query: when did child labor start in the philippines

pos: Child labor in the Philippines "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" reported 13 goods produced exclusively by child labor in the Philippines. These included 8 agricultural goods (namely sugarcane, bananas, coconuts, corn, hogs, rice, rubber, and tobacco). Gold mining, pornography and pyrotechnics complete the list. The concern for the welfare of Children being employed to work started in the Philippines as early as 1923. The American colonial government of that time enacted the very first set of rules and regulations in the country regarding Child-labor through Act No. 3071, also known as “An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women and

neg: Child labor in the Philippines to unify the goals, missions, visions, and other points needed of the programs to be established. When the period ended, the National Child Labor Committee added breadth to the framework by identifying new objectives that would help sustain the environment NPACL fostered and continue preventing the progressing situation of child labor in the Philippines. In order to protect children and their rights, they proposed seven objectives to influence action: For further progression in child labor elimination, DOLE established a program called Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program. To be consistent with the PPACL framework, the objectives of the programs was

neg: Child labor in the Philippines to 17 years old. "Child labor" in this survey refers to the working children who reported to have worked in hazardous environment regardless of the number of hours they spent at work (Hazardous Child Labor), or those who have worked for long hours (more than 20 hours a week for children 5 to 14 years old and more than 40 hours a week for children 15 to 17 years old) or "Other Child Labor." The rest of the working children are classified under "Not Child Labor" category. General: Child labor in the Philippines Child Labor in the Philippines is the

neg: Child labor in the Philippines the elimination of child labor. The organization supports the country through promoting growth and developing their skills through quality education, especially for the children who remain victims to employment. Its social partners include the DOLE, employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP), Alliance of Progressive Labor (APL), Associated Labor Unions-TUCP (ALU-TUCP), Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Public Services Labor Independent Confederation (PSLINK) and Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP). International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) varies from one country after another, dependent on the current situations of child labor persisting in the country

neg: Child labor in the Philippines Children in Shops, Factories, Industrial, Agricultural and Mercantile Establishments, and Other Place of Labor in the Philippine Islands, to Provide Penalties for Violations Hereof and for Other Purposes.” The enforcement of this law was eventually overseen by the Woman and Child Labor Section of the Inspection Division of the then Bureau of Labor in 1925. When the Philippines declared independence from American rule in 1946, all existing laws enacted under the former regime were replaced by Republic Acts. Act No. 3071 was renamed R.A. 695 thereafter and the implementation was entrusted to the Women and Minors Division of the former

neg: Child labor in the Philippines eliminate the proliferation of child labor cases in the Philippines, the following agencies, DOLE, DSWD, and CWC jointly collaborate on the programs and actions that assure the prevention of more child labor cases and the protection of the children in the society. The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) is the national government agency responsible for formulating policies, the implementation of programs, and they serve as the policy-coordinating program arm of the Executive Branch in the labor and employment field. They are leading the networks in the progressive eradication of child labor through protecting, preventing, and removing the children out

neg: Child labor in the Philippines Child labor in the Philippines Child Labor in the Philippines is the employment of children in hazardous occupations below the age of eighteen (18), or without the proper conditions and requirements below the age of fifteen (15), where children are compelled to work on a regular basis to earn a living for themselves and their families, and as a result are disadvantaged educationally and socially. The National Statistics Office (NSO) has said there are currently around 5.5 million child laborers aged 5–17 in the country, around 2.1 million of whom are exposed to environments that are considered hazardous. The International

neg: Child labor in the Philippines 2.4 million children did hazardous work in 2001 out of a total number of working children of 4 million. In 1995, the number of children doing hazardous work was 2.2 million, out of a total of 3.6 million. In its report "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor" in 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor estimated the percentage of working children aged 5 to 14 to be around 11% which corresponds to about 2,180 million children. 65% of these children were found in the agricultural sector, 5% in the industrial sector and 29% engaged in domestic service. The 2014

neg: Child labor in the Philippines No. 138 or the Minimum Age Convention of 1973 was not ratified in the Philippines until 1998. During the Martial Law, a handful of Presidential Decrees (P.D.’s) were enforced concerning child labor laws in the Philippines. One of which is P.D. no. 148 which amended R.A. 679, the Woman and Child Labor Law. The new decree simplified the complex provisions of R.A. 679 regarding confusing age limits imposed by this law under different types of undertakings allowing "any person between 14 and 18 years of age may be employed in any non-hazardous undertaking." It is important to note that P.D.

neg: Child labor in the Philippines through the continuous support of ILO. As a child laborer herself, Ma. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda spearheaded the Visayan Forum Foundation Inc. (VFI) in order to eradicate slavery and human trafficking. Its actions revolve around providing residential care to victims, mainly women and children, of difficult circumstances such as exploitation and child labor. The organization has established programs such as: In 1948, the Philippines joined the International Labour Organization (ILO) and has remained one of the active participants in its advocacy. As the country face problems on employment, more specifically, child labor, the partnership paved way to projects that will help in

neg: Child labor in the Philippines Bureau of Labor Standards, in 1957. In 1932, the Philippines enacted into law to codify its penal laws, they came to be known as the Revised Penal Code (RPC). The RPC contains several provisions barring certain types of child work, such as “Exploitation of Child Labor” (Article 273) which prohibits an employer from retaining a child worker in service against his or her will under the pretext of reimbursing a debt incurred by the child’s ascendants. The PRC also includes a clause regarding the “Exploitation of Minors” (Article 278). This provision prohibits the employment of a minor less than sixteen

neg: Child labor in the Philippines founded on the framework to promote consistency and efficiency in combating child labor. Its five initiatives are as follows: Consistent with the PPACL framework, the project Child Labor-Free Barangay aims what the name insinuates: eliminate child labor in every barangay in every country. Each labor-free barangay will be given a three-year certification and endorsement to DOLE programs once the barangay has completed the criteria and other requirements and submitted the proper documents in being enlisted as child labor-free. They should also have at least four agencies working within their area in order to promote child protection. As of 2014, the

neg: Child labor in the Philippines (16) years of age in what the code describes as “dangerous exhibits”. Other provisions of the RPC relating to slavery, prostitution, corruption, illegal detention, and kidnapping of minors are all applicable to child workers. The RPC remains in effect to this day in the Philippines. Two years after Philippine independence from American control, the Republic became a member state of the International Labour Organization on June 15, 1948. Since then, the Philippines have ratified a number of international conventions adopted by ILO, relating to child labor. The country first ratified in 1953, ILO Convention No. 90, which prohibits the employment

