query: what is the thirteenth letter in the alphabet

pos: M M M (named "em" ) is the thirteenth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a "Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the "water" ideogram in Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value , from the Egyptian word for "water", "nt"; the adoption as the Semitic letter for was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic word for "water", "*mā(y)-". The letter represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound in the orthography

pos: Thirteenth floor Thirteenth floor The thirteenth floor is a designation of a level of a multi-level building that is often omitted in countries where the number is considered unlucky. Omitting the 13th floor may take a variety of forms; the most common include denoting what would otherwise be considered the thirteenth floor as level 14, giving the thirteenth floor an alternate designation such as "12A" or "M" (the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet), or closing the 13th floor to public occupancy or access (e.g., by designating it as a mechanical floor). Reasons for omitting a thirteenth floor include triskaidekaphobia on the

pos: Thirteenth floor mechanical floor. Such usage is sometimes the subject of conspiracy theories (see below). Because the letter M is the 13th letter in the Latin alphabet, some people may use a letter M as a substitute for the floor numbered 13, such as "12", "M", "14", and so forth. In Richmond, Virginia, the Monroe Park Towers has a 13th floor, but it is used for mechanical equipment and is only accessible from the freight elevator or the stairs. The M designation on the elevator buttons of the freight elevator can also be construed as meaning the "Mechanical level" in this particular

pos: M of Latin as well as in that of many modern languages, and also in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In English, the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that is sometimes a vowel in words like "spasm" and in the suffix "-ism". In modern terminology, this is described as a syllabic consonant (IPA ). The Roman numeral Ⅿ represents the number 1000, though it was not used in Roman times. There is, however, scant evidence that the letter was later introduced in the early centuries by the Romans. M M (named "em" ) is the thirteenth letter of the modern English

pos: The 13th Floor Elevators Clementine Hall added "13th Floor". In addition to an awareness that a number of tall buildings in the US lack a designated 13th floor, it has been noted that the letter "M" (for marijuana) is the thirteenth letter of the alphabet. In early January 1966, producer Gordon Bynum brought the band to Houston to record two songs to release as a single on his newly formed Contact record label. The songs were Erickson's "You're Gonna Miss Me", and Hall-Sutherland's "Tried to Hide". The single was a big success in Austin, and made an impression in other Texas cities. Some months

pos: Sureños United Raza. Sureños use the number 13—which represents the thirteenth letter of the alphabet, the letter M—in order to mark their allegiance to the Mexican Mafia. Common Sureño gang markings and tattoos include, but are not limited to: Sur, XIII, X3, 13, Sur13, uno tres, trece and 3-dots. Although there are many tattoos used by Sureños, there is only one tattoo that proves or validates membership. The word "Sureño" or "Sureña" must be earned. Most Sureños are of Mexican descent, but some Sureño gangs allow members from various other ethnic backgrounds to join their ranks, making Sureños multiethnic. They also

pos: Marcosians leaving out six—for it is the Episemon and not a letter of the usual Greek alphabet:— 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 30 Again, we find the fall of the twelfth Aeon, Sophia, indicated in the alphabet; for Λ, which arithmetically denotes 30, the number of the Aeons, is only the eleventh letter in the alphabet. But it set about to seek another like itself, and so the next letter is M, or ΛΛ. Again, add up the numerical value of all the letters of the alphabet ending with λ and we

pos: Atbash of the alphabet are mapped to 1, 2, ... , "m", then the encryption and decryption function for the Atbash cipher becomes: Atbash Atbash (; also transliterated Atbaš) is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use with any known writing system with a standard collating order. The Atbash cipher is a particular type of monoalphabetic cipher formed by taking the alphabet (or abjad, syllabary, etc.) and mapping it to its reverse, so that the first letter becomes the last letter, the second letter becomes the second to last letter, and

neg: Greek alphabet transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter transliteration or rather a phonetically-based transcription. Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (as ISO 843), by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, by the Library of Congress, and others. During the Mycenaean period, from around the sixteenth century to the twelfth century BC, Linear B was used to write the earliest attested form of the Greek language, known as Mycenaean Greek. This writing system, unrelated to the Greek alphabet, last appeared in the thirteenth century BC. In the

neg: NGéadal assigns it Latin "ng" , hence the unetymological spelling of the letter name with initial "n-". NGéadal nGéadal (Ngéadal or Ngeadal) is the Irish name of the thirteenth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚍ. The "Bríatharogam" (kennings) for the letter are: Its meaning is probably "[the act of] wounding". In Old Irish, the letter name was Gétal. It may be a verbal noun of "gonid" 'wounds, slays'. in which case is related to Welsh "gwanu" 'to pierce, to stab', which comes from the root was *"" 'to pierce, to strike'. Its original phonetic value in Primitive Irish was , the

neg: Classical cipher Each cipher alphabet is just another rightward Caesar shift of the original alphabet. This is what a Vigenère square looks like: To use the Vigenère square to encrypt a message, you first choose whatever keyword you want to use and then repeat it until it is the same length as the message you wish to encode. Let's say we use LEMON as the keyword. Each letter of the repeated keyword will tell you what cipher (what row) you'll use for each letter of the message to be coded. The cipher alphabet on the second row uses B for A and

neg: Ja (Indic) underneath. It is used in Gujarati transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced patalal fricative and is analogous to the Devanagari character zha (ॹ). Zha (ૹ) was added to the Unicode Standard as a single character ljust like the Devanagari character zha (ॹ) with Unicode 8.0 on 17 June 2015. An example of a word in the Gujarati script the uses zha (ૹ) is ચીૹ્દી. Jajjaa (ਜ) is the thirteenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ] and is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter "ja",

neg: NGéadal NGéadal nGéadal (Ngéadal or Ngeadal) is the Irish name of the thirteenth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚍ. The "Bríatharogam" (kennings) for the letter are: Its meaning is probably "[the act of] wounding". In Old Irish, the letter name was Gétal. It may be a verbal noun of "gonid" 'wounds, slays'. in which case is related to Welsh "gwanu" 'to pierce, to stab', which comes from the root was *"" 'to pierce, to strike'. Its original phonetic value in Primitive Irish was , the voiced labiovelar. In Old Irish, this phoneme merged with "g" (gort), and the medieval manuscript tradition

