query: where did the steel for sydney harbour bridge come from

pos: Sydney Harbour Bridge including the arch and approach spans, is , with the arch itself weighing . About 79% of the steel was imported from England, with the rest being sourced from . On site, the contractors (Dorman Long and Co.) set up two workshops at Milsons Point, at the site of the present day Luna Park, and fabricated the steel into the girders and other required parts. The bridge is held together by six million Australian-made hand-driven rivets supplied by the McPherson company of Melbourne, the last being driven through the deck on 21 January 1932. The rivets were heated red-hot and

pos: Edward Judge steel industry in 1967. Edward Judge Edward Judge (died 1992) was an English engineer and industrialist born in Worcester, England and educated at RGS Worcester and St John's College Cambridge where he studied engineering. He entered the steel manufacturing company Dorman Long, becoming involved in the design and construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Tyne Bridge. He was also responsible for setting up the Lackenby Steel works in Teesside which became the chief supplier of steel in the UK. After becoming Chier Engineer of Dorman Long Judge was made President of the British Iron and Steel Federation overseeing

pos: Edward Judge Edward Judge Edward Judge (died 1992) was an English engineer and industrialist born in Worcester, England and educated at RGS Worcester and St John's College Cambridge where he studied engineering. He entered the steel manufacturing company Dorman Long, becoming involved in the design and construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Tyne Bridge. He was also responsible for setting up the Lackenby Steel works in Teesside which became the chief supplier of steel in the UK. After becoming Chier Engineer of Dorman Long Judge was made President of the British Iron and Steel Federation overseeing the privatisation of the

pos: Iron Knob steel works established at Newcastle and Port Kembla in the 1910s and 1920s and Whyalla in the 1930s. The iron ore was transported by railway to Whyalla where it was either smelted or dispatched by sea. 21% of the steel required for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge was quarried at Iron Knob and smelted at Port Kembla, New South Wales. The remaining 79% was imported from England. In the 1920s, iron ore from Iron Knob was exported to the Netherlands and the United States of America. In the 1930s, customers included Germany and the United Kingdom. Prior to

pos: Norman Selfe Norman Selfe Norman Selfe (9 December 1839 – 15 October 1911) was an Australian engineer, naval architect, inventor, urban planner and outspoken advocate of technical education. After emigrating to Sydney with his family from England as a boy he became an apprentice engineer, following his father's trade. Selfe designed many bridges, docks, boats, and much precision machinery for the city. He also introduced new refrigeration, hydraulic, electrical and transport systems. For these achievements he received international acclaim during his lifetime. Decades before the Sydney Harbour Bridge was built, the city came close to building a Selfe-designed steel cantilever bridge across

pos: Sydney Harbour Bridge including the arch and approach spans, is , with the arch itself weighing . About 79% of the steel was imported from England, with the rest being sourced from . On site, the contractors (Dorman Long and Co.) set up two workshops at Milsons Point, at the site of the present day Luna Park, and fabricated the steel into the girders and other required parts. The bridge is held together by six million Australian-made hand-driven rivets supplied by the McPherson company of Melbourne, the last being driven through the deck on 21 January 1932. The rivets were heated red-hot and

pos: Ovingham the sale. Quill pens were made in Ovingham from goose feathers. Ovingham Ovingham is a civil parish and village in the Tyne Valley of south Northumberland, England. It lies on the River Tyne east of Hexham with neighbours Prudhoe, Ovington, Wylam and Stocksfield. The River Tyne provided an obstacle between Ovingham and Prudhoe until 20 December 1883, when a toll bridge (Ovingham Bridge) was finally opened, taking the place of the ferry. The steel tubes are marked Dorman Long Middlesbrough, the firm which designed and built the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Tyne Bridge. Ovingham is in the parliamentary constituency

pos: Bolands Centre building was imported in casks from England and poured using an innovative concrete roller mixer with an independent hoist system. An English firm, Dorman, Long and Co., who later supplied steel for the Sydney Harbour Bridge, prefabricated the steel work for the building. The building was rectangular in plan, and when completed measured , with the long axis oriented along Spence Street. The remaining section of the early wooden store had been demolished and the new building was connected internally to the 1902 store. It also had entrances on both Spence and Lake streets. The bullnose corrugated iron awning of

pos: Hell Gate Bridge the bridges are more than long. The Tyne Bridge in Newcastle, England, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge in New South Wales, Australia, derived their own designs from the Hell Gate Bridge. The Sydney Harbour Bridge, however, is about 60% larger than the Hell Gate Bridge. The bridge was conceived in the early 1900s to link New York and the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) with New England and the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad (NH). In June 1906, the NH applied for and received a franchise to operate trains from the northeastern suburbs of New York City to Pennsylvania Station

pos: Isis Downs Woolshed room provided its own electricity, with the lighting supplemented by clerestory windows. Large, rectangular ventilation shutters were spaced around the curved facade of the building providing more light when open. Steel was ordered from Dorman Long and Co. of Melbourne in January 1913, the same company that later built the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The steel could not be produced in Australia at that time and therefore had to be shipped from Middlesbrough (England) to Melbourne to be cut and prepared as per the design. It was then shipped to Rockhampton and moved by rail to Malverton, near Blackall. From there,

pos: Wylam Railway Bridge Hexham and the old Tyne Bridge at Newcastle. For this reason, the track is suspended above the river's typical level and greater than the flood level. It has been suggested that Wylam Railway Bridge might have been an inspiration for the designers of the much later Tyne Bridge in Newcastle upon Tyne and the Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia. However, there are some major differences in design between this bridge and those at Newcastle and Sydney. Perhaps the greatest difference is the load taken by the abutments of the bridge. In the cases of the Tyne and Sydney Harbour bridges

pos: Ovingham Ovingham Ovingham is a civil parish and village in the Tyne Valley of south Northumberland, England. It lies on the River Tyne east of Hexham with neighbours Prudhoe, Ovington, Wylam and Stocksfield. The River Tyne provided an obstacle between Ovingham and Prudhoe until 20 December 1883, when a toll bridge (Ovingham Bridge) was finally opened, taking the place of the ferry. The steel tubes are marked Dorman Long Middlesbrough, the firm which designed and built the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Tyne Bridge. Ovingham is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. There was a dyehouse at Ovingham, and in 1828

neg: Teesside Steelworks has a workforce of around 20,000 and is one the dominant producers of steel in Britain. Dorman Long builds a brand new blast furnace at Redcar with a cost of £5.4 million. Some of the steel produced here, along with steel from the Brittania and Cargo Fleet steelworks, is used to build structures including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge and the Auckland Harbour Bridge. Dorman Long opens the new Cleveland works. Dorman Long wins the contract to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The majority of the steel used in its construction is produced by Dorman long's Bridge and Constructional

