query: the elements c n and o are contained in

pos: Period (periodic table) structure it belongs to the s block, and is therefore sometimes classified as a group 2 element, or simultaneously both 2 and 18. Hydrogen readily loses and gains an electron, and so behaves chemically as both a group 1 and a group 17 element. Period 2 elements involve the 2s and 2p orbitals. They include the biologically most essential elements besides hydrogen: carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. All period three elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope. All but the noble gas argon are essential to basic geology and biology. Period 4 includes the biologically essential elements

neg: Point groups in two dimensions in the H-M symbol denotes "n"-fold rotations, while the m denotes reflection or mirror planes. These groups are readily constructed with two-dimensional orthogonal matrices. The continuous cyclic group SO(2) or C and its subgroups have elements that are rotation matrices: where SO(2) has any possible θ. Not surprisingly, SO(2) and its subgroups are all abelian; addition of rotation angles commutes. For discrete cyclic groups C, elements C = R(2π"k"/"n") The continuous dihedral group O(2) or D and its subgroups with reflections have elements that include not only rotation matrices, but also reflection matrices: where O(2) has any possible θ. However,

neg: Sort (C++) cases), requiring only quasilinear time with exponent 2 – O("n" log "n") – if additional memory is not available, but linearithmic time O("n" log "n") if additional memory is available. This allows the use of in-place merge sort for in-place stable sorting and regular merge sort for stable sorting with additional memory. Partial sorting is implemented by , which takes a range of elements and an integer , and reorders the range so that the smallest elements are in the first positions in sorted order (leaving the remaining in the remaining positions, in some unspecified order). Depending on design this

neg: Combinatorial number system represents "C". Thus for the combinatorial number system one just considers "C" as a "k"-combination of the set N of all natural numbers, without explicitly mentioning "n". In order to ensure that the numbers representing the "k"-combinations of } are less than those representing "k"-combinations not contained in }, the "k"-combinations must be ordered in such a way that their largest elements are compared first. The most natural ordering that has this property is lexicographic ordering of the "decreasing" sequence of their elements. So comparing the 5-combinations "C" = {0,3,4,6,9} and "C"<nowiki>'</nowiki> = {0,1,3,7,9}, one has that "C" comes before

neg: De Gua's theorem "k" = "n"−1 and "U" is an ("n"−1)-simplex in formula_2 with vertices on the co-ordinate axes. For example, suppose "n" = 3, "k" = 2 and "U" is the triangle formula_14 in formula_15 with vertices "A", "B" and "C" lying on the formula_16-, formula_17- and formula_18-axes, respectively. The subsets formula_19 of formula_20 with exactly 2 elements are formula_21, formula_22 and formula_23. By definition, formula_24 is the orthogonal projection of formula_25 onto the formula_26-plane, so formula_24 is the triangle formula_28 with vertices "O", "B" and "C", where "O" is the origin of formula_15. Similarly, formula_30 and formula_31, so the Conant–Beyer theorem

neg: K-way merge algorithm the value that they point to. In an O(k) preprocessing step the heap is created using the standard heapify procedure. Afterwards, the algorithm iteratively transfers the element that the root pointer points to, increases this pointer and executes the standard decrease key procedure upon the root element. The running time of the increase key procedure is bounded by O(log k). As there are n elements, the total running time is O(n log k). Note that the operation of replacing the key and iteratively doing decrease-key or sift-down are not supported by many Priority Queue libraries such as C++ stl and

neg: Double bond Double bond A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond, that is between two carbon atoms, can be found in alkenes. Many types of double bonds exist between two different elements. For example, in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is drawn as two parallel lines (=) between the two connected atoms; typographically, the equals

neg: Isocyanate (CO) and carbodiimides (C(NR)). The C-N=C=O unit that defines isocyanats is a planar and the N=C=O linkage is nearly linear. In phenyl isocyanate, the C=N and C=O distances are respectively 1.195 and 1.173 Å. Isocyanates are produced from amines by phosgenation, i.e. treating with phosgene: These reactions proceed via the intermediacy of a carbamoyl chloride (RNHC(O)Cl). Owing to the hazardous nature of phosgene, the production of isocyanates requires special precautions. Isocyanates are electrophiles, and as such they are reactive toward a variety of nucleophiles including alcohols, amines, and even water. Upon treatment with an alcohol, an isocyanate forms a urethane

neg: Miller–Rabin primality test to set the limit so that the test is still reliable. If the tested number "n" is composite, the strong liars "a" coprime to "n" are contained in a proper subgroup of the group (Z/"nZ)*, which means that if we test all "a" from a set which generates (Z/"nZ)*, one of them must be a witness for the compositeness of "n". Assuming the truth of the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH), it is known that the group is generated by its elements smaller than , which was already noted by Miller. The constant involved in the Big O notation was reduced

neg: Carlos Jaschek They produced a catalogue and bibliography of 2,000 Be stars for the period from 1950 to 1970 based on Mercedes Jaschek's survey of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. They were the first to introduce the gallium stars subgroup and to discover the ApSi4200 stars. They were the first to find the rare CNO stars which are O- or B- B-type stars where some of the elements C, N and O show spectral lines that are weaker or stronger than would be expected. They also identified the presence of rare-earth elements in stars of Mn and SrCrEu groups. Carlos Jaschek helped create

neg: Superhard material Although publications have reported preparation of CN at lower pressures than stated, synthetic CN was not proved superhard. The similar atomic sizes of boron, carbon and nitrogen, as well as the similar structures of carbon and boron nitride polymorphs, suggest that it might be possible to synthesize diamond-like phase containing all three elements. It is also possible to make compounds containing B-C-O, B-O-N, or B-C-O-N under high pressure, but their synthesis would expect to require a complex chemistry and in addition, their elastic properties would be inferior to that of diamond. Beginning in 1990, a great interest has been put

neg: Sorting algorithm O(log "n") time, instead of O("n") for a linear scan as in simple selection sort. This allows Heapsort to run in O("n" log "n") time, and this is also the worst case complexity. "Quicksort" is a divide and conquer algorithm which relies on a "partition" operation: to partition an array an element called a "pivot" is selected. All elements smaller than the pivot are moved before it and all greater elements are moved after it. This can be done efficiently in linear time and in-place. The lesser and greater sublists are then recursively sorted. This yields average time complexity of

neg: Context of computational complexity but useful in theory for determining which proof techniques will be effective. It's typical to say without qualification that insertion sort requires O("n") time; however, it doesn't make sense to say that the bit complexity of insertion sort is O("n"), unless the elements being sorted are of constant size. If the elements are assumed to be integers between 1 and "n", then the word complexity where words have log "n" bits would be O("n"), but it's preferable to have a model that allows sorting of lists other than lists of small integers, such as lists of strings. In this case,

