query: when did the british arrived in new zealand

pos: History of New Zealand History of New Zealand The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century,

pos: Treaty of Waitangi been made part of New Zealand municipal law. Nonetheless, the Treaty is widely regarded as the founding document of New Zealand. Waitangi Day was established as a national holiday in 1974 and commemorates the date of the signing of the Treaty. The first contact between the Māori and Europeans was in 1642, when Dutch explorer Abel Tasman arrived and was fought off, and again in 1769 when the English navigator Captain James Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain at the Mercury Islands. Nevertheless, the British government showed little interest in following up this claim for over half a century. The

pos: Early naval vessels of New Zealand by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. In 1841 New Zealand became a British colony followed by a period of Land Wars. New Zealand gradually became more self-governing and achieved the relative independence of a dominion in 1907. The first European known to reach New Zealand was the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who arrived in his ships, "Heemskerck" and "Zeehaen", in 1642. Over 100 years later, in 1769, the British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark "Endeavour" made the first of his three visits. In 1788 the colony of New South Wales was founded with a

pos: New Zealand 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933. The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and his crew in 1642. In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by canister shot. Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer James Cook mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons

neg: Thomas McDonnell Sr. Thomas McDonnell Sr. Thomas McDonnell Sr. (1788 in County Antrim, Ireland – 13 September 1864 in Onehunga, Auckland) was a timber trader and Additional British Resident in New Zealand. His oldest son was Colonel Thomas McDonnell. He first arrived in New Zealand, with his family, in 1831 and established a timber-trading business at Horeke on the Hokianga Harbour. He later returned to England and was appointed Additional British Resident in New Zealand in late 1834 or early 1835. He did not arrive back in New Zealand until July 1835. He resigned as Additional Resident just one year later after several

neg: 2nd New Zealand Division 1945. At the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, it was decided that New Zealand should provide an Expeditionary Force of one division, under then Major-General Bernard C. Freyberg. This force became known as 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force and the division, initially, as the New Zealand Division. The first echelon of 2NZEF Headquarters and a Brigade Group landed in Egypt in February 1940. The second echelon, also a Brigade Group, was diverted to Britain on Italy's entry into the war, joining British VII Corps and did not reach Egypt until March 1941. The third echelon arrived

neg: The Power of Four would know the words by the time they had arrived in New Zealand. However it was mentioned by a British and Irish Lions spokesman that the players were under no obligation to sing it. The BBC opined during the British and Irish Lions' warm-up game against Otago that it was not inspiring for the Lions supporters to sing. Austin Healey observed that the players did not appear to like The Power of Four when it was performed. Before the first Test match, it was noticed that despite British and Irish Lions fans being filmed singing The Power of Four, none

neg: History of the Jews in Oceania History of the Jews in Oceania The history of the Jews in Oceania starts with early explorers, sealers and whalers. Jewish and other settlers arrived in Oceania from the eighteenth century. They settled in Australia and New Zealand, and then on the smaller islands of Oceania. The history of the Jews in New Zealand began when Jewish traders arrived there during the 1830s. Before New Zealand became a British Colony in 1840, the Jewish population consisted of fewer than 30 people, including noted early settler Joel Samuel Polack. Immigration has led to four main groups: older families who came from

neg: New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage storage at Hutt: Mark 2E FO 3393, and Mark 2F TSO 5972/6039/6085/6091. They will be overhauled at a later date when time, space and funding allow (Mainline Steam Plimmerton is expanding its storage to hold all its stock). SD 5761 one of Ian Welch's original 15 BR Mark II's from 1997 was purchased by Mainline Steam and arrived on 22 August 2018 at Plimmerton from storage in Taumaranui for conversion into an observation carriage for the their BR MK2 rake of carriages. New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage The New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriages were built by

neg: Tangata whenua "hapū" would make collective decisions. Several (or many) "hapū" can trace their ancestry, usually on the male line, back to a particular waka, the ocean-going canoe upon which the common ancestors of that tribe arrived in Aotearoa New Zealand, and this unified level is called the "iwi". Until the British arrived, the "iwi" was not a governance unit, but was, among other things, a way to establish kinship and commonality—a kind of "who's who". For example, it is part of the formal greeting ceremony of "pōwhiri" when one group visits another. However, under British and subsequent New Zealand law, typically

neg: Maurice Herrold Maurice Herrold Maurice Herrold (25 June 1869 – 26 August 1949) was a New Zealand rugby union player. Born in India to English parents, Herrold arrived with his family in New Zealand in 1880. He was educated at Napier Boys' High School and then Auckland Grammar School. A halfback, Herrold eight times represented Auckland at a provincial level including two matches against touring 1888 British Lions. He was a member of the New Zealand national side on their 1893 tour to Australia. Troubled by injury he played two matches on the tour, but did not appear in any of the

neg: Tanks of New Zealand role in the defeat of German and Italian forces in the Second Battle of El Alamein and the British Eighth Army's advance to Tunisia. In June 1942 twenty-two M3 Hybrid Light Stuart Tanks were the first to arrive in New Zealand, and in October 1941 twenty Valentine Mk II tanks arrived in New Zealand, they were issued to the 1st Army Tank Brigade. More British Valentine tanks arrived and New Zealand received 98 Mk IIs, 80 Mk IIIs and 77 Mk Vs. A total of 18 Mk IIIs were converted with heavier 3 pounder guns. The New Zealand armoured forces

neg: Prior to 1800 in New Zealand legal rather than geographic sense before 1840 is complex and unclear. When the British colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 it nominally included New Zealand as far as 43°39'S (approximately halfway down the South Island). In the years before 1800 there was little interest shown in New Zealand except for the events of 1793 (see below). "For world events and topics before 1800 not specifically related to New Zealand see specific years" Prior to 1800 in New Zealand The first humans are thought to have arrived in New Zealand from Polynesia some time between 800AD and 1385AD.

