act" (H.B. 56) was signed into law on 9 June 2011. The act makes it illegal for any business entity, employer, or public employer to "knowingly employ,

neg: Vishala Hrudayalu Vishala Hrudayalu Vishala Hrudayalu (English: Broad Hearts) is a 1965 Telugu drama film, produced by Donepudi Krishna Murthy under the Gokul Art Pictures banner and directed by B. S. Narayana. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, Krishna Kumari in the lead roles and music composed by T. V. Raju. Vishwanadham (Gummadi), after the death of his first wife, his father-in-law Bhadraiah (Chittor V. Nagaiah), makes a second alliance for him in a rich family hiding the fact that he was already married and his son Shankaram (N. T. Rama Rao) is nurtured by his grandfather. Vishwanadham makes secret arrangements for

neg: Criminal law of the United States and "mens rea" elements. "Actus reus" elements are elements which describe conduct. "Mens rea" elements are elements which identify a particular mental state. The phrase "actus reus" is typically translated as "guilty act." Ordinarily, a voluntary act refers to commission. However, as discussed below, some crimes do punish failure to act. A status is not a voluntary act. For example, no law will be constitutional that makes it a crime to be "addicted" to illegal drugs, as opposed to "using" them, as happened in "Robinson v. California". Failure to do something can occasionally be criminal. For example, not paying one's

neg: Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It changed the law on coroners and criminal justice in England and Wales. Among its provisions are: The Act makes it illegal to own any picture depicting under-18s participating in sexual activities, or depictions of sexual activity in the presence of someone under 18. The law has been condemned by a coalition of graphic artists, publishers and MPs, fearing it will criminalise graphic novels such as "Lost Girls" and "Watchmen". These sections came into effect on 6

neg: Criminal Law and Procedure (Ireland) Act 1887 Criminal Law and Procedure (Ireland) Act 1887 The Criminal Law and Procedure (Ireland) Act 1887 (50 & 51 Vict. c. 20) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which amended the criminal law in Ireland to give greater law enforcement power to the authorities. It was introduced by Arthur Balfour, then Chief Secretary for Ireland, to deal with the Plan of Campaign, an increase in illegal activity associated with the Land War. It was informally called the Crimes Act, Irish Crimes Act, or Perpetual Crimes Act; (the last because it was permanent, unlike earlier Crimes Acts passed

neg: John Carmichael (politician) and 2008 federal elections, losing both times to Liberals John Godfrey and Rob Oliphant. In the 2011 election, he defeated incumbent Oliphant by 611 votes. He served as a backbench member of the Stephen Harper government. In 2011, he sponsored a private member's bill called "National Flag of Canada Act" that provided protections for anyone who wants to fly the flag of Canada. The new law makes it illegal for anyone to prevent someone else from flying the flag. Penalties range from fines to up to two years in jail. Critics called the bill an excuse to enshrine patriotism in

neg: Child access prevention law the best way "to reduce firearm-related accidents" regarding children. Child access prevention law A child access prevention law (often abbreviated CAP law; also sometimes called a safe storage law) makes it illegal for an adult to keep a gun in a place and manner so that a child can easily access and fire it. Proponents of these laws, such as the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, argue that they are effective at reducing accidental gun deaths among children. The National Rifle Association has lobbied against such laws, arguing that they are ineffective and infringe on the rights of gun

neg: Child access prevention law Child access prevention law A child access prevention law (often abbreviated CAP law; also sometimes called a safe storage law) makes it illegal for an adult to keep a gun in a place and manner so that a child can easily access and fire it. Proponents of these laws, such as the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, argue that they are effective at reducing accidental gun deaths among children. The National Rifle Association has lobbied against such laws, arguing that they are ineffective and infringe on the rights of gun owners to protect their homes. As of 2013, 27

neg: Southern District of New York action against online poker players with the notable exceptions of fantasy sports, online lotteries, and horse/harness racing. The law makes exceptions for games of skill as opposed to games of luck; thus, opponents of the measure argue, it should not apply to poker. Numerous studies have shown that poker is, in fact, a game of skill. The very existence of thousands of players who were consistent winners proves that. The law, opponents argue, does not address transfer of money to individuals nor does it make online gambling illegal. The only state that has a law explicitly banning online poker is Washington. The federal government holds

neg: Nullification (U.S. Constitution) A nullification act often makes it illegal to enforce the federal law in question. Nullification arguably may be undertaken by a single state. Interposition also involves a declaration that a federal law is unconstitutional. There are various actions that a state might take to "interpose" once it has determined that a federal law is unconstitutional. In the Virginia Resolutions of 1798, Madison did not describe the form or effect of interposition. But two years later in the Report of 1800, Madison described a variety of actions that states might take to "interpose": communicating with other states about the unconstitutional federal