neg: Ene reaction hetero-hetero multiple bonds (N=N, O=O, Si=Si, N=O, S=O), cumulene systems (N=S=O, N=S=N, C=C=O, C=C=S, SO) and charged π systems (C=N, C=S, C≡O, C≡N). The main frontier-orbital interaction occurring in an ene reaction is between the HOMO of the ene and the LUMO of the enophile (Figure 2). The HOMO of the ene results from the combination of the pi-bonding orbital in the vinyl moiety and the C-H bonding orbital for the allylic H. Concerted, all-carbon-ene reactions have, in general, a high activation barrier, which was approximated at 33 kcal/mol in the case of propene and ethene, as computed at the

neg: N-Benzoyl-N'-phenylurea N-Benzoyl-N'-phenylurea "N"-Benzoyl-"N′"-phenylurea is an organic compound with PhCONHCONHPh formula. It is benzoylurea derivative substituted with phenyl group on the opposite nitrogen atom. Structure of "N"-benzoyl-"N"′-phenylurea was first determined in 2010. Molecules in this compound are approximately flat and exhibit high charge delocalization. Within the molecule an intramolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond is present forming pseudoaromatic 6-membered ring. Additionally intermolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds are also present combining two molecules into a centrosymmetric dimer (8-membered ring is formed). Carbonyl C=O bond distances are equal to ca. 1.23 Å, C−N distances are in range of 1.34 to 1.41 Å. In 1965 "N"-benzoyl-"N"′-phenylurea was synthesized

neg: Cosmic dust of oxidation so that they fall into three major groups: the carbonaneous, the ordinary, and the enstatite chondrites. As the name implies, the carbonaceous chondrites are rich in carbon, and many have anomalies in the isotopic abundances of H, C, N, and O (Jessberger, 2000). From the carbonaceous chondrites, we follow the trail to the most primitive materials. They are almost completely oxidized and contain the lowest condensation temperature elements ("volatile" elements) and the largest amount of organic compounds. Therefore, dust particles with these elements are thought to be formed in the early life of the Solar System. The volatile

neg: Tournament sort Tournament sort Tournament sort is a sorting algorithm. It improves upon the naive selection sort by using a priority queue to find the next element in the sort. In the naive selection sort, it takes O("n") operations to select the next element of "n" elements; in a tournament sort, it takes O(log "n") operations (after building the initial tournament in O("n")). Tournament sort is a variation of heapsort. Tournament replacement selection sorts are used to gather the initial runs for external sorting algorithms. Conceptually, an external file is read and its elements are pushed into the priority queue until the

neg: Electron microprobe the innermost shells is characteristic of that element, although lines from different elements may overlap. As the innermost shells are involved, the X-ray line energies are generally not affected by chemical effects produced by bonding between elements in compounds except in low atomic number (Z) elements ( B, C, N, O and F for K and Al to Cl for K) where line energies may be shifted as a result of the involvement of the electron shell from which vacancies are filled in chemical bonding. The characteristic X-rays are used for chemical analysis. Specific X-ray wavelengths or energies are selected

neg: Big O notation polynomial. Another thing to notice is the sets "O"("n") and "O"("c") are very different. If "c" is greater than one, then the latter grows much faster. A function that grows faster than "n" for any "c" is called "superpolynomial". One that grows more slowly than any exponential function of the form "c" is called "subexponential". An algorithm can require time that is both superpolynomial and subexponential; examples of this include the fastest known algorithms for integer factorization and the function "n". We may ignore any powers of "n" inside of the logarithms. The set "O"(log "n") is exactly the same

neg: Sorted array where elements are deleted or inserted at the end, a sorted dynamic array can do this in amortized O(1) time while a self-balancing binary search tree always operates at O(log "n"). Elements in a sorted array can be looked up by their index (random access) at O(1) time, an operation taking O(log "n") or O("n") time for more complex data structures. John von Neumann wrote the first array sorting program (merge sort) in 1945, when the first stored-program computer was still being built. Government organisations, private companies and many web-based applications have to deal with huge amounts of data. The

neg: Oxocarbon carbon end and a positive one on the oxygen end, as in C≡C−C≡O, C≡C−C≡C−C≡O, and, in general, (C≡C−)C≡O. Carbon monoxide itself follows this pattern: its predominant form is believed to be C≡O. Another family of oxocarbons that has attracted special attention are the cyclic radialene-type oxocarbons CO or (CO). They can be regarded as cyclic polymers of carbon monoxide, or "n"-fold ketones of "n"-carbon cycloalkanes. Carbon monoxide itself (CO) can be regarded as the first member. Theoretical studies indicate that ethylene dione (CO or O=C=C=O) and cyclopropanetrione CO do not exist. The next three members — CO, CO, and CO

neg: Isocyanate Isocyanate Isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R–N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound that with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers. Isocyanates should not be confused with cyanate esters and isocyanides, very different families of compounds. The cyanate (cyanate ester) functional group (R–O–C≡N) is arranged differently from the isocyanate group (R–N=C=O). Isocyanides have the connectivity R-N≡C, lacking the oxygen of the cyanate groups. In terms of bonding, isocyanates are closely related to carbon dioxide

neg: NGC 4815 as NGC 4815. The mean metallicity of the cluster is [Fe/H] = +0.03 ± 0.05 dex (as estimated by Frieal et al.) or −0.01 ± 0.04 (as estimated by Tautvaišienė et al.). Alpha-elements [Ca/Fe] and [Si/Fe] show solar ratios, [Mg/Fe] is moderately enhanced, [Ti/Fe] is slightly subsolar, [Al/Fe] is enhanced, and [Na/Fe] is significantly enhaced. THE CNO abundances in the cluster are [C/H] = −0.17 ± 0.08, [N/H] = 0.53 ± 0.07, [O/H] = 0.12 ± 0.09, and [C/N] = 0.79 ± 0.08. NGC 4815 NGC 4815 is an open cluster in the constellation Musca. It was discovered by John

neg: Soft heap We then partition the set about "L" using the "partition" algorithm from quicksort and apply the same algorithm again to either the set of numbers less than "L" or the set of numbers greater than "L", neither of which can exceed 2"n"/3 elements. Since each insertion and deletion requires O(1) amortized time, the total deterministic time is T("n") = T(2"n"/3) + O("n"). Using case 3 of the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences (with ε=1 and c=2/3), we know that T("n") = Θ("n"). The final algorithm looks like this: Soft heap In computer science, a soft heap is a variant on

