query: what is the chemical name of ch3 c o o n a

pos: Sodium acetate reacting acetic acid with sodium hydroxide using water as the solvent. Sodium acetate can be used to form an ester with an alkyl halide such as bromoethane: Sodium acetate undergoes decarboxylation to form methane (CH) under forcing conditions (pyrolysis in the presence of sodium hydroxide): Caesium salts catalyze this reaction. Sodium acetate Sodium acetate, CHCOONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This colorless deliquescent salt has a wide range of uses. Sodium acetate is used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams and also as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. It is

neg: Berbamunine synthase Berbamunine synthase In enzymology, a berbamunine synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 5 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-N-methylcoclaurine, (R)-N-methylcoclaurine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are berbamunine, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-N-methylcoclaurine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-O phenol-coupling). This enzyme is also called (S)-N-methylcoclaurine

neg: Sulfur monoxide toxic and corrosive. This compound is also highly flammable (similar flammability to methane) and when burned produces sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas. Sulfur dioxide SO in presence of hexamethylbenzene C(CH) can be protonated under superacidic conditions (HF/AsF) to give the non-rigid π-complex C(CH)SO. The SO moiety can essientially move barrierless over the benzene ring. The S-O bond length is 1.424(2) Å. <chem>C6(CH3)6 + SO2 + 3 HF + 3 AsF5 -> [C6(CH3)6SO] [AsF6]2 + [H3O] [AsF6]</chem> SO converts to disulfur dioxide (SO). Disulfur dioxide is planar molecule with C symmetry. The S-O bond length is 145.8 pm, shorter than in

neg: Ester features borinic esters ("n" = 2), boronic esters ("n" = 1), and borates ("n" = 0). As oxygen is a group 16 chemical element, sulfur atoms can replace some oxygen atoms in carbon–oxygen–central inorganic atom covalent bonds of an ester. As a result, thiosulfinates and "thiosulfonates, with a central inorganic sulfur atom, demonstrate clearly the assortment of sulfur esters, that also includes sulfates, sulfites, sulfonates, sulfinates, sulfenates"' esters. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120 ° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low

neg: Berbamunine synthase oxidase (C-O phenol-coupling). This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i. Berbamunine synthase In enzymology, a berbamunine synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 5 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-N-methylcoclaurine, (R)-N-methylcoclaurine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are berbamunine, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is

neg: Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is the chemical compound ClSONCO, known as CSI. This compound is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. CSI is prepared by treating cyanogen chloride with sulfur trioxide, the product being distilled directly from the reaction mixture. In this transformation, both the carbon and the nitrogen termini of CN are functionalized. The structure of CSI is represented as ClS(O)-N=C=O. It consists of two electron-withdrawing components, the chlorosulfonyl group (SOCl) and the isocyanate group (-N=C=O). Because of its resulting electrophilicity, the use of CSI in chemical synthesis requires relatively inert solvents such as chlorocarbons, acetonitrile, and ethers. The

neg: Amine oxide Amine oxide An amine oxide, also known as amine-"N"-oxide and "N"-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group RN−O, an N−O coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side chains attached to N. Sometimes it is written as RN→O or, wrongly, as RN=O. In the strict sense, the term "amine oxide" applies only to oxides of tertiary amines. Sometimes it is also used for the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. Examples of amine oxides include pyridine-"N"-oxide, a water-soluble crystalline solid with melting point 62–67 °C, and "N"-methylmorpholine "N"-oxide, which is an oxidant. Amine oxides

neg: Sigillum Dei Sloane 3853: h, t, o, e, x, o, r, a, b, a, s, l, a, y, q, c, i, y, s, t, a, l, g, a, a, o, n, o, s, v, l, a, r, y, c, e, k, s, p, f, y, o, m, e, n, e, a, u, a, r, e, l, a, t, e, d, a, t, o, n, o, n, a, o, y, l, e, p, o, t, m, a), the sum forming the Shemhamphorasch, the ineffable name of God ("magnum nomen Domini Semenphoras licterarum 72"), showing a clear link to Jewish tradition. Next to the

neg: Protein O-GlcNAcase tau, which assists in preventing tau from becoming phosphorylated. X-ray structures are available for a range of O-GlcNAcase proteins. The X-ray structure of human O-GlcNAcase in complex with Thiamet-G identified the structural basis of enzyme inhibition. Protein O-GlcNAcase Protein O-GlcNAcase (, "OGA", "glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase", "O-GlcNAcase", "BtGH84", "O-GlcNAc hydrolase") is an enzyme with systematic name "(protein)-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine/threonine N-acetylglucosaminyl hydrolase". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction There are three isoforms of O-GlcNAcase in humans that have been identified. Full-length O-GlcNAcase (fOGA), the shortest O-GlcNAcase (sOGA), and a variant of OGA (vOGA). The human OGA gene is capable of producing two separate

neg: Formic anhydride Formic anhydride Formic anhydride, also called methanoic anhydride, is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of (H(C=O)−)O. It can be viewed as the anhydride of formic acid (HCOOH). Formic anhydride can be obtained by reaction of formyl fluoride with sodium formate in ether at −78 °C. It can also be produced by reacting formic acid with "N","N′"-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ((−N=)C) in ether at −10 °C. It can also be obtained by disproportionation of acetic formic anhydride. Formic anhydride is a liquid with boiling point 24 °C at 20 mmHg. It is stable in diethyl ether solution. It

neg: Protein O-GlcNAcase Protein O-GlcNAcase Protein O-GlcNAcase (, "OGA", "glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase", "O-GlcNAcase", "BtGH84", "O-GlcNAc hydrolase") is an enzyme with systematic name "(protein)-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine/threonine N-acetylglucosaminyl hydrolase". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction There are three isoforms of O-GlcNAcase in humans that have been identified. Full-length O-GlcNAcase (fOGA), the shortest O-GlcNAcase (sOGA), and a variant of OGA (vOGA). The human OGA gene is capable of producing two separate transcriptions, each capable of encoding a different OGA isoform. The long isoform gene codes for fOGA, a bifunctional enzyme that primarily resides in the cytoplasm. In contrast, vOGA resides within the nucleus. However, all three isoforms

neg: Senecionine N-oxygenase Senecionine N-oxygenase In enzymology, a senecionine N-oxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are senecionine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are senecionine N-oxide, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is senecionine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-oxide-forming).

