query: when was bulimia first recognised as an eating disorder

pos: Bulimia nervosa years after receiving treatment about 50% of people are fully recovered. Globally, bulimia was estimated to affect 3.6 million people in 2015. About 1% of young women have bulimia at a given point in time and about 2% to 3% of women have the condition at some point in their lives. The condition is less common in the developing world. Bulimia is about nine times more likely to occur in women than men. Among women, rates are highest in young adults. Bulimia was named and first described by the British psychiatrist Gerald Russell in 1979. Bulimia typically involves rapid and

neg: Caroline Adams Miller first started to diet when she was eight years old, developing an eating disorder while in 9th grade. For the next eight years, she suffered from bulimia. None of her family, including her husband, was aware of her eating disorder. In February 1984, she decided it was time to seek help and began to attend Overeaters Anonymous, eventually overcoming her disorder. Miller chronicled her fight with bulimia in the memoir "My Name is Caroline". She recounted, "It wasn't easy to go public about it, because bulimia still has that shame stigma attached to it." An excerpt of the book was

neg: Purging disorder progressing into bulimia nervosa has been observed, while it is extremely rare for the reverse situation, bulimia nervosa progressing into purging disorder. This was observed once in a transgender patient with a severe history of bulimia nervosa but presented with symptoms of purging disorder to an eating disorder treatment facility in New Zealand. Purging disorder Purging disorder is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent purging (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas) to control weight or shape in the absence of binge eating episodes. Purging disorder differs from bulimia nervosa (BN) because individuals with purging disorder do not consume

neg: Binge eating disorder Binge eating disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without subsequent purging episodes (e.g. vomiting). BED is a recently described condition, which was required to distinguish binge eating similar to that seen in bulimia nervosa but without characteristic purging. Individuals who are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder exhibit similar patterns of compulsive overeating, neurobiological features of dysfunctional cognitive control and food addiction, and biological and environmental risk factors. Indeed, some consider BED a milder version of bulimia, and that

neg: Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale effects of eating disorders prevention programs, response to such programs and the future onset of eating disorder pathology and depression. The EDDS shows both full and subthreshold diagnoses for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. EDDS is a continuous eating disorder symptom composite score The PhenX Toolkit uses the EDDS for as an Eating Disorders Screener protocol. Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) is a 22 item self-report questionnaire that assesses the presence of three eating disorders; anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. It was adapted by Stice "et al." in 2000

neg: Eating disorder not otherwise specified Eating disorder not otherwise specified Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) is an eating disorder that is no longer recognized in the most recent version of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). In 2013, it was replaced by other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) in DSM-5. Eating disorder not otherwise specified is an eating disorder that does not meet the criteria for: anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Individuals with EDNOS usually fall into one of three groups: sub-threshold symptoms of anorexia or bulimia, mixed features of both disorders, or extremely atypical eating behaviors that are not

neg: Eating disorder a given year. Anorexia affects about 0.4% and bulimia affects about 1.3% of young women in a given year. Up to 4% of women have anorexia, 2% have bulimia, and 2% have binge eating disorder at some point in time. Anorexia and bulimia occur nearly ten times more often in females than males. Typically, they begin in late childhood or early adulthood. Rates of other eating disorders are not clear. Rates of eating disorders appear to be lower in less developed countries. Bulimia nervosa is a disorder characterized by binge eating and purging, as well as excessive evaluation of one's

neg: Eating disorder predisposition toward eating disorders as a result of Mendelian inheritance. Twin studies have found a slight instances of genetic variance when considering the different criterion of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as endophenotypes contributing to the disorders as a whole. A genetic link has been found on chromosome 1 in multiple family members of an individual with anorexia nervosa. An individual who is a first degree relative of someone who has had or currently has an eating disorder is seven to twelve times more likely to have an eating disorder themselves. Twin studies also show that at least a

neg: Purging disorder Purging disorder Purging disorder is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent purging (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas) to control weight or shape in the absence of binge eating episodes. Purging disorder differs from bulimia nervosa (BN) because individuals with purging disorder do not consume a large amount of food before they purge. In current diagnostic systems, purging disorder is a form of Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED). Research indicates that purging disorder, while not rare, is not as commonly found as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. This syndrome is associated with clinically significant levels of

neg:
Eating Disorder Inventory also includes questions specific to the behavioral patterns of someone with or at risk of developing an eating disorder. The EDI-3RF also utilizes referral indexes based on Body Mass Index (BMI) in identifying at risk patients. SCOFF questionnaire
 Body Attitudes Test
 Bulimia Test-Revised
 Eating Attitudes Test
 Body Attitudes Questionnaire
 Eating Disorder Examination Interview
 Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
 Eating Disorder Inventory The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess the presence of eating disorders, (a) Anorexia Nervosa both restricting and binge-eating/purging type; (b) Bulimia Nervosa; and (c) Eating disorder not otherwise specified including