neg: Sequence container (C++) when an element is removed from the list. Lists are efficient when inserting new elements in the list; this is an O(1) operation. No shifting is required like with vectors. Lists do not have random access ability like vectors (O(1) operation). Accessing a node in a list is an O(n) operation that requires a list traversal to find the node that needs to be accessed. With small data types (such as ints) the memory overhead is much more significant than that of a vector. Each node takes up codice_45. Pointers are typically one word (usually four bytes under 32-bit operating

neg: Binary heap equal-sized heaps. The best you can do is (in case of array implementation) simply concatenating the two heap arrays and build a heap of the result. A heap on "n" elements can be merged with a heap on "k" elements using O(log "n" log "k") key comparisons, or, in case of a pointer-based implementation, in O(log "n" log "k") time. An algorithm for splitting a heap on "n" elements into two heaps on "k" and "n-k" elements, respectively, based on a new view of heaps as an ordered collections of subheaps was presented in. The algorithm requires O(log "n" *

neg: Dynamic problem (algorithms) from the empty/trivial input data. Decremental algorithms are algorithms in which only deletions of elements are allowed, starting with an initialization of a full data structure. If both additions and deletions are allowed, the algorithm is sometimes called fully dynamic. The problem may be solved in O(N) time. A well-known solution for this problem is using a self-balancing binary search tree. It takes space O(N), may be initially constructed in time O(N log N) and provides insertion, deletion and query times in O(log N). Given a graph, maintain its parameters, such as connectivity, maximal degree, shortest paths etc., when insertion

neg: Imre Z. Ruzsa most (log "x") elements up to "x", for every "x". He gave a new proof to Freiman's theorem. Ruzsa also showed the existence of a Sidon sequence which has at least "x" elements up to "x". In a result complementing the Erdős–Fuchs theorem he showed that there exists a sequence "a", "a", ... of natural numbers such that for every "n" the number of solutions of the inequality "a" + "a" ≤ "n" is "cn" + "O"("n"log "n") for some "c" > 0. Imre Z. Ruzsa Imre Z. Ruzsa (born 23 July 1953) is a Hungarian mathematician specializing in number

neg: Food web pyramid shape if all sources of food energy are included and this is dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. Many of the Earth's elements and minerals (or mineral nutrients) are contained within the tissues and diets of organisms. Hence, mineral and nutrient cycles trace food web energy pathways. Ecologists employ stoichiometry to analyze the ratios of the main elements found in all organisms: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P). There is a large transitional difference between many terrestrial and aquatic systems as C:P and C:N ratios are much higher in terrestrial systems while N:P ratios are equal between the

neg: Ester features borinic esters ("n" = 2), boronic esters ("n" = 1), and borates ("n" = 0). As oxygen is a group 16 chemical element, sulfur atoms can replace some oxygen atoms in carbon–oxygen–central inorganic atom covalent bonds of an ester. As a result, thiosulfinates and "thiosulfonates, with a central inorganic sulfur atom, demonstrate clearly the assortment of sulfur esters, that also includes sulfates, sulfites, sulfonates, sulfinates, sulfenates"' esters. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120 ° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low

neg: Isocyanate that seeks promote the safe utilization of isocyanates by promulgating best practices. Isocyanate Isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R–N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound that with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers. Isocyanates should not be confused with cyanate esters and isocyanides, very different families of compounds. The cyanate (cyanate ester) functional group (R–O–C≡N) is arranged differently from the isocyanate group (R–N=C=O). Isocyanides have the connectivity R-N≡C, lacking the oxygen of the cyanate

neg: Amino acid (pLeu) and photomethionine (pMet). Amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta-

neg: Amino acid Amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or

neg: Toeplitz matrix method for solving a Toeplitz system, and also for computing the determinant. Algorithms that are asymptotically faster than those of Bareiss and Levinson have been described in the literature, but their accuracy cannot be relied upon. A Toeplitz matrix may be defined as a matrix "A" where "A" = "c", for constants "c" … "c". The set of "n"×"n" Toeplitz matrices is a subspace of the vector space of "n"×"n" matrices under matrix addition and scalar multiplication. Two Toeplitz matrices may be added in "O"("n") time and multiplied in "O"("n") time. Toeplitz matrices are persymmetric. Symmetric Toeplitz matrices are both

neg: Tetrabromonickelate heated over 260° the color changes to green, and it melts at 273 °C. A dark blue oil, bis-("o"-tolyltriethylphosphonium) tetrabromonickelate (o-CHCHPEt)NiBr can be made from the reaction of "o"-tolyl bis-triethylphosphine, nickel bromide and "o"-tolyl bromide. (o-CHOCHPEt)NiBr and (CHPEt)NiBr are made in a similar way. bis-(benzo["e"]-1,3-dithiepan-2-diethylimmonium) tetrabromonickelate, abbreviated as (xdtc)NiBr, has dark blue crystals that melt at 166 °C. It is made from α,α'-dibromo-"o"-xylene and bis-("N,N"-diethyldithiocarbamato)nickel(II) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane. bis-(tetra-"n"-butylphosphonium) tetrabromonickelate can form as a glass when nickel bromide is dissolved in molten tetra-"n"-butylphosphonium iodide. Blue 1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium tetrabromonickelate [HNN(CH)]NiBr is a salt stable between 70° and 260 °C. It can be

neg: Oxocarbon amounts of even-numbered monoxides such as CO, CO, and CO. The members up to "n"=9 have also been obtained by electrical discharge on gaseous CO diluted in argon. The first three members have been detected in interstellar space. When "n" is even, the molecules are believed to be in the triplet (cumulene-like) state, with the atoms connected by double bonds and an unfilled orbital in the first carbon — as in :C=C=O, :C=C=C=C=O, and, in general, :(C=)=O. When "n" is odd, the triplet structure is believed to resonate with a singlet (acetylene-type) polar state with a negative charge on the

neg: Disulfur 7.5 min in sunlight. Disulfur Disulfur is the diatomic molecule with the formula S. It is analogous to the dioxygen molecule but rarely occurs at room temperature. This violet gas is commonly generated by heating sulfur above 720 °C and comprises 99% of the vapor at low pressure (1 mm Hg) at 530 °C. S is one of the minor components of the atmosphere of Io, which is predominantly composed of SO. Diatomic molecules are common containing C, O, N, and F, but for heavier elements they are often only observed at high temperatures. It is highly susceptible to photolysis

neg: Disulfur Disulfur Disulfur is the diatomic molecule with the formula S. It is analogous to the dioxygen molecule but rarely occurs at room temperature. This violet gas is commonly generated by heating sulfur above 720 °C and comprises 99% of the vapor at low pressure (1 mm Hg) at 530 °C. S is one of the minor components of the atmosphere of Io, which is predominantly composed of SO. Diatomic molecules are common containing C, O, N, and F, but for heavier elements they are often only observed at high temperatures. It is highly susceptible to photolysis by U.V. light, with