neg: Tetracarbon dioxide Tetracarbon dioxide Tetracarbon dioxide is an oxide of carbon, a chemical compound of carbon and oxygen, with chemical formula CO or O=C=C=C=C=O. It can be regarded as butatriene dione, the double ketone of butatriene — more precisely 1,2,3-butatriene-1,4-dione. Butatriene dione is the fourth member of the family of linear carbon dioxides O(=C)=O, that includes carbon dioxide CO or O=C=O, ethylene dione CO or O=C=C=O, carbon suboxide CO or O=C=C=C=O, pentacarbon dioxide CO or O=C=C=C=C=C=O, and so on. The compound was obtained in 1990 by Maier and others, by flash vacuum pyrolysis of cyclic azaketones in a frozen argon matrix. It

neg: Sialate O-acetylesterase the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate and HO, whereas its two products are N-acetylneuraminate and acetate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-acyl-O-acetylneuraminate O-acetylhydrolase. Other names in common use include N-acetylneuraminate acetyltransferase, sialate 9(4)-O-acetylesterase, and sialidase. Genetic defects in SIAE have been associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Genetic variants and polymorphisms associated with the SIAE gene have been implicated in susceptibility to Autoimmune Disease 6 (AIS6). Individuals susceptible to AIS6 may suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis,

neg: Acyl-(acyl-carrier-protein)—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase , , , , and . Acyl-(acyl-carrier-protein)—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase In enzymology, an acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, whereas its two products are acyl-carrier-protein and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)transferase. Other names in common use include UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase and uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes,

neg: Acyl-(acyl-carrier-protein)—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase Acyl-(acyl-carrier-protein)—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase In enzymology, an acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, whereas its two products are acyl-carrier-protein and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)transferase. Other names in common use include UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase and uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , ,

neg: Ene reaction hetero-hetero multiple bonds (N=N, O=O, Si=Si, N=O, S=O), cumulene systems (N=S=O, N=S=N, C=C=O, C=C=S, SO) and charged π systems (C=N, C=S, C≡O, C≡N). The main frontier-orbital interaction occurring in an ene reaction is between the HOMO of the ene and the LUMO of the enophile (Figure 2). The HOMO of the ene results from the combination of the pi-bonding orbital in the vinyl moiety and the C-H bonding orbital for the allylic H. Concerted, all-carbon-ene reactions have, in general, a high activation barrier, which was approximated at 33 kcal/mol in the case of propene and ethene, as computed at the

neg: Diphenylketene Diphenylketene Diphenylketene is a chemical substance of the ketene family. Diphenylketene, like most disubstituted ketenes, is a red-orange oil at room temperature and pressure. Due to the successive double bonds in the ketene structure RRC=C=O, diphenyl ketene is a heterocumule. The most important reaction of diphenyl ketene is the [2+2] cycloaddition at C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-S multiple bonds. Diphenyl ketene was first isolated by Hermann Staudinger in 1905 and identified as the first example of the exceptionally reactive class of ketenes with the general formula RRC=C=O (R=R=phenyl group). The first synthesis by H. Staudinger was based on 2-chlorodiphenylacetyl chloride

neg: N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase enzyme is also called N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase and CYP80B1. N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase In enzymology, a N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-N-methylcoclaurine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of

neg: N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase In enzymology, a N-methylcoclaurine 3'-monooxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-N-methylcoclaurine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are (S)-3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-N-methylcoclaurine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3'-hydroxylating). This

neg: Aluminium iodide Aluminium iodide Aluminium iodide is any chemical compound containing only aluminium and iodine. Invariably, the name refers to a compound of the composition , formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine or the action of on metal. The hexahydrate is obtained from a reaction between metallic aluminum or aluminum hydroxide with hydrogen iodide or hydroiodic acid. Like the related chloride and bromide, is a strong Lewis acid and will absorb water from the atmosphere. It is employed as a reagent for the scission of certain kinds of C-O and N-O bonds. It cleaves aryl ethers and deoxygenates epoxides. Solid

neg: Deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase Deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase In enzymology, a deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are penicillin N, 2-oxoglutarate, and O, whereas its 4 products are deacetoxycephalosporin C, succinate, CO, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is penicillin-N,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (ring-expanding). Other names in common use include DAOCS, penicillin

neg: Maleimide Maleimide Maleimide is a chemical compound with the formula HC(CO)NH (see diagram). This unsaturated imide is an important building block in organic synthesis. The name is a contraction of maleic acid and imide, the -C(O)NHC(O)- functional group. Maleimides also describes a "class" of derivatives of the parent maleimide where the N"H" group is replaced with alkyl or aryl groups such as a methyl or phenyl, respectively. The substituent can also be a small molecule (such as biotin, a fluorescent dye, an oligosaccharide a nucleic acid), a reactive group, or a synthetic polymer such as polyethylene glycol. Human hemoglobin chemically modified

neg: Bingo (folk song) There was a farmer had a dog, and Bingo was his name-o. (clap)-I-N-G-O (clap)-I-N-G-O (clap)-I-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. There was a farmer had a dog, and Bingo was his name-o. (clap)-(clap)-N-G-O (clap)-(clap)-N-G-O (clap)-(clap)-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. There was a farmer had a dog, and Bingo was his name-o. (clap)-(clap)-(clap)-G-O (clap)-(clap)-(clap)-G-O (clap)-(clap)-(clap)-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. There was a farmer had a dog, and Bingo was his name-o. (clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-O (clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-O (clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-O And Bingo was his name-o. There was a farmer had a dog, and Bingo was his name-o. And Bingo was his name-o. </poem> The earliest

neg: Amidosulfite N-(2-dimethylammonio-ethyl)amidosulfite, N-(2-diethylammonio-ethyl)amidosulfite, N-[2-(1-Piperidinium-1-yl)-ethyl]amidosulfite, N-[2-(4-Morpholinium-4-yl)-ethyl]amidosulfite, sodium N-ethylamidosulfite (CHNHS(O)ONa), Ethyl N-ethylamidosulfite (CHNHS(O)OCH), diethyl-phosphanyl N-methylamidosulfite, diphenyl-phosphanyl N-methylamidosulfite, N,N-dimethylamidosulfurous acid, N,N-diethylamidosulfurous acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)diethylamidosulfurous acid, sodium N,N-dimethylamidosulfite, sodium N,N-diethylamidosulfite, lithium N,N-diethylamidosulfite, lithium N-hexafluoroisopropylideneamidosulfite (with double bond to nitrogen), sodium 1-piperidinesulfinate Na(CH)NHS(O)O. Organometallic substituents can produce for example trimethylsillyl N,N-diethylamidosulfite trimethyltin N,N-dimethylamidosulfite, or dimethylthallium N,N-dimethylamidosulfite. Amidosulfite An amidosulfite is a chemical compound containing the group =NS(O)O-. Substituents can attach two bonds to the nitrogen and one to the oxygen. These have the form RR'NS(O)OR" compounds can be a zwitterion with a positive charge on the nitrogen, and a negative charge on the oxygen, which then has