neg: Child labor in the Philippines specified. It aims to eliminate child labor in its different sectors, such as direct action, advocacy and awareness, institutional development, social services and poverty alleviation, and legislation and policy development. The following are the projects ILO has established through IPEC: In 1971, ChildFund began by partnering with religious organizations, and eventually, the communities in the Philippines. The organization helps secure the future of children vulnerable to exploitation, child labour, and other causes, and builds a community that would ensure their safety and protection. Each year, they contribute $8 million to their partnerships worldwide, including the Philippines, directly helping 250,000 children

neg: Free produce movement seeking to make cheaper sugar by using mechanical means and non-slave labor, but the product was never viable, even when he switched his focus from sugar cane to sugar beets. In 2001, due to pressure applied by the US Congress and potential US and UK boycotts, chocolate manufacturers promised to start eliminating forced child labor in cocoa production. In December 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor's "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" report mentioned 6 countries where the cocoa industry employed underage children and indentured laborers. Child labor was reported in 4 of the listed countries,

neg: Child labor in the Philippines Labour Organization estimates that 55.3% of these children undertake hazardous work in an agricultural setting. Republic Act No. 7610, known as the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act, gives the followings definitions pertinent to understanding the Child Labor situation in the Philippines: The joint project of the Philippine National Statistics Office and International Labour Organization made distinctions on the kinds of work that children subjected to. Children are allowed to undertake work under certain conditions. Children aged 15 to below 18 years of age are permitted to work in any economic activity not considered child labor,

neg: Child labor in the Philippines of the hazardous and exploitative works, which also includes curing and redeeming them back into society. Their projects, programs, and activities are as follows: DOLE also enforced national laws such as "The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act" (R.A. 9208) and "Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act" (R.A. 9231). The Philippine Program Against Child Labor (PPACL) is the founded from the National Program Against Child Labor (NPACL) framework. Led by the Department of Labor and Employment, the latter framework was established for the period 2001-2004 to combat child labor. The program partners used it as a way

neg: Child labor in the Philippines and non-food needs. The widespread poverty and unemployment rates in the country means that poor or low-income households are vulnerable to income and employment shocks. Lacking in physical assets that may be sold oroffered as collateral in order to reduce or prevent interruptions to their income streams, poor households may resort to sending their younger members to work as a risk-reducing strategy. Especially during economic downturns when adult unemployment is rising and incomes are falling, child work provides a way for augmenting household incomes. It is thus reasonable to expect that the incidence of child labor will be higher among

neg: Child labor in the Philippines Child Labor-Free Barangay has already saved 53 barangays in 10 regions: HELP ME Convergence Program Against Child Labor mainly aims to provide converged strategies to address issues concerning child labor. HELP ME stands for: H for Health services; E for Education and training, L for Livelihood opportunities for people involved; P for Prevention, protection, and prosecution; M for Monitoring; and lastly, E for Evaluation. It is founded by Cabinet's Human Development and Poverty Reduction Cluster (HDPRC) together with President Benigno S. Aquino III., Department of Labor and Employment, and Department of Social Welfare and Development. The whole program will keep

neg: Child labor in the Philippines poor households than non-poor households and that such incidence should rise especially during periods of economic slowdown or decline. Child labor tends to reinforce intergenerational cycle of poverty because it interferes with their education and increases their vulnerability to exploitation. In a study done by Anna Leah Colina for Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER), This study has shown that most children are either forced to work at an early age or just work to have a steady income to help their families in their financial situations. From the 90's to 00's to 10's the Philippines population have

neg: Child labor in the Philippines child labor, the present policies and legislation responsible for the protection and rights of child workers in the Philippines still remain scattered among the different laws of the country. There are different reasons to why children are pushed to work below the legal age of 18. Listed below are some of the main problems. According to a survey conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority or the NSCB in 2009 and released in 2011, 26.5% of the Filipino population is considered poor. This amounts to 23.1 million Filipinos who live below the poverty threshold. The poverty threshold refers to the minimum

neg: Child labor in the Philippines one in every ten children. In every ten working children, six were boys while four were girls. By age, 46.7 percent of the working children were 15 to 17 years old, 45.1 percent were 10 to 14 years old and 8.2 percent were 5 to 9 years of age. Out of the 5.492 million working children, 58.4 percent or an estimated 3.210 million were considered as in child labor, while 41.6 percent or an estimated 2.283 million were considered not in child labor. Child labor in this report refers to children who reported to have worked in hazardous work environment

neg: Federation of Free Workers mining in Mt. Diwata Compostela Valley in 2006-2007. At present, the FFW as an active member of the National Child Labor Committee indirectly partners with the ILO-IPEC on DOLE programs that they open for joint implementation with its tripartite constituents. The FFW chairs the Child Labor Knowledge Sharing Subcommittee, the NCLC committee that manages, supervises and administers the Child Labor Knowledge Sharing System (CLKSS) as the knowledge sharing platform of the child labor movement in the Philippines. This portal was funded by the ILO-IPEC. FFW Supports ILO Convention for Domestic Workers FFW actively lobbying the adoption of the ILO Convention

neg: Child labor in the Philippines worst forms of child labor. Introduced by the Bureau of Women and Young Workers, the Project Angel Tree works as a connection for child laborers and those stakeholders who wish to collaboratively partake in protecting their rights. This project also contributes to the program Child Labor Prevention and Elimination Program. The primary objective of the project is to create an “Angel Tree Community,” wherein Angels, which are the donors and contributors, grant the “wishes” of the child laborers. The Angel Tree itself is an image for the cause, wherein it is targeted that through this project, the Angels will continue

neg: Child labor in the Philippines but not more than eight (8) hours a day and in no case beyond forty (40) hours a week. They shall not be allowed to work between 10:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M. of the following day, and employer should provide the child with access to at least elementary and secondary education. As of now, there are 3.210 million child laborers in the Philippines. In 2001 there were 2.4 million. There are a total of 9.8 million children aged 5 to 17 working in the Philippines. 2.46 million (44.9%) of these are doing legal work. 66.8% of child labourers are boys.

