query: when did the civil war end in sierra leone

pos: Sierra Leone Civil War to intervene in the former colony and Commonwealth member in an attempt to support the weak government of President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. With help from a renewed UN mandate and Guinean air support, the British Operation Palliser finally defeated the RUF, taking control of Freetown. On 18 January 2002, President Kabbah declared the Sierra Leone Civil War over. In 1961, Sierra Leone gained its independence from the United Kingdom. In the years following the death of Sierra Leone’s first prime minister Sir Milton Margai in 1964, politics in the country were increasingly characterized by corruption, mismanagement, and electoral violence that

pos: Sierra Leone Civil War UN resolution that demanded that the government of Liberia expel all RUF members, end their financial support of the RUF, and halt the illicit diamond trade. Finally, the Kamajors, feeling less threatened now that the RUF was disintegrating in the face of a robust opponent, failed to incite violence like they had done in the past. With their backs against the wall and without any international support, the RUF forces signed a new peace treaty within a matter of weeks. On 18 January 2002, President Kabbah declared the eleven-year-long Sierra Leone Civil War officially over. By most estimates, over 50,000

neg: Literature of Sierra Leone Literature of Sierra Leone Literature of Sierra Leone is the collection of written and spoken work, mostly fictional, from Sierra Leone. The coastal west-African country suffered a civil war from 1991 until 2002. Before the civil war, Sierra Leone had many writers contributing to its literature and since the end of the war the country has been in the process of rebuilding this literature. This is an overview of some important aspects of the literature of Sierra Leone before, during, and after the civil war. Eustace Palmer is Sierra Leonean by birth. He has taught at the University of Texas

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War led to a weak civil society, the collapse of the education system, and, by 1991, an entire generation of dissatisfied youth were attracted to the rebellious message of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and joined the organization. Albert Margai, unlike his half-brother Milton, did not see the state as a steward of the public, but instead as a tool for personal gain and self-aggrandizement and even used the military to suppress multi-party elections that threatened to end his rule. When Siaka Stevens entered politics in 1968, Sierra Leone was a constitutional democracy. When he stepped down, seventeen years later, Sierra

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War Sierra Leone Civil War The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces of Charles Taylor’s National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), intervened in Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow the Joseph Momoh government. The resulting civil war lasted 11 years, enveloped the country, and left over 50,000 dead. During the first year of the war, the RUF took control of large swathes of territory in eastern and southern Sierra Leone, which were rich in alluvial diamonds. The government's ineffective response to the RUF, and

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War and kept away from these important economic centers. Although diamonds were a significant motivating and sustaining factor, there were other means of profiting from the Sierra Leone Civil War. For instance, gold mining was prominent in some regions. Even more common was cash crop farming through the use of forced labor. Looting during the Sierra Leone Civil War did not just center on diamonds, but also included that of currency, household items, food, livestock, cars, and international aid shipments. For Sierra Leoneans who did not have access to arable land, joining the rebel cause was an opportunity to seize property

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War pain of the constant difficulty of living away from home and community after the atrocities of war and mutilation. In 2000 the Sierra Leonean journalist, cameraman and editor, Sorious Samura released his documentary "Cry Freetown". The self-funded film depicted the most brutal period of the civil war in Sierra Leone with RUF rebels capturing the capital city in the late 1990s. The film won, among other awards, an Emmy Award and a Peabody. Sierra Leone Civil War The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces

neg: Kissi Teng Chiefdom January 2002 at the end of the civil war. The dispute with Guinea over their soldiers remaining within Sierra Leone ten years after the end of the civil war centers around Yenga in Kissi Teng. Kissi Teng Chiefdom Kissi Tongi Chiefdom is a chiefdom in Kailahun District of Sierra Leone with a population of 30,455. Its largest town is Koindu, but its headquarters is in Kangama. The major industry in Kissi Tongi Chiefdom is farming. The population of Kissi Tongi Chiefdom is largely from the Kissi ethnic group. During the Sierra Leone Civil War the Kissi Teng Chiefdom was one

neg: Sierra Leonean Americans his families permanently in Sierra Leone and encouraged them to emigrate. In the 1980s, an increasing number of Sierra Leoneans entered the United States to escape the economic and political hardships in their homeland. While many continued to pursue their education, they also worked to help support family members at home. While some returned to Sierra Leone at the end of their studies, others sought resident status so that they could continue to work in the United States. By 1990, 4,627 American citizens and residents reported their first ancestry as Sierra Leonean. When civil war swept through Sierra Leone during

neg: Freddy Will family later moved to Kakata, when his father became a lecturer in psychology. In the book, he also described his experiences from the First Liberian Civil War and his struggle as a refugee in West Africa during the Sierra Leone Civil War. When the Liberian civil war broke out, he and his family returned to Sierra Leone. Being that his grandmother is an African American who lived in New Jersey with his grandfather, his parents immigrated to the United States. They left him to complete high school in Sierra Leone while waiting for the Immigration and Naturalization Service to process

neg: Healthcare in Sierra Leone located and collected plants from throughout Sierra Leone used for medicine. Health in Sierra Leone Healthcare in Sierra Leone Healthcare in Sierra is generally charged for. and is provided by a mixture of government, private and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). There are over 100 NGOs operating in the health care sector in Sierra Leone. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation is responsible for organizing health care and after the end of the civil war the ministry changed to a decentralized structure of health provision to try to increase its coverage. Sierra Leone is divided into 13 health districts that correspond to

neg: Atunda Ayenda Atunda Ayenda Atunda Ayenda is a radio soap opera broadcast on 27 stations within Sierra Leone and through the Internet. It is created by Talking Drum Studios and was the first radio soap opera aired in Sierra Leone. In the Mandingo language "Atunda Ayenda" means "Lost and Found". The plot on the show revolved around young people and their experiences of the Sierra Leone Civil War, with story-arcs addressing contemporary issues such as HIV/AIDS. In 2000, Sierra Leone's 10-year Civil War came to an end leaving the country to rebuild itself and enact a disarmament programme. Search for Common Ground,

