query: what international organization created the country of israel in 1948

pos: History of Israel the last British forces left from Haifa, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum and proclaimed the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Immediately following the declaration of the new state, both superpower leaders, US President Harry S. Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, recognized the new state. The Arab League members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq refused to accept the UN partition plan and proclaimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs across the whole of Palestine. The Arab states marched their forces into what

pos: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine forces. Earlier in the evening, the Jewish People's Council had gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation, declaring "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel". The 1948 Arab–Israeli War began with the invasion of, or intervention in, Palestine by the Arab States on 15 May 1948. In 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization published the Palestinian Declaration of Independence relying on Resolution 181, arguing that the resolution continues to provide international legitimacy for the right of the Palestinian people to sovereignty and national independence. A number of scholars

pos: Jewish National Council Israel was established in 1948, this departmental structure served as a basis for the government ministries. On March 2, 1948, the New Jewish Council: " begins work on organization of Jewish provisional government" On May 14, 1948, (the expiration day of the British Mandate), its members gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art and ratified the proclamation declaring the establishment of the State of Israel. The members of the JNC formed the provisional government of the nascent State of Israel. Jewish National Council The Jewish National Council (JNC) (, "Va'ad Le'umi"), also known as the Jewish People's Council was

neg: Israel Broadcasting Authority Voice of Israel") is the collective name for IBA's radio networks, as well as for the international service. Israel Broadcasting Authority The Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA; ) was Israel's state broadcasting organization from 1948 until May 2017. It grew out of the radio station "Kol Yisrael", which made its first broadcast as an independent station on 14 March 1948. The name of the organization operating "Kol Yisrael" was changed to "Israel Broadcasting Service" in 1951. The law creating the "Israel Broadcasting Authority" was passed by the Knesset on 6 June 1965. Television broadcasts commenced on 2 May 1968, with color

neg: Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center been created in 1948), and the station was renamed the Agricultural Research Station (ARS). When Volcani died in 1951, after a directorship of thirty years, the organization was renamed the Volcani Agriculture Institute in his honor. In the 1950s, the station was relocated to its present campus at Rishon LeZion, and in 1971, the ARS became part of the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Israel is a country with limited water resources. Its climate ranges from Mediterranean in the north to semi-arid and arid in the south. Due to these

neg: Olympic Committee of Israel oversaw only clubs affiliated with Maccabi, while neither rival Jewish sports organizations, such as Hapoel, nor non-Jewish sports organizations took part. Although Eretz Israel was formally invited to participate in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, it declined the invitation to attend the Games in Nazi Germany. In 1948, shortly after the State of Israel was established, its request to participate in the 1948 Olympics was denied, as the newly formed country wasn't yet recognized by IOC. The OCI was re-organized in 1951 under joint-leadership of Maccabi and Hapoel, the two major sports organization in the country. According to the agreement

neg: International Baccalaureate to the organisation itself, any of the four programmes, or the diploma or certificates awarded at the end of a programme. When Marie-Thérèse Maurette wrote "Educational Techniques for Peace. Do They Exist?" in 1948, she created the framework for what would eventually become the IB Diploma Programme (IBDP). In the mid-1960s, a group of teachers from the International School of Geneva (Ecolint) created the International Schools Examinations Syndicate (ISES), which would later become the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) and then the International Baccalaureate (IB). The IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1968 for the development and maintenance

neg: Rail transport in Israel with the rest of the railways in Palestine. The British also extended some of the existing railways and connected them with adjacent countries and built gauge lines in Jaffa and Jerusalem. After the First World War ended, the British nationalized all railways in the Palestine mandate and created the Palestine Railways company to manage operations. When Israel gained independence in 1948, the state created Israel Railways as a successor to the British company. During the 1948 War of Independence, much damage was done to the railways in the country, especially the Jezreel Valley railway, which was not rebuilt due to

neg: Arab citizens of Israel Israel which was owned by an Arab who had left the country between 29 November 1947 and 19 May 1948, or by a Palestinian who had merely been abroad or in area of Palestine held by hostile forces up to 1 September 1948, lost all rights to that property. Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes by Jewish or Israeli forces, before and during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, but remained within the borders of what would become Israel, that is, those currently known as Arab citizens of Israel, are deemed present absentees by the legislation. Present absentees are

neg: Polish People's Republic which lead to Israel's recognition by the PRL on 19 May 1948. However, by the Six-Day War, it severed diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 and supported the Palestine Liberation Organization which recognized the State of Palestine on 14 December 1988. In 1989, PRL restored relations with Israel. The PRL participated as a member of the UN, the World Trade Organization, the Warsaw Pact, Comecon, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, and Interkosmos. Poland suffered tremendous economic losses during World War II. In 1939, Poland had 35.1 million

neg: Israel Postal Company Mandate period (1920-1948). In 1948, after the establishment of the State of Israel, the Ministry of Transportation was given responsibility for the provision of postal services in the country. In 1951, the Ministry of Postal Services was established, which later became the Ministry of Communications. In keeping with the British model, the service included delivery of letters, parcels, and telegrams, as well as telephone services. The Israeli Postal Bank opened in 1951. The Israel Postal Authority was created in 1986. Postal services in Israel have historically operated at a loss. In 2002, the loss was NIS 150 million, and in

neg: Hanan Ashrawi of the Palestine Liberation Organization,<ref name="http://biography.yourdictionary.com/hanan-mikhail-ashrawi"></ref> and her, mother Wadi’a Ass’ad Mikhail, was an ophthalmic nurse. The Ashrawi family lived in Nablus. Then from Nablus, her family moved to the warm city of Tiberias in the north where they remained until Israel became a state in 1948. In 1948, the Mikhail family was relocated by the British Mandate forces from Tiberias to Amman, Jordan as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Initially, her father, Daoud Mikhail, remained behind in what became Israel, but later rejoined the family in Jordan. In 1950 her family were able to settle in Ramallah,