neg: Horses in World War I fighting fronts in the war, only one, Sandy, was returned to Australia. New Zealand horses were also left behind; those not required by the British or Egyptian armies were shot to prevent maltreatment by other purchasers. The horses left behind did not always have good lives – the Brooke Trust was established in 1930 when a young British woman arrived in Cairo, only to find hundreds of previously Allied-owned horses living in poor conditions, having been sold to Egyptians after the cessation of the war. In 1934, the Old War Horse Memorial Hospital was opened by the trust, and is

neg: New Zealand Expeditionary Force by Major-General Bernard Freyberg, a British Army officer who had spent his early years in New Zealand and won a Victoria Cross in the First World War, ending it as a brigadier general, who had offered his services to the New Zealand Government. Freyberg would also be the commander of the 2NZEF. The first echelon of 2NZEF Headquarters and a Brigade Group landed in Egypt in February 1940. The second echelon, also a Brigade Group, was diverted to Britain on Italy's entry into the war and did not reach Egypt until March 1941. The third echelon arrived in Egypt in

neg: History of the Jews in New Zealand In 2012 a book titled "Jewish Lives in New Zealand" claimed that there were more than 20,000 Jewish people in New Zealand, including non-practising Jews. There are seven synagogues. History of the Jews in New Zealand Little is known of Jews in New Zealand before 1831, when Anglo-Jewish traders are known to have arrived. Their traditional roles as multi-lingual travellers between European ports gave them a flexibility in negotiating with the native Māori people. Spreading the news of economic possibilities to their economically depressed countrymen, they helped to urge development and emigration for people from the British Isles. Small numbers

neg: Greek New Zealanders southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. He arrived in New Zealand in 1798 aboard a Dutch-flagged merchant ship which later sank in Dunedin. He died in Dunedin in 1840 - the year the Treaty of Waitangi was signed. In 1832 Captain Economou arrived in New Zealand on a Dutch or British ship. He stayed in New Zealand and married a Māori woman. He assisted his father-in law at the Treaty of Waitangi. Seaman Nicolas Demetriou Mangos from Syros arrived in New Zealand in 1844. He was 17 years old, and jumped ship because his Dutch captain was reportedly cruel. He

neg: Dillon Bell France, where his father, Edward Bell, was the British consul. He grew up speaking both English and French fluently. When his family ran into financial problems, his father's cousin, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, managed to secure Bell a position as a clerk in the New Zealand Company's head office in London. As a result of office politics, however, it eventually became expedient for Bell to go to New Zealand in person, acting as an agent for the Company. Bell arrived in New Zealand in 1843. He moved around New Zealand considerably, visiting Auckland, Nelson, and the Wairarapa before finally becoming the

neg: Keith Windschuttle years after the British arrived. And the historians, except Lyndall Ryan, agree there were minimal hostilities before 1824. If the Aborigines had really felt the land was exclusively theirs, they would not have waited more than twenty years after the colonists arrived to do something about it". He contrasts this to the fiercely territorial Polynesian tribes of New Zealand, Tahiti and Tonga who fought off the British immediately. "The fact that the Tasmanian Aborigines did not respond in the same way is not to say they didn't love their country or were thereby deficient as human beings. They simply had

neg: Colonial Secretary of New Zealand Colonial Secretary of New Zealand The Colonial Secretary of New Zealand was an office established in 1840 and abolished in 1907. The office was similar to Colonial Secretaries found elsewhere in the British Empire. Along with the Chief Justice, the office was one of the first four created by Governor William Hobson when he arrived in New Zealand in January 1840. The Colonial Secretary's Office handled the creation of New Zealand's public service, and became the modern Department of Internal Affairs in 1907. The Colonial Secretary became known as the Minister of Internal Affairs from then on. The Colonial Secretary

neg: David Marques player, Marques was never in the position to be a prolific scorer, but he scored his one and only international try in the 1960 encounter with Ireland. In 1959 he was chosen to tour Australia and New Zealand with the British Lions. He played in 18 matches of the tour, including two Tests, the Second Test against Australia and Second Test versus New Zealand. Marques made an impression on the British Lions tour from the moment he arrived. When he stepped off the plane on its arrival at Australia, he was dressed as a stereotypical British gent in white shirt,

neg: New Zealand Company self-governing province, known as "New Victoria" and managed by the company for that purpose. Britain's Colonial Secretary rejected the proposal. Only 15,500 settlers arrived in New Zealand as part of the company's colonisation schemes, but three of its settlements would—along with Auckland—become and remain the country's "main centres" and provide the foundation for the system of provincial government introduced in 1853. The earliest organised attempt to colonise New Zealand came in 1825, when the New Zealand Company was formed in London, headed by the wealthy John George Lambton, MP. The company unsuccessfully petitioned the British Government for a 31-year term

neg: 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand were forced to delay their departures due to commitments to their French clubs. Jones arrived in New Zealand on 31 May, before the Lions played their first tour match, while Robinson arrived on 7 June. For a time, it was doubtful whether Thomas would be able to contend for a spot in the first Test, as he had not been released by his club, Toulouse. However, Toulouse lost in the Top 14 semi-finals, allowing Thomas to leave for New Zealand. Thomas also arrived in New Zealand on 7 June. Thomas eventually replaced Brian O'Driscoll as tour captain after O'Driscoll suffered

neg: Air force permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the "Royal" title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938 when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force but did not become independent of the New Zealand Army until 1937. Other British-influenced countries also established their own independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937 when Egyptian military aviation was separated from

neg: Socialism in New Zealand "socialist", although most within the party rejected this. One commentator has claimed that until the Russian Revolution of 1917, New Zealand was the most socialist country in the world, although many believe that this is overstating the case. Ideological socialism, when it arrived, mostly stemmed from Britain or other British colonies. Much of socialism's early growth was found in the labour movement, and often coincided with the growth of trade unions. The New Zealand Federation of Labour was influenced by socialist theories, as were many other labour organizations. In 1901, the New Zealand Socialist Party was founded, promoting the works

neg: Alfred Ludlam or the West Indies but a preserved specimen of the common iguana, collected by him on Tobago, is listed in an 1845 British Museum catalogue of lizards.) Alfred Ludlam was aged 30 when he arrived at Wellington on New Zealand's North Island on 12 December 1840 from Gravesend in England. He is listed as a "cabin passenger" aboard the 700-ton emigrant vessel "London", which sailed under the auspices of the New Zealand Company. (The company had been formed in London the previous year with the purpose of promoting the orderly colonisation of New Zealand by British settlers.) He prospered in

neg: Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories popular imagination. Some early visitors to New Zealand did speculate that the original New Zealanders might be descended from ancient Greeks, Romans or Egyptians, and some Christian missionaries thought that the Māori ancestors belonged to the lost tribes of Israel. In more recent times, outside of academia there has been even more variety in the speculation of New Zealand's first settlers. These ideas typically incorporate aspects of conspiracy theories as they are in opposition to the last 100 years of academic research. Maori oral traditions speak of spirits or fairy folk living in parts of New Zealand when they arrived.

