query: who wrote many of the letters to churches in the new testament

pos: New Testament and holy letters, written by the apostles and disciples of Christ, to either local congregations with specific needs, or to New Covenant Christians in general, scattered about; or "Catholic Epistles." The Pauline epistles are the thirteen New Testament books that present Paul the Apostle as their author. Six of the letters are disputed. Four are thought by most modern scholars to be pseudepigraphic, i.e., not actually written by Paul even if attributed to him within the letters themselves. Opinion is more divided on the other two disputed letters (2 Thessalonians and Colossians). These letters were written to Christian communities in

pos: First Epistle to the Thessalonians First Epistle to the Thessalonians The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, usually referred to simply as First Thessalonians (written 1 Thessalonians and abbreviated 1 Thess. or 1 Thes.), is the thirteenth book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The first letter to the Thessalonians was likely the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52. Most New Testament scholars believe Paul the Apostle wrote this letter from Corinth, although information appended to this work in many early manuscripts (e.g., Codices Alexandrinus, Mosquensis, and Angelicus) state that Paul wrote it in Athens after Timothy had

pos: Second Epistle to the Corinthians Second Epistle to the Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, often written as 2 Corinthians, is a Pauline epistle and the eighth book of the New Testament of the Bible. Paul the Apostle and "Timothy "our" brother" wrote this epistle to "the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia". While there is little doubt among scholars that Paul is the author, there is discussion over whether the Epistle was originally one letter or composed from two or more of Paul's letters. Although the New Testament contains only two letters to

pos: Authorship of the Pauline epistles Clement's work [(150–215 AD)] citations of all the books of the New Testament with the exception of Philemon, James, 2 Peter, and 2 and 3 John." The earliest extant canon containing Paul's letters is from the 2nd century: Authorship of the Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles are the fourteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, although many dispute the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews as being a Pauline epistle. There is nearly universal consensus in modern New Testament scholarship on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and

pos: First Epistle to the Thessalonians that the dead will be resurrected prior to those still living, and both groups will greet the Lord in the air. First Epistle to the Thessalonians The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, usually referred to simply as First Thessalonians (written 1 Thessalonians and abbreviated 1 Thess. or 1 Thes.), is the thirteenth book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The first letter to the Thessalonians was likely the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52. Most New Testament scholars believe Paul the Apostle wrote this letter from Corinth, although information appended to this

pos: Pastoral epistles Pastoral epistles The pastoral epistles are three books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy) the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus. They are presented as letters from Paul the Apostle to Timothy and to Titus. They are generally discussed as a group (sometimes with the addition of the Epistle to Philemon) and are given the title pastoral because they are addressed to individuals with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and leadership. The term "pastorals" was popularized in 1703 by D. N. Berdot and

neg: Epistle to the Laodiceans re-using one of his other letters (the most common candidate is the contemporary Epistle to the Ephesians), just as he asks for the copying and forwarding of the Letter to Colossians to Laodicea. Paul, the earliest known Christian author, wrote several letters (or epistles) in Greek to various churches. Paul apparently dictated all his epistles through a secretary (or amanuensis), but wrote the final few paragraphs of each letter by his own hand. Many survived and are included in the New Testament, but others are known to have been lost. The Epistle to the Colossians states "After this letter has

neg: Phillips New Testament in Modern English in bomb shelters. These he published in 1947 under the title "Letters to Young Churches". In 1952 he added the Gospels. In 1955 he added Acts and titled it "The Young Church in Action". In 1957 he added "The Book of Revelation". Later he finished the whole of the New Testament, first publishing it in 1958, revising it and republishing it in 1961 and 1972. Phillips worked entirely from the Greek Testament. Many editions of the translation were printed without verse numbers, and those with verse numbers can be hard to use, due to Phillip's rephrasing. The early editions are

neg: Development of the New Testament canon and 3rd centuries Eusebius's "Ecclesiastical History" 6.38 says the Elchasai "made use of texts from every part of the Old Testament and the Gospels; it rejects the Apostle (Paul) entirely"; 4.29.5 says Tatian the Assyrian rejected Paul's Letters and Acts of the Apostles; 6.25 says Origen accepted 22 canonical books of the Hebrews plus Maccabees plus the four Gospels but Paul "did not so much as write to all the churches that he taught; and even to those to which he wrote he sent but a few lines." Between 140 and 220, both internal and external forces caused Proto-orthodox Christianity

neg: Propaganda during the Reformation Latin. Luther's predominance meant that the Protestant propaganda campaign was cohesive, with a consistent and accessible message. Luther produced other works: sermons, which were read in Churches around the Empire; translations of the Bible, primarily the New Testament written in German; doctrine on how to conduct oneself within the church and society; and a multitude of letters and treatises. Often Luther wrote in response to others who had criticized his works or asked for clarification or justification on an issue. Three of Luther’s major treatises, written in 1520, are "To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation", "On the Freedom

neg: Modern English Bible translations English Bible was initiated in the United Kingdom, intended to enable readers to better understand the King James Bible. In 1958, J. B. Phillips (1906–1982) produced an edition of the New Testament letters in paraphrase, the "Letters to Young Churches", so that members of his youth group could understand what the New Testament authors had written. In 1966, "Good News for Modern Man", a non-literal translation of the New Testament, was released to wide acceptance. Others followed suit. The Living Bible, released in 1971, was published by its author Kenneth N. Taylor, based on the literal American Standard Version of

neg: New Testament specific cities or geographical regions, often to address issues faced by that particular community. Prominent themes include the relationship both to broader "pagan" society, to Judaism, and to other Christians. [Disputed letters are marked with an asterisk (*).] The last four Pauline letters in the New Testament are addressed to individual persons. They include the following: [Disputed letters are marked with an asterisk (*).] All of the above except for Philemon are known as the Pastoral epistles. They are addressed to individuals charged with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and leadership. They often address

neg: John James Tayler as well as Johann Martin Augustin Scholz (1794–1852), professor of theology in the Catholic faculty, who was preparing a new edition of the Greek Testament."To most of these excellent men," at Bonn, Tayler wrote afterwards, he was indebted "for the kind attentions and many hours of valuable instruction...". He met many leading theologians, philosophers and historians and he wrote a series of letters addressed to his Mosley-street congregation in Manchester about his on-going studies and travels. On his return he published in the Unitarian "The Christian Teacher" in six parts, his "Retrospect of a Twelvemonth Passed in Germany" (1836). Their