neg: Isocyanic acid mass spectrometry, and easily dissolves in water, posing a health risk to the lungs. Low-temperature photolysis of solids containing HNCO has been shown to make H-O-C≡N, known as cyanic acid or hydrogen cyanate; it is a tautomer of isocyanic acid. Pure cyanic acid has not been isolated, and isocyanic acid is the predominant form in all solvents. Sometimes information presented for cyanic acid in reference books is actually for isocyanic acid. Cyanic and isocyanic acids are isomers of fulminic acid (H-C=N-O), an unstable compound. Isocyanic acid Isocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the formula HNCO, discovered in 1830 by

neg: Big O notation means the algorithm runs in the order of "c""n", and the big O notation ignores the constant "c". This can be written as "c""n" = O("n"). If, however, an algorithm runs in the order of 2, replacing "n" with "cn" gives 2 = (2). This is not equivalent to 2 in general. Changing variables may also affect the order of the resulting algorithm. For example, if an algorithm's run time is "O"("n") when measured in terms of the number "n" of "digits" of an input number "x", then its run time is "O"(log "x") when measured as a function of

neg: Fibonacci heap the beginning of the second phase. At the end we will have at most "O"(log "n") roots (because each has a different degree). Therefore, the difference in the potential function from before this phase to after it is: "O"(log "n") − "m", and the amortized running time is then at most "O"(log "n" + "m") + "c"("O"(log "n") − "m"). With a sufficiently large choice of "c", this simplifies to "O"(log "n"). In the third phase we check each of the remaining roots and find the minimum. This takes "O"(log "n") time and the potential does not change. The overall

neg: Big O notation polynomial. Another thing to notice is the sets "O"("n") and "O"("c") are very different. If "c" is greater than one, then the latter grows much faster. A function that grows faster than "n" for any "c" is called "superpolynomial". One that grows more slowly than any exponential function of the form "c" is called "subexponential". An algorithm can require time that is both superpolynomial and subexponential; examples of this include the fastest known algorithms for integer factorization and the function "n". We may ignore any powers of "n" inside of the logarithms. The set "O"(log "n") is exactly the same

neg: Adaptive algorithm mimic a desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean square of the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal). For example, stable partition, using no additional memory is "O"("n" lg "n") but given "O"("n") memory, it can be "O"("n") in time. As implemented by the C++ Standard Library, codice_1 is adaptive and so it acquires as much memory as it can get (up to what it would need at most) and applies the algorithm using that available memory. Another example is adaptive sort, whose behavior changes upon the presortedness of

neg: Oxocarbon carbon end and a positive one on the oxygen end, as in C≡C−C≡O, C≡C−C≡C−C≡O, and, in general, (C≡C−)C≡O. Carbon monoxide itself follows this pattern: its predominant form is believed to be C≡O. Another family of oxocarbons that has attracted special attention are the cyclic radialene-type oxocarbons CO or (CO). They can be regarded as cyclic polymers of carbon monoxide, or "n"-fold ketones of "n"-carbon cycloalkanes. Carbon monoxide itself (CO) can be regarded as the first member. Theoretical studies indicate that ethylene dione (CO or O=C=C=O) and cyclopropanetrione CO do not exist. The next three members — CO, CO, and CO

neg: Aanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture property of being regular is not monotone. The big O notation is often used for query complexity. In short, "f"("n") is O("g"("n")) if for large enough "n", "f"("n") ≤ "c g"("n") for some positive constant "c". Similarly, "f"("n") is Ω("g"("n")) if for large enough "n", "f"("n") ≥ "c g"("n") for some positive constant "c". Finally, "f"("n") is Θ("g"("n")) if it is both O("g"("n")) and Ω("g"("n")). The deterministic query complexity of evaluating a function on "n" bits ("x", "x", ..., "x") is the number of bits "x" that have to be read in the worst case by a deterministic algorithm to

neg: Tetracarbon dioxide was also obtained in the same year by Sülzle and Schwartz through impact ionization of ((CH-)(CO)(=O)=) in the gas phase. Although theoretical studies indicated that the even-numbered members of the O(=C)=O family should be inherently unstable, CO is indefinitely stable in the matrix, but is decomposed by light into tricarbon monoxide CO and carbon monoxide CO. It has a triplet ground state. Tetracarbon dioxide Tetracarbon dioxide is an oxide of carbon, a chemical compound of carbon and oxygen, with chemical formula CO or O=C=C=C=C=O. It can be regarded as butatriene dione, the double ketone of butatriene — more precisely 1,2,3-butatriene-1,4-dione.

neg: Communication-avoiding algorithms order n x n. The following naive algorithm implements C = C + A * B: Arithmetic cost (time-complexity): n² (2n-1) for sufficiently large n or O(n³). Rewriting this algorithm with communication cost labelled at each step Fast memory may be defined as the local processor memory (CPU cache) of size M and slow memory may be defined as the DRAM. Communication cost (reads/writes): n³ + 3n² or O(n³) Since total running time = γ*O(n³) + β*O(n³) and β » γ the communication cost is dominant. The Blocked (Tiled) Matrix Multiplication algorithm reduces this dominant term. Consider A,B,C to be

neg: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase In enzymology, a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are CMP-N-acetylneuraminate, ferrocytochrome b5, O, and H, whereas its 3 products are CMP-N-glycoloylneuraminate, ferricytochrome b5, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CMP-N-acetylneuraminate,ferrocytochrome-b5:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-acetyl-hydroxylating).

neg: Tetrabromonickelate heated over 260° the color changes to green, and it melts at 273 °C. A dark blue oil, bis-("o"-tolyltriethylphosphonium) tetrabromonickelate (o-CHCHPEt)NiBr can be made from the reaction of "o"-tolyl bis-triethylphosphine, nickel bromide and "o"-tolyl bromide. (o-CHOCHPEt)NiBr and (CHPEt)NiBr are made in a similar way. bis-(benzo["e"]-1,3-dithiepan-2-diethylimmonium) tetrabromonickelate, abbreviated as (xdtc)NiBr, has dark blue crystals that melt at 166 °C. It is made from α,α'-dibromo-"o"-xylene and bis-("N,N"-diethyldithiocarbamato)nickel(II) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane. bis-(tetra-"n"-butylphosphonium) tetrabromonickelate can form as a glass when nickel bromide is dissolved in molten tetra-"n"-butylphosphonium iodide. Blue 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium tetrabromonickelate [HNN(CH)]NiBr is a salt stable between 70° and 260 °C. It can be

neg: Building the Virginian Railway secured without alerting the big railroads. In West Virginia, the owners, surveyors, and builders of the Deepwater Railway ran into lots of conflicts with both the C&O and the N&W. There was a nasty dispute with C&O forces over a contested tunnel site near Jenny Gap which landed in court. The Raleigh County court ruled for the C&O, but the West Virginia Supreme Court reversed the ruling in favor of the Deepwater Railway. In another court case, Page had what may have been a near-miss with a perjury charge. Upon interrogation by N&W attorneys in a West Virginia legal confrontation