neg: Syndecan 1 chains. An exception is the prosecretory mitogen lacritin that binds syndecan-1 only after heparanase modification. Binding utilizes an enzyme-regulated 'off-on' switch in which active epithelial heparanase (HPSE) cleaves off heparan sulfate to expose a binding site in the N-terminal region of syndecan-1's core protein. Three SDC1 elements are required. (1) The heparanase-exposed hydrophobic sequence GAGAL that promotes the alpha helicity of lacritin's C-terminal amphipathic alpha helix form and likely binds to the hydrophobic face. (2) Heparanase-cleaved heparan sulfate that is 3-O sulfated. This likely interacts with the cationic face of lacritin's C-terminal amphipathic alpha helix. (3) An N-terminal chondroitin sulfate

neg: Fredkin gate directly to the "C" output. If "C" = 0, no swap is performed; "I" maps to "O", and "I" maps to "O". Otherwise, the two outputs are swapped so that "I" maps to "O", and "I" maps to "O". It is easy to see that this circuit is reversible, i.e., "undoes" itself when run backwards. A generalized "n"×"n" Fredkin gate passes its first "n"-2 inputs unchanged to the corresponding outputs, and swaps its last two outputs if and only if the first "n"-2 inputs are all 1. The Fredkin gate is the reversible three-bit gate that swaps the last two

neg: Planar separator theorem iterative methods for the same problems. Klein, Mozes and Weimann gave an O("n" log "n")-time, linear-space algorithm to find the shortest path distances from "s" to all nodes for a directed planar graph with positive and negative arc-lengths containing no negative cycles. Their algorithm uses planar graph separators to find a Jordan curve "C" that passes through O(√"n") nodes (and no arcs) such that between "n"/3 and 2"n"/3 nodes are enclosed by "C". Nodes through which "C" passes are boundary nodes. The original graph "G" is separated into two subgraphs "G" and "G" by cutting the planar embedding along "C"

neg: Gnome sort requiring no nested loops. The average running time is "O"("n") but tends towards "O"("n") if the list is initially almost sorted. The algorithm finds the first place where two adjacent elements are in the wrong order and swaps them. It takes advantage of the fact that performing a swap can introduce a new out-of-order adjacent pair next to the previously swapped elements. It does not assume that elements forward of the current position are sorted, so it only needs to check the position directly previous to the swapped elements. Dick Grune described the sorting method with the following story: An

neg: Heterotroph portion of the release of CO into the atmosphere, making it available for autotrophs as a source of nutrient and plants as a cellulose synthesis substrate. Respiration in heterotrophs is often accompanied by mineralization, the process of converting organic compounds to inorganic forms. When the organic nutrient source taken in by the heterotroph contains essential elements such as N, S, P in addition to C, H, and O, they are often removed first to proceed with the oxidation of organic nutrient and production of ATP via respiration. S and N in organic carbon source are transformed into HS and NH

neg: Gephyronic acid correlates well with modular arrangement of PKS-encoded proteins, aside from some unexpected elements that are likely caused by inactive domains. Initial loading uses a GCN5-related "N"-acetyltransferase (GNAT) domain instead of the typical AT domain.Gephyronic acid contains a methyl ether at C-5 and a C-12/C-13 epoxide. These functional groups are incorporated by post-PKS tailoring enzymes. GphA is likely responsible for installation of the C-5 methyl ether. O-methyltransferases SpiB and SpiK used in spirangien biosynthesis exhibit the same SAM-binding motif as GphA. GphK is a member of the cytochrome p450 superfamily and is suspected to carry out the epoxidation of the C12-C13

neg: Double-ended priority queue required to meet all the conditions and is O(log "n"). Thus, with interval heaps, both the minimum and maximum elements can be removed efficiently traversing from root to leaf. Thus, a DEPQ can be obtained from an interval heap where the elements of the interval heap are the priorities of elements in the DEPQ. When DEPQ's are implemented using Interval heaps consisting of "n" elements, the time complexities for the various functions are formulated in the table below When DEPQ's are implemented using heaps or pairing heaps consisting of "n" elements, the time complexities for the various functions are formulated

neg: Big O notation of "h"("x") plus a part whose growth is limited to that of "f"("x"). Thus, expresses the same as Suppose an algorithm is being developed to operate on a set of "n" elements. Its developers are interested in finding a function "T"("n") that will express how long the algorithm will take to run (in some arbitrary measurement of time) in terms of the number of elements in the input set. The algorithm works by first calling a subroutine to sort the elements in the set and then perform its own operations. The sort has a known time complexity of "O"("n"), and

neg: Carbon-14 the amounts negligible compared to cosmic rays. Carbon-14 can also be produced by other neutron reactions, including in particular C(n,γ)C and O(n,α)C with thermal neutrons, and N(n,d)C and O(n,He)C with fast neutrons. The most notable routes for C production by thermal neutron irradiation of targets (e.g., in a nuclear reactor) are summarized in the table. Carbon-14 may also be radiogenic (cluster decay of Ra, Ra, Ra). However, this origin is extremely rare. The above-ground nuclear tests that occurred in several countries between 1955 and 1980 (see nuclear test list) dramatically increased the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and subsequently

neg: Kerning are the second in these pairs, together with the corresponding kerning values. Here are a few examples of glyph classes in the Minion Pro font for the first character in a kerning pair: (d i l u), (h m n), (j q), (b o p), (v w y), (D O Q), (H I), (V W); and for the second character in a pair: (f i m n r), (h k l), (j p t u), (c d e o q), (v w y), (C G O Q), (B D E F H I K L N P R). A type

neg: Selection algorithm not in order, the factor of O("k" log "k") can be eliminated. An additional maximum selection (taking O("k") time) is required, but since formula_1, this still yields asymptotic complexity of O("n"). In fact, partition-based selection algorithms yield both the "k"th smallest element itself and the "k" smallest elements (with other elements not in order). This can be done in O("n") time – average complexity of quickselect, and worst-case complexity of refined partition-based selection algorithms. Conversely, given a selection algorithm, one can easily get an unordered partial sort ("k" smallest elements, not in order) in O("n") time by iterating through the

neg: Priority queue per key, then there is a priority queue supporting "delete" and "insert" in "O"("S"("n")) time and "find-min" in constant time. That is, if there is a sorting algorithm which can sort in "O"("S") time per key, where "S" is some function of "n" and word size, then one can use the given procedure to create a priority queue where pulling the highest-priority element is "O"(1) time, and inserting new elements (and deleting elements) is "O"("S") time. For example, if one has an "O"("n" log log "n") sort algorithm, one can create a priority queue with "O"(1) pulling and "O"(log log

