query: the evidence that upheaval dome was formed by a meteorite impact comes from

pos: Upheaval Dome is pushed up by the weight of overlying rocks. The other theory is an eroded impact crater, like the much younger Meteor Crater near Winslow, Arizona. In the 1990s, a team of geologists and seismologists from NASA and the University of Nevada at Reno performed a detailed study that included seismic refraction and rock mapping. The results of this study support the meteorite theory. In 2008, it was announced that shocked quartz was discovered. This confirmed the meteor impact theory because the rocks were subjected to high pressures only possible in an impact or a nuclear explosion. Upheaval Dome Upheaval

pos: Impact structure topographic expressions of an impact crater are no longer obvious. Any meteorite fragments that may once have been present would be long since eroded away. Possible impact structures may be initially recognized by their anomalous geological character or geophysical expression. These may still be confirmed as impact structures by the presence of shocked minerals (particularly shocked quartz), shatter cones, geochemical evidence of extraterrestrial material or other methods. Impact structure The term impact structure is closely related to the terms "impact crater" and "meteorite impact crater", and is used in cases in which erosion or burial has destroyed or masked the

pos: Liverpool crater of Neoproterozoic age (1000-543 Ma), and therefore the crater is more likely to have formed at some time during the Neoproterozoic. No meteorite fragments have been found at the site. This is not surprising considering its great age; such fragments would have weathered away. Evidence supporting an impact origin includes the geological structure of the crater, and the discovery of shocked quartz. The crater is not perfectly circular, but is about 6% broader in a northeast-southwest direction. And the internal parts of the crater are asymmetric in such a way as to imply that the impact was oblique from the

pos: Middlesboro crater Mountain, and Middlesboro crater. Middlesboro crater is a diameter meteorite impact crater in which Middlesboro, Kentucky, is located. The crater was identified in 1966 when Robert Dietz discovered shatter cones in sandstone, which led to the further identification of shocked quartz. Shatter cones, a rock shattering pattern naturally formed only during impact events, are found in abundance in the area. In September 2003 the site was designated a Distinguished Geologic Site by the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists. Without Middlesboro crater, it would have been difficult for packhorses to navigate this gap, formed by differential erosion along one of the

neg: Nördlinger Ries The present floor of the depression is about below the eroded remains of the rim. It was originally assumed that the Ries was of volcanic origin. In 1960 Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C. T. Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact. The key evidence was the presence of coesite, which, in unmetamorphosed rocks, can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact. The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry, but even before, Shoemaker was encouraged by the Nördlingen St. George's church built of locally derived suevite. The suevite was formed from mesozoic

neg: Yamato 000593 Yamato 000593 Yamato 000593 (or Y000593) is the second largest meteorite from Mars found on Earth. Studies suggest the Martian meteorite was formed about 1.3 billion years ago from a lava flow on Mars. An impact occurred on Mars about 11 million years ago and ejected the meteorite from the Martian surface into space. The meteorite landed on Earth in Antarctica about 50,000 years ago. The mass of the meteorite is and has been found to contain evidence of past water alteration. At a microscopic level, spheres are found in the meteorite that are rich in carbon compared to surrounding

neg: Quartz Tridymite and cristobalite are high-temperature polymorphs of SiO that occur in high-silica volcanic rocks. Coesite is a denser polymorph of SiO found in some meteorite impact sites and in metamorphic rocks formed at pressures greater than those typical of the Earth's crust. Stishovite is a yet denser and higher-pressure polymorph of SiO found in some meteorite impact sites. Lechatelierite is an amorphous silica glass SiO which is formed by lightning strikes in quartz sand. The word "quartz" comes from the German , which is of Slavic origin (Czech miners called it "křemen"). Other sources attribute the word's origin to the

neg: Ritland crater of the crater. In 2009, scientists from the University of Oslo considered it proven that the crater was formed by meteorite impact, according to Professor Henning Dypvik from the Institute for Geological Sciences at the University of Oslo. The sediments and fossils at Ritland have been studied by geologists since the 1950s. The depth of the circular structure is about , with a diameter of about . Research has focused on trying to find evidence that the crater resulted from a meteoric impact. In 2008 it was announced that microscopic evidence was found, and that the structure is an impact

neg: Coesite Coesite Coesite is a form (polymorph) of silicon dioxide SiO that is formed when very high pressure (2–3 gigapascals), and moderately high temperature (), are applied to quartz. Coesite was first synthesized by Loring Coes Jr., a chemist at the Norton Company, in 1953. In 1960, a natural occurrence of coesite was reported by Edward C. T. Chao, in collaboration with Eugene Shoemaker, from Barringer Crater, in Arizona, US, which was evidence that the crater must have been formed by an impact. After this report, the presence of coesite in unmetamorphosed rocks was taken as evidence of a meteorite impact

neg: Upheaval Dome Upheaval Dome Upheaval Dome is an impact structure, the deeply eroded bottom-most remnants of an impact crater, in Canyonlands National Park southwest of the city of Moab, Utah, in the United States. The crater is located in the Island in the Sky section of the park, and is approximately 42 miles (67 km) by vehicle from Moab. It is approximately 5 km in diameter and the crater is known to be less than 170 million years old (Jurassic or younger, but how much younger is not established.) The crater is clearly visible on the surface as bright brown and black

neg: Hickman Crater after the crater formed. Below this is a nearly seven metre thick layer of finely smashed up and melted rock that formed the original crater floor, underlain by fractured bedrock. Chemical analysis of the smashed up and melted rock shows, besides comprising fragments of bedrock, it also contains traces of material from an iron meteorite. The internal structure of the crater is similar to that found at other small meteorite impact craters drilled overseas and confirms that the crater was produced by a meteorite impact." Hickman Crater The Hickman Crater is a recently discovered meteorite impact crater, 16 kilometres northeast

neg: EETA 79001 of EETA 79001. The meteorite is a nearly completely crystalline rock, with a composition typical of volcanic lava crystallized from molten silicate. The sample closely resembles that of basalts collected from Earth and the Moon. Close examination of this sample shows glassy feldspar, which can be shown to have formed under unique conditions, common with impact shock. This glass retains its original structure, showing evidence for no flow having occurred. This process is likely caused due to intense shock waves, such as a large meteoric impact. The main mass of the meteorite is a shocked pyroxene. Large pyroxene grains range

neg: Dronino meteorite of the impact event of the Meteorite it has been estimated that the fall would have to have occurred before the earliest settlements formed in that region in 1200. From the distribution of the meteorite fragments it has been estimated that the meteorite formed a crater with a diameter of 30 m. The meteorite is named after the village Dronino where it was found. The meteorite was discovered by Oleg Gus’kov in July 2000 on his way home from mushroom collecting near the village of Dronino (). He noticed a rusty piece of iron protruding from the ground. Suspecting it