neg: Christian mythology Christianity has divided into many denominations. Not all of these denominations hold the same set of sacred traditional narratives. For example, the books of the Bible accepted by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches include a number of texts and stories (such as those narrated in the Book of Judith and Book of Tobit) that many Protestant denominations do not accept as canonical. Christian theologian and professor of New Testament, Rudolf Bultmann wrote that: The cosmology of the New Testament is essentially mythical in character. The world is viewed as a three storied structure, with the earth

neg: William Mitchell Ramsay of "Everyday Life in Turkey" (1897) and "The Romance of Elisavet" (1899). He was a grandson of entrepreneur William Mitchell (1781–1854). Other relatives include Mary Ramsay and Agnis Margaret Ramsay who were responsible for contributing several photographs and illustrations in his work on "The Letters to the Seven Churches". William Ramsay was known for his careful attention to New Testament events, particularly the Book of Acts and Pauline Epistles. When he first went to Asia Minor, many of the cities mentioned in Acts had no known location and almost nothing was known of their detailed history or politics. The Acts

neg: Development of the New Testament canon to his book "Early Christian Writings", Henry Wace stated: Note 61 of page 308 adds: Other scholars propose that it was Melito of Sardis who originally coined the phrase "Old Testament", which is associated with Supersessionism. Robert M. Price argues that the evidence that the early church fathers, such as Clement, Ignatius, and Polycarp, knew of the Pauline epistles is unclear, and concludes that Marcion was the first person to collect Paul's writings to various churches and to treat ten Pauline letters, some of them Marcion's own compositions, together with an earlier version of Luke (not the Gospel of Luke

neg: Early Christianity instead of an even and neutral approach to historical analysis that the heterodox sects are given an assumption of superiority over the orthodox movement. Early Christians wrote many religious works, including the canon of the New Testament, which includes the Canonical Gospels, Acts, letters of the Apostles, and Revelation were written before 120 AD. Debates about scripture were underway in the mid-2nd century, concurrent with a drastic increase of new scriptures, both Jewish and Christian. Debates regarding practice and belief gradually became reliant on the use of scripture other than what Melito referred to as the Old Testament, as the

neg: First Epistle to Timothy by bishop (and archbishop?) and/or elder in a stabilized church organization fully committed to an authorized succession of ordained ministers. The local churches are no longer lay churches, nor are their needs now taken care of simply by itinerant missionaries. There is obviously hierarchical organization both in the local and ecumenical church. The chief function of the bishop (or archbishop?) is to transmit and maintain the true faith." The Pastorals are distinguished from all other New Testament letters in that they are addressed ... to a special functional class within the church, namely, the professional ministry. Thus these letters occupy

neg: New Revised Standard Version well as Jewish representation in the group responsible for the Hebrew Scriptures or Old Testament. The mandate given the committee was summarized in a dictum: “As literal as possible, as free as necessary.” The Old Testament translation of the RSV was completed before the Dead Sea Scrolls were available to scholars. The NRSV was intended to take advantage of this and other manuscript discoveries, and to reflect advances in scholarship. In the preface to the NRSV Bruce Metzger wrote for the committee that “many in the churches have become sensitive to the danger of linguistic sexism arising from the inherent

neg: Books of the Bible of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The King James Bible—which has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language"

neg: Ecclesiastical polity ecclesiastical polity wherein the local church's decisions are made by a committee, typically called elders. The system is in contrast to the "singularity" of episcopal polity systems as used in Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican churches, or the pastor/president system of many Protestant churches. Plurality of elders is commonly encouraged, with variation of practice, among Presbyterians, some Pentecostal churches, and Churches of Christ, Disciples of Christ and Plymouth Brethren (who employ congregational polity). The practice is drawn from biblical precedent, acknowledging that churches in the time of the New Testament appear to all have had multiple elders. Ecclesiastical polity

neg: Justus Vinton religious tracts among the Burmese. He also worked on the translation of the New Testament into Karen and wrote commentaries. Between 1834 and 1848, Justus labors were confined to Moulmein district with occasional visits to Rangoon (now known as Yangon)and Tavoy (now known as Dawei). On his frequent visits to Rangoon he baptized many people. Rangoon was still under Burmese rule at that time, but Adoniram Judson's disciple Saw Tha Byu and Rev. Abbott had converted many Karens around Rangoon and little churches had been set up. Many young Karen men travelled on foot to Moulmein through the forest to

neg: Churches of Christ (non-institutional) all as "liberal." Many in the institutional congregations do not know the history or existence of the non-institutional groups. In 2009, non-institutional churches of Christ comprised 113,656 members across 1,898 congregations. Churches of Christ (non-institutional) The label "non-institutional" refers to a distinct fellowship within the Churches of Christ who do not agree with the support of parachurch organizations (colleges, orphans' homes, organized mission efforts, etc.) by local congregations. They contend that the New Testament includes no authority for churches' support of such institutions. Instead they feel that it is a responsibility and duty of the individual members to assist those

neg: Churches of Christ New Testament church as established by Christ. Churches of Christ generally share the following theological beliefs and practices: In keeping with their history, the Churches of Christ claim the New Testament as their sole rule of faith and practice in deciding matters of doctrine and ecclesiastical structure. They view the Old Testament as divinely inspired and historically accurate, but they do not consider its laws to be binding under the New Covenant in Christ (unless they are repeated in the New Testament) (Hebrews 8: 7-13). They believe that the New Testament demonstrates how a person may become a Christian (and

neg: Polycarp of the early Christian Church. He is among the earliest Christians whose writings survived. Saint Jerome wrote that Polycarp was a "disciple of the apostle John and by him ordained bishop of Smyrna". He was an elder of an important congregation which was a large contributor to the founding of the Christian Church. He is from an era whose orthodoxy is widely accepted by Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Church of God groups, Sabbatarian groups, mainstream Protestants and Catholics alike. According to David Trobisch, Polycarp may have been the one who compiled, edited, and published the New Testament. All

neg: Church of Divine Science Christ, who in the New Testament cures many people. The Denver Church's founder, Nona Brooks, stated, "The whole of Divine Science is the practice of the Presence of God. Truth comes through the Bible, Affirmative prayer, contemplation and meditation and the practice of the presence of God here and now." After its foundation in 1888, by 1918 there were Divine Science churches in Denver, Seattle, Los Angeles, Oakland, Boston, Portland, Spokane, Saint Louis and New York. By 1925 churches had opened in Los Angeles, San Diego, Sacramento, Topeka, Washington D.C., Cleveland, Illinois, and Iowa. Today, Divine Science has churches in