neg: Illyrian movement carons are used instead of tildes. Digraphs "lj́", "nj́", "dj́" and "dž" are used instead of the former "l̃", "ñ", "d̃" and "g̃", while what is today's "ć" is written as both "ć" and "tj́". Letter "j́" is soon replaced by "j". Digraphs with "j" were already known from Slavonian alphabet, which was the most widespread alphabet in pre-Illyrian times. The alphabet system introduced by Gaj was used until the late 19th century, when Đuro Daničić finally introduced the letter "đ" for "dj", and generalized the usage of "ć", yielding the modern Croatian alphabet. With respect to a set of

neg: Tatar alphabet of Ñ, and there is no letter Íí. The Tatarstani Cabinet of Ministers about a year later issued a decree about computer-based encoding, in which the letters Ä, Ö and Ñ were present. The letter Íí is not present in either the law or the decree. About a year after, the speaker of the Tatarstani parliament mentioned in an interview that changes could be made by the parliament to the law by making corrections for certain characters in the alphabet. Some versions of Latin alphabet for Volga Tatar are as follows: (Tatar for: "Modern alphabet" based on what was considered

neg: The Big Comfy Couch and provide what they will be dreaming about. In season 6, Loonette and Molly go to Doll School where Molly learns the alphabet as well as numbers. A similar element used in seasons 1–3 (and in one episode of Season 5) is the Alphabet Game, where a certain letter is shown on a giant alphabet block and Loonette uses certain words beginning with that letter and also makes the letter's shape with her body to get the viewers to guess the letter. Along with the lessons and problem solving sequences, the show also emphasized imaginative play. These episodes often take

neg: Aleph render a glottal stop . In the Ge'ez alphabet, ʾÄlef አ appears as the thirteenth letter of its abjad. This letter is also used to render a glottal stop . The Egyptian "vulture" hieroglyph (Gardiner G1), by convention pronounced ) is also referred to as "aleph", on grounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop, although some recent suggestions tend towards an alveolar approximant () sound instead. Despite the name it does not correspond to an Aleph in cognate Semitic words, where instead the single "reed" hieroglyph is found instead. The phoneme is commonly transliterated by

neg: Matthew 5:18 has its origin in this verse. Jesus probably would have been speaking about the Aramaic alphabet, see Aramaic of Jesus, and scholars have long tried to guess what would originally have been referred to by this phrase. Iota is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, and was often left out by transcribers, however, since only capitals were used at the time the Greek New Testament was written (Ι), it probably represents the Aramaic yodh (י) which is the smallest letter of the Aramaic alphabet, and like iota it was frequently forgotten. Lachs notes that this expression only works with

neg: History of the alphabet many letters the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet had nor what their alphabetic order was. Among its descendants, the Ugaritic alphabet had 27 consonants, the South Arabian alphabets had 29, and the Phoenician alphabet 22. These scripts were arranged in two orders, an "ABGDE" order in Phoenician and an "HMĦLQ" order in the south; Ugaritic preserved both orders. Both sequences proved remarkably stable among the descendants of these scripts. The letter names proved stable among the many descendants of Phoenician, including Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek alphabet. However, they were largely abandoned in Tifinagh, Latin and Cyrillic. The letter sequence continued

neg: Alpha be rendered identically to the uppercase Latin A. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the letter ɑ, which looks similar to the lower-case alpha, represents the open back unrounded vowel. Alpha was derived from "aleph", which in Phoenician means "ox". Plutarch, in "Moralia", presents a discussion on why the letter alpha stands first in the alphabet. Ammonius asks Plutarch what he, being a Boeotian, has to say for Cadmus, the Phoenician who reputedly settled in Thebes and introduced the alphabet to Greece, placing "alpha" first because it is the Phoenician name for ox—which, unlike Hesiod, the Phoenicians considered not the second

neg: Latin-script alphabet diacritics at the end of the alphabet, examples are the Danish alphabet, Swedish alphabet, Norwegian alphabet, and Finnish alphabet. Icelandic sorts some special letters at the end, as well as one letter with diacritic, while others with diacritic are sorted behind the corresponding non-diacritic letter. The phonetic values of graphemes can differ between alphabets. Latin-script alphabet A Latin-script alphabet (Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet) is an alphabet that uses letters of the Latin script. The 21-letter archaic Latin alphabet and the 23-letter classical Latin alphabet belong to the oldest of this group. The 26-letter ISO basic Latin alphabet contains the

neg: Z novel "Adam Bede", George Eliot refers to "Z" being followed by "&" when her character Jacob Storey says, "He thought it <nowiki>[Z]</nowiki> had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see." Some Latin based alphabets have extra letters on the end of the alphabet. The last letter for the Icelandic, Finnish and Swedish alphabets is Ö, while it is Å for Danish and Norwegian. In the German alphabet, the umlauts ("Ä/ä", "Ö/ö", and "Ü/ü") and the letter "ß" ("Eszett" or "scharfes S") are regarded respectively as modifications

neg: Ef (Cyrillic) (like Russian verbs фукать, фыркать etc.) or reflect sporadic pronunciation shifts: Ef is the 21st letter of the Bulgarian alphabet; the 22nd letter of the Russian alphabet; 23rd letter of the Belarusian alphabet; the 25th letter of the Serbian and Ukrainian alphabet; and the 26th letter of the Macedonian alphabet. It represents the consonant unless it is before a palatalizing vowel, when it represents . Ef (Cyrillic) Ef or Fe (Ф ф; italics: "Ф ф") is a Cyrillic letter, commonly representing the voiceless labiodental fricative , like the pronunciation of in "fill". The Cyrillic letter Ef is romanized as .