neg: Media Watch International Media Watch International Media Watch International is a media monitoring organization founded by Sharon Tzur and based in New York City. It describes itself as "an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to advancing Israel's image by promoting accurate, impartial media coverage of, and providing timely, factual information about, Israel and the Middle East." Sharon Tzur previously ran Honest Reporting, a media monitoring organization based in the UK. Media Watch International was created with seed money from the Jerusalem Fund of Aish HaTorah to absorb HonestReporting. MWI's Honest Reporting program is described by the Jewish Agency for Israel as focusing on "guiding

neg: God's chosen people (Jostein Gaarder op-ed) "created by the United Nations." When "Aftenposten" asked him if he went too far by not recognizing Israel, he answered: The op-ed is a judgement prophecy. Of course I don't mean that Israel has no right to defend herself. What I say is no different from what the world community has been saying through the UN resolutions. Again and again we see Israel overreacting, says Gaarder, and stresses that he is not against Israel as such, but that he distinguishes between the Israel of 1948 and the one of 1967. Reactions to the article were mixed. Some in the Norwegian

neg: International recognition of Israel took military action against the newly formed state in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. On the declaration of independence, a provisional government of Israel was established; and while military operations were still in progress, the provisional government was promptly recognised by the United States as the "de facto" authority of Israel, followed by Iran (which had voted against the UN partition plan), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay. The Soviet Union was the first country to recognise Israel "de jure" on 17 May 1948, followed by Nicaragua, Czechoslovakia, Serbia, and Poland. The United States extended "de jure" recognition after the first

neg: Military history of North America Americas, including every country in Central America, Mexico, and the United States, signed the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in 1947, a treaty that committed its signors to the doctrine of hemispheric defence. A similar treaty of collective defence between Canada and the United States was arranged through NATO. In April 1948, the Organization of American States was created during the Ninth International Conference of American States held in Bogotá, with member states pledging to fight communism on the American continent. The American government supported the National Liberation Party of Costa Rica during the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War, as

neg: Haganah Israeli Declaration of Independence and the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on May 15, 1948, the Haganah, now the army of the new state, engaged the invading armies of the surrounding Arab states. On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the Israel Defense Forces, merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although the other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after. The re-organisation led to several conflicts between Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leadership, including what was known

neg: Pharmaceutical Association of Israel Pharmaceutical Association of Israel The Pharmaceutical Association of Israel (, "Histadrut HaRokhim") is a nonprofit umbrella organization for promoting and supporting pharmacies and pharmacists in Israel. It was founded in 1920 as The Internationally Licensed Pharmacists Association of the Land of Israel and got its current name with the founding of the state in 1948. The association has 500 full members and another 800 associates, and is a member of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The association provides professional courses held throughout the year and holds conferences and workshops. It also provides a supply of insurance and nursing care, professional

neg: Operation Mockingbird biography of Katharine Graham, owner of "The Washington Post", ("Katharine the Great)", that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time. Davis claimed that the International Organization of Journalists was created as a Communist front organization and "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause." Davis claimed that Frank Wisner, director of the Office of Policy Coordination (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the United States National Security Council) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the International Organization of Journalists, recruiting Phil Graham from

neg: Miss Israel able to choose their favorite contestant by SMS: Since 1952, Israel competes at major international pageants. Israel has three international winners namely; Miss Universe 1976, Miss World 1998 and Miss Europe 1994 According to the Miss Israel Organization, traditionally Miss Israel represents the country at Miss Universe. In 2006 Miss Israel changed format with the grand winner competing in the Miss World competition and second place automatically declared "Miss Universe Israel." In 2013, the winner competed in Miss Universe 2013 in Russia. Began in 2018 the format was back to past era; the main winner goes to Miss Universe. Prior

neg: Arab–Israeli conflict stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of hostilities, the fixing of the Israel-Jordan border, and a resolution of other issues. The conflict between them had cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representing the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). It was signed at the southern border crossing of Arabah on 26 October 1994 and made Jordan only the second Arab country (after Egypt) to sign a peace accord with Israel. Israel and Iraq have been implacable foes since 1948. Iraq sent its troops to

neg: Israel Broadcasting Authority Israel Broadcasting Authority The Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA; ) was Israel's state broadcasting organization from 1948 until May 2017. It grew out of the radio station "Kol Yisrael", which made its first broadcast as an independent station on 14 March 1948. The name of the organization operating "Kol Yisrael" was changed to "Israel Broadcasting Service" in 1951. The law creating the "Israel Broadcasting Authority" was passed by the Knesset on 6 June 1965. Television broadcasts commenced on 2 May 1968, with color television following on 23 February 1983, although occasional color transmissions, of such events as the Eurovision Song Contest

neg: Anti-Zionism the war, the black power organization Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee published a newsletter criticizing Israel, and asserting that the war was an effort to regain Palestinian land and that during the 1948 war, "Zionists conquered the Arab homes and land through terror, force, and massacres." In 1993, philosopher Cornel West wrote: "Jews will not comprehend what the symbolic predicament and literal plight of Palestinians in Israel means to blacks... Blacks often perceive the Jewish defense of the state of Israel as a second instance of naked group interest, and, again, an abandonment of substantive moral deliberation." African-American support of Palestinians

neg: Child labor in the Philippines (16) years of age in what the code describes as “dangerous exhibits”. Other provisions of the RPC relating to slavery, prostitution, corruption, illegal detention, and kidnapping of minors are all applicable to child workers. The RPC remains in effect to this day in the Philippines. Two years after Philippine independence from American control, the Republic became a member state of the International Labour Organization on June 15, 1948. Since then, the Philippines have ratified a number of international conventions adopted by ILO, relating to child labor. The country first ratified in 1953, ILO Convention No. 90, which prohibits the employment

neg: Israel–Romania relations Israel–Romania relations Israel–Romania relations are foreign relations between Israel and Romania. Both countries established full diplomatic relations on June 11, 1948. Israel has an embassy in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 3 honorary consulates (in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv). The two countries have signed many bilateral treaties and agreements and both of them are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and many other international organizations. During the Cold War, Romania was the only communist country not to break its diplomatic relations with Israel. In 1984, the Romanian minister of tourism visited Israel. The