neg: Classical Anatolia Jewish population, the Gentile following in Syria being the exception. Following the account of the Acts of the Apostles, we must rely on the various letters of Paul included in the New Testament, of which a number were to Anatolian churches (e.g. Galatians, Ephesians). From sources such as the Letter to the Galatians we learn that Paul spent a considerable time in the vicinity of his home town of Tarsus in Cilicia and that the church there was linked to the Syrian churches. Put together these various Pauline sources suggest considerable missionary activity by Paul and Barnabas throughout Anatolia, and

neg: Christianity However, they are considered to be important historical documents which help to inform the understanding of words, grammar and syntax used in the historical period of their conception. Some versions of the Bible include a separate Apocrypha section between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament, originally written in Koine Greek, contains 27 books which are agreed upon by all churches. Modern scholarship has raised many issues with the Bible. While the Authorized King James Version is held to by many because of its striking English prose, in fact it was translated from the Erasmus Greek Bible

neg: Mars Hill Church approximately 6,000 letters and 3,765 emails to individuals who had made gifts as a global donor subsequent to June 1, 2012. In these communications, Mars Hill Church offered to redirect the donor’s gifts, made as a global donor during this time period, specifically for planting churches in Ethiopia or India." Michael Paulson, writing for "The New York Times", wrote that while Driscoll had endured criticism from the American political left and liberal Christianity for many years, recent years leading up to and including 2014 saw the rise of criticism from conservative Christians, including Driscoll's former "allies and supporters." According to

neg: History of Methodism in the United States were primarily proslavery, while northern churches started antislavery movements. The apologia of the Southern churches was largely based in Old Testament scriptures, which often represent slavery as a part of the natural order of things. New Testament writings were sometimes used to support the case for slavery as well. Some of the writings of Paul, especially in Ephesians, instruct slaves to remain obedient to their masters. Southern ideology also argued that slavery was beneficial for slaves, as well as their owners, saying that they were offered protections from many ills because of their slavery. The antislavery movement in northern churches

neg: New Testament Christian Churches of America as the New Testament Church of God (NTCG), the NTCC's founder and original pastor was Pentecostal Church of God minister Rodger Wilson Davis. For the first five years of its existence, NTCG was affiliated with the Independent Pentecostal, or Free, Holiness movement. The NTCG leadership eventually severed their ties with all outside churches, ministers, and ministries. They also distanced themselves from other Christian denominations by requiring that only those who had graduated from their own seminary could minister in their churches, and that their pastors could not maintain positions in any non-NTCG churches. The NTCG seminary was founded by Davis

neg: Arthur Way in vigorous verse. The list of his translations in Miller's "Australian Literature" includes "Odyssey", the "Iliad", Euripides, Æschylus, Sophocles, the "Epodes" of Horace, Vergil's "Georgics", the "Nibelungenlied", the "Chanson de Roland", Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, the New Testament Biblical letters of Paul and Hebrews entitled, "The Letters of St. Paul to Seven Churches and Three Friends with The Letter to the Hebrews", Aristophanes, Hesiod, Virgil, Lucretius, The Lay of the Nibelung Men, The Song of Roland and others. Way was also the author of "Homer" (1913), "Greek through English" (1926), and "Sons of the Violet-Crowned, a Tale of Ancient Athens" (1929).

neg: Handley Moule judge. Moule was a New Testament scholar who wrote over 60 books and pamphlets. He contributed the chapters on Paul's letters to the Romans, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians and Philemon in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (1891-98) and also wrote poems on religious subjects; he won the Seatonian Prize at Cambridge for sacred poetry 1869–1873 and again in 1876. He published at least two volumes of poetry in his lifetime, in addition to the prizewinning pieces. He wrote a number of hymns, of which "Lord and Savior, True and Kind" is probably the best known. This is an incomplete

neg: E. Elizabeth Johnson explores how the Pauline letters invite us to reflect about who God is and what Jesus' death and resurrection mean for human life and society. Her work has also explored how the New Testament relates to families and family values. Her exegetical perspective has allowed for new ways of viewing and interpreting many of the epistles of the New Testament to address today's world. Through her work she has contributed to Feminist-Womanist Biblical Studies and has contributed to the national conversation on capital punishment by giving a lecture titled, "The Bible and Capital Punishment", during a Teach-in at Columbia Theological

neg: The Colored American (New York City) wrote a series of ten letters that were printed in the newspaper. The letters advocated elevation through the establishment of schools, newspapers, and churches by black Americans. He wrote the letters under a pen name, Augustine. After the death of David Walker (abolitionist), not knowing the cause of his seemingly sudden death, several black intellectuals wrote under pen names. In the late 20th century historian Floyd Miller attributed the title of the 'Father of Black Nationalism' to Woodson, mostly in recognition of the efficacy of the 'Augustine letters.' , Woodson argued in favor of an ideology that differed from that

neg: Free Villages grandsons. George Nugent, the 1st Baronet, became governor of Jamaica in April 1801. In 1797 he had married Maria Skinner, a daughter of Cortlandt Skinner, the Attorney-General of New Jersey, United States and a descendant of the Schuyler and Van Cortlandt families of British North America. Nugent and Maria had three sons and two daughters together. Lady Nugent wrote a journal of her experiences in Jamaica, which was first published in 1907. After the enslaved Africans were emancipated in 1834, they helped established two churches in Sturge Town: Phillippo Baptist Church and New Testament Church of God. There are many

neg: New Testament different concerns to those of the preceding epistles. These letters are believed by many to be pseudepigraphic. Some scholars (e.g., Bill Mounce, Ben Witherington) will argue that the letters are genuinely Pauline, or at least written under Paul's supervision. The Epistle to the Hebrews addresses a Jewish audience who had come to believe that Jesus was the anointed one (Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ—transliterated in English as "Moshiach", or "Messiah"; Greek: Χριστός—transliterated in English as "Christos", for "Christ") who was predicted in the writings of the Hebrew Bible. The author discusses the "better-ness" of the new covenant and the ministry of Jesus, over

neg: New Testament people named John or John of Patmos. The text of Revelation identifies its author thus: “I, John, your brother and the one who shares with you in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony about Jesus.” Patmos was an island near Ephesus, and Revelation begins with letters addressed to the seven churches of Asia, which were Ephesus and other nearby cities. Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 250) closely criticized Revelation and concluded that it was starkly different from the Gospel and First Epistle (which Dionysius regarded as