neg: Tektite the extreme conditions created by an hypervelocity meteorite impact, near-surface terrestrial sediments and rocks were either melted, vaporized, or some combination of these, and ejected from an impact crater. After ejection from the impact crater, the material formed millimeter- to centimeter-sized bodies of molten material, which as they re-entered the atmosphere, rapidly cooled to form tektites that fell to Earth to create a layer of distal ejecta hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from the impact site. The terrestrial source for tektites is supported by well-documented evidence. The chemical and isotopic composition of tektites indicates that they are derived from

neg: Meteorite less compelling than for the end Cretaceous extinction. There are several reported instances of falling meteorites having killed people and livestock, but a few of these appear more credible than others. The most infamous reported fatality from a meteorite impact is that of an Egyptian dog that was killed in 1911, although this report is highly disputed. This meteorite fall was identified in the 1980s as Martian in origin. There is substantial evidence that the meteorite known as Valera (Venezuela 1972, see Meteorite fall) hit and killed a cow upon impact, nearly dividing the animal in two, and similar unsubstantiated

neg: Canyonlands National Park end of the Jurassic. Some scientists believe Upheaval Dome was created from Paradox salt bed movement, creating a salt dome, but more modern studies show that the meteorite theory is more likely to be correct. A warm shallow sea again flooded the region near the end of the Pennsylvanian. Fossil-rich limestones, sandstones, and shales of the gray-colored Honaker Trail Formation resulted. A period of erosion then ensued, creating a break in the geologic record called an unconformity. Early in the Permian an advancing sea laid down the Halgaito Shale. Coastal lowlands later returned to the area, forming the Elephant Canyon

neg: Burckle Crater Burckle Crater Burckle Crater is an undersea feature hypothesized to be an impact crater by the Holocene Impact Working Group. They considered that it likely was formed by a very-large-scale and relatively recent (c. 3000–2800 BCE) comet or meteorite impact event. It is estimated to be about 30 km (18 mi) in diameter, about 25 times wider than Arizona's Meteor Crater. It is east of Madagascar and west of Western Australia in the southern Indian ocean adjacent to the SW Indian Ocean Ridge. Its position was determined in 2006 by the same group using evidence of its existence from prehistoric

neg: Lukanga Swamp greater wildlife conservation efforts, depends on providing access to this part from Mumbwa or Kabwe. The nearly circular shape of the main permanent swamp has led to speculation that Lukanga Swamp may be an impact crater (astrobleme) formed by the impact of a meteorite. However research on the ground in 2002 found no evidence of impact shock in rocks of the area, concluding that the Lukanga Swamp is not an astrobleme. In the absence of other research data the origin of the swamp is unknown. Lukanga Swamp Lukanga Swamp is a major wetland in the Central Province of Zambia, about

neg: Colônia crater Colônia crater The Colônia crater is a recently confirmed impact crater located in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a round bowl-shaped depression, without any obvious central bulge, with a diameter of about , bounded by a circular ring of hills about high relative to the inner depression. Its approximate location is 23°52′15″ South and 46°42′30″ West, above sea level. The name comes from the town district of Colônia located just north of the feature. Some geologists believe that the feature was created by the impact of a meteorite with a diameter of about . It was formed

neg: Muonionalusta time, analysis has proved the presence of a form of quartz altered by extremely high pressure—stishovite, probably a pseudomorphosis after tridymite. From the article "First discovery of stishovite in an iron meteorite":Stishovite, a high pressure polymorph of SiO, is an exceptionally rare mineral...and has only been found in association with a few meteorite impact structures... Clearly, the meteoritic stishovite cannot have formed by isostatic pressure prevailing in the core of the parent asteroid... One can safely assume then that stishovite formation "(in the Muonionalusta meteorite)" is connected with an impact event. The glass component might have formed directly as a

neg: Meteorite initiated by the French Academy of Sciences, was compelled by a fall of thousands of meteorites on 26 April 1803 from the skies of L'Aigle, France. One of the leading theories for the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that included the dinosaurs is a large meteorite impact. The Chicxulub Crater has been identified as the site of this impact. There has been a lively scientific debate as to whether other major extinctions, including the ones at the end of the Permian and Triassic periods might also have been the result of large impact events, but the evidence is much

neg: Vargeão Dome Vargeão Dome Vargeão Dome is a meteorite crater in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, straddling the municipalities of Vargeão, Faxinal dos Guedes, and Passos Maia. The crater is an almost perfectly circular depression with steep walls, in diameter and up to deep, relative to its rim. It is of Early Cretaceous age, or about 123 ± 2 Ma. The meteorite impacted on the basaltic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation (Jurassic/Cretaceous). The crater displays several concentric rings and radial faults, and an eroded central bulge. The latter consists of impact breccias and sandstones from the Botucatu/Pirambóia Formation (Cretaceous/Triassic), which have been

neg: Monturaqui crater terrain on which the crater lies is a tectonic block that was uplifted by relative to the Salar de Atacama and which is incised by watercourses that were diverted by the formation of Monturaqui crater. Impactites have been found around the crater. These include glasses, granitic rocks with evidence of shock metamorphosis as well as metallic iron and nickel but no remnants of the original meteorite. The rocks show evidence of having been exposed to intense heat and pressure during the impact; reconstructed temperatures reached with pressures of . Based on the chemistry of the impactite, Monturaqui was formed by

neg: Gardnos crater Gardnos crater Gardnos crater ("Gardnos krateret") is a meteorite impact crater in Nes municipality in the county of Buskerud, Norway. It is located inside Meteorite Park ("Meteorittparken") at Gardnos 10 km north of the town of Nesbyen. Gardnos crater is in diameter, and was created when a meteorite with an estimated diameter of struck 500 million years ago. At first this site was believed to be a volcanic crater, but in 1990 two geologists, Johan Naterstad and Johannes A. Dons, confirmed that it was in fact formed by meteorite impact. The original bedrock in the area was fractured and a

neg: Hoba meteorite name "Hoba" comes from Khoekhoegowab word meaning "gift". The Hoba meteorite impact is thought to have occurred more recently than 80,000 years ago. It is inferred that the Earth's atmosphere slowed the object to the point that it impacted the surface at terminal velocity, thereby remaining intact and causing little excavation. Assuming a drag coefficient of about 1.3, the meteor would have been slowed to about from its speed on entering the Earth's atmosphere, typically in excess of 10 km/s for similar objects. The meteorite is unusual in that it is flat on both major surfaces. The Hoba meteorite left