neg: Leeroy Wilfred Kabs-Kanu diligently to change those conditions. He engaged with the national and global Press, Public Affairs, Departments of Commerce, and Tourism to Rebrand Sierra Leone’s globally tarnished image after the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War. His mandate was a new All People’s Congress government initiative that was designed to change the international perception and image of not only the people of Sierra Leone but Sierra Leone itself which at the time was best known for civil war, genocide and conflict diamonds. He also facilitated President Koroma’s other initiatives, such as "Uniting the Diaspora, the "Open Government principle", and "Attitudinal

neg: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone Security Council and bilateral involvement of the United Kingdom pushing the mission to completion. United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) was a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Sierra Leone from 1999 to 2006. It was created by the United Nations Security Council in October 1999 to help with the implementation of the Lomé Peace Accord, an agreement intended to end the Sierra Leonean civil war. UNAMSIL expanded in size several times in 2000 and 2001. It concluded its mandate at the end of 2005, the Security Council having declared that its mission

neg: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) was a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Sierra Leone from 1999 to 2006. It was created by the United Nations Security Council in October 1999 to help with the implementation of the Lomé Peace Accord, an agreement intended to end the Sierra Leonean civil war. UNAMSIL expanded in size several times in 2000 and 2001. It concluded its mandate at the end of 2005, the Security Council having declared that its mission was complete. The mandate was notable for authorizing UNAMSIL to protect civilians under imminent

neg: Lomé In all, some 70 ACP states are party to Lomé IV, compared with the 46 signatories of Lomé I. The Lomé Peace Accord between the warring parties in the civil war in Sierra Leone was signed in Lomé. With the assistance of the international community, Sierra Leone President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and Revolutionary United Front leader Foday Sankoh signed the Peace Accord on 7 July 1999. However, the agreement did not last and the Sierra Leone Civil War continued for two more years. Located from Accra, Ghana and from Cotonou, Benin, Lomé is an important port, including a free trade

neg: Raymond Nkemdirim to the head of Nigeria’s primary domestic intelligence agency. Chief Ray Nkemdirim MFR commenced his early education in 1966 at the Seventh Day Adventist Primary School, Ama-Achara, Umuahia. With the outbreak of the civil war, he moved to Sierra Leone where he continued his primary school education at the Military Primary School, Freetown, Sierra Leone. On completion of his primary education, he moved on for his secondary education to the Albert Academy, Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1973. In 1975, five years after the end of the Civil War, he returned to Nigeria to continue his secondary education. First, he was

neg: Operation Barras a larger and more powerful UNAMSIL, hastened the demobilisation of the RUF and thus the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War. Bibliography Citations Operation Barras Operation Barras was a British Army operation that took place in Sierra Leone on 10 September 2000, during the late stages of that nation's civil war. The operation aimed to release five British soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment and their Sierra Leone Army liaison officer, who were being held by a militia group known as the "West Side Boys". The soldiers were part of a patrol that was returning from a visit to

neg: Healthcare in Sierra Leone Healthcare in Sierra Leone Healthcare in Sierra is generally charged for. and is provided by a mixture of government, private and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). There are over 100 NGOs operating in the health care sector in Sierra Leone. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation is responsible for organizing health care and after the end of the civil war the ministry changed to a decentralized structure of health provision to try to increase its coverage. Sierra Leone is divided into 13 health districts that correspond to the districts of Sierra Leone except for the Western Area Rural and Western Area Urban

neg: Bo, Sierra Leone Premier League, Bo Rangers, and Nepean Stars. Both clubs play their home games at the Bo Stadium. Another club from Bo Town called the Kakua Rangers plays in the Sierra Leone National First Division, the second highest football league in Sierra Leone, after the Sierra Leone National Premier League. There are several clubs from Bo Town in the lower divisions of Sierra Leone league system. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, there has been an increase in homicide, armed robbery, home invasion and carjacking in Bo Town. Petty crime and pick pocketing of wallets, cell phones, and

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War civilian population, rather than exclusively to protect national interests. Kosovo did not diminish Blair's belief in the use of military force for humanitarian purposes "where a strong moral case could be made", and he outlined a set of criteria for intervention. The intervention in Sierra Leone, according to Andrew M. Dorman of King's College London, "appears to embody much of the ethos contained within [the Chicago speech]". The intervention in May 2000 was the first major deployment of British forces to Sierra Leone during the civil war, but was not the first time British personnel had served there. In May

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War the success or failure of Operation Barras was "inextricably linked" to the fate of the wider British operation. He suggested that, had the British forces been defeated, the United Kingdom would have been forced to withdraw all its forces from Sierra Leone. The capture of the Royal Irish patrol reinforced to the British government that its efforts so far—and those of the international community—would not be sufficient to bring the civil war to an end. In Westminster, meanwhile, opposition politicians renewed their objection to the continued presence of British forces in Sierra Leone. The government was seeking an exit strategy

neg: Child soldiers in Sierra Leone Child soldiers in Sierra Leone During the decade-long civil conflict which took place in Sierra Leone between 1991 and 2002, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), state forces and state-supported militias conscripted children for use in combat. Although the use of children in combat is not new to Sierra Leone, the use of child soldiers became widespread during the civil war. The RUF, kidnapped and forced children to fight from when the civil conflict began, and up to eighty per cent of their numbers were aged from seven to fourteen and served in the Small Boys Unit. The state's armed forces,

neg: Prostitution in Sierra Leone British during the American Revolutionary War. About 290 free black men, 41 black women and 60 white prostitutes from London reached Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787. Since the end of the ten-year civil war in Sierra Leone, there has been an increase in child prostitution, especially among children who are struggling to survive. This has happened in spite of the fact that child prostitution is illegal in the country. Sierra Leone is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. Victims originate largely from rural provinces and are recruited to urban and mining

neg: Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War During the Sierra Leone Civil War gender specific violence was widespread. Rape, sexual slavery and forced marriages were commonplace during the conflict. It has been estimated by Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) that up to 257,000 women were victims of gender related violence during the war. The majority of assaults were carried out by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), The Civil Defence Forces (CDF), and the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) have also been implicated in sexual violence. Multiple perpetrator rape (MPR) was widespread during the conflict, with