neg: Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase dioxygenase. Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase In enzymology, a deoxyhypusine monooxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are a protein-bound N-(4-aminobutyl)--lysine, an electron acceptor AH, and O, and its 3 products are protein-bound N-[("R")-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl]--lysine, the reduction product A, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derive from O miscellaneous. The systematic name of this enzyme class is deoxyhypusine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, and

neg: Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase In enzymology, a deoxyhypusine monooxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are a protein-bound N-(4-aminobutyl)--lysine, an electron acceptor AH, and O, and its 3 products are protein-bound N-[("R")-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl]--lysine, the reduction product A, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derive from O miscellaneous. The systematic name of this enzyme class is deoxyhypusine,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, and deoxyhypusine

neg: Isocyanate (CO) and carbodiimides (C(NR)). The C-N=C=O unit that defines isocyanats is a planar and the N=C=O linkage is nearly linear. In phenyl isocyanate, the C=N and C=O distances are respectively 1.195 and 1.173 Å. Isocyanates are produced from amines by phosgenation, i.e. treating with phosgene: These reactions proceed via the intermediacy of a carbamoyl chloride (RNHC(O)Cl). Owing to the hazardous nature of phosgene, the production of isocyanates requires special precautions. Isocyanates are electrophiles, and as such they are reactive toward a variety of nucleophiles including alcohols, amines, and even water. Upon treatment with an alcohol, an isocyanate forms a urethane

neg: Hydrogen bond polar-covalent bond associated with O-O repulsive coupling. Quantum chemical calculations of the relevant interresidue potential constants (compliance constants) revealed large differences between individual H bonds of the same type. For example, the central interresidue N−H···N hydrogen bond between guanine and cytosine is much stronger in comparison to the N−H···N bond between the adenine-thymine pair. Theoretically, the bond strength of the hydrogen bonds can be assessed using NCI index, non-covalent interactions index, which allows a visualization of these non-covalent interactions, as its name indicases, using the electron density of the system. From interpretations of the anisotropies in the Compton profile of

neg: Amine oxide 1400 ug L. Chronic toxicity data for fish is 420 ug/L. When normalized to C12.9, the NOEC is 310 ug L for growth and hatchability. Amine oxide An amine oxide, also known as amine-"N"-oxide and "N"-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group RN−O, an N−O coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side chains attached to N. Sometimes it is written as RN→O or, wrongly, as RN=O. In the strict sense, the term "amine oxide" applies only to oxides of tertiary amines. Sometimes it is also used for the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary

neg: Senecionine N-oxygenase Other names in common use include senecionine monooxygenase (N-oxide-forming), and SNO. Senecionine N-oxygenase In enzymology, a senecionine N-oxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are senecionine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are senecionine N-oxide, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor.

neg: Acetylenediol Although again not derived from acetylenediol, a variety of structurally related compounds are known. Examples include the diethers diisopropoxyethyne ((CH)CH)-O-C≡C-O-(CH(CH)) and di-tert-butoxyethyne ((CH)C)-O-C≡C-O-(C(CH)). Acetylenediol Acetylenediol, or ethynediol, is a chemical substance with formula HO−C≡C−OH. It is the diol of acetylene. Acetylenediol is unstable in the condensed phase, although its tautomer glyoxal (CHO) is well known. Acetylenediol was first observed in the gas-phase by mass spectrometry. The compound was later obtained by photolysis of squaric acid in a solid argon matrix at . Although the diol has only fleeting existence in concentrated form, salts of the acetylenediolate (ethynediolate) dianion O−C≡C−O are

neg: Protein O-GlcNAc transferase Protein O-GlcNAc transferase O-GlcNAc transferase (, "O-GlcNAc transferase", "OGTase", "O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase", "uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase", "protein O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine transferase") is an enzyme with systematic name "UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:protein-O-beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl transferase". In humans the enzyme is encoded by the "OGT" gene. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) catalyzes the addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine in O-glycosidic linkage to serine or threonine residues of intracellular proteins. Since both phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation compete for similar serine or threonine residues, the two processes may compete for sites, or they may alter the substrate specificity of nearby sites by steric or electrostatic effects. Two transcript variants encoding cytoplasmic and mitochondrial

neg: UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase In enzymology, an UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate and NADP, whereas its 3 products are UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-alpha-D-glucosamine, NADPH, and H. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate:NADP oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include MurB reductase, UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-enoylpyruvate reductase, UDP-GlcNAc-enoylpyruvate reductase, uridine diphosphoacetylpyruvoylglucosamine reductase, uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-enolpyruvate reductase, uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-3-O-lactylglucose:NADP-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism. It employs one cofactor,

neg: T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G is a 12-minute short film directed by Paul Sharits in 1968. It uses many of the strategies characteristic of the structural film movement, including a static frame, flicker effects, flash frames and continual audio and visual repetition. The audio track consists exclusively of the filmmaker uttering the word "destroy" over and over until the word begins to lose its meaning and creates the impression of different combinations of words being spoken. Unlike many clearly algorithmically-driven films of the structural film movement, "T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G" does not simply follow a sequence of mathematical transformation, but deploys combinations of audio and visual

neg: T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G effects to elicit emotional and psychological responses in viewers. T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G is a 12-minute short film directed by Paul Sharits in 1968. It uses many of the strategies characteristic of the structural film movement, including a static frame, flicker effects, flash frames and continual audio and visual repetition. The audio track consists exclusively of the filmmaker uttering the word "destroy" over and over until the word begins to lose its meaning and creates the impression of different combinations of words being spoken. Unlike many clearly algorithmically-driven films of the structural film movement, "T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G" does not simply follow a sequence of

neg: Stereoelectronic effect generally more effective than bonding orbitals due to the high energy levels. Also, different from acceptors, donor orbitals require less polarized bonds. Thus, the general trends for donor orbitals would be: n(N)>n(O)>σ(C–C), σ(C–H)>σ(C–N)>σ(C–O)>σ(C–S)>σ(C–Hal). Stereoelectronic effect can be directional in specific cases. The radius of sulfur is much larger than the radius of carbon and oxygen. Thus the differences in C–S bond distances generate a much amplified difference in the two stereoelectronic effects in 1,3-dithiane (σ(C–H) → σ*(C–S)) than in 1,3-dioxane(σ(C–H) → σ*(C–O)). The differences between C–C and C–S bonds shown below causes a significant difference in the distances between C–S

neg: Acetic oxalic anhydride pressure. It can also be obtained by reacting anhydrous oxalic acid with ketene (=C=O). Acetic oxalic anhydride is an unstable colorless crystalline solid, soluble in diethyl ether, that decomposes at about −3 °C into acetic anhydride (-(C=O)-)O, carbon dioxide () and carbon monoxide (CO). It is hydrolyzed by water into acetic and oxalic acids. Acetic oxalic anhydride was conjectured to be an intermediate in the decomposition of anhydrous oxalic acid by acetic anhydride. Acetic oxalic anhydride Acetic oxalic anhydride is an organic compound with a chemical formula of and a structural formula of (HC-(C=O)-O-(C=O)-). It can be viewed as a

neg: Bingo (folk song) Bingo (folk song) "Bingo", also known as "Bingo Was His Name-O", "There Was a Farmer Had a Dog", and "C'era un contadino che aveva un cagnolino di nome Bingolino" or informally "B-I-N-G-O", is a Scottish children's song of obscure origin. Additional verses are sung by omitting the first letter sung in the previous verse and clapping instead of actually saying the word. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 589. The contemporary version generally goes as follows: <poem> There was a farmer had a dog, and Bingo was his name-o. B-I-N-G-O B-I-N-G-O B-I-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o.