neg: Child labor in the Philippines (ABK) LEAP Livelihoods, Education, Advocacy and Protection to Reduce Child Labor in Sugarcane Areas is the third phase of the ABK Initiative that aims to withdraw children from exploitative labor. In four years, 2011-2015, ABK3 LEAP intends to provide education, raise awareness, support research, contribute to the continuous development, and support data collection on child labor. The project mainly focuses on 11 provinces, namely Batangas, Bukidnon, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cebu, Davao del Sur, Iloilo, Leyte, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, and North Cotabato. It targets to provide for 52,000 children at ages 5–17 years old and 25,000 households. The project is

neg: Child labor in the Philippines exploitation, child labor, and child-trafficking, and other modes of development for the children. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is the government agency who provides direction to the intermediaries and implementers concerned with the delivery and development of social welfare and development services. They also develop and enrich existing programs and services for specific groups which includes the children and youth. They hold Child Protection Services in which they reach out on the children for them to recover from the experience of labor and be reintegrated back to their families. They also have Therapeutic Services for the Abused

neg: Child labour in cocoa production and UK boycotts, the chocolate manufacturers promised to start eliminating forced child labor. In 2012, Ferrero and Mars promised that they will end cocoa slavery by 2020. In December 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a report on labor conditions around the world in which a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" mentioned 6 countries (among a total of 74) where the cocoa industry employed underage children and indentured laborers. Instances of child labor were reported in 4 of the listed countries namely Cameroon, Ghana, Guniea and Sierra Leone. The others (Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria)

neg: Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 the Philippines involved in prostitution. There was a high incidence of child prostitution in tourist areas, where undetermined number of children are forced into exploitative labor operations. According to a report by the Consortium Against Trafficking of Children and Women for Sexual Exploitation (Catch-Wise), the Philippines is the 4th country with the most number of prostituted children, and authorities identified increases in pedophiles travelling to the Philippines.< The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women - Asia Pacific (CATW-AP) , quoting from Kyodo News, estimated that in 1998 there were 400,000 women working in prostitution in the Philippines. The International Labor Organization

neg: Child labor in the Philippines at great risk of getting injured or contracting various diseases. Psychological and emotional problems have also been noted among children working under extreme conditions. These effects have implications on the future productive capacity and earning potential of working children. The failure to invest in human capital now means that the working children of today will be the impoverished parents of tomorrow, bearing children who like them will also be pushed prematurely into the labor market to make ends meet. Child labor, especially the worst forms, tends to reproduce the very same conditions that brought it about. The relationship between child

neg: Human trafficking in the Philippines of the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act). A 1997 report put the number of child victims of prostitution at 75,000 in the Philippines., with other estimates saying as many as 100,000. According to the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) estimated 60,000 to 100,000 children in the Philippines were involved in prostitution rings. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) about 100,000 children were involved in prostitution . is a high incidence of child prostitution in tourist areas. An undetermined number of children are forced into exploitative labor operations. It was estimated in 1995 that the Philippines was the fourth country

neg: Human trafficking in the Philippines of human organs in the Philippines. The NBI said smugglers are now targeting children who are kidnapped and taken abroad where their organs are sold to foreign nationals. The World Health Organization has identified the Philippines as one of the five organ trafficking hotpots. However, a recent 2008 proclamation by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has markedly decreased the frequency and ease of the commercial organ trade industry in the Philippines. Philippine law defines the worst forms of child labor as all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery; any use of a child in prostitution, pornography, or pornographic performances;

neg: Child labor in the Philippines to “bear fruit” for the children who need them. They call this system value networks, where through them, positive social interaction would be formed and child laborers would be granted access to resources. In 2010, Project Angel Tree has already helped 15,902 victims of child labor in the country. Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development for Children, otherwise known as Child 21, serves as a guide for initiatives and programs established to promote and protect the rights of the children. The framework includes different activities and strategies in order to provide child-friendly environments, education, protection from threats including sexual

neg: Human trafficking in the Philippines States, have passed legislation which criminalizes sex tourism. In the United States, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 makes travel with intent to engage in any sexual act with a juvenile punishable by up to ten years' imprisonment. On September 15, 2003, the US Department of Labor / Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) / International Child Labor Program signed a collaborative agreement with the Philippines government, and contributed US$5 million, on a Timebound Program. The Timebound Program covers sexual exploitation and trafficking of children for commercial sexual exploitation. The program was geared towards working in

neg: Child labor in the Philippines for the child a work permit from the DOLE before the child can begin to work. In 2003, the Philippines passed a new law known as R.A. 9231 or the “Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act”. This law specifically limits the employment of children below 15 years old, with the same exceptions as R.A. 7658, with additional provisions regarding restrictions on the number of hours children are allowed to work, provisions on expanding working children’s access to education, social, medical, and legal assistance. Despite government efforts on amendments and ratification of laws and policies regarding

neg: Labor policy in the Philippines Pregnant Women Workers Act, impact of too many holidays on business, wages, ongoing review of DOLE Department Order No. 18-02, and employment and competitiveness. ECOP stressed that DOLE should consider the business community when issuing policies. Labor policy in the Philippines The Labor policy in the Philippines is specified mainly by the country’s Labor Code of the Philippines and through other labor laws. They cover 38 million Filipinos who belong to the labor force and to some extent, as well as overseas workers. They aim to address Filipino workers’ legal rights and their limitations with regard to the hiring process,

neg: Child labor in the Philippines in line through the following objectives: keeping a monitoring system for the child laborers and the services provided to them, delivering services fitting to the situations of the child laborers, and finally, collaborating with different departments and program partners such as DOLE, DSWD, DepEd, DOH, DILG, DA, DOJ, TESDA, NEDA, CWC, PIA and NCIP. This convergence program was implemented in the period of 2013 to 2016 with the proposed budget of 9 billion, hoping that by the end of the project, child labor will be eliminated by 75%, or more specifically, to move out at least 893,000 children from the

neg: History of the Australian Labor Party 1941 the two Independents switched their support to Labor, bringing Curtin to power. The Curtin and Chifley Governments governed Australia through the latter half of World War II and initial stages of the transition to peace. Labor leader John Curtin became prime minister in October 1941, before the outbreak of the War in the Pacific, when two independents in the House of Representatives changed their support in the hung Parliament to Labor. Child endowment payments were introduced in 1941, and widow's pensions in 1942. At the start of that Pacific campaign in December 1941, Curtin declared that "Australia looks to

neg: Child labor in the Philippines the act was also severely criticized because of how its provisions severely changed existing policies regarding Child labor laws. Article VIII, Section 12, of R.A. 7610 legalized the employment of all children below 15 years of age, but only if the employer is able to secure a working permit from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). Public opinion and international organizations like the ILO and the UNICEF, along with the local Department of Justice pushed to amend R.A. 7610, Article VII, Section 12, as it was in flagrant violation of ILO convention no. 59. A new law called R.A.