neg: Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict Mandate, marking the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1964, the Arab League created the Palestine Liberation Organization to operate within the territory of Israel. During the Six-Day War, the Arab League imposed an oil embargo, which lasted until the Khartoum Resolution in September 1967. The League members also agreed to continue the state of belligerency with Israel and not to negotiate a settlement to the conflict. The signing of the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was condemned, and Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in 1979, which lasted until 1989. The Arab League on 15 November 1988 recognized the

neg: Shalom Dov Wolpo Shalom Dov Wolpo Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo, also Sholom Ber Wolpe, (, born 1948) is a rabbi and an Israeli political activist. Wolpo is the author of more than forty books. He has become associated in recent years with right-wing political causes, and has set up a campaign group—SOS Israel—an organization that runs press and billboard campaigns promoting the belief that surrender of parts of the Land of Israel is prohibited by halacha. Later, in 2008, Wolpo established an additional group opposing land concessions, Our Land of Israel. He also has called for an independent country called the State of

neg: Maritime security maritime security to a more humanitarian level when ships of migrants often sank before arriving to destination, making thousands of deaths on African and European waters. In 1924 was created in London the International Chamber of Shipping. Its first role was to be in charge of shipping organization, but since the creation of the UN it also endorse a consultative role in maintaining safety at sea. In 1948, the United Nations Organization created the International Maritime Organization, an entity specialized in securing the ships transportations and preventing the vessels sea-pollution. The United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea

neg: Islamic–Jewish relations out of the country at a time. A Jewish businessman was hanged for helping Jews emigrate. In present times, the Arab–Israeli conflict is a defining event in the relationship between Muslims and Jews. The State of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948, one day before the expiry of the British Mandate of Palestine. Not long after, five Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq—attacked Israel, launching the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. After almost a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were instituted. Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank

neg: Mikveh Israel Mikveh Israel Mikveh Israel (, 'Hope of Israel') is a youth village and boarding school in central Israel, established in 1870. It was the first Jewish agricultural school in what is now Israel. Located in Tel Aviv District, it had a population of in . Mikveh Israel was founded in April 1870 by Charles Netter, an emissary of the French organization Alliance Israélite Universelle, aiming to be an educational institution where young Jews could learn agriculture and leave to establish villages and settlements all over the country and to make the desert blossom. It was established on a tract of

neg: Stalin and antisemitism for the creation of the State of Israel. On May 17, 1948, three days after Israel declared its independence, the Soviet Union officially granted de jure recognition of Israel, becoming only the second country to recognise the Jewish state (preceded only by the United States' "de facto" recognition) and the first country to grant Israel "de jure" recognition. Also in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War supported Israel with weaponry supplied via Czechoslovakia. Nonetheless, Stalin began a new purge with repressing his wartime allies, the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. In January 1948, Solomon Mikhoels was assassinated on Stalin's personal orders in Minsk. His

neg: Eric Fingerhut Voinovich was handily re-elected, defeating Fingerhut 64%-36%. While representing Ohio's 19th congressional district in the 103rd Congress, Eric was the co-sponsor of four bills in support of Israel. Including: • H.R. 1407 confronted a boycott of the State of Israel by aiming "To prohibit government-to-government and commercial arms sales to any country that is participating in or cooperating with the boycott of Israel by Arab countries." • H.R. 3646 unequivocally voiced its support for Israel seeking to "restrict sales and leases of defense articles and defense services to any country or international organization which as a matter of policy or

neg: Kol Yisrael banner of "Tachana Chinuchit". Israel Radio International, also known as "Reshet Hei" ("Network E") (formerly known as "Kol Zion Lagola"), is a shell of what it used to be. As of July 29, 2007, the only program created for Israel Radio International, is Persian. The rest of the network is a direct relay of the REKA network. As of June 13, 2013, there are no shortwave broadcasts left of Israel Radio International. To listen, users are pointed to the new official Israel Radio International website. Transmission was shifted from shortwave to internet as a cost-saving measure. All of Kol Israel's

neg: The Old New Land and city, by 1948 the central role of Tel Aviv was established, with Haifa – though a major Israeli city – relegated to a secondary position. As envisioned by Herzl, "All the way from Acco to Mount Carmel stretched what seemed to be one great park". In the actual Israel the very same area became a giant industrial zone, reckoned the most heavily polluted part of the country. In sharp contrast to the actual Israel, the country envisioned in Herzl's book is not involved in any wars and in fact does not maintain any armed forces. As explained in the

neg: Israeli Declaration of Independence were Ziona, Ivriya and Herzliya. Judea and Zion were rejected because, according to the partition plan, Jerusalem (Zion) and most of the Judean mountains would be outside the new state. Ben-Gurion put forward "Israel" and it passed by a vote of 6–3. Official documents released in April 2013 by the State Archive of Israel show that days before the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, officials were still debating about what the new country would be called in Arabic: Palestine (Filastin), Zion (Sayoun) or Israel (Eesra’il). Two assumptions were made: "That an Arab state was about to

neg: International Refugee Organization International Refugee Organization The International Refugee Organization (IRO) was an intergovernmental organization founded on 20 April 1946 to deal with the massive refugee problem created by World War II. A Preparatory Commission began operations fourteen months previously. In 1948, the treaty establishing the IRO formally entered into force and the IRO became a United Nations specialized agency. The IRO assumed most of the functions of the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. In 1952, operations of the IRO ceased, and it was replaced by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Constitution of the

neg: International organization membership of the Netherlands Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund. The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice. The Netherlands is a member of: International organization membership of the Netherlands As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues

neg: International recognition of Israel International recognition of Israel The international recognition of Israel refers to the diplomatic recognition of the State of Israel, which was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. Israel's status is disputed due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Out of the 192 other UN member states, currently recognize Israel. Some states recognise Israel as a state, but have no diplomatic relations. On 14 May 1948 the State of Israel was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence. The Arab League and Arab countries were opposed to any partition of Palestine and to the establishment of Israel, and

neg: Palestinian Jews in April 2013 by the State Archive of Israel show that days before the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, Jewish officials were still debating about what the new country would be called in Arabic: Palestine (Filastin), Zion (Sahyoun) or Israel (Isra’il). Two assumptions were made: "That an Arab state was about to be established alongside the Jewish one in keeping with the UN’s partition resolution the year before, and that the Jewish state would include a large Arab minority whose feelings needed to be taken into account". In the end, the officials rejected the name Palestine