neg: 2-Nitrodiphenylamine 2-Nitrodiphenylamine 2-Nitrodiphenylamine, also called NDPA, 2-NDPA, 2NO2DPA, Sudan Yellow 1339, C.I. 10335, CI 10335, phenyl 2-nitrophenylamine, 2-nitro-N-phenylaniline, or N-phenyl-"o"-nitroaniline, is an organic chemical, a nitrated aromatic amine, a derivate of diphenylamine. Its chemical formula is CHNO, or CHNHCHNO. It is a red crystalline solid, usually in form of flakes or powder, with melting point of 74-76 °C and boiling point of 346 °C. It is polar but hydrophobic. 2-Nitrodiphenylamine is used as a stabilizer for synthetic rubbers, explosives, propellants (e.g. in Otto fuel II, smokeless powders, in some US Army double-base propellants in solid rockets, and in other applications involving

neg: Oxocarbon amounts of even-numbered monoxides such as CO, CO, and CO. The members up to "n"=9 have also been obtained by electrical discharge on gaseous CO diluted in argon. The first three members have been detected in interstellar space. When "n" is even, the molecules are believed to be in the triplet (cumulene-like) state, with the atoms connected by double bonds and an unfilled orbital in the first carbon — as in :C=C=O, :C=C=C=C=O, and, in general, :(C=)=O. When "n" is odd, the triplet structure is believed to resonate with a singlet (acetylene-type) polar state with a negative charge on the

neg: Plasma cleaning very effective in the breaking of most organic bonds (i.e., C–H, C–C, C=C, C–O, and C–N) of surface contaminants. This helps to break apart high molecular weight contaminants. A second cleaning action is carried out by the oxygen species created in the plasma (O, O, O, O, O, O, ionised ozone, metastable excited oxygen, and free electrons). These species react with organic contaminants to form HO, CO, CO, and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. These compounds have relatively high vapor pressures and are evacuated from the chamber during processing. The resulting surface is ultra-clean. In Fig. 2, a relative content of

neg: Acetoxy group Acetoxy group Acetoxy group, abbreviated AcO or OAc, is a chemical functional group of the structure CH-C(=O)-O-. It differs from the acetyl group CH-C(=O)- by the presence of one additional oxygen atom. The name acetoxy is the short form of "acetyl-oxy". An acetoxy group may be used as a protection for an alcohol functionality in a synthetic route although the protecting group itself is called an acetyl group. There are several options of introducing an acetoxy functionality in a molecule from an alcohol (in effect protecting the alcohol by acetylation): An alcohol is not a particularly strong nucleophile and, when

neg: Carbohydrazide suitable precursor: The molecule is nonplanar. All nitrogen centers are at least somewhat pyramidal, indicative of weaker C-N pi-bonding. The C-N and C-O distances are about 1.36 and 1.25 Å, respectively. Heating carbohydrazide may result in an explosion. Carbohydrazide is harmful if swallowed, irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Carbohydrazide is toxic to aquatic organisms. Carbohydrazide Carbohydrazide is the chemical compound with the formula OC(NH). It is a white, water-soluble solid. It decomposes upon melting. A number of carbazides are known where one or more N-H groups are replaced by other substituents. They occur widely in the drugs, herbicides,

neg: Fredkin gate directly to the "C" output. If "C" = 0, no swap is performed; "I" maps to "O", and "I" maps to "O". Otherwise, the two outputs are swapped so that "I" maps to "O", and "I" maps to "O". It is easy to see that this circuit is reversible, i.e., "undoes" itself when run backwards. A generalized "n"×"n" Fredkin gate passes its first "n"-2 inputs unchanged to the corresponding outputs, and swaps its last two outputs if and only if the first "n"-2 inputs are all 1. The Fredkin gate is the reversible three-bit gate that swaps the last two

neg: Resonance (chemistry) ion, [O=N=O]). According to the contributing structures, each N–O bond is an average of a formal single and formal double bond, leading to a true bond order of 1.5. By virtue of this averaging, the Lewis description of the bonding in NO is reconciled with the experimental fact that the anion has equivalent N–O bonds. As suggested by this example, individual Lewis structures of a resonance hybrid are hypothetical mental constructs, and the molecular geometry and properties implied by each structure standing alone do not correspond to any real chemical species. To correctly interpret the molecular structure described by a

neg: Acetoxy group present, more powerful nucleophiles like amines will react with the above-mentioned reagents in preference to the alcohol. For deprotection (regeneration of the alcohol) Acetoxy group Acetoxy group, abbreviated AcO or OAc, is a chemical functional group of the structure CH-C(=O)-O-. It differs from the acetyl group CH-C(=O)- by the presence of one additional oxygen atom. The name acetoxy is the short form of "acetyl-oxy". An acetoxy group may be used as a protection for an alcohol functionality in a synthetic route although the protecting group itself is called an acetyl group. There are several options of introducing an acetoxy functionality

neg: Cone (algebraic geometry) "O"(1)'s, which agree locally, gives the line bundle "O"(1) on formula_44. For any integer "n", one also writes "O"("n") for the "n"-th tensor power of "O"(1). If the cone "C"=Spec"R" is the total space of a vector bundle "E", then "O"(-1) is the tautological line bundle on the projective bundle P("E"). Remark: When the (local) generators of "R" have degree other than one, the construction of "O"(1) still goes through but with a weighted projective space in place of a projective space; so the resulting "O"(1) is not necessarily a line bundle. In the language of divisor, this "O"(1) corresponds