neg: Child labor in the Philippines Among children in hazardous labor, the largest percentage resided in the regions of Central Luzon (10.6%) and Bicol (10.2%). Seven in ten children in hazardous labor were at the same time attending school. The percentage of children in hazardous labor who were attending school was higher among children 5 to 9 years old than among children 15 to 17 years old. There were more boys than girls among the children in hazardous labor who were attending school. Sixty-two percent of the children in hazardous labor were working in the agriculture sector, 30.1 percent were in the services sector, and the

neg: Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. the transportation in interstate commerce of goods manufactured with child labor was unconstitutional. After the court rejected both attempts by Congress to regulate child labor, Congress proposed a constitutional amendment which would give the national government the power to regulate and prohibit child labor. Unlike most proposed amendments, this did not have a deadline for state's ratification. The proposed amendment eventually failed to achieve ratification, as many states passed their own child labor laws, making a federal amendment unnecessary. In addition, in 1938, Congress enacted Section 212 of the Fair Labor Standards Act which prohibited the transportation of goods in

neg: Human trafficking in Burundi inform local populations on the danger of human trafficking. In 2009, the Ministry of Labor sponsored eight workshops for teachers, magistrates, communal administrators, and agricultural workers to raise awareness of the dangers of child labor and trafficking. In partnerships with the ILO and UNICEF, it also conducted a sensitization campaign in several provinces to warn against child trafficking for forced labor and abusing former child soldiers, centered on the World Day Against Child Labour in June. The Ministry of Labor’s 12 inspectors conducted no child labor inspections in 2009. The government did not undertake efforts to reduce demand for commercial

neg: University of the Philippines School of Labor and Industrial Relations (consultants, trainers, labor and employment relations specialists). There are also students working in the public sector, legal profession and the academe. The UP School of Labor and Industrial Relations Student Council (UP SOLAIR SC) is the official student representative of the College. This was previously held by the UP Industrial Relations Society (UP IRS), when the officials of the organization became automatic members of the Student Council (IRS-SC). University of the Philippines School of Labor and Industrial Relations The UP School of Labor and Industrial Relations (SOLAIR) is a constituent unit in the University of the Philippines Diliman, the national

neg: Human trafficking in the Philippines productive as the average, healthy worker. Similarly, their subsequent generation are also disadvantaged in the labor market due to their poor health. This under-utilization of the nation's current human resources and the loss of future human capital would have long-term repercussions on the economic development of the Philippines. Moreover, the deteriorating health standards of this burgeoning group of individuals could strain the social and healthcare systems of the Philippines in the future. The proliferation of child prostitution has a direct negative impact on the education levels of the children in the Philippines. The primary school completion rate in the Philippines

neg: Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo zero tolerance policy in both Kinshasa and the eastern provinces. Although the National Ministry of Labor is responsible for investigating forced child labor and it employs 150 inspectors nationwide, the ministry did not conduct any forced child labor investigations in 2009; inspectors often lacked means of transport or resources to carry out their work. The provincial Ministry of Labor in Katanga participated in a tripartite dialogue with unions and mining companies on the effect of the financial crisis on youth labor; the dialogue achieved no meaningful outcomes. Newly established provisional Worst Forms of Child Labor Committees in Katanga, Kasai Orientale,

neg: Louis-René Villermé health. In terms of political economy, he generally did not support government intervention or regulation, believing that a healthy private sector would self-regulate and that enlightened employers would provide higher wages. He did not adopt a radical or proletarian view focused on class relations and political organizing. However, in the area of child labor, Villermé was an active supporter of government intervention. He strongly advocated against child labor and for the required education of young children, positions that influenced the passage of comprehensive French child labor legislation in 1841. Villermé published "Des prisons telles qu'elles sont et telles qu'elles devraient

neg: Communism in the Philippines were arrested and charged with sedition, but were subsequently released on bail. Any requests for permits for their gatherings were also subsequently denied. This all came to head when they were denied having their traditional Labor Day celebrations in Manila. The PKP instead transferred their celebration to Caloocan, under the auspices of the KAP. This permit, however, was also revoked hours before the start of the scheduled start of the parade. A contingent of the Philippine Constabulary, under Captain Rafael Jalandoni arrived to order Evangelista to cancel the parade. Evangelista instead raised his clenched fist and began an incendiary speech,

neg: Child Workers in Asia they made major advancements to try and eliminate child labor; by adding regulations and different laws. This worked for some countries but more work needs to be done. Even for Sri Lanka and Maldives, who now have decreased their level of child labor drastically, still have some flaws in the system that need to be worked on, but it is a start. Child Workers in Asia Child Workers in Asia(CWA) - is a small support group that developed in 1985. This small support group began working with a few NGOs, but in the last fifteen years it has grown from

neg: Global march against child labor He had a vision of eliminating child labor everywhere and allowing education to become highly accessible for children. Kailash Satyarthi was the moving force in shifting our attention to child labor as a social issue. Through his tireless efforts, he has “brought political and judiciary machinery into action, and sensitized media in favor of the most oppressed children”. His work did not stop after this march instead, he moved on to other projects such as Global Campaign for Education to promote universal education. This march initiated other events to come together to fight against child labor. The march spread the

neg: Human trafficking in the Philippines recruitment, prostitution, child molestation, pornography and child labor. From here 188 are male minors, 408 were female minors and 36 were women. Severino Gaña Jr., Assistant Chief State Prosecutor of the Department of Justice, stressed the need for a national database to track human trafficking cases in the Philippines. Gemma Gabuya, chief of the DSWD’s Social Technology Bureau, said the national government in a bid to address the problem had formed the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT) in 2003 in partnership with civil society organizations and other stakeholders of PACT. Microsoft has awarded over US$1 million through its Unlimited Potential

neg: Child labor in the Philippines unpaid workers in their own household-operated farm or business. A higher proportion of boys than girls (29.3% compared to 20.0%) were working in private establishments (26.2%). More than half of the children in hazardous labor (55.4%) worked in a farm. Those who reported working in their own house comprised 12.2 percent. The survey involves the collection of data through personal interviews with the household as the reporting unit. This means that the statistics emanating from the survey refer to the characteristics of the population residing in private households. In this survey, the ultimate sampling unit was the child worker 5