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge transport link". Webcams: Images: Sydney Harbour Bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a heritage-listed steel through arch bridge across Sydney Harbour that carries rail, vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district (CBD) and the North Shore. The dramatic view of the bridge, the harbour, and the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of Sydney, and Australia itself. The bridge is nicknamed "The Coathanger" because of its arch-based design. Under the direction of Dr John Bradfield of the NSW Department of Public Works, the bridge was designed and built by British firm

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a heritage-listed steel through arch bridge across Sydney Harbour that carries rail, vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic between the Sydney central business district (CBD) and the North Shore. The dramatic view of the bridge, the harbour, and the nearby Sydney Opera House is an iconic image of Sydney, and Australia itself. The bridge is nicknamed "The Coathanger" because of its arch-based design. Under the direction of Dr John Bradfield of the NSW Department of Public Works, the bridge was designed and built by British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd of Middlesbrough

neg: Bayonne Bridge the ribbon was sent to Australia for the ribbon-cutting of the Sydney Harbour Bridge four months later. After the ceremony in Sydney, the scissor blades were separated and one was sent back to the Port Authority. "Time" referred to the symmetric detail of the bridge as "impressive and haunting," while the commune of Bayonne in France sent a congratulatory telegram. When the Bayonne Bridge opened, it was the longest steel arch bridge in the world, barely surpassing its more massive-arched "sister bridge" in Australia—the Sydney Harbour Bridge—by and taking the distinction from the Hell Gate Bridge a few miles to

neg: Redcar at Warrenby, founded by Dorman Long in 1917, and the ICI Wilton chemical works. The steel produced at Dorman Long was used to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge, Auckland Harbour Bridge and many others. Both the Warrenby and Lackenby sites became part of Tata Steel when Corus was taken over in 2007, but continued to trade under the Corus name until at least February 2008. SSI bought the plant from Tata Steel in February 2011, for £320 million. After a two-year hiatus following the mothballing of the plant in February 2010, steel was once again being made at

neg: North Sydney, New South Wales is now. The line originally extended via Alfred St (now Alfred Street South), Junction St (now Pacific Highway), Blue St and Miller Sts to the engine house and depot in Ridge St. It used cable grip cars called "dummies" and un-powered trailer cars. A feature of these lines was the underground tram terminus at Wynyard railway station (the only one in Australia), and the tracks over the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Trams ran from Blue St, North Sydney over a now-demolished steel arch bridge over the Harbour Bridge Roadway, then over the eastern side of the harbour bridge (now road lanes),

neg: Fire and Steel Festival steel for the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge, Auckland Harbour Bridge and many more. The Corus Steelworks was taken over by Tata Steel in 2007 but kept the name and its position as the biggest employer in the area. On 19 February 2010 the steelworks were mothballed causing the termination of around 17,000 contracts. The closure of Redcar’s Steelworks not only had a huge impact on the local economy and employment, but also the moral of the area. The first Fire and Steel festival took place as a tribute to Teesside’s unique steel heritage and a recognition to the tenacity

neg: York Street, Sydney beyond Wynyard Square did not come into existence until 1848 when the land occupied by the Wynyard Barracks was resumed and subdivided. Half of this new section, along with Princes Street into which it ran, disappeared with the resumption of land for the Sydney Harbour Bridge approaches in The Rocks, Sydney area. York Street, Sydney York Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. York Street runs in a north to south direction only and is used predominantly by buses from the northern districts of Sydney. From its northern terminus at the

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge and opened in 1932. The bridge's design was influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City. It is the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge, measuring from top to water level. It was also the world's widest long-span bridge, at wide, until construction of the new Port Mann Bridge in Vancouver was completed in 2012. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was added to the Australian National Heritage List on 19 March 2007 and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 June 1999. The southern end of the bridge is

neg: Grosvenor Place (Sydney) form of the tower features two crescents with an elliptical central core. The positioning and orientation of Grosvenor Place's two quadrants was chosen to maximise views over Sydney Harbour, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Opera House down George Street. Structurally the building consists of a concrete core with steel beams and prefabricated granite facades. Each floor contains 2,000 m of space, providing a total floor area of 90,000 m. True to Seidler's belief that large buildings should be a place where art is displayed, Grosvenor Place's lobby contains "Pillars & Cones", an artwork by American minimalist, Frank Stella. The building

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge South Wales. The bridge is one of the most remarkable feats of bridge construction. At the time of construction and until recently it was the longest single span steel arch bridge in the world and is still in a general sense the largest. "The archaeological remains are demonstrative of an earlier phase of urban development within Milsons Point and the wider North Sydney precinct. The walls are physical evidence that a number of 19th century residences existed on the site which were resumed and demolished as part of the Sydney Harbour Bridge construction". The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic

neg: Luna Park Sydney for "On My Way" at Luna Park Sydney. As at 15 October 2009, The site now known as Luna Park Precinct is historically significant as the site of the first regular ferry transport between Sydney and the North Shore, and later the busiest ferry wharf on the Harbour, with the exception of Circular Quay. The Milsons Point site was a major transport interchange during the later part of the 19th Century connecting ferry, train and trams. The site later became crucial to the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Fabrication and assembly of steel components for the bridge was done

neg: BridgeClimb Sydney BridgeClimb Sydney BridgeClimb Sydney is an Australian tourist attraction. The company provides climb experiences to the top of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Over 3.5 million visitors from over 137 different countries and territories have climbed the southern half of the bridge. Four different types of climbs are offered, as of December 2017. The BridgeClimb, which was initially the only option, takes guests to the top of the bridge along the upper arch in a round-trip that takes over three hours, including preparation time. BridgeClimb Express guides guests to the heart of the steel bridge and then to the top in