neg: N-Benzoyl-N'-phenylurea N-Benzoyl-N'-phenylurea "N"-Benzoyl-"N′"-phenylurea is an organic compound with PhCONHCONHPh formula. It is benzoylurea derivative substituted with phenyl group on the opposite nitrogen atom. Structure of "N"-benzoyl-"N"′-phenylurea was first determined in 2010. Molecules in this compound are approximately flat and exhibit high charge delocalization. Within the molecule an intramolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond is present forming pseudoaromatic 6-membered ring. Additionally intermolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds are also present combining two molecules into a centrosymmetric dimer (8-membered ring is formed). Carbonyl C=O bond distances are equal to ca. 1.23 Å, C−N distances are in range of 1.34 to 1.41 Å. In 1965 "N"-benzoyl-"N"′-phenylurea was synthesized

neg: Double bond Double bond A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond, that is between two carbon atoms, can be found in alkenes. Many types of double bonds exist between two different elements. For example, in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is drawn as two parallel lines (=) between the two connected atoms; typographically, the equals

neg: Isocyanate that seeks promote the safe utilization of isocyanates by promulgating best practices. Isocyanate Isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R–N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound that with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers. Isocyanates should not be confused with cyanate esters and isocyanides, very different families of compounds. The cyanate (cyanate ester) functional group (R–O–C≡N) is arranged differently from the isocyanate group (R–N=C=O). Isocyanides have the connectivity R-N≡C, lacking the oxygen of the cyanate

neg: Isocyanate Isocyanate Isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R–N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound that with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers. Isocyanates should not be confused with cyanate esters and isocyanides, very different families of compounds. The cyanate (cyanate ester) functional group (R–O–C≡N) is arranged differently from the isocyanate group (R–N=C=O). Isocyanides have the connectivity R-N≡C, lacking the oxygen of the cyanate groups. In terms of bonding, isocyanates are closely related to carbon dioxide

neg: Phosphonium coupling coupling reactions. Phosphonium coupling generates in situ a pseudo aryl or heteroaryl halide (the intermediate phosphonium species), and subsequently reacts with the other coupling partners under the suitable conditions. Therefore, as a new addition to the modern chemical methodology toolbox, it can be applied to many classical reactions involving aryl or heteroaryl halides. Phosphonium coupling Phosphonium coupling is a chemical reaction in organic chemistry for organic synthesis. It is a mild, efficient, chemoselective and versatile methodology for the direct C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–S bond formations of unactivated and unprotected tautomerizable heterocycles. Originally reported in 2004, phosphonium coupling proceeds via

neg: Glycosaminoglycan which is a bifunctional enzyme that cleaves the N-acetyl group from GlcNAc and subsequently sulfates the N-position. Next, C-5 uronyl epimerase coverts d-GlcA to l-IdoA followed by 2-"O" sulfation of the uronic acid sugar by 2-"O" sulfotransferase (Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase). Finally, the 6-"O" and 3-"O" positions of GlcNAc moities are sulfated by 6-"O" (Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase) and 3-O (3-OST) sulfotransferases. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, which comprise CSGAGs, are differentiated from each other by the presence of GlcA and IdoA epimers respectively. Similar to the production of HSGAGs, C-5 uronyl epimerase converts d-GlcA to l-IdoA to synthesize dermatan sulfate. Three

neg: Xenon nitrate are FXeO 177.6°, XeON 114.7°, (Xe)ONO 114.5° (cis), other (Xe)ONO 118.4° (trans) and (non-Xe)ONO is 127.1°. The bond lengths and angles on the xenon atom are similar to that in FXeOSOF and FXeOTeF indicating a polar oxygen bond. The Xe-O-N angle is larger than halogen nitrates, which indicates a lower bond density for Xe-O bond. N-O bond length is longer than the N-O bond length, the opposite to other halogen nitrates. FXeONO is not particularly stable and slowly breaks down at -78 °C yielding XeF.NO. This happens on a timescale of several days. At 0 °C FXeONO has a half

neg: Eulim Eulim Eulim is a Chemistry library written in Ruby under the MIT license. Eulim is a Ruby gem for Chemistry, which supports the calculation of molecular mass of compound, balancing chemical equations, efficient handling of states of chemical species and many more things. $ irb irb(main):001:0> require 'eulim' irb(main):002:0> Eulim::Chemistry::Reaction.new(equation: 'KMnO4 + HCl » KCl + MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2').balanced_eqn irb(main):003:0> Eulim::Chemistry::Compound.new("CaCO3") => #<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002a65340 @formula="CaCO3", @constituents={"Ca"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c805a8 @name="Calcium", @symbol="Ca", @atomic_number=20, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=40.078 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, "C"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c8f6e8 @name="Carbon", @symbol="C", @atomic_number=6, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=12.0107 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, "O"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c8dc30 @name="Oxygen", @symbol="O", @atomic_number=8, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=15.9996 unit=u», :atom_count=>3}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=100.0875 unit=u» irb(main):004:0> Eulim::Chemistry::Reaction.new(equation: '2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) » 2NaCl(aq)

neg: Methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-monooxygenase Methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-monooxygenase In enzymology, a methyltetrahydroprotoberberine 14-monooxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-N-methylcanadine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are allocryptopine, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-N-methylcanadine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-hydroxylating). Other

neg: Deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase Deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase In enzymology, a deacetoxycephalosporin-C hydroxylase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are deacetoxycephalosporin C, 2-oxoglutarate, and O, whereas its 3 products are deacetylcephalosporin C, succinate, and CO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is deacetoxycephalosporin-C,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in

neg: L (complexity) NL ⊆ NC. In words, given a parallel computer "C" with a polynomial number "O"("n") of processors for some constant "k", any problem that can be solved on "C" in "O"(log "n") time is in L, and any problem in L can be solved in "O"(log "n") time on "C". Important open problems include whether L = P, and whether L = NL. The related class of function problems is FL. FL is often used to define logspace reductions. L is low for itself, because it can simulate log-space oracle queries (roughly speaking, "function calls which use log space") in

neg: Deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase N expandase, and DAOC synthase. This enzyme participates in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis. As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and . Deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase In enzymology, a deacetoxycephalosporin-C synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are penicillin N, 2-oxoglutarate, and O, whereas its 4 products are deacetoxycephalosporin C, succinate, CO, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction

neg: Bingo (folk song) dog leapt over the stile, his name was little Bingo. B with an I — I with an N, N with a G — G with an O; his name was little Bingo: B—I—N—G—O! His name was little Bingo. The farmer loved a cup of good ale, he called it rare good stingo, the farmer loved a cup of good ale, he called it rare good stingo. S—T with an I — I with an N, N with a G — G with an O; He called it rare good stingo: S—T—I—N—G—O! He called it rare good stingo And is

neg: Nitroso NO, or some intermediate case. In foodstuffs and in the gastro-intestinal tract, nitrosation and nitrosylation do not have the same consequences on consumer health. Nitroso Nitroso refers to a functional group in organic chemistry which has the NO group attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as "C"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; R−N=O), "S"-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; RS−N=O), "N"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, RN(−R)−N=O), and "O"-nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites; RO−N=O). Nitrosobenzene ((CHNO) is prepared by reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine (CHNHOH), which is then oxidized. Nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. The dimers, which are often