neg: Southern District of New York action against online poker players that playing online is a violation of the Act. Arlo Devlin-Brown, the assistant U.S. attorney for the SDNY, says that the U.S. government can seize the funds "because they constitute property involved in money laundering transactions and illegal gambling offenses." In seizing the money, the federal government did not cite the UIGEA but rather the 1961 law "The Wire Act and Illegal Gambling Business Act." According to the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a think tank "dedicated to free enterprise and limited government", the Justice Department has taken the stance that online wagering is prohibited by the Act, "despite the fact that

neg: Andrejeva v Latvia Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in the case, considering that "saying or implying that Latvia has some automatic obligations stemming from the Soviet period would defy the fact that the occupation and annexation of Latvia were illegal in international law" (para. 22., italicized by I. Ziemele). N. Andrejeva was awarded 6500 EUR: 5000 EUR in respect of all damage sustained and 1500 EUR in respect of costs and expenses. In order to implement the judgment, amendments to the State Pensions Act were adopted in the first reading. They foresaw to abolish discrimination by cancelling rights of citizens of Latvia

neg: Mississippi SB 2179 Arizona's is that immigration status must be determined at any lawful stop, detention or arrest made by a law enforcement official or a law enforcement agency where reasonable suspicion exists that the person is an alien and is unlawfully present in the United States. This act was passed through the Mississippi Senate, 34-15, and passed in the House, 80-36. Mississippi SB 2179 Mississippi SB 2179 is a bill which passed the Mississippi State Senate in January 2010 regarding illegal immigration in Mississippi. Largely similar to Arizona SB 1070, this bill also makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien

neg: Recreational use of dextromethorphan opiate levomethorphan (but does not act like an opiate), an exemption was necessary to keep it a non-controlled substance. The Federal Analog Act does not apply to dextromethorphan because a new drug application has been filed for it. After previously available over the counter, The National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia (BPOM-RI) prohibit single component dextromethorphan drug sales with or without prescription. Indonesia is the only country in the world that makes single-component dextromethorphan illegal even by prescription and violators may be prosecuted by law. Indonesian National Narcotic Bureau (BNN RI) has even threatened to

neg: Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom stalking. This may take place high on moors, or from a "high seat" in woodland. Venison is also a highly popular meat with sales quadrupling in the UK in 2014. In the UK "game" is defined in law by the Game Act 1831. Other (non-game) birds that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. UK law defines game as including: Although there is no close season for hare outside Northern Ireland, the Hare Preservation Act of 1892 makes it illegal to sell, or offer to sell, hare between 1 March and

neg: Chain letter Chain letters that ask for items of minor value such as business cards or recipes are not covered by this law. If pyramid scheme chain letters are sent through email it may constitute wire fraud. An email chain letter may contain trojans or another type of computer virus which is covered under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) [18 U.S.C. Section 1030]. This law makes it illegal to distribute computer codes or place them in the stream of commerce if their intent is to cause damage or economic loss. Chain letter A chain letter is a message that attempts

neg: Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China after waiting for just 20 days. The Spanish legislation makes it a crime to promote or facilitate an illegal organ transplant, punishable with up to 12 years in prison. In addition, any organization found to have participated in illegal organ transplant transactions will be subject to a fine. In June 2015, the national legislature of Taiwan passed an amendment to the “Human Organ Transplantation Act” to prohibit the sale or purchase of organs, including from abroad. The law also prohibits the use of organs from executed prisoners. Legislators who supported the bill noted that the amendments were intended to address

neg: Illegal per se the traditionally illegal "per se" categories create more of a presumption of unreasonableness. The court carefully narrowed the "per se" treatment and began issuing guidelines. Courts and agencies seeking to apply the "per se" rule must: Illegal per se In US law, the term illegal "per se" means that the act is inherently illegal. Thus, an act is illegal without extrinsic proof of any surrounding circumstances such as lack of "scienter" (knowledge) or other defenses. Acts are made illegal "per se" by statute, constitution or case law. Many drunk driving laws make driving with a blood alcohol content over a

neg: Our Posthuman Future ballistic missiles, biological and chemical warfare, illegal human organ trade, neuropharmacological drugs, genetically modified foods, human experimentation have been the subject of effective international political control. Occasional breaking of the law, cannot be used as an excuse not to pursue legislature at all. "Every country makes murder a crime and attaches severe penalties to homicide, and yet murders nonetheless occur. The fact that they do has never been a reason for giving up on the law or on attempts to enforce it." Author outlines several issues that need to be address to establish an effective international regulation of biotechnology: Our

neg: Lethal Injection Secrecy Act Lethal Injection Secrecy Act The Lethal Injection Secrecy Act is a statute in the US state of Georgia that was signed by the state's governor, Nathan Deal, and went into effect that July. The law makes the identities of people who prescribe drugs used in lethal injections, as well as those of the companies that produce and supply them, state secrets. It also makes the identities of prison staff who carry out executions a state secret. It has been called the strictest law of its kind in the country. In July 2013, the law was challenged by the lawyers of