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway 12 months to February 2014 between 2,000 and 3,000 cyclists used the Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway on an average weekday. The NSW Roads Regulations states that a person must not ride a bicycle on any part of the Sydney Harbour Bridge other than a cycleway. Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway The Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway is a conjoined cycleway from the north and south that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge on its western side, linking the Sydney central business district with North Sydney, Sydney's Northern Suburbs and the North Shore, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The southern terminus of the

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge Duncan Gay. As at 15 July 2003, the bridge is one of the most remarkable feats of bridge construction. At the time of construction and until recently it was the longest single span steel arch bridge in the world and is still in a general sense the largest. The bridge, its pylons and its approaches are all important elements in townscape of areas both near and distant from it. The curved northern approach gives a grand sweeping entrance to the bridge with continually changing views of the bridge and harbour. The bridge has been an important factor in the pattern

neg: Trams in Sydney Street, North Sydney over a now-demolished steel arch bridge over the Harbour Bridge Roadway, then over the eastern side of the harbour bridge (now used by the Cahill Expressway), through a tram platform at Milsons Point similar to the railway station on the opposite side, and dived underground into platforms 1 and 2 of Wynyard station. These platforms were converted into a car park after the tramway's closure in 1958. Wynyard station's railway platforms are thus numbered 3-6. The line along Military Road, opened in September 1893, was the first permanent electric tramway in Sydney and New South Wales. The

neg: Glebe Island Bridge and speed of operation; development of steel bridge truss; caisson construction; design of the swing span bearing; and use of electric power. The design of the Glebe Island Bridge represents the pinnacle of nineteenth century engineering and material technology, prior to the development of locally produced modern steel. Aesthetically, the bridge is an impressive structure, sited in the middle of a wide and busy waterway, giving it landmark qualities that are apparent from numerous vantage points around Sydney Harbour. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social,

neg: Bayonne Bridge the northeast. The American Institute for Steel Construction selected the Bayonne Bridge as the "Most Beautiful Steel Bridge" in 1931, choosing it over the George Washington Bridge for that status. The Bayonne Bridge has a lightweight design, weighing only , compared to the Sydney Harbour Bridge's . The Bayonne Bridge is also half as wide and shorter than its sister bridge, with its roadway being wide and the arch's highest point being . In 1951, twenty years after the bridge opened, the New Jersey tollbooth was re-landscaped by the Port Authority and the City of Bayonne, and in 1956, some

neg: North Sydney, New South Wales can be divided into three periods – the first from the original opening in 1886 to 1909, when the McMahons Point line opened. The second period covers the time until the Wynyard line was opened across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, and the third until construction of the Cahill Expressway on the eastern side of Sydney Harbour Bridge and the wider closure of the system in 1962. The first part of the North Sydney tramway system was a double-track cable tramway which commenced at the original Milsons Point Ferry wharf, located where the north pylon of the Harbour Bridge

neg: Dorman Long Bridge & Engineering Company, Darlington. 1999: British Steel plc merges with the Dutch steel and aluminium company Koninklijke Hoogovens to become Corus Group. 2000: Dorman Long Technology Ltd formed as an independent company as part of a management buy out of Cleveland Bridge in August 2000. 2015: Former Dorman Long Steel plant on Teesside ceased production after SSI mothballed the Redcar works following a global downturn in the price of steel and later announced its UK arm had gone into liquidation. The most famous bridge ever constructed by a Teesside company was Dorman Long's Sydney Harbour Bridge of 1932, of

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge the T1 North Shore Line for Sydney Trains. The main roadway across the bridge is known as the Bradfield Highway and is about long, making it one of the shortest highways in Australia. The arch is composed of two 28-panel arch trusses; their heights vary from at the centre of the arch to at the ends next to the pylons. The arch has a span of and its summit is above mean sea level; expansion of the steel structure on hot days can increase the height of the arch by . The total weight of the steelwork of the bridge,

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge paint, and repainting the of steel below the deck. Workers operated from self-contained platforms below the deck, with each platform having an air extraction system to filter airborne particles. An abrasive blasting was used, with the lead waste collected and safely removed from the site for disposal. Between December 2006 and March 2010 the bridge was subject to works designed to ensure its longevity. The work included some strengthening. Since 2013, two grit-blasting robots specially developed with the University of Technology, Sydney have been employed to help with the paint stripping operation on the bridge. The robots, nicknamed Rosie and

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge construction of a harbour bridge. Local engineer Norman Selfe submitted a design for a suspension bridge and won the second prize of £500. In 1902, when the outcome of the first competition became mired in controversy, Selfe won a second competition outright, with a design for a steel cantilever bridge. The selection board were unanimous, commenting that, "The structural lines are correct and in true proportion, and... the outline is graceful". However due to an economic downturn and a change of government at the 1904 NSW State election construction never began. A unique three-span bridge was proposed in 1922 by

neg: Luna Park Sydney in the park on the cliff top are believed to be remnants of this period. In 1916 a plan for the bridge across Sydney Harbour was accepted by the Parliamentary Works Committee. The tender for the construction of the new bridge was awarded to English engineering firm Dorman Long and Company in 1924. Work began on the bridge the following year. Dorman Long built a number of workshops on the Luna Park site for the fabrication and assembly of steel components used in construction of the bridge, as per the conditions of their contract. Milsons Point Railway Station was relocated

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge vicinity as merrymakers flocked to the foreshores to view the events on the harbour. The highlight was the biggest parade of sail ever held in Sydney, square-riggers from all over the world, surrounded by hundreds of smaller craft of every description, passing majestically under the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The day's festivities culminated in a fireworks display in which the bridge was the focal point of the finale, with fireworks streaming from the arch and roadway. This was to become the pattern for later firework displays. The Harbour Bridge is an integral part of the Sydney New Year's Eve celebrations, generally

neg: Silver Jubilee Bridge finally accepted design was for a steel through arch bridge with a single carriageway. The design of the bridge is similar to that of Sydney Harbour Bridge but differs from it in that the side spans are continuous with the main span rather than being separate from them. This design feature was necessary to avoid the problem of oscillation due to the railway bridge. The main span measures and each side span is . Construction began on 25 April 1956. The contractors for the first phase of work, Leonard Fairclough of Adlington, cleared the ground and constructed the foundations for

