query: what does the civil rights act of 1991 cover

pos: Civil Rights Act of 1991 Civil Rights Act of 1991 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases. It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could

pos: LGBT employment discrimination in the United States of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to cover discrimination against LGBT employees, as "allegations of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation necessarily state a claim of discrimination on the basis of sex". This interpretation in essence bars employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2012 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow gender identity-based employment discrimination because it is a form of sex discrimination. Then in 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission concluded that Title

pos: Civil Rights Act of 1991 Civil Rights Act of 1991 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases. It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could

pos: Civil Rights Act of 1991 an award of attorney's fees and to collect interest on any judgment against the federal government. Civil Rights Act of 1991 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases. It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims

pos: Civil Rights Act of 1991 award. President Bush had used his veto against the more comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1990. He feared racial quotas would be imposed but later approved the 1991 version of the bill. The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil right acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of 1866, better known by the number assigned to it in the codification of federal laws as Section 1981, and the employment-related provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, generally referred to as Title VII. The two statutes, passed nearly a century apart, approached the issue of employment discrimination

pos: LGBT employment discrimination in the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow gender identity-based employment discrimination because it is a form of sex discrimination. In 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow sexual orientation discrimination in employment because it is a form of sex discrimination. On March 31, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly ruled in the case of "TerVeer v. Billington", that Peter TerVeer can sue for discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, that bans sex

pos: LGBT rights in the United States Act of 2009. In 2012 the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow gender identity-based employment discrimination because it is considered sexual discrimination. In 2015, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow sexual orientation discrimination in employment because it is a form of sex discrimination. Adoption of children by same-sex married couples is legal nationwide since June 2015 following the Supreme Court's decision in "Obergefell v. Hodges", though Mississippi did not have its same-sex adoption

pos: LGBT rights in the United States the federal civilian workforce. It applied to the large majority of federal employees, but not to the excepted services such as the military. At the start of 2010, the Obama administration included gender identity among the classes protected against discrimination under the authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). In 2012 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow gender identity-based employment discrimination because it is a form of sex discrimination. In 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

pos: McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), is a US employment law case by the United States Supreme Court regarding the burdens and nature of proof in proving a Title VII case and the order in which plaintiffs and defendants present proof. It was the seminal case in the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a United States federal law that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. After the Supreme Court ruling, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Pub.

pos: Presidency of George H. W. Bush launching employment discrimination lawsuits. In vetoing the bill, Bush argued that it would lead to racial quotas in hiring. Congress failed to override the veto, but re-introduced the bill in 1991. In November 1991, Civil Rights Act of 1991, which was largely similar to the bill he had vetoed in the previous year, passed. In June 1989, the Bush administration proposed a bill to amend the Clean Air Act. Working with Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell, the administration won passage of the amendments over the opposition of business-aligned members of Congress who feared the impact of tougher regulations. The

neg: Employment discrimination law in the United States disparate impact on national origin minorities. However, when defending against a disparate impact claim that alleges age discrimination, an employer does not need to demonstrate necessity; rather, it must simply show that its practice is reasonable. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) interprets and enforces the Equal Pay Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title I and V of the Americans With Disabilities Act, Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. The Commission was established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Its

neg: Cover charge the state action doctrine. Similar actions have failed under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (42 U.S.C. § 1983). Ladies nights' may have federal tax implications, though. Federal claims were also involved in the unsuccessful challenge in Washington ("see below"). The California Supreme Court has ruled that ladies' days at a car wash and ladies' nights at a nightclub violate California's Unruh Civil Rights Act in "Koire v Metro Car Wash" (1985) and "Angelucci v. Century Supper Club" (2007). The Unruh Act provides: "All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their

neg: Private attorney general violate the Nation's fundamental laws are not to proceed with impunity, then citizens must have the opportunity to recover what it costs them to vindicate these rights in court." Where a plaintiff wins his or her lawsuit and is considered the "prevailing party," § 1988 acts to shift fees, including expert witness fees [at least in certain types of civil rights actions, under the Civil Rights Act of 1991, even if not in § 1983 actions], and to make those who acted as private attorneys general whole again, thus encouraging the enforcement of the civil rights laws. The Senate reported

neg: New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 what remedy will be appropriate to vindicate that breach. Article 2(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights requires parties to the treaty to ensure that any person whose rights and freedoms have been breached to have an effective remedy. It is often argued by New Zealand academics that the lack of express remedies in the Bill of Rights Act does not meet this requirement. One such express remedy is a judicial power to strike down legislation that is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act 1990. This is similar to the powers of the Court under the

neg: Ralph Neas as Executive Director of the nonpartisan Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR), the legislative arm of the civil rights movement. Neas coordinated successful national campaigns that led to the Civil Rights Act of 1991; the Americans with Disabilities Act; the Civil Rights Restoration Act;, the Fair Housing Act Amendments of 1988; the Japanese American Civil Liberties Act; the preservation of the Executive Order on Affirmative Action (1985-1986 and 1995-1996); and the 1982 Voting Right Act Extension. Final passage on all these laws averaged 85% in both the House of Representatives and the Senate; in addition, another 15 Leadership Conference on