neg: Political positions of Sarah Palin to follow the rules, they should not be in our country." On the April 28, 2010, episode of "Hannity", Palin expressed support for the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, which makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying registration documents required by federal law, and requires police to make an attempt, when practicable, to determine a person's immigration status if there is reasonable suspicion that the person is an illegal alien, during a police stop for some other offense. Palin has since endorsed Arizona Governor Jan Brewer's "Secure The Border

neg: Sports law in the United States The NCAA has enforcement power and can introduce a series of punishments up to the death penalty, the company term for the full shut-down of a sporting activity at an offending college. Coaches are offered contracts and if any contractual agreement is violated NCAA has the right to hold any person(s) under the contract liable. Title IX is an increasingly important issue in college sports law. The act, passed in 1972, makes it illegal for a federally funded institution to discriminate on the basis of sex or gender. In sports law, the piece of legislation often refers to the effort

neg: Arizona SB 1070 law requires aliens 14 years old or older who are in the country for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government and have registration documents in their possession at all times. The Act makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an illegal alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents and obligates police to make an attempt, when practicable during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest", to determine a person's immigration status if there is reasonable suspicion that the person is an illegal alien. Any person arrested cannot be released without confirmation of the person's

neg: Indian nationality law in Section 8 of the Citizenship Act 1955. If an adult makes a declaration of renunciation of Indian citizenship, s/he loses Indian citizenship. In addition, any minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship from the date of renunciation. When the child reaches the age of 18, he or she has the right to have his or her Indian citizenship restored. The provisions for making a declaration of renunciation n under Indian citizenship law require that the person making the declaration be "of full age and capacity". Termination is covered in Section 9 of the Citizenship Act, 1955. The

neg: Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 In the United States the Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-393) makes it illegal to ship certain categories of plants and animals through the mail. The prohibited species are certain injurious animals, plant pests, plants and materials under federal quarantine, and certain plants and animals under the Lacey Act (16 U.S.C. 3371-3378), a law that pertains to illegal trade in fish, wildlife, and plants. These also may be referred to as invasive species. The idea behind the piece of legislation is to protect native species and maintain a

neg: Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 Internet gambling. "Unlawful Internet gambling" is defined as betting, receiving, or transmitting a bet that is illegal under federal, state, or tribal law. The Act says to ignore the intermediary computers and look to the place where the bet is made or received. To force casinos to report large cash transactions, federal law was changed to define "financial institution" as including large gambling businesses. All other definitions are standard. This section covers money transfers. The bill states "[n]o person engaged in the business of betting or wagering may knowingly accept" any money transfers in any way from a person participating

neg: Tennessee login law Tennessee login law On June 1, 2011 Tennessee lawmakers passed a new bill that makes sharing login information for sites that provide music and movies, such as Netflix and Napster, illegal. The law, pushed for by recording industry professionals, is the first of its kind in that it is actually an update for a bill originally existing to punish cable theft now targeting the Internet. While the law punishes people for sharing passwords, it is really aimed at those sharing and selling their passwords in large quantities- up to $500 in theft resulting in a misdemeanor, and anything else after

neg: Nullification (U.S. Constitution) law. For example, several states have legalized recreational marijuana use under state law. Whether an act is legal under state law does not affect the legality of that act under federal law. An act may be legal under state law, and at the same time illegal under federal law. The states that have legalized marijuana use have not attempted to declare that federal marijuana laws are invalid or unenforceable. Rather, federal marijuana laws still are valid and enforceable, even in states that have made marijuana legal under state law. Thus, these states have not attempted to nullify federal law. However,

neg: Russ Fairchild Vietnam War. Fairchild is married to Carol and reside in East Buffalo Township, outside Lewisburg. Both are Penn State graduates. Now retired, his wife worked as an elementary teacher in the Selinsgrove School District. Russ Fairchild Russell H. Fairchild (born February 19, 1947) is a Republican politician and former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Fairchild has seen several of his bills become law, including Act 69 of 2005, that makes it illegal to take voyeuristic or "upskirting" photos and post them on the Internet. He also authored Ashley's Law, which requires school districts to set a policy allowing

neg: Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 relatively high level of biodiversity. Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 In the United States the Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-393) makes it illegal to ship certain categories of plants and animals through the mail. The prohibited species are certain injurious animals, plant pests, plants and materials under federal quarantine, and certain plants and animals under the Lacey Act (16 U.S.C. 3371-3378), a law that pertains to illegal trade in fish, wildlife, and plants. These also may be referred to as invasive species. The idea behind the piece of legislation is to protect