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway The Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway is a conjoined cycleway from the north and south that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge on its western side, linking the Sydney central business district with North Sydney, Sydney's Northern Suburbs and the North Shore, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The southern terminus of the cycleway is at with access to Argyle Street and Upper Fort Street in The Rocks. At its southern terminus near the Sydney Observatory, the cycleway is located adjacent to the Western Distributor and connects with the Kent Street cycleway. The northern terminus of the cycleway

neg: Old Bushells Factory I-beams, large hardwood beams and steel, cast iron and hardwood storey post columns. The additional floors gave a strong visual link between the buildings through the use of matching brickwork, and the continuation of the piers, parapet and window treatment to No 86. The building was one of the earliest in Sydney to employ a steel frame, the steel being supplied by Dorman Long & Co of Britain who would later build the Sydney Harbour Bridge. As at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Destroyed? Assessment Basis: Basements below George Street. Terraced into hill slope from Hickson Road. The building

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge Ernest Stowe with connections at Balls Head, Millers Point, and Balmain with a memorial tower and hub on Goat Island. In 1914 John Bradfield was appointed "Chief Engineer of Sydney Harbour Bridge and Metropolitan Railway Construction", and his work on the project over many years earned him the legacy as the "father" of the bridge. Bradfield's preference at the time was for a cantilever bridge without piers, and in 1916 the NSW Legislative Assembly passed a bill for such a construction, however it did not proceed as the Legislative Council rejected the legislation on the basis that the money would

neg: Old Bushells Factory Federation Warehouse style. Vernon designed the additional floor and remodelled eastern façade of No. 88 to harmonize with his design at No. 86. No. 86, was one of the first buildings in Sydney to employ a steel frame, allowing for larger interior spaces. The steel was supplied by Dorman Long & Co of Britain, who would later go on to construct the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The two buildings, located at the junction of George Street and Hickson Road, have an important landmark and streetscape quality, particularly when approached from the east along George Street. The use of the building façade

neg: Luna Park Sydney crucial to the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Fabrication and assembly of steel components for the bridge was done on site at the 1925 Dorman Long and Company workshops. The Luna Park amusement park constructed on the site in 1935 after the removal of the workshops has been a centre for recreation for generations of Sydney residents and visitors. It became the focus of considerable public action when it was threatened with closure and redevelopment. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New

neg: Sydney Tar Ponds and instead suggested "lifestyle factors" including heavy smoking, poor diet and genetic causes were responsible. Research revealed that Steel workers in Sydney were inhaling what could equal smoking 30 plus packs of cigarettes a day. In 1899, investors from Boston formed the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Limited and construction began of a major steel works on the eastern shore of Wintering Cove in Sydney Harbour. Sydney had everything needed for steelmaking, including locally mined coal, nearby iron ore from Bell Island and limestone from Aguathuna (both in Newfoundland), a good harbour for shipping, and plenty of cooling water. The

neg: Jack Lang (Australian politician) slogans "Lang is Right" and "Lang is Greater than Lenin." Lang was not a revolutionary or even a socialist, and he loathed the Communist Party, which in turn denounced him as a social fascist. On 19 March 1932, Lang opened the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Lang caused some controversy when he insisted on officially opening the bridge himself, rather than allowing the Governor, the King's representative in NSW, to do so. He delivered what has come to be regarded as a landmark speech in Australian political history during the Opening, citing the theme that the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge

neg: Sydney New Year's Eve 2008–09 star appeared as the 9pm bridge effect on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. After the 9pm fireworks display, the Harbour of Light Parade went across the harbour and The Presets performed their 2007 single, My People. An interview with Will Smith was recorded promoting his new film Seven Pounds. Sandra Sully did a recording of some of the news that made headlines in 2008. Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, made yet another appearance at the event to talk to Kim Watkins about the theme of "Creation" and what it was all about. The midnight show started off with another performance

neg: Eston Middlesbrough (most notably Henry Bolckow and John Vaughan) saw Eston develop from two cottages in 1850 to a thriving mining town. Miners' cottages, although altered, can still be seen in parts of Eston. The mining history of Eston was the subject of "A Century in Stone", which describes how the mines were responsible for making Teesside the iron and steel capital of the world. The film, by Craig Hornby of Pancrack Films, sold out in local cinemas and across Australia. The Teesside steel industry that was started from these mines eventually produced the steel that built the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

neg: Spit Bridge Spit Bridge The Spit Bridge, a steel and concrete girder bridge with a bascule lift span across the Middle Harbour, is located northeast of the central business district in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge carries The Spit Road (A8) from a point called The Spit, and connects the suburbs of Mosman, on the south bank and Seaforth, on the north bank. Sydney's Lower North Shore and Northern Beaches were serviced by a punt operating from The Spit since the late nineteenth century up until 1924. In 1924, The (first) Spit Bridge was completed and opened. By 1927 the

neg: Spit Bridge by constructing a $2–3 billion tunnel from Seaforth to that would run underground beneath Military Road. Spit Bridge The Spit Bridge, a steel and concrete girder bridge with a bascule lift span across the Middle Harbour, is located northeast of the central business district in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge carries The Spit Road (A8) from a point called The Spit, and connects the suburbs of Mosman, on the south bank and Seaforth, on the north bank. Sydney's Lower North Shore and Northern Beaches were serviced by a punt operating from The Spit since the late nineteenth century

neg: Sydney each made their own contribution to the city's skyline. The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation than was common before the 1930s. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by John Bradfield and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the between Milsons Point and Dawes Point. Modern and International architecture came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and

neg: Cahill Expressway Observatory to join to the Bridge in a confined space. The expressway has a pedestrian walkway next to the traffic lanes, where great views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the CBD can be seen. It is accessible by stairs from Macquarie St, or an elevator near Circular Quay railway station. The walkway connects with the Sydney Harbour Bridge walkway. The Roads & Traffic Authority offers tickets to view the New Year's Eve fireworks from the Cahill Expressway deck through a competition. The Cahill Expressway was controversial from day one. Its elevated nature, proximity to the city and utilitarian appearance

neg: Story Bridge program during the Great Depression. The cost was to be no more than ₤1.6 million. Before the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932 the Government of Queensland asked John Bradfield to design a new bridge in Brisbane. The Queensland Government appointed John Bradfield on 15 December 1933 as consulting engineer to the Bureau of Industry who were in charge of the construction of the bridge. In June 1934 Bradfield's recommendation of a steel cantilever bridge was approved. The design for the bridge was based heavily on that of the Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal, completed in 1930. On

neg: North Shore railway line St Leonards. The line was extended to the Sydney Harbour foreshore at Milsons Point on 1 May 1893. Transport between this original Milsons Point station and central Sydney was by ferry boat. Most of the North Shore line was duplicated between 1900 and 1909. In 1927 the line was converted to electric operation using a 1500 volt DC, overhead supply. The construction works for the Sydney Harbour Bridge necessitated truncation of the southern terminus from Milsons Point to Lavender Bay. When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened on 19 March 1932 a new Milsons Point station (on the bridge approach)

neg: Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net four piles with the net, which was made of wire and interlocking steel rings about in diameter, suspended between them. The eastern, Green Point, section of the net was suspended from buoys, as were the eastern and western gate nets. Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net The Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was an anti-torpedo and submarine defence net that was in Sydney Harbour during World War II. It spanned the entire width of the harbour from Green Point, Watsons Bay to Georges Head, on the northern side of Sydney Harbour. The boom formed part of the Sydney Harbour defences which