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1964 in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion, finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation. Despite its lack of influence during its time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States. It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil

neg: Andrew J. Duck individuals' retirement is "safe and secure". He supported universal health care and environmental protection, which he claimed was rolled back by the George W. Bush Administration. Specifically, on the environment, he supported the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act and opposed drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; he believed that the Healthy Forests Initiative and the Clear Skies Act have a negative impact on the environment. Though his website does not cover the issue, Duck has been described as supporting civil unions as the first step towards marriages equality, and supports equal rights for the LGBTQ community. Duck's

neg: Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 cannot have joint guardianship over any children they raise together. The act provides for the succession of property, pension entitlements, domestic violence, and maintenance in the event of a breakdown of a relationship. The act does not make any provision for tax entitlements and allowances nor does it grant any social welfare benefits to civil partners. These issues are to be dealt with in two separate bills. The act makes provision for recognition of foreign relationships in Ireland as civil partnerships. The act does not deal with residency of same-sex couples that wish to become civil partnered in Ireland. The

neg: Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 civil partnership in Northern Ireland under the UK's Civil Partnership Act 2004, or say, have been legally married in Spain, can apply to have that relationship recognised as a civil partnership in Irish law, without the need to form a new civil partnership under the Act. Section 5 of the act states the criteria used to govern which classes of foreign relationships can be recognised. They are: While the Act provides many rights and obligations similar to marriage in Ireland, it does not provide the option for same-sex couples to be legally married. Civil Partnership, as defined by this Act,

neg: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 needs of older workers be provided to the general public. The ADEA includes a broad ban against age discrimination against workers over the age of forty, and also specifically prohibits: Mandatory retirement based on age is permitted for: The ADEA applies to employers who employ at least twenty employees on a regular basis within the current or prior calendar year. The ADEA was first amended in 1986, and then again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (Pub. L. 101-433) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Pub. L. 102-166). The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act

neg: Michael Petrelis the steps of the United States Capitol. When Petrelis encountered Gunderson at a gay bar in Alexandria, Virginia, in late June, 1991, Petrelis confronted Gunderson, urging him to come out and support gay rights. Specifically, Petrelis objected to Gunderson's vote against the Civil Rights Amendment Act of 1991, which would have extended the protections of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include sexual orientation. Gunderson reportedly replied, "I am out. I'm in this bar aren't I?", dismissing Petrelis. Petrelis grew angry and threw a beverage at his face. Petrelis then called the police on himself. Afterwards, Petrelis contacted journalists

neg: Eleanor Smeal Health Center") that President Bill Clinton signed into law in 1994, the unsuccessful attempt to defeat Proposition 209 in California, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, the Equal Credit Act, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, the Violence Against Women Act, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the unsuccessful 1970s and 1980s fight to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment. Eleanor Smeal was first elected as the President of NOW in 1977, preceded by President Karen DeCrow. In total, Smeal was elected as NOW’s President three times. Smeal was elected at a time when conference

neg: Judith L. Lichtman Act of 1978, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and, mostly notably, the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which is referred to as the "Judy Lichtman Act" by insiders on Capitol Hill. Lichtman helped establish what is now Georgetown University's Women's Law and Public Policy Fellowship Program, which provides one-year fellowships for recent law graduates, and the Women's Appointments Project, a bipartisan coalition that advocates for the appointment of women to senior executive branch positions. Lichtman is a founder of EMILY's List. Lichtman has served on numerous boards and

neg: Michigan Department of Civil Rights (Government Alliance on Race and Equity . In 1963, Michigan approved a new constitution which included the creation of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission. In 1965, a principal department was formed to support the work of the commission. MDCR is an administrative agency with investigative and enforcement authority; it investigates complaints to determine whether unlawful discrimination has occurred under the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act and the Persons With Disabilities Civil Rights Act. In 1991, the Michigan Women's Commission was transferred to the Department from the Michigan Department of Management and Budget by the Governor's Executive Order. By 1998, the Department

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1866 that the Thirteenth Amendment does not require a state actor. To the extent that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 may have been intended to go beyond preventing discrimination, by conferring particular rights on all citizens, the constitutional power of Congress to do that was more questionable. For example, Representative William Lawrence argued that Congress had power to enact the statute because of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV of the original unamended Constitution, even though courts had suggested otherwise. In any event, there is currently no consensus that the language of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

neg: Elaine Jones a key role in securing passage of legislative milestones such as the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982, the Fair Housing Act of 1988, the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. In 1993, Jones became the first woman to be appointed president and director-counsel of the LDF. As President and Director-Counsel, Elaine Jones expanded LDF's litigation into new areas such as health care and environmental justice, while keeping the organization focused on its core work in education, voting rights, economic access and criminal justice. Under her leadership, the LDF successfully defended affirmative action

neg: United States Commission on Civil Rights As then-Senator and Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson put it, the Commission's task is to "gather facts instead of charges. ... [I]t can sift out the truth from the fancies; and it can return with recommendations which will be of assistance to reasonable men." Since the 1957 Act, the Commission has been re-authorized and re-configured by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Acts of 1983 and 1991 and the Civil Rights Commission Amendments Act of 1994. Soon after the passage of the 1957 Act, the then-six-member, bipartisan Commission, consisting of John A. Hannah, President of Michigan State University; Robert Storey,

neg: Whistleblower protection in the United States to whistleblowers that may receive demotions, pay cuts, or a replacement employee. There are certain rules stated in this act that are civil protection standards against voidance of dismissal, voidancce of cancellation of worker dispatch contracts, and disadvantageous treatment (i.e. demotion or a pay cut). The court judges what is considered valid or not for each complaint filed for dismissal or cancellation. However, there are certain limitations to the Protection Act. For example, this act does not cover tax laws or regulate money used in political activities. It is in these political campaigns where whistleblowing is more effective in comparison