neg: Child labor in the Philippines work, bad performance at school, and eventual non-attendance can take various routes as illustrated in many documented cases. In general, time divided between work and studying does not permit a child to focus on the latter, causing him to fall behind with his lessons and to get low grades. Conditions of work are, therefore, critical as they can affect a child’s readiness to tackle schoolwork. Numerous problems were highlight in a research by Anna Leah Colina for a non-government Ecumenical Institute for Labor Education and Research (EILER). Continuous exposure to various hazards in their work environments, especially chemical and biological

neg: Labor movement in Taiwan Labor movement in Taiwan The labor movement in Taiwan did not start until the 1980s, after the end of martial law in Taiwan. Many of these labor movements began when Kuomintang became more lenient with social movements. In addition, with the help of non-KMT political figures, such as members of the Democratic Progressive Party, many labor unions and State-owned enterprise administrations removed KMT's influence, and this reshaped a huge economic sector of Taiwan from being strictly controlled by the state. During the period of martial law in Taiwan from 1949, the Kuomintang (KMT) prohibited the formation of new political parties,

neg: Child labor in the Philippines rest (7.6%) worked in the industry sector. Among the boys, 67.9 percent were in agriculture; while among the girls, 51.2 percent. For every five children in hazardous labor, two were exposed to physical hazards only (39.9%) and one was exposed to both chemical and physical hazards (Table 7). The rest were exposed to other types of hazards. For every ten children in hazardous labor, four were helping in their own household-operated farm or business while three mentioned to supplement family income as their main reason for working. Fifty-two percent of boys and 61.8 percent of girls in hazardous labor were

neg: Rudy Fernandez (labor leader) to represent the country as a Labor Observer in Europe in 1976 which was sponsored by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Fernandez, together with his fellow Asian Labor Representatives, visited Yugoslavia and ILO’s main offices in Geneva, Switzerland. Back in the Philippines, despite being swamped with labor work, Fernandez, a Roman Catholic and a known devotee of the Santo Niño de Cebú (Holy Child of Cebu), never fails to visit the Basilica where it is ensconced. This has been one of Fernandez' generally recognized proclivities and a quirk which he had developed during his later years, wherein he never goes

neg: Geraldine Javier Geraldine Javier Geraldine Javier is a contemporary Filipina Visual Artist who work is best known for her work which blends of painting with various media, and is ""recognized as one of the most celebrated Southeast Asian artists both in the academic world and in the art market."" She rose to prominence in 2003 when she received the Cultural Center of the Philippines' Thirteen Artists award., and has since exhibited her works widely both in the Philippines and abroad. Born in 1970, in Makati City, Javier did not start out with a training in arts as most of her contemporaries did,

neg: Philippines–Taiwan relations there were 136,400 overseas Filipino contract workers in the entire island as per official count of Taiwan’s Workforce Development Agency (WDA) of the Ministry of Labor (MOL). Philippine holidays such as Independence day and José Rizal's birthday are also celebrated by the Filipino community in Taiwan. Taiwanese tourists in the Philippines for the period of January to December 2016 reached 231,801. On 9 May 2013, the Philippine Coast Guard opened fire in open seas between the two countries on a Taiwanese fishing boast, killing one fisherman, after the fishermen did not leave the area when Filipino officials told to. The

neg: Crispin Beltran from 1955 to 1963. He served as vice administrator of the Confederation of Labor Unions of the Philippines and was vice president of the Philippine Alliance of Nationalist Organizations from 1963 to 1972. In August 1982 to 1984, he was arrested and detained at Camp Crame, Quezon City, and his 10 children lived on his small earnings from selling rubber slippers and selling fish in the market. Osang delivered his speeches at rallies, and eventually did volunteer work at the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines. In 1984, when KMU president Felixberto Olalia died of pneumonia in his detention cell,

neg: National Labor Relations Commission (Philippines) National Labor Relations Commission (Philippines) The National Labor Relations Commission (Filipino: "Pambansang Komisyon sa Ugnayang Paggawa", abbreviated "NLRC") is a quasi-judicial agency tasked to promote and maintain industrial peace based on social justice by resolving labor and management disputes involving local and overseas workers through compulsory arbitration and alternative modes of dispute resolution. The NLRC is a subsequent part of the Department of Labor and Employment where its policies and programs are coordinated. The commission dates back to the commonwealth period, when the contract labor law act was passed in the United States Congress on January 23, 1885, it was

neg: Human rights in Mali a week-long National Campaign Against Child Labor to publicize and combat child labor. IPEC worked with labor inspectors, ministry officials, and local NGOs to prevent child labor. The national minimum wage rate, set during the year, was approximately $53 (24,660 CFA francs) per month, which did not provide a decent standard of living for a worker and family. The minimum wage was supplemented by a required package of benefits, including social security and health care. While this total package could provide a minimum standard of living for one person, most wage earners supported large extended families and supplemented their income

neg: Ella Guevara child actresses in the Philippines. Ella Guevara Ella Guevara (born Janella Denise Yuson Guevara; August 19, 1998, Quezon City) is a Filipina child actress. She rose to fame through her appearance on a talent search on television called "StarStruck Kids" that aired on the Filipino television channel GMA 7. Although she did not go on to win the said competition, she has since gone on to make several television and film appearances, mostly on the same network and has proven her worth as a child actress when she won as best child actress 5 times in a row, making her

neg: National Child Labor Committee as any form of employment for children under age sixteen and any particularly hazardous occupation for children ages sixteen to eighteen. This definition excludes agricultural labor and instances in which the child is employed by his or her guardians. On June 25, 1938, after the approval of Congress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law; the FLSA remains the primary federal child labor law to this day. For the entirety of World War II, the NCLC served as a watchdog to ensure that employment shortages caused by the war did not weaken the newly passed and implemented child

neg: Labor policy in the Philippines arranging of the terms and condition of employment. The union, however, must file a notice of strike or the employer must file a notice of lockout with the Ministry. But when a strike or lockout is deemed to compromise national interests or interests of the Filipino public (for instance, the case of health workers), the Secretary of Labor and Employment has the authority to prohibit it and deliberately enforce resumption of regular operations. In the Philippines, TUCP (Trade Union Congress of the Philippines) is the largest union and confederation of 30 labor federations in the country which come from a