neg: Isoelectronicity (:C≡O:) whereas dinitrogen has each atom neutral (:N≡N:) and nitrosonium has an overall net charge. CO, FCN, NO, NO, N, NCO, and CN are all isoelectronic, and each has multiple resonance forms: one with two double bonds and 2 lone pairs on each of the outer atoms, and one with one single bond and one triple bond. Isoelectronicity leads to the concept of hydrogen-like atoms, ions with one electron which are thus isoelectronic with hydrogen. The uncharged =C=O (ethenone) and -C≡N (cyanamide) molecules and the zwitterionic == (diazomethane) molecule are isoelectronic. The amino acids tellurocysteine, selenocysteine, cysteine and serine are

neg: Input Enhancement (Computer Science) a worst case runtime of O("n" log "n") – and quicksort – which has a worst case of O("n") but is almost always O("n" log "n"). Utilizing these sorting algorithms, a search algorithm that incorporates presorting will yield these big-O efficiencies. A simple example of the benefits of presorting can be seen with an algorithm that checks an array for unique elements: If an array of "n" elements is given, return true if every element in the array is unique, otherwise return false. The pseudocode is presented below: Without a presort, at worst case, this algorithm would require every element

neg: Xenon nitrate are FXeO 177.6°, XeON 114.7°, (Xe)ONO 114.5° (cis), other (Xe)ONO 118.4° (trans) and (non-Xe)ONO is 127.1°. The bond lengths and angles on the xenon atom are similar to that in FXeOSOF and FXeOTeF indicating a polar oxygen bond. The Xe-O-N angle is larger than halogen nitrates, which indicates a lower bond density for Xe-O bond. N-O bond length is longer than the N-O bond length, the opposite to other halogen nitrates. FXeONO is not particularly stable and slowly breaks down at -78 °C yielding XeF.NO. This happens on a timescale of several days. At 0 °C FXeONO has a half

neg: Carbon–oxygen bond 2.55 "vs" 3.44). Bond lengths for paraffinic C–O bonds are in the range of 143 pm – less than those of C–N or C–C bonds. Shortened single bonds are found with carboxylic acids (136 pm) due to partial double bond character and elongated bonds are found in epoxides (147 pm). The C–O bond strength is also larger than C–N or C–C. For example, bond strengths are /mol (at 298 K) in methanol, /mol in methylamine, and /mol in ethane. Carbon and oxygen form terminal double bonds in functional groups collectively known as carbonyl compounds to which belong such compounds as

neg: Nitroso Nitroso Nitroso refers to a functional group in organic chemistry which has the NO group attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as "C"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; R−N=O), "S"-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; RS−N=O), "N"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, RN(−R)−N=O), and "O"-nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites; RO−N=O). Nitrosobenzene ((CHNO) is prepared by reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine (CHNHOH), which is then oxidized. Nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. The dimers, which are often pale-yellow, are often favored in the solid state, whereas the deeply colored monomers are favored in dilution solution or at higher temperatures. They exist

neg: Inorganic chemistry discussed in the context of organic chemistry (organic compounds are main group compounds, after all). Elements heavier than C, N, O, and F often form compounds with more electrons than predicted by the octet rule, as explained in the article on hypervalent molecules. The mechanisms of their reactions differ from organic compounds for this reason. Elements lighter than carbon (B, Be, Li) as well as Al and Mg often form electron-deficient structures that are electronically akin to carbocations. Such electron-deficient species tend to react via associative pathways. The chemistry of the lanthanides mirrors many aspects of chemistry seen for aluminium.

neg: Aanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture property of being regular is not monotone. The big O notation is often used for query complexity. In short, "f"("n") is O("g"("n")) if for large enough "n", "f"("n") ≤ "c g"("n") for some positive constant "c". Similarly, "f"("n") is Ω("g"("n")) if for large enough "n", "f"("n") ≥ "c g"("n") for some positive constant "c". Finally, "f"("n") is Θ("g"("n")) if it is both O("g"("n")) and Ω("g"("n")). The deterministic query complexity of evaluating a function on "n" bits ("x", "x", ..., "x") is the number of bits "x" that have to be read in the worst case by a deterministic algorithm to

neg: Series-parallel partial order expression tree. A comparison between any two elements may be performed algorithmically by searching for the lowest common ancestor of the corresponding two leaves; if that ancestor is a parallel composition, the two elements are incomparable, and otherwise the order of the series composition operands determines the order of the elements. In this way, a series-parallel partial order on "n" elements may be represented in O("n") space with O(1) time to determine any comparison value. It is NP-complete to test, for two given series-parallel partial orders "P" and "Q", whether "P" contains a restriction isomorphic to "Q". Although the problem

neg: Big O notation "T"("n") = 73"n" + 22"n" + 58, all of the following are generally acceptable, but tighter bounds (i.e., numbers 2 and 3 below) are usually strongly preferred over looser bounds (i.e., number 1 below). The equivalent English statements are respectively: So while all three statements are true, progressively more information is contained in each. In some fields, however, the big O notation (number 2 in the lists above) would be used more commonly than the Big Theta notation (bullets number 3 in the lists above). For example, if "T"("n") represents the running time of a newly developed algorithm for input

neg: Mineral (nutrient) human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles as well as electrolytes. However, as many as twenty-nine elements in total (including hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) are suggested to be used by mammals, as inferred by biochemical and uptake studies. Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. Phosphorus makes up about 1% of a person's body weight. The other major minerals (potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur and magnesium) make up only about 0.85% of the weight of the body. Together these eleven chemical elements (H, C, N,

neg: Big O notation means the algorithm runs in the order of "c""n", and the big O notation ignores the constant "c". This can be written as "c""n" = O("n"). If, however, an algorithm runs in the order of 2, replacing "n" with "cn" gives 2 = (2). This is not equivalent to 2 in general. Changing variables may also affect the order of the resulting algorithm. For example, if an algorithm's run time is "O"("n") when measured in terms of the number "n" of "digits" of an input number "x", then its run time is "O"(log "x") when measured as a function of

neg: Communication-avoiding algorithms order n x n. The following naive algorithm implements C = C + A * B: Arithmetic cost (time-complexity): n² (2n-1) for sufficiently large n or O(n³). Rewriting this algorithm with communication cost labelled at each step Fast memory may be defined as the local processor memory (CPU cache) of size M and slow memory may be defined as the DRAM. Communication cost (reads/writes): n³ + 3n² or O(n³) Since total running time = γ*O(n³) + β*O(n³) and β » γ the communication cost is dominant. The Blocked (Tiled) Matrix Multiplication algorithm reduces this dominant term. Consider A,B,C to be