neg: Martian meteorite Martian meteorite A Martian meteorite is a rock that formed on the planet Mars and was then ejected from Mars by the impact of an asteroid or comet, and finally landed on the Earth. Of over 61,000 meteorites that have been found on Earth, 214 were identified as Martian . These meteorites are thought to be from Mars because they have elemental and isotopic compositions that are similar to rocks and atmosphere gases analyzed by spacecraft on Mars. In October 2013, NASA confirmed, based on analysis of argon in the Martian atmosphere by the Mars Curiosity rover, that certain meteorites

neg: The Rove Formation These pieces of debris indicate that the layer contains hypervelocity impact ejecta. Zircon geochronologic data shows that this layer formed 1878 to 1836 million years ago; the Sudbury Impact event occurred . Because of the closeness in dating and the nearness of the crater, the Sudbury Impact event is the likely source for the ejecta; these are the oldest ejecta linked to a specific event on Earth. In the Rove area this layer is about thick; this thin layer very likely represents the catastrophic events of a single day nearly . Evidence indicates a diameter meteorite collided with Earth in

neg: Martian meteorite water is likely too minimal to support life. Martian meteorite A Martian meteorite is a rock that formed on the planet Mars and was then ejected from Mars by the impact of an asteroid or comet, and finally landed on the Earth. Of over 61,000 meteorites that have been found on Earth, 214 were identified as Martian . These meteorites are thought to be from Mars because they have elemental and isotopic compositions that are similar to rocks and atmosphere gases analyzed by spacecraft on Mars. In October 2013, NASA confirmed, based on analysis of argon in the Martian atmosphere

neg: Nakhla meteorite ejected by the impact of another large body colliding with the Martian surface. They then travelled through the solar system for an unknown period before penetrating the Earth's atmosphere. Nakhla is the first Martian meteorite to show signs of aqueous processes on Mars. The rock contains carbonates and hydrous minerals, formed by chemical reactions in water. Also, the rock was exposed to water after it formed, which caused secondary accumulations of minerals. The carbonates contain more C than rocks formed on Earth, indicating Martian origin. In March 1999, after receiving part of the meteorite from the British Museum in 1998,

neg: Sutter's Mill meteorite Sutter's Mill meteorite The Sutter's Mill meteorite is a carbonaceous chondrite which entered the Earth's atmosphere and broke up at about 07:51 Pacific time on April 22, 2012, with fragments landing in the United States. The name comes from the Sutter's Mill, a California Gold Rush site, near which some pieces were recovered. This was the largest meteoroid impact over land since asteroid 2008 TC3. Meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens assigned SM numbers to each meteorite, with the documented find location preserving information about where a given meteorite was located in the impacting meteoroid. As of May 2014, 79 fragments had

neg: Decorah crater known from that time, measuring nearly 6 feet in length. Its species name was derived from "Decorah." Decorah crater The Decorah impact crater, also called the Decorah impact structure, is a proposed impact crater located on the east side of the city of Decorah in Iowa, United States. It was caused by a ca. -wide meteorite impact during the Middle Ordovician Period, 470 million years ago. The crater is estimated to be in diameter, covered by the Winneshiek Shale. There is no surface evidence of the impact, as the Winneshiek Shale is more than below the bottom of the Upper

neg: Weaubleau structure Weaubleau structure The Weaubleau structure is a probable meteorite impact site in western Missouri near the towns of Gerster, Iconium, Osceola, and Vista. It is believed to have been caused by a meteoroid between 335 and 340 million years ago during the middle Mississippian Period (Latest Osagean to Earliest Meramecian). It is listed by the Impact Field Studies Group as a "probable" impact structure. The structure consists of an area of severe structural deformation and extensive brecciation that was poorly understood and had been thought to be the result of either thrusting over a dome or a cryptoexplosive event. A

neg: 4 Vesta the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been shattered by impacts. On the basis of the sizes of V-type asteroids (thought to be pieces of Vesta's crust ejected during large impacts), and the depth of Rheasilvia crater (see below), the crust is thought to be roughly thick. Findings from the "Dawn" spacecraft have found evidence that the troughs that wrap around Vesta could be graben formed by impact-induced faulting (see Troughs section above), meaning that Vesta has more complex geology

neg: Patomskiy crater Geochemistry (IGC), RAS came to the conclusion that the Patomskiy crater probably originates from geological processes. An important fact is that no serious argument or evidence of a meteorite crater nature referred to by specialists had been given. There was not any new evidence to support the meteorite hypothesis." Antipin further noted that at the conference, for the first time, all the experts rejected the meteoric hypothesis. "Now it has only historical interest," he added. According to studies of Siberian scientists, the crater formed only 300 to 350 years ago. The zoning of the crater caused by geological processes and

neg: Allende meteorite formed the Solar System. This supports the theory that shockwaves from a supernova - the explosion of an aging star - may have triggered the formation of, or contributed to the formation of the Solar System. As further evidence, the Caltech group said the meteorite contained Aluminum 26, a rare form of aluminum. This acts as a "clock" on the meteorite, dating the explosion of the supernova to within less than 2 million years before the Solar System was formed. Subsequent studies have found isotopic ratios of krypton, xenon, nitrogen and some other elements whose forms are also unknown in

neg: Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia. Henbury craters are a result of one of the few impact events that have occurred in a populated area (few other examples are Kaali crater in Estonia and 2007 Carancas impact event in Peru). The reserve is located south west of Alice Springs and contains over a dozen craters, which were formed when a fragmented meteorite hit the Earth’s surface. Henbury is one of five meteorite impact sites in Australia with remaining meteorite fragments and one of the world's best preserved examples

neg: Antarctica the centre of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets. In 2006 a team of researchers from Ohio State University used gravity measurements by NASA's GRACE satellites to discover the Wilkes Land crater, which probably formed about 250 million years ago. In January 2013 an meteorite was

neg: Veevers crater used to suggest that it may in fact be less than 4 thousand years old. The iron meteorite fragments collected around the crater are classified as a coarse octahedrite belonging to chemical class IIAB; the fragments show considerable evidence of deformation presumably related to the impact explosion. It has been inferred that the original meteorite was in the size range of 100-1000 tonnes, probably closer to the latter, now dispersed as fragments within the crater breccia and ejecta. Veevers crater Veevers crater is an impact crater located on a flat desert plain between the Great Sandy and Gibson Deserts in