neg: Human trafficking in the Philippines was only 92% in 2007. In order to achieve the Millennium Goals set by the UN, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, should be able to complete a full course of primary school. This goal may not be reached at the rate child prostitution is flourishing in the Philippines. An estimated 400,000 prostitutes working in the Philippines are underage (of school-going age). Without proper educational qualifications, even the minority of the children who escape their plight lack the skills to be competitive in the labor market and thus, face grim economic prospects. The lack of access to education

neg: Labor Code of the Philippines Labor Code of the Philippines The Labor Code of the Philippines is the legal code governing employment practices and labor relations in the Philippines. It was enacted on Labor day, May 1, 1974 by Late President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos in the exercise of his then extant legislative powers. The Labor Code sets the rules for hiring and firing of private employees; the conditions of work including maximum work hours and overtime; employee benefits such as holiday pay, thirteenth-month pay and retirement pay; and the guidelines in the organization and membership in labor unions as well as in collective

neg: Labor Code of the Philippines administration of President Fidel V. Ramos. Labor Code of the Philippines The Labor Code of the Philippines is the legal code governing employment practices and labor relations in the Philippines. It was enacted on Labor day, May 1, 1974 by Late President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos in the exercise of his then extant legislative powers. The Labor Code sets the rules for hiring and firing of private employees; the conditions of work including maximum work hours and overtime; employee benefits such as holiday pay, thirteenth-month pay and retirement pay; and the guidelines in the organization and membership in labor

neg: Global march against child labor the Global March movement. Invited artists and chosen groups of child laborers showcased any talents and artistic skills they possessed in activities such as dancing, singing and playing musical instruments" The next country to encounter the march is Zimbabwe. The march will take place on December 1–31, 2007. It will start at Harare and end in Plumtree. The goal is to combat child labor and to spread education to the children of that country. Media outlets will be used to promote this event through television, newspaper and radio. One of the major organizations that are contributing to this march is

neg: Labor policy in the Philippines Labor policy in the Philippines The Labor policy in the Philippines is specified mainly by the country’s Labor Code of the Philippines and through other labor laws. They cover 38 million Filipinos who belong to the labor force and to some extent, as well as overseas workers. They aim to address Filipino workers’ legal rights and their limitations with regard to the hiring process, working conditions, benefits, policymaking on labor within the company, activities, and relations with employees. The Labor Code and other legislated labor laws are implemented primarily by government agencies, namely, Department of Labor and Employment and Philippine

neg: Child labor in the Philippines implemented by the following organizations: World Vision Development Foundation Inc., ChiWorld Vision Development Foundation, Inc. ChildFund Philippines, Educational Research and Development Assistance Foundation, Inc. (ERDA), Sugar Industry Foundation, Inc. (SIFI), Community Economic Ventures, Inc. (CEVI), and University of the Philippines Social Action and Research for Development Foundation (UPSARDF). The 2011 Survey on Children (SOC) is a nationwide survey designed to collect data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of working children 5 to 17 years old. The survey is a joint collaboration between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the National Statistics Office (NSO) as part of the International Programme

neg: Child labor in the Philippines and service providers through activities that are in line with their functions. In 1995-1997, with the help of International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Kamalayan Development Foundation progressed from Kamalayan Development Center through establishing anti-child recruitment agencies in Davao City, Cebu City, and Ormoc City. This started numerous initiatives which granted children freedom from work enslavement. The organization founded rescue operations, participated in governmental and international campaigns and advocacy activities, imprisoned child labors, and finally, identified and rescued child laborers in plantations, factories, prostitution facilities, and other exploitative locations.The Kamalayan Development Foundation seeks to expand nationwide

neg: Child labor in the Philippines in the new law. This was eventually addressed through P.D. 603 or the Child and Youth Welfare Code, a codification of different provisions for the well-being of all children. After the fall of the Marcos regime in 1986, increasing demands for reforms in government policies, legislation and programs affecting children made the government respond by ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on July 26, 1990. The CRC entered into force as an international agreement on September 2, 1990. The convention directs the ratifying countries to “recognize the right of the child to be protected

neg: Child labour in Cambodia legitimate than private monitoring because it has no connection to the firms. The ILO monitoring system focuses on enforcing Cambodia’s labor laws and ILO conventions that Cambodia has ratified. ChildWise Tourism was developed in 1999 and it aims to inform tourism staff on how to identify and respond to situations of potential child sexual exploitation. It involves training modules and educational materials for travel and tourism students, educators, and the tourism industry. The training sessions take place in Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, Philippines, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Myanmar. Child labour in Cambodia Child labour refers to the full-time employment of children

neg: Eric Edmonds in the Journal of International Economics, among many others. His current projects include a study of a debt-bondage system in Nepal, a project aiming to provide life-skills training to middle-school age girls in Rajasthan, and an evaluation of the government of the Philippines principal anti-child labor program. Edmonds is on the advisory panels for the U.S. Department of Labor, the International Labor Organization’s Understanding Children’s Work project, the GoodWeave Foundation, and the National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. At Dartmouth, Edmonds created the development economics curriculum and is the faculty lead for the Human Development Initiative at the John

neg: Child labor in the Philippines no 148 was in direct disagreement with ILO Convention No. 59. The new law didn’t last that long since only a year after, P.D. no 148 was amended by the passage of P.D. no 442, otherwise known as the Labor Code. The new law raised the minimum age of employment from 14 to 15 years old, and has maintained the previous minimum age for hazardous undertakings at 18 years old. The Labor Code failed, however, to include the terms and conditions of employment of children previously provided by R.A. 679, as amended by P.D. no. 148 creating a huge gap

neg: Poverty in the Philippines paying income. The country has made movement out of the labor-intensive work in populous regions, such as Manila, however the country as a whole has made slower improvements. In addition to slow progress, natural disasters in the Philippines, like stated previously, is one of the biggest conductors of poverty. While other countries are able to develop without consistent disturbances, the Philippines is forced to start from the ground up after every single occurrence. The Economist, state that low growth of annual GDP is one of the main reasons for persistent poverty compared to Vietnam, China, and Thailand. Because the growth

neg: Human rights in Mauritania offices have responsibility for enforcing child labor laws, including the ministries of labor; justice; women's, children's, and family affairs; and the Commission for Food Security and Social Protection. There was a labor inspectorate with the authority to refer violations to judicial authorities, but the eight regional inspectors and 30 inspector/controllers lacked the basic resources, such as transport and office equipment, needed to enforce existing child labor and other labor laws. The nationally mandated minimum monthly wage for adults, which was not enforced, was $77 (21,000 ouguiya), which did not provide a decent standard of living for a worker and family.