neg: Proof of O(log*n) time complexity of union–find Proof of O(log*n) time complexity of union–find In computer science, Union Find is an algorithm for doing certain operations on sets. This page is about proof of "O"(log"n") amortized time of Union Find Statement: If "m" operations, either Union or Find, are applied to "n" elements, the total run time is "O"("m" log"n"), where log is the iterated logarithm. Lemma 1: As the find function follows the path along to the root, the rank of node it encounters is increasing. Lemma 2: A node "u" which is root of a subtree with rank "r" has at least 2 nodes. Lemma

neg: Glycosaminoglycan which is a bifunctional enzyme that cleaves the N-acetyl group from GlcNAc and subsequently sulfates the N-position. Next, C-5 uronyl epimerase coverts d-GlcA to l-IdoA followed by 2-"O" sulfation of the uronic acid sugar by 2-"O" sulfotransferase (Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase). Finally, the 6-"O" and 3-"O" positions of GlcNAc moities are sulfated by 6-"O" (Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase) and 3-O (3-OST) sulfotransferases. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, which comprise CSGAGs, are differentiated from each other by the presence of GlcA and IdoA epimers respectively. Similar to the production of HSGAGs, C-5 uronyl epimerase converts d-GlcA to l-IdoA to synthesize dermatan sulfate. Three

neg: Ene reaction substituent is the one transferred, affording a silylalkyne. Phenol can act as an ene component, for example in the reaction with dihydropyran, but high temperatures are required (150–170 °C). Nonetheless, strained enes and fused small ring systems undergo ene reactions at much lower temperatures. In addition, ene components containing C=O, C=N and C=S bonds have been reported, but such cases are rare. Enophiles are π-bonded molecules which have electron-withdrawing substituents that lower significantly the LUMO of the π-bond. Possible enophiles contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds (olefins, acetylenes, benzynes), carbon-hetero multiple bonds (C=O in the case of carbonyl-ene reactions, C=N, C=S, C≡P),

neg: English language i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z (which also have capital forms: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z). The spelling system, or orthography, of English is multi-layered, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. Further complications have arisen through sound changes with which the orthography has not kept pace. Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms,

neg: Shellsort the size of the sorted array ("N"). Others are increasing infinite sequences, whose elements less than "N" should be used in reverse order. When the binary representation of "N" contains many consecutive zeroes, Shellsort using Shell's original gap sequence makes Θ("N") comparisons in the worst case. For instance, this case occurs for "N" equal to a power of two when elements greater and smaller than the median occupy odd and even positions respectively, since they are compared only in the last pass. Although it has higher complexity than the "O"("N" log "N") that is optimal for comparison sorts, Pratt's version

neg: Point groups in three dimensions and "D" is a subgroup of the polyhedral groups T and O. "D" can occur in homotetramers such as Concanavalin A, in tetrahedral coordination compounds with four identical chiral ligands, or in a molecule such as tetrakis(chlorofluoromethyl)methane if all the chlorofluoromethyl groups have the same chirality. The elements of "D" are in 1-to-2 correspondence with the rotations given by the unit Lipschitz quaternions. The group "S" is generated by the combination of a reflection in the horizontal plane and a rotation by an angle 360°/n. For "n" odd this is equal to the group generated by the two separately, "C"

neg: Nitrogen point of view due to its regular tetrahedral shape and the short N–O bond lengths, implying significant polar character to the bonding. Nitrogen is one of the most important elements in organic chemistry. Many organic functional groups involve a carbon–nitrogen bond, such as amides (RCONR), amines (RN), imines (RC(=NR)R), imides (RCO)NR, azides (RN), azo compounds (RNR), cyanates and isocyanates (ROCN or RCNO), nitrates (RONO), nitriles and isonitriles (RCN or RNC), nitrites (RONO), nitro compounds (RNO), nitroso compounds (RNO), oximes (RCR=NOH), and pyridine derivatives. C–N bonds are strongly polarised towards nitrogen. In these compounds, nitrogen is usually trivalent (though it can

neg: Stereoelectronic effect generally more effective than bonding orbitals due to the high energy levels. Also, different from acceptors, donor orbitals require less polarized bonds. Thus, the general trends for donor orbitals would be: n(N)>n(O)>σ(C–C), σ(C–H)>σ(C–N)>σ(C–O)>σ(C–S)>σ(C–Hal). Stereoelectronic effect can be directional in specific cases. The radius of sulfur is much larger than the radius of carbon and oxygen. Thus the differences in C–S bond distances generate a much amplified difference in the two stereoelectronic effects in 1,3-dithiane (σ(C–H) → σ*(C–S)) than in 1,3-dioxane(σ(C–H) → σ*(C–O)). The differences between C–C and C–S bonds shown below causes a significant difference in the distances between C–S

neg: Input Enhancement (Computer Science) to be checked against every other element with two possible outcomes: either there is no duplicate element in the array, or the last two elements in the array are the duplicates. This results in an O("n") efficiency. Now compare this to a similar algorithm that utilizes presorting. This algorithm sorts the inputted array, and then checks each pair of elements for a duplicate. The pseudocode is presented below: As previously stated, the least efficient part of this algorithm is the sorting of the array, which, if an efficient sort is selected, would run in O("n" log "n"). But after the

neg: Semigroup with three elements semigroup, and its subsemigroups. There are two cyclic semigroups, one described by the equation "x" = "x", which has "O", the null semigroup with two elements, as a subsemigroup. The other is described by "x" = "x" and has "C", the group with two elements, as a subgroup. (The equation "x" = "x" describes "C", the group with three elements, already mentioned.) There are seven other non-cyclic non-band commutative semigroups, including the initial example of {−1, 0, 1}, and "O", the null semigroup with three elements. There are also two other anti-isomorphic pairs of non-commutative non-band semigroups. Semigroup with three

neg: Unary language "n" has become exponentially larger. More generally, if a language can be recognized in O(f("n")) time and O(g("n")) space, its unary version can be recognized in O("n" + f(log "n")) time and O(g(log "n")) space (we require O("n") time just to read the input string). However, if membership in a language is undecidable, then membership in its unary version is also undecidable. TALLY is contained in P/poly—the class of languages that can be recognized in polynomial time given an advice function that depends only on the input length. In this case, the required advice function is very simple—it returns a

neg: Plasma cleaning very effective in the breaking of most organic bonds (i.e., C–H, C–C, C=C, C–O, and C–N) of surface contaminants. This helps to break apart high molecular weight contaminants. A second cleaning action is carried out by the oxygen species created in the plasma (O, O, O, O, O, O, ionised ozone, metastable excited oxygen, and free electrons). These species react with organic contaminants to form HO, CO, CO, and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. These compounds have relatively high vapor pressures and are evacuated from the chamber during processing. The resulting surface is ultra-clean. In Fig. 2, a relative content of