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge sufficiently on the support structures, a giant "creeper crane" was erected on each side of the harbour. These cranes were fitted with a cradle, and then used to hoist men and materials into position to allow for erection of the steelwork. To stabilise works while building the arches, tunnels were excavated on each shore with steel cables passed through them and then fixed to the upper sections of each half-arch to stop them collapsing as they extended outwards. Arch construction itself began on 26 October 1928. The southern end of the bridge was worked on ahead of the northern end,

neg: Sydney Tar Ponds and during construction / remediation. The marine environment in Sydney Harbour was monitored as contaminants released via Muggah Creek have historically impacted harbour sediments and marine biota. Monitoring of Sydney Harbour sediments prior to and during remediation did not reveal evidence of adverse health or environmental effects due to remediation activities, and sediment quality improved due to natural recovery processes (i.e., burial of historically contaminated sediments by uncontaminated material). The cleanup was completed in 2013 with the opening of Open Hearth Park which is situated on the site of the former steel plant and has hosted events such as an

neg: Port Jackson Bridge. Other bridges spanning Port Jackson waterways are Pyrmont Bridge spanning Darling Harbour; the Anzac Bridge (formerly known as the Glebe Island Bridge), spanning Blackwattle Bay; the Iron Cove Bridge spanning Iron Cove; the Spit Bridge spanning Middle Harbour; the Roseville Bridge spanning Middle Harbour; the Tarban Creek Bridge spanning Tarban Creek. A road tunnel, the Sydney Harbour Tunnel passing underneath the Harbour to the east of the bridge was opened in August 1992. In 2005, 2010 and in 2014 the NSW Government proposed a rail tunnel be constructed to the west of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Construction of a

neg: Vítězslav Lavička team wins he will climb the Sydney Harbour Bridge, which he did. It was announced on 3 February 2012 that Lavička would not have his contract renewed by Sydney FC, a mutual agreement between the board and Lavička himself, believed to have come about after he expressed that he was missing his family back in the Czech Republic. Lavicka stayed as manager until the end of the 2011-12 A-League season before departing. After joining Sparta Prague in 2012, Lavička took them to the knockout stages of the 2012-13 Europa League. Sparta defeated Feyenoord 4-2 on aggregate to reach the group

neg: APEC Australia 2007 economies: The venues for Leaders Week meetings included the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Darling Harbour and Government House. A giant illuminated APEC Australia 2007 logo was affixed to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and a fireworks display occurred on Saturday 8 September between the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. Leaders' spouses attended an event at Bondi Beach, and animals from Taronga Zoo were transported to Garden Island naval base to form a private zoo. International news media reported on an otherwise routine introduction speech at the APEC Business Summit by US President

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge cost for a passenger vehicle, although quarterly flat-fee passes are available which are much cheaper for frequent users. In July 2008 a new electronic tolling system called e-TAG was introduced. The Sydney Harbour Tunnel was converted to this new tolling system while the Sydney Harbour Bridge itself had several cash lanes. The electronic system as of 12 January 2009 has now replaced all booths with E-tag lanes. In January 2017 work commenced to remove the southern toll booths. The pedestrian-only footway is located on the east side of the bridge. Access from the northern side involves climbing an easily spotted

neg: Finzels Reach popular ferry services on the north of the Floating Harbour for pedestrians coming from the south-west. Its unusually sinuous shape was designed to allow the minimum gradient on the bridge between either side of the Floating Harbour. Made from a series of unique curved steel sections, it is topped with timber decking, sculptured cladding and feature lighting. The 91 metre Castle Bridge adds an entirely new dimension to the Finzels Reach project, providing easy access to the north of the Floating Harbour. It twists its way gracefully across the historic waterway, landing in Castle Park from where Cabot Circus and

neg: Jeffrey Street the North Shore. Prior to the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the "Jeffrey Street Ferry Docks" was the main vehicular ferry terminal for the North Shore of Sydney. A number of vehicular ferries were constructed in the area, the last was constructed in about 1925 and was used until after the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The last ferry terminal was demolished in the 1930s. The construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge was a significant event in Australian history, numerous books have been written on the subject. Jeffrey Street, being immediately adjacent to the bridge approaches featured prominently

neg: Percy Allan further 126 bridges including the Pyrmont Bridge and the Glebe Island Bridge. In 1900 he was appointed Principal Assistant Engineer for Rivers, Water Supply and Drainage, and supervised the completion of the Sydney low level sewerage system, which was a pumping system to replace harbour sewage outfalls. Following this he was appointed to the Hunter District Water Supply and Sewerage Board. He returned to the Public Works Department in 1912, and had overall design responsibility for the steel Pratt trusstype Tom Uglys Bridge over the Georges River. He is also credited with designing his own type of Truss Bridge, the

neg: Sydney New Year's Eve 2014–15 onto the pylons of the bridge. Fireworks Soundtrack More extended sequences were featured on the Harbour Bridge and a pontoon barge in front. The Sydney Opera House was again used as a launching platform for the third time since the millennium. The show included new effects such as silver umbrellas with crackling centres and gold palms with coloured tips. A light bulb with a heart in the centre beamed on the harbour bridge. Sydney New Year's Eve 2014–15 Sydney New Year's Eve 2014–15 or known as 2014 SYDNYE was the 20th Sydney New Year's Eve held in Sydney Harbour on