neg: New Zealand–United Kingdom relations in recent years, forcing New Zealand and Australia to seek new markets and trade with the Asia-Pacific region. New Zealand has a large influence over former British colonies in the Pacific and the British territory of Pitcairn. Up to about the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline when the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community (now the

neg: Independence of New Zealand 1907. To regard it as a national independence day is incorrect, the change to dominion status was seen as "purely cosmetic." Despite this new status, there was some apprehension in 1919 when Prime Minister Bill Massey signed the Treaty of Versailles (giving New Zealand membership of the League of Nations), which indicated that New Zealand did have a degree of control over its foreign affairs. Massey was unequivocally an Imperialist, and fervently supported the British Empire. In 1926, the Balfour Declaration declared that the British Dominions were equal, which had the effect of granting New Zealand control over its own

neg: Mi-Sex The title track was the next single and peaked in the top 20 in New Zealand and top 30 in Australia. Although Mi-Sex toured Australia and New Zealand through 1981 – performing 366 gigs in that year – the group "found its popularity in slow decline." Burns told "The Australian Women's Weekly"s Susan Moore that "When we arrived new wave was very full-on and we had pretty much a street image. Then when we did "Space Race", which we felt was an extension of what we were doing, I guess some people didn't like the idea of a concept album

neg: NZR RM class (Vulcan) to build more cars in New Zealand. The order for ten more railcars was therefore placed overseas. The first Vulcan railcar arrived in New Zealand in September 1940. Three more arrived by April 1941, with all nine members in operation by the second half of 1942. Ten railcars were built, but only nine arrived in New Zealand as the ship carrying the tenth was sunk during World War II. The Vulcan railcars had a driver's compartment at each end, so they did not need to be turned at the terminus for the return journey. They originally had 28 and 22

neg: Christian Brethren Church of New Zealand he decided that the schism that had taken place in 1848 was irrelevant to New Zealand. Unlike Darby, he did not believe in maintaining insularity from non-Brethren Christians, and preached in churches of many denominations. He also allowed the New Zealand assemblies a degree of congregational autonomy that was unknown among the Exclusives in the British Isles. The slow pace of communication between the British Isles and the far-flung colony of New Zealand allowed Deck to operate more or less independently. When his son, John Field Deck returned to England in 1859 to study Medicine, however, and gravitated towards the

neg: Tanks of New Zealand in the field. It should be noted that the Bob Semple was intended more for national morale than practicable combat. The Schofield tank was a New Zealand indigenous design built in 1940 when it seemed certain the war might reach New Zealand but did not enter service. It was designed to run on either tracks or wheels. The New Zealand Division was supplied with the British Mk VI light tank built by Vickers-Armstrongs for the British Army during the interwar period. The Mark VI turret, was expanded in the Mk V to allow a three-man crew to operate the tank,

neg: History of the Jews in New Zealand History of the Jews in New Zealand Little is known of Jews in New Zealand before 1831, when Anglo-Jewish traders are known to have arrived. Their traditional roles as multi-lingual travellers between European ports gave them a flexibility in negotiating with the native Māori people. Spreading the news of economic possibilities to their economically depressed countrymen, they helped to urge development and emigration for people from the British Isles. Small numbers of Anglo-Jewish immigrants followed, some subsidized by a Jewish charity in London which had a mission of caring for the poor and orphaned young people in the community. These

neg: Royal New Zealand Navy with the sloop "Veronica" arrived in 1920, "Philomel" was transferred to the Division in 1921, as was the sloop "Torch", arrived in 1922 and then in 1924. and the minesweeper HMS "Wakakura" arrived in 1926. Between World War I and World War II, the New Zealand Division operated a total of 14 ships, including the cruisers HMS "Achilles" (joined 31 March 1937) and HMS "Leander", which replaced "Diomede" and "Dunedin" (replaced by "Leander" in 1937). From 1919–21 to October 1940, the Royal Navy formation around New Zealand was the New Zealand Station, sometimes rendered New Zealand Squadron. When Britain went

neg: Military Stores Department (New Zealand) Military Stores Department (New Zealand) The Military Stores Department (MSD) was a British army supply organisation that supplied the British Imperial Forces in the Colony of New Zealand from 1840 to 1870. In the early days of the New Zealand Colony, Governor William Hobson established the position of the Colonial Storekeeper (1840–1844) to service the needs of the nascent Colony. Concurrently a detachment of the 80th Regiment arrived from Sydney in April 1840 with a representative of the Board of Ordnance to cater for their Logistical needs. As with all the Imperial military activities in the Colony of New Zealand,

neg: Military Stores Department (New Zealand) pensioned whilst others continued to serve with the New Zealand Defence Store Department. Military Stores Department (New Zealand) The Military Stores Department (MSD) was a British army supply organisation that supplied the British Imperial Forces in the Colony of New Zealand from 1840 to 1870. In the early days of the New Zealand Colony, Governor William Hobson established the position of the Colonial Storekeeper (1840–1844) to service the needs of the nascent Colony. Concurrently a detachment of the 80th Regiment arrived from Sydney in April 1840 with a representative of the Board of Ordnance to cater for their Logistical needs.

neg: Comte de Paris (ship) the second captain Charles Armand Isidore Desprairies. The "Comte de Paris" arrived in Akaroa, New Zealand on August 13, 1840. Unknown to the French and German immigrants, they had landed in a British colony. This is because on February 30, 1840 the South Island chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi. The Treaty represents an agreement over land ownership between the British Crown and Māori tribes. The settlers were offered free passage to Tahiti or the Marquesas when they learnt that they had arrived in a British colony. None accepted this offer. The French Government then came to an agreement with

neg: Chatham Islands their former allies. Fighting was still in progress when the New Zealand Company ship "Cuba" arrived as part of a scheme to buy land for settlement. The Treaty of Waitangi, at that stage, did not apply to the islands. The company negotiated a truce between the two warring tribes. In 1841, the New Zealand Company had proposed to establish a German colony on the Chathams. The proposal was discussed by the directors and John Ward signed an agreement with Karl Sieveking of Hamburg on 12 September 1841. However, when the Colonial Office said that the islands were to be part

neg: Zeeland for the latter. Captain James Cook of Britain later Anglicised the name to "New Zealand" and, after British settlers arrived in New Zealand, English became the main language. The city of Zeeland in the US state of Michigan was settled in 1847 by Dutchman Jannes van de Luyster and was incorporated in 1907. The city still maintains a distinctive Dutch flavour. Flushing, a neighborhood within the borough of Queens, New York, is named after the city Flushing (Vlissingen in Dutch) in Zeeland. This dates from the period of the colony of New Netherland, when New York was still known as

neg: Feminism in New Zealand in sex-reform that include anti-discrimination provisions, child care services, etc. Arguably, Māori women have been involved with New Zealand feminism since 1840, when at least three Māori women were included in the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi which created New Zealand. This was significant at a time when women generally did not hold power within the British Empire. It is reported that these women were allowed to sign the treaty after the Māori women had expressed their anger at being excluded. The New Zealand suffragette movement included Māori women who also lobbied to be allowed to vote. In particular,

neg: Dave Gallaher rugby, including captaining the New Zealand military team that played ten games and won the rugby championship among the British forces. But he was not fit enough to play immediately upon his return to New Zealand, and so did not resume playing rugby for Ponsonby until the 1903 season. When he did return for his club, for the first match of the year, he was described as "the outstanding forward" in a comprehensive defeat of Parnell. Despite having missed two seasons of provincial rugby, Gallaher was included in the 22-man New Zealand representative squad to tour Australia during 1903. He

neg: Thomas Forsaith not been given. In the second session of the 1st Parliament, Forsaith, as a member of the minority which supported Wynyard, was appointed by Wynyard to lead an Executive. The other members of this Executive were Jerningham Wakefield, William Travers and James Macandrew. This appointed Cabinet did not have the confidence of Parliament and lasted only from 31 August to 2 September 1854. Forsaith's Ministry is the shortest in New Zealand's parliamentary history. When Browne arrived, he announced that self-government would begin with the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. No new Cabinet was formed before then, but when it did, responsible

neg: William George Stevens efforts, when war did break out in Europe in 1939, the infrastructure of New Zealand was well prepared for prompt mobilisation. In late 1939, Stevens accompanied Peter Fraser, the acting Prime Minister of New Zealand, to London for talks with the British government, advising him on military affairs. He had worked with Fraser previously as part of the Council of Defence. The 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF), consisting of a single division, the 2nd New Zealand Division, was then being raised in New Zealand for service overseas. Stevens, now a lieutenant colonel, was seconded to the 2NZEF and made

neg: New Zealand in the Korean War 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery and support elements arrived later during the conflict from New Zealand. The force arrived at Pusan on New Year's Eve and on 21 January joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade. The New Zealanders immediately saw combat and spent the next two and a half years taking part in the operations (most notably the Battle of Kapyong and the First Battle of Maryang San) which led the United Nations forces back to and over the 38th Parallel (with the NZ naval vessels being especially active in the inner Han River estuary), later recapturing Seoul

neg: European New Zealanders colony were exposed to a wide range of dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England. The native-born children of the colony created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them, and with it expressed peer solidarity. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech. The most commonly spoken European languages other than English in New Zealand are French and German. Another area of cultural influence are New Zealand Patriotic songs: Scottish architect Sir Basil Spence provided the original conceptual design of

neg: John Chambers (businessman) son in 1892, John Chambers and Son, importing mining equipment and other products; the company became a limited company in 1898. Chambers died in 1903 in the Parnell suburb of Auckland. John Chambers (businessman) John Chambers (c. 1839 – 27 September 1903) was a British citizen who became a New Zealand businessman and ironsands entrepreneur. He was born in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England in about 1839 and arrived in New Zealand in 1866. Chambers arrived in New Zealand in 1866 and realised that the ironsands on the beaches of Taranaki had iron production potential. The area takes its name from

neg: John Chambers (businessman) John Chambers (businessman) John Chambers (c. 1839 – 27 September 1903) was a British citizen who became a New Zealand businessman and ironsands entrepreneur. He was born in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England in about 1839 and arrived in New Zealand in 1866. Chambers arrived in New Zealand in 1866 and realised that the ironsands on the beaches of Taranaki had iron production potential. The area takes its name from Mount Taranaki, a volcano that rises above the beaches. Chambers twice tried to further international interest in the resources of the sands, but was thwarted at first by the lack of

neg: Geoffrey Cox (journalist) then went to Vienna and Paris for the "Daily Express" in which he broke the news in 1939 that British troops had arrived in France. He then covered the Winter War from Finland. He was critical of the Soviet attack on Finland but foresaw that the Red Army would defeat the Germans. He enlisted in the New Zealand Army, serving in Crete and North Africa as an Intelligence Officer on Freyberg's staff, then was First Secretary at the new New Zealand Embassy in Washington (when Walter Nash was Minister to the United States) before serving in Italy. In 1956 he

neg: Legal tender 1840, when the Governor of New South Wales by proclamation annexed New Zealand, or from 14 January 1840 when Captain Hobson Royal Navy was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor. The English Laws Act 1858 subsequently confirmed that English legislation passed prior to 14 January 1840 was and had been the law of New Zealand, as applicable to local circumstances. The (UK) Coinage Act 1816 therefore applied and British coins were confirmed as legal tender in New Zealand. Unusually, until 1989, the Reserve Bank did not have the right to issue coins as legal tender. Coins had to be issued by the

neg: 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand teams; for the first time, this included playing all five of the New Zealand Super Rugby franchises. The current form of the Super Rugby teams made this tour arguably one of the toughest undertaken by a British and Irish Lions team. The Lions arrived in New Zealand just two days before their first match against a Provincial Barbarians team. The Barbarian team was made up of players on the fringe of New Zealand Super Rugby teams, and included Bryn Gatland, son of Lions coach Warren Gatland. Surprisingly the Barbarians led 7–3 at half time, before Anthony Watson scored for the

neg: Thomas McCarthy Fennell convict ship bound for Western Australia. The "Hougoumont" departed Portland on 12 October 1867 and arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia on 9 January 1868. Fennell remained in the Western Australian penal system until March 1871, when he received a conditional pardon under a Royal Clemency announced by William Ewart Gladstone the previous December. Banned from returning to the United Kingdom, Fennell sailed for New Zealand in May 1871. On arrival, he was immediately arrested and deported to New South Wales, as New Zealand had laws restricting immigration of ex-convicts. New South Wales had similar laws, but did not arrest him,

neg: History of New Zealand pursued a slow rearmament programme. When World War II broke out in September 1939, it recommended to London a negotiated peace with Berlin; however after the fall of France in the spring of 1940, it did support the British war effort militarily and economically. When war broke out in 1939, New Zealanders saw their proper role as defending their proud place in the British Empire. It contributed some 120,000 troops. They mostly fought in North Africa, Greece/Crete, and Italy, relying on the Royal Navy and later the United States to protect New Zealand from the Japanese forces. Japan had no

neg: Falkland Islands English the kelp surrounding the islands (sometimes used pejoratively in Argentina) and ‘smoko’, for a smoking break (as in Australia and New Zealand). The word ‘yomp’ was used by the British armed forces during the Falklands War but is passing out of usage. In recent years, a substantial Saint Helenian population has arrived, mainly to do low-paid work, and they too have a distinct form of English. The Falkland Islands, a cluster of 780 islands off the eastern coast of Argentina, had no indigenous population when the British arrived to explore the islands in 1690. Continuous settlement dates only to 1833,

neg: Heather Stanning the reigning world champions Haigh and Scown of New Zealand. Great Britain did not enter round 2 of the World Cup in Hamburg due to an outbreak in the area. Glover and Stanning finished second in the 2011 World Rowing Championships at Lake Bled, Slovenia, 0.1 seconds behind the winning New Zealand crew of Haigh and Scown, despite both getting a stomach bug when they arrived in Slovenia. Their coach Robin Williams described it as "a gold medal performance without getting the gold medal". In 2015, after retaining their world championship, Stanning said "“Thinking back four years we were clear

neg: Richard Packer (politician) Richard Packer (politician) Richard Packer (1794 – 27 July 1872) was a New Zealand politician and Member of Parliament from 1856–1859 representing the Town of Christchurch electorate. He was also a member of the Canterbury Provincial Council, including its treasurer. Packer lived in Claverton near Bath in the County of Somerset, England, when he decided to emigrate to New Zealand, which he did in 1851. He took up employment as church steward. His family arrived in Lyttelton on 31 May 1851 on the ship "Travancore". Packer was elected to the first Canterbury Provincial Council in 1853, together with Samuel Bealey

neg: Helen Glover (rower) seconds. They went on to win both the Munich and Lucerne World Rowing Cup regattas, beating the reigning world champions Haigh and Scown of New Zealand. Great Britain did not enter round 2 of the World Cup in Hamburg due to an outbreak in the area. Glover and Stanning finished second in the 2011 World Rowing Championships at Lake Bled, Slovenia, 0.1 seconds behind the winning New Zealand crew of Haigh and Scown, despite both getting a stomach bug when they arrived in Slovenia. Their coach Robin Williams described it as "a gold medal performance without getting the gold medal".

neg: Sydney Caulton Sydney Caulton The Rt Revd Sydney Gething Caulton (1895 – 23 August 1976) was a British clergyman who spent much of his career in New Zealand and the South Pacific. A graduate of St Chad's College, Durham University, where he gained his M.A., Caulton was ordained in Liverpool in 1922, and remained there until 1930 when he became a missionary in the Diocese of Melanesia. He arrived in New Zealand in 1937, with his wife and son, to become Vicar of Whakatane, and then Vicar of St Peter's, Onehunga. He was inducted Vicar of St Mary's, and installed as Dean

neg: Edward Marsh Williams Edward Marsh Williams Edward Marsh Williams (2 November 1818 in Hampstead, London – 11 October 1909) was a missionary, interpreter, and judge who played a significant role in the British colonisation of New Zealand. He was the eldest son of Archdeacon Henry Williams and Marianne Williams. At the age of 22 in 1840, when Captain William Hobson arrived in New Zealand, Edward — who had grown up among the Māori at Paihia, and as a result was fluent in "Te Reo" and understood Māori culture — helped his father translate the Treaty of Waitangi into Te Reo. Edward was appointed

neg: Robert Arthur Owens Robert Arthur Owens Sir Robert Arthur (Bob) Owens (26 August 1921 – 5 September 1999) was a Tauranga businessman and was Mayor of both Tauranga and the nearby Mount Maunganui in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. He later moved from Mount Maunganui (which has the Port of Tauranga) to Auckland. He was knighted in 1997. He was born in Manchester and educated at Manchester Grammar School and Liverpool Technical College. He was in the British merchant service from 1937 to 1946 when he arrived in New Zealand. He was Chief Officer holding a Master Mariner’s Certificate and on Royal

neg: William Swainson (lawyer) Maori chiefs in these areas. At an Executive Council meeting, 29 December 1842, Swainson said that those parts of New Zealand where Maori chiefs refused to sign the Treaty or had not been asked to sign were not British territory. Willoughby Shortland, the Colonial Secretary for New Zealand, who was also at the meeting, asked Swainson to prepare a paper about this. Swainson said it was possible that English law and Maori customary law might coexist. Lord Edward Stanley, Secretary of the Colonies, was angry with the paper when it arrived in England. Stanley's Undersecretary, James Stephen, said that although

neg: Catholic Church in New Zealand clergy in Oceania. Catholic Church in New Zealand The Catholic Church in New Zealand is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, which, inspired by the life, death and teachings of Jesus Christ, and under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Roman curia in Vatican City (within Rome) is the largest Christian church in the world. Catholic settlers first arrived in the 1820s, with British settlement of New Zealand. Catholicism is the largest New Zealand Christian denomination having, according to the 2013 census, 492,384 members or around 11.07 percent of the total population. In New Zealand there is one Archdiocese

neg: Catholic Church in New Zealand Catholic Church in New Zealand The Catholic Church in New Zealand is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, which, inspired by the life, death and teachings of Jesus Christ, and under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Roman curia in Vatican City (within Rome) is the largest Christian church in the world. Catholic settlers first arrived in the 1820s, with British settlement of New Zealand. Catholicism is the largest New Zealand Christian denomination having, according to the 2013 census, 492,384 members or around 11.07 percent of the total population. In New Zealand there is one Archdiocese (Wellington) and five

neg: New Zealand national rugby league team the NU game. The NU agreed to the tour provided that some of those original All Blacks were included in the New Zealand team. George Smith arrived back in New Zealand and after learning of Baskerville's plans, the two teamed up and began signing players. The New Zealand Rugby Union became aware of the tour and promptly applied pressure to any All Black or New Zealand representative player it suspected of involvement. They had the New Zealand Government's Agent General in London deliver a statement to the British press in an effort to undermine the tour's credibility. This had little

neg:
New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games gold. New Zealand has competed in every games, starting with the British Empire Games in 1930 at Hamilton, Ontario. The following table lists the number of New Zealand competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

 Percival Stowers and Cliff Johnson accompanied the team as emergencies, but did not compete.

 New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games was represented by a team of 69 competitors and 13 officials, including 18 athletes, 15 rowers, eight swimmers and divers, and seven each

neg: Thomas McDonnell Sr. disputes with British Resident James Busby. After ongoing disputes with Māori, other settlers and officials in the Hokianga, McDonnell moved to Whangarei in 1858, and then immediately to Onehunga. He died there after a fall from his horse in 1864. Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966 Thomas McDonnell Sr. Thomas McDonnell Sr. (1788 in County Antrim, Ireland – 13 September 1864 in Onehunga, Auckland) was a timber trader and Additional British Resident in New Zealand. His oldest son was Colonel Thomas McDonnell. He first arrived in New Zealand, with his family, in 1831 and established a timber-trading business at Horeke on

neg: William Hobson William Hobson Captain William Hobson RN (26 September 1792 – 10 September 1842) was a British naval officer who served as the first Governor of New Zealand. He was a co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi. Hobson was dispatched from London in August 1839 with instructions to take the constitutional steps needed to establish a British colony in New Zealand. He was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor in Sydney (under George Gipps) and arrived in New Zealand on 29 January 1840. On 5 February 1840, Hobson met with Māori chiefs at Waitangi, where they signed a treaty by which the chiefs

neg: William Hobson Biography" cites: William Hobson Captain William Hobson RN (26 September 1792 – 10 September 1842) was a British naval officer who served as the first Governor of New Zealand. He was a co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi. Hobson was dispatched from London in August 1839 with instructions to take the constitutional steps needed to establish a British colony in New Zealand. He was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor in Sydney (under George Gipps) and arrived in New Zealand on 29 January 1840. On 5 February 1840, Hobson met with Māori chiefs at Waitangi, where they signed a treaty by which

neg: 252nd Tunnelling Company 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in

neg: Charles Heaphy Charles Heaphy Charles Heaphy VC (1820 – 3 August 1881) was an English-born New Zealand explorer and recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest military award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first soldier of the New Zealand armed forces to be awarded the VC. He was also a noted artist and executed several works of early colonial life in New Zealand. Born in England, Heaphy joined the New Zealand Company in 1839. He arrived in New Zealand later that year and was commissioned to

neg: Charles Heaphy Charles Heaphy Charles Heaphy VC (1820 – 3 August 1881) was an English-born New Zealand explorer and recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest military award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first soldier of the New Zealand armed forces to be awarded the VC. He was also a noted artist and executed several works of early colonial life in New Zealand. Born in England, Heaphy joined the New Zealand Company in 1839. He arrived in New Zealand later that year and was commissioned to

neg: Walter Nash Walter Nash Sir Walter Nash (12 February 1882 – 4 June 1968) was a British-born New Zealand politician who served as the 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand in the Second Labour Government from 1957 to 1960. He is noted for his long period of political service, having been associated with the New Zealand Labour Party since its creation. Nash was born in Kidderminster, England, and is the most recent New Zealand prime minister to be born outside the country. He arrived in New Zealand in 1909, soon joining the Labour Party, and became a member of the party's executive

neg: History of Western civilization smallpox, to which they had no biological immunity. From the early 19th century, New Zealand was being visited by explorers, sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers and was administered by Britain from the nearby colony at New South Wales. In 1840 Britain signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the natives of New Zealand, the Māori, in which Britain gained sovereignty over the archipelago. As British settlers arrived, clashes resulted and the British fought several wars before defeating the Māori. By 1870, New Zealand had a population made up mostly of Britons and their descendants. Following independence from Britain, the United States

neg: HMS Queen Mary pass on "Shark"s message to Beatty at 7:36, but did not manage to make contact until 07:55. Beatty reversed course when he got the message and dispatched "New Zealand" to search for "Roon". She was being overhauled by "New Zealand" when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 09:00. Beatty ordered "New Zealand" to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough. The British forces split going around the shallow Southwest Patch of the Dogger Bank; Beatty's ships passed to the north, while Warrender passed to the south as they headed west to block the main route through

neg: Indefatigable-class battlecruiser been specifically tasked to relay messages between the destroyers and Beatty. Warrender attempted to pass on Shark's message to Beatty at 7:36, but did not manage to make contact until 7:55. Beatty reversed course when he got the message and dispatched "New Zealand" to search for "Roon". She was being overhauled by "New Zealand" when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 9:00. Beatty ordered "New Zealand" to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough. The British forces split going around the shallow Southwest Patch of the Dogger Bank; Beatty's ships passed to the north while Warrender

neg: Military history of New Zealand during World War I and British comrades. In 1919, Field Marshal Sir Edmund Allenby, said this of the New Zealand soldiers in the Sinai campaign; A total of 17,723 New Zealanders served in this campaign and New Zealand casualties were 640 killed in action and 1,146 wounded. While in England – either freshly arrived from New Zealand or having already served at Gallipoli and awaiting transfer to the Western Front – New Zealand troops were stationed at Sling Camp, an annexe of Bulford Camp in Wiltshire. The troops who were still stationed at the camp at the end of the war created the giant

neg: New Zealand Tunnelling Company Company arrived at Marieux on the Somme, where it began constructing dug-outs beneath the British trenches. On 20 August, the unit ended its underground works in the sector. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company was next involved in the Battle of Havrincourt, opening on 12 September 1918, which began the German retreat back to the Belgian border. On 28 September, the unit started the construction of a military bridge at Havrincourt, which took until 5 October. When finished, the construction was the longest bridge on the Western Front. In autumn of 1918, the unit constructed further military bridges. These bridges allowed

neg: Catholic Church in New Zealand came to New Zealand. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 and were the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand and began work in health care and education. The Congregation of Our Lady of the Missions arrived in Napier in 1867. When Patrick Moran arrived as the first Catholic Bishop of Dunedin in February 1871, he was accompanied by ten Dominican nuns from the Sion Hill Convent, Dublin, and they proceeded to establishing their schools within days of unpacking. In 1876, the same bishop obtained the services of the Christian Brothers who opened their

neg: Nanto-Bordelaise Company this position until 1846, when formal agreements between the French government and the Nanto-Bordelaise Company settlement ended. The question of sovereignty remained a complex one, which the local colonial authorities were unable to solve. Eventually, the British Government resolved that the company would be awarded four acres of land for every £1 they could prove to have spent on the settlement. On 30 June 1849, the company's remaining New Zealand properties were bought by the New Zealand Company for the sum of £4,500. A second ship carrying more French settlers, "Monarch", arrived at Akaroa in 1850. Akaroa and the nearby

neg: Tanks of New Zealand Campaign, having a leading part in the Second Battle of El Alamein. The brigade arrived in Italy in October 1943 and took part in a number of battles over the course of a sixteen-month campaign in Italy. Upon formation the 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade was initially composed only of one regiment, the 19th Armoured Regiment. However, by the time it deployed to Italy in October 1943 it was composed of the following units: The armoured regiments were organized along British lines although with fewer tanks than their British counterparts. A New Zealand armoured regiment consisted of 52 Sherman tanks.

neg: Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia East Air Force. The Dakotas were used to drop supplies to British and Malay forces engaging the MRLA, and one aircraft was stationed permanently in Kuala Lumpur to carry out this role, away from No. 41 Squadron's usual station in Hong Kong. By the time the New Zealand planes were withdrawn in December 1951, they had carried out 211 sorties, dropping 284,000 kilograms of supplies. From 1949 there were also several New Zealand Army officers serving on secondment to British units in Malaya. A further ten officers, along with fourteen non-commissioned officers arrived in January 1951 leading the 1st Battalion

neg: Algernon Phillips Withiel Thomas It was only with the visit in 1926 of Frank Heath, permanent secretary of the British DSIR, along with a decision by the British Empire Marketing Board to fund agricultural research in New Zealand, that a body to advise on the promotion of science in industry, also known as the DSIR, was formed. Notwithstanding the suggestion of Francis Dillon Bell, the New Zealand Agent General in London 'that a Mrs Professor would be a very great addition to the colony', Thomas arrived in New Zealand a bachelor although there are indications he had an unsuccessful shipboard romance on the outward

neg: History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890 History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890 This article describes the history of New Zealand cricket to 1890. European colonisation of New Zealand, particularly by British settlers, began in earnest after 1800. It may safely be assumed that cricket was first played there soon after the English arrived. The earliest definite reference to cricket in New Zealand appears in 1832 in the diary of Archdeacon Henry Williams. Three years later, HMS Beagle visited the Bay of Islands on its voyage round the globe. Charles Darwin watched a game of cricket at Waimate North being played by freed Maori slaves

neg: 179th Tunnelling Company of the Western Front. Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus

neg: New Zealand–North Korea relations years after the 1953 armistice, although the last New Zealand soldiers did not leave until 1957 and a single liaison officer remained until 1971. A total of 3,794 New Zealand soldiers served in K-FORCE and 1,300 in the Navy deployment. After some debate, on 26 July 1950, the New Zealand Government announced it would raise a volunteer military force to serve with UN forces in Korea. The government raised what was known as "Kayforce" (K-Force), a total of 1,044 men selected from among volunteers. An artillery regiment and support elements arrived later during the conflict from New Zealand. The force

neg: History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890 from late January to early March 1890, playing five first-class matches. After drawing the first match against Auckland, they beat Canterbury, Otago, Wellington, and Auckland in a second match. Sydney Callaway took 32 wickets, and later moved to New Zealand, where he played for Canterbury. History of cricket in New Zealand to 1890 This article describes the history of New Zealand cricket to 1890. European colonisation of New Zealand, particularly by British settlers, began in earnest after 1800. It may safely be assumed that cricket was first played there soon after the English arrived. The earliest definite reference to cricket

neg: 1853 New Zealand general election did not have representation in Parliament. 1853 New Zealand general election The 1853 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 1st term. It was the first national election ever held in New Zealand, although Parliament did not yet have full authority to govern the colony, which was part of the British Empire at that time. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, established a bicameral New Zealand Parliament, with the lower house (the House of Representatives) being elected by popular vote. Votes were

neg: New Zealand Army from New Zealand. The force arrived at Pusan on New Year's Eve, and on 21 January, joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade. The New Zealanders immediately saw combat and spent the next two and a half years taking part in the operations which led the United Nations forces back to and over the 38th Parallel, later recapturing Seoul in the process. Through the 1950s, New Zealand Army forces were deployed to the Malayan Emergency, and the Confrontation with Indonesia. A Special Air Service squadron was raised for this commitment, but most forces came from the New Zealand infantry battalion in

neg: Desert Mounted Corps when the 2nd LH Brigade were counter-attacked. The whole British attack faltered and they withdrew a short distance into a night time defensive position. The remainder of the infantry brigade and two mountain artillery batteries arrived at midday the next day. Turkish reinforcements had also arrived during the day and continued their attack against the 2nd LH Brigades position. To their rear at Es Salt the 1st LH Brigade came under attack from the 3rd Turkish Cavalry Division and two infantry brigades. Chaytor planned a new attack that night, the New Zealand Brigade were tasked to capture a large hill

neg: HNLMS Tromp (1937) October 1942 when the cruiser returned to Sydney to replace her radar. Upon completion, she undertook a visit to New Zealand before returning to Fremantle at the end of the year in concert with a British troopship, "Nestor". In February 1943, while based out of Fremantle, "Tromp" was assigned to the US Seventh Fleet, tasked with conducting convoy escort around Australia and in the Indian Ocean. Throughout the year, "Tromp" undertook further convoy escorts until October when Commander F. Stam arrived to take over command. In January 1944, "Tromp" was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet based at Colombo, in

neg: Pākehā "To say something is Pakeha in character is not to diminish its New Zealand-ness, as some people imply. It is to emphasise it." New Zealand politicians from across the political spectrum use the term, including Don Brash, John Key, Helen Clark, and Te Ururoa Flavell. The point at which European settlers in New Zealand became —or indeed New Zealanders—is subjective. The first European settlers arrived in New Zealand in the early nineteenth century, but most were missionaries, traders and adventurers who did not intend to stay permanently. From the 1840s, following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the

neg: New Zealand English parts of continental Europe. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. New Zealand ceased to be part of New South Wales and became a British colony on 1 July 1841. Gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865), caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the population from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. Between 1864 and 1865, under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, 13 ships carrying citizens of England, Ireland and South Africa arrived in New Zealand under the Waikato Immigration Scheme.

neg: Percival Hall-Thompson the fledgling Royal Australian Navy. An approach was made to the British Admiralty for assistance and Hall-Thompson, who had hyphenated his name after his marriage to Helen Sidney Deacon in 1899, was accordingly appointed naval advisor to New Zealand. He commenced a three-year term on 1 May 1914, which also included command of , a , loaned to New Zealand as a seagoing training cruiser. He arrived in New Zealand with his family on 24 June 1914 and settled in Wellington to begin implementing a training program for New Zealand cadets. He took "Philomel" on its first cruise in New

neg: Military history of New Zealand during World War II have New Zealanders serving under British command. Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) pilots, many trained in the Empire Air Training Scheme, were sent to Europe. But unlike the other Dominions, New Zealand did not insist on its aircrews serving with RNZAF squadrons, so speeding up the rate at which they entered service. And the Long Range Desert Group was formed in North Africa in 1940 with New Zealand and Rhodesian as well as British volunteers, but included no Australians for the same reason. The New Zealand government placed the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy at the Admiralty's

neg: Alexander Godley he had been in line for command of an infantry brigade and was concerned that being posted to remote New Zealand would be detrimental to his career. He arrived in New Zealand to take up his duties in December 1910. Promoted to temporary major general, Godley, together with fourteen British Army officers seconded to the New Zealand Military Forces, was tasked with reorganising and instilling professionalism in the military establishment of the country. Compulsory military training had recently been introduced by the government but with little thought as to its implementation. In refining the New Zealand Military Forces, Godley drew

neg: Military history of Australia during World War I in their trenches, were able to attack the Turkish right flank, and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and British 5th Mounted Brigade arrived from their deployment protecting the Suez Canal, to extend the Australians' line on the left flank. The Turkish and German advance was stopped by the fire brought to bear on them by the combined British infantry and Australian, British and New Zealand mounted forces and the deep sand, the midday summer heat, and thirst. In these extremely tough conditions, the British infantry were unable to move effectively against the retreating German and Turkish force in the

neg: Cook Islands were accepted, the islands being declared parts of Her Britannic Majesty's dominions. These instruments did not include Aitutaki. It appears that, though the inhabitants regarded themselves as British subjects, the Crown's title was uncertain, and the island was formally annexed by Proclamation dated 9October 1900. The islands were included within the boundaries of the Colony of New Zealand in 1901 by Order in Council under the Colonial Boundaries Act, 1895 of the United Kingdom. The boundary change became effective on 11June 1901 and the Cook Islands have had a formal relationship with New Zealand ever since. When the British Nationality

neg: New Zealand national rugby union team overseas toured New South Wales; where New Zealand won all eight of their games. A privately organised British team, which later became the British and Irish Lions, toured New Zealand in 1888. No test matches were played, and the side only played provincial sides. The British players were drawn mainly from Northern England, but there were representatives from Wales and Scotland. In 1892, following the canvassing of provincial administrators by Ernest Hoben, the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) was formed by the majority of New Zealand's provincial unions, but did not include Canterbury, Otago or Southland. The first officially

neg: British Chinese descended from people who were themselves overseas Chinese when they first arrived in the UK. Most are from former British colonies, such as: Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Mauritius. People from mainland China and Taiwan and their descendants constitute a relatively minor proportion of the British Chinese community. Chinese communities are found in many major cities including: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Sheffield, Nottingham, Belfast, and Aberdeen. Compared with most ethnic minorities in the UK, the Chinese are socioeconomically more widespread and decentralised, have a record of high academic achievement, and have one

neg: 20th Battalion (New Zealand) the supporting artillery and anti-tank units were unable to break through, leaving the two New Zealand brigades in position on the exposed ridge. Kippenberger had difficulty with his radio communications and made a dash through enemy lines to make contact with the British armour. On reaching one of the British brigades, its commanding officer resisted Kippenberger's entreaties to advance and it was not until a passing British general authorised the move that the British mounted up. By the time the armoured support arrived, the flanking battalion of the 5th Brigade had been overrun, leaving the battalions of the 4th Brigade

neg: Christchurch International Airport Air New Zealand Boeing 747-200 service to Los Angeles via Honolulu and Nadi (known as the southern connection) departed in October 1985. In October 1986 Singapore Airlines started Boeing 747 services to the city. The following month the first British Airways Boeing 747 flight from London arrived. In July 1987 Ansett New Zealand started flying on domestic trunk routes using Boeing 737 aircraft. Also in 1987 the terminal was extended to accommodate Ansett New Zealand and new Air New Zealand lounges; and domestic airbridges were added. Thai Airways began a weekly DC-10 service from Bangkok in November 1988. In March