neg: Alphabet a new letter ՈՒ ու (which was a digraph before). The Armenian word for "alphabet" is "" (), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet Ա այբ ayb and Բ բեն ben. The Armenian script's directionality is horizontal left-to-right, like the Latin and Greek alphabets. Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters, which can then be used for purposes of collation—namely for the listing of words and other items in what is called "alphabetical order". The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet (A B C D E F G H I

neg: Classical cipher C for B etc. That would be cipher alphabet 'B'. Each cipher alphabet is named by the first letter in it. For example, if you have a keyword of LEMON and the message you want to encode is ATTACKATDAWN, this is what you would do: Some substitution ciphers involve using numbers instead of letters. An example of this is the Great Cipher, where numbers were used to represent syllables. There is also another number substitution cipher that involves having four different number pair options for a letter based on a keyword. Instead of numbers, symbols can also be used to

neg: Ú the word, letter Ů is used instead. Ú/ú is the 24th letter of the Faroese alphabet, and may represent the following sounds: Ú/ú is the 36th letter of the Hungarian alphabet and represents a sound. Ú/ú is the 25th letter of the Icelandic alphabet, and represents a sound. In Pinyin (Mandarin Chinese transliterated to Latin), Ú/ú represents a "U" vowel sound of the second (rising) tone. Ú/ú is the 39th letter of the Slovak alphabet and represents a sound. In Portuguese, the "ú" is not a letter but the letter "u" with an accent. It is used to denote an

neg: Ayin was the first sound, the essential sound, the voice and a representation of the self. In the Persian language and other languages using the Persian alphabet, it is pronounced as (glottal stop), and rarely as in some languages. As in Hebrew, the letter originally stood for two sounds, and . When pointing was developed, the sound was distinguished with a dot on top (), to give the letter "ghayn". In Maltese, which is written with the Latin alphabet, the digraph għ, called "ʿajn", is used to write what was originally the same sound. Hebrew spelling: ʿayin, along with Aleph, Resh,

neg: Sh (digraph) Alphabet. It is considered a separate letter, and is the 9th letter of the alphabet. Sh represents the sound in the Uyghur Latin script. It is considered a separate letter, and is the 14th letter of the alphabet. In Uzbek, the letter sh represents . It is the 27th letter of the Uzbek alphabet. In the Pinyin, Wade-Giles, and Yale romanizations of Chinese, sh represents retroflex . It contrasts with , which is written x in Pinyin, hs in Wade-Giles, and sy in Yale. In the Hepburn romanization of Japanese, sh represents . Other romanizations write as "s" before "i"

neg: The Alphabet Cipher this table is lost, it can easily be written out from memory, by observing that the first symbol in each column is the same as the letter naming the column, and that they are continued downwards in alphabetical order. It would only be necessary to write out the particular columns required by the key-word, but such a paper would afford an adversary the means for discovering the key-word. For a working demonstration tool for the Alphabet Cipher visit lewiscarrollresources.net The Alphabet Cipher Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as

neg: Í Í Í, í (i-acute) is a letter in the Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Czech, Slovak, and Tatar languages, where it often indicates a long /i/ vowel. This form also appears in Catalan, Irish, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Galician, Leonese, Navajo, and Vietnamese language as a variant of the letter “i”. In Latin, the long i is used instead of for a long i-vowel. Í is the 11th letter of the Faroese alphabet and represents . Í is the 16th letter of the Hungarian alphabet, the 12th letter of the Icelandic alphabet, the 16th letter of the Czech alphabet and the 18th

neg: Macedonian alphabet letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet. Although a homoglyph to the Latin letter S, the two letters are not directly related. Both the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet and the Russian alphabet also had a letter Ѕ, although Romanian Cyrillic was replaced with a Latin alphabet in the 1860s, and the letter Ѕ was abolished in Russian in the early 18th century. Although Ѕ is generally transcribed as "dz", it is a distinct phoneme and is not analogous to ДЗ, which is also used in Macedonian orthography for . Ѕ is sometimes described as "soft-dz". Dimitar Mirčev was most likely the first

neg: The Alphabet Cipher The Alphabet Cipher Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as a Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in cryptography. While Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", Kasiski had published a volume describing how to break such ciphers from five years earlier, and Charles Babbage had secretly found ways to break polyalphabetic ciphers during the Crimean War. The piece begins with a tabula recta. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Each column of this table forms a dictionary of symbols representing the alphabet: thus, in the A column, the symbol is the same as the letter represented;

neg: Algerian Braille Algerian Braille Algerian Braille was a braille alphabet used to write the Arabic language in Algeria. It is apparently obsolete. In Algerian Braille, the braille letters are assigned in numeric order to the Arabic alphabet; standard Arabic Braille on the other hand uses a completely different assignment, following international norms based on the order of the French alphabet. For example, the fifth braille letter, , is used in Algerian Braille for ج "j", the fifth letter of the Algerian/Arabic alphabet. In most braille alphabets today, is used for "e", the fifth letter of the French/Latin alphabet, or for a letter

neg: Ć variant, the Montenegrin Latin alphabet. It is fourth in the Belarusian Łacinka alphabet. It is also adopted by Wymysorys a West-Germanic language spoken in Poland. It is also the fifth letter of the Wymysorys alphabet. In Slovenian, it occurs only in loanwords, mainly from Serbo-Croatian (such as the surname Handanović), and denotes the same sound as Č, i.e. the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet equivalent is Ћ (23rd letter). Macedonian uses Ќ as a partial equivalent (24th letter). Other languages which use the Cyrillic alphabet usually represent this sound by the character combination ЧЬ. Such letter is also

neg: American manual alphabet thumb is on the side of the fist in the letter "a", and in front for "s". When fingerspelling, the hand is at shoulder height. It does not bounce with each letter unless a letter appears twice in a row. Letters are signed at a constant speed; a pause functions as a word divider. The first letter may be held for the length of a letter extra as a cue that the signer is about to start fingerspelling. American manual alphabet The American Manual Alphabet (AMA) is a manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language. The letters

neg: Latin-script alphabet Latin-script alphabet A Latin-script alphabet (Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet) is an alphabet that uses letters of the Latin script. The 21-letter archaic Latin alphabet and the 23-letter classical Latin alphabet belong to the oldest of this group. The 26-letter ISO basic Latin alphabet contains the 26 most widely used letters. Apart from alphabets for spoken languages, there exist phonetic alphabets and Spelling alphabets. Some letters of the Latin script were altered slightly for use in particular languages, although the main letters are largely the same. There were several general types of alterations made to extend the alphabet's uses, depending