neg: Edward Brittain scattered on his grave; "for nearly 50 years much of my heart has been in that Italian village cemetery". Her daughter Shirley Williams honoured her request in September 1970. Many of Brittain's letters are published in "Letters from a Lost Generation: First World War Letters of Vera Brittain and Four Friends" (Little, Brown, 1998, Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge, eds.). His musical setting to his friend Leighton's poem "L'Envoi" is published in "Testament of Youth" (New York: Penguin, 1989), 78–80. In the 1979 television adaptation of "Testament of Youth" he was played by Rupert Frazer, with Cheryl Campbell taking the

neg: Global Church of God the New Testament. Armstrong died in 1986 and was succeeded by Joseph W. Tkach. Under Tkach, WCG adopted a theology in line with historic and mainstream Christianity. During that period of change, many members left WCG, including many ministers who began their own churches in an effort to remain loyal to Armstrong's teachings. GCG was just one among these Sabbatarian Churches of God. Similar in fashion to Armstrong's approach, Meredith and the GCG established a magazine and television program, both under the name "The World Ahead". GCG experienced an upheaval of its own after a dispute between Meredith and the

neg: New Testament Christian Churches of America Graham. According to county records, Kekel recently filed an application to build a subdivision of eight lots on this site. New Testament Christian Churches of America New Testament Christian Churches of America (NTCC) is a Pentecostal, Evangelical, Trinitarian, Fundamentalist denomination of about 3,000 members in approximately 100 individual churches internationally, headquartered in Graham, Washington in the United States. It was founded in 1969 by former Pentecostal Church of God minister Rodger Wilson Davis (1929-2014). The NTCC proselytizing strategy targets military bases, specifically overseas. Some former members say that the NTCC is abusive, cult-like and controlling to those within the congregation.

neg: Early centers of Christianity (in south-central Anatolia) and his missionary journeys were primarily in Anatolia. The Book of Revelation, believed to be authored by John of Patmos (a Greek island about 30 miles off the Anatolian coast), mentions Seven churches of Asia. The First Epistle of Peter () is addressed to Anatolian regions. On the southeast shore of the Black Sea, Pontus was a Greek colony mentioned three times in the New Testament. Inhabitants of Pontus were some of the very first converts to Christianity. Pliny, governor in 110, in his letters, addressed Christians in Pontus. Of the extant letters of Ignatius of Antioch

neg: New Testament Christian Churches of America soon after he left the Pentecostal Church of God in 1969, and was incorporated in St. Louis as the Midwestern Bible Institute. The institute was later known as New Testament Christian (NTC) College, and is currently known as New Testament Christian Seminary. In 1984, NTCG moved its denominational headquarters from St. Louis to Graham, Washington; the New Testament Christian Seminary followed suit in 1987. Also in 1987, NTCG changed its name to the New Testament Christian Churches of America, Incorporated. As an evangelical church, the NTCC believes the Bible to be the pure word of God and the church's mission

neg: New Testament Christian Churches of America New Testament Christian Churches of America New Testament Christian Churches of America (NTCC) is a Pentecostal, Evangelical, Trinitarian, Fundamentalist denomination of about 3,000 members in approximately 100 individual churches internationally, headquartered in Graham, Washington in the United States. It was founded in 1969 by former Pentecostal Church of God minister Rodger Wilson Davis (1929-2014). The NTCC proselytizing strategy targets military bases, specifically overseas. Some former members say that the NTCC is abusive, cult-like and controlling to those within the congregation. The NTCC does not provide financial statements and its finances are often cash-based. Incorporated in 1969 in St. Louis, Missouri

neg: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) the Churches of Christ rejecting the use of musical instruments in worship. The controversy over musical instruments began in 1860, when some congregations introduced organs, traditionally associated with wealthier, denominational churches. More basic were the underlying approaches to Biblical interpretation. The Churches of Christ permitted only those practices found in accounts of New Testament worship. They could find no New Testament documentation of the use of instrumental music in worship. The Disciples, by contrast, considered permissible any practices that the New Testament did not expressly forbid. After the division, Disciples churches used "Christian Church" as the dominant designation for congregations.

neg: Otis Gibson dialect and opened many missions and churches, including San Francisco, Oakland, Stockton, Salinas, and in the gold fields in the foothills of California, and he also wrote a Chinese-English Dictionary and translated the New Testament into Cantonese. Gibson and his wife had instituted on August 10, 1870 the Women's Missionary Society of the Pacific Coast, enlisting area Methodist women to organize the rescue and protection of exploited Chinese women of the slave trade. In October 1871, Gibson baptized his first convert in America, a young Chinese prostitute named Jin Ho. In his later life, Otis Gibson made untiring and courageous

neg: Henry James Coleridge Our Lord" and others, such as "The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier" and "The Life and Letters of St. Teresa". He also wrote a Harmony of the Gospels, "Vita Vitae Nostrae", a favourite book for meditation, published also in an English version. And he wrote studies based on the New Testament, an interest which seems to have been partly acquired from his old Oxford tutor, Isaac Williams. For a time he was also superior of his religious brethren in Farm Street, London. In 1881 failing health obliged him to resign "The Month" to another Oxonian, Father Richard F.

neg: Open Brethren Missions" can be traced back through Hudson Taylor, to the example of the early Brethren missionary, Anthony Norris Groves. J.N. Darby, one of the original members and perhaps the most well known of the movement, wrote over 50 books including a translation of the New Testament and is often credited with the development of the theology of "dispensationalism" and "pretribulationism" which have been widely adopted in evangelical churches outside of the brethren movement. In the early twentieth century, J.N. Darby's writings have the greatest influence on the Little Flock or Church Assembly Hall of Watchman Nee and Witness Lee. Many

neg: The Common Edition New Testament to the United Bible Societies’ 4th edition Greek New Testament, but are closer to the textual basis of the New International Version 1978, and the Revised Standard Version 1971. The Common Edition was edited by T.E. Clontz. The Common Edition New Testament The Common Edition New Testament is a 1999 standardized edition made to reflect the common word and punctuation choices of translations most frequently used in English speaking churches. As stated in its introduction, the purpose is a text that can be publicly read before audiences who follow in multiple translations. As part of the design, the edition is