neg: Prairie Bluff Formation along with faulting and liquification of the Prairie Bluff Chalk, is related to the meteorite impact at the Chicxulub crater site, directly south, across the Gulf of Mexico, from the formation. Prairie Bluff Formation The Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation is a geological formation in North America, within the U.S. state of Alabama. The chalk was formed by marine sediments deposited along the eastern edge of the Mississippi embayment during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous. It is a unit of the Selma Group and marks the end of the Cretaceous in Alabama. Evidence has been found within the formation

neg: Vargeão Dome century; Vargeão's city hall is located inside the crater, near the southern rim. Nevertheless, the crater is still well-preserved. The local population is well aware of the impact origin of the structure, to the point that the town's official nickname is "Meteor City". Vargeão Dome Vargeão Dome is a meteorite crater in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, straddling the municipalities of Vargeão, Faxinal dos Guedes, and Passos Maia. The crater is an almost perfectly circular depression with steep walls, in diameter and up to deep, relative to its rim. It is of Early Cretaceous age, or about 123 ± 2 Ma.

neg: Life on Mars on August 25, 1865, and was retrieved by witnesses almost immediately. It is composed mostly of pyroxene and thought to have undergone preterrestrial aqueous alteration for several centuries. Certain features in its interior suggest remnants of a biofilm and its associated microbial communities. Work is in progress on searching for magnetites within alteration phases. Yamato 000593 is the second largest meteorite from Mars found on Earth. Studies suggest the Martian meteorite was formed about 1.3 billion years ago from a lava flow on Mars. An impact occurred on Mars about 12 million years ago and ejected the meteorite from the

neg: Yamato 000593 consistent with the occurrence of organic matter embedded in iddingsite. The NASA researchers indicated that mass spectrometry may provide deeper insight into the nature of the carbon, and could distinguish between abiotic and biologic carbon incorporation and alteration. The Martian meteorite is an igneous rock classified as an achondrite type of the nakhlite group. Yamato 000593 Yamato 000593 (or Y000593) is the second largest meteorite from Mars found on Earth. Studies suggest the Martian meteorite was formed about 1.3 billion years ago from a lava flow on Mars. An impact occurred on Mars about 11 million years ago and ejected

neg: Water on Mars has been shown that another class of meteorites, the nakhlites, were suffused with liquid water around 620 million years ago and that they were ejected from Mars around 10.75 million years ago by an asteroid impact. They fell to Earth within the last 10,000 years. Martian meteorite NWA 7034 has one order of magnitude more water than most other Martian meteorites. It is similar to the basalts studied by rover missions, and it was formed in the early Amazonian epoch. In 1996, a group of scientists reported the possible presence of microfossils in the Allan Hills 84001, a meteorite from

neg: Willamette Meteorite elements in Earth's crust, is found in the Willamette Meteorite at a concentration of 4.7 ppm, thousands of times more concentrated than in the crust. The lack of an impact crater at the discovery site was only explained after the 1920s, with the new understanding about the Missoula Floods, one of the largest floods documented, caused by the collapse of an ice barrier during the last deglaciation. The meteorite presumably landed on an ice cap in what is now Montana or western Canada, and was dragged by the glacier ice to the vicinity of an ice barrier that formed across

neg: 3709 Polypoites In a competition among the Greek warriors, he was able to throw an iron meteorite the farthest and won the game against Leonteus, after whom the minor planet 3793 Leonteus is named. On landing, the meteorite formed an impact crater. The asteroid's name was suggested by Dorothy and Jerome Preston, with the remark, that, had the Shoemakers been present, they would have examined the event closely. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 1988 (). 3709 Polypoites 3709 Polypoites ( ), provisional designation "", is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp,

neg: Martian meteorite these findings. Ages since impact determined so far include Several Martian meteorites have been found to contain what some think is evidence for fossilized Martian life forms. The most significant of these is a meteorite found in the Allan Hills of Antarctica (ALH 84001). Ejection from Mars seems to have taken place about 16 million years ago. Arrival on Earth was about 13 000 years ago. Cracks in the rock appear to have filled with carbonate materials (implying groundwater was present) between 4 and 3.6 billion-years-ago. Evidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified with the levels increasing away

neg: Goose Lake meteorite ground where it was found, thus meaning that the velocity of the meteorite's impact was minimal. Goose Lake meteorite The Goose Lake meteorite is a meteorite that was found at Goose Lake in the United States by two hunters from Oakland, California on October 13, 1938. In 1939 it was acquired by the United States National Museum. From 1939 until January 14, 1941 it was on exhibition at the Golden Gate International Exposition before moving to Washington, D.C.. It was placed on display in the National Museum's meteorite hall until that hall was closed in the 1950s. Today, the meteorite

neg: Carolina bay among earth scientists of the 1940s and 50s. After considerable debate and research, geologists determined the depressions were both too shallow and lacking in any evidence for them to be impact features. Reports of magnetic anomalies turned out not to show consistency across the sites. There were no meteorite fragments, shatter cones or planar deformation features. None of the necessary evidence for hypervelocity impacts was found. The conclusion was to reject the hypothesis that the Carolina Bays were created by impacts of asteroids or comets (Rajmon 2009). A new type of extraterrestrial impact hypothesis was proposed as the result of

neg: Late Heavy Bombardment that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga, and that the apparent clustering of impact-melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin. They also note that the rate of impact cratering could differ significantly between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System. The main piece of evidence for a lunar cataclysm comes from the radiometric ages of impact melt rocks that were collected during the Apollo missions. The majority of these impact melts are believed to have formed during the collision

neg: Meteor Crater an instantaneous overpressure. It cannot be created by volcanic action; the only known mechanisms of creating it is naturally through an impact event, or artificially through a nuclear explosion. In 1960, Edward C. T. Chao and Shoemaker identified coesite at Meteor Crater, proving the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures. The impact would have disintegrated the main body of iron mass, while the pieces of Canyon Diablo meteorite found scattered around the site, had broken away from the main body before impact. Geologists used the nuclear detonation that created the Sedan crater, and other

neg: Animikie Group Impact event – which occurred to the east 1,850 ± 1 million years ago – is the likely ejecta source, making these the oldest ejecta linked to a specific impact. Additional evidence indicates a diameter meteorite collided with earth in the current-day vicinity of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The meteorite vaporized and created a wide crater. Earthquakes shattered the ground hundreds of kilometers away and within seconds ejecta (cloud of ash, rock fragments, gases and droplets of molten rock) began to spread around the globe. It is estimated that at ground zero the earthquake would have registered 10.2 on the Richter