neg: Finnmark Act attempts to strengthen the Sámi rights, by giving the "entire" population of Finnmark greater influence of the property in the county. However, the act does not cover fishing rights in saltwater, mining, or oil rights. An important element of the act is discussion and recognition of existing rights of use and ownership of land. For this purpose a commission and tribunal have been set up. The foundation of this work is the principles of established custom and immemorial usage. (ibid.) Finnmark Act The Finnmark Act (Finnmarksloven in Norwegian) of 2005 transferred about 96% (about 46,000 km) of the area in

neg: Liberalism in the United States Jr. agreed to tone down the March on Washington in 1963. Kennedy finally endorsed the March on Washington and proposed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but he could not get it passed during his lifetime. Lyndon Johnson, who took office in November 1963, used the image of Kennedy's martyrdom to mobilize northern support, along with the black leadership community, to pass major civil rights legislation: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The result was an end to legalized segregation and an end to restrictions on black voting. However, it

neg: Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 is an Act of Parliament of the state of Victoria, Australia, designed to protect and promote human rights. It does so by enumerating a series of human rights, largely developed from those in the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, along with a number of enforcement provisions. The Act came into full effect on 1 January 2008 and may operate in a similar way to the UK's Human Rights Act 1998 or the Canadian Bill of Rights. The Act protects twenty one fundamental

neg: Homer Bigart dispatched Bigart to cover some of the most significant events of the struggle of southern blacks for civil rights. He followed the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957, in response to Governor Orval Faubus's refusal to comply with federal court orders to desegregate the City's public schools. He covered the demonstrations in St. Augustine, Florida that led directly to the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. His dispatch's blunt description of civil rights opponents in Philadelphia, Mississippi as "peckerwoods' and "rednecks," following the disappearance of civil rights activists Mickey Schwerner, James Cheney, and Andrew

neg: John Lewis (civil rights leader) the "conscience of Congress." Lewis has cited former Florida Senator and Congressman Claude Pepper, a staunch liberal, as being the colleague that he has most admired. Lewis has spoken out in support of gay rights and national health insurance. Lewis opposed the U.S. waging of the 1991 Gulf War, and the 2000 trade agreement with China that passed the House. He opposed the Clinton administration on NAFTA and welfare reform. After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to

neg: John F. Kennedy B. Johnson, Kennedy's successor, took up the mantle and pushed the landmark Civil Rights Act through a bitterly divided Congress by invoking the slain president's memory. President Johnson then signed the Act into law on July 2, 1964. This civil rights law ended what was known as the "Solid South" and certain provisions were modeled after the Civil Rights Act of 1875, signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant. Kennedy's continuation of Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower's policies of giving economic and military aid to South Vietnam left the door open for President Johnson's escalation of

neg: Social Democrats, USA and Freedom in 1963. On September 6, 1963, Rustin and Randolph appeared on the cover of "Life" magazine as "the leaders" of the March. After passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act, Rustin advocated closer ties between the civil rights movement and the Democratic Party and its base among the working class. With the assistance of Tom Kahn, Rustin wrote the 1965 article "From protest to politics", which analyzed the changing economy and its implications for black Americans. This article stated that the rise of automation would reduce the demand for low-skill high-paying jobs, which

neg: Civil partnership in the United Kingdom rights in hospitals, and others. There is a formal process for dissolving partnerships akin to divorce. The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 legalised full same-sex marriage in England and Wales starting from March 2014, although civil partnership also remains available. Later in 2014 it granted those in a civil partnership in England or Wales the ability to convert their partnership into a marriage. The equivalent Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014 does not grant that ability, but includes provision for its later introduction, and does permit those already in civil partnership with one another to marry without first

neg: Civil rights referendum Civil rights referendum A civil rights referendum or human rights referendum is any act of direct democracy which allows for a vote on the granting or amendment of current civil rights, liberties or associations as recognized by a government. Such referenda have frequently been proposed as a means by which the majority of the voting public in a polity, rather than the judicial or legislative chambers of government, could determine what the state should recognize or carry out, while such referenda have been strongly criticized by civil rights organizations and professional bodies as means by which the majority of the

neg: Civil Liberties Defense Center Civil Liberties Defense Center The Civil Liberties Defense Center (CLDC) is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Eugene, Oregon, United States. Founded in 2003, it is made up of practicing public interest attorneys and organizers focused on defending civil rights, especially by representing activists exercising their constitutional rights, and confronting what may be perceived as political and legislative attacks on basic liberties. The CLDC seeks to educate people regarding current threats to their constitutionally guaranteed rights and act as a legal resource for activists and legal workers. In particular, it claims to be a nationally recognized expert on the Patriot Act.