neg: Historicity of Jesus the reliability of the gospels, as the Book of Acts was seemingly written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke. Historians subject the gospels to critical analysis by differentiating authentic, reliable information from possible inventions, exaggerations, and alterations. Since there are more textual variants in the New Testament (200–400 thousand) than it has letters (c. 140 thousand), scholars use textual criticism to determine which gospel variants could theoretically be taken as 'original'. To answer this question, scholars have to ask who wrote the gospels, when they wrote them, what was their objective in writing them, what sources the

neg: John Robinson (bishop of Woolwich) within twenty years of Jesus' death; that Paul authored all the books attributed to him; and that the "John" who wrote the fourth Gospel was the apostle John. Robinson also suggested that the results of his investigations implied a need to rewrite many theologies of the New Testament. In a letter to Robinson, the New Testament scholar C. H. Dodd wrote, "I should agree with you that much of the late dating is quite arbitrary, even wanton[;] the offspring not of any argument that can be presented, but rather of the critic's prejudice that, if he appears to assent to

neg: Bible-Presbyterian churches (Singapore) more widely read than any other translation of the holy scriptures and it has been used by many missionaries (not proficient in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek) as a basis and guide for their own translation work into other foreign languages to reach converts who know no English. On the evangelical camp's objection that there is no Scripture verse pointing to the Greek Text underlying the KJV being an exact copy of the original Scriptures, VPP proponents can point them to the canonisation of Scriptures (which consist of 66 books (39 in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament))

neg: New Testament Christian Churches of America United States, England, and Japan. For a fee, these residential facilities provide unmarried soldiers a home-style alternative to barracks life. NTCC runs the unaccredited New Testament Christian Seminary. More than 75 percent of New Testament Christian Seminary alumni are former members of the military, or spouses of former military members. The NTCC is an insular organization with dozens of former members of NTCC, including many former ministers, stating that the NTCC is a cult. According to the "Dispatch", church services are used to bully and humiliate members, whose perceived sins are cited during sermons. The "Dispatch" further states there is

neg: Spiritual gift recognize a continuing apostolic ministry. Many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, believe in the doctrine of apostolic succession, which holds that properly ordained bishops are the successors to the apostles. Other Christian groups, such as classical Pentecostals, consider the role of a missionary to be fulfilling an apostolic ministry. There are some Christians, however, who advocate restoring the Fivefold ministry, including the formal recognition of the office of apostle. Others would say that the office no longer exists. Prophet: In the New Testament, the office of prophet is to equip the saints for

neg: Hebrew Christian movement Hebrew Christian movement The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of Jews who converted to Christianity, but worshiped in congregations separate from denominational churches. In many cases, they retained some Jewish practices and liturgy, with the addition of readings from the Christian New Testament. The movement was incorporated into the later parallel Messianic Jewish movement in the late 1960s. From the Jewish origins of Christianity through the split of early Christianity and Judaism and development of Christianity in the 1st century, the Christian mission to Jews was primarily led by the established (Gentile) churches, with

neg: Hymn heavily on Scripture, Watts wrote metered texts based on New Testament passages that brought the Christian faith into the songs of the church. Isaac Watts has been called "the father of English hymnody", but Erik Routley sees him more as "the liberator of English hymnody", because his hymns, and hymns like them, moved worshipers beyond singing only Old Testament psalms, inspiring congregations and revitalizing worship. Later writers took even more freedom, some even including allegory and metaphor in their texts. Charles Wesley's hymns spread Methodist theology, not only within Methodism, but in most Protestant churches. He developed a new focus:

neg: Nicholas Szécsényi his contemporaries' antipathy is that he differed from them in every respect. As his last will and testament proves, Szécsényi was a literate man, unlike other secular barons in the 15th century, in addition, he also wrote, including love letters (possibly to Hedwig, who spent his life in house custody at Garai's castle). The text also confirmed he had many books which the Catholic Church would be considered heretical and forbidden literature. According to Alexander Bono's catalogue, his library contained 138 manuscripts, which was extremely large, compared to contemporary libraries in Hungary (for instance, the chapter of Pressburg had only

neg: Jonathan Paul Churches and Evangelical Communities, the first Pentecostal body in Germany in 1914, a fellowship gathering Pentecostals within the state and free churches. He was a very active writer, editor of many periodicals, and compiled of the hymnal "Pfingstjubel". Paul and five other Pentecostals published in 1914 the "Das Neue Testament in der Sprache der Gegenwart", a then-contemporary German language version of the New Testament. Jonathan Paul and the German Pentecostalism held doctrines different from their American counterparts. Paul did not believe in tongues as initial evidence, nor in the doctrine of two or three stages of salvation – rebirth, sanctification,

neg: Sudanese Reformed Presbyterian Churches the first SRPC Synod would be held. The committee is now working out a Church Order and governing structure for SRPC, taking guidance from work done in these areas throughout history by Reformed Churches who have struggled to structure their church federations on the solid foundation of Scriptural principles. The first General Assembly was held in Khartum in 2009, the Second GA was held in Juba in 2011, and the recent GA was in May, 2013 in Malakal. The Sudanese Reformed Presbyterian Churches believe and confess that the Holy Scripture both (Old Testament and New Testament) are the complete, inspired,

neg: New Testament style and theology, which are considered to set it apart from Paul's writings. The Catholic epistles (or "general epistles") consist of both letters and treatises in the form of letters written to the church at large. The term "catholic" (Greek: καθολική, "katholikē"), used to describe these letters in the oldest manuscripts containing them, here simply means "general" or "universal". The authorship of a number of these is disputed. The final book of the New Testament is the Book of Revelation, also known as the Apocalypse of John. In the New Testament canon, it is considered prophetical or apocalyptic literature. Its

neg: Nazarene (title) (Verse No. 113) says: In Rabbinic and contemporary Israeli modern Hebrew, the term "Notzrim" (plural) (), or singular ""Notzri"" (נוצרי) is the general official term for "Christians" and "Christian", although many Christians prefer "Meshiykiyyim" () "Messianics", as found in most Hebrew New Testament translations and used to translate the Greek "Christianoi" in many translations of the New Testament into Hebrew, and by some churches. The first Hebrew language mentions of "Notzri" (singular) and "Notzrim" (plural) are in manuscripts of the Babylonian Talmud, these mentions are not found in the Jerusalem Talmud. Notzrim are not mentioned in older printed editions of