neg: Ɵ Ɵ ɵ. The letter is also part of the African reference alphabet. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase represents the close-mid central rounded vowel. It has no relation to the slashed zero, slashed O (Ø ø), the similar Latin letter Ꝋ ꝋ, the Cyrillic letter fita (Ѳ ѳ), or the Greek theta (Θ θ), despite their similar shapes. Ɵ Barred o (capital: Ɵ, lowercase: ɵ) is a letter in several Latin-script alphabets. Historic examples include the Azerbaijani alphabet used between 1922 and 1933 and its successor, the Uniform Turkic Alphabet (including its versions like Jaꞑalif and the Azerbaijani alphabet

neg: Catalan Braille needs to be repeated for each letter of an initialism, so ACIC is . Catalan Braille Catalan Braille is the braille alphabet of the Catalan language. It is very close to French Braille: it uses the 26 letters of the basic braille alphabet, plus several additional letters for "ç" and what are, in print, vowel letters with diacritics; these differ from their French values only in the need to accommodate the Catalan acute accent: "ú, ó, í" for what are in French Braille "ù, œ, ì" : Print digraphs are written as digraphs in braille as well. The middot is

neg: E (Cyrillic) Latin Romanian alphabet. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian languages and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union. The letter originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of , at first, according to Đorđić in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well. In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of , but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (un-iotated) . According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western

neg: History of the alphabet All of the names of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet started with consonants, and these consonants were what the letters represented, something called the acrophonic principle. However, several Phoenician consonants were absent in Greek, and thus several letter names came to be pronounced with initial vowels. Since the start of the name of a letter was expected to be the sound of the letter (the acrophonic principle), in Greek these letters came to be used for vowels. For example, the Greeks had no glottal stop or voiced pharyngeal sounds, so the Phoenician letters "’alep" and "`ayin" became Greek "alpha"

neg: Azerbaijani alphabet ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet: 1 – in the beginning of a word and after vowels The Azeri Perso-Arabic alphabet also contains the letter ڭ. Originally ڭ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938. The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s]. Azerbaijani alphabet The Azerbaijani alphabet () of the Republic of Azerbaijan is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Azerbaijani

neg: Ge'ez script Akkele Guzay in Eritrea. By the first centuries AD, what is called "Old Ethiopic" or the "Old Ge'ez alphabet" arose, an abjad written left-to-right (as opposed to boustrophedon like ESA) with letters basically identical to the first-order forms of the modern vocalized alphabet (e.g. "k" in the form of "kä"). There were also minor differences such as the letter "g" facing to the right, instead of to the left as in vocalized Ge'ez, and a shorter left leg of "l", as in ESA, instead of equally-long legs in vocalized Ge'ez (somewhat resembling the Greek letter lambda). Vocalization of Ge'ez occurred

neg: K with descender for writing it in the Latin script), until that alphabet was deprecated and the language was converted back to use the Arabic alphabet (and then a newer Uyghur Latin alphabet was created using the Latin letter Q instead for romanizations). K with descender The Latin letter K with descender (capital: Ⱪ, minuscule: ⱪ; sometimes falsely rendered as k̡ or ķ) is a Latin letter. The letter is very easily confused with the Cyrillic letter "ka" with descender (Қ), which is encoded differently in Unicode, even though it essentially shares the same letter forms. This Latin letter has been used in

neg: Karelian alphabet the modern alphabet: In the Olonets Karelian alphabet, the letter Ǯ was used instead of the digraph "Dž" to mark the voiced affricate. For example, the word "mandžoi" (strawberry) was written "manǯoi". For the computers used in those days, the letter ǯ was problematic, and in many cases it had to be inserted manually afterwards. The letter Ü represented the same vowel sound as the letter Y used in the modern alphabet. The modern unified Karelian alphabet is a used to write all variants of the Karelian language except Tver Karelian. It consists of a total of twenty-eight characters: twenty-two

neg: SaypU SaypU SaypU or SaypYu ( ) is an acronym for "Spell As You Pronounce Universally" (in SaypU "Spel az Yu Prɘnawns Yunivɘɘrsɘlli") is an approximative phonetic alphabet of 24 alphabet letters to spell languages, including English. The spelling system was adopted by Jaber George Jabbour to write English more phonetically. The 24-letter alphabet includes 23 Roman alphabet letters (after excluding "c", "q" and "x") and the addition of a 24th letter, the IPA letter "ɘ" (close-mid central unrounded vowel) to play the role of schwa. The letter represents the initial sound of "ago" or "about". The SaypU project promotes "the

neg: Dž Croatian keyboard. Dž Dž (titlecase form; all-capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian), after D and before Đ. It is pronounced . Dž is a digraph that corresponds to the letter Dzhe (Џ/џ) of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It is also the tenth letter of the Slovak alphabet. Although several other languages (see below) also use the letter combination "DŽ", they treat it as a pair of the letters "D" and "Ž", not as a single distinct letter. Note that when the letter is the initial

neg: Dž Dž Dž (titlecase form; all-capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž) is the seventh letter of the Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian), after D and before Đ. It is pronounced . Dž is a digraph that corresponds to the letter Dzhe (Џ/џ) of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It is also the tenth letter of the Slovak alphabet. Although several other languages (see below) also use the letter combination "DŽ", they treat it as a pair of the letters "D" and "Ž", not as a single distinct letter. Note that when the letter is the initial of a

neg: Gagauz alphabet Gagauz alphabet The modern Gagauz alphabet is a 31-letter Latin-based alphabet modelled on the Turkish alphabet. Previously, during Soviet rule, Gagauz's official script was Cyrillic. Gagauz was first written in Greek letters in the late 1800s. The current 31-letter Gagauz alphabet, used for the Gagauz language, is a Latin-based alphabet modelled after the Turkish. It appears that the first alphabet to be used for the language was the Greek alphabet in the late 19th century. For example, orientalist Otto Blau claims that plays of Euripides had been translated into the Gagauz language and had been written with Greek letters. Beginning