neg: Sexual harassment in the workplace in the United States it was a form of sex discrimination prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 added provisions to Title VII protections including expanding the rights of women to sue and collect compensatory and punitive damages for sexual discrimination or harassment "Barnes v. Train" (1974) is commonly viewed as the first sexual harassment case in America, even though the term "sexual harassment" was not used. Paulette Barnes, an African American woman, was a payroll clerk who worked for the Environmental Protection Agency. She brought the case after losing her job for refusing the advances of

neg: Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 force on 1 January 1992 in the Statutory Instrument (SI) "Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No 7) Order 1991". On 1 October 1991 the clauses on multinational partnerships and the modifications to the Children Act came into force with the SI "Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No 6) Order 1991". The clause dealing with elimination of certain absolute rights of appeal came into force on 1 June 1992 through the Si "Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Commencement No 9) Order 1993". At the same time the clause on recovery of costs in civil cases came

neg: George H. W. Bush Civil Rights Act of 1990. Bush feared racial quotas would be imposed, but later approved the watered-down Civil Rights Act of 1991. He worked to increase federal spending for education, childcare, and advanced technology research. He also signed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act which provides monetary compensation of people who had contracted cancer and a number of other specified diseases as a direct result of their exposure to atmospheric nuclear weapons testing undertaken by the United States during the Cold War, or their exposure to high levels of radon while doing uranium mining. In dealing with the environment, Bush reauthorized

neg: Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act individuals with intellectual disabilities. The law allows for the attorney general to intervene on behalf of institutionalized people whose rights may have been repressed or violated. This law was enacted to give statutory authority to the Department of Justice to protect the civil rights cases of institutionalized people. CRIPA does not create any new rights; Instead, it allows the attorney general to enforce already established rights of institutionalized persons. The Department of Justice (DOJ) discovers possible civil rights violations in a number of ways. These reports can range from a number of informal means such as news reports, family members,

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1964 already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees. In October 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions issued a directive that withdrew the Holder memorandum. According to a copy of the directive reviewed by "BuzzFeed News", Sessions stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between "men and women". Attorney General Session stated as a matter of law, "Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se." Devin O'Malley, speaking on behalf of the DoJ, stated "the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle [that the Department of Justice cannot expand the law beyond

neg: Third Enforcement Act the event, the security company violates a participant's First Amendment right, they can be sued under § 1983. Although some provisions were ruled unconstitutional in 1882, the 1870 Force Act and the 1871 Civil Rights Act have been invoked in later civil rights conflicts, including the 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner; the 1965 murder of Viola Liuzzo; and in "Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic", 506 U.S. 263 (1993), in which the court ruled that "The first clause of 1985(3) does not provide a federal cause of action against persons obstructing access to abortion clinics." It was also

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1964 the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities", an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, aiding not only African Americans, but also women. Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 () is a landmark civil rights and U.S. labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color,

neg: Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 was that the ancestral domain rights’ legal characterisation as "private but communal" differentiated from the Philippines’ civil law's idea of co-ownership of real property. This meant that areas in ancestral domains is shared by the members of the community, but that does not mean that they are considered as co-owners of the said property according to the New Civil Code (2). Section 57 of chapter VIII of the Republic Act No. 8371 of 1997 which states that:Natural resources within Ancestral Domains - The ICCs/IPs shall have priority rights in the harvesting, extraction, development or exploitation of any natural resources within

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1991 passed, both allowed for an award of attorneys fees. The 1991 Act expanded the remedies available to victims of discrimination by amending Title VII of the 1964 Act. Congress had amended Title VII once before, in 1972, when it broadened the coverage of the Act. It was moved to overhaul Title VII in 1991 and to harmonize it with Section 1981 jurisprudence, with a series of controversial Supreme Court decisions: The "Patterson" case had attracted much criticism since it appeared to leave employees who had been victimized by racial harassment on the job with no effective remedies, as they could

neg: Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act her measure would never pass unless she found a Republican to co-sponsor it. After being newly elected, Michigan State Representative Melvin L. Larsen, a Republican from Oxford, indicated in 1973 that he would co-sponsor the law. Larsen served on the Michigan House of Representatives civil rights committee that would hold hearings and vote on the proposed legislation. Larsen has stated that his Catholic faith and experience as a principal, athletic director, football coach and instructor at one of the Pontiac Catholic schools was what motivated him to support anti-discrimination measures. The act was modeled on prior state civil rights laws

neg: Civil rights referendum referendum. Women's suffrage was first brought forward as proposed legislation in the Kansas women's suffrage referendum, 1867. The proposal was defeated twice before passing. Civil rights referendum A civil rights referendum or human rights referendum is any act of direct democracy which allows for a vote on the granting or amendment of current civil rights, liberties or associations as recognized by a government. Such referenda have frequently been proposed as a means by which the majority of the voting public in a polity, rather than the judicial or legislative chambers of government, could determine what the state should recognize or

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1875 readopted by Congress during the Civil Rights Movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The 1964 and 1968 acts relied upon the Commerce Clause contained in of the Constitution of the United States rather than the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment. Civil Rights Act of 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and

neg: Hunter v. Erickson those constitutional limitations that had been duly adopted and remain unrepealed. Held: 1. The case is not moot. Neither the 1968 Civil Rights Act (which specifically preserves local fair housing laws), nor the 1866 Civil Rights Act, was intended to pre-empt local housing ordinances; the Ohio Act of October 30, 1965 (which concerns "commercial" housing), does not apply to this case; and the Akron ordinance provides an enforcement mechanism unmatched by either state or federal legislation. pp. 388–389. 2. The charter amendment contains an explicitly racial classification treating racial housing matters differently from other racial and housing matters and places