neg: Padlock Law Padlock Law The Padlock Law (officially called "Act to protect the Province Against Communistic Propaganda") (French: "La loi du cadenas" / "Loi protégeant la province contre la propagande communiste", 1 George VI Ch. 11) was an Act of the province of Quebec, passed on March 17, 1937 by the Union Nationale government of Maurice Duplessis, that was intended to prevent the dissemination of communist propaganda. The Act made it illegal to "use [a house] or allow any person to make use of it to propagate Communism or Bolshevism by any means whatsoever" as well as the printing, publishing or distributing

neg: Skin gambling practice in US case law, the fluidity between virtual goods and currency, enabled by the Steam Marketplace, makes it unclear if skin gambling is legal under US law and if Valve would be liable. As of 2016, United States gambling laws, which include the Illegal Gambling Business Act (a component of the Organized Crime Control Act), the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, the Federal Wire Act, and the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, do not explicitly cover the gambling of virtual goods in eSports, though argued could be easily modified to include virtual goods. Further,

neg: Gambling in Nigeria games into two categories. The legal and illegal games. The legal games are Lottery, land-based casino, sports betting. The games roulette, dice games, and non-skilled card games are illegal. The law regulates the slot machines activity and only licensed operators can provide slot machines gaming. Money laundering activity is covered by the Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act, 2011. Nigerian law do not mention online space and there is not any restriction for the people to reach local or foreign gambling sites. Despite the fact internet space is not mentioned exactly in the law. The companies are obliged to follow the regulations

neg: Standard of care should apply ("Vaughn v. Menlove", 3 Bing. (N.C.) 468, 432 Eng.Rep.490 (1837).) Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 289 cmt. n (noting that the “reasonable person” standard makes allowances for age and physical disability but not “attention, perception, memory, knowledge of other pertinent matters, intelligence, and judgment. Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law, 108 (Little, Brown, & Co. 1881): “The standards of the law are standards of general application. The law takes no account of the infinite varieties of temperament, intellect, and education which make the internal character of a given act so different in different men.” An attorney is held

neg: Legal impossibility Legal impossibility Legal impossibility is a traditional common law defense to a charge of an attempted crime. Legal impossibility arises when the act, if completed, would not be a crime. A person believes she is committing a crime, but the act is, in fact, lawful. For example, a person may believe she is receiving stolen goods, but the goods are in fact not stolen. A different form of legal impossibility (Known as "hybrid legal impossibility") comes into play when an actor's goal is illegal, but commission of the crime is impossible due to a factual mistake regarding the legal status

neg: Legal impossibility also impossibility defense. Legal impossibility Legal impossibility is a traditional common law defense to a charge of an attempted crime. Legal impossibility arises when the act, if completed, would not be a crime. A person believes she is committing a crime, but the act is, in fact, lawful. For example, a person may believe she is receiving stolen goods, but the goods are in fact not stolen. A different form of legal impossibility (Known as "hybrid legal impossibility") comes into play when an actor's goal is illegal, but commission of the crime is impossible due to a factual mistake regarding

neg: Transubstantiation and made Mass illegal. For a century and half - 1672 to 1828 - Transubstantiation had an important role, in a negative way, in British political and social life. Under the Test Act, the holding of any public office was made conditional upon explicitly adjuring Transubstantiation. Any aspirant to public office had to repeat the formula set out by the law: "I, "N", do declare that I do believe that there is not any transubstantiation in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of the bread and wine, at or after the consecration thereof by any person

neg: Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law the legislator often orders a delay—"vacatio"—in the law's applicability. In Latin canon law, the "vacatio legis" is three calendar months after promulgation for universal laws, and one calendar month after promulgation for particular laws, unless the law itself establishes a longer or shorter period of time. The legislator of the law can stipulate a longer or shorter time of "vacatio" than that which is stipulated generally. The term "valid but illicit" (or "valid but illegal") refers to an unauthorized celebration of a sacrament that nevertheless has effect. While validity is presumed whenever an act is placed "by a qualified person

neg: Arizona SB 1070 compel such full enforcement. If the person who brings suit prevails, that person may be entitled to reimbursement of court costs and reasonable attorney fees. In addition, the Act makes it a crime for anyone, regardless of citizenship or immigration status, to hire or to be hired from a vehicle which "blocks or impedes the normal movement of traffic." Vehicles used in such manner are subject to mandatory immobilization or impoundment. Moreover, for a person in violation of a criminal law, it is an additional offense to transport an illegal alien "in furtherance" of the illegal alien's unauthorized presence in

neg: Cyrus Gates Farmstead 2014). Owning a station or being a conductor on the Underground Railroad (UGRR) was most certainly illegal behavior, although not considered unethical behavior by many people. In light of this, participation in the Underground Railroad was very secretive; records were not usually, if ever kept of the comings and goings at stations. It would be an unwise act to record illegal behavior, especially in New York where the Northern Democrats were strong. In fact Cyrus' own brother William Gates was an ardent Copperhead and after an argument with Cyrus over "breaking the law" moved out of the family house. In