neg: Ž where it represents a voiced retroflex fricative . It is the 32nd letter of the Lithuanian and 33rd letter of the Latvian alphabets. It is the 20th letter of the Estonian alphabet, where it is used in loan words. It is the 29th letter of the Northern Sami alphabet, where it represents . It also features occasionally in Finnish but is not part of the regular alphabet and only regarded as a variant of Z. In Finnish, the letter ž is only used in loan words, "džonkki" and "maharadža", and in Romanization of Russian and other non-Latin alphabets. In Finnish

neg: D D D (named "dee" ) is the fourth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek and Latin, the letter represented ; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δ. The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a loop and a tall vertical stroke. It developed by gradual variations on the

neg: Chaocipher for locating the plaintext letter while the other ("left") alphabet is used for reading the corresponding ciphertext letter. The underlying algorithm is related to the concept of dynamic substitution whereby the two alphabets are slightly modified after each input plaintext letter is enciphered. This leads to nonlinear and highly diffused alphabets as encryption progresses. Deciphering is identical to enciphering, with the ciphertext letter being located in the "left" alphabet while the corresponding plaintext letter being read from the "right" alphabet. A detailed description of the Chaocipher algorithm is available as well as discussions of the deciphered plaintexts and the solution

neg: Glottal stop (letter) Glottal stop (letter) The sign is called "glottal stop" and it is a letter in some extended Latin alphabets of several languages of Canada. It is not part of the basic Latin alphabet or Classical Latin alphabet. Several phonetic transcription schemes, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), use versions of glottal stop. It typically represents a glottal stop sound. Since is not in the basic Latin alphabet, typing it can be inconvenient or impossible. Where is not available, it is sometimes replaced by a question mark , which is also its official representation in the transcription scheme, SAMPA. In

neg: Č Bosnian Latin, Croatian, Slovenian, Montenegrin Latin, Serbian Latin, Czech, Sorbian, Skolt Sami, and Lakota alphabets, it is the fourth letter of the alphabet. In Northern Sámi alphabet and the Baltic languages Lithuanian and Latvian, the letter is in fifth place. In Slovak it is sixth letter of the alphabet. It is also used in Pashto (equivalent to چ), Syriac Latin alphabet and Saanich. It is equivalent to Ч in Cyrillic and can be used in Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian, and Bulgarian romanisations. It features more permanently in the Latinic forms of Serbian, Montenegrin, Macedonian, as well as Belarusian. /Č/ is also

neg: Ɵ Ɵ Barred o (capital: Ɵ, lowercase: ɵ) is a letter in several Latin-script alphabets. Historic examples include the Azerbaijani alphabet used between 1922 and 1933 and its successor, the Uniform Turkic Alphabet (including its versions like Jaꞑalif and the Azerbaijani alphabet used between 1933 and 1939), in which it represented the open-mid front rounded vowel . In many alphabets it was replaced by the Cyrillic letter Ө ө in 1939. In Azerbaijani, it was again replaced by the Latin letter Ö ö in 1991. The Tatar Latin alphabet devised in the late 1990s by the Tatarstan authorities included the letter

neg: Gothic alphabet Gothic alphabet The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the Gothic language, created in the 4th century by Ulfilas (or Wulfila) for the purpose of translating the Bible. The alphabet is essentially an uncial form of the Greek alphabet, with a few additional letters to account for Gothic phonology: Latin F and G, a questionably Runic letter to distinguish the /w/ glide from vocalic /u/, and the letter ƕair to express the Gothic labiovelar. Ulfilas is thought to have consciously chosen to avoid the use of the older Runic alphabet for this purpose, as it was heavily connected with

neg: Ž other languages. It is the 42nd letter of the Czech, the 46th letter of Slovak, the 25th letter of the Slovenian alphabet, the 30th letter of the Croatian, Bosnian, and the same within the Latinic versions of Serbian, Montenegrin, and Macedonian (as a transliteration of Cyrillic Ж in the latter three). It is the 27th letter of the Sorbian alphabet, and it appears in the Belarusian latin alphabet. Occasionally it is used in Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian transliterations and even less frequently in Bulgarian transliteration. For most languages it represents a voiced postalveolar fricative except in Russian transliterations of Ж

neg: A alphabet of later times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set. The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English. During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First

neg: Xi (letter) dialects of most of the Greek mainland and Euboea, the sound [ks] was represented by Χ (which in classical Greek is chi, used for ). Because this variant of the Greek alphabet was used in Italy, the Latin alphabet borrowed Χ rather than Ξ as the Latin letter X. While having no Latin derivative, the Xi was adopted into the early Cyrillic alphabet, as the letter ksi (Ѯ, ѯ). The uppercase letter Ξ is used as symbol for: The lowercase letter ξ is used as a symbol for: These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should

neg: Trifid cipher the 27th letter. A traditional method for constructing a mixed alphabet from a key word or phrase is to write out the unique letters of the key in order, followed by the remaining letters of the alphabet in the usual order. For example, the key FELIX MARIE DELASTELLE yields the mixed alphabet FELIXMARDSTBCGHJKNOPQUVWYZ+. To each letter in the mixed alphabet we assign one of the 27 trigrams (111, 112, …, 333) by populating a 3 × 3 × 3 cube with the letters of the mixed alphabet, and using the Cartesian coordinates of each letter as the corresponding trigram. From

neg: Hungarian alphabet Hungarian alphabet The Hungarian alphabet () is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language. One sometimes speaks of the "smaller" and "greater" (or "extended") Hungarian alphabets, depending on whether or not the letters "Q, W, X, Y" are listed, which can only be found in foreign words and traditional orthography of names. The 44 letters of the extended Hungarian alphabet are: Each sign shown above counts as a letter in its own right in Hungarian. Some, such as the letter "ó" and "ő", are inter-filed with the letter preceding it when sorting words alphabetically, whereas

neg: Archaic Greek alphabets a distinctive alphabet that belonged to the "eastern" ("dark blue") type as far as its treatment of was concerned, but differed from the Ionic and classical alphabet in several other ways. Corinth used san () instead of for , and retained qoppa () for what was presumably a retracted allophone of before back vowels. As described above, it also had an uncommon system for marking its -sounds, with a -shaped letter used for and (classical and respectively), and used only for long close (classical ). For the consonant , in turn, Corinth used the special form . The letter was