neg: Fibonacci heap the beginning of the second phase. At the end we will have at most "O"(log "n") roots (because each has a different degree). Therefore, the difference in the potential function from before this phase to after it is: "O"(log "n") − "m", and the amortized running time is then at most "O"(log "n" + "m") + "c"("O"(log "n") − "m"). With a sufficiently large choice of "c", this simplifies to "O"(log "n"). In the third phase we check each of the remaining roots and find the minimum. This takes "O"(log "n") time and the potential does not change. The overall

neg: Kazakhs Sargat Culture as well . In a sample of 54 Kazakhs and 119 Altaian Kazakh, the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are: C (66.7% and 59.5%), O (9% and 26%), N (2% and 0%), J (4% and 0%), R (9% and 1%). In a sample of 409 ethnic Kazakhs the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are C, R, G, J, N, O, Q. According to a large-scale Kazakhstani study published in 2017, Kazakh males belong to Y-DNA haplogroups C2-M217 (658/1294 = 50.85%, including 322/1294 = 24.88% C-M401, 225/1294 = 17.39% C-M86, 80/1294 = 6.18% C-M407, and 31/1294 = 2.40% C-M217(xM401,

neg: C++ Standard Library algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance. These performance requirements often correspond to a well-known algorithm, which is expected but not required to be used. In most cases this requires linear time O("n") or linearithmic time O("n" log "n"), but in some cases higher bounds are allowed, such as quasilinear time O("n" log "n") for stable sort (to allow in-place merge sort). Previously sorting was only required to take O("n" log "n") on average, allowing the use of quicksort, which is fast in practice but has poor worst-case performance, but introsort was introduced to allow both fast average performance

neg: Subset sum problem runs in time "O"(2). The algorithm splits arbitrarily the "N" elements into two sets of "N"/2 each. For each of these two sets, it stores a list of the sums of all 2 possible subsets of its elements. Each of these two lists is then sorted. Using a standard comparison sorting algorithm for this step would take time "O"(2"N"). However, given a sorted list of sums for "k" elements, the list can be expanded to two sorted lists with the introduction of a ("k" + 1)st element, and these two sorted lists can be merged in time "O"(2). Thus, each

neg: Big O notation as "O"(log("n")). The logarithms differ only by a constant factor (since log("n") = "c" log "n") and thus the big O notation ignores that. Similarly, logs with different constant bases are equivalent. On the other hand, exponentials with different bases are not of the same order. For example, 2 and 3 are not of the same order. Changing units may or may not affect the order of the resulting algorithm. Changing units is equivalent to multiplying the appropriate variable by a constant wherever it appears. For example, if an algorithm runs in the order of "n", replacing "n" by "cn"

neg: Time complexity to provide this. An example is content-addressable memory. This concept of linear time is used in string matching algorithms such as the Boyer–Moore algorithm and Ukkonen's algorithm. An algorithm is said to run in quasilinear time (also referred to as log-linear time) if "T"("n") = O("n" log "n") for some positive constant "k"; linearithmic time is the case "k" = 1. Using soft O notation these algorithms are Õ("n"). Quasilinear time algorithms are also O("n") for every constant ε > 0, and thus run faster than any polynomial time algorithm whose time bound includes a term "n" for any "c"

neg: Oblivious data structure N elements consists of "θ"(log log N) levels whose sizes vary from N="θ"(N) to some small size c beneath a constant threshold c. A level stores elements in a number of buffers, which are also used to transfer elements between levels. The queue is stored in a liner array. The levels are stored consecutively from smallest to largest with each level occupying a single region of memory. Operations: A K-funnel is a complete binary tree with K leaves, stored according to the van Emde Boas layout. Each of the recursive subtrees of a K-funnel is a formula_6-funnel. In addition to

neg: Oblivious data structure height h(T) of T is the maximum depth of a node in T, and the size |T| of T is the number of nodes in T. A complete tree T is a tree with 2 nodes. There are four memory layouts for static trees: DFS, inorder, BFS and van Emde Boas tree layouts. Using the structure to sort n elements, it uses (1 +ε )n times the element size of memory, and performs searches in worst case O(logn) memory transfers, updates in amortized O((log n)= (εB)) memory transfers, and range queries in worst case O(log n+ k=B) memory transfers, where

neg: Tournament sort in Haskell, based on Scheme code by Stepanov and Kershenbaum. Tournament sort Tournament sort is a sorting algorithm. It improves upon the naive selection sort by using a priority queue to find the next element in the sort. In the naive selection sort, it takes O("n") operations to select the next element of "n" elements; in a tournament sort, it takes O(log "n") operations (after building the initial tournament in O("n")). Tournament sort is a variation of heapsort. Tournament replacement selection sorts are used to gather the initial runs for external sorting algorithms. Conceptually, an external file is read and

neg: Nitroso NO, or some intermediate case. In foodstuffs and in the gastro-intestinal tract, nitrosation and nitrosylation do not have the same consequences on consumer health. Nitroso Nitroso refers to a functional group in organic chemistry which has the NO group attached to an organic moiety. As such, various nitroso groups can be categorized as "C"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosoalkanes; R−N=O), "S"-nitroso compounds (nitrosothiols; RS−N=O), "N"-nitroso compounds (e.g., nitrosamines, RN(−R)−N=O), and "O"-nitroso compounds (alkyl nitrites; RO−N=O). Nitrosobenzene ((CHNO) is prepared by reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylhydroxylamine (CHNHOH), which is then oxidized. Nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. The dimers, which are often

neg: Sigillum Dei Sloane 3853: h, t, o, e, x, o, r, a, b, a, s, l, a, y, q, c, i, y, s, t, a, l, g, a, a, o, n, o, s, v, l, a, r, y, c, e, k, s, p, f, y, o, m, e, n, e, a, u, a, r, e, l, a, t, e, d, a, t, o, n, o, n, a, o, y, l, e, p, o, t, m, a), the sum forming the Shemhamphorasch, the ineffable name of God ("magnum nomen Domini Semenphoras licterarum 72"), showing a clear link to Jewish tradition. Next to the

neg: Amide esters, aldehydes, and ketones (their conjugate acids' p"K"s are between −6 and −10). It is estimated in silico that acetamide is represented by resonance structure A for 62% and by B for 28%. Resonance is largely prevented in the very strained quinuclidone. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well.