neg: Wadsleyite upper mantle. Moreover, these results help in understanding chemical differentiation and magmatism inside the Earth (Mibe et al. 2006). Although nominally anhydrous, wadsleyite can incorporate more than 3 percent by weight HO, which means that it is capable of incorporating more water than Earth's oceans and may be a significant reservoir for H (or water) in the Earth's interior. Wadsleyite was found in the Peace River meteorite, an L6 hypersthene-olivine chondrite from Peace River, Alberta, Canada. The wadsleyite in this meteorite is believed to have formed at high pressure during the shock event related to the impact on Earth from

neg: Roter Kamm crater parts of the meteorite have been found, suggesting that it completely evaporated upon impact. The meteor that hit it was approximately the size of an SUV. The Roter Kamm impact structure exposes a large volume of cataclastic/mylonitic and pseudotachylitic breccias in the basement granite and gneisses, which is unusual for small craters. Anomalous quartz found at the rim of the crater, and the primary fluid inclusions in the quartz, seem to provide evidence for post-impact hydrothermal activity, generated by impact heat, at the Roter Kamm impact crater. Eolian and alluvial processes each played a role in modifying the Roter Kamm

neg: Martian meteorite scientists have suggested that some may actually have formed prior to the times given by their radiometric ages, a suggestion not accepted by most scientists. Formation ages of SNC meteorites are often linked to their cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) ages, as measured from the nuclear products of interactions of the meteorite in space with energetic cosmic ray particles. Thus, all measured nakhlites give essentially identical CRE ages of approximately 11 Ma, which when combined with their possible identical formation ages indicates ejection of nakhlites into space from a single location on Mars by a single impact event. Some of the shergottites

neg: Wolfe Creek Crater Wolfe Creek Crater Wolfe Creek Crater is a well-preserved meteorite impact crater (astrobleme) in Western Australia. It is accessed via the Tanami Road south of the town of Halls Creek. The crater is central to the Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater National Park. The crater averages about in diameter, from rim to present crater floor and it is estimated that the meteorite that formed it had a mass of about 50,000 tonnes, while the age is estimated to be less than 300,000 years (Pleistocene). Small numbers of iron meteorites have been found in the vicinity of the crater, as well as

neg: Karikkoselkä Karikkoselkä Karikkoselkä is a lake formed in an impact crater in Petäjävesi, Finland. Karikkoselkä is located approximately 30 km east from the centre of Keurusselkä, a much older and larger impact crater. Most lakes in the region are elongated in northwest-southeast direction due to glaciation, but Karikkoselkä is strikingly round. Many shatter cones, rock formations that form under the extreme pressures of impact, have been found around the lake. Further evidence comes from aeromagnetic maps, which show a clear magnetic anomaly in the impact crater area. In addition, samples collected from deep drillings into the lake bottom confirm the impact

neg: 2007 Carancas impact event caused by sulfur, arsenic or other toxins that may have melted in the extreme heat produced by the meteorite strike. Some unnamed Peruvian sources stated soon after the event occurred that it was indeed a meteorite. Later on 18 September, a Peruvian vulcanologist stated that the impact was caused by a chondrite meteorite arrival. Some reports indicated initial suspicions that the illnesses may have been psychosomatic in nature. Don Yeomans, head of the Near Earth Object Program at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said, "Statistically, it's far more likely to have come from below than from above. The

neg: Shatter cone largest known shatter cone in the world (more than 10 metres in length) is located at the Slate Islands in Terrace Bay, Ontario, Canada. The azimuths of the cones' axes typically radiate outwards from the point of impact, with the cones pointing upwards and toward the center of the impact crater, although the orientations of some of the rocks have been changed by post-cratering geological processes at the site. Shatter cone Shatter cones are rare geological features that are only known to form in the bedrock beneath meteorite impact craters or underground nuclear explosions. They are evidence that the rock

neg: Martian meteorite that the SNC group of meteorites (Shergottites, Nakhlites, Chassignites) were significantly different from most other meteorite types. Among these differences were younger formation ages, a different oxygen isotopic composition, the presence of aqueous weathering products, and some similarity in chemical composition to analyses of the Martian surface rocks in 1976 by the Viking landers. Several scientists suggested these characteristics implied the origin of SNC meteorites from a relatively large parent body, possibly Mars. Then in 1983, various trapped gases were reported in impact-formed glass of the EET79001 shergottite, gases which closely resembled those in the Martian atmosphere as analyzed by

neg: South Pole–Aitken basin been formed by a low-velocity projectile around 200 km in diameter that hit at a low angle (about 30 degrees or less), and hence did not dig very deeply into the Moon. Putative evidence for this comes from the high elevations north-east of the rim of the South Pole–Aitken basin that might represent ejecta from such an oblique impact. The impact theory would also account for magnetic anomalies on the moon. South Pole–Aitken basin The South Pole–Aitken basin is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon. At roughly in diameter and deep, it is one of the

neg: Opoona outside the domes became the wild lands. Several hundred years after the meteorite impact, Opoona and his siblings, Copoona and Poleena, are on a family vacation from the star Tizia with their parents, Momeena, Dadeena and co-pilots Troc and Noix, travelling in a spaceship to Landroll. Momeena tells Opoona that her brother, Roidman, lives on the planet doing research on how to reduce the Rogue population. Shortly after, the spaceship is attacked by mysterious dark energy, and the three children are placed into separate escape pods before the spaceship crashes on Landroll. Opoona awakens from a coma in Tokione Dome

neg: Dinosaur the meteorite impact caused a long and unnatural drop in Earth's atmospheric temperature, while others claim that it would have instead created an unusual heat wave. The consensus among scientists who support this theory is that the impact caused extinctions both directly (by heat from the meteorite impact) and also indirectly (via a worldwide cooling brought about when matter ejected from the impact crater reflected thermal radiation from the sun). Although the speed of extinction cannot be deduced from the fossil record alone, various models suggest that the extinction was extremely rapid, being down to hours rather than years. Before

neg: Nördlinger Ries sediments shocked by the bolide impact. The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater, thus far a unique finding on Earth. Rampart craters are almost exclusively found on Mars. Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after impact of the meteorite, most simply compared to a bullet fired into mud, with the ejecta resembling a mudflow. Another impact crater, the much smaller (3.8 km diameter) Steinheim crater, is located about west-southwest from the centre of Ries. The two craters are believed to have formed nearly simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid. Recent computer modeling of the impact event