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge name of the people of New South Wales before the official ceremony began. He was promptly arrested. The ribbon was hurriedly retied and Lang performed the official opening ceremony and Game thereafter inaugurated the name of the bridge as 'Sydney Harbour Bridge' and the associated roadway as the 'Bradfield Highway'. After they did so, there was a 21-gun salute and an RAAF flypast. The intruder was identified as Francis de Groot. He was convicted of offensive behaviour and fined £5 after a psychiatric test proved he was sane, but this verdict was reversed on appeal. De Groot then successfully sued

neg: Sydney Steel Corporation Sydney Steel Corporation Sidney Steal Corporation (SYSCO) was a Crown corporation in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. An integrated steel mill was established on the southeast side of Sydney Harbour in the Whitney Pier neighbourhood of Sydney, Nova Scotia in 1901 by American investors. This entity was named Dominion Iron and Steel Company Limited (DISCO). Coal from the Dominion Coal Company Limited (DOMCO) was used to create coke to fuel the blast furnaces for smelting iron ore which arrived from Bell Island in Newfoundland. In 1920, DISCO, the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company (SCOTIA) in Sydney Mines, and

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge centre, with a 360° lookout at the top providing views across the harbour and city. The south-western pylon is used by the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) to support its CCTV cameras overlooking the bridge and the roads around that area. The two pylons on the north shore include venting chimneys for fumes from the Sydney Harbour Tunnel, with the base of the southern pylon containing the RMS maintenance shed for the bridge, and the base of the northern pylon containing the traffic management shed for tow trucks and safety vehicles used on the bridge. In 1942

neg: Tourism in Sydney Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, with parkland to its south and close to the equally famous Sydney Harbour Bridge, the building and its surroundings form an iconic Australian image. The building was included in the Olympic Torch route in 2000 to the Olympic stadium. It was the backdrop of some events for the Sydney 2000 Olympics, including the triathlon—which began at the Opera House—and the yachting events on Sydney Harbour. The dramatic exteriors have not been matched with technically superior interiors, and the Opera House's reputation as a music venue has suffered as a result. The Sydney Harbour Bridge is

neg: Time Bandits (band) driving on country roads and through the streets of the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, where the pedestrian overpass and exterior of the Paradise Centre and the waterslides at Grundy's in Surfers Paradise, and shots of the band performing at the Seagulls Club in Tweed Heads are featured. Other brief shots show them at the Big Pineapple, in a banana plantation, and viewing the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge from a boat on Sydney Harbour. Time Bandits (band) Time Bandits are a Dutch band from the 1980s, best known for their hits "I'm Specialized in You", "Endless Road"

neg: Ovingham Bridge are installed; drivers observe the far end and wait or enter the bridge using a set of unwritten rules that usually function well. It was built in 1883 by the Ovingham Bridge Company and replaced the earlier ferry. The steel tubes are marked Dorman Long Middlesbrough, the firm that designed and built the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Tyne Bridge. It was originally opened and operated as a toll bridge until 1945. The toll house has long since been demolished. It was located on the downstream side at the southern end of the bridge. In 1974 a footbridge was erected

neg: HMAS Sydney (D48) and "Sydney" was forbidden to attack the harbour itself, she then proceeded to the Seychelles to refuel. On 24 January, "Sydney" was one of several warships which responded to an attack on the merchantman "Mandasor" by the German merchant raider "Atlantis". Despite a three-day search, "Sydney" did not come into contact with "Atlantis". "Sydney" resumed her voyage home, and arrived in her namesake city after sunset on 9 February. The cruiser anchored in Watsons Bay for the night, then sailed into the inner harbour the next morning and tied up alongside at Sydney Cove to a heroes' welcome. On 11

neg: Norman Selfe He published plans and proposals elaborating on his ideas, and produced major articles with titles like "Sydney: past, present and possible" and "Sydney and its institutions, as they are, and might be from an engineer's point of view". In 1887 Selfe published proposals for a city underground railway, with stations at Wynyard, the Rocks and Circular Quay, and a loop to Woolloomooloo and the eastern suburbs. The proposal included a bridge across Sydney Harbour for trains, vehicles and pedestrians. He presented these schemes to the Royal Commission on City and Suburban Railways in 1890; but nothing was to come of

neg: Steel Point Battery the fort is located is used as a degaussing station by the Royal Australian Navy. The larger area is Heritage Listed as Nielsen Park. Steel Point was renamed to Steele Point in 1993. Steel Point Battery The Steele Point Battery is a small fort, located on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the eastern Sydney suburb of Vaucluse, New South Wales, Australia. Talk of the need for harbour defences was noted as far back as 1857, while referencing the alternate name of Steel Point. The land on Shark Point was resumed from its private owners and construction of the battery

neg: Luna Park Sydney in 1924 to the site of the station constructed in 1915. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was officially opened in 1932 which meant that Lavender Bay/Milson Point station and the use of vehicular ferries were made redundant. The location of Luna Park was formerly occupied by a series of workshops, cranes, and railway sidings used to provide for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. When the Harbour Bridge was completed in 1932, North Sydney Council opened applications for tenders to develop the site. At the same time, Herman Phillips, David Atkins, and Ted "Hoppy" Hopkins, the minds behind Luna Park,

neg: Glebe Island Bridge condition. The combined structural, mechanical and electrical efficiency of the bridge established it as an epitome of well designed bridge building of the time. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. Glebe Island Bridge is of state significance as it is one of only two examples of an electrically-operated steel swing bridge in New South Wales. It is the second oldest (after its older twin, the Pyrmont Bridge) surviving bridge across a Sydney Harbour waterway. The two bridges remain the only large, electrically-operated swing spans in Australia. The Bridge

neg: Pyrmont Bridge a pedestrian bridge as part of the re-development of Darling Harbour as a recreational pedestrian precinct. The swing bridge remains in operation, and opens to a schedule managed by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. In 1992 Engineers Australia recognised the bridge as a National Engineering Landmark. Between 1988 and 2013, the bridge carried the elevated Sydney Monorail, which travelled between Darling Harbour and the Sydney central business district. The monorail track rested on a pivot that allowed the track to remain stationary while the bridge swung underneath. The pivot allowed the monorail to continue to cross the bridge even when