neg: Fisher–Yates shuffle "n"), numbers are efficiently sorted using Radix sort in "O"("n") time. Like the Fisher–Yates shuffle, the sorting method produces unbiased results. However, care must be taken to ensure that the assigned random numbers are never duplicated, since sorting algorithms typically don't order elements randomly in case of a tie. Additionally, this method requires asymptotically larger space: "O"("n") additional storage space for the random numbers, versus "O"(1) space for the Fisher–Yates shuffle. Finally, we note that the sorting method has a simple parallel implementation, unlike the Fisher–Yates shuffle, which is sequential. A variant of the above method that has seen some

neg: Berbamunine synthase Berbamunine synthase In enzymology, a berbamunine synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 5 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-N-methylcoclaurine, (R)-N-methylcoclaurine, NADPH, H, and O, whereas its 3 products are berbamunine, NADP, and HO. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-N-methylcoclaurine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (C-O phenol-coupling). This enzyme is also called (S)-N-methylcoclaurine

neg: Point groups in two dimensions sometimes called the "canonical projection" of "E"(2) onto "E"(2) "/ T" or "O"(2). Its kernel is "T". For every subgroup of "E"(2) we can consider its image under "p": a point group consisting of the cosets to which the elements of the subgroup belong, in other words, the point group obtained by ignoring translational parts of isometries. For every "discrete" subgroup of "E"(2), due to the crystallographic restriction theorem, this point group is either "C" or of type "D" for "n" = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6. C and "D" for "n" = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6

neg: Logical matrix representations of these relation. This product can be computed in expected time O("n"). Frequently operations on binary matrices are defined in terms of modular arithmetic mod 2—that is, the elements are treated as elements of the Galois field . They arise in a variety of representations and have a number of more restricted special forms. They are applied e.g. in XOR-satisfiability. The number of distinct "m"-by-"n" binary matrices is equal to 2, and is thus finite. Let "n" and "m" be given and let "U" denote the set of all logical "m" × "n" matrices. Then "U" has a partial

neg: Metal–organic framework the primary focus of the discipline called (from Latin , "small net"). Differently from MOFs covalent organic framework (COFs) are made entirely from light elements (H, B, C, N, and O) with extended structures. MOFs are composed of two major components: a metal ion or cluster of metal ions and an organic molecule called a linker. For this reason, the materials are often referred to as hybrid organic–inorganic materials; however, this terminology has recently been explicitly discouraged. The organic units are typically mono-, di-, tri-, or tetravalent ligands. The choice of metal and linker dictates the structure and hence properties

neg: Geochemistry same composition as the Sun, but the planets could also have formed when a solid core captured nebular gas. In current models, the four giant planets have cores of rock and ice that are roughly the same size, but the proportion of hydrogen and helium decreases from about 300 Earth masses in Jupiter to 75 in Saturn and just a few in Uranus and Neptune. Thus, while the gas giants are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, the ice giants are primarily composed of heavier elements (O, C, N, S), primarily in the form of water, methane and ammonia. The

neg: Library sort found and swapping the following elements by 1 position till an empty space is hit. 3. Re-Balancing: Inserting spaces between each pair of elements in the array. This takes linear time, and because there are log n rounds in the algorithm, total re-balancing takes O(n log n) time only. proc rebalance(A, begin, end) Here, codice_1 performs binary search in the first elements of , skipping over gaps, to find a place where to locate element . Insertion should favor gaps over filled-in elements. Library sort Library sort, or gapped insertion sort is a sorting algorithm that uses an insertion sort,

neg: Moupin pika "O. c. sorella" in his original description. However, based on holotype analysis, "O. t. sikimaria" was found to have a longer skull and a wider interorbital region and zygomatic arch than the Gansu pika. The subspecies "O. n. lama", "O. n. aliensis", and "O. n. lhasaensis "were formerly assigned to the Moupin pika, but they are now considered to belong to the Nubra pika ("Ochotona nubrica"). "O. t. sikimaria" may be a treated as a separate species due to its widely separate geography than that of the other Moupin pika. It can be distinguished from other subgroups based on a

neg: Priority queue notation: "O"(1) insertion time, "O"("n") pull time due to search.) To improve performance, priority queues typically use a heap as their backbone, giving "O"(log "n") performance for inserts and removals, and "O"("n") to build initially. Variants of the basic heap data structure such as pairing heaps or Fibonacci heaps can provide better bounds for some operations. Alternatively, when a self-balancing binary search tree is used, insertion and removal also take "O"(log "n") time, although building trees from existing sequences of elements takes "O"("n" log "n") time; this is typical where one might already have access to these data structures, such

neg: Nonmetal structure; or (5) the peculiar nature of hydrogen, and the relative homogeneity of the halogens. In scheme (1), the halogens are in a category of their own; astatine is classed as a nonmetal, rather than a metalloid; and the remaining nonmetals are referred to as "other nonmetals". If selenium is counted as a metalloid rather than an other nonmetal, the resulting set of less active nonmetals (H, C, N, P, O, S) are sometimes instead referred to or categorised as "organogens", "CHONPS" elements or "biogens". Collectively these six nonmetals comprise the bulk of life on Earth; a rough estimate of

neg: Abundance of the chemical elements same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant. "For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils." By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (HO), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). The next

neg: Compañía Aeronáutica Uruguaya a Montevideo to Miami route, but these routes never materialized. 1938 CX-ABA Junkers Ju 52/3m c/n 5877 “El Uruguayo” (The Uruguayan) (hydroplane) CX-ABB Junkers Ju 52/3m c/n 5886 “El Argentino” (The Argentinean)(hydroplane) 1946 CX-AFA Short Sunderland c/n SH.5C “General Artigas” ex-R.A.F. w/o 11 September 1956 CX-AKF Short Sunderland c/n SH.6C ex-A.L.F.A.-Corporación Sudamericana de Servicios Aéreos (South American Corporation of Air Services) CX-AKR Short Sunderland c/n SH 60C “Capitán Boiso Lanza” (Captain Boiso Lanza) ex-R.A.F. 1950 CX-ANA Short Sandringham 7 c/n SH.59C ex- B.O.A.C. w/o 22 October 1955 CX-ANI Short Sandringham 7 c/n SH.58C ex- B.O.A.C. 1961 CX-AYR Curtiss C-46F c/n

neg: Covalent organic framework Covalent organic framework Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are two-dimensional and three-dimensional organic solids with extended structures in which building blocks are linked by strong covalent bonds. COFs are porous and crystalline and are made entirely from light elements (H, B, C, N, and O) that are known to form strong covalent bonds in well-established and useful materials such as diamond, graphite, and boron nitride. Preparation of COF materials from molecular building blocks would provide covalent frameworks that could be functionalized into lightweight materials for diverse applications. Porous crystalline solids consists of secondary building units (SBUs) which assemble to form a

neg: Zotung read in Zo ccaw( Zo literature) today. Historical records are needed to confirm the identity of these people groups. A AW B C CC (cc sounds like 'th' in English) D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z a aw b c cc d e f g h I j k l m n o p r s t u v y z Vowels in Zo Ccaw A AW E I O U Y Zotung (Chin) people are heavily affected by natural disaster that hits the country in