neg: Abiogenesis panspermia hypothesis does not attempt to explain how life first originated, but merely shifts it to another planet or a comet. The advantage of an extraterrestrial origin of primitive life is that life is not required to have formed on each planet it occurs on, but rather in a single location, and then spread about the galaxy to other star systems via cometary and/or meteorite impact. Evidence to support the hypothesis is scant, but it finds support in studies of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica and in studies of extremophile microbes' survival in outer space tests. (See also: List of

neg: Panther Mountain (New York) the New York State Geological Survey museum. These cuttings were examined carefully, during which graduate students working for him found microscopic iron spherules — to him irrefutable evidence of an impact crater. However, questions from crater specialists at a conference in Budapest sent him back to look more closely at the cuttings. One attendee pointed out that he hadn't ruled out the possibility that the spherules had merely been deposited by a passing meteorite or comet. In October 1999, closer examination of tiny quartz crystals in the samples turned up shock lamellae, which could only have resulted from impact. A

neg: Mahuika crater be derived from the impact, found in an ice core from the Siple Dome in Antarctica, it is argued that the impact which created the Mahuika crater occurred around 1443 AD, but other sources have placed the date as 13 February 1491 AD. Some evidence suggests that the tsunami it caused was observed by aborigines and entered into their mythology. In 2010 a paper was published in "Marine Geology" which critically analysed Abbott's claims regarding the origin of the Mahuika crater. The researchers determined that there was no evidence to indicate a comet created the crater, and therefore the possibility

neg: Treysa (meteorite) cut from the meteorite have been studied by various geological and mineralogical research institutes. Since 1986 a memorial stone placed at the site of impact by the Knüllgebirgsverein, a hiking and nature club named after the Knüllgebirge mountain range in Hesse, commemorates this cosmic event. The meteorite is on display at the Mineralogischen Museum Marburg (Lahn), and there is a copy at the Museum der Schwalm in Ziegenhain. Directions to the meteorite impact location are posted on a path (Ringstrasse) in the Rommershausen forest. Treysa (meteorite) The Treysa Meteorite, also known as the Rommershausen Meteorite (both Treysa and Rommershausen are

neg: Yugorsky Peninsula coast is clear of ice. The Yugorsky Strait and, beyond it, Vaygach Island lie at the northwestern end of this peninsula. The Pay-Khoy Ridge occupies the peninsula and is extended from northwest to southeast. In the southeastern end of the Yugorsky Peninsula lies the Kara Meteorite Crater, while the Ust-Kara site lies offshore, 15 km east of the small Kara or Karskaya Guba inlet. It was formerly believed that these two sites were two separate craters and that they formed a twin impact structure from a large-scale meteorite hit in the late Cretaceous. However, it seems that the Ust-Kara site

neg: Life on Mars Martian surface into space. The meteorite landed on Earth in Antarctica about 50,000 years ago. The mass of the meteorite is and it has been found to contain evidence of past water movement. At a microscopic level, spheres are found in the meteorite that are rich in carbon compared to surrounding areas that lack such spheres. The carbon-rich spheres may have been formed by biotic activity according to NASA scientists. The seasonal frosting and defrosting of the southern ice cap results in the formation of spider-like radial channels carved on 1-meter thick ice by sunlight. Then, sublimed CO – and

neg: Decorah crater Decorah crater The Decorah impact crater, also called the Decorah impact structure, is a proposed impact crater located on the east side of the city of Decorah in Iowa, United States. It was caused by a ca. -wide meteorite impact during the Middle Ordovician Period, 470 million years ago. The crater is estimated to be in diameter, covered by the Winneshiek Shale. There is no surface evidence of the impact, as the Winneshiek Shale is more than below the bottom of the Upper Iowa River. The impact event, equivalent to 1,000 megatons of TNT, did not appear to penetrate the

neg: Zaklodzie meteorite in 2000. In 2005 it was proposed that the meteorite was the product of magma crystallization and therefore an achondrite. The magma originated from the partial melt of an enstatite chondrite source. It was therefore proposed that the Zakłodzie meteorite should be classified as a "primitive enstatite achondrite". It was classified as an Aubrite-an (anomalous) in 2006. Currently the recommended classification is that the Zakłodzie meteorite is an ungrouped enstatite achondrite. Some scientists propose that many aubrites and enstatite achondrites are in fact impact breccias or impact-melt breccias. The later being proposed for Zakłodzie and NWA 4301. The main arguments

neg: Shawnee National Forest fed by waterways extending miles to the south. Within the area of the Shawnee National Forest, but not at this time US property, is Hicks Dome, an igneous feature in Hardin County, Illinois. This was formerly speculated to be the result of a hot spot, but some argue it was caused by a meteorite impact. There are seven officially designated wilderness areas lying within Shawnee National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. There are three natural vegetation research areas: Cave Hill, Stoneface, and Whoopie Cat Mountain Research Natural Areas in the Shawnee National Forest. Shawnee National

neg: Toshiko Mayeda been a water-rich atmosphere. She found distinct ratios between Oxygen-17, Oxygen-16 and Oxygen-18. She studied the Bocaiuva meteorite, finding that the Eagle Station meteorite were formed due to impact heating. In 2002 she was awarded the Society Merit Prize from the Geochemical Society of Japan. In the same year, an asteroid was named after her. Mayeda's husband, Harry, died in 2003. Mayeda suffered from cancer and died on February 13, 2004. In 2008 a special volume of the book Oxygen in the Solar System "The Solar System in Clayton-Mayeda Space" was dedicated to Clayton and Mayeda. Toshiko Mayeda Toshiko K.

neg: Clearwater Lakes from both impact craters suggests that Clearwater East has an age of approximately 460–470 million years, corresponding to the Ordovician time period, whereas Clearwater West was formed 286.2 ± 2.6 million years ago, in the early Permian. Both Clearwater impact structures also carry different geophysical (natural remanent magnetization) signatures and different geochemical fingerprints of the impacting meteorite in the impact melt of each crater. Clearwater East and Clearwater West are both complex craters with distinct central peaks. These peaks are caused by the gravitational collapse of crater walls and subsequent rebound of the compressed crater floor. Lake water and sediments

neg: EETA 79001 on Earth. Carbonate found in EETA 79001 was used as a crucial piece of evidence for potential early life on Mars. It was argued that the most likely formation of the carbonate was in liquid water by biogenic means. Today, scientists believe that the carbonate was likely formed through chemical means, and is likely not related to any life that may or may not have been on Mars. EETA 79001 EETA 79001, also known as Elephant Moraine 79001, is a Martian meteorite. It was found in Elephant Moraine, in the Antarctic during the 1979–1980 collecting season. The meteorite is classified