neg: Nitroso Nitroso Nitroso refers to a functional group in organic chemistry which has the NO group attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as "C"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; R−N=O), "S"-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; RS−N=O), "N"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, RN(−R)−N=O), and "O"-nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites; RO−N=O). Nitrosobenzene ((CHNO) is prepared by reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine (CHNHOH), which is then oxidized. Nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. The dimers, which are often pale-yellow, are often favored in the solid state, whereas the deeply colored monomers are favored in dilution solution or at higher temperatures. They exist

neg: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase oxygenase, and pyridine-2,5-diol dioxygenase. 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase In enzymology, a 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 2 substrates of this enzyme are 2,5-dihydroxypyridine and O, whereas its product is N-formylmaleamic acid. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O. It employs one cofactor, iron. This enzyme participates in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-dihydroxypyridine:oxygen 5,6-oxidoreductase. Other names in

neg: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase In enzymology, a 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 2 substrates of this enzyme are 2,5-dihydroxypyridine and O, whereas its product is N-formylmaleamic acid. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O. It employs one cofactor, iron. This enzyme participates in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-dihydroxypyridine:oxygen 5,6-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 2,5-dihydroxypyridine

neg: OGT (gene) with respect to UDP-GlcNAc.” The molecular mechanism of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase has not been extensively studied either, since there is not a confirmed crystal structure of the enzyme. A proposed mechanism supported by product inhibition patterns by UDP at saturating peptide conditions proceeds with starting materials Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, and a peptide chain with a reactive serine or threonine hydroxyl group. The proposed reaction is an ordered sequential bi-bi mechanism. The chemical reaction can be written as: (1) UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine → UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine (2) UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine → UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine First, the hydroxyl group of serine is

neg: C–H···O interaction the number of aromatic rings. C–H···O interactions can be important in drug design, being present in structures of therapeutic proteins, and nucleic acids. O-H···C and N-H···C type interactions could also play a significant role and were first analyzed in 1993. C–H···O interaction In chemistry, a C–H···O interaction is occasionally described as a special type of weak hydrogen bond. These interactions frequently occur in the structures of important biomolecules like amino acids, proteins, sugars, DNA and RNA. The C–H···O interaction was discovered in 1937 by Samuel Glasstone. Glasstone studied properties of mixtures of acetone with different halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons and

neg: C++ Standard Library algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance. These performance requirements often correspond to a well-known algorithm, which is expected but not required to be used. In most cases this requires linear time O("n") or linearithmic time O("n" log "n"), but in some cases higher bounds are allowed, such as quasilinear time O("n" log "n") for stable sort (to allow in-place merge sort). Previously sorting was only required to take O("n" log "n") on average, allowing the use of quicksort, which is fast in practice but has poor worst-case performance, but introsort was introduced to allow both fast average performance

neg: Pin group distinction between the dihedral group of a 2"n"-gon and the dicyclic group of the cyclic group "C". In Pin, the preimage of the dihedral group of an "n"-gon, considered as a subgroup Dih < O(2), is the dihedral group of a 2"n"-gon, Dih < Pin(2), while in Pin, the preimage of the dihedral group is the dicyclic group formula_8. The resulting commutative square of subgroups for Spin(2), Pin(2), SO(2), O(2) – namely "C", Dih, "C", Dih – is also obtained using the projective orthogonal group (going down from O by a 2-fold quotient, instead of up by a 2-fold cover)

neg: Rock (confectionery) final, stretched product. The letters are not made in order of appearance in the name (B, L, A, C, K, P, O, O, L) but by their shape; "square" letters, (B, E, F, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, T, W, X, Y and Z), are made first, as they will not lose their shape, while "triangle" (A and V) and "round" (C, D, G, O, Q, S, U) letters are made last to prevent them from losing their shape, as the toffee is still reasonably soft at this point. For example, the letters that make up "BLACKPOOL

neg: Chemical database and fast, flexible search. Chemists can search databases using parts of structures, parts of their IUPAC names as well as based on constraints on properties. Chemical databases are particularly different from other general purpose databases in their support for sub-structure search. This kind of search is achieved by looking for subgraph isomorphism (sometimes also called a monomorphism) and is a widely studied application of Graph theory. The algorithms for searching are computationally intensive, often of O ("n") or O ("n") time complexity (where "n" is the number of atoms involved). The intensive component of search is called atom-by-atom-searching (ABAS), in

neg: Even–Paz protocol a proportional division in time O("n" log "n"). It is possible to prove by induction that every partner playing by the rules is guaranteed a piece with a value of at least 1/"n", regardless of what the other partners do. Thanks to the divide-and-conquer strategy, the number of iterations is only O(log "n"), in contrast to O("n") in the Last Diminisher procedure. In each iteration, each partner is required to make a single mark. Hence, the total number of marks required is O("n" log "n"). Several years after the publication of the Even-Paz algorithm, it was proved that every deterministic

neg: Protein O-GlcNAc transferase been extensively studied either, since there is not a confirmed crystal structure of the enzyme. A proposed mechanism by Lazarus et al. is supported by product inhibition patterns of UDP at saturating peptide conditions. This mechanism proceeds with starting materials Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, and a peptide chain with a reactive serine or threonine hydroxyl group. The proposed reaction is an ordered sequential bi-bi mechanism. The chemical reaction can be written as: (1) UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine → UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine (2) UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine → UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine First, the hydroxyl group of serine is deprotonated by Histidine 498, a catalytic

neg: Trilemma but they can only provide a weak form of anonymity. The trilemma claims that blockchain systems can only at most have two of the following three properties: Decentralization (defined as the system being able to run in a scenario where each participant only has access to O(c) resources, ie. a regular laptop or small VPS) Scalability (defined as being able to process O(n) > O(c) transactions) Security (defined as being secure against attackers with up to O(n) resources) Where c refers to the size of computational resources (including computation, bandwidth and storage) available to each node, and n to refer

neg: Acetic oxalic anhydride Acetic oxalic anhydride Acetic oxalic anhydride is an organic compound with a chemical formula of and a structural formula of (HC-(C=O)-O-(C=O)-). It can be viewed as a mixed anhydride, formally derived from acetic acid (HC-(C=O)OH) and oxalic acid ((-(C=O)OH)), in 2:1 molecular ratio, by the loss of two water molecules. Unlike some other anhydrides, Acetic oxalic anhydride cannot be obtained directly from the acids. It was synthesized in 1953 by W. Edwards and W. M. Henley, by reacting silver oxalate () suspended in diethyl ether with acetyl chloride at temperatures below −5 °C and distilling off the solvent under low