neg: Andrew Thomas (American politician) immigrants in the state. Sometimes called the "Employer Sanctions Law," it makes it a felony for a person to take the identity of another person, whether real or fictitious, for the purposes of obtaining employment, and provides civil penalties for employers that intentionally or knowingly employ an alien who does not have the legal right or authorization under federal law to work in the United States. After the act was signed into law, Thomas set up a web site that explained the law, and provided a form to report violations. In cooperation with Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, Thomas' focus

neg: 2005 New York City transit strike down during the night, and union negotiators left the bargaining table. TWU members returned to work after an apparent breakthrough in negotiations on December 22, 2005 at 2:35 p.m. EST. The strike was illegal under the provisions of an addition to New York State Civil Service Law called the Public Employees Fair Employment Act, more commonly called the Taylor Law, which has been in effect since September 1, 1967. It was passed largely in response to the 1966 transit strike. It prohibits municipal workers from striking and provides alternative means for dispute resolution. The law provides for criminal penalties including

neg: Explosive Substances Act 1883 Explosive Substances Act 1883 The Explosive Substances Act 1883 (c. 3) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It makes it illegal to use (or conspire or intend to use) any explosive substance to cause an explosion likely to endanger life or cause serious injury to property, whether or not any explosion actually takes place. A person guilty of an offence under this law is liable to life imprisonment. Under the Act, it is also an offence, subject to imprisonment for life, to possess explosives under suspicious circumstances. Anyone who helps someone to commit a crime under

neg: Undetectable Firearms Act Undetectable Firearms Act The United States Undetectable Firearms Act of 1988 (18 U.S.C. § 922(p)) makes it illegal to manufacture, import, sell, ship, deliver, possess, transfer, or receive any firearm that is not as detectable by walk-through metal detection as a security exemplar containing 3.7 oz (105 g) of steel, or any firearm with major components that do not generate an accurate image before standard airport imaging technology. It was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 10, 1988. The general effect of this legislation is a ban on the manufacture, possession and transfer of firearms with less

neg: Undetectable Firearms Act suppress adoption of and experimentation with 3D printers in home gunsmithing. Undetectable Firearms Act The United States Undetectable Firearms Act of 1988 (18 U.S.C. § 922(p)) makes it illegal to manufacture, import, sell, ship, deliver, possess, transfer, or receive any firearm that is not as detectable by walk-through metal detection as a security exemplar containing 3.7 oz (105 g) of steel, or any firearm with major components that do not generate an accurate image before standard airport imaging technology. It was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 10, 1988. The general effect of this legislation is a

neg: Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore) Workmen employed in other essential services shall not go on strike, and employers of such workmen shall not lock them out: A strike or lock-out is deemed to be illegal if it is commenced, declared or continued in contravention of the above provisions or any provision of any other written law, although a lock-out declared in consequence of an illegal strike or a strike declared in consequence of an illegal lock-out is not illegal. It is an offence for any workman and any employer to commence, continue or otherwise act in furtherance of an illegal strike or lock-out; the penalty

neg: United Kingdom labour law any illegal activity they may not claim compensation for injuries. In "Hewison v Meridian Shipping Services Pte Ltd" Mr Hewison concealed his epilepsy so that he could work offshore was technically guilty of illegally attempting to gain a pecuniary advantage by deception under the Theft Act 1968 section 16. After being struck in the head by a defective gangplank he suffered worse fits than before, but the Court of Appeal, by a majority, held his illegal act precluded any compensation. The common law of tort also remains particularly relevant for the type of liability an employer has where there is

neg: Modern Hindu law person of another faith. Dismissing the Christian husband’s appeal, the apex court upheld the High Courts’s view that the marriage not valid under the Hindu Marriage Act, specifically pointing to the fact that Section 5 of the Act makes it clear that a marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus if the conditions in the said Section were fulfilled. Following independence, the postcolonial government led by Jawaharlal Nehru completed the codification and reform of Hindu personal law, a process that had been begun by the British. According to the British policy of noninterference, reform of personal law should have

neg: Australian Law Reform Commission Australian Law Reform Commission The Australian Law Reform Commission (often abbreviated to ALRC) is an Australian independent statutory body established to conduct reviews into the law of Australia.The reviews, also called inquiries or references, are referred to the ALRC by the Attorney-General of Australia. Based on its research and consultations throughout an inquiry, the ALRC makes recommendations to government so that government can make informed decisions about law reform. The ALRC is part of the Attorney-General's portfolio, however it is an independent statutory authority constituted under the "Australian Law Reform Commission Act 1996" (Cth), and the "Public Governance, Performance and