neg: Kurdish alphabets letter Ü/ü is a new letter, which is sometimes written in the Sorani alphabet, and represents the close front rounded vowel [y] used in the Southern Kurdish dialects. The velar nasal consonant [ŋ] is also a Kurdish phoneme which never comes in initial position, and it is written as Ň/ň. The universal Kurdish Latin alphabet consists of 35 letters in total. These three glyphs do not have the official status of letter. Central Kurdish ("Sorani") is mainly written using a modified Persian alphabet with 33 letters introduced by Sa'id Kaban Sedqi. Unlike the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad, Sorani

neg: Esh (letter) Esh (letter) Esh (majuscule: Ʃ Unicode U+01A9, minuscule: ʃ Unicode U+0283) is a character used in conjunction with the Latin script. Its lowercase form ʃ is similar to a long s ſ or an integral sign ∫; in 1928 the Africa Alphabet borrowed the Greek letter Sigma for the uppercase form Ʃ, but more recently the African reference alphabet discontinued it, using the lowercase esh only. The lowercase form was introduced by Isaac Pitman in his 1847 Phonotypic Alphabet to represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative (English "sh"). It is today used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in

neg: Gamma Gamma Gamma (uppercase , lowercase ; "gámma") is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. In Ancient Greek, the letter gamma represented a voiced velar stop . In Modern Greek, this letter represents either a voiced velar fricative or a voiced palatal fricative. In the International Phonetic Alphabet and other modern Latin-alphabet based phonetic notations, it represents the voiced velar fricative. The Greek letter Gamma Γ was derived from the Phoenician letter for the /g/ phoneme ( "gīml"), and as such is cognate with Hebrew "gimel" ג. Based

neg: Hungarian ly as the Hungarian letter "j". In the western dialects, lost its palatal feature and merged with (alveolar lateral approximant). In the northern dialects, the phoneme has been preserved. The digraph "ly" was also used for the sound in Croatian alphabet before Gaj's Latin Alphabet was introduced. These examples are Hungarian words that use the letter ly, with the English translation following: Hungarian ly Ly is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian. "Ly" is the twentieth letter of the Hungarian alphabet. Its Hungarian name is "elipszilon" or "ely" (sometimes spelled "ej"). Now, it represents the same phoneme (palatal

neg: K where it is employed, this letter represents the sound (with or without aspiration) or some similar sound. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the voiceless velar plosive. K K (named "kay" ) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In English, the letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive. The letter K comes from the Greek letter Κ (kappa), which was taken from the Semitic kaph, the symbol for an open hand. This, in turn, was likely adapted by Semitic tribes who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for "hand"

neg: Deseret alphabet later documents, while "bee" is written 𐐺, "bees" is written 𐐺𐐨𐑆. In 40-letter versions of the alphabet which include the letter 𐐧 (ew) which represents , the letter 𐐧 when standing alone can be used to represent the word "you". The first lesson in the "Deseret First Book" reads simply: In the "Deseret Second Book", there is a version of "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" on page 19: There were two main handwritten forms of the Deseret alphabet: a cursive version and a printed version. Over the lifetime of the alphabet, the cursive form fell out of favor among most users

neg: Í letter of the Slovak alphabet. It represents . Í is the 14th letter of the Tatar alphabet (based on Zamanälif). It represents . In Vietnamese alphabet í is the "sac" tone (high-rising tone) of “i”. In Chinese pinyin í is the "yángpíng" tone (阳平, high-rising tone) of “i”. In Portuguese and Spanish, the "í" is not considered a letter, but the letter "i" with an accent. It is used to denote an "i" syllable with abnormal stress. Í/í is a variant of I carrying an acute accent; it represents an /i/ carrying the tonic accent. It is used only if

neg: SaypU the News": tʃ is spelled as simply tsh. The project was aired on Canadian national radio. The presenter Anna Maria Tremonti interviewed: SaypU SaypU or SaypYu ( ) is an acronym for "Spell As You Pronounce Universally" (in SaypU "Spel az Yu Prɘnawns Yunivɘɘrsɘlli") is an approximative phonetic alphabet of 24 alphabet letters to spell languages, including English. The spelling system was adopted by Jaber George Jabbour to write English more phonetically. The 24-letter alphabet includes 23 Roman alphabet letters (after excluding "c", "q" and "x") and the addition of a 24th letter, the IPA letter "ɘ" (close-mid central unrounded

neg: ݨ ݨ ݨ , (Arabic letter noon with small tah (U+0768)), is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Saraiki and Shina to represent a retroflex nasal consonantat, . ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet,Its represent the Velar nasal letter (IPA: [ɳ] ) or Ṇ in Latin Alphabets,Which is ण in Devanagari. It is retroflex nasal consonantal sound symbol, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n`. Like all the retroflex consonants,

neg: Ṇaviyani especially among Addu intellectuals, whose goal is to bring letter Naviyani (ޱ) back into currency. This letter does not appear on Thaana tables printed after the 1950s and should not be confused with letter Gnaviyani or Nyaviyani, the 16th consonant of the present-day Maldivian alphabet, after which an administrative atoll was named. Ṇaviyani Letter Naviyani (ޱ) used to be the 19th letter of the Maldivian alphabet. This letter's former position in the alphabet was between letters Daviyani and Zaviyani. Naviyani stands for the retroflex "n" sound () common to most Indic languages (Sinhala, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, etc.). Letter Naviyani was

neg: ݨ alphabet’s shape may not rendered on some bad rendering devices such as Apple. ݨ ݨ , (Arabic letter noon with small tah (U+0768)), is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Saraiki and Shina to represent a retroflex nasal consonantat, . ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet,Its represent the Velar nasal letter (IPA: [ɳ] ) or Ṇ in Latin Alphabets,Which is ण in Devanagari. It is retroflex nasal consonantal sound symbol, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is

neg: Abjad numerals In modern times the old 27-letter alphabet of this system also continues to be used for numbering lists. Abjad numerals The Abjad numerals ( ) are a decimal numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word "" () means 'alphabet' in general. In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, ʾalif, is used to represent 1; the second letter, bāʾ, is used to represent 2, etc. Individual