neg: Dimethylformamide as S2 reactions. As for most amides, the spectroscopic evidence indicates partial double bond character for the C-N and C-O bonds. Thus, the infrared spectrum shows a C=O stretching frequency at only 1675 cm, whereas a ketone would absorb near 1700 cm. The ambient temperature H NMR spectrum shows separate methyl signals, indicative of hindered rotation about the (O)C-N bond. DMF is miscible with water. The vapour pressure at 20 °C is 3.5 hPa. A Henry's law constant of 7.47 × 10 hPa m mol can be deduced from an experimentally determined equilibrium constant at 25 °C. The partition coefficient

neg: Ligase Ligase In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds, e.g., enzymes that catalyze joining of C-O, C-S, C-N, etc. In general, a ligase catalyzes the following reaction: or sometimes where the lowercase letters can signify the small, dependent groups. Ligase can join two complementary fragments of nucleic acid and repair single stranded breaks that arise in double stranded DNA during

neg: Thiosulfoxide type R-N=S=S are another group of stable compounds containing a S=S bond. The first such compound was prepared in 1974 reaction of the nitroso compound N,N-dimethyl-p-nitrosoaniline with tetraphosphorus decasulfide. Heating to 200 °C extrudes sulfur in this compound and forms the corresponding azo compound. Disulfur monoxide S=S=O is stable at 20 °C for several days. Occasionally thiosulfates are depicted as having a S=S unit but the sulfur-sulfur bond in it is in fact a single bond. Thiosulfoxide A thiosulfoxide is a chemical compound containing a sulfur to sulfur double bond of the type RR'S=S with R and R' both alkyl

neg: Carbon suboxide suboxide be regarded as a "coordination complex" of carbon(0) bearing two carbonyl ligands and two lone pairs: OC→:C:←CO. However, the contribution of dative bonding in CO and similar species has been criticized as chemically unreasonable by others. Carbon suboxide Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide, is an oxide of carbon with chemical formula CO or O=C=C=C=O. Its four cumulative double bonds make it a cumulene. It is one of the stable members of the series of linear oxocarbons O=C=O, which also includes carbon dioxide (CO) and pentacarbon dioxide (CO). Although if carefully purified it can exist at room temperature in the

neg: O-Toluidine takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. Exposure to "o"-toluidine enhances the microsomal activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (particularly in the kidney), NAPDH-cytochrome c reductase and the content of cytochrome P-450. Cytochrome P450–mediated "N"-hydroxylation to "N"-hydroxy-"o"-toluidine, a carcinogenic metabolite, occurs in the liver. "N"-Hydroxy-"o"-toluidine can be either metabolized to "o"-nitrosotoluene or conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulfate and transported to the urinary bladder via the blood. Once in the bladder, "N"-hydroxy-"o"-toluidine can be released from the conjugates in an acidic urine environment to either react directly with DNA or be bio-activated via sulfation or acetylation by cytosolic sulfotransferases or "N"-acetyltransferases (presumably

neg: Ted Noten in Munich, Germany. "Schmuck" was established in 1959 by "Dr. Herbert Hoffmann" and is the eldest exhibition of contemporary jewellery work in the world. Noten's tiara design for Dutch crown princess Maxima won the first prize in 2002. In 2006 his monograph "CH2=C(CH3)C(=O)OCH3 and other TN's" published by Rotterdam-based publisher "010" won "Best Dutch Book Designs". In 2008, Noten received the Dutch "Françoise van den Bosch" award, which recognizes an international jeweler whose work embodies exceptional quality and innovation. In 2011 Ted Noten won the Dutch "Artist of the Year" award. Ted Noten Amsterdam-based Ted Noten (18 December 1956) is

neg: Analysis of algorithms words, for a given input size "n" greater than some "n" and a constant "c", the running time of that algorithm will never be larger than . This concept is frequently expressed using Big O notation. For example, since the run-time of insertion sort grows quadratically as its input size increases, insertion sort can be said to be of order "O"("n"). Big O notation is a convenient way to express the worst-case scenario for a given algorithm, although it can also be used to express the average-case — for example, the worst-case scenario for quicksort is "O"("n"), but the average-case

neg: N,O-Dimethyl-4-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate N,O-Dimethyl-4-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate "N","O"-Dimethyl-4β-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3β-carboxylate (DMNPC) is a piperidine based stimulant drug which is synthesised from arecoline. It is similar to nocaine in chemical structure, and has two and a half times more activity than cocaine as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. However it is also a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, with similar affinity to fluoxetine. It is a structural isomer of another potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor, HDMP-28. Clearly it is not just the SS enantiomer of the title compound that is an active MAT inhibitor. For the SR enantiomer, increased DAT affinity is seen upon demethylation. This is the same choice of isomer

neg: Glycoside molecules as part of their elimination from the body. In formal terms, a glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides can be linked by an O- (an "O-glycoside"), N- (a "glycosylamine"), S-(a "thioglycoside"), or C- (a "C-glycoside") glycosidic bond. According to the IUPAC, the name ""C"-glycoside" is a misnomer; the preferred term is ""C"-glycosyl compound". The given definition is the one used by IUPAC, which recommends the Haworth projection to correctly assign stereochemical configurations. Many authors require in addition that the sugar be bonded

neg: N,O-Dimethyl-4-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate used in the production of Paxil. N,O-Dimethyl-4-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate "N","O"-Dimethyl-4β-(2-naphthyl)piperidine-3β-carboxylate (DMNPC) is a piperidine based stimulant drug which is synthesised from arecoline. It is similar to nocaine in chemical structure, and has two and a half times more activity than cocaine as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. However it is also a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, with similar affinity to fluoxetine. It is a structural isomer of another potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor, HDMP-28. Clearly it is not just the SS enantiomer of the title compound that is an active MAT inhibitor. For the SR enantiomer, increased DAT affinity is seen upon demethylation. This

neg: Kerning are the second in these pairs, together with the corresponding kerning values. Here are a few examples of glyph classes in the Minion Pro font for the first character in a kerning pair: (d i l u), (h m n), (j q), (b o p), (v w y), (D O Q), (H I), (V W); and for the second character in a pair: (f i m n r), (h k l), (j p t u), (c d e o q), (v w y), (C G O Q), (B D E F H I K L N P R). A type

neg: Chessie Nature Trail canal was soon replaced by the railroad, in this case a branch line through Buena Vista to Lexington from the C&O mainline through Glasgow. In 1969, a devastating flood in western Virginia from the remnants of Hurricane Camille destroyed much of this rail line. The C&O and competitor Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) agreed to jointly rebuild only the N&W line which also paralleled the river between Buena Vista and Glasgow, with C&O being granted trackage rights from Glasgow to Loch Laird, a location on the west side Buena Vista. These trackage rights allowed the C&O to continue to serve