neg: Non-fatal offences against the person in English law required "mens rea" if he believes in facts which, if true, would make the arrest unlawful; not just that he believes the facts as they are make the arrest illegal – a mistake of fact suffices, a mistake of law does not. There also exist alternative forms of aggravated assault in English law, for example: assault or battery with intent to resist arrest (as above, the arrest must be lawful); and assault on, resistance to, and obstruction of constables. Under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, it is also possible to commit a racially aggravated assault. This is where the

neg: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act only limits the ability of a user to copy the work. Though the act makes it illegal to distribute technology to circumvent either type of copy protection, only the action of circumventing access-control measures is illegal. The action of circumventing a copy-control measure is not prohibited, though any copies made are still subject to other copyright law. The section goes on to limit its apparent reach. The statute says that: In addition, the statute has a "primary intent" requirement, which creates evidentiary problems for those seeking to prove a violation. In order for a violation to be proved, it must

neg: Prostitution in Rhode Island Prostitution in Rhode Island Prostitution in Rhode Island was outlawed in 2009. On November 3, 2009, Republican Governor Donald Carcieri signed into law a bill which makes the buying and selling of sexual services a crime. Prostitution was legal in Rhode Island between 1980 and 2009 because there was no specific statute to define the act and outlaw it, although associated activities were illegal, such as street solicitation, running a brothel, and pimping. With the passing of the new law, Nevada is the only US state which allows legal prostitution. Exchanging sex for money is illegal, for both the prostitute

neg: Ron DeSantis he opposed Obama's deferred action programs (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) and accused him of failing to enforce immigration laws. DeSantis opposes "sanctuary cities." He is a co-sponsor of the Establishing Mandatory Minimums for Illegal Reentry Act of 2015, also known as Kate's Law, which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to increase penalties applicable to aliens who unlawfully reenter the United States after being removed. In 2017, Desantis spoke at ACT! for America, an anti-Muslim advocacy group. After the November 2015 Paris attacks, DeSantis "called for urgent recognition that

neg: Laws against Holocaust denial Bosnian Serb MPs have repeatedly been against such a legislation claiming that the law "would cause disagreement and even animosity" according to SNSD member Lazar Prodanovic. In the Czech Republic, Holocaust denial and denial of communist-perpetrated atrocities is illegal. In France, the Gayssot Act, voted for on July 13, 1990, makes it illegal to question the existence of crimes that fall in the category of crimes against humanity as defined in the London Charter of 1945, on the basis of which Nazi leaders were convicted by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945–46. When the act was challenged by

neg: Georgia House Bill 87 multiple provisions of the law, including section 7, which made it illegal to transport or harbor undocumented immigrants while they were committing another crime. Georgia House Bill 87 Georgia House Bill 87 (official title: Illegal Immigration Reform and Enforcement Act of 2011; abbreviated HB 87) is an anti-illegal immigration act passed by the Georgia General Assembly on April 14, 2011, and signed into law by Georgia governor Nathan Deal on May 13, 2011. It took effect on July 1 of that year. The law was authored by Peachtree City Republican state representative Matt Ramsey, and was partly based on Arizona's

neg: Franchi SPAS-12 States between 1982-1994 bearing the import markings of F.I.E or American Arms. A SPAS-12 and LAW-12 shotgun factory stamped by a year after 1994 is considered an illegal import violating federal importation laws with penalties for possession in the U.S. The SPAS-12 would not include Importation Markings on the side of the receiver before 1982 and after 1994 by the U.S. importers Firearms Import and Export (F.I.E) or American Arms. The 1994 federal "Crime Bill", signed into law by President Clinton on Sept. 13, 1994, included the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. That Act included provisions

neg: Law Commission Act 2009 Law Commission Act 2009 The Law Commission Act 2009 (c 14) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It amends the Law Commissions Act 1965. Its purpose is to compel the Government to provide, through the Lord Chancellor, the reasoning for any decision that it makes not to implement any proposal of the Law Commission. Lord Kingsland described this as forcing the Government to "put up or shut up about Law Commission proposals". This section inserted a new section 3A into the Law Commissions Act 1965. This section inserted a new section 3B into the Law Commissions

neg: Dildo connected a vibrator (using reverse engineering) to Tor, the anonymity network, in a proof of concept demonstrating the applicability of privacy technology after the fact. The possession and sale of dildos is illegal in some jurisdictions, including India. Until recently, many southern states and some Great Plains states in the United States banned the sale of dildos completely, either directly or through laws regulating "obscene devices". In 2007, a federal appeals court upheld Alabama's law prohibiting the sale of sex toys. The law, the Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1998, was also upheld by the Supreme Court of Alabama on September