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War help set up a Special Court for Sierra Leone, which would try those who "bear the greatest responsibility for the commission of crimes against humanity, war crimes and serious violations of international humanitarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra Leonean law within the territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996." Both the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court began operating in the summer of 2002. After the war many of the children who were abducted and used in the conflict need some form of rehabilitation, debriefing and care after the conflict came to an end.

neg: Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone The denomination is growing steadily. Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone The Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone is a Protestant Reformed denomination in Sierra Leone. It was founded by American missionaries in the 1960s. The Christian World Mission of the Christian Reformed Church in North America begun to work in Sierra Leone. In 1992 the church conducted weekly worship services in 14 villages, the attendance was 1,000. A civil war broke out in the early 1990s. During civil war lots of the missionaries from various denomination left, the war ended in 2001. After the war Christian World Mission renewed

neg: Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone The Christian Reformed Church in Sierra Leone is a Protestant Reformed denomination in Sierra Leone. It was founded by American missionaries in the 1960s. The Christian World Mission of the Christian Reformed Church in North America begun to work in Sierra Leone. In 1992 the church conducted weekly worship services in 14 villages, the attendance was 1,000. A civil war broke out in the early 1990s. During civil war lots of the missionaries from various denomination left, the war ended in 2001. After the war Christian World Mission renewed evangelism effort through partnership with

neg: Nigerian Army by the Nigerian Army, in 1990 to intervene in the civil war in Liberia. Smaller army forces had previously carried out UN and ECOWAS deployments in the former Yugoslavia, Angola, Rwanda, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. The anti-colonial policy statement did not deter Nigeria under Generals Ibrahim Babangida in 1990 and Sani Abacha in 1997 from sending peacekeeping troops as part of ECOMOG under the auspices of ECOWAS into Liberia and later into Sierra Leone when civil wars broke out in those countries. President Olusegun Obasanjo in August 2003 committed Nigerian troops once again into Liberia, at the urging of the

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War The United Kingdom began a military intervention in Sierra Leone on 7 May 2000 under the codename Operation Palliser. Although small numbers of British personnel had been deployed previously, Palliser was the first large-scale intervention by British forces in the Sierra Leone Civil War. In early May 2000, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF)—one of the main parties to the civil war—advanced on the country's capital, Freetown, prompting the British government to dispatch an "operational reconnaissance and liaison team" (ORLT) to prepare to evacuate foreign citizens. On 6 May, the RUF blocked

neg: Media of Sierra Leone closed in the late 1990s but was revived on line in 2010 by three journalists, Leeroy Wilfred Kabs-Kanu, Ahmed Kamara and David Tam-Baryoh. At the end of the 20th century the newspaper industry experienced a decline with more than 40 newspapers ceasing publication between 1991 and 2007. This was also the time when newspapers developed in terms of business management, and when computers and mobile phones started to be used by journalist. After the end of the Civil War newspapers are not a widely used medium, especially outside Freetown, with only 15 daily newspapers operating in Sierra Leone. As the

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War war rape, mutilation, and mass murder, causing many of the perpetrators to be tried in international criminal courts, and the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission. A 2001 overview noted that there had been “serious and grotesque human rights violations” in Sierra Leone since its civil war began in 1991.The rebels, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), had “committed horrendous abuses.” The report noted that “25 times as many people” had already been killed in Sierra Leone than had been killed in Kosovo at the point when the international community decided to take action. “In fact, it has been pointed

neg: Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Sierra Leone. The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the contribution of Bangladesh forces as part of United Missions Peace Keeping mission in Sierra Leone. In 2003, then president of Sierra Leone Ahmad Tejan Kabbah paid an official visit to Bangladesh. Bangladeshi peace keepers played an important role in fighting the rebels during the Sierra Leone Civil War as part of United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone. The peace keepers have also made vital contributions in rebuilding the nation after the civil

neg: Political violence to Uganda. Another natural experiment on the effects of the Sierra Leone civil war found that victimized households, household whose members were killed, injured, maimed, captured, or made refugees, were more likely to register to vote, attend community meetings, and participate in local political and community groups than households that did not experience violence. A study on the effects of the Sierra Leone civil war found that victimized households, household whose members were killed, injured, maimed, captured, or displaced, did not have long-term impacts on owning assets, child nutrition, consumption expenditures and earnings. The Armed Conflict Location and Event Data

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War through the use of deadly force. But the most important reason why the civil war should not be entirely attributed to conflict over the economic benefits incurred from the alluvial diamond mines is that the pre-war frustrations and grievances did not just concern that of the diamond sector. More than twenty years of poor governance, poverty, corruption and oppression created the circumstances for the rise of the RUF, as ordinary people yearned for change. As a result of the First Liberian Civil War, 80,000 refugees fled neighboring Liberia for the Sierra Leone – Liberian border. This displaced population, composed almost

neg: Literature of Sierra Leone "Black Man's Grave: Letters from Sierra Leone". This book is a collection of letters written in Sierra Leone during the civil war and together they depict many aspects of the suffering that took place. It is similar to other works written about civil war in Africa; however, the personal letters provide a more moving emotional experience for the reader. Non-fiction literature also plays an important role in the Sierra Leone society. Sierra Leone is home to a number of schools and universities that rely on academic literature in addition to traditional fiction literature. Sierra Leonean non-fiction authors include the following:

neg: Water supply in Sierra Leone Vision, OXFAM, Plan International and others are active in water supply in the country. Water supply in Sierra Leone Water supply in Sierra Leone is characterized by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organizations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas. In the capital Freetown, taps often run dry. It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviate water scarcity. With a new decentralization

neg: Water supply in Sierra Leone Water supply in Sierra Leone Water supply in Sierra Leone is characterized by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organizations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas. In the capital Freetown, taps often run dry. It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviate water scarcity. With a new decentralization policy, embodied in the Local Government Act of 2004, responsibility for water supply in

neg: Human rights in Sierra Leone Human rights in Sierra Leone Human rights in Sierra Leone are in a rather deplorable state, but have improved gradually since the end of its civil war in 2002. Among the major human-rights problems in Sierra Leone today, according to a 2011 U.S. State Department report, are "security force abuse and use of excessive force with detainees, including juveniles; harsh conditions in prisons and jails; official impunity; arbitrary arrest and detention; prolonged detention, excessive bail, and insufficient legal representation; interference with freedom of speech and press; forcible dispersion of demonstrators; widespread official corruption; societal discrimination and violence against women, discrimination