neg: Institute for New Testament Textual Research count 1950: 4250; 1983: 5460; 2017: approx. 5800. Moreover, INTF produces several more editions and a variety of tools for New Testament scholarship, including the concise editions known as the "Nestle-Aland" - Novum Testamentum Graece and the UBS Greek New Testament. Many of the results are also available to the wider public at the adjoining Bible Museum, which is affiliated with the institute. First supplements of the Editio Critica Maior with the Catholic Letters and The Acts of the Apostels have been published since 1997. The INTF was founded in Münster, Germany, in 1959 by Kurt Aland (1915-1994). Since the

neg: Koinonia Christian Fellowship "Koinonia" was founded nearly 40 years ago by students and community members who shared a vision to reach college students. It is still a community-based ministry and has continued to grow. Local Christians from many different denominations form the Koinonia Community Board, which provides support for this campus ministry. Other churches with this name exist in Bournemouth, England. Koinonia Christian Fellowship Koinonia Christian Fellowship is the name of a number of different Christian churches and other organisations. The name derives from the word koinonia, the anglicisation of a New Testament Greek word for "fellowship". The organisations are generally unrelated to

neg: German Christians the New Testament, which they held to be of Jewish influence that had to be "cleaned" so that the child Jesus could be used as a model for "self sacrifice" and "male heroism". In 1921 Andersen wrote "Der deutsche Heiland" ("The German Saviour"), in which he opposed Jewish migration as an apocalyptic decision: Against the "contamination by Jewish ideas", mainly from the Old Testament, the Churches and Germany should (he argued) be "mutually benefits and supports", and then Christianity would win back its status as "a religion of the "Volk" and of the struggle" and "the great exploiter of humanity,

neg: Christianity and other religions Christian denominations, particularly in the United States. Some Mainline churches no longer hold to exclusivist views on salvation. In recent years there has been much to note in the way of reconciliation between some Christian groups and the Jewish people. Many modern day Christians, including many Catholics and some liberal Protestants, have developed a view of the New Testament as an extended covenant; they believe that Jews are still in a valid relationship with God, and that Jews can avoid damnation and earn a heavenly reward. For these Christians, the New Testament extended God's original covenant to cover non-Jews. The

neg: Finis Alonzo Crutchfield Jr. to report monthly how many members they had gained or lost, how many people came to Sunday school and how many came to the regular Sunday services. He rewarded ministers who made passing grades with congratulatory letters or phone calls. He rewarded those with appointments to more prestigious churches, when the time came. On June 24, 1973, the UpStairs Lounge, a gay bar in New Orleans' French Quarter caught fire and burned. Thirty two people died in the fire, including Reverend Bill Larson, the local minister of the Universal Fellowship of the Metropolitan Community Churches (UFMCC). The lounge had recently

neg: Protestantism in Albania are members of the Albania's Evangelical Brotherhood (VUSH), a cooperative organization which views itself as existing as "an instrument of blessing … with the purpose of promoting unity amongst the churches, representing every local church with dignity, and promoting evangelism." On August 26, 1816, Robert Pinkerton wrote the British and Foreign and Bible Society to encourage them to translate the New Testament into Albanian. Cyrus Hamlin reported in 1857 that Albanians were applying to his Protestant seminary. The first documented Albanian Protestant was Kostandin Kristoforidhi, who left his native Orthodox faith and converted to Protestantism on his own while comparing

neg: Liberty Baptist Fellowship planting New Testament local churches and endorsing chaplains in the military. Since then, hundreds of churches have been planted and 24 chaplains are currently serving around the world. LBF pastors/churches and their full-time staff receive a scholarship to the External Degree Program at Liberty University and its schools. Many have taken advantage of this scholarship. In addition, students sent from churches to Liberty University receive a scholarship. Liberty Baptist Fellowship Liberty Baptist Fellowship is a fellowship of independent Baptist churches that grew up around Jerry Falwell, Thomas Road Baptist Church of Lynchburg, Virginia, and Liberty University. Most pastors of the

neg: Grace Communion International administration conducted a thorough review of many of their doctrines, in the light of their view on New Testament teaching. As a result, many members and ministers left and formed other churches that conformed to many, but not all, of what their former late apostle, had taught. In 2009, the church changed its name from The Worldwide Church of God to its current name. The GCI is a member of the National Association of Evangelicals, and has 50,000 members in 900 congregations in about 100 countries. The Radio Church of God began with Herbert W. Armstrong, who in 1931 was

neg: New Testament authorship has been attributed either to John the Apostle (in which case it is often thought that John the Apostle is John the Evangelist, i.e. author of the Gospel of John) or to another John designated "John of Patmos" after the island where the text says the revelation was received (1:9). Some ascribe the writership date as circa 81–96 AD, and others at around 68 AD. The work opens with letters to seven churches and thereafter takes the form of an apocalypse, a literary genre popular in ancient Judaism and Christianity. The order in which the books of the New

neg: Pseudepigrapha order to help them appear more credible. There are many epistles of Paul, such as the Letters of Paul and Seneca, that are obviously pseudepigraphical and therefore not included in the New Testament canon. Inside the canon are 13 letters attributed to Paul and are still considered by Christians to carry Paul's authority. These letters are part of the Christian Bible and are foundational for the Christian Church. Therefore, those letters which some think to be pseudepigraphic are not considered any less valuable to Christians. Some of these epistles are termed as "disputed" or "pseudepigraphical" letters because they do not

neg: Churches of Christ conservatives such as Daniel Sommer, with reports of the division having been published as early as 1883. The most visible distinction between the two groups was the rejection of musical instruments in the Churches of Christ. The controversy over musical instruments began in 1860 with the introduction of organs in some churches. More basic were differences in the underlying approach to Biblical interpretation. For the Churches of Christ, any practices not present in accounts of New Testament worship were not permissible in the church, and they could find no New Testament documentation of the use of instrumental music in worship.