neg: Dorothy Maguire brought a rejuvenated interest to the extinct league. Maguire was born Dorothy Maime McAlpin in LaGrange, Ohio, and grew up playing sandlot ball with her neighborhood kids at an early age, most of them boys, but did not start participating organized baseball until she was 16. At this time, a tool shop in Elyria, Ohio made special arrangements to work around child labor rules so that she could play with them. She then joined the Erin Brew, a perennial champion fastpitch team based in Cleveland, where she was discovered by an AAGPBL scout. She was invited to assist to final

neg: Child migration care in Australia. Child migrants are a specific group of "Forgotten Australians". Child migration was a phenomenon associated with the migration of Bulgarian market-gardeners to Austria-Hungary in the second half of 19th and early 20th Century, due to the use of child labor (mostly boys) in market-gardening. Child labor brought master gardeners the biggest profit since children did not get paid but worked as apprentices for their keep only. Younger children helped in the gardens and learned gardening skills, while those who were already physically strong performed specialized gardening activities. Different patterns of child migration can be distinguished based on

neg: Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt few worker protections and child labor has been employed. Apple Inc. said that approximately 20% of the lithium in Apple's batteries were sourced from Huayou Cobalt. In response, Huayou Cobalt admits to having "insufficient awareness of supply chain management", and did not know that buying artisanal cobalt would increase child labor. In 2016, Apple said that starting in 2017, they will treat cobalt as a conflict mineral, and require all cobalt suppliers to agree to outside supply-chain audits and risk assessments. After a 2017 Sky News follow-up that showed that child labor continued to be utilized, Apple said it stopped

neg: Rudy Fernandez (labor leader) Rudy Fernandez (labor leader) Rudolfo Austria “Rudy” Fernandez, Sr. (July 26, 1927 – June 9, 1979) was a prominent Filipino Labor Leader, Trade Unionist and staunch opposer of the late President Ferdinand Marcos in Davao City, Philippines. He was one of the original organizers of the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP/KMP) in 1975 and helped draft, develop, and establish its constitution and by-laws. He first came into the Philippine Labor Movement arena when he founded the Davao Port General & Transport Worker’s Union (DPGTWU), now the Association of Trade Unions - TUCP (ATU-TUCP), in Davao City. DPGTWU was

neg: Global march against child labor produce child-labor-free goods". Within their nationwide march many organizations got actively involved. These U.S. organizations co-sponsored the Global March against Child Labor. The march was a success since the revision of a new international convention on the most intolerable forms of child labor Convention No 182 was changed the following year. Through this march, Convention no. 182 became the fastest ratified law. This decree became the guideline for governments internationally when creating labor laws. Currently, over 150 countries have adopted Convention no. 182 in their own nation. Kailash Satyarthi is largely responsible for taking the initiative of organizing this march.

neg: José B. Lingad Pampanga. With the help and guidance of governor Lingad, Diosdado Macapagal would start his political career that would make him president of the Philippines one day. As they were childhood friends in the town of Lubao, Pampanga. In 1969, Lingad was elected as Congressman of the 1st district of Pampanga. When his Protege Diosdado Macapagal was elected president in 1961, Lingad joined the Macapagal administration, first as Commissioner of Internal Revenue, then Commissioner of Customs and, ultimately Secretary of Labor. In 1969, Lingad was elected to the House of Representatives under the Liberal Party banner representing the 1st District of

neg: Theodore W. Allen William Allen was born into a middle-class family in Indianapolis, Indiana. He had a sister Eula May and brother Tom; their parents were Thomas E. Allen, a sales manager, and Almeda Earl Allen, a housewife. The family moved when he was a child to Paintsville, Kentucky, and then to Huntington, West Virginia, where he lived and, in his words, "was proletarianized" during the Great Depression. When Allen started working soon after high school (deciding that college did not do enough for independent thought), he quickly joined labor unions. Allen became an early activist and organizer in the labor movement. At

neg: Bianca Montgomery she is pregnant with Zach's child via sperm donation, and Bianca's new lover named Reese. Zach had agreed to father Bianca's child for the couple, but did not know that she had gone through with the procedure of artificial insemination, until now. The two wonder how Kendall, who is unaware of this pregnancy, will react to the news when they tell her. As Zach and Bianca continue to talk, Bianca goes into labor. Zach helps deliver the new child into the world. Sometime later at the hospital, she is horrified to discover that Babe has perished in the disaster's aftermath.

neg: Child labor in the Philippines partnering with Christians all over the world to seek justice and promote human welfare through various activities and programs such as spreading awareness, changing unjust structures, and transforming the youth by encouraging involvement and protecting their rights. The partnership with organization started when its founder, Robert Willard Pierce, initiated the China Challenge, which led to sponsoring and caring for the poor and needy. It first helped an orphanage called The Good Shepherd’s Fold in 1957, and since then, it has continued to move to foster a healthy environment for the children and their families. Pag-Aaral ng Bata para sa Kinabukasan

neg: Australia–Philippines relations the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop announced the start of the implementation of the program in partnership with the Department of Social Welfare and Development, Department of Justice and the Asia Foundation. The Australian Embassy believes the program would support "an advocacy for child-friendly rules in family courts, the establishment of community-based multi-sectoral and local task forces in selected pilot areas, an audit of cases involving online child sexual abuse, and a public information and education campaign on the rights of children against online sexual abuse and exploitation." Together with Australia and Korea, the Philippines Office for

neg: Frances Rivera her family, including her two brothers Andre and Marc, moved from the Philippines to Austin, Texas. Sometime afterward, they moved and settled in Dallas. She was sent by her family to finish her studies in the Philippines which she did, receiving her bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of the Philippines Diliman. In 2003, Rivera married Stuart Fraass, a Boston mortgage broker, and in 2010, they had their first child, a daughter named Tessa. In fall 2012, she gave birth to their second child, a son named Laz Conrad River. Frances Rivera Frances Rivera (born 1970) is a Filipino-American

neg: Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 than 5 million pesos (P5,000,000.00). As complementary legislation, slavery and forced labor are also punished under Articles 272 and 274, Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, and Republic Act No. 7610, the "Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act." This law protects children under 18 years from all forms of abuse, cruelty, and exploitation and prohibits child prostitution and child trafficking. The US report scored there was only 1 conviction under the 2003 anti-trafficking law during the reporting period, but the government made some improvement in arresting, prosecuting, and convicting traffickers. Penalties imposed for trafficking for