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War that would end a politically unpopular deployment without abandoning Sierra Leone. In August 2000, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1313, which blamed the RUF for the continuing conflict in Sierra Leone, citing multiple breaches of the Lomé Peace Accord. The resolution authorised an increase in the size of UNAMSIL and strengthened its mandate, which prompted the UN to once again apply pressure to the British government for a troop contribution. Several countries were reluctant to send their own troops to Sierra Leone without contributions from Western nations, and felt that the United Kingdom in particular should be contributing

neg: Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone coadjutor, and auxiliary bishops and the ordinary of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter) in Sierra Leone and The Gambia. Established in 1981, Caritas Sierra Leone was formed by the Catholic Bishops Conference of Sierra Leone for the purpose of serving as the relief and development branch of the Catholic Church in Sierra Leone. Caritas Sierra Leone was active during the Sierra Leone Civil War providing shelter, nourishment, trauma counselling and advocacy for child soldiers. In post war Sierra Leone, Caritas participated in peace building actions but has also worked with humanitarian relief, youth empowerment, gender equality,

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War the SLA recaptured the Koidu and Kono diamond districts and pushed the RUF to the Sierra Leone – Liberia border. The RUF was facing supply problems as the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) gains inside Liberia were restricting the ability of Charles Taylor’s NPFL to trade with the RUF. By the end of 1993, many observers thought that the war was over because for the first time in the conflict the Sierra Leone Army was able to establish itself in the Eastern and the Southern mining districts. However, with senior government officials neglectful of the conditions faced

neg: Ahmad Tejan Kabbah civil war, and for working towards political and economic reconstruction following the end of the war. Kabbah was a grand commander of the Order of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Alhaji Ahmad Tejan Kabbah (February 16, 1932 – March 13, 2014) was the third President of Sierra Leone, serving from 1996 to 1997 and again from 1998 to 2007. An economist and attorney by profession, Kabbah spent many years working for the United Nations Development Programme. He retired from the United Nations and returned to Sierra Leone in 1992. In early 1996, Kabbah was elected leader of

neg: Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission common criticism facing many truth commissions; the need for "social forgetting". Many citizens in Sierra Leone felt that social forgetting was crucial to the process of healing and reconciliation. Unfortunately, many citizens were not able to simply forget, as they were pressured into making official statements to the commission regarding their experiences during the Civil War. Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created as part of the Lomé Peace Accord, signed on July 7, 1999, which ended the 11 year civil war conflict in Sierra Leone. This accord was signed by then

neg: Human rights in Sierra Leone May 2011, the government of Sierra Leone noted that it had already implemented 57. In November 2012, Sierra Leone was elected to the U.N. Human Rights Council. A 2001 overview noted that there had been "serious and grotesque human rights violations" in Sierra Leone since its civil war began in 1991.The rebels, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), had "committed horrendous abuses", including rape and the amputation of limbs. The report noted that "25 times as many people" had already been killed in Sierra Leone than had been killed in Kosovo at the point when the international community decided to take

neg: Literature of Sierra Leone Sheriff; "Amidu's Day Off" by Foday M. B. Sawi; "City Girl" by Jacqueline Leigh; "Gbargbartee and Tumbu" by Sam C. K. Jarlwood; "Yamah and the Tumbeke Project" by Nathaniel A. Pearce; "Sia and the Magic Basket" by Theresa Amui; "Our Bird" by Rainny Richard Ansumana; and "A Hunting Trip" by Ahmed Din-Gabisi. Memunatu Bangura, Literature of Sierra Leone Literature of Sierra Leone is the collection of written and spoken work, mostly fictional, from Sierra Leone. The coastal west-African country suffered a civil war from 1991 until 2002. Before the civil war, Sierra Leone had many writers contributing to its literature

neg: Sierra Leone of the formal economy was destroyed in the country's civil war. Since the end of hostilities in January 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone begin to recover. Much of the recovery will depend on the success of the government's efforts to limit corruption by officials, which many feel was the chief cause for the civil war. A key indicator of success will be the effectiveness of government management of its diamond sector. There is high unemployment, particularly among the youth and ex-combatants. Authorities have been slow to implement reforms in the civil service, and the pace

neg: Sierra Leone Leone was estimated as having the 11th highest infant mortality rate in the world. Water supply in Sierra Leone is characterised by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organisations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas. It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviate water scarcity. According to a national survey carried out in 2006, 84% of the urban population and 32% of

neg: John Leigh (ambassador) the original Nova Scotian Settlers. John Leigh (ambassador) John Ernst Leigh was an Ambassador for Sierra Leone to the United States who served during the Sierra Leone Civil War. Leigh was also a Presidential candidate for the Sierra Leone People's Party during the 2007 Presidential elections in Sierra Leone. John Leigh grew up in Cline Town, Sierra Leone, and alongside his other brother Frederick, attended Albert Academy School in Freetown. John Leigh was the son of a Sierra Leonean father of Creole descent and a Mende Sierra Leonean mother. John Leigh's father, Evelyn Leslie Foy Leigh was a civil servant

neg: John Leigh (ambassador) John Leigh (ambassador) John Ernst Leigh was an Ambassador for Sierra Leone to the United States who served during the Sierra Leone Civil War. Leigh was also a Presidential candidate for the Sierra Leone People's Party during the 2007 Presidential elections in Sierra Leone. John Leigh grew up in Cline Town, Sierra Leone, and alongside his other brother Frederick, attended Albert Academy School in Freetown. John Leigh was the son of a Sierra Leonean father of Creole descent and a Mende Sierra Leonean mother. John Leigh's father, Evelyn Leslie Foy Leigh was a civil servant and his family descended from

neg: Sarwar Azam from the military by Lt. General Hussain Muhammad Ershad following the assassination of General Ziaur Rahman, the President of Bangladesh in 1981 at the Chittagong Circuit House. In 2002, Colonel Sarwar Azam became the Deputy Commander of the Bangladesh UN Sector in Sierra Leone in Africa. The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) was a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Sierra Leone from 1999 to 2005. It was created by the United Nations Security Council in October 1999 to help with the implementation of the Lomé Peace Accord, an agreement intended to end the Sierra Leonean civil war. UNAMSIL