neg: History of Israel whom 75% live in Morocco and 15% in Tunisia. Between 1948 and 1958, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the Austerity Period ("Tkufat haTsena"). Immigrants were mostly refugees with no money or possessions and many were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot. By 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in tents or prefabricated shacks built by the government. Israel received financial aid from private donations from outside the country (mainly the United States). The pressure on the new state's

neg: Criticism of Human Rights Watch the organization had lost critical perspective on events in the Middle East: "[T]he region is populated by authoritarian regimes with appalling human rights records. Yet in recent years Human Rights Watch has written far more condemnations of Israel for violations of international law than of any other country in the region." HRW responded by saying that HRW "does not devote more time and energy to Israel than to other countries in the region, or in the world". Tom Porteus, director of the HRW's London branch, replied that the organization rejected Bernstein's "obvious double standard. Any credible human rights organization must

neg: Irgun Irgun The Irgun (; full title: ', lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel") was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah (Hebrew: , Defence). When the group broke from the Haganah it became known as the "Haganah Bet" (Hebrew: literally "Defense 'B' " or "Second Defense", ), or alternatively as haHaganah haLeumit () or Hama'amad (). Irgun members were absorbed into the Israel Defense Forces at the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli war. The Irgun is also

neg: Yael Markovich in the 52nd Miss International pageant on 21 October 2012 in Okinawa, Japan. Yael was crowned Miss Grand International Israel 2013 and would have represented her country in the 1st annual Miss Grand International pageant on 19 November 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand. However, the modeling agency that represents Miss Markovich, withdrew her from the competition for undisclosed reasons. Even though she did not compete, she still holds the title for being the first Miss Grand International Israel. On 26 March 2013 controversy erupted when Miss Markovich published her negative experience with the Miss Supranational Organization and her visit to Poland,

neg: Provisional government of Israel Provisional government of Israel The provisional government of Israel (, translit. "HaMemshela HaZmanit") was the temporary cabinet which governed the Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine, and later the newly established State of Israel, until the formation of the first government in March 1949 following the first Knesset elections in January that year. With the British Mandate of Palestine scheduled to come to an end on 15 May 1948, the governing body of the Jewish community, the Jewish National Council (JNC), on 2 March 1948 began work on organization of a Jewish provisional government. On 12 April 1948 it formed the

neg: David Ha'ivri the State of Israel ... can live in Israel. But if they intend to be disloyal to the country, then they need to find other places to live, and there are plenty [of those]", he said. Periodically, Ha'ivri goes on tour speaking on behalf of the settlements. In reply to US President Barack Obama's pressure on Israel to stop Jewish settlement growth in the West Bank, he said: "We are frustrated by the Chutzpah (audacity) of Obama and other world leaders to intervene and tell Israel what to do. The only country in the world where the international leaders can

neg: United Nations peacekeeping Suggestions for new missions arise every year. The first peacekeeping mission was launched in 1948. This mission, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created State of Israel, where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states over the creation of Israel had just reached a ceasefire. The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has certainly not abated. Almost a year later, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations, which were split off from each other

neg: Tanks in the Israeli Army Tanks in the Israeli Army This article deals with the history and development of tanks of the Israeli Army, from their first use after World War II in the establishment of the State of Israel after the end of the British Mandate, and into the Cold War and what today is considered the modern era. Before Israel gained independence in 1948, neither Israel nor the Arab nations surrounding it had many tanks. The Arabs and the Israelis had to find their weapons through arms dealers, or from any country that would supply them. The first armored tanks and vehicles in

neg: Israel Planners Association Israel Planners Association Israel Planners Association (IPA) (, "Igud HaMetakhnenim BeYisra'el") is an Israeli organization that represents all those engaged in urban and regional planning in Israel. It is a member of International Society of City and Regional Planners. The Israel Planners Association was founded in 1965 and represents those engaged in urban and regional planning in the country, whether they are from the private, public or academic sector. The association is the only professional non-government body recognized by the Ministry of the Interior. Its members consult local, regional and national planning committees, and are responsible for approving National Outline

neg: Israel Planners Association Plans, local zoning plans, etc. Members of the association include city planners, geographers, architects, economists, sociologists, public policy experts, statisticians and more. The association's activities include study sessions, professional conferences and a newsletter. Israel Planners Association Israel Planners Association (IPA) (, "Igud HaMetakhnenim BeYisra'el") is an Israeli organization that represents all those engaged in urban and regional planning in Israel. It is a member of International Society of City and Regional Planners. The Israel Planners Association was founded in 1965 and represents those engaged in urban and regional planning in the country, whether they are from the private, public or

neg: History of the Jews in Poland to be the new state of Israel, especially after Gen. Spychalski signed a decree allowing Jews to leave Poland without visas or exit permits. In 1946–1947 Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Israel, without visas or exit permits. Britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Between 1945 and 1948, 100,000–120,000 Jews left Poland. Their departure was largely organized by the Zionist activists including Adolf Berman and Icchak Cukierman, under the umbrella of a semi-clandestine "Berihah" ("Flight") organization. "Berihah" was also responsible for the organized Aliyah emigration of

neg: Jewish Labor Committee by a specific philosophy. While Bundist influence was significant in the organization, particularly in the early period, JLC been critically supportive of the State of Israel since 1948. Both Ameinu (formerly known as the Labor Zionist Alliance and Partners for Progressive Israel (formerly known as Meretz USA) are affiliates of the JLC, as is the Workmen's Circle/Arbeter Ring. The JLC can broadly speaking be considered part of what is sometimes called the Jewish left in America. In 2000, the JLC began an annual tradition of holding local "Labor Seders" in communities throughout the U.S. These "Labor Seders" are often held