neg: Andrew Cuomo law the first state gun control bill to pass after the December 14, 2012, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in neighboring Connecticut. The NY SAFE Act was described as the toughest gun control law in the United States. The act came under criticism, and the National Rifle Association called it draconian. The New York State Sheriffs' Association issued a statement supporting tougher penalties for illegal use of firearms, but criticizing several aspects of the legislation, including a magazine limit of seven rounds and a "too broad" definition of assault weapons. On July 5, 2013, Cuomo signed an amendment to the

neg: Real Irish Republican Army members, and in October 2000 was alleged to be responsible for the fatal shooting of Belfast RIRA member Joe O'Connor according to O'Connor's family and 32 County Sovereignty Movement member Marian Price. Organisations called "Irish Republican Army" are illegal in both UK law and Irish law; both proscriptions have been held to apply to the RIRA as to other groups of the name. Membership in the organisation is punishable by a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment under UK law. In 2001 the United States government designated the RIRA as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization" (FTO). This makes it illegal

neg: Fundamental Rights Agency of human rights. A Resolution adopted in September 2009, in which the EP condemned a "Law on the Protection of Minors", which was then under discussion in Lithuania, as "homophobic" and requested the FRA to issue a legal opinion on whether the draft law was compatible with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The Lithuanian Parliament, however, responded by adopting a Resolution that condemned the EP's Resolution as an "illegal act" (pointing to the fact that the FRA explicitly has no mandate to examine the legislation adopted by Member States) and requesting the Lithuanian Government to take legal action against

neg: Inchoate offences in English law an example is the attempted murder of (or conspiracy to murder) someone who is, in fact, already dead. Such actions are governed by section 1(2) and 1(3) of the 1981 Act, which provides that they do constitute a crime if the actions, were the facts of the case to be as the defendant believed them to be, would have led to a valid attempt; as Herring states, "if the defendant believes he is dealing in illegal drugs he can be convicted of an attempted drug-dealing offence, even if in fact what he is selling is chalk". A plan which successfully

neg: Taxation of illegal income in the United States ] if the payment constitutes an illegal bribe or kickback or, if the payment is to an official or employee of a foreign government, the payment is unlawful under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977." Similarly, tax deductions and credits are denied where for illegal bribes, illegal kickbacks, or other illegal payments under any Federal law, or under a State if such State law is generally enforced, if the law "subjects the payor to a criminal penalty or the loss of license or privilege to engage in a trade or business." No deduction is allowed for kickbacks, rebates, or

neg: Prostitution in Guyana hotels and attract clients in the hotel's bar or outside the hotel. Dancers in lap dancing and striptease establishments sometimes offer sexual services as a sideline. In the capital, Georgetown, prostitutes sometimes visit moored freighters, with the captain's permission, to service the crews. Prostitution is not specifically prohibited by Guyanese law, but "common nuisance" in section 356 of the Criminal Law (Offences) Act of 1893 is interpreted to include prostitution. Section 357 makes it illegal to keep or manage a "common bawdy house" (brothel) The Combating Trafficking of Persons Act of 2005 prohibits all forms of trafficking and prescribes sufficiently

neg: Organ donation in Japan is regulated by a 1997 organ transplant law, which defines "brain death" and legalized organ procurement from brain dead donors. New Zealand law allows live donors to participate in altruistic organ donation only. In 2013 there were 3 cases of liver donation by live donors and 58 cases of kidney donation by live donors. New Zealand has low rates of live donation, which could be due to the fact that it is illegal to pay someone for their organs. The Human Tissue Act 2008 states that trading in human tissue is prohibited, and is punishable by a fine

neg: Julie Dozier Before the sheriff arrives, however, Steve takes out a pocket knife in front of the troupe, makes a cut on Julie's hand, and sucks some of her blood, so that he can truthfully claim that he has mixed blood in him. Nevertheless, the couple is obliged to leave the show boat because law at the time made it illegal for African-Americans to act on the stage with whites. After some years have past, Magnolia, now eighteen, becomes the new leading lady on the showboat. Many years after, just before being deserted in Chicago by her gambler husband Gaylord Ravenal, Magnolia

neg: Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013 prior legislation: The Act declares criminal organisations to be criminal organisations: The Act declares 41 places to be "prescribed places." They are: Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013 Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013, an act of the Parliament of Queensland, aims to combat "illegal activities of criminal gangs, including criminal [motorcycle] gangs," that is, significant types of organised crime in Queensland. The act was passed on 16 October 2013, and as of 17 October 2013, the Attorney-General of Queensland had indicated that the law had received Royal Assent and was in force. In 2016 it

neg: State Secrecy Law SDS shall be limited to government personnel, employees of Government of Japan contractors and prefectural police officers who, following the security clearance process, are identified as not risking unauthorized disclosure of SDS. About 80% of the Japanese population had opposed the law. Reporters Without Borders called the law "an unprecedented threat to freedom of information". Critics claim that the law is vague on what constitutes a "state secret" and represents a return to pre-WW II militarism when the Peace Preservation Act was used to stifle political opposition. They also contend that the law undermines basic democratic freedom and makes the