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last federal civil rights bill signed into law until the Civil Rights Act of 1957, enacted during the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 is notable as the last major piece of legislation related to Reconstruction that was passed by Congress during the Reconstruction Era. These include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the four Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868, the three Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and the three Constitutional Amendments adopted between 1865 and 1870. Provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were later

neg: Barbara Arnwine of the Boston Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights. She became renowned for her work on the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991. She also focused on international civil rights matters, serving as a member of the advance team of the Lawyers’ Committee's South Africa Electoral Observers Delegation. In 1995, she served as the National Convener of the National Conference on African American Women and the Law and led a delegation to the NGO Forum and Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. Her involvement contributed to a United Nations Platform for Action that provides protection for women against

neg: Double Jeopardy Clause might try the same defendant for a Federal crime (perhaps a civil rights violation or a kidnapping) connected to the same act. The officers of the Los Angeles Police Department who were charged with assaulting Rodney King in 1991 were acquitted by a jury of the Superior Court, but some were later convicted and sentenced in Federal court for violating King's civil rights. Similar legal processes were used for prosecuting racially motivated crimes in the Southern United States in the 1960s during the time of the Civil Rights Movement, when those crimes had not been actively prosecuted, or had resulted

neg: Performance Rights Act on copyright recapturing and reclaiming royalties for children of civil rights era musical performers. The Performance Rights Act is an amendment to United States copyright law proposed by Senator Patrick Leahy. The bill would expand the protection for public performances of copyrighted sound recordings. Under the Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act, sound recordings have a limited public performance right in digital transmissions, such as webcasting. This bill would expand the performance right to cover terrestrial broadcasts, such as AM/FM radio. The bill is both strongly contested and supported. Artists who support the bill argue that it properly compensates

neg: Fast, Cheap and Out of Control (album) analysis on issues such as humanity, cloning, celebrity culture, global warming and civil rights, all delivered in a thoroughly researched, but highly tongue-in-cheek and digestible manner. The imagery of the album's artwork and HK119 herself had also changed considerably for this album. In bringing the album "Back down to earth" and "from a more personal place", HK119 used the imagery of sportswear and use of such related equipment as a dumbbell to highlight the competitive nature of humanity (while also seen smoking on the cover sleeve, to represent the conflict of "what does it mean to be human?"; a line

neg: Hatch Act of 1939 to removal for federal employees; clarified the applicability to the District of Columbia of provisions that cover state and local governments; limited the prohibition on state and local employees running for elective office to employees whose salary is paid completely by federal loans or grants. The Hatch Act does not apply to actively serving uniformed members of the Uniformed services of the United States, although it does apply to Department of Defense civil servants, as well as Department of Homeland Security civil servants in direct support of the United States Coast Guard. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces are subject

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1866 a two-thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto to become law without presidential signature. John Bingham and other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress ratified the 1866 Act in 1870. The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull. Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows, when he introduced the legislation in the House of Representatives: During the subsequent legislative process, the following key provision was deleted:

neg: Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities infringe rights in exceptional circumstances, such as when facing a serious security threat or a state of emergency. Courts do not have the authority to strike down impeding legislation, but are able to interpret statutory provisions in a way that is compatible with human rights. Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 is an Act of Parliament of the state of Victoria, Australia, designed to protect and promote human rights. It does so by enumerating a series of human rights, largely developed from those in the International Covenant of Civil and

neg: Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Votes on Act Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 The Civil Rights Restoration Act, or Grove City Bill, was a US legislative act that specified that recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just in the particular program or activity that received federal funding. The Act was first passed by the House in June 1984 (375–32) but failed to pass in either chamber after divisions occurred within the civil rights coalition over the issue of abortion. In

neg: Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust 1991 amendments to the Civil Rights Act. See "Phillips v. Cohen", 400 F.3d 388, 397–98 (6th Cir. 2005); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k) (2008). Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977 (1988), is a United States Supreme Court case on US labor law, concerning proof of disparate treatment under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Plaintiff Watson, an African-American bank teller, applied (on four separate occasions) for a promotion to a supervisory position at the bank. The bank had not developed precise and formal selection criteria for the positions in question,

neg: Kelly Lamrock kids when the crime is proven but the individuals are not." Lamrock was quick to point out that this Legislation does not give police in New Brunswick the ability to violate civil liberties: "Any legislation, including this one, is subject to Charter scrutiny and the Canadian Charter of Rights trumps the Bill. In other words, protected rights, such as the right against unreasonable search and seizure under Section 8, cannot be subverted." "More directly the bill does not change the need for warrants, due process, limits on searches or evidentiary admissibility. The Civil Forfeiture Act allows the Crown, if it

neg: William Jernagin interstate travel, housing and education aid, civil rights for [Washington] and the 1957 Civil Rights Act." Jernagin's Washington Bureau 'served as the de facto voice of the black church on executive and legislative matters in the struggle to secure civil rights." Reverend William Jernagin passed away on February 18th, 1958, while vacationing in Miami, Florida. Following his passing, the "Baltimore Afro-American" reported, "A positive leader [is] one who takes a firm stand and does not equivocate. For years [Jernagin] has been recognized as the 'watchdog of the race' at the Nation's capital, both as a race leader and a denominational