neg: Jeffrey Street Jeffrey Street Jeffrey Street or Jeffreys Street is a street located in Kirribilli, famous for being one of the most popular vantage points for views of the city skyline of Sydney, the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. The street is located on the Lower North Shore of Sydney Harbour, directly across the harbour from Circular Quay and is a popular destination for tourists, particularly on Australia Day and New Year's Eve. The street leads uphill from the harbour in a northerly direction to the small shopping village of Kirribilli. The vicinity of Jeffrey Street is reported to

neg: Kohukohu, New Zealand bridge built in New Zealand, and is the oldest surviving bridge of any construction still in existence in the country. It was built some time between 1843 and 1851 at the mouth of the Waihouuru Creek where it flowed into the Hokianga Harbour. At the time, ships from Sydney used sandstone blocks as ballast, which they left at Kohukohu in exchange for more-valuable timber, and these sandstone blocks were used to build the bridge. When a timber mill opened next to the bridge in 1879 sawdust was used to gradually reclaim the harbour, and the reclamation has buried most of

neg: Campbell's Stores embossed inscription bearing the words "Hudson Brothers Limited Clyde". Hudson Brothers dominated the Australian manufacturing industry in the late nineteenth century and was later amalgamated into Clyde Engineering Co Ltd, responsible for rolling stock, steam locomotives and, most famously, the structural steel for the northern approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Campbell's Stores are a superb example of mid-nineteenth century warehouse buildings; a building type now rare in Sydney. They have iconic value as a representation of early Sydney,

neg: Steel Point Battery Steel Point Battery The Steele Point Battery is a small fort, located on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the eastern Sydney suburb of Vaucluse, New South Wales, Australia. Talk of the need for harbour defences was noted as far back as 1857, while referencing the alternate name of Steel Point. The land on Shark Point was resumed from its private owners and construction of the battery began in 1871 and was completed in 1874 with an additional barracks being added in 1880. The site was designed under the supervision of colonial architect James Barnet who was responsible for designing

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge of its construction. This cost was recovered in the 1980s, but the toll has been kept (indeed increased) by the state government's Roads and Traffic Authority to recoup the costs of the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. After the decision to build the Sydney Harbour Tunnel was made in the early 1980s, the toll was increased (from 20 cents to $1, then to $1.50, and finally to $2 by the time the tunnel opened) to pay for its construction. The tunnel also had an initial toll of $2 southbound. After the increase to $1, the concrete barrier on the bridge separating the

neg: Admiralty House, Sydney was used for grazing under lease to Campbell's friend James Milson, hence the name "Milson's Point". Milson's Point is the next point along from Kirribilli point, where the Sydney Harbour Bridge now crosses the harbour. A plan of sub-division was drawn up in the 1840s by Campbell. In 1842, the site where Admiralty House now sits was leased to the Collector of Customs for the Colony, Lieutenant-Colonel (later full Colonel) Gibbes, MLC. Gibbes intended to build a private home on the site. (Since his arrival in the colony in 1834, Gibbes and his family had been living in Henrietta Villa,

neg: Roseville Bridge Middle Harbour downstream from Roseville Bridge using the Spit Bridge. Roseville Bridge The Roseville Bridge, a concrete box girder bridge located adjacent to the suburb of , crosses the Middle Harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge carries Warringah Road, part of the A38; and is one of two crossings of Middle Harbour inclusive of the Spit Bridge. The bridge is long has a clearance of from the water below. However, the adjacent Pipe Bridge has a clearance of only . This limitation, combined with only depth of water, make it out of reach for most cruising vessels.

neg: Sydney Tar Ponds Sydney Tar Ponds The Sydney Tar Ponds were a hazardous waste site on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the eastern shore of Sydney Harbour in the former city of Sydney (now amalgamated into the Cape Breton Regional Municipality), the Tar Ponds formed in a tidal estuary at the mouth of Muggah Creek, a freshwater stream that empties into the harbour. Throughout the 19th century, runoff from coke ovens associated with Sydney Steel Corporation's (SYSCO) now-decommissioned steel mill filled the estuary with a variety of coal-based contaminants and sludge. Efforts to clean up the waterway were dogged

neg: Sydney Tar Ponds Aerosmith concert in September 2014. Sydney Tar Ponds The Sydney Tar Ponds were a hazardous waste site on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the eastern shore of Sydney Harbour in the former city of Sydney (now amalgamated into the Cape Breton Regional Municipality), the Tar Ponds formed in a tidal estuary at the mouth of Muggah Creek, a freshwater stream that empties into the harbour. Throughout the 19th century, runoff from coke ovens associated with Sydney Steel Corporation's (SYSCO) now-decommissioned steel mill filled the estuary with a variety of coal-based contaminants and sludge. Efforts to clean

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge on the bridge, and two stained glass feature windows in memory of the workers. In 1950s and 1960s there were occasional newspaper reports of climbers who had made illegal arch traversals of the bridge, invariably by night. In 1973 Philippe Petit walked across a wire between the two pylons at the southern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Since 1998, BridgeClimb has made it possible for tourists to legally climb the southern half of the bridge. Tours run throughout the day, from dawn to night, and are only cancelled for electrical storms or high wind. Groups of climbers are provided

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge be better spent on the war effort. Following World War I, plans to build the bridge again built momentum. Bradfield persevered with the project, fleshing out the details of the specifications and financing for his cantilever bridge proposal, and in 1921 he travelled overseas to investigate tenders. On return from his travels Bradfield decided that an arch design would also be suitable and he and officers of the NSW Department of Public Works prepared a general design for a single-arch bridge based upon New York City's Hell Gate Bridge. In 1922 the government passed the Sydney Harbour Bridge Act No.

neg: Bradleys Head Fortification Complex the Sydney Opera House, the Harbour Bridge and Milsons Point. The mast and fort have featured in a number of contemporary images and artwork of the harbour as wall as signifying the end of the western channel. The ceremonial piping of the mast as naval ships pass with the upper deck crews at attention creates a visually poignant sight both from boats on the harbour those areas on shore where the ship's entry and Bradleys Head are visible. The 1840 fort has state historical significance as one of the earliest of a series of forts around Sydney Harbour. The forts

neg: North Sydney Olympic Pool North Sydney Olympic Pool The North Sydney Olympic Pool is a swimming and exercise complex located adjacent to Sydney Harbour at Milsons Point in North Sydney between the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Luna Park. Designed by architects Rudder & Grout in the Inter-War Free Classical style with art deco-style decorations, the Olympic-sized outdoor pool was built on part of the Dorman Long workshops site following the completion of the Harbour Bridge. The pool opened 4 April 1936 and hosted the swimming and diving events for the 1938 Empire Games. Heating was added in 2000 and a 25m indoor pool was