neg: 1948 Palestinian exodus states, is a matter of dispute but around 80 percent of the Arab inhabitants of what became Israel (half of the Arab total of Mandatory Palestine) left or were expelled from their homes. About 250,000–300,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled before the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948, a fact which was named as a "casus belli" for the entry of the Arab League into the country, sparking the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The causes are also a subject of fundamental disagreement between historians. Factors involved in the exodus include Jewish military advances, destruction of Arab villages, psychological warfare, and

neg: Beba Idelson Hadassah Samuel from the Women's International Zionist Organization were the prime movers behind the volunteering of Jewish women from the Yishuv to the British army. A total of 3,200 women served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, and 789 in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. After the State of Israel was established in 1948 Idelson was a member of the Provisional State Council and headed the Flag and Emblem Committee, which chose the Emblem of Israel. In 1949-1965, Idelson was elected to the first five Knessets for Mapai. She was a member of the Constitution, Law and Justice, House, Foreign Affairs

neg: Sinai insurgency Mohamed Kamel Amr, urged Amr to maintain lines of communication with Israel, and emphasized the importance of being transparent over the militarization of the Sinai. The Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai, a 1,650-strong international organization created in 1979 during the Camp David Accords with peacekeeping responsibilities, kept a low profile during the intensification of Operation Eagle in 2012. A representative for the organization said that "we are unable to respond to queries from the media at this time" in response to whether Egypt asked permission to move weaponry into the Sinai, and whether Israel granted it. The Egyptian pipeline

neg: Hinduism in Israel in the following cities Thousands of Israelis have been trained as yoga teachers on behalf of the international organization and are working and teaching throughout the country. The Sivananda Yoga Center in Tel Aviv is no longer a yoga studio. The school is located in a three-story building designed for: Hinduism in Israel Hinduism in Israel refers to the Hindu population in Israel. A group of devotees is living in Katzir-Harish. Another Vaishnava community in Israel is in Ariel. It is spearheaded by Jagadish and his wife, Jugala-Priti, and serves a growing community of devotees from Russia who immigrated to

neg: World Forum of Russian-Speaking Jewry the Association of Russian-speaking rabbis of Israel was created. World Forum of Russian-Speaking Jewry World Forum Of Russian-Speaking Jewry () — is an international, nonprofit, nongovernmental organization that brings together dozens of diaspora communities and structures of Russian-speaking Jews living in Israel, Canada, the U.S., the European Union and the former USSR. Proclamation of the World Forum of Russian-speaking Jewry (WFRJ) creating was held on January 25, 2012 in New York City at the UN headquarters. Within the framework of the international conference dedicated to the International Day of the Holocaust and the 70th anniversary of the tragedy at Babi

neg: Tal Brody to come forward to serve the country, but that his involvement in the process had made him aware of the fact that many local voters rely on the "professional politicians" for jobs. Prime Minister Netanyahu asked Brody in early 2009 to help Israel in a yet-to-be-created official position of goodwill ambassador for the country. In July 2010, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman appointed Brody as the first international Goodwill Ambassador for Israel, to assist with Israel's international diplomacy. In that unpaid position—the only money he receives is compensation for his expenses—he speaks to audiences outside of

neg: Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish Agency for Israel The Jewish Agency for Israel (, "HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el") is the largest Jewish nonprofit organization in the world. Its mission is to "inspire Jews throughout the world to connect with their people, heritage, and land, and empower them to build a thriving Jewish future and a strong Israel." It is best known as the primary organization fostering the immigration ("Aliyah") and absorption of Jews and their families from the Jewish diaspora into Israel. Since 1948 the Jewish Agency for Israel has brought 3 million immigrants to Israel, and offers them transitional housing in "absorption centers"

neg: International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict The International law bearing on issues of Arab–Israeli conflict, which became a major arena of regional and international tension since the birth of Israel in 1948, resulting in several disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel. There is an international consensus that some of the actions of the states involved in the Arab–Israeli conflict violate international law, but some of the involved states dispute this. In the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel invaded and occupied territory that had itself been invaded and occupied by neighboring Egypt, Syria and Jordan in the 1948

neg: Military Police Corps (Israel) nucleus of the organization, and recruited soldiers mainly from within the brigade itself. During Israel's fight for independence between 1945 and 47, the Jewish leadership created the Military Police out of the organization, which became a small contingent of four units (Disciplinary Military Police, Traffic Supervision Military Police, Investigations Military Police, and the Prison Division), each proficient in its respective field. Originally, this force consisted of only 160 soldiers and officers, personally picked by the first commander, Danny Magen. The force officially gained recognition in March–May 1948 as a result of the Riptin Commission and after the IDF formulated its

neg: World Health Organization organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. The use of the word "world", rather than "international", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was

neg: Legitimacy of Israel Israeli withdrawal from the territories occupied in June 1967. Turki al-Faisal of Saudi Arabia said that in endorsing the initiative every Arab state had "made clear that they will pay the price for peace, not only by recognising Israel as a legitimate state in the area, but also to normalise relations with it and end the state of hostilities that had existed since 1948." Following the Oslo I Accord, the Palestinian Authority and Israel conditionally recognized each other's right to govern specific areas of the country. This boosted Israel's legal authority and legitimacy on the international stage. Palestinian Authority leader

neg: Queer theory attempting to show how progressive the state is despite its dehumanizing acts against the Palestinian people. In the midst of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israel has been accused of many violations of human rights against the Palestinian people, and has received an international reputation for being an imperial aggressor. Their response to this was to proclaim to the international community that they are more developed and essentially say: "Israel is civilised, Palestinians are barbaric, homophobic, uncivilised, suicide-bombing fanatics. It produces Israel as the only gay-friendly country in an otherwise hostile region." What this entails is Israel is essentially oppressing Palestinians further

neg: Standard of living in Israel Standard of living in Israel Israel's standard of living is significantly higher than that of most other countries in the region, and is comparable to that of other highly developed countries. Israel was ranked 19th on the 2016 UN Human Development Index, indicating "very high" development. It is considered a high-income country by the World Bank. Israel also has a very high life expectancy at birth. The population still suffers from poverty, though these rates vary. Following Israel's establishment in 1948 and victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War which began immediately afterward, the country was impoverished and lacking in foreign