neg: Mustapha Dumbuya On 14 October, he finally made his debut for Leone Stars, in the second tie against Tunisia. Mustapha Dumbuya Mustapha Sima Michael Dumbuya (born 7 August 1987) is a Sierra Leonean professional footballer who plays as a defender for Scottish club Falkirk. Born in Sierra Leone in west Africa, Dumbuya was five years old when, amid the Sierra Leone Civil War, he moved to England to live with his mother and brother. Dumbuya's father remained in Sierra Leone and, according to Dumbuya in 2012, works for Sierra Leone's armed forces. Dumbuya started his career in the English non-League circuit. He

neg: Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War time in either a national or international court convicted individuals for forced marriage and sexual slavery as a crime against humanity. Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War During the Sierra Leone Civil War gender specific violence was widespread. Rape, sexual slavery and forced marriages were commonplace during the conflict. It has been estimated by Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) that up to 257,000 women were victims of gender related violence during the war. The majority of assaults were carried out by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), The Civil Defence Forces (CDF), and the

neg: Economy of Sierra Leone December 2017 est.) Economy of Sierra Leone The economy of Sierra Leone is that of a least developed country with a GDP of approximately 1.9 billion USD in 2009. Since the end of the civil war in 2002 the economy is gradually recovering with a GDP growth rate between 4 and 7%. In 2008 its GDP in PPP ranked between 147th (World Bank) and 153rd (CIA) largest in the world. Sierra Leone's economic development has always been hampered by an overdependence on mineral exploitation. Successive governments and the population as a whole have always believed that "diamonds and gold" are

neg: Economy of Sierra Leone Economy of Sierra Leone The economy of Sierra Leone is that of a least developed country with a GDP of approximately 1.9 billion USD in 2009. Since the end of the civil war in 2002 the economy is gradually recovering with a GDP growth rate between 4 and 7%. In 2008 its GDP in PPP ranked between 147th (World Bank) and 153rd (CIA) largest in the world. Sierra Leone's economic development has always been hampered by an overdependence on mineral exploitation. Successive governments and the population as a whole have always believed that "diamonds and gold" are sufficient generators of

neg: Kangama the area, and Kangama was soon back in RUF hands. When the Lome Peace Accord was signed in 1999 the RUF in the Kangama area did not disarm. Some retreated into Liberia, others into the bush. It was not until December 2001 and January 2002 that the RUF in Kangama finally surrendered their arms. Kangama Kangama is town in Kailahun District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. It is the headquarters of the Kissi Teng Chiefdom. During the Sierra Leone Civil War Revolutionary United Front (RUF) forces with support of the Liberian NPFL captured Kangama on 6 April 1991,

neg: History of Sierra Leone Roughly half of the years since independence have been marked by autocratic governments or civil war. Archaeological finds show that Sierra Leone has been inhabited continuously for at least 2,500 years, populated by successive movements of peoples from other parts of Africa. The use of iron was introduced to Sierra Leone by the 9th century, and by the end of the 10th century agriculture was being practiced by coastal tribes. Sierra Leone's dense tropical rainforest partially isolated the land from other pre-colonial African cultures and from the spread of Islam. This made it a refuge for people escaping subjugation by

neg: Joseph Melrose Joseph Melrose Joseph H. Melrose Jr. (December 26, 1944 – November 8, 2014) was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Sierra Leone during the final years of the Sierra Leone Civil War. He helped broker the Lomé Peace Accord which brought an end to hostilities, and he worked to expose the role of blood diamonds in financing armed conflict in Africa. Melrose joined the Foreign Service in 1969 and began with overseas assignments to Vietnam and Syria. He served as Consul General in Karachi, Pakistan when President Zia and U.S. Ambassador Arnold Raphel died in a

neg: Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations West Africa. Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Sierra Leone. The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the contribution of Bangladesh forces as part of United Missions Peace Keeping mission in Sierra Leone. In 2003, then president of Sierra Leone Ahmad Tejan Kabbah paid an official visit to Bangladesh. Bangladeshi peace keepers played an important role in fighting the rebels during the Sierra Leone Civil War as part of United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone. The peace keepers have also made vital contributions in rebuilding the nation after

neg: 2005 in Sierra Leone in recent years, although the ruinous effects of the civil war continue to be felt. The country is also rich in diamonds and other minerals. The trade in illicit gems, known as "blood diamonds" for their role in funding conflicts, perpetuated the civil war. The government has sought to crack down on the trade. 2005 in Sierra Leone The following list is of events that happened during 2005 in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa, has a special significance in the history of the transatlantic slave trade as the departure point for thousands of west African captives.

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War lower levels of economic development is known as the "resource curse". The presence of diamonds in Sierra Leone invited and led to the civil war in several ways. First, the highly unequal benefits resulting from diamond mining made ordinary Sierra Leoneans frustrated. Under the Stevens government, revenues from the National Diamond Mining Corporation (known as DIMINCO) – a joint government/DeBeers venture – were used for the personal enrichment of Stevens and of members of the government and business elite who were close to him. When DeBeers pulled out of the venture in 1984, the government lost direct control of the

neg: Industrial Workers of the World in the early 2010s, with neither resulting in success. In 1997, there was a total of 3,240 workers in Sierra Leone, mostly miners, who registered themselves as IWW members in Sierra Leone government records largely independently of the international General Administration in Chicago (i.e. without the official issuing of membership cards or taking of dues). Contact between the Sierra Leone members and General Headquarters was lost after a military coup which was an episode in the Sierra Leone Civil War, which would last until 2002. The intensification of the civil war caused a number of IWW members, including the only