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge been used several times since as a framework from which to hang static fireworks, especially during the elaborate New Year's Eve displays. In 2005 Mark Webber drove a Williams-BMW Formula One car across the bridge. In 2007, the 75th anniversary of its opening was commemorated with an exhibition at the Museum of Sydney, called "Bridging Sydney". An initiative of the Historic Houses Trust, the exhibition featured dramatic photographs and paintings with rare and previously unseen alternative bridge and tunnel proposals, plans and sketches. On 18 March 2007, the Sydney Harbour Bridge celebrated its 75th anniversary. The occasion was marked with

neg: BridgeClimb Sydney conservation issues. After nearly ten years of research and development, BridgeClimb Sydney was officially launched on 1 October 1998. At that time, BridgeClimb was the first tourism operator on a bridge anywhere in the world. In October 2009, BridgeClimb Sydney opened the Sydney Harbour Bridge Visitor Centre. The Visitor Centre houses a Bridge Exhibition and a high definition Bridge Cinema. The Bridge exhibition houses the stories of the Sydney Harbour Bridge through exhibits and interactive displays. This includes the stories of the engineers, designers, skilled tradesmen and labourers and the 16 men that lost their lives during its construction. The

neg: Barrakka Lift the salvaged steel to rebuild the St Elmo Bridge which had been destroyed in World War II, but this was never done and the steel was abandoned at Corradino. Plans to construct a new lift at the site were initiated in 2004, with the intention being to facilitate access to the historic centre of Valletta from the Grand Harbour, where cruise liners were being berthed. A ferry service linking the Three Cities to the harbour was also planned. In 2009 it was decided that the lift was to be rebuilt by the Grand Harbour Regeneration Corporation at an estimated cost

neg: Sydney Harbour Bridge although around 1964, the former tram tunnels and station were converted for use as a carpark for the Menzies Hotel and as public parking. One of the tunnels was converted for use as a storage facility after reportedly being used by the NSW police as a pistol firing range. The Sydney Harbour Bridge requires constant inspections and other maintenance work to keep it safe for the public, and to protect from corrosion. Among the trades employed on the bridge are painters, ironworkers, boilermakers, fitters, electricians, plasterers, carpenters, plumbers, and riggers. The most noticeable maintenance work on the bridge involves painting.

neg: Sydney New Year's Eve since NYE2003. Sequential moments on the harbour bridge itself occurred almost non-stop throughout the entire show, utilising the whole bridge. The theme confirmed for Sydney New Year's Eve 2016 was 'Welcome to SydNYE'. For the first time, the ABC broadcast of the event was live streamed through Facebook, YouTube, and the official SydNYE website. The display proved to be the most biggest and complex yet, featuring more sequences on the hangers of the harbour bridge, and the city's name ("SYDNEY") being ignited from the bridge's upper arch, as the clock struck midnight. Both the 9pm and Midnight shows also paid

neg: Middlesbrough trade gave it the nickname "Ironopolis". On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation, giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853. On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. For many years in the 19th century, Teesside set the world price for iron and steel. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the

neg: Western Distributor (Sydney) Western Distributor (Sydney) The Western Distributor is a grade-separated freeway that is primarily elevated for the majority of its route on the western fringe of the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. From its northern terminus, it links the southern end of the Bradfield Highway at the Sydney Harbour Bridge to Victoria Road in Rozelle, at its western terminus near . The freeway is designated as part of the A4 for its entire distance. The Western Distributor came to be out of the realisation in the early 1960s that the existing roads that supported the Harbour Bridge

neg: Tourism in Sydney BridgeClimb walk to the top of Sydney Harbour Bridge. From the platform the seaward horizon is 58 kilometres away, although inland features such as the Blue Mountains can be seen at further distances. See Sydney Attractions Group. Darling Harbour was redeveloped from an industrial wharf to a major tourist and retail precinct in 1988, and is home to a number of major public facilities and attractions, including: The Darling Harbour precinct is linked to the CBD by the Pyrmont Bridge. The Kings Cross area is infamous in Australia as being a red light district, similar to Kings Cross, London with

neg: Lower North Shore (Sydney) Parramatta River, Middle Harbour and the many creek systems that branch out from these main aquatic lifelines. Lower North Shore (Sydney) The Lower North Shore refers to the Sydney Harbour Peninsula that is located on the north side of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The three bodies of water that surround the Lower North Shore are Lane Cove River on its western border, Sydney harbour on its south side, and Middle Harbour on its east. The Lower North Shore borders the Upper North Shore when the Lane Cover River and Middle Harbour are at their closest. Lower North Shore encompasses suburbs

neg: Middle Harbour Sydney and the suburbs known as the Northern Beaches area which lie north and east of Middle Harbour. There are only two bridges - the Spit Bridge and the Roseville Bridge. Because of this obstacle, historically the main transport between Manly and Sydney was by ferry. Since the 1920s, most of the land on the ridge-tops around Middle Harbour have been developed for suburban housing. Much of the rugged shore of the Middle Harbour remains covered with bushland, most of it now protected by parks and reserves. Middle Harbour is a popular area for recreational boating and fishing. Middle Harbour

neg: Bike paths in Sydney The Sydney Harbour Bridge cycleway comprises two conjoined cycleways from the north and south that crosses the Sydney Harbour Bridge on its western side, linking the Sydney central business district with North Sydney, Sydney's Northern Suburbs and the North Shore. The southern terminus of the cycleway is at which can be reached from Argyle Street and Upper Fort Street in The Rocks and connects with the Kent Street cycleway. The northern terminus of the cycleway is at Burton Street, , just below Milsons Point railway station. From this location riders ascend 55 stairs in order to access the path that

neg: Roseville Bridge Roseville Bridge The Roseville Bridge, a concrete box girder bridge located adjacent to the suburb of , crosses the Middle Harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge carries Warringah Road, part of the A38; and is one of two crossings of Middle Harbour inclusive of the Spit Bridge. The bridge is long has a clearance of from the water below. However, the adjacent Pipe Bridge has a clearance of only . This limitation, combined with only depth of water, make it out of reach for most cruising vessels. An original bridge across Middle Harbour at Roseville was built