neg: Binge eating disorder the USA, BED is present in 0.8% of male adults and 1.6% of female adults in a given year. Additionally, 30 to 40 percent of individuals seeking treatment for weight-loss can be diagnosed with binge eating disorder. The disorder was first described in 1959 by psychiatrist and researcher Albert Stunkard as "night eating syndrome" (NES). The term "binge eating" was coined to describe the same binging-type eating behavior but without the exclusive nocturnal component. There is generally less research on binge eating disorder in comparison to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Binge eating disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is an

neg: Exercise addiction commonly associated with eating disorders as a secondary symptom of bulimia or anorexia nervosa. Approximately 39-48% of people that have an eating disorder are also addicted to exercise. When diagnosing bulimia, exercise addiction is referred to as a compensatory behavior and indicator of the underlying disorder. Research also shows exercise addiction influences not only the development of eating disorders but also their maintenance. As with many human diseases and disorders, animal models are sometimes used to study addiction. For example, voluntary wheel running by rodents, viewed as a model of human voluntary exercise, has been used to study withdrawal symptoms,

neg: Eating disorder not otherwise specified recognized DSM-IV eating disorders. In a comprehensive meta-analysis of 125 studies, individuals with EDNOS exhibited similar levels of eating pathology and general psychopathology to those with anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder, and similar levels of physical health problems as those with anorexia nervosa. Although individuals with bulimia nervosa scored significantly higher than those with EDNOS on measures of eating pathology and general psychopathology, those with EDNOS exhibited more physical health problems than those with bulimia nervosa. The three general categories for an EDNOS diagnosis are subthreshold symptoms of anorexia or bulimia, a mixture of both anorexic or bulimic symptoms,

neg: Eating disorder not otherwise specified and clinically-significant disordered eating behaviors that are not described by anorexia and bulimia. EDNOS is no longer considered a diagnosis in DSM-5. Because some diagnostic criteria were loosened and new diagnoses were introduced in DSM-5, those displaying symptoms of what would previously have been considered EDNOS are now classified under Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder, or Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder. Although EDNOS (formerly called atypical eating disorder) was originally introduced in DSM-III to capture unusual cases, it accounts for up to 60% of cases in eating disorder specialty clinics. EDNOS is

neg: Binge eating have bulimia also have binge-eating disorder. Binge eating Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food. A diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control. Binge Eating treatment includes therapy and other mindset changes. Typically the eating is done rapidly and a person will feel emotionally numb and unable to stop eating. Most people who have eating binges try to hide

neg: Bulimia nervosa higher than those in either of the other cohorts. Bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa, also known as simply bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. This may be done by vomiting or taking laxatives. Other efforts to lose weight may include the use of diuretics, stimulants, water fasting, or excessive exercise. Most people with bulimia are at a normal weight. The forcing of vomiting may result in thickened

neg: Bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa, also known as simply bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. This may be done by vomiting or taking laxatives. Other efforts to lose weight may include the use of diuretics, stimulants, water fasting, or excessive exercise. Most people with bulimia are at a normal weight. The forcing of vomiting may result in thickened skin on the knuckles and breakdown of the teeth.

neg: Exercise bulimia Exercise Bulimia can sometimes go unnoticed because exercise is something that is seen as healthy, but just because a person looks healthy does not mean they are. Compulsive exercisers will often schedule their lives around exercise just as those with eating disorders schedule their lives around eating (or not eating). Other indications of compulsive exercise are: Exercise bulimia Exercise bulimia is a subset of the psychological disorder called bulimia in which a person is compelled to exercise in an effort aimed at burning the calories of food energy and fat reserves to an excessive level that negatively affects their health.

neg: Eating disorders and development is characterized as mild, moderate, severe, or extreme based on the extent of weight loss. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Similar to anorexia, bulimia typically begins during adolescence, though the average age of onset is somewhat later than that of anorexia. Onset before puberty and after age 40 is atypical. Bulimia is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by the use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors. The disorder can be characterized as mild, moderate, severe, or extreme based on the number of compensatory behaviors per week. Binge eating disorder was

neg: Eating disorder not otherwise specified an especially prevalent category in populations that have received inadequate research attention such as young children, males, ethnic minorities, and non-Western groups. Eating disorder not otherwise specified Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) is an eating disorder that is no longer recognized in the most recent version of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). In 2013, it was replaced by other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) in DSM-5. Eating disorder not otherwise specified is an eating disorder that does not meet the criteria for: anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Individuals with EDNOS usually fall into one

neg: Binge eating disorder practices. In the majority of cases of anorexia, extreme and inflexible restriction of dietary intake leads at some point to the development of binge eating, weight regain, bulimia nervosa, or a mixed form of eating disorder not otherwise specified. Binge eating may begin when individuals recover from an adoption of rigid eating habits. When under a strict diet that mimics the effects of starvation, the body may be preparing for a new type of behavior pattern, one that consumes a large amount of food in a relatively short period of time. However, other research suggests that binge eating disorder can