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War as a result of the 1997 SDR and provide a headquarters staff at very high readiness to command an expeditionary operation at operational level. According to Richards, both were "thoroughly validated" and were vital in coordinating the large numbers of assets deployed at short notice and reporting back to the Permanent Joint Headquarters in Northwood. A 2015 study in the "Journal of Strategic Studies" finds that the intervention in Sierra Leone was a success. British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War The United Kingdom began a military intervention in Sierra Leone on 7 May 2000 under the codename

neg: Donna Arzt a Scottish courtroom in the Netherlands. Arzt also founded and directed the Sierra Leone Project in which faculty and students at the College of Law assisted the Office of the Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, established by the United Nations and the country's government at the end of the decade-long Sierra Leone Civil War. Arzt received the Michael J. Tryson Memorial Award for Excellence and Leadership in the field of human rights law. Donna Arzt Donna Arzt (December 9, 1954 – November 15, 2008) was an American legal scholar. Arzt earned a B.A. degree at Brandeis University,

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War RUF – despite being both numerically inferior and extremely brutal against civilians – controlled two-thirds of Sierra Leone by the year’s end. The SLA’s equally poor behavior made this outcome possible. Often afraid to directly confront or unable to locate the elusive RUF, government soldiers were brutal and indiscriminate in their search for rebels or sympathizers among the civilian population. After retaking captured towns, the SLA would perform a ‘mopping up’ operation in which the towns people were transported to concentration camp styled ‘strategic hamlets’ far from their homes in Eastern and Southern Sierra Leone under the pretense of separating

neg: Mustapha Dumbuya Mustapha Dumbuya Mustapha Sima Michael Dumbuya (born 7 August 1987) is a Sierra Leonean professional footballer who plays as a defender for Scottish club Falkirk. Born in Sierra Leone in west Africa, Dumbuya was five years old when, amid the Sierra Leone Civil War, he moved to England to live with his mother and brother. Dumbuya's father remained in Sierra Leone and, according to Dumbuya in 2012, works for Sierra Leone's armed forces. Dumbuya started his career in the English non-League circuit. He began with Wingate & Finchley before moving on to Conference South side Maidenhead United. In 2008, he

neg: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Liberia) after the death of Samuel Doe, was elected president of Liberia in 1997. During Taylor's rise to power and during his term as president, however, he carried out multiple atrocities against both the Liberian people and the people of Sierra Leone, grossly violating international humanitarian laws. After the second Liberian Civil War and Taylor's fall from power in 2003, the SCSL issued an indictment for Taylor's supposed involvement in the Sierra Leone Civil War. Through the SCSL, Charles Taylor faced trial in 2009, receiving a guilty verdict on all charges on 26 April 2012. While Charles Taylor did face prosecution

neg: Sierra Leone only source of income for many communities in a country still recovering from over a decade of civil war. In June 2005, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and BirdLife International agreed to support a conservation-sustainable development project in the Gola Forest in south eastern Sierra Leone, an important surviving fragment of rainforest in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. The current system of the Government of Sierra Leone is based on the 1991 Sierra Leone Constitution. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government and

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War Agreement, UNAMSIL set up disarmament camps throughout Sierra Leone that were intended to disarm the Sierra Leone Army, the RUF, and the militia groups operating in the country. The SLA and some militia groups began to enter the camps but the RUF did not. In April 2000, 10 members of the RUF entered a UNAMSIL camp without the knowledge of the RUF's leadership. Upon locating its fighters, the RUF demanded their return. The military observers refused, and the RUF responded by besieging the camp and attacking other UNAMSIL bases in the area. They took large numbers of UN personnel prisoner,

neg: Special Court for Sierra Leone sentenced to a term of 50 years in prison. Special Court for Sierra Leone The Special Court for Sierra Leone, or the "Special Court" (SCSL), also called the Sierra Leone Tribunal, was a judicial body set up by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations to "prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law" committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 and during the Sierra Leone Civil War. The court's working language was English. The court listed offices in Freetown, The Hague, and New York City. On

neg: Special Court for Sierra Leone Special Court for Sierra Leone The Special Court for Sierra Leone, or the "Special Court" (SCSL), also called the Sierra Leone Tribunal, was a judicial body set up by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations to "prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law" committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 and during the Sierra Leone Civil War. The court's working language was English. The court listed offices in Freetown, The Hague, and New York City. On 26 April 2012, former Liberian President Charles Taylor became

neg: Karamoh Kabba Karamoh Kabba Karamoh Kabba (born in 1965 in Koidu Town, Kono District, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean author, writer, novelist and journalist. He has written several accounts about the Sierra Leone civil war, such as "A Mother’s Saga: An Account of the Rebel War in Sierra Leone" and the self-published work "Lion Mountain" and "Morquee: A Political Drama of Wish over Wisdom" published by Sierra Leone Writers Series. He has published several short stories and verses of poems on the Web site, Sierra Leone Web. An ethnic Mandingo, Karamoh Kabba was born and raised in the diamond-rich mining town

neg: Foreign relations of Sierra Leone African Development Bank (AFDB), the Mano River Union (MRU), the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Sierra Leone is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98). Sierra Leone is a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Large UN peacekeeping presence ended civil war, however rebel gang fighting, ethnic rivalries, illegal diamond trading, corruption, and refugees spill over into neighboring states that are beset with their own civil disorders, refugees, and violence. Foreign relations of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone maintains

neg: Arabs 15th centuries. Afro-Arabs are individuals and groups from Africa who are of partial Arab descent. Most Afro-Arabs inhabit the Swahili Coast in the African Great Lakes region, although some can also be found in parts of the Arab world. Large numbers of Arabs migrated to West Africa, particularly Côte d'Ivoire (home to over 100,000 Lebanese), Senegal (roughly 30,000 Lebanese), Sierra Leone (roughly 10,000 Lebanese today; about 30,000 prior to the outbreak of civil war in 1991), Liberia, and Nigeria. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, Lebanese traders have become re-established in Sierra Leone. The Arabs of Chad

neg: John C. O'Riordan when the Revolutionary United Front attempted to overthrown Joseph Saidu Momoh, then president. Bishop Johnny continued his ministry in Sierra Leone during the civil war with mass killings, mass rape, torture and the recruitment of child soldiers became widespread. He was an outspoken critic of the war and vociferously urged top officials in the military to put an end to the killing. When the war ended in 2002, over 50 000 people had been killed. In 2001, Bishop O'Riordan was award Sierra Leone's Commander of the Order of Rokel (COR), the country's highest honor for outstanding pastoral and humanitarian services.