neg: Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben view of the relatively flat fields below, which extend to the Ottawa River. On or near a branch of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben lies the Brent impact crater. It is in diameter and the age is estimated about 400 million years (Early Devonian). The impact crater, which was first recognized in 1951 from aerial photographs, formed in Precambrian gneisses. The rocks beneath the crater floor are thoroughly fragmented over a depth of about . Like the similar Pingualuit crater, the Brent crater is attributed to the high speed impact of a giant meteorite. It is calculated that the impact released energy

neg: Robert S. Dietz later work he became interested in meteorite impacts, was the first to recognize the Sudbury Basin as an ancient impact event, and discovered a number of other impact craters. He championed the use of shatter cones as evidence for ancient impact structures. He received the Walter H. Bucher Medal from the American Geophysical Union in 1971, the Barringer Medal from the Meteoritical Society in 1985 and the Penrose Medal from the Geological Society of America in 1988. Dietz was an outspoken critic of creationism, and was the faculty advisor of two student groups at Arizona State University in 1985, Americans

neg: Howardite Howard, a pioneer of meteoritics. An arbitrary divide between howardites and the polymict eucrites is a 9:1 ratio of eucrite to diogenite fragments. Howardite Howardites are achondritic stony meteorites that originate from the surface of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite clan. There are about 200 distinct members known. They are a regolith breccia consisting mostly of eucrite and diogenite fragments, although carbonaceous chondrules and impact melt can also occur. The rock formed from impact ejecta which was later buried by newer impacts and lithified due to the pressure from overlying layers. Regolith

neg: Howardite Howardite Howardites are achondritic stony meteorites that originate from the surface of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite clan. There are about 200 distinct members known. They are a regolith breccia consisting mostly of eucrite and diogenite fragments, although carbonaceous chondrules and impact melt can also occur. The rock formed from impact ejecta which was later buried by newer impacts and lithified due to the pressure from overlying layers. Regolith breccias are not found on Earth due to a lack of regolith on bodies which have an atmosphere. Howardites are named for Edward

neg: 2007 Carancas impact event impact, over 600 villagers visited the site and some began to fall ill from unexplained causes, including symptoms of dermal injuries, nausea, headaches, diarrhea and vomiting. On 20 September, Peruvian scientists confirmed that there had been a meteorite strike, but no further information on the cause of the illnesses was known. Impact crater specialists have called the impact unusual, and have stated that the meteorite was at least in diameter before breaking up. The ground water in the area is known to contain arsenic compounds, and the illness was believed to have been caused by arsenic poisoning incurred when residents

neg: Witwatersrand Basin removal of a several kilometres thick layer of deposits from the surface of the Southern African Plateau in the relatively recent geological past: i.e. the past 150 million years, but especially during the last 20 million years. The vast majority of the Earth's gold and other heavy metals are locked up in the earth's core. Evidence from tungsten isotope studies indicates that most gold in the crust is derived from gold in the mantle which resulted from a meteorite bombardment some 3900 million years ago (i.e. at approximately the time that the Kaapvaal craton formed). The gold bearing meteorite events

neg: Zunil (crater) question the accuracy of crater counting as a dating technique for geologically young Martian surface features. A simulation of the Zunil impact ejected on the order of ten billion rock fragments greater than 10 centimeters in diameter, the total ejecta comprising 30 km. These formed about a billion secondary craters 10 m in size up to 3500 km away from the primary impact. It is possible that some of these fragments from the impact made it to Earth to become shergottites, a form of Martian meteorite. Research published in the journal Icarus has found pits in Zunil Crater that are

neg: Middlesbrough meteorite Middlesbrough meteorite The Middlesbrough Meteorite fell in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England on March 14, 1881. The meteorite fell in the afternoon, hitting the ground around 3:35 pm. Although there were reports that sound generated as the object travelled through the Earth's atmosphere was heard in some areas of Yorkshire, the meteorite was unusual in that the sonic boom that would normally be associated with a meteorite entering the atmosphere was not heard by anyone who witnessed the fall, nor were there were any reports of either a fireball or smoke trail. The site of the impact was at the railway

neg: Coconino Sandstone not only well preserved within the formation, but also contribute evidence of its eolian origin. Lechatelierite (silica glass), as well as coesite and stishovite (high pressure forms of SiO) were formed during the impact of a meteorite into the Coconino Sandstone at Barringer Crater in Arizona. Coconino Sandstone Coconino Sandstone is a geologic formation named after its exposure in Coconino County, Arizona. This formation spreads across the Colorado Plateau province of the United States, including northern Arizona, northwest Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. This rock formation is particularly prominent in southeastern Utah, where it can be seen in a number of

neg: Ensisheim (meteorite) Ensisheim (meteorite) The Ensisheim meteorite is a stony meteorite that fell on November 7, 1492 in a wheat field outside the walled town of Ensisheim in then Alsace, Further Austria (now France). The meteorite can still be seen in Ensisheim's museum, the sixteenth-century Musée de la Régence. The meteorite is an LL6 ordinary chondrite, weighing ; it was described as triangular in shape, and it created a deep hole upon impact. The fall of the meteorite through the Earth's atmosphere was observed as a fireball at a distance of up to 150 kilometres from where it eventually landed. Residents of

neg: Murrili Meteorite km/s over 72 km, at an altitude of 18.34 km. The fall in dark flight was modeled using the WRF climate model to determine the final fall location The meteorite fell on Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, leaving a visible impact structure, that was observed by DFN searchers from a light aircraft, prior to a ground expedition to recover the meteorite. Orbital elements: Murrili Meteorite Murrilli (Moo-da-lee) is an ordinary chondrite of subclass type H5. It is the third meteorite to be recovered using the Australia Desert Fireball Network (DFN) camera observatory. It was observed to fall on 27 November 2015 at

neg: Cranbourne meteorite Cranbourne 001 and 002 were found buried at their original impact site that had been mistaken as an outcrop of an telluric iron deposit. Cranbourne 003 was found in 1860. It had been found by a farmhand around 1857 and used as a hotplate. It was later lost in shipping for scientific investigation. The meteorite may have fallen as recently as 200 years ago. The following table lists all the fragments of the Cranbourne meteorite: Cranbourne meteorite The Cranbourne meteorite is an octahedrite iron meteorite. It is the second largest meteorite found in Australia after the Mundrabilla meteorite, but at