neg: Child labor in the Philippines and counting. ChildFund is notable for two projects: Child Protection Committees (CPCs), wherein they protect children from dangerous and harmful acts such as bullying, child abuse, exploitation, and other measures in schools. Another would be the Conditional Socialized Education Assistance: Provide educational assistance to children who face inabilities to meet their educational needs. Currently, their target provinces are: Ifugao, Benguet, Baguio City, Mountain Province, Quezon, Batangas, Laguna, National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Cebu, Ormoc, Misamis Oriental, North Cotobato, South Cotobato, Cotobato, Maguindanao, Sulu, Zamboanga del Norte. World Vision Development Foundation Inc. performs through

neg: Vivencio Cuyugan a result, he was acquitted. That was when he decided to return to the Philippines, this time a celebrated hero. During his jail term and trial he received tremendous publicity in the newspapers of Chicago and the Philippines. Seeing and experiencing at first hand the plight of Filipinos, other minorities and workers in Chicago, he began to develop what ultimately became a lifelong dedication to the cause of the oppressed and the abused. In Chicago, he was active in the labor movement as a champion of labor. Upon his return to the Philippines he persevered in this same mission. In

neg: Terence Baylon Terence Baylon Terence Dale Niño Baylon (born April 26, 1984) is a Filipino actor and model. He started making movies and commercials at the age of 7. When he was 4 years old, he joined Eat Bulaga search for "Little Mr. Pogi". Although he did not win the contest, his exposure gave him the chance to be discovered by an agent in charge of getting talents for modeling agencies in the Philippines. He is more popularly known as “Junjun”, Vilma Santos’ autistic child in the movie, “Ipagpatawad Mo”. Early Life Terence Baylon is born in Cebu City Philippines, the queen

neg: Blas Ople Iraq. Ople's most enduring role was his nineteen years as Secretary (later Minister) of Labor and Employment during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, when Philippine labor laws were overhauled through the enactment of the Labor Code of the Philippines that he had helped author. Ople was born in Hagonoy, Bulacan on February 3, 1927 to Felix Antonio Ople, a craftsman who repaired boats, and his wife Segundina Fajardo. He graduated valedictorian of his grade school class at the Hagonoy Elementary School in 1941. Upon the invasion of the Philippines by Japan during World War II, he also had been

neg: Agriculture in Azerbaijan evidence of child labor has been observed in the agricultural sector as far as the production of cotton, tea and tobacco is concerned. In 2014, the Bureau of International Labor Affairs issued a "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" and Azerbaijan was listed among the countries resorting to child labor when it comes to cotton production. The overall agricultural products value with general prices was estimated to be 3290.4 million manat in January–July 2016. The production of January–July in agricultural industry was 51% and 49% and related to cattle-breeding industry and plant-growing industry respectively. The production

neg: Adoption in the Philippines children who are put up for adoption. Relative adoption is when the biological parents of a child renounce their claim over the child to a relative or a member of their extended family. Independent adoption occurs when biological parents directly place their child with acquaintances or utilize intermediaries to facilitate the process. As for inter-country adoption, it is the process of matching a child with a family outside of the Philippines through the collaboration of local and foreign adoption agencies. Agency adoption occurs when a DSWD-licensed agency finds adoptive families for children. Agency adoption targets three actors: the biological parents,

neg: Child labour in cocoa production resorted to both child labor and forced labor. To combat child slavery in cocoa production, US Representative Eliot Engel introduced a legislative amendment to fund the development of a "no child slavery" label for chocolate products sold in the United States. Senator Tom Harkin proposed an addition to an agriculture bill to label qualified chocolate and cocoa products as "slave free". It was approved in the House of Representatives by a vote of 291–115, but before it went to the Senate the chocolate makers hired former senators George Mitchell and Bob Dole to lobby against it, and it did not

neg: Indonesian occupation of East Timor Alexander Downer, and Prime Minister Howard. They were assisted in their campaign by the then-Labor-backbencher Kevin Rudd (who would later lead the Labor Party to victory in the 2007 Australian federal election). Owing to its strong relation with Indonesia, the Philippines initially was cold on the issue. In fact, not only that it denied José Ramos-Horta entry in 1997 (when he was supposed to give a lecture to the University of the Philippines Diliman), then President-Fidel V. Ramos even included him in the immigration blacklist. However, with the widespread support from various countries, the Philippines finally changed its policy. After

neg: Cecilia Manguerra Brainard to Concepcion Cuenco Manguerra and Mariano F. Manguerra. The death of her father when she was nine prompted her to start writing, first in journals, then essays and fiction. She attended St. Theresa's College and Maryknoll College in the Philippines; and she did graduate work at UCLA. Brainard has worked with Asian American youths for which she received a Special Recognition Award from the Los Angeles Board of Education. She has also received awards from the California State Senate, 21st District, several USIS Grants, a California Arts Council Fellowship, an Outstanding Individual Award from the City of Cebu, Philippines, Brody

neg: Union busting has either lost support or the membership level falls below 50% of the workers, the CAC can declare that a derecognition ballot be held." Union busting in the United States dates at least to the 19th century, when a rapid expansion in factories and manufacturing capabilities caused a migration of workers from agricultural work to the mining, manufacturing and transportation industries. Conditions were often unsafe, women worked for lower wages than men, and child labor was rampant. Because employers and governments did little to address these issues, labor movements in the industrialized world were formed to seek better wages, hours,

neg: Child Rights and You campaign ‘Click Rights’ and #OpenYourEyes to start the conversation on putting a stop to child labor. Let Her Fly 2015: "Let Her Fly’ focused on the girl child in India who still faces discrimination. In an effort to make sure the girl child is celebrated in India, the campaign strived to inspire and encourage parents, teachers and everyone to give the girl child the opportunities that she so rightly deserves. Right to School 2016: Child Education faces numerous challenges in India. Through this campaign, CRY sought to work with communities, education authorities and the government to make schools, functional schools

neg: Unpaid work at countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia they found that when access to water increased as a result of infrastructure investment women didn't enter into more paid employment, but their overall time spent on unpaid labor did diminish. Subsidized child, elder and care services The state's role in providing quality affordable care services should not be overlooked. Since free childcare would be ineffective at generating income for workers, the services need to be subsidized to ensure that workers are compensated for their labor and that families can afford to use their services Subsidized energy