neg: History of the Jews in Morocco Jews. In 1948-9, 18,000 Jews left the country for Israel. After this, Jewish emigration continued (to Israel and elsewhere), but slowed to a few thousand a year. Through the early 1950s, Zionist organizations encouraged emigration, particularly in the poorer south of the country, seeing Moroccan Jews as a valuable source of labor for the Jewish State. From 1948 and on, a mass of Jews left Fez, as the state of Israel was declared, most of them immigrated to Israel, and some of them to France and Canada. In the 1950s and 1960s there were still active Jewish schools and organisations

neg: Ulpan soon after the creation of Israel in 1948. The new country was faced with a massive influx of new immigrants, refugees from war-torn Europe, oppressed and disadvantaged communities from Africa and the Middle East, and others from all parts of the world. Their language and culture varied widely. The ulpan was created to help them learn the Hebrew language and assimilate into the culture. Ulpan Etzion in Jerusalem's Baka neighborhood was established in 1949 by Mordechai Kamerat as a model for Hebrew language education used across Israel. It was a residential facility for single olim between the ages 21 and

neg: Foreign relations of Israel Agriculture Organization (FAO). Israel also participates in other international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Within the UNESCO, Israel is a member in many international programmes and organizations. In the area of science Israel is an active member of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), the International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East (SESAME), and the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP). Other notable organizations Israel is an active member of include the Education For All movement,

neg: Borders of Israel both Lebanon and by Israel as the international border, and not just as the Armistice Demarcation Line of 1949 (what is commonly called the Green Line) following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. On April 17, 2000, Israel announced that it would withdraw its forces from Lebanon. The Lebanese government refused to take part in marking the border. The UN thus conducted its own survey based on the line for the purpose of Council Resolution 425, which called for "strict respect for the territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon within its internationally recognized boundaries". From May 24 to June 7,

neg: Palestinian art the country are largely abstract. Before 1948, Jerusalem was an important theme. After 1948, memory of place and distance from homeland became a central theme. Even Palestinian artists born and raised in Israel explore alienation and a sense of growing up as foreigners in the land of their ancestors. The question of cultural memory and belonging is a recurrent theme. Nidaa Badwan is an artist from who created a beautiful space in her room where she could isolate herself and escape from reality of Gaza. She says living in a city where she "lost basic rights as a human being"

neg: Israel Allies Foundation Israeli Knesset, and Caucuses in Uruguay, the Philippines, South Korea, Brazil, South Africa, Japan, Australia, Finland, Italy, Canada, Costa Rica, and Malawi. The Israel Allies Foundation was created in 2007 by 7 Members of Knesset with the goal of enhancing ties between Christian legislators worldwide, and Members of the Knesset. The Foundation grew out of the Knesset Christian Allies Caucus, which was established in 2004, after the first international sister organization, the Congressional Israel Allies Caucus was established in the United States Congress in 2006. According to Hannu Takkula, Chair of the European Parliament's Israel Allies Caucus, the group "celebrate(s)

neg: American Muslims for Palestine of an interfaith delegation in 2017. In 2018, Israel officially barred members of AMP from entering Israel due to its support of the BDS movement that calls for a global boycott of Israel. AMP was founded in 2006 by Palestinian-American UC Berkely professor Hatem Baizan who is also the co-founder of Students for Justice in Palestine. The organization opened its first office in 2009 in Palos Heights, Illinois. AMP supports the BDS movement's call for a boycott of Israel in order to put pressure on the country to comply with international law and human rights. The group hopes that a

neg: Yemenite Children Affair ‘an open wound that continues to bleed’ for the many families not knowing what happened to the children who disappeared. The Yemenite community was well established in Ottoman and then British Mandate Palestine by the turn of the century. The State of Israel was created in 1948 and almost immediately began to receive refugees who included both several hundred thousand Holocaust survivors and Jews who had become refugees as a result of the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, which resulted in about 700,000 new immigrants from the Muslim world. Consequently, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Israel report on postal services in areas under Israeli control. The Israel Philatelic Federation lists 12 stamp clubs, and 11 philatelic businesses in Israel. The country has stamp fairs (using its own cancellation), annual souvenir sheets, postage exhibitions, philatelic journals, and catalogs (pictured). In 1998, the Israel Post established the Postal and Philatelic Museum in Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv was selected to host the 2008 World Stamp Championship under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Philatélie, the international organization for philately. Collecting stamps of broadly Jewish interest, forming topical Judaica collections, is a hobby of philatelists everywhere. While the sources

neg: Israeli–Lebanese conflict independence on 14 May 1948. The next day, the British Mandate officially expired and, in , the seven-member Arab League, including Lebanon, publicly proclaimed their aim of creating a democratic "United State of Palestine" in place of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. The League soon entered the conflict on the side of the Palestinian Arabs, thus beginning the international phase of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan, and Iraq declared war on the new state of Israel. They expected an easy and quick victory in what came to be called the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Lebanese

neg: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization then British Mandate of Palestine, providing for the creation of an Arab State and a Jewish State, with Jerusalem to be placed in Trusteeship with international status. The plan was not accepted by the Palestinian Arabs and Arab States and only partially accepted by the Jewish Agency of Palestine. On 14 May 1948, the United Kingdom relinquished its mandate over Palestine and the State of Israel was proclaimed. On the following day, the Arab States invaded Palestine Mandate territory. On 14 May 1948, the Assembly adopts resolution 186 (S-2), which affirms its support for the efforts of the Security Council

neg: Presidency of Bill Clinton mountainous and hostile country of Afghanistan. Clinton sought to mediate the Arab-Israeli Conflict, encouraging the leaders of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization to reach the 1993 Oslo Accords. A subsequent agreement created the Palestinian National Authority, which was given control over the Gaza strip, a territory that Israel had taken control of in the 1967 Six-Day War. During his second terms, Clinton sought to revive the dormant peace process, specifically by convincing Israel to turn over control of the West Bank, another territory captured in the Six-Day War. Clinton hosted the 2000 Camp David Summit between Palestinian leader Yasser