neg: HB1804 requirement for government contractors to participate in E-Verify, but strikes the tax penalties for unverified independent contractors in Section 9 and the discrimination liability for retaining illegal aliens from Section 7. HB1804 Oklahoma House Bill 1804, officially known as the Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act 2007, is a strict anti-illegal immigration law introduced by State Representative Randy Terrill, a Republican from Moore, OK. HB-1804 makes it a felony even to give a person a ride if they know or have grounds to suspect them of being an illegal immigrant. It also forbids the state from providing education, health care

neg: Internet censorship and surveillance by country fine for copyright infringement. Effective 2018 Germany started enforcing the Netzwerdurchsetzungsgesetz (NetzDG), a law that demands social media sites move quickly to remove "hate speech", "fake news" and "illegal material". Sites that do not remove "obviously illegal" posts could face fines of up to €50 million. The law gives the networks 24 hours to act after they have been told about law-breaking material. Critics argue the short timeframes coupled with the potentially large fines will lead social networks to be overly cautious and delete huge amounts of content — even things that are perfectly legal. An earlier draft of the

neg: Open Communities Center in 1977, then Interfaith Housing Center of the Northern Suburbs in 1986, and Open Communities in 2012. Open Communities helps individuals who report illegal housing discrimination, predominantly the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which makes denying housing to anyone on the basis of their race, color, national origin illegal. Additionally, the law protects those with disabilities, as well as families with children. Open Communities is an operating member of the National Fair Housing Alliance. In addition to pursuing individual cases, Open Communities works to settle cases for building that systemically discriminate against seniors or people with disabilities. The Homesharing

neg: English tort law still exists, is "ex turpi causa non oritur actio", that if the employee was engaged in any illegal activity they may not claim compensation for injuries. In "Hewison v Meridian Shipping Services Pte Ltd" Mr Hewison concealed his epilepsy so that he could work offshore was technically guilty of illegally attempting to gain a pecuniary advantage by deception under the Theft Act 1968 section 16. After being struck in the head by a defective gangplank he suffered worse fits than before, but the Court of Appeal, by a majority, held his illegal act precluded any compensation. The common law of

neg: Arkansas Act 1 On April 16, 2010, the law was overturned by Circuit Court Judge Chris Piazza in the case "Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Cole". The ruling was upheld unanimously by the Arkansas Supreme Court on April 7, 2011. Arkansas Act 1 Arkansas Proposed Initiative Act No. 1 (2008) is an initiated state statute that was approved on November 4, 2008 election in Arkansas. This measure makes it illegal for any individuals cohabiting outside of a valid marriage to adopt or provide foster care to minors. While the measure was proposed primarily to prohibit same-sex couples from being adoptive or foster

neg: Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013 Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013 Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013, an act of the Parliament of Queensland, aims to combat "illegal activities of criminal gangs, including criminal [motorcycle] gangs," that is, significant types of organised crime in Queensland. The act was passed on 16 October 2013, and as of 17 October 2013, the Attorney-General of Queensland had indicated that the law had received Royal Assent and was in force. In 2016 it was repealed as part of the introduction of the "Serious and Organised Crime Amendment Bill ". The title Act amends the following

neg: An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code that an offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on a person's gender identity or expression constitutes an aggravating circumstance for a court to consider when imposing a criminal sentence. The law amends the "Canadian Human Rights Act" by adding "gender identity or expression" as a prohibited ground of discrimination. That makes it illegal to deny services, employment, accommodation and similar benefits to individuals based on their gender identity or gender expression within a federally regulated industry. A person who denies benefits because of the gender identity or gender expression of another person could be liable to provide

neg: Enemy Airmen's Act Enemy Airmen's Act The Enemy Airmen's Act was a law passed by Imperial Japan on 13 August 1942 which stated that Allied airmen participating in bombing raids against Japanese-held territory would be treated as "violators of the law of war" and subject to trial and punishment if captured by Japanese forces. This law contributed to the deaths of hundreds of Allied airmen throughout the Pacific and Asian theaters of World War II. Shortly after World War II, Japanese officers who carried out mock trials and illegal executions under the Enemy Airmen's Act were found guilty of war crimes. In an

neg: Abortion in the Northern Mariana Islands held: As far as the woman herself is concerned, unless the abortion statute expressly makes her responsible, it is generally held, although the statute reads any "person", that she is not liable to any criminal prosecution, whether she solicits the act or performs it upon herself. Tension has existed between Interpretations of U.S. federal law up against local Commonwealth law. However, a recent governor has asserted that until either U.S. federal or local Commonwealth courts state otherwise, or unless the Commonwealth government carves out any legal allowances, abortion remains illegal in all circumstances in the Commonwealth. In practice, abortions to