neg: T sounds. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, denotes the voiceless alveolar plosive. T T (named "tee" ) is the 20th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in English-language texts. "Taw" was the last letter of the Western Semitic and Hebrew alphabets. The sound value of Semitic "Taw", Greek alphabet Tαυ ("Tau"), Old Italic and Latin T has remained fairly constant, representing in each of these; and it has also kept its original basic shape in most of these alphabets. In English, usually

neg: C C C is the third letter in the English alphabet and a letter of the alphabets of many other writing systems which inherited it from the Latin alphabet. It is also the third letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is named "cee" (pronounced ) in English. "C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name "gimel". Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was "gamal". Barry

neg: Nahum first letter of the alphabet (א), vs. 3b (‘in whirlwind’) with the second letter (ב), vs. 4 with the third (ג), and so on until from ten to sixteen of the twenty two letters have appeared. In places the scheme breaks down… in the process of transmission what was once an alphabetic poem has now been seriously corrupted, rearranged, and supplemented. Nahum, taking words from Moses himself, has shown in a general way what sort of "Being God is". Calvin argued that Nahum painted God by which his nature must be seen, and "it is from that most memorable vision,

neg: ɪ ɪ Small capital I is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet similar in its dimensions to the letter "i" but with a shape based on , its capital form. Although is usually an allograph of the letter I, it is considered as an additional letter in the African reference alphabet and has been used as such in some publications in Kulango languages in Côte d'Ivoire in the 1990s. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase small capital I /ɪ/ is used as the symbol for near-close near-front unrounded vowel. Until Unicode 8.0.0 (2015), uppercase I with crossbars was not

neg: Educational goals of Sesame Street saw what he called "the often repeated alphabet recitation segment" as an example of the show's use of repetition. For example, in a short film in which actor James Earl Jones recited the alphabet, Jones made long pauses before each letter, which were superimposed in a corner of the screen moments before he said it. According to Cooney, some educational advisors recommended against using Jones, thinking that he would frighten young viewers, but children ended up loving his segments. The producers found that children who had seen the segment a few times said the letter before Jones did, and Jones

neg: Greco-Iberian alphabet lateral, and only one nasal sign. To represent the second rhotic rho gets an additional stroke. Eta is used instead of epsilon to represent /e/. The only letter not found in the modern variant of the Greek alphabet is sampi. The letter forms are petroglyphic since the writing surface (ceramic, stone, lead) affords angular glyphs with straight lines. Greco-Iberian alphabet The Greco-Iberian alphabet is a direct adaptation of an Ionic variant of a Greek alphabet to the specifics of the Iberian language, thus this script is an alphabet and lacks the distinctive characteristic of the rest of paleohispanic scripts that

neg: Ə Ə Ə ə, also called schwa or inverted e, is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the Azerbaijani language, in Gottscheerish, and in the hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ dialect of Halkomelem. Both the majuscule and minuscule forms of this letter are based on the form of an upside down "e", while the Pan-Nigerian alphabet pairs the same lowercase letter with Ǝ. In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), minuscule ə is used to represent the mid central vowel or a schwa. A superscript minuscule ᵊ is used to modify the preceding consonant to have a mid central vowel release. The letter

neg: N with descender borrowed by some other non-Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union during the Latinisation campaign. In the 1990s the letter was used in Chechen Latin alphabet, in 2000s it was used in the Tatar Latin alphabet, both of them however are not in wide use now. In the Chechen alphabet the majuscule looked similar to minuscule, but has a larger size. In Unicode, the letter is in the Latin Extended-D block encoded at and . Similar Latin letters: Similar Cyrillic letters: N with descender N with descender (Ꞑ, ꞑ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used in several Uniform Turkic

neg: F Phonetic Alphabet uses to represent the voiceless labiodental fricative. An italic letter is conventionally used to denote an arbitrary function. See also f with hook (ƒ). F F (named "ef" ) is the sixth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. The origin of 'F' is the Semitic letter "vâv" (or "waw") that represented a sound like or . Graphically it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph such as (transliterated as ḥ(dj)): T3 The Phoenician form of the letter was adopted into

neg: Greek alphabet the Thirty Tyrants. Because of Eucleides's role in suggesting the idea to adopt the Ionian alphabet, the standard twenty-four-letter Greek alphabet is sometimes known as the "Eucleidean alphabet". Roughly thirty years later, the Eucleidean alphabet was adopted in Boeotia and it may have been adopted a few years previously in Macedonia. By the end of the fourth century BC, it had displaced local alphabets across the Greek-speaking world to become the standard form of the Greek alphabet. When the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet, they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values, but also the names by

neg: Danish and Norwegian alphabet the letter "w" is considered an official letter. In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet: Danish and Norwegian alphabet The Danish and Norwegian alphabet, called the Dano-Norwegian alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish). The letters c, q, w, x and z are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, where loan words routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve the original spelling of

neg: Tau Tau Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ; ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 300. The name in English is pronounced or , but in modern Greek it is . This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ has changed from ancient to modern times from one of to either or , depending on what follows (see Greek orthography). Tau was derived from the Phoenician letter taw (𐤕). Letters that arose from tau include Roman T and Cyrillic Te (Т, т). The letter occupies

neg: Maltese alphabet Maltese alphabet The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with diacritic marks and digraphs. It is used to write the Maltese language, which evolved from the otherwise extinct Siculo-Arabic dialect, as a result of 800 years independent development. It contains 31 letters: In the alphabetic sequence "c" is identical either to "k" (in front of "a", "o", "u" or consonant or as the last letter of the word) or to "z" (in front of "e" or "i"). The letter "y" is identical to 'i'. Before the standardisation of the Maltese alphabet, there

neg: Dze "dzělo" () in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, where it had the numerical value 6. The letter Dzělo was itself based on the letter Dzelo in the Glagolitic alphabet. In the Glagolitic alphabet, it was written , and had the numerical value of 8. In Old Church Slavonic it was called "ѕѣло" (pronounced "dzeló"), and in Church Slavonic it is called "ѕѣлѡ" (pronounced "zeló"). The origin of Glagolitic letter "dzelo" is unclear, but the Cyrillic Ѕ may have been influenced by the Greek , the medieval form of the archaic letter digamma, which had the same form and numerical value (6).