neg: Binge eating disorder dedicated entry (6B62), defining BED as frequent, recurrent episodes of binge eating (once a week or more over a period of several months) which are not regularly followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors aimed at preventing weight gain. Previously considered a topic for further research exploration, binge eating disorder was included in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" in 2013. Until 2013, binge eating disorder was categorized as an Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, an umbrella category for eating disorders that don't fall under the categories for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Because it was not a recognized psychiatric

neg: Bulimia nervosa a person's medical history; however, this is difficult, as people are usually secretive about their binge eating and purging habits. Further, the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa takes precedence over that of bulimia. Other similar disorders include binge eating disorder, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and borderline personality disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the primary treatment for bulimia. Antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or tricyclic antidepressant classes may have a modest benefit. While outcomes with bulimia are typically better than in those with anorexia, the risk of death among those affected is higher than that of the general population. At 10

neg: College health accompany emotional symptoms such as depression. Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without subsequent purging episodes (e.g. vomiting). People who have this disorder can experience an uncontrollable urge to consume large amounts of food regardless of whether or not they are hungry and can feel like they have no control while they are eating. Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self induced vomiting in order to compensate for all the

neg: Other specified feeding or eating disorder Other specified feeding or eating disorder Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is a DSM-5 category that replaces the category formerly called eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in "DSM-IV", and that captures feeding disorders and eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica, or rumination disorder. OSFED includes five examples: atypical AN, BN (of low frequency and/or limited duration), BED (of low frequency and/or limited duration), purging disorder, and night eating syndrome (NES). The five OSFED examples that

neg: Eating disorder that there is an increase in chance that a young adult female would develop bulimia due to their current psychological pressure and as the person ages and matures, their emotional problems change or are resolved and then the symptoms decline. There are multiple medical conditions which may be misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disorder, complicating or delaying treatment. These may have a synergistic effect on conditions which mimic an eating disorder or on a properly diagnosed eating disorder. Psychological disorders which may be confused with an eating disorder, or be co-morbid with one: Prevention aims to promote a healthy development

neg: Eating disorders and development available food or by an associated culturally sanctioned practice. The eating disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and there is no evidence of a disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced. The eating disturbance is not attributable to a current medical condition or not better explained by another mental disorder. When the eating disturbance occurs in the context of another condition or disorder, the severity of the eating disturbance exceeds that routinely associated with the condition or disorder and warrants additional clinical attention Recent research suggests

neg: Binge eating disorder by both of the following: B. The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following: C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present. D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months. E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior as in bulimia nervosa and does not occur exclusively during the course of bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa. Counselling and certain medication, such as lisdexamfetamine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs), may help. Some recommend a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of the disorder.

neg: Eating disorder Treatment can be effective for many eating disorders. Typically, it involves counselling, a proper diet, a normal amount of exercise, and the reduction of efforts to eliminate food. Hospitalization is occasionally needed. Medications may be used to help with some of the associated symptoms. About 70% of people with anorexia and 50% of people with bulimia recover at five year. Recovery from binge eating disorder is less clear and estimated at 20% to 60%. Both anorexia and bulimia increase the risk of death. In the developed world binge eating disorder affects about 1.6% of women and 0.8% of men in

neg: Binge eating disorder in BED are generally described as having the following potential features: In contrast to bulimia nervosa, binge eating episodes are not regularly followed by activities intended to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative or enema misuse, or strenuous exercise. BED is characterized more by overeating than dietary restriction and over concern about body shape. Obesity is common in persons with BED, as are depressive features, low self-esteem, stress and boredom. As with other eating disorders, binge eating is an "expressive disorder"—a disorder that is an expression of deeper psychological problems. People who suffer from binge eating disorder have

neg: Eating Disorder Inventory Eating Disorder Inventory The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess the presence of eating disorders, (a) Anorexia Nervosa both restricting and binge-eating/purging type; (b) Bulimia Nervosa; and (c) Eating disorder not otherwise specified including Binge Eating Disorder (BED). The original questionnaire consisted of 64 questions, divided into eight subscales.It was created in 1984 by David M. Garner et al. There have been two subsequent revisions by Garner; Eating disorder inventory-two (EDI-2) and Eating disorder inventory-three (EDI-3), published by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. located in Lutz, Florida. The Eating disorder inventory is a diagnostic tool designed

neg: Binge eating feel ashamed about being overweight or depressed about their overeating. Although people who do not have any eating disorder may occasionally experience episodes of overeating, frequent binge eating is often a symptom of an eating disorder. Binge-eating disorder, as the name implies, is characterized by uncontrollable, excessive eating, followed by feelings of shame and guilt. Unlike those with bulimia, those with binge-eating disorder symptoms typically do not purge their food, fast, or excessively exercise to compensate for binges. Additionally, these individuals tend to diet more often, enroll in weight-control programs and have a history of family obesity. However, many who

neg: Nicole