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957, , a federal voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Its purpose was to show the federal government's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court's 1954 decision in "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Opposition to the Act, including the longest one-person filibuster in U.S. history, limited its immediate impact. The Act, however, paved the way for a series of more effective civil rights bills in the 1960s. Following the

neg: Fed Up! (book) section, Perry discusses slavery and argues that such legislation as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Supreme Court decision in "Dred Scott v. Sandford" were assaults on the states' rights of the northern states. He comments that the American Civil War was inevitable and that the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments along with the Civil Rights Act were all necessary for individual rights. However, in the next chapter titled "What Happened to the Founders' Vision", Perry argues that the federal government grew too powerful during the Progressive Era and cites the Sixteenth and Seventeenth amendments as an attack

neg: Related rights falling within the definition of a "work" protected by copyright. It was observed by the Court that the artiste's performance does not constitute either an artistic work or a dramatic work as conceptualized under the Act. The Act does not recognize the performance of an actor as constituting a 'work' which is subject to protection under the Copyright Act. However, the position has changed with the recognition of performer's rights via an amendment in 1994. This case addressed the question of what would constitute a ‘"live performance"’ . The Court observed that “Every performance has to be live in the

neg: Civil liberties of the United Kingdom. In addition, the United Kingdom is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights which covers both human rights and civil liberties. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the great majority of Convention rights directly into UK law. In June 2008 the then Shadow Home Secretary David Davis resigned his parliamentary seat over what he described as the "erosion of civil liberties" by the then Labour government, and was re-elected on a civil liberties platform (although he was not opposed by candidates of other major parties). This was in reference to anti-terrorism laws and in

neg: Ladies' night have failed under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (42 U.S.C. § 1983). Ladies' nights may have federal tax implications, though. Federal claims were also involved in the unsuccessful challenge in Washington ("see below"). The California Supreme Court has ruled that ladies' days at a car wash and ladies' nights at a nightclub violate California's Unruh Civil Rights Act in "Koire v Metro Car Wash" (1985) and "Angelucci v. Century Supper Club" (2007). The Unruh Act provides: "All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their sex [...] are entitled to the

neg: Iowa Civil Rights Commission (FHAP). Under this program, the Commission investigates and enforces complaints of housing discrimination under the Fair Housing Act. Iowa Civil Rights Commission The Iowa Civil Rights Commission is a fact-finding law enforcement agency that enforces the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965, Iowa’s anti-discrimination law. The Iowa Civil Rights Commission consists of a seven-person commission. Commission members are appointed by the Governor of the State of Iowa and confirmed by the Iowa State Senate. There are several expectations of the Iowa Civil Rights Commission as it enforces the Iowa Civil Rights Act, including: The Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965

neg: Choctaw Youth Movement fostered Choctaw identity. What the movement did in unequivocal terms was foster pride in being Choctaw and brought about a rebirth in Choctaw nationalism. Choctaw Youth Movement As the 1960s emerged, a growing sensitivity to minority rights was born, spurred by Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, Loving v. Virginia and legislation including the Voting Rights Act of 1957, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act if 1968. Into this turbulent time, a pan-Indian movement developed predominantly with the goals of having the

neg: LGBT rights in Pakistan number of individuals—especially those born to parents who have been educated in the developed world, who are usually university graduates and have some sort of understanding about evolution and sexuality—who are coming out to their friends and introducing them to their same-sex partner. In 2018, Parliament passed the "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act" which established broad protections for transgender people. Earlier, in a historic 2009 ruling, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in favour of civil rights for transgender citizens, and further court rulings upheld and increased these rights. Pakistan does not have civil rights laws to prohibit discrimination

neg: Lily-white movement strengthening the Republican Party in the South was a major motivation of the movement, the party faded to near irrelevance in the South during the early 20th century despite the movement's success. Lily-white/black-and-tan factionalism flared up in 1928, when Herbert Hoover tried to appeal to southern whites; and 1952. The surviving Black-and-tan factions lost heavily in 1964 and practically vanished. Due to Democratic support of the civil rights movement and Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the shift of African Americans toward Democratic candidates accelerated. citation 1 incomplete. what is

neg: Protection of State Information Bill planned repeal and replacement of the Protection of Information Act 84 of 1982. Critics of the new bill, most notably led by a civil society coalition called the Right2Know Campaign, have broadly accepted the need to replace the 1982 Act, human rights activists, legal experts, opposition parties and a wide range of civil society bodies argued that the Bill does not correctly balance these competing principles, and point to a number of provisions that undermine the right to access information and the rights of whistleblowers and journalists. Of particular concern are the severe penalties for leaking documents, which entail jail

neg: Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College does not apply to discrimination based on sexual orientation. The Supreme Court denied a cert petition in that case. Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College Kimberly Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College, 853 F.3d 339 (7th Cir. 2017), was a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in which the Court held that discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The ruling made the Seventh Circuit the first federal appeals court to find that sexual orientation is a protected class under the Civil Rights Act

neg: Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 The Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 is an Act of the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament) which allows same-sex couples to enter into civil partnerships. The act also provides rights for participants in long-term cohabiting relationships who have not entered into a civil partnership or marriage. There is no difference, in the act, in the rights and obligations accorded to opposite sex cohabiting couples or same sex cohabiting couples, however there are significant differences between the rights and obligations accorded to Civil Partners (same-sex) and