neg: Cerro do Jarau crater for decades, and varied suggestions of its formation include either endogenous tectonic processes or large meteorite impact. However, no conclusive evidence to support either hypothesis has been presented to date. This structure was formed in Mesozoic volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin and consists of the Jurassic to Cretaceous Guará (sandstones), Botucatu (sandstones), and Serra Geral (basalts) formations. The Botucatu Formation sandstones are intensely silicified and deformed, and were subject to radial and annular faulting. Investigations at Cerro do Jarau identified the occurrence of parautochthonous monomict lithic breccia and polymict breccias resembling suevite and striated joint surfaces resembling crude shatter

neg: Glover Bluff crater Glover Bluff crater Glover Bluff is a meteorite crater located about south of Coloma, Wisconsin in the United States. It is in diameter and the age is estimated to be less than 500 million years (Cambrian or younger). The crater is exposed at the surface. The Glover Bluff impact site is among the least studied in the world, in part because for years the uplifted central area has been actively quarried for dolomite beneath the moraine left by retreating glaciers. Ironically, the very evidence supporting a meteoritic impact uncovered in the quarrying process is systematically being destroyed. Such evidence includes

neg: Pentlandite Thompson Belt, Canada, and a few examples from Brazil. Pentlandite, but primarily chalcopyrite and PGEs, are also obtained from the supergiant Norilsk nickel deposit, in trans-Siberian Russia. The Sudbury Basin in Ontario, Canada, is associated with a large meteorite impact crater. The pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite ore around the Sudbury Structure formed from sulfide melts that segregated from the melt sheet produced by the impact. Pentlandite is a catalyst for production of hydrogen and oxygen from water using electricity. It is said to be as effective at this as platinum, which is significantly rarer and more expensive. Pentlandite Pentlandite is an iron-nickel sulfide,

neg: Heat Shield Rock of Mars where this meteorite was found, is suspected to have once been covered by a layer of material with a thickness of as much as which has been subsequently eroded. However no evidence suggests when it impacted. To survive impact largely undeformed it must have impacted at less than ~1.5 km/s. which sets boundaries on its entry dynamics and Mars' atmosphere at the time it impacted. In any case, the meteorite does not show much sign of rust. In the absence of detailed knowledge of the Mars environment, it is not possible to conclude whether it fell recently or

neg: Muonionalusta shock melt... A 2010 study reported the lead isotope dating in the Muonionalusta meteorite and concluded the stishovite was from an impact event hundreds of millions of years ago: "The presence of stishovite signifies that this meteorite was heavily shocked, possibly during the 0.4 Ga [billion years] old breakup event indicated by cosmic ray exposure..." Fragments of the Muonionalusta meteorite are held by numerous institutions around the world. Muonionalusta The Muonionalusta is a meteorite classified as fine octahedrite, type IVA (Of) which impacted in northern Scandinavia, west of the border between Sweden and Finland, about one million years BCE. The

neg: Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters from the ocean; it turns out to be not an island at all, but rather a monstrous sea-beast known as Leviathan, awakened from a long slumber and hungry for all sorts of marine life. The characters survive their sudden upheaval from their former island home. Edward reconciles with his mother and asks Elinor to marry him; and she agrees. The couple begin a simple new life tending to the lighthouse at Delaford. Marianne resolves to become a marine engineer so that she can design a new Sub-Marine Station Gamma dome. Despite herself, she comes to fall in love with Colonel

neg: Meteor Crater of meteorites in terrestrial geology. He persisted and sought to bolster his theory by locating the remains of the meteorite. At the time of discovery, the surrounding plains were covered with about 30 tons of large oxidized iron meteorite fragments. This led Barringer to believe that the bulk of the impactor could still be found under the crater floor. Impact physics was poorly understood at the time and Barringer was unaware that most of the meteorite vaporized on impact. He spent 27 years trying to locate a large deposit of meteoric iron, and drilled to a depth of but no

neg: Monturaqui crater Monturaqui crater Monturaqui is a meteorite crater in Chile. It lies south of the Salar de Atacama and was formed less than a million years ago by an iron meteorite. It is about wide and contains a salt pan. The crater Monturaqui lies south of the Salar de Atacama and southeast of Antofagasta and close to a major llama trail. The crater was discovered in 1962 on aerial photographs and first described in 1966 and is the first and only known impact crater in Chile. Monturaqui is circular, about wide and deep and is surrounded by a rim whose height

neg: North America known, is Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin, and so it could be a second metal-rich impact crater. The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry. The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces: The geology of Alaska

neg: Polonnaruwa (meteorite) impact events have previously blasted into space during the Earth's geological history. Following a 29 April 2013 media briefing, Professor of Geology Athula Senarathna of the University of Peradeniya who carried out a research on the alleged meteorite, said that "there could not be any truth in Prof. Chandra Wickramasinghe's claim". Polonnaruwa (meteorite) The Polonnaruwa meteorite is an alleged meteorite that fell on 29 December 2012 close to the city of Polonnaruwa in Sri Lanka, and recovered soon after by Chandra Wickramasinghe's team. Twelve days after the Polonnaruwa meteorite was "seen falling" to Earth, Chandra Wickramasinghe published in the online

neg: Edward C. T. Chao processes that produced high enough pressures to transform ordinary quartz into both of these dense minerals. Chao went on to find coesite and stishovite in rocks from the Ries Crater in Bavaria, Germany, establishing that this structure was also produced by impact cratering. Chao made many pioneering studies on tektites, and discovered the occurrence of iron-nickel metal in specimens from the Philippines. This helped establish that tektites were produced in meteorite impacts. He also recognized that tektites showed evidence for passage through Earth's atmosphere, which led him to the conclusion that the impacts responsible for tektites occurred on the Moon,

neg: 38th parallel structures of the structures, Crooked Creek (320 ± 80 Ma) and Decaturville (< 300 Ma), are listed as confirmed in the Earth Impact Database. There is evidence that at least some of them, such as Hicks Dome, are volcanic in origin. They are associated with faults and fractured rock, and are accompanied by igneous rocks and mineral deposits. Hicks Dome is a structural dome which has its central Devonian core displaced upward some 4,000 feet in relation to the surrounding strata. The dome has small associated igneous dikes around its flanks. Interest in the possibility of serial impacts on Earth was

neg: Impact event a large meteorite impact; this is the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (also known as the K–T or K–Pg extinction event), which occurred 66 million years ago. There is no definitive evidence of impacts leading to the three other major mass extinctions. In 1980, physicist Luis Alvarez; his son, geologist Walter Alvarez; and nuclear chemists Frank Asaro and Helen V. Michael from the University of California, Berkeley discovered unusually high concentrations of iridium in a specific layer of rock strata in the Earth's crust. Iridium is an element that is rare on Earth but relatively abundant in many meteorites. From the amount