neg: Abidjan Peace Accord Abidjan Peace Accord The Abidjan Peace Accord was a treaty signed in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire on 30 November 1996 to try to bring an end to the Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002). The two main signatories were President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of Sierra Leone and Foday Sankoh, leader of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebel group. However, Sankoh refused to honour the terms of the agreement, and Kabbah was forced into exile by a May 1997 military coup (though he regained power the following year), so the Accord failed to bring about peace. The civil war began on 23 March

neg: Living Like a Refugee Living Like a Refugee Living Like a Refugee is the debut album from Sierra Leonian band Sierra Leone's Refugee All Stars, released in the Europe on 25 September 2006 and in the United States on 26 September 2006. Sierra Leone and Freetown in particular has a rich musical history with a vibrant live scene still active start of the 1990s before the start of the Sierra Leone Civil War. Reuben Koroma, the main writer on the album, was a professional musician in Sierra Leone, his band "The Emperors" regularly played around Freetown. In 1997 the violence of the Civil War

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War the disruption in government diamond production, precipitated a military "coup d'état" in April 1992 by the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC). By the end of 1993, the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) had succeeded in pushing the RUF rebels back to the Liberian border, but the RUF recovered and fighting continued. In March 1995, Executive Outcomes (EO), a South Africa-based private military company, was hired to repel the RUF. Sierra Leone installed an elected civilian government in March 1996, and the retreating RUF signed the Abidjan Peace Accord. Under UN pressure, the government terminated its contract with EO before the accord

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War involved in the planning and the assault. It was described by an SAS soldier as "not a clinical, black balaclava, Princes Gate type operation. It was a very grubby, green operation with lots of potential for things to go wrong". Despite the risks, Richard Connaughton observed in "Small Wars & Insurgencies" that the operation showed the Blair government was not averse to the possibility of casualties when they felt the cause was just. During the crisis and its immediate aftermath, the British government came under pressure from opposition politicians to end the deployment to Sierra Leone, and Dorman suggested that

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War out of Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leonean government eventually signed a ceasefire with the RUF that obliged the latter to enter the Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration (DDR) process. By September 2001, when the British training teams were replaced by an international force, the DDR process was almost complete. British forces continued to be involved in Sierra Leone by providing the largest contribution of personnel to the international training team and advising on a restructuring of Sierra Leone's armed forces. A small force was deployed to the area in 2003 to ensure stability while several indictments and arrests were made by

neg: Guéckédou Guéckédou Guéckédou or Guékédou is a town in southern Guinea near the Sierra Leone and Liberian borders. It had a population of 79,140 in 1996 (census) but has grown massively since the civil wars and, , it is estimated to be 221,715. It was a centre of fighting during the Second Liberian Civil War and the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2000 and 2001. The city is renowned for its large weekly market, which attracts traders from across Southern Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. On February 12, 2007, the town's police station was ransacked amidst the resumption of

neg: George Gelaga King Renate Winter of Austria. In September 2013, King served as the presiding judge when the tribunal ruled that the Liberian ex-president Charles Taylor lost his appeal against a war-crimes conviction and instead confirmed his 50-year jail term for encouraging rebels in Sierra Leone to mutilate, rape and murder victims in its civil war. He subsequently served on the Roster of Judges of the Residual Special Court. George Gelaga King George Gelaga King (died 5 April 2016) was a judge in Sierra Leone, West Africa, and recently a justice of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. King was President of the

neg: Koidu was scheduled to last 25 years. Under it Sierra Leone’s military government gave the concession to operate the Koidu diamond mine to the firm in payment for helping to suppress the Revolutionary United Front rebels in the area during the country’s civil war. They had been using the diamonds to buy weapons and ammunition from Guinea, Liberia, and the Sierra Leone army. The government of Sierra Leone retained a 60% ownership stake in the Koidu mine. The Sierra Leone Civil War ended in 2002. Records leaked from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca show that the family foundation of Beny

neg: Yenga Prior to the late 1990s Yenga was a small fishing village. However, after occupation by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), alluvial diamonds were discovered in the Makona River. Mining and agriculture have replaced fishing as the major economic activity. In 2001, during Sierra Leone’s civil war, the Republic of Guinea sent troops into Yenga to help the army of Sierra Leone suppress the rebel RUF. After the rebels were quashed, the Guinean soldiers remained in Yenga. Prior to the civil war Yenga was administered by the Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. In 2002 Sierra Leone and Guinea signed an agreement

neg: Moinina Fofana The Prosecutor appealed and Fofana's sentence was increased from 6 years to 15 years. A. SamForay Moinina Fofana Moinina Fofana Moinina Fofana (born 1950 in Bullom, Bonthe District, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean former military commander who was the leading general in the Kamajors militia and director of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) during the Sierra Leone Civil War. He was considered to be one of the leaders of the CDF, like Samuel Hinga Norman and Allieu Kondewa. Fofana was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone on charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes. His trial

neg: Moinina Fofana Moinina Fofana Moinina Fofana (born 1950 in Bullom, Bonthe District, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean former military commander who was the leading general in the Kamajors militia and director of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) during the Sierra Leone Civil War. He was considered to be one of the leaders of the CDF, like Samuel Hinga Norman and Allieu Kondewa. Fofana was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone on charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes. His trial began on 3 June 2004 and was tried alongside his fellow ranking members of the CDF, Kondewa and