neg: Ɓ a larger form of the lower case letter. The "Practical Orthography for African Languages" (1930 ed.) used a different capital form, similar to the Cyrillic letter be (Б). A New Testament in the Loma language of Liberia, which was typeset in 1971, used this capital form. Ɓ This letter, Ɓ (minuscule: ɓ), called "B-hook" or "B with a hook", is a letter of the Latin alphabet and the Africa alphabet. Its lower-case form, , represents a voiced bilabial implosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is used to spell that sound in various languages, notably Fula and Hausa. It was

neg: Atbash Atbash Atbash (; also transliterated Atbaš) is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher originally used to encrypt the Hebrew alphabet. It can be modified for use with any known writing system with a standard collating order. The Atbash cipher is a particular type of monoalphabetic cipher formed by taking the alphabet (or abjad, syllabary, etc.) and mapping it to its reverse, so that the first letter becomes the last letter, the second letter becomes the second to last letter, and so on. For example, the Latin alphabet would work like this: Due to the fact that there is only one way to

neg: Letter (alphabet) Letter (alphabet) A letter is a grapheme (written character) in an alphabetic system of writing. It is a visual representation of the smallest unit of spoken sound. Letters broadly correspond to phonemes in the spoken form of the language, although there is rarely a consistent, exact correspondence between letters and phonemes. Written signs in other writing systems are called syllabograms (which denote a syllable) or logograms (which indicate a word or phrase). The contemporary English-language alphabet, known as Roman style, consists of twenty-six letters. Each letter corresponds to one or more sounds, and the letters are combined in the order

neg: I equivalent, but they are distinguished in some extended Latin alphabet systems, such as the 1978 version of the African reference alphabet. In that system, the former is the uppercase counterpart of ɪ and the latter is the counterpart of 'i'. I I (named "i" , plural "ies") is the ninth letter and the third vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In the Phoenician alphabet, the letter may have originated in a hieroglyph for an arm that represented a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but was reassigned to (as in English "yes") by Semites,

neg: ROM hacking (for example, item properties), and Assembly hacking. Editing text is one of the most basic forms of hacking. Many games do not store their text in ASCII form, and because of this, some specialized hex editors have been developed, which can be told what byte values correspond to what letter(s) of the alphabet, to facilitate text editing; a file that defines these byte=letter relationships is called a "table" file. Other games use simple text compression techniques (such as byte pair encoding, also called dual tile encoding or DTE, in which certain combinations of two or more letters are encoded as

neg: Swedish alphabet Swedish alphabet The Swedish alphabet is the writing system used for the Swedish language. The 29 letters of this alphabet are the modern 26-letter basic Latin alphabet ('A' through 'Z') plus 'Å', 'Ä', and 'Ö', in that order. It contains 20 consonants and 9 vowels (a e i o u y å ä ö). The pronunciation of "the letters" (that does not necessarily coincide with the sound it represents) is as follows: The letter 'Q' is rare. 'Q' was common in ordinary words before 1889, when its replacement by 'K' was allowed. Since 1900, only the forms with 'K' are

neg: Gaj's Latin alphabet only one letter. Gaj's alphabet is currently used in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. The alphabet consists of thirty upper and lower case letters: Gaj's original alphabet contained the digraph , which Serbian linguist Đuro Daničić later replaced with the letter . The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling is necessary (or followed by a short schwa, e.g. ). When clarity is needed, they are pronounced similar to the German alphabet: "a, be, ce, če, će, de, dže, đe, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, elj, em, en,

neg: Letter (alphabet) letters have prescribed orders, although this too may vary by language. In Spanish, for instance, "ñ" is a separate letter, sorted after "n". In English, "n" and "ñ" are classified alike. As symbols that indicate segmental speech, letters are associated with phonetics. In a purely phonemic alphabet, a single phoneme is denoted by a single letter, although in history and in practice letters often indicate more than one phoneme. There are more sounds, or phonemes, in English–about 44–than there are letters of the alphabet. A letter may therefore be associated with more than one phoneme, with the phoneme determined by

neg: Ghayn Ghayn The Arabic letter ( ' or ') is the nineteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet, one of the six letters not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ), it represents the sound or . In name and shape, it is a variant of ʻayn (). Its numerical value is 1000 (see Abjad numerals). In Persian language it represents ~ and It is the twenty-second letter in the new Persian alphabet. A voiced velar fricative or a voiced uvular fricative (usually reconstructed for Proto-Semitic) merged with ʻayin in most languages except

neg: Yodh a short vowel. When it is written, ' is indistinguishable from final Persian "ye" or Arabic ' as it is written in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes elsewhere. The letter is transliterated as in Kazakh. "" is transliterated as in ALA-LC, in DIN 31635, in ISO 233-2, and in ISO 233. "In Arabic, Alif maqsurah" is not used initially or medially, and it is not joinable initially or medially in all fonts. However, the letter is used initially and medially in the Uyghur Arabic alphabet and the Arabic-based Kyrgyz alphabet: (). In the Persian alphabet, the letter is generally called "ye"

neg: Ƨ a fractional Roman numeral, where it stood for the fraction 1/72. The proposed Metelko alphabet, devised by Franc Serafin Metelko, used the letter Ƨ to represent the schwa ə sound; it is unclear what inspiration Metelko used for the character (possibly from the Georgian letter ჷ used in the Laz and Svan languages spoken in the Southern Caucasus). In italic type, Cyrillic's ge is strongly homoglyphic to the lowercase ƨ. Early forms of the letter dze , currently only used in Macedonian Cyrillic, could resemble either a forward or reversed S. A charge strongly resembling a Ƨ appears in the

neg: N with descender N with descender N with descender (Ꞑ, ꞑ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used in several Uniform Turkic Alphabet orthographies in 1930s (for instance, Tatar Jaꞑalif), as well as in the 1990s orthographies invented in attempts to restore the Latin alphabet for the Tatar language and the Chechen language. In the majority of languages this letter represented a velar nasal (as in English "singing"). Also, N with descender was used in 1932—1936 Latin orthography for the Komi language. It represented a palatal nasal [ɲ]. The letter appeared in late 1920s in the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, however it was