neg: Christian biblical canons "The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church" states that, "A council probably held at Rome in 382 under St. Damasus gave a complete list of the canonical books of both the Old Testament and the New Testament (also known as the 'Gelasian Decree' because it was reproduced by Gelasius in 495), which is identical with the list given at Trent." Augustine of Hippo declared without qualification that one is to "prefer those that are received by all Catholic Churches to those which some of them do not receive" (On Christian Doctrines 2.12). By "Catholic Churches" Augustine meant those who concurred

neg: Dmitry Merezhkovsky the Holy Trinity format and having to do with the obscure 12th century idea of the Third Testament. Merezhkovsky developed it into the "Church of the Holy Ghost", destined to succeed older churches – first of the Father (Old Testament), then of the Son (New Testament). The services at "Troyebratstvo" (with the traditional Russian Orthodox elements organized into a bizarre set of rituals) were seen by many as blasphemy and divided the St. Petersburg intellectual elite: Vasily Rozanov was fascinated by the thinly veiled eroticism of the happening, Nikolai Berdyaev was among those outraged by the whole thing, as were

neg: The Common Edition New Testament The Common Edition New Testament The Common Edition New Testament is a 1999 standardized edition made to reflect the common word and punctuation choices of translations most frequently used in English speaking churches. As stated in its introduction, the purpose is a text that can be publicly read before audiences who follow in multiple translations. As part of the design, the edition is iambic in rhythm, on a sixth grade reading level, and with a formal equivalence level comparable to the English Standard Version 2001. Since the text gives the standard English reading, the Greek textual foundations are not identical

neg: Persecution of Christians in the New Testament Empire, though they were sporadic. Most were initiated by local governors, who were expected to keep their cities "pacate atque quita" ('settled and orderly'). As pressure from the demands of the citizens to get rid of the Christians became harder to ignore or control, they were driven to acquiesce. The author, "John", found himself "…on the island of Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus" (Rev. 1:9 NRSV), and it was there that he wrote the Book of Revelation. In several of his messages addressed to the Seven Churches of Asia, John makes references to

neg: Pierre Grelot biblical scholars who opposed a late dating of the New Testament writings; he wrote his book "L'origine des Évangiles" (1985) in opposition to the view held by Jean Carmignac. Pierre Grelot Pierre Grelot (Paris, 6 February 1917 - Orleans, 22 June 2009) was a French Roman Catholic priest, biblical scholar and theologian. He had a perfect knowledge of aramaic and was a specialist in Paul's letters. Grelot studied at St. Louis School, in Montargis. He decided to follow religious life and he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1941. He became a teacher at the Seminary of Orleans and

neg: Minuscule 209 New Testament of this codex belongs to Category V. The text of the Gospels is close to minuscule 205. But they are different in the Acts and the Epistles. It is a member of the textual family "f". Matthew 10:12 (see Luke 10:5) The manuscript once belonged to Cardinal Bessarion († 1472), who had it with him at the Council of Florence in 1439, and wrote many notes in it. Hoskier reported in 1929 that Aldus used it to correct the Erasman text in his Greek New Testament of 1518. It was examined and described by Birch, Engelbreth, Fleck, Rinck,

neg: Christianity in Maharashtra Love of Lord Jesus Christ, who is the only saviour for all human being. He established many Marathi Brethren Assemblies in Maharashtra. He also wrote many Christian Marathi Devotional Songs and translated many songs in Marathi language. Bro. R. S. Mirajkar (Belgaon - Miraj) is a well known Bible teacher. He taught many brethren in Maharashtra and Karnataka. He wrote many Spiritual books. His famous book is "Navya Kararache Sulabh Spastikaran" in which he explained the New Testament verse to verse. He also translated famous daily devotional "Daily Bread" in Marathi language. Christianity in Maharashtra Christianity is a minority religion

neg: Psychagogy included the use of psychagogic methods in their guiding of others. It is thought that the idea of psychagogy was taken up by the Apostle Paul of Tarsus and early Christian thinkers, who relied on psychagogic techniques in writing the New Testament. However, psychagogy in Early Christianity took on a flavor of its own, differing slightly from the form of psychagogy that was familiar to the ancient Greeks. Psychagogy in the Early Christian sense, while retaining its use of rhetoric, placed a special emphasis on the emotions. Paul especially used this tactic while writing his epistles. He wrote these letters

neg: Needed Truth Brethren a believer could be excommunicated from such a local church of God as that at Corinth; whereas he could never lose his place in the Church which is Christ's Body. In their scriptural searches, many brethren came to the view that interdependency between churches is taught in the New Testament. Provincial and wider groupings of churches are mentioned in Galatians 1:2 and 1 Peter 1:1. Paul taught the same doctrine throughout all the churches (1 Cor. 1:2; 7:17). As to their principle of government, it was understood from Acts 15 that cohesion among the local churches of God was maintained

neg: Bible story New Testament in the Christian Bible contains stories about the life of Jesus, the parables he told, and about the first period of apostolic activities. Bible story Bible stories, Judeo-Christian retellings of certain portions of the Bible, have long had a place in family religious worship, spiritual instruction, literature, and the cultural underpinnings of many Christian and Jewish societies. In many Christian churches, they are regular ingredients of Sunday School curricula. The underlying spiritual principles in many of these stories are also used in preaching and teaching for Judeo-Christian adults as well. The Tanakh, also known as the Old Testament,

neg: Seven churches of Asia noted that "The natural explanation of the 'messengers' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God's messages to a church." Seven churches of Asia The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia, are seven major churches of Early Christianity, as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation. According to Revelation 1:11, on the Greek island of Patmos, Jesus Christ instructs John of Patmos to: "Write on a scroll what

neg: Jesus bloodline typology in which Old Testament figures prefigure New Testament ones, the authors argue that the work reflects a community which held that Jesus was married and had children. Using advanced digital imaging techniques, the authors restored the original Syriac text, providing a modern English translation of both "Joseph and Aseneth", and, for the first time ever, the two covering letters. According to Angela Standhartinger, Moses explained the story "as an allegory of Christ's marriage to the soul". Israeli Biblical scholar, Rivka Nir wrote: "…this is a serious-minded, thought-provoking and interesting book, giving expression to an excellent knowledge of early Christian

neg: Interfaith marriage in Christianity In addition, the Catholic Church recognizes the Pauline privilege, wherein a Catholic may marry an unbaptized previously married person who consents to convert, but only if the unbaptized person's spouse refuses to become a Catholic also (similar to Muslim views on marrying previously-married non-Muslims). Interfaith marriage in Christianity An interfaith marriage is typically defined by Christian churches as a marriage between a Christian and a non-Christian. Within the sects of Christianity, this may be extended to include inter-denominational marriage. Some Christian churches forbid interfaith marriage, basing this ban on New Testament verse and the Old Testament verse Deuteronomy 7:3 (see

neg: Turid Karlsen Seim of the World Council of Churches commission of Faith and Order from 1991 and member of the International Roman Catholic/Lutheran dialogue from 1995. From 1997 to 2001, she was head of the Board of Culture and Social Research Council. She has written books and articles on New Testament themes. She became a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 2009. In 2015, she was awarded The Christian Council ecumenism prize. From 2007 to 2015, she was Head of the Norwegian Institute in Rome. Turid Karlsen Seim Turid Karlsen Seim (8 October 1945, Bergen, Norway – 3 November