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1875 editorials finds the press was overwhelmingly opposed. The Supreme Court, in an 8–1 decision, declared sections of the act unconstitutional in the "Civil Rights Cases" on October 15, 1883. Justice John Marshall Harlan provided the lone dissent. The Court held the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination by the state and local government, but it does not give the federal government the power to prohibit discrimination by private individuals and organizations. The Court also held that the Thirteenth Amendment was meant to eliminate "the badge of slavery," but not to prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. The

neg: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee key supporters within the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, and his Vice-Presidential nominee Hubert Humphrey, to pressure King and other mainstream civil rights leaders to bring the MFDP around, while directing Hoover to put the delegation under surveillance. The MFDP rejected both the compromise and the pressure to accept it, and walked out. That experience destroyed what little faith SNCC activists had in the federal government, even though Johnson had obtained a broad Civil Rights Act barring discrimination in public accommodations, employment and private education in 1964 and would go on to obtain an equally broad Voting Rights Act

neg: Civil Rights Cases individuals wielding power under public authority... What I affirm is that no state, nor the officers of any state, nor any corporation or individual wielding power under state authority for the public benefit or the public convenience, can, consistently either with the freedom established by the fundamental law, or with that equality of civil rights which now belongs to every citizen, discriminate against freemen or citizens, in their civil rights, because of their race, or because they once labored under disabilities imposed upon them as a race. The rights which congress, by the act of 1875, endeavored to secure and

neg: Jack Brooks (American politician) Foley of Washington, who opposed the amendment, said Brooks "is one of the most powerful and effective chairmen in Congress." While chair of the House Judiciary Committee, Brooks sponsored the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1991, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Brooks' sponsorship of the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which eventually was incorporated with an amendment to ban semi-automatic firearms, probably contributed to his electoral defeat by Republican Steve Stockman, despite Brooks' life membership in the National Rifle Association and his personal opposition to the ban. A

neg: Student rights in higher education and where those staff members had the full support of their institution. In the US, students have many rights accorded by bills or laws (e.g. the Civil Rights Act and Higher Education Act) and executive presidential orders. These have been proceduralized by the courts to varying degrees. The US does not, however, have a national Student Bill of Rights and students rely on institutions to voluntarily provide this information. While some colleges are posting their own student bills, there is no legal requirement that they do so and no requirement that they post all legal rights. Decision making should not

neg: United States v. Johnson (1968) injunction the exclusive remedy under the Act. (269 F Supp 706) Justice Douglas reversed for a 5-3 majority. He held that the provisions of 207(b) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 making the remedies provided in the "Public Accommodations" part of the Act the exclusive means of enforcing rights based on such part do not preclude a criminal prosecution of the defendants under 18 USC 241, since the exclusive-remedy provision applies only to enforcement of substantive rights to public accommodations against proprietors and owners, and does not purport to deal with outsiders who use violence against those who assert

neg: Skepticon over whether the sign violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 earned the incident the nickname "gelato-gate." In 2016 Skepticon banned Carrier for what organizer Lauren Lane described as "repeated boundary-pushing behavior." Later that year Carrier sued Skepticon and Lane for defamation, tortious interference, and emotional distress. Skepticon 2009 featured a debate between Christian and atheist experts on the question "Does God exist?" Participants included Richard Carrier, Victor Stenger, and JT Eberhard for the atheist perspective and professors Charlie Self, Zachary Manis, and Greg Ojakangas presenting the Christian position. Skepticon III (2010) explored the merits of confrontation versus accommodation and

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1960 counted. Title VII established the separability of the act, affirming that the rest of the act shall go unaffected if one provision is found invalid. After the subsequent intensive acts of 1964 and 1965, the act of 1957 and the Civil Rights Act of 1960 were deemed ineffective for the firm establishment of civil rights. The later legislation had firmer ground for the enforcement and protection of a variety of civil rights, where the acts of 1957 and 1960 were largely limited to voting rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1960 dealt with race and color but omitted coverage of

neg: Ellen D. Katz Ellen D. Katz Ellen D. Katz (born 1968 or 1969) is an American law professor at the University of Michigan Law School. Katz has written "a significant body of scholarship on voting rights and election law" and has also written and taught on equal protection, civil rights, and legal history. A scholar of the Voting Rights Act, she wrote a widely cited empirical study of litigation under that act. Katz received her B.A in history "summa cum laude" from Yale College in 1991, and her J.D. in 1994 from Yale Law School, where she was articles editor of the "Yale

neg: Robert Faurisson punched by three young men, breaking his jaw. Shortly after the Gayssot Act, a statute that prohibited Holocaust denial, was enacted in 1990, Faurisson was convicted of Holocaust denial in a French court. In 1991, Faurisson was removed from his university chair on the basis of his views under the Gayssot Act. He challenged the statute as a violation of international law at the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Human Rights Committee. Faurisson filed a complaint with the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1993; in 1996, the Committee rejected Faurisson's claim that France's prosecution of him

neg: Clarence Mitchell Jr. Clarence Mitchell Jr. Clarence Maurice Mitchell Jr. (March 8, 1911 – March 19, 1984) was a civil rights activist and was the chief lobbyist for the NAACP for nearly 30 years. He also served as a regional director for the organization. Mitchell, nicknamed "the 101st U.S. Senator", waged a tireless campaign on Capitol Hill, helping to secure passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s: the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the Civil Rights Act of 1960, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act ("Title VIII" of the