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War state unable to pay its civil servants, those desperate enough ransacked and looted government offices and property. Even in Freetown, important commodities like gasoline were scarce. But the government hit rock bottom when it could no longer pay schoolteachers and the education system collapsed. Since only wealthy families could afford to pay private tutors, the bulk of Sierra Leone’s youth during the late 1980s roamed the streets aimlessly. As infrastructure and public ethics deteriorated in tandem, much of Sierra Leone’s professional class fled the country. By 1991, Sierra Leone was ranked as one of the poorest countries in the world,

neg: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War the DDR process and the combatants in the diamond-producing areas had all disarmed. By March 2002, over 50,000 people had been through the DDR process and the RUF had been entirely disarmed. A company of Gurkhas and a Royal Navy frigate were sent to the area in March 2003 to ensure stability while several prominent people—including Charles Taylor of Liberia, cabinet minister Samuel Hinga Norman, and several former RUF leaders—were arrested and indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The last STTT, formed around 2nd Battalion, The Light Infantry, left Sierra Leone at the end of September 2001. Approximately

neg: Karamoh Kabba Political and Public Affairs and Deputy Minister of Political and Public Affairs. Kabba is the founder, president and chief executieve officer of Sierra Leone Youth Lending Hand, Inc. (SLYLH), a nonprofit organization devoted to assisting the youth of Sierra Leone educationally and medically and later founded and published the "Timbuktu-Vision Monthly Magazine" in the USA. Karamoh Kabba Karamoh Kabba (born in 1965 in Koidu Town, Kono District, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean author, writer, novelist and journalist. He has written several accounts about the Sierra Leone civil war, such as "A Mother’s Saga: An Account of the Rebel War

neg: Sierra Leone Civil War people had lost their lives during the war. Countless more fell victim to the reprehensible and perverse behavior of the combatants. In May 2002 President Kabbah and his party, the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), won landslide victories in the presidential and legislative elections. Kabbah was re-elected for a five-year term. The RUF's political wing, the Revolutionary United Front Party (RUFP), failed to win a single seat in parliament. The elections were marked by irregularities and allegations of fraud, but not to a degree that significantly affected the outcome. During the Sierra Leone Civil War numerous atrocities were committed including

neg: Literature of Sierra Leone Oral Narratives Retold for Young Readers". There are many works of literature that relate to the civil war in Sierra Leone. Of these, Ishmael Beah's account of having been a child soldier himself is among the most popular. His book "A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier" tells a story that many children in Sierra Leone faced during the war. He is also the Founder and President of The Ishmael Beah Foundation, which is aimed at giving youth better vocational skills through study. Another important piece of literature that relates to the civil war is a book entitled

neg: Child soldiers in Sierra Leone crimes during the conflict. Three members of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) were found guilty of various human rights abuses, which included the recruitment of children for use in combat. Child soldiers in Sierra Leone During the decade-long civil conflict which took place in Sierra Leone between 1991 and 2002, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), state forces and state-supported militias conscripted children for use in combat. Although the use of children in combat is not new to Sierra Leone, the use of child soldiers became widespread during the civil war. The RUF, kidnapped and forced children to fight from

neg: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sierra Leone due to the civil war in the country. In 1991 The Liberia Monrovia Mission was discontinued and Sierra Leone was placed under the Accra Ghana Mission. The first LDS built meetinghouse in the country was completed in Bo in 2004. In 2007 the Sierra Leone Freetown Mission was created covering both Sierra Leone and Liberia. In December 2012 Jeffrey R. Holland created the first LDS stake in Sierra Leone in Freetown. In 2013 Liberia was split off to be its own separate mission. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Sierra Leone) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac

neg: Yengema Yengema The population of Yengema is ethnically diverse, though the majority of its residents are ethnic Mandingo and ethnic Kono. The primary language of communication in Yengema is the Krio language, which is widely spoken in the town. Yengema is a predominantly Muslim town, though with a significant Christian minority population In the town. Yengema is home to the Yengema Secondary School (commonly known as YSS), and is among the most prominent secondary schools in Sierra Leone. Before the civil war, Yengema was one of the most populous cities in Eastern Sierra Leone. During the Sierra Leone civil war, Yengema

neg: Mano River Mano River The Mano River is a river in West Africa. It originates in the Guinea Highlands in Liberia and forms part of the Liberia-Sierra Leone border. The districts through which the river flows include the Parrot's Beak area of Guinea, Liberia's Lofa County and the Kono and Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining is a major industry in these areas. Control of the area's wealth and the instability of the national governments of all three countries led to a series of violent conflicts involving these districts in the 1990s (See Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War,

neg: Sierra Leone Leone a presidential republic with Stevens as the country's first president. Sierra Leone was a one-party state from 1978 to 1985, in which Stevens' All People's Congress was the only legal political party in the country. The current constitution of Sierra Leone, which includes multi party democracy, was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh, Stevens' hand-picked successor. In 1991, a rebel group known as the Revolutionary United Front led by former Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh launched a brutal civil war in the country, in an unsuccessful goal to overthrow the Sierra Leone government.

neg: Sierra Leone democratically elected civilian government and his commitment to ending the civil war were his motivations for the coup. Promises of a return to civilian rule were fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), after the conclusion of elections in early 1996. President Kabbah took power with a great promise of ending the civil war. President Kabbah opened dialogue with the RUF and invited RUF leader Foday Sankoh for peace negotiations. On 25 May 1997, seventeen soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the

neg: Operation Barras Operation Barras Operation Barras was a British Army operation that took place in Sierra Leone on 10 September 2000, during the late stages of that nation's civil war. The operation aimed to release five British soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment and their Sierra Leone Army liaison officer, who were being held by a militia group known as the "West Side Boys". The soldiers were part of a patrol that was returning from a visit to Jordanian peacekeepers attached to the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) at Masiaka on 25 August 2000 when they turned off the main

neg: Foday Sankoh on the night of 29 July 2003. In a statement by the UN-backed war crimes court, chief prosecutor David Crane said that Sankoh's death granted him "a peaceful end that he denied to so many others". Foday Sankoh Foday Saybana Sankoh (17 October 1937 – 29 July 2003) was the criminal founder of the genocidal Sierra Leone rebel group Revolutionary United Front (RUF), which was supported by Charles Taylor-led NPFL in the 11-year-long Sierra Leone Civil War. Starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. An estimated 50,000 people were killed during the war, and over 500,000 people were displaced in

neg: Mandingo people of Sierra Leone Revolutionary War. Many had left rebel masters and joined the British to gain freedom. The Mandingo have played an important role in the politics of Sierra Leone. The Mandingo have traditionally supported the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), which ruled the country as recently as 2007. Sierra Leone's third president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, who is ethnic Mandingo, was very popular in the Mandingo community across Sierra Leone during his presidency. During Kabba's administration, the Mandingo enjoyed strong influence in the government and the civil service. Under the current Sierra Leone government of president Ernest Bai Koroma of the All People's