neg: Israel Discount Bank a deliberate Sephardic orientation so as to fill what Recanati perceived as a Sephardic void in the banking industry. Discount was unique in that it was open to private customers, whereas most other banks in Palestine at the time catered to merchants and institutions. Shortly after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Ottoman Bank, one of five large foreign banks active at the time, was merged into Discount Bank. Discount became Israel's second largest bank in 1952, with over 40 branches throughout the country. It retained that position until the merger of Bank Hapoalim with the credit

neg: Anwar Sadat of the Arab and Israeli peoples, and indeed of millions of men, women, and children around the world that you are today honoring. And these hundreds of millions will judge to what extent every responsible leader in the Middle East has responded to the hopes of mankind. The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had

neg: Joseph Ginat Joseph Ginat Joseph Ginat (, March 6, 1936 – 2009) was an Israeli anthropologist, author, political advisor, and soldier. Joseph Ginat was a Sabra, a Jew born in Atarot settlement north to Jerusalem before Israel was created on May 14, 1948. Ginat's grandfather, a Levite, came to live in the Promised Land and to be buried in what he considered to be sacred soil. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, at twelve-years-old, Ginat was given a World War I rifle and told to defend the east entry of a small Jewish village north of Jerusalem. He parachuted into the Sinai Peninsula

neg: Holy See–Israel relations was inhabited by the Hebrew Race, but there is no axiom in history to substantiate the necessity of a people returning to a country they left nineteen centuries before. On 11 February 1948, the Holy See created the office of Apostolic Delegate to Jerusalem and Palestine, with jurisdiction over Palestine, Transjordania, and Cyprus. In Vatican practice, an Apostolic Delegate is appointed to a country with which the Vatican has no diplomatic ties and which does not require accreditation to the government of the country. Zionism had traditionally been associated with atheist Soviet Communism. "L'Osservatore Romano" commented on the establishment of

neg: International Organization of Legal Metrology International Organization of Legal Metrology The International Organization of Legal Metrology ( - OIML), is an intergovernmental organization, created in 1955 and based in Paris, to promote the global harmonization of the legal metrology procedures that underpin and facilitate international trade. Such harmonization ensures that certification of measuring devices in one country is compatible with certification in another, thereby facilitating trade in the measuring devices and in products that rely on the measuring devices. Such products include weighing devices, taxi meters, speedometers, agricultural measuring devices such as cereal moisture meters, health related devices such as exhaust measurements and alcohol content

neg: Moshe Schnitzer his business life. He became an Irgun member in 1941, and a soldier of the Israeli army in 1948. In 1947 he was one of the founders of the Israel Diamond Exchange (ISDE), created by the unification of all diamond institutions in the country. Schnitzer was elected ISDE Vice President in 1949. Schnitzer and a partner launched the firm of Schnitzer-Greenstein in 1952. In 1960 he opened his own firm, M. Schnitzer & Co., with his son Shmuel Schnitzer and son-in-law Shai Schnitzer. From 1967 to 1993 Schnitzer was President of the Israel Diamond Exchange. During his long tenure the

neg: Zionist Organization of America ties to that country. On June 21, Allaham told the "Jerusalem Post" that he is "proud of the work that Mort Klein has done and all the other Jewish leaders working in collaboration with the Emir and other members of the Qatari Royal Family." The ZOA today works to strengthen U.S.-Israel relations through educational activities, by combating what it perceives as anti-Israel bias in the media, textbooks, travel guides, and on college campuses. The ZOA also sponsors educational and cultural programs in Israel. The "ZOA House" is a noted cultural center in Tel Aviv. The ZOA is responsible for founding

neg: International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War out cash? So, you know, I feel really bad for Lebanon. I'm sorry you got your country all bombed up. But, you know, when you let a terrorist organization take over your country that's what's going to happen. I'll tell you two Arab countries that never get bombed, Egypt and Jordan, because they made a peace treaty with Israel. Try it. According to an NBC-"Wall Street Journal" poll, when asked whether they approve or disapprove of the job that George W. Bush is doing in handling the military conflict between Israel and the Lebanese group Hezbollah, 45% of Americans approved,

neg: Kol Yisrael was begun under the name "Kol Zion La Golah" ("The Voice of Zion to the Diaspora.") The broadcasts were produced at Kol Yisrael by the World Zionist Organization in cooperation with the Jewish Agency. In 1958, the international service was merged with the domestic broadcaster, with both services operating under the Kol Israel name. In 1965, the Israel Broadcasting Authority, an independent public entity, was created and took over responsibility for Kol Yisrael from the Prime Minister's office. In 1973, the IBA adopted the name "Shidurei Yisrael" (Israel Broadcasting) for the service's domestic radio and television services. The name "Kol

neg: 1948 Arab–Israeli War Palestinian delegates called for unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward full Arab unity. No state was created for the Palestinian Arabs. The conflict triggered significant demographic change throughout the Middle East. Around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes in the area that became Israel, and they became Palestinian refugees in what they refer to as Al-Nakba ("the catastrophe"). In the three years following the war, about 700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel, with many of them having been expelled from their previous countries of residence in the Middle East. Following World War II, the

neg: The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy East foreign policy away from what the authors referred to as "American national interest." Alan Dershowitz opined that criticizing the Israel lobby promoted a charged debate about what constitutes antisemitic conspiracy theorizing. As a result of the controversy created by Mearsheimer and Walt's article, the Dutch Backlight ('Tegenlicht') program produced a documentary entitled "The Israel Lobby". "Backlight" is VPRO's regular international 50 minute documentary program. Former U.S. Ambassador Edward Peck wrote that "The expected tsunami of rabid responses condemned the report, vilified its authors, and denied there is such a lobby — validating both the lobby's existence and aggressive, pervasive

neg: International Commission on Civil Status International Commission on Civil Status The International Commission on Civil Status, or ICCS (, or CIEC), is an intergovernmental organization and the first organization created after World War II in order to work for European integration. Provisionally established in Amsterdam, Netherlands, on September 29 and 30, 1948, it predates both the Council of Europe (planned since 1946 but officially founded only in 1949) and the European Union. The organisation is seated in Strasbourg, France and has 7 members and 10 former members. The official language of the Commission is French. Founded in the post-war context of millions of refugees, missing