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1960 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and served to eliminate certain loopholes left by the Civil Rights Act of 1957. By the late 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement had been pressuring Congress to enact legislation to protect the constitutional civil rights of African Americans. The first major piece of civil rights legislation passed by Congress was the Civil Rights Act of 1957. While enforcing the voting rights of African Americans set out in the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the act had several loopholes. Southern states continued to discriminate against African Americans in application of voter registration and electoral

neg: Iowa Civil Rights Commission Iowa Civil Rights Commission The Iowa Civil Rights Commission is a fact-finding law enforcement agency that enforces the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965, Iowa’s anti-discrimination law. The Iowa Civil Rights Commission consists of a seven-person commission. Commission members are appointed by the Governor of the State of Iowa and confirmed by the Iowa State Senate. There are several expectations of the Iowa Civil Rights Commission as it enforces the Iowa Civil Rights Act, including: The Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965 prohibits discrimination in the areas of employment, housing, credit, public accommodations and education. Discrimination, or different treatment, is

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1957 to vote and from voting, established record-keeping and oversight, and provided for federal enforcement in areas with documented patterns of discrimination or low voter turnout. Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957, , a federal voting rights bill, was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Its purpose was to show the federal government's support for racial equality after the US Supreme Court's 1954 decision in "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka". Opposition to the Act, including the longest one-person filibuster in U.S.

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1960 those discriminated against for national origin, although Eisenhower had called for it in his message to Congress. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 worked to fulfill the seven goals suggested by President Eisenhower in 1959. The two satisfied proponents of the civil rights movement to end racial discrimination and protect legal equality in the United States. Civil Rights Act of 1960 The Civil Rights Act of 1960 () is a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register

neg: Voting Rights Act of 1965 federal government to protect the voting rights of racial minorities. In 1957, Congress passed the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction: the Civil Rights Act of 1957. This legislation authorized the Attorney General to sue for injunctive relief on behalf of persons whose Fifteenth Amendment rights were denied, created the Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice to enforce civil rights through litigation, and created the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate voting rights deprivations. Further protections were enacted in the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which allowed federal courts to appoint referees to conduct voter registration in jurisdictions

neg: Frederick Vanderbilt Field Soviet Union. Still, what we know does not prove that Field was a full-blown Soviet agent. As secretary of the Civil Rights Congress bail fund, Field refused to reveal who had put up bond for eight Communist Party officials, who had jumped bail and disappeared after being convicted by the Truman administration Department of Justice for violations of the Smith Act. Convicted of contempt of court since he would not provide the names of any of his Communist friends, Field served two months of a 90-day sentence in federal prison at Ashland, Kentucky, in 1951. Field at one point moved

neg: To Kill a Mockingbird historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that "To Kill a Mockingbird" condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, "for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual—by its very existence an act of protest." Author James McBride calls

neg: History of gay men in the United States an amicus brief in the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals making the argument that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not prohibit discrimination against employees who are gay or bisexual. On June 11, 2016, Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was hosting Latin Night, a weekly Saturday-night event drawing a primarily Hispanic crowd. In what was the deadliest mass shooting and the worst terror attack since 9/11 to occur in the United States, a mass shooting then occurred which killed 50 people, including the shooter, and injured 53. ISIL's Amaq News Agency claimed that

neg: Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 (c 22) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act constitutes a major review and update of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. According to the Department of Health the Act's key provisions are: The Bill's discussion in Parliament did not permit time to debate whether it should extend abortion rights under the Abortion Act 1967 to also cover Northern Ireland. The 2008 Act does not alter the status quo. The Act also repealed and replaced the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001.

neg: Clarence Mitchell Jr. York (SUNY) College at Old Westbury, New York. Clarence Mitchell Jr. Clarence Maurice Mitchell Jr. (March 8, 1911 – March 19, 1984) was a civil rights activist and was the chief lobbyist for the NAACP for nearly 30 years. He also served as a regional director for the organization. Mitchell, nicknamed "the 101st U.S. Senator", waged a tireless campaign on Capitol Hill, helping to secure passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s: the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the Civil Rights Act of 1960, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and

neg: Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 The Civil Rights Act of 1968, (), also known as the Fair Housing Act, is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, religion, or national origin and made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone … by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin." The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had previously signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights

neg: Oretha Castle Haley park continued. The Schwegmann's grocery store chain closed its lunch counters in response to a CORE lawsuit. A Freedom March on city hall resulted in the desegregation of the municipal cafeteria. The 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited segregation in public accommodations, so the protest marches came to an end. The next battle was voter registration. CORE joined a coalition of civil rights organizations that combined their resources for the Mississippi Summer Project, what became known as Freedom Summer. In the spring of 1964, Castle relinquished her presidency and moved upstate to Ouchita Parish to act as field secretary. In November,

neg: Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976 Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976 The Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976 is a law of the United States. It is often referred to as "Section 1988" (since the law is codified in 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)). It allows a Federal court to award reasonable attorneys' fees to a prevailing party in certain civil rights cases. The Act was designed to create an enforcement mechanism for the nation's civil rights laws without creating an enforcement bureaucracy. The House of Representatives passed a bill entitled the "Public Expression of Religion Act" on September 26, 2006. Were

neg: Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 The Civil Rights Restoration Act, or Grove City Bill, was a US legislative act that specified that recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just in the particular program or activity that received federal funding. The Act was first passed by the House in June 1984 (375–32) but failed to pass in either chamber after divisions occurred within the civil rights coalition over the issue of abortion. In January 1988, the Senate accepted an amendment by Senator John Danforth (R-MO), which added "abortion-neutral" language to the Bill,