neg: Bible by Jeremiah. The New Testament is the name given to the second and final portion of the Christian Bible. Jesus is its central figure. The term "New Testament" came into use in the second century during a controversy among Christians over whether or not the Hebrew Bible should be included with the Christian writings as sacred scripture. The New Testament presupposes the inspiration of the Old Testament. Some other works which were widely read by early churches were excluded from the New Testament and relegated to the collections known as the Apostolic Fathers (generally considered orthodox) and the New Testament

neg: Muratorian fragment specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to "the above mentioned John."" In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John. Indeed, by calling the author of the Apocalypse of John the "predecessor" of Paul, who, he assumes, wrote to seven churches (Rev 2–3) before Paul wrote to seven churches [lines

neg: Brush Run Church or formula in Christendom." A majority of the Redstone Association voted to receive the Brush Run Church on the basis of its statement. Some of the ministers protested, insisting that such a course was to invite trouble. There were many fundamental points of difference between the Brush Run Church and the regular Baptist churches, and these were gradually to become more pronounced. In 1816 Alexander Campbell preached his famous Sermon on the Law, in which he maintained that we are under the new covenant, and hence must be guided by the New Testament rather than the Old Testament. After Alexander

neg: Lectionary 105 the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz, who examined some parts of it. The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3). Currently the codex is located in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana (M. 81 sup.) in Milan. Lectionary 105 Lectionary 105, designated by siglum ℓ "105" (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. The codex contains lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary ("Evangelistarium") with some lacunae. It is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 157

neg: Church Fathers earliest Christian epistle aside from the New Testament. Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) ( – ) was the third bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, the role of bishops, and the Incarnation of Christ. He is the second after Clement to mention Paul's epistles. Polycarp of Smyrna ( – ) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna (now İzmir in Turkey). It is recorded that he

neg: Willis Barnstone Testament. The "Library Journal" in its 7/15/09 issue wrote, "In an achievement remarkable by almost any standard, and surely one of the events of the year in publishing, renowned poet and scholar Barnstone has created a new and lavish translation—almost transformation—of the canonical and noncanonical books associated with the New Testament. In part a continuation of his work in "The New Covenant, Commonly Called the New Testament" (2002) and "The Other Bible" (2005), and in many ways the completion of the pioneering efforts of other modern translators like Robert Alter, Reynolds Price, and Richmond Lattimore, "The Restored New Testament" offers

neg: Christian views on the Old Covenant by Christ and are thus cancelled or abrogated in favor of the Law of Christ or New Covenant law. This can be summarized as the ethical expectation found in the New Testament. Thus NCT rejects antinomianism as they do not reject religious law, only the Old Covenant law. NCT is in contrast with other views on Biblical law in that most other Christian churches do not believe the Ten Commandments and other Divine laws of the Old Covenant have been "cancelled." New Covenant theologians see the Law of Christ or New Testament Law as actually including many of the Divine

neg: Apostles' Creed the Canonical gospels, the letters of the New Testament and to a lesser extent the Old Testament. Its basis appears to be the old Roman Creed known also as the Old Roman Symbol. Because of the early origin of its original form, it does not address some Christological issues defined in the Nicene and other Christian Creeds. It thus says nothing explicitly about the divinity of either Jesus or the Holy Spirit. This makes it acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians. Nor does it address many other theological questions which became objects of dispute centuries later. The earliest known mention

neg: House church various Christian groups worshipped in homes, often due to persecution by the state church or the civil government. In North America and the United Kingdom, the recent developments in the house church movement is often seen as a return to a New Testament church restorationist paradigm and a restoration of God's eternal purpose and the natural expression of Christ on the earth, urging Christians to return from hierarchy and rank to practices described and encouraged in Scripture. According to some proponents, many churchgoers are turning to house churches because many traditional churches fail to meet their relational needs. Some that

neg: Apostolic Fathers be a transcript of an oral homily or sermon, making it the oldest surviving Christian sermon outside of the New Testament. Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus, from the Greek for "God-bearer") () was bishop of Antioch. He may have known the apostle John directly, and his thought is certainly influenced by the tradition associated with this apostle. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of the theology of the earliest Christians. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, the role of bishops,

neg: Julia Peterkin as well as gracious by Robeson (1995). Peterkin sent highly assertive letters to people she did not know and had never met. For instance, she wrote to authors Carl Sandburg and H.L. Mencken, and included samples of her writing about the Gullah culture of coastal South Carolina. Living chiefly on the plantation, she invited Sandburg, Mencken, and other prominent people to the plantation. Sandburg, who lived nearby in Flat Rock, North Carolina, made a visit. While Mencken did not visit, he became Peterkin's literary agent in her early career, a possible testament to her persuasive letters. Eventually, Mencken led her

neg: New Testament Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities and the Pauline epistles were circulating, perhaps in collected forms, by the end of the 1st century AD. One of the earliest attempts at solidifying a canon was made by Marcion, "circa" 140 AD, who accepted only a modified version of Luke (the Gospel of Marcion) and ten of Paul's letters, while rejecting the Old Testament entirely. His canon was increasingly rejected by other groups of Christians, notably the proto-orthodox Christians, as was his theology, Marcionism. Adolf Harnack in "Origin of the New Testament" (1914) observed that the church

neg: New Testament Catholic (General) Epistles were introduced into canons in which they were originally absent. Other works earlier held to be Scripture, such as 1 Clement, the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Diatessaron, were excluded from the New Testament. The Old Testament canon is not completely uniform among all major Christian groups including Roman Catholics, Protestants, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Slavic Orthodox Churches, and the Armenian Orthodox Church. However, the twenty-seven-book canon of the New Testament, at least since Late Antiquity, has been almost universally recognized within Christianity (see Development of the New Testament canon). The New Testament consists of: The

neg: Johannes Weiss teachings of the historical Jesus would be inapplicable to those who did not hold his first-century apocalyptic worldview. Weiss also developed form criticism in its application to the New Testament, a theme expanded upon by Rudolf Bultmann and many other scholars. This tool enabled Weiss to conclude that I Corinthians is a collection of excerpts from letters by the Apostle Paul, and not a single letter in its own right. Weiss is particularly notable for giving the name "Q" to the hypothetical sayings source used by the authors of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. Many hold