neg: Benny Morris ethnically cleansed in 1948. Israel’s leading historian on the topic, Benny Morris, although having done more than anyone else to clarify exactly what happened, nonetheless concludes that, morally, it was a good thing—just as, in his view, the “annihilation” of Native Americans was a good thing—that, legally, Palestinians have no right to return to their homes, and that, politically, Israel’s big error in 1948 was that it hadn’t “carried out a large expulsion and cleansed the whole country—the whole Land of Israel, as far as the Jordan” of Palestinians.” Historian Avi Shlaim, expands on Morris' 'conversion': "His 1988 book, The

neg: Latrun Jordan's Arab Legion. The Arab Legionnaires used the fort to shell Israeli vehicles traveling on the road below, effectively imposing a military siege on Jerusalem and the Jewish residents there, despite that the United Nations plan was to keep Jerusalem as an international zone with neither Jordan, Israel, nor the Palestinian Arab Higher Committee having sovereignty over it. On 24 May 1948, ten days after the Israeli Declaration of Independence per the United Nations General Assembly's Resolution 181 and the Arab assaults against Israel which followed, the Jordanian Legion's fort was assaulted by combined forces of Israel's newly created 7th

neg: Jerusalem Day be an international city, neither exclusively Arab nor Jewish for a period of ten years, at which point a referendum would be held by Jerusalem residents to determine which country to join. The Jewish leadership accepted the plan, including the internationalization of Jerusalem, but the Arabs rejected the proposal. As soon as Israel declared its independence in 1948, it was attacked by its Arab neighbours. Jordan took over East Jerusalem and the Old City. Israeli forces made a concerted attempt to dislodge them, but were unable to do so. By the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Jerusalem was left

neg: Birthright Unplugged days, they visit Palestinian cities, villages, and refugee camps in the West Bank and spend time with Palestinian refugees living inside Israel. The organization runs a second program, Birthright Re-Plugged, which takes Palestinian children living in Palestine refugee camps on field trips in Israel to see the villages left by their families in the 1948 Palestinian exodus. In two days, they visit Jerusalem, the Mediterranean Sea, and the children's ancestral villages. Birthright Unplugged Birthright Unplugged is an educational organization, designed as a response to the Birthright Israel trips. The name "Birthright Unplugged" is a spin on the "Birthright Israel" program.

neg: Argentine Jews in Israel rocked Argentina in recent decades. It was during the Argentine crisis of 2001 when Israel saw the largest number of "olim" from the country. The 1992 attack on the Israeli embassy and the 1994 bombing of the Jewish Community Center in Buenos Aires also helped create an impetus for Jews to emigrate. There is a significant number of non-Jewish Argentines, having, or being married to somebody who has, at least one Jewish grandparent, who choose Israel as their new home, either permanently or temporarily. In 2012, according to a report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) entitled "Migration Profile

neg: George Gallup greatest ignominy, when it predicted that Thomas Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 election, by five to fifteen percentage points. Gallup believed the error was mostly due to ending his polling three weeks before Election Day. In 1947, he launched the Gallup International Association, an international association of polling organizations. In 1948, with Claude E. Robinson, he founded Gallup and Robinson, Inc., an advertising research company. In 1958, Gallup grouped all of his polling operations under what became The Gallup Organization. Gallup died in 1984 of a heart attack at his summer home in Tschingel ob Gunten,

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 573 United Nations Security Council Resolution 573 United Nations Security Council resolution 573, adopted on 4 October 1985, after hearing a complaint by Tunisia, the Council condemned an air raid on the country by the Air Force of Israel on 1 October. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters was targeted in the attack, after Israel had responded to the murder of three Israeli citizens in Cyprus. The Council reminded States to refrain from threats or the use of force in their international relations, in accordance with the United Nations Charter. Considering that Israel had admitted to the attack immediately after carrying

neg: Israel National Council for the Child Israel National Council for the Child The Israel National Council for the Child (NCC; המועצה הלאומית לשלום הילד), in Jerusalem, Israel, is an Israeli independent non-profit non-governmental organization that advocates for children's rights and well-being. The organization serves all religions, ethnicities, and income levels in Israel. The NCC was created in 1980 by the President of Israel. It is the oldest and largest children's rights advocacy organization in Israel. The NCC undertakes a number of activities in the interest of Israeli children. The NCC's ombudsmen, a position established in 1999 after a three-year test project, investigates thousands of potential violations

neg: UNIAPAC and The Netherlands and also people from Italy, Germany and Czechoslovakia. In 1946, under General Secretary A.H.M. Albregst, UNIAPAC was established as the "Union Internationale des Associations Patronales Catholiques". In 1948 UNIAPAC expanded to Latin America, starting in Chile. In 1958, a permanent international secretariat was created in Brussels with the support of Léon Bekaert (Belgium) and Peter H. Werhahn (Germany). UNIAPAC The International Christian Union of Business Executives or UNIAPAC is an ecumenical organization for Christian businesspeople. The predecessors of the organization were national federations of Catholic employers in The Netherlands in 1915, Belgium in 1921 and France in

neg: International Academic Friends of Israel International Academic Friends of Israel The International Academic Friends of Israel (IAFI) is a non-profit organization of leading academics and scientists set up to support the free and open exchange of ideas within the international academic community, and to ensure that Israeli academics are not excluded from that exchange. It is registered as a non-profit organization in the United States and it maintains offices in New York City and Jerusalem, Israel. The worldwide network of academics and scientists was founded in 2003 by Dr. Andrew Marks, Chairman and Professor of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics at Columbia University College of Physicians

neg: Israel Jacob Kligler combinations of anti-larval fish and drainage techniques. (Figure 3) The achievements of Kligler and his staff in combating malaria were brought to the attention of the Health Organization, an agency of the League of Nations, the predecessor of the World Health Organization, which in May 1925 sent a delegation to Mandatory Palestine. (Figure 4) The delegation gave international recognition to the importance of anti-malarial activity conducted in the country. Kligler lectured on the war against malaria in Mandatory Palestine at the first international malaria conference held in Rome in October 1925; in the lecture he described the main effort is