query: when did the us take over puerto rico

pos: History of Puerto Rico they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900, which established a civil government, and the Jones Act of 1917, which made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens, paved the way for the drafting of Puerto Rico's Constitution and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952. However, the political status of Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth controlled by the United States remains The settlement of Puerto Rico began with the

pos: Melville Fuller something in between: "noncitizen nationals". In this famous immigration case, Isabel Gonzalez arrived from Puerto Rico at Ellis Island in August 1902. Immigration Commissioner William Williams held her as an "illegal" with plans to deport Gonzalez back to San Juan, Puerto Rico. She appealed her case, whereby the Court ruled in favor of Gonzalez and allowed her to remain in the US. Fuller's opinion did not go so far as to claim that she was automatically a US citizen, however, he recognized that Puerto Rico was a territory of the US (as of the 1898 Spanish–American War), and therefore Gonzales

pos: Puerto Rico on stamps were also initially overprinted "PORTO RICO" and later "PUERTO RICO". U.S. stamps are now used on the island. Insular Territories were commemorated over three months of October to December 1937, in four 3-cent stamps commemorating Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. The third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring 'La Fortaleza', the Spanish Governor's Palace. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in an 1898 treaty ending the Spanish–American War. Though some thought the stamp was limited to Puerto Rico, it was valid throughout the U.S. and its territories. The first free election for governor of the US territory of

pos: Stratified reproduction Puerto Rican women in Puerto Rico and New York and Mexican-origin women in Los Angeles. Once Puerto Rico became a US colony in 1898, people began to talk about Puerto Rico being overpopulated. To deal with this a large portion, over 34% of mothers aged 20–49, were sterilized. Not all women chose to be sterilized. Many of these women were used for contraceptive testing without their knowledge. Mexican-origin women were another community that experiences forced sterilization. They were non consensual sterilizations. These sterilizations came from the idea that Latinas are over-populating the US. In his article, Leo Chavez discusses Latina

pos: Puerto Rico Police are 601 Franklin D. Roosevelt Avenue in San Juan. The Puerto Rico Police traces its history back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created "La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico" (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans, who at the time were Spanish subjects. It provided police services to the entire island, although many municipalities maintained their own police force. Since invading and taking possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898, as a result of the Spanish–American War, the United States has controlled the island as a US territory.

pos: Puerto Rican literature the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. Denis's history book "War Against All Puerto Ricans", about the evolution of US-Puerto Rico relations since 1898, was the best-selling book in Puerto Rico in 2015 and 2016. David Gonzalez is an award-winning journalist at the New York Times. Over a 25-year career, Gonzalez has written hundreds of stories in the "New York Times" which deal with the history, culture, politics and people of Puerto Rico. In 2013, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists inducted Gonzalez into its Hall of Fame, in recognition of his lifetime of committed and compassionate journalism. Gerson Borrero is

pos: Captaincy General of Puerto Rico parliament and the municipal councils occurred in early 1898. The island legislature first met in July, only eight days before the US invasion of the island. Following Spain's defeat, the US annexed Puerto Rico as a territory. Captaincy General of Puerto Rico The Captaincy General of Puerto Rico () was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire, created in 1580 to provide better military management of the island of Puerto Rico, previously under the direct rule of a simple governor and the jurisdiction of Audiencia of Santo Domingo. Its creation was part of the, ultimately futile, Habsburg attempt in the

pos: Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico de Lares." Mattei Lluberas and the Puerto Rican Commission in New York had been trying to convince President William McKinley to invade Puerto Rico for some time. After the US took control of Cuba, McKinley approved the invasion of Puerto Rico. A convoy of ships left Tampa, Florida and on July 21 another convoy departed from Guantánamo for a 4-day journey to Puerto Rico. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, ratified on December 10, 1898, the United States annexed Puerto Rico. Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico The Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico () was founded by

pos: Puerto Rico National Guard those at El Morro. After the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States. US military authorities discussed Puerto Rico's military value. It offered tremendous commercial value in expanding commerce among the US, Central and South America. Because of the political changes in the beginning of the 20th century, the strategic military importance of Puerto Rico grew. In 1906, a group of Puerto Ricans met with the Governor Winthrop, and the Commissioner of Interior, Lawrence H. Graham, to organize a National Guard of Puerto Rico. The public supported this effort and some companies were organized, in

neg: Military of Puerto Rico encourage other Hispanic organizations to ally themselves with the US Army." LNESC promotes military recruitment in educational service centers in several US cities and in Puerto Rico. The US military installations in Puerto Rico are part of the US Atlantic Command (LANTCOM). LANTCOM has authority over all US military operations that take place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico has been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission. Both the Naval Forces Caribbean (NFC) and the Fleet Air Caribbean (FAIR) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The NFC has authority over all US Naval activity in the waters

neg: Antonio S. Luchetti amended the Organic Act of Puerto Rico to authorize public corporations to issuance of bonds without such condition. Luchetti tried to take advantage of this federal initiative, but encountered opposition to this plan when the US-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico, Blanton Winship, vetoed the project in 1938 on the grounds that it was incompatible with the 1917 Jones-Shafroth Act. Lucchetti did not give up on his efforts to create the power infrastructure he sensed the Island needed. He continued to try to kickoff his plan through efforts in the U.S. Congress. However, but due to the reluctance of the insular

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Sugar Refining Company, which also dominated Puerto Rico's economy. This company was later renamed as the Domino Sugar company. In effect, Charles Allen leveraged his governorship of Puerto Rico into a controlling interest over the entire Puerto Rican economy. The Federal government did not quite know how to classify Puerto Ricans at first. In 1904, the Immigration Service implemented more strict regulations that classified people from Puerto Rico as aliens who tried to enter the US, although previously they had easily migrated. In a case carried to the US Supreme Court by Isabel González in 1904, the court ruled that

neg: Ana Maria Archila after Hurricane Maria. Archila warned that Puerto Rico was lacking in proper governmental organization in advance of the following hurricane season. She advocated for debt relief to alleviate economic problems in Puerto Rico. Archila pointed in particular to Bank of Santander as an example of economic debt pressures on Puerto Rico in the wake of Hurricane Maria. Archila said Puerto Rico was not getting responsive assistance from the US federal government, because the United States Congress did not view the locality as within their representation duties. On September 28, 2018, US Senator Jeff Flake announced his intention to vote for

neg: Military of Puerto Rico of the Caribbean while FAIR has authority over all US military flights and air operations over the Caribbean. With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities, the US Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico, except for the ships that steam by, and the only significant military naval presence in the island is the U.S. Navy Reserve Naval Operational Support Center Puerto Rico (NOSC Puerto Rico) at Fort Buchanan, the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards. The U.S. Coast Guard maintains presence at Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen and Coast Guard Station San Juan. The

neg: Municipalities of Puerto Rico bill that would reduce the current 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico down to 20. The bill called for a referendum to take place on June 13, 2010, which would let the people decide on the matter. However, the bill never made into law. It was not the first time that an attempt to consolidate municipalities had failed. In 1902 the Puerto Rico legislature, under pressure from the US.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, passed a law consolidating the then-76 municipalities of Puerto Rico into 46. The law was repealed three years later. With the serious fiscal crisis that emerged in the

neg: Loíza, Puerto Rico public city buses. Take the T5 or C53 to Isla Verde, and then get on the C45 and take it to its termination in Loiza. There is no public transportation connecting Loiza to the eastern cities of PR, and there are few if any hotels and guest houses in Loiza itself, but there are resorts in Rio Grande. Loíza, Puerto Rico Loíza () is a town and municipality on the northeastern coast of Puerto Rico, north of Canóvanas; east of Carolina, Puerto Rico; and west of Río Grande, Puerto Rico. Loíza is spread over five wards and Loíza Pueblo (the

neg: Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) PIP and Bar Association of Puerto Rico presented their own Constituent Assembly proposal and public hearings were scheluded. However, the approval of 2.5 millions for a referendum overseen by the US Department of Justice in the Obama administration's budget led to a pause in actions. Despite the development, the "soberanistas" felt that a Constituent Assembly should take place first, serving as the negotiation table between Puerto Rico, the US Department of Justice and Congress, with the viable options that emerged from this collaboration being voted for in a referendum. The onset of the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis pushed the status

neg: Downes v. Bidwell did not apply to imports from Puerto Rico since Puerto Rico had ceased to be a foreign country. However, the Foraker Act now levied customs specifically on imports from Puerto Rico. Downes disputed its constitutionality on the grounds that such duties were under the jurisdiction of Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution, which provides that "all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." Since the duty on oranges did not exist for other parts of the United States, he argued that it should not exist for Puerto Rico. The Supreme Court decided 5-4 that

neg: Puerto Rico Republican Party split in the Republican Statehood Party between leaders Miguel A. García Méndez and Luis A. Ferré over the 1967 status plebiscite led to the formation of the New Progressive Party (NPP). The division caused the Republican Statehood Party to be dissolved after the 1968 elections when it did not poll the number of votes necessary to retain its party registration. The New Progressive Party went on to win the 1968 elections. The Republican Party of Puerto Rico believes in equality and full citizenship rights for U.S. citizens of Puerto Rico, which can only be achieved through statehood for Puerto Rico.

neg: Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War a pro-statehood referendum was considered, Muñoz decided to take a counterintuitive step and involved US Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson, leading to the Senate's action. By altering Fernós's strategy, the process took a turn to the worst, when it conflicted with US Sen. Henry M. Jackson, the congressman directly in charge of the debate status within the Senate. In the subsequent public hearings, Jackson went on to become the notable figure to notice that under the Commonwealth, Puerto Rico was still under the jurisdiction of the territorial clause, exposing the contradictions between this fact and the case that the United States

neg: Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 U.S. 1 (1982), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States heard on appeal from the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico whether Puerto Rico may by statute vest in a political party the power to fill an interim vacancy in the Puerto Rico Legislature. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico held that such a procedure did not violate the United States Constitution, and the US Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. The case was of some interest to close

neg: Puerto Rico v. Branstad the end the Extradition Act, which clearly includes U.S. territories. Justice O'Connor noted that fact in her concurrence and did not join the opinion of the Court regarding Puerto Rico's status. Justice Scalia also did not join that section of the opinion and noted that "no party before us has asserted the lack of power of Congress to require extradition from a State to a Territory." The decision effectively overruled "Kentucky v. Dennison" and reversed the judgments of the Eighth Circuit and the Southern District of Iowa. Puerto Rico v. Branstad Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219 (1987), was

neg: Shenti Lauren Shenti Lauren Shenti Lauren, is a Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder from Barranquitas, Puerto Rico who was named Miss America Puerto Rico 2013. She won the title of Miss Puerto Rico on July 2013, when she received her crown from outgoing titleholder Kiaraliz Medina. Miss Barranquitas, Shenti Lauren, was crowned as Miss Puerto Rico 2013 at the San Juan Marriott Stellaris Resort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. As the official preliminary to the Miss America Pageant, Shenti will represent Puerto Rico at the national Miss America event to take place on September 15, 2013 in Atlantic City, New Jersey which

neg: History of Puerto Rico land and properties, the amount of land disposal shrank and the people hoped that Europe would take part in the trade of coffee, but they did not. Coffee makers were not happy with them being controlled by the United States. In 1933 most of the people worked as families instead of individuals most likely due to 90 percent of the output due to them being poor. In 1899, the United States took over rich lands that influenced Puerto Rico's economy that soon made Puerto Rico a state that was more capitalized in operation. There was no limit in their treads

neg: San Juan Nationalist revolt Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, member of the "Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño" (Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did not belong to the PPD, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. On June 21, 1948, Albizu Campos gave a speech in the town of Manatí where Nationalists from all over the island had gathered, in case the police

neg: Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico the United States over its effectiveness in helping poor families, and its impact on Puerto Rico's social classes and economy. Food stamps have been issued in the United States since World War II, but the program did not include Puerto Rico until the early 1970s, when U.S. Public Laws 91-671 of January 11, 1971 and 93-86 of November 1, 1974 partially extended the Food Stamp Program to U.S. territories. The Food Stamp program was later expanded to provide full coverage and benefits to Puerto Rico and other territories under Section 19 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977. By 1977,

neg: Puerto Rico national football team for Puerto Rico in the 1993 Caribbean Cup. In the tournament, Puerto Rico established a 4-game win streak without conceding a goal. The competition was not then recognized by FIFA, and so his five matches were considered friendlies. As a result, he was later allowed to switch his allegiance to the United States of America, for whom he has since been capped over fifty times. Puerto Rico did not record a win, and had only four draws. During this time, the team dropped down in the FIFA Rankings to 202nd. Over the past few years, Puerto Rico has begun to

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Puerto Ricans had the right of free travel to the US. In 1917, the US granted full US citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico; they were restricted from voting in presidential elections because they did not have the status of a state. The U.S. government supported expansion of its interests throughout Latin America. In 1912 the Cayumel Banana company, a U.S. corporation, orchestrated the military invasion of Honduras in order to obtain hundreds of thousands of acres of Honduran land, and tax-free export of its entire banana crop. By 1928 the United Fruit Company, another U.S. corporation, owned over 200,000

neg: Politics of Puerto Rico in Puerto Rico are counted in the decennial population census and in some other demographic studies carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau, but are not included in the national totals since Puerto Rico is only a territory of the US. Despite the fact that the U.S. Federal Government holds ultimate sovereignty over all U.S. citizens and the territory of Puerto Rico, residents of Puerto Rico are without an effective voice in that government. To be clear, this is not because Puerto Rican residents do not have the right to vote. Rather it is because the territory itself does not

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Puerto Rico into a controlling interest over the entire Puerto Rican economy. In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously for independence from the United States. In 1917, the US Congress passed an act by which it granted citizenship to Puerto Rican residents. This was overwhelmingly opposed by the island's political leaders. Critics said the US was simply interested in increasing the size of its conscription pool to get soldiers for World War I. By 1930, over 40 percent of all the arable land in Puerto Rico had been converted into sugar plantations, which were entirely owned by

neg: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico smuggling organization operating out of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The organization was transporting, moving, concealing, harboring and shielding aliens. They arranged the transportation and moving of Chinese nationals from the Dominican Republic into the United States. The following are common Chinese surnames in Puerto Rico: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Large-scale Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean began during the 19th century. Chinese immigrants had to face different obstacles that prohibited or restricted their entry in Puerto Rico. When Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, the Spanish government did not encourage settlers of non-Hispanic origin. Although

neg: Puerto Rico Highway 185 Puerto Rico Highway 185 Puerto Rico Highway 185 is a main highway that connects Canóvanas, Puerto Rico to Juncos, Puerto Rico and is about 25 kilometers long. It begins in downtown of Canóvanas, very close to Puerto Rico Highway 3 and ends in Puerto Rico Highway 952 and Puerto Rico Highway 30 in Juncos. For people coming from/going to Caguas, the highway has a direct intersection with PR-30; for those coming from/going to Humacao, drivers have to take short highway PR-952 and then take PR-189 just before its intersection with PR-30, hence this exit being one of the most disorganized

neg: Kiaraliz Medina Kiaraliz Medina Kiaraliz Medina Morales (born November 24, 1992) is a Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder from Moca, Puerto Rico who was named Miss America Puerto Rico 2012. She won the title of Miss Puerto Rico on July 14, 2012, when she received her crown from outgoing titleholder Laura Ramirez. Medina’s platform is “The Power within Us: Reinforcing positive self-esteem” and she said she hoped to improve self-esteem among young people during her year as Miss Puerto Rico. Her competition talent is Flamenco dancing. Medina is a junior at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez majoring in chemical engineering.

neg: Pedro Rodríguez (soldier) he had to take over the ox cart and the financial responsibility of his family. The economic situation became so bad that in 1937, when he was 25 years old, he joined the Puerto Rico National Guard. Rodríguez was assigned to the [[65th Infantry Regiment (United States)|65th Infantry Regiment]], the all [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] [[Regiment]] and was stationed in [[Panama]]. When [[World War II]] broke out, the 65th Infantry was sent to [[North Africa]]. On September 1944, his company landed in [[Marseilles]], [[France]] and marched north into [[Germany]] without any major incident. After the war, the 65th Infantry was stationed

neg: Guaynabo, Puerto Rico of Puerto Rico (プエルトリコ補習授業校 "Puerutoriko Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a weekend Japanese school, previously held its classes in Guaynabo. It closed in March 2006. Guaynabo serves as a host city to four foreign consulates with business in Puerto Rico: Guaynabo, Puerto Rico Guaynabo City () is a municipality in the northern part of Puerto Rico (US), located in the northern coast of the island, north of Aguas Buenas, south of Cataño, east of Bayamón, and west of San Juan. Guaynabo is spread over 9 wards and Guaynabo Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the suburb). Guaynabo is considered,

neg: Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center The Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center is a research, education, rescue and rehabilitation partnership established in 2009 in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico in order to help endangered manatees survive from extinction. Caribbean manatees ("Trichechus manatus") are a tropical marine mammal threatened from survival throughout their range in the United States (US), Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Central and South America. It is highly endangered in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, mostly by human causes in the form of poaching and watercraft mortality. While over 4,800 manatees are left in Florida, less than 700 survive in

neg: John Rivas has Bonzzo as an accomplice to peek into the world with a spirit of fine joke, quality of expression, ability to sneak into people, things and situations, take secrets, project teachings, make us laugh and give us lessons. For Puerto Rico, I give my vote to Bonzzo." Also, painter Antonio J. Molina, who is a member of AICA (International Association of Art Critics) and President of the Puerto Rican Association of the UNESCO, said: "Bonzzo is already a known figure in the history of Puerto Rico. With his sympathetic round face he distributes joy by the handful among those who

neg: Puerto Rico Rico Adjutant General, currently Brigadier General Isabelo Rivera. The Adjutant General, in turn, delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole. U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command (LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM), which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission until 1999, when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command. Puerto Rico is

neg: Flag of Puerto Rico position, that their flag is older than Puerto Rico's. The shipping company's flag is still in use, . Some of the flags which have at one time or another flown over Puerto Rican soil prior to Puerto Rico becoming a United States Territory: Flag of Puerto Rico The flag of Puerto Rico represents and symbolizes the island of Puerto Rico and its people. The origins of the current flag of Puerto Rico, adopted by the commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952, can be traced to 1868, when the first Puerto Rican flag, "The Revolutionary Flag of Lares", was conceived by

neg: Taxation in Puerto Rico federal government, Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the US, and some others also pay federal income taxes (for example, Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico). In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the US IRS code, and the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. That occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

neg: René Marqués Puerto Rico. Marqués however, did often come into conflict with Luis Muñoz Marín. He believed in complete Puerto Rican sovereignty and he often criticized Muñoz Marín, when he became governor, because of his acceptance of U.S. sovereignty over Puerto Rico. In 1954, Puerto Rican director, Roberto Rodríguez, produced "La Carreta", the play opened at the Church of San Sebastian, located in Manhattan, New York. The success of the play motivated Míriam Colón and Rodríguez to form the first Latino theater group with its own 60 seat theater, called "El Círculo Dramatico" (The Drama Circuit). In 1955, Marqués wrote one of

neg: Status quo movement in Puerto Rico resolution to request the President and the Congress of the United States, to respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process of admission of Puerto Rico as a State. The government did not take steps to meet this request, but provided funding for a fifth referendum. The Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 was be held on June 11, 2017 and offered three

neg: Taxation in Puerto Rico Taxation in Puerto Rico The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States and Puerto Ricans are US citizens. However, Puerto Rico is not a US state. Because of this, only Puerto Rican residents who are government employees, and those with income sources outside of the territory, pay federal income tax. All other employers and employees pay no federal "income" taxes. However, residents of Puerto Rico and businesses operating in Puerto Rico do pay some federal taxes, and the commonwealth's government has its own taxes as well. In July 2018, approximately 21% of the labor force on

neg: Hacienda Buena Vista third blow came in 1901, when Puerto Rico was included into the United States Customs System, setting the local coffee production at a competitive disadvantage over its European markets. It also dropped Puerto Rico's favored status in US markets. To compensate, the Salvador Vives switched to a successful orange growing program for the New York City market. This new phase of agriculture continued until 1956. Hacienda Buena Vista is located in Barrio Magueyes, in the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico at between 160 and 460 meters above sea level. The hills near the hacienda buildings are excellent for cultivating corn,

neg: 2012 Puerto Rican status referendum before the elections, González said the opportunity to vote for statehood was "historic". Juan Dalmau Ramírez, gubernatorial candidate for the Puerto Rico Independence Party (PIP), defended the participation of supporters of Puerto Rican independence in the status referendum. Dalmau said that Puerto Rico "had a problem, which was the cancer of colonialism which doesn't allow us to develop ourselves." He said that Puerto Ricans should take advantage of "every chance to overcome the colonial status" and criticized Alejandro García Padilla, President of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) for not supporting the process. The status referendum has been criticized by some

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s to maintain its colonial regime in Puerto Rico. In 1950, the US Congress passed a law authorizing a new status for Puerto Rico, as a "Free Associated State" ("Estado Libre Asociado"). It provided for popular elections of the governor, a bicameral legislature and bill of rights, and executive functions similar to those of the states. The US was to keep control over the money, defense, customs, and any foreign treaties. The Nationalists considered this a continuation of colonialism. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s were a call for independence from US rule. It demanded the recognition of

neg: Utuado, Puerto Rico Utuado, Puerto Rico Utuado () is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the central mountainous region of the island known as "La Cordillera Central". It is located north of Adjuntas and Ponce; south of Hatillo and Arecibo; east of Lares; and west of Ciales and Jayuya. In land area it is the third-largest municipality in Puerto Rico (after Arecibo and Ponce). According to the 2000 US Census, the city has a population of 35,336 spread over 24 wards and Utuado Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). The name Utuado derives from the Taíno word

neg: First BanCorp First BanCorp First BanCorp is a publicly owned financial holding company located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. FirstBank was the first Savings & Loan institution established in Puerto Rico with a capital of $200,000 in 1948. Today, the company provides financial services for retail, commercial and institutional clients in Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands and Florida. First BanCorp is headquartered in San Juan, Puerto Rico and is ranked the 669th and 1537th "Largest Company In The World" in Forbes magazine by Total Assets and Profits. On 2006 it had over $18.8 billion in assets. As of May,

neg: 51st state to repeal or amend any existing laws that have unequal application between Puerto Rico and the several States to phase in equality for Puerto Rico. Under this legislation (if passed), Puerto Rico would become incorporated (from its current unincorporated status) while equality with US States is phased in and Puerto Rico would fully become a US State by January 2021. The bill introduced into the House has bipartisan support with 37 cosponsors, including 22 Republicans and 15 Democrats. Jenniffer Gonzalez-Colon is the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico. The Resident Commissioner is elected by the people of Puerto Rico to serve

neg: Military Families Speak Out February 2007, MFSO included over 3,200 military families speaking out to end the war in Iraq, withdraw troops, take care of them when they return, and end the policies that allowed the war to happen. They have members in every state in the U.S., in Puerto Rico, American Samoa and on US military bases in several other countries. Over 130 of these families have suffered the ultimate tragedy – their loved ones have died as a result of the war in Iraq. Many other MFSO member families have seen loved ones wounded in Iraq – physically, psychologically or both. Many

neg: Cornelius P. Rhoads was published on January 27, 1932 in "La Democracia," the Unionist newspaper of Antonio Rafael Barceló, with a translation in Spanish of the entire letter. It did not support Albizu Campos' theory of a US conspiracy against Puerto Rico. On February 13, "El Mundo" published the entire letter, in both Spanish and English. The Rhoads' letter created one of the first crises for James Beverley, newly appointed as the acting Governor of Puerto Rico. He said the letter was a "confession of murder" and "a libel against the people of Puerto Rico", and ordered an investigation, one of his first

neg: Hurricane Frederic levels. These floods partially inundated several cities, submerged crops, and damaged numerous roads. Major arterial roads to and from Ponce were blocked by floodwater and landslide debris. Some portions of Puerto Rico Highway 3 were submerged by water from both the torrential rain and wave action. Damage from Frederic in Puerto Rico reached at least US$5 million, though western Puerto Rico sustained minimal damage from the storm. In St. Thomas, four small homes were destroyed by flooding, and an additional fifty sustained at least partial damage. One waterspout was reported off the coast, but did no damage. Normally dry coastal

neg: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Large-scale Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean began during the 19th century. Chinese immigrants had to face different obstacles that prohibited or restricted their entry in Puerto Rico. When Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, the Spanish government did not encourage settlers of non-Hispanic origin. Although the Spanish government changed its policy with the passage of the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) of 1815, the decree was intended to attract non-Hispanic Europeans who were willing to swear their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church, not non-Christian Asians. After Spain ceded

neg: Public housing in Puerto Rico public housing projects located in Puerto Rico, and includes those that are managed by the Government of Puerto Rico, by municipalities, and by private non-profit and for-profit entities: PRIVATIZADO Alejandrino Public Housing Authorities are government agencies designated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development to administer federally subsidized housing units. Public housing in Puerto Rico Public housing in Puerto Rico is a subsidized system of housing units, mostly consisting of housing projects ("Residenciales", "Barriadas", or "Caserios Publicos", in Spanish), which are provided for low-income families in Puerto Rico. The system is mainly financed with programs from the US

neg: Gun laws in Puerto Rico Gun laws in Puerto Rico Gun laws in Puerto Rico regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. As a commonwealth of the United States, Puerto Rico is subject to US federal laws and constitutional rulings. Firearm licenses and firearm-related crimes are defined in Act 404 of 2000. At least two other bills have been proposed since then to replace the existing law. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Individuals who wish to purchase a firearm to keep at home must be 21 years or older, be a US citizen or legal resident of Puerto Rico,

neg: Public housing in Puerto Rico Public housing in Puerto Rico Public housing in Puerto Rico is a subsidized system of housing units, mostly consisting of housing projects ("Residenciales", "Barriadas", or "Caserios Publicos", in Spanish), which are provided for low-income families in Puerto Rico. The system is mainly financed with programs from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). There are 322 public housing developments in Puerto Rico. Neighborhoods in Puerto Rico are often divided into three types: barrio, "urbanización" (urbanization) and "residencial público" (public housing). An "urbanización" is a type of housing where land is developed

neg: Independence movement in Puerto Rico the U.S. Executive and Legislative branches of government, branches which Puerto Ricans did not participate in electing. As the government suppressed the Nationalist leaders, their political activities and influence waned. Four Nationalists opened fire on US Representatives during a debate on the floor of the US. Congress in 1954, wounding five men, one seriously. The Nationalists were tried and convicted in federal court and sentenced effectively to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979 their sentences were commuted by President Jimmy Carter to time served, and they were allowed to return to Puerto Rico. In the 1960s, the United States received

neg: Puerto Rico v. Branstad state governors to surrender fugitives. In 1981, Iowa native Ronald Calder struck a married couple with his automobile near Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. The husband survived the attack but the wife, who was eight months pregnant, did not. Witnesses testified that Calder, after striking the couple, backed his car two or three times over the victim's body. Calder was arrested and charged with first-degree homicide by Puerto Rican authorities and was released after paying $5,000 bail. However, Calder did not appear at two preliminary hearings that were scheduled in the Puerto Rico District Courts, and he was then declared a fugitive

neg: Brenda Jiménez representing the municipality of Aguadilla, where she finished as 1st runner-up to Kristhielee Caride of Isabela. Four months later, on March 17, 2016, the Miss Universe Puerto Rico organization announced that Caride had been stripped of her title after failing to fulfill her obligations and, as 1st runner-up, Jiménez would take over the responsibilities as the new Miss Universe Puerto Rico 2016. Jiménez represented Puerto Rico at Miss Universe 2016 pageant at the Mall of Asia Arena in the Philippines, where she failed to place in the semifinals. Jiménez also represented Puerto Rico at Miss Grand International 2017 in Vietnam,

neg: Irish immigration to Puerto Rico Irish immigration to Puerto Rico From the 16th to the 19th centuries, there was considerable Irish immigration to Puerto Rico for a number of reasons. During the 16th century, many Irishmen, who were known as "Wild Geese", escaped from forced service in the English Army and joined the Spanish Army. They did so either in Europe or when they could "jump ship" off the coast of Puerto Rico (whenever English ships came to trade or when the English Navy was engaged in attacks against the Spanish colonial forces on the island), at which time they joined the Spanish colonial army,

neg: Sports in Puerto Rico female Olympic skier. Even though the team did not do well in the competition, they were highly respected by their competitors. Kristina Brandi represented Puerto Rico in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. She became the first tennis player representing Puerto Rico to win a singles match in an Olympic when she beat Jelena Kostanić from Croatia (7–5 and 6–1). She lost in the second round to Russian Anastasia Myskina. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Monica Puig made Olympic history when she became the first person to win an Olympic gold medal for Puerto Rico

neg: 2016 United States presidential primaries in Puerto Rico Republican delegates to be allocated. The Republican primary took place on March 6, 2016: Twelve candidates appeared on the Republican presidential primary ballot, with only four still possessing active campaigns: Marco Rubio, Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, and John Kasich Sen. Marco Rubio carried the primary with 73.8% of the vote and was awarded all 23 delegates due to the territory's 50% winner-take-all threshold. The Democratic caucus took place on June 5, 2016. 2016 United States presidential primaries in Puerto Rico Although Puerto Rico did not participate in the November 8, 2016, general election because it is a territory and not

neg: Taxation in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico were employed by the government. The Commonwealth government has its own tax laws and Puerto Ricans are also required to pay some US federal taxes, although most residents do not have to pay the federal personal income tax. In 2016, Puerto Rico paid into the US Treasury. Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. However, they are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income. The federal taxes paid by Puerto Rico residents include import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, and others. Residents also pay federal payroll taxes, such as

neg: Puerto Rico Army National Guard helicopter support to Joint Task Force Esteli in Nicaragua as part of the US Southern Command Exercise New Horizons '99. The PRARNG also commenced the State Partnership Program with the Republic of Honduras. Puerto Rico Army National Guard The Puerto Rico Army National Guard (PRARNG) — officially designated in Spanish as "Guardia Nacional Terrestre de Puerto Rico", but colloquially known as "Ejército de la Guardia Nacional de Puerto Rico" — is the Army National Guard of Puerto Rico which, together with the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, comprises the Puerto Rico National Guard. PRARNG is the ground-component of the Puerto

neg: History of Puerto Rico US administration. They wanted to fully integrate US law and government. Their plan was to become a territory and have representation through a delegate and eventually become a US state with no restrictions. The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico did not advocate for independence. Instead party leader, Santiago Iglesias Pantin, advocated for statehood and change in economic policies which were influenced by his practice in founding the Federación Regional de Trabajadores (Regional Workers Federation) and labor newspaper "Ensayo Obrero". The party was based on the principles of the Socialist Labor Party of America and received much support from American

neg: Juan Manuel García Passalacqua 2006, he returned to Puerto Rico's most respected news radio station, WKAQ, as an on-air political commentator. "Juan Ma", as he was referred by some, participated in a televised program called "Medio Día Puerto Rico" (Midday Puerto Rico), during the lunchtime hours on Televicentro Puerto Rico in a segment called "La Escuelita" (The Small Schoolhouse). After an incident in which he apparently made mention of the daughter of Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (governor of Puerto Rico at the time), he was fired from the show and did not visit the TV station again, only talking via phone from outside when several

neg: Joyuda, Puerto Rico and fish, was any making waves. It began in the 1940s with a trickle. From nearby U.S. companies in Mayagüez, came a steady dribble of yuppie customers who could afford to take the 15 minutes drive over the new road and across the river and lagoon to eat "genuine" Puerto Rican food. In the 1950s, Mayagüez suburbs, like the Guanajibo Homes, developed toward the coast and contiguous to Joyuda, generating a new stream of evening Joyuda, Puerto Rico Joyuda is a quiet coastal fishing village in western Puerto Rico, located between the cities of Mayagüez and Cabo Rojo, known for

neg: Puerto Rico Title III of PROMESA. By early August 2017, the debt was $72 billion with a 45% poverty rate. In late September 2017, Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico, causing devastating damage. The island's electrical grid was largely destroyed, with repairs expected to take months to complete, provoking the largest power outage in American history. Recovery efforts were somewhat slow in the first few months, and over 200,000 residents had moved to the mainland State of Florida alone by late November 2017. Puerto Rico means "rich port" in Spanish. Puerto Ricans often call the island ' – a derivation of

neg: Hugo Margenat Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. At a young age Margenat became a follower of Pedro Albizu Campos and the ideals of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. In 1950, Puerto Ricans were sent by the United States War Department to fight in the Korean War. Those who were eligible and who did not volunteer into the military were drafted

neg: Politics of Puerto Rico latitude over its internal affairs than the U.S. territories of Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa. Puerto Rico has approximately the same degree of authority over its internal affairs as an American state. However, it does not have the sovereignty that a state of the Union has, given that Puerto Rico is a possession of the United States and it is, thus, not protected by the US Constitution as states are. The United States federal government controls interstate trade, foreign commerce, customs, aviation and navigation, immigration, currency, all military and naval matters, radio and television communications, mining and

neg: Bar Association of Puerto Rico by the Governor, a local senator filed a lawsuit in the Puerto Rico Court of First Instance challenging the law's constitutionality. Two days later, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court granted the senator's motion for intra-jurisdictional certification and agreed to take up the case directly, thus removing it from the trial court's docket and setting an expedited briefing schedule. Bar Association of Puerto Rico The Bar Association of Puerto Rico (BAPR) or "Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico (CAPR)" is the bar association of Puerto Rico. It is the oldest professional association in Puerto Rico, and among the oldest bar associations

neg: Status quo movement in Puerto Rico Status quo movement in Puerto Rico The status quo movement in Puerto Rico refers to initiatives throughout the history of Puerto Rico aimed at maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico, that of a commonwealth of the United States. Puerto Rico is currently a territory of the United States. As a Commonwealth, Puerto Rico receives less in federal funding than the states. Residents are US citizens and can vote in elections but do not have the right to vote in presidential elections. They receive lower Social Security and Medicare benefits. The Commonwealth or municipal governments of Puerto Rico are

neg: Puerto Rico Bayamón game of the 2009 Puerto Rico Soccer League season against defending champions Sevilla FC, which Sevilla FC won 1-0. Bayamón then defeated Humacao Tornados 8–1 and Guaynabo Fluminense 4-1. After finishing second in the league table, Bayamón captured the playoff championship with a 3–2 aggregate victory over Atléticos de San Juan. The team did not participate in the Puerto Rico Soccer League for the 2010 and 2011 seasons due to the league's instability. PRSL eventually folded after the 2011 Supercopa tournament. Instead, they played in the Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico, and they were champions during the 2010

neg: Timeline of Sovereigntism in Puerto Rico (2000s–2010s) the Constituent Assembly bills were to be evaluated in the public hearings of a bicameral Joint Commission, headed by Ángel Rosa in Senate and José Varela in the House. However, the approval of 2.5 millions for a referendum overseen by the US Department of Justice in the Obama administration's budget led to a pause in actions. Despite the development, the "soberanistas" felt that a Constituent Assembly should take place first, serving as the negotiation table between Puerto Rico, the US Department of Justice and Congress, with the viable options that emerged from this collaboration being voted for in a referendum.

neg: Education in Puerto Rico using Spanish for instruction. By the 1970s, bilingual programs were introduced to 113 of the schools in Puerto Rico. In 2012, pro-statehood Governor Luis Fortuño caused controversy when he proposed that all courses in Puerto Rico public schools be taught in English instead of Spanish as they currently are. "Given a choice between answering a gamut of questions about their lives in Spanish or in English, 78 percent of the Puerto Rican respondents chose English, significantly more than any other Latino group. According to the poll, only 20 percent of mainland, continental US-residing Puerto Ricans speak Spanish at home, less

neg: Military of Puerto Rico Rico Army and Puerto Rico Air National Guard, or the U.S. Reserve forces. Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every US military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism. A number of Puerto Rican colleges and universities have the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs. Army ROTC programs are offered at the American University of Puerto Rico, the Caribbean University, the University of Puerto Rico - Arecibo, the University of Puerto Rico – Bayamon Technological University College, the University of Puerto Rico – Carolina

neg: History of Puerto Rico military rule of the island after the Spanish–American War. It was formed by Luis Munoz Rivera and other members of the Autonomist Party. The Partido Federal favored immediate transformation of Puerto Rico into an organized unincorporated territory and eventually join US statehood. The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico (Socialist Labor Party of Puerto Rico) were founded by Santiago Iglesias Pantin. Overtime the Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico was also in favor of statehood with the US. The Partido Federal campaigned for assimilation into the United States and wanted to develop prosperously with their best interests under the new

neg: Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico, , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that certain provisions of the U.S. Constitution did not apply to territories not incorporated into the union. It originated when Jesús M. Balzac was prosecuted for criminal libel in a district court of Puerto Rico. Balzac declared that his rights had been violated under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as he was denied a trial by jury, since the code of criminal procedure of Puerto Rico did not grant a jury trial in misdemeanor cases. In

neg: Juan Sánchez Ramírez established in Jamaica, to force the French to surrender Santo Domingo. However, the French refused to surrender the colony to the Dominican army, because the Dominicans were dressed in rags, and they said that this fact was an embarrassment for France. So it was France that finally occupied the colony. Ramírez emigrated to Puerto Rico in December 1803. In July 1807, when Ramírez was still in Puerto Rico, he learned that the Governing Board, who replaced Fernando VII, had declared war against France. He then travelled all over the colony, encouraging its residents to take up arms against the French,

neg: Carlos E. Chardón Palmira in Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. He resigned from his position as Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor in 1931, when he was named by Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the US-appointed governor, as Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico. As the first Puerto Rican to hold that position, Chardón was in a very prominent role. Don Pedro Albizu Campos, president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, believed that Chardón was being used by the US for its own interests at the university. He thought the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico, a leading political party of the time, was allied with

neg: Eleuterio Quiñones event that was probably going to happen anyway, and as such, was arguably not affected by Henna's early request. In fact, a later meeting involving Henna, McKinley, Eugenio María de Hostos, Manuel Zeno Gandía and other Puerto Rican leaders did take place in the White House in Washington, D.C. (on January 19, 1899), in which they asked for a level of self-government similar or better to the one that had been granted to Puerto Rico just months before the invasion (to which McKinley reportedly refused later). Burgos' article came about in a period when there was considerable debate in Puerto

neg: Germán Legarreta Germán Legarreta Germán Legarreta (born August 30, 1981) is a Puerto Rican-born American film and television actor. Legarreta was born Germán Legarreta Quiles in San Juan, Puerto Rico; It did not take long for him to get his first big break—a commercial when he was just three years old. Throughout his formative years, he balanced a career as a successful child star and a competitive gymnast. Germán soon emerged as "someone to watch" , and he and traveled to competitions throughout the United States, Europe and Central America. With roles on the Puerto Rican TV series, "Ola nueva, La" (1988)

neg: PROMESA Rico. In 2017, Barry Sheppard wrote in Green Left Weekly that by 2014 when "the island's debt to US financial lenders hit US$73 billion," vulture capitalists bought the debt cheaply, demanded it be paid in full and that this law "created an un-elected seven-person financial board with sweeping powers over the island's economy" which was reaffirmed by the US Supreme Court with Sonia Sotomayor dissenting. PROMESA The Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) is a 2016 US federal law that established an oversight board, a process for restructuring debt, and expedited procedures for approving critical infrastructure projects

neg: Diageo as to avoid paying tax in the UK. The National Puerto Rican Coalition planned to run a series of ads in New York City and Puerto Rico urging a boycott of Diageo-owned alcoholic drinks to protest the corporation’s production move of its Captain Morgan rum from Puerto Rico to the U.S. Virgin Islands, which will provide it with $2.7 billion in tax benefits over 30 years. In 2011, Diageo agreed to pay more than $16 million to settle US civil regulatory charges that it made improper payments to foreign officials. Regulators accused the company of violating the US Foreign Corrupt

neg: Miguel A. García Méndez Ferré. This led to the party's dissolution after the 1968 elections when it did not poll the number of votes necessary to retain party registration. The following are García Méndez's business endeavors in chronological order: 1920–1932: Director and secretary for the board of directors of "Banco Caja de Economias y Prestamos de San German". 1937–1940: Member of "Junta de Sindicos" of the University of Puerto Rico. 1940: Presided "Asociacion de Productores de Azucar de Puerto Rico". Founding Partner of the Banker's Club, Puerto Rico. García Méndez founded the Western Federal Savings and Loan Association of Puerto Rico (now Westernbank) on

neg: Héctor Varela (author) Héctor Varela (author) Héctor Varela is a Puerto Rican author. His main work, the novel "Affinity for Trouble: A Puerto Rican Story" (2006) tells the story of a boy growing up in Santurce, a central neighborhood of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in the 1940s and 1950s. Varela was born and raised in Santurce, Puerto Rico, a neighborhood in San Juan, Puerto Rico until he was almost 11 years old, when he moved with his family to Fort Bliss, Texas. Upon arrival in the U.S., he did not speak English. After his father’s infantry duty tour in Korea, Héctor became an

neg: Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States. The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico. That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the US currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens. Governor Ricardo Rosselló was strongly in favor of statehood

neg: Legal profession in Puerto Rico Legal profession in Puerto Rico The Legal profession in Puerto Rico it is practiced in both the state level and the federal level. Thus the legal professionals in Puerto Rico must study both Law of Puerto Rico and the Law of the United States. There are presently four law schools in the island: After completing a Juris Doctor Degree lawyers have to pass the Puerto Rico General Bar Exam in order to practice law. Lawyers that graduated from ABA accredited schools may also practice in Puerto Rico, but they must also take the bar exam. Until 2010 all lawyers had

neg: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... [and] allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty". Supporters of Puerto Rican statehood: Groups supporting Puerto Rican statehood: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico The statehood movement in Puerto Rico aims to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States. Five referenda have been held on the topic,

neg: Hispanics in the United States Air Force Rico Air National Guard on November 23, 1947. The Puerto Rico Air National Guard is a part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the United States Air Force. Both Gilormini and Nido were eventually promoted to brigadier general and served as commanders of PRANG. In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in honor of Lt. Col. José Antonio Muñiz who perished in July 4, 1960 when his F-86 crashed during take off during the 4th of July festivities in Puerto Rico. The Korean

neg: Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... [and] allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty". Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) The free association movement in Puerto Rico refers to initiatives throughout the history of Puerto Rico aimed at changing the current political status of Puerto Rico to that of a sovereign freely associated state. Locally, the term "soberanista" (lit. "sovereignty supporter") refers to someone that seeks to redefine the relationship between

neg:
Puerto Rico Sol Rico Sol Sports & Entertainment Corp. In 2018, the Sol launched streaming game broadcasts of the senior teams from the club's official Facebook page. Puerto Rico Sol FC Academy is the reserve team of Puerto Rico Sol FC. The team generally consists of players 14–18 years old but at times senior players also play for the reserves when they are recuperating from injury.
 The team trains and plays at the Fajardo Stadium and generally competes against US based clubs. The club also competes in some domestic competitions.
 The Academy programs are operated as part of a global approach to

neg: Puerto Rico Army National Guard León. The Puerto Rican Indians, called Tainos, rebelled in 1511. The Spanish men (mostly farmers and mine workers) had to quit their jobs to take arms and defend their adopted land. Since that unconfirmed date in 1511 when Taino Indians killed Cristobal de Sotomayor and burned the town named in his honor, the Borinquen colonists had to form, by necessity, a sort of National Guard unit with citizens as its soldiers. The Milicias Urbanas de Puerto Rico was first organized in 1693 and reorganized in 1765 as the Milicias Disciplinadas de Puerto Rico. After the Lares Uprising of 1868, the

neg: 1st Mission Support Command 1st Mission Support Command 1st Mission Support Command is a United States Army Reserve command providing support to military units based in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Headquartered at Fort Buchanan within the metropolitan area of the Puerto Rico's capital San Juan the command consists of 35 units and fields 3,800 soldiers. Reserve units have served in Puerto Rico since 1922 when the 373rd Infantry was moved to the Organized Reserve and headquartered in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1973, the Support Group was placed directly under First United States Army. By 1974, the 166th Support Group was

neg: Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol The Puerto Rico Wing of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in the territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Wing headquarters are located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing consists of over 1,000 cadet and adult members at over 34 locations across the territory of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing performs the three primary missions of the Civil Air Patrol: providing emergency services; offering cadet programs for youth; and providing aerospace education for Civil Air Patrol members and the general public. The Civil

neg: Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol nation through schools and public aviation events. Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol The Puerto Rico Wing of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in the territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Wing headquarters are located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing consists of over 1,000 cadet and adult members at over 34 locations across the territory of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing performs the three primary missions of the Civil Air Patrol: providing emergency services; offering cadet programs for youth; and providing aerospace education for Civil Air Patrol

neg: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico (Treaty of Paris) became effective, and established a military government in Puerto Rico. This was short lived, since the following year (April 2, 1900) Congress enacted the Foraker Act, which established a civil government and free trade between Puerto Rico and the USA. Puerto Ricans, although incapable of electing members of the territory's executive branch, but were now able to elect their local representatives and a resident commissioner to the US Congress, who had voice but no vote. In 1917, the enactment of the Jones-Shafroth Act the territory of Puerto Rico was organized and statutory US citizenship was granted to

neg: Puerto Rican Socialist Party and Culebra, and against environmental destruction. The MPI-PSP demanded freedom for Puerto Rican Nationalist political prisoners incarcerated in the US for armed actions in Washington, DC, in 1950 and 1954 denouncing US colonial rule in Puerto Rico. In the United Nations it repeatedly denounced US colonialism in Puerto Rico. The MPI and PSP continued the tradition set in the 1930s by Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos of holding a massive rally commemorating the 1868 anticolonial uprising against Spanish rule at the small mountain town of Lares each 23 September. Puerto Rico had been a Spanish colonial possession from 1493 to

neg: Nelson Antonio Denis Rico is where it is today." Kirkus Reviews described the book as "a scathing examination of American colonial policy in Puerto Rico...a pointed, relentless chronicle of a despicable part of past American foreign policy." In "La Respuesta," the reviewer praised "the book's historical value...a must-read for anyone interested in learning more about Puerto Rico." "Gozamos" reported that "Nelson Denis doesn't just give us history. He gives us history on fire…a thoroughly researched indictment of over a century of U.S. policy toward one small island…a full-throated eulogy of brave heroes, men and women of conviction, who devoted every drop of their

neg: Cover-over subsidies Cover-over subsidies Cover-over subsidies are annual payments from the U.S. government to the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico out of federal excise taxes. For example, when a bottle of rum is produced in either the Virgin Islands or Puerto Rico, and then sold in the United States, the federal excise tax on that bottle is returned to its place of production. Cover-over subsidies for U.S. island territories began in 1917. In 2008, the taxes generated about $371 million for Puerto Rico and $100 million for the Virgin Islands. In April 2009, Puerto Rico's congressional representative, Pedro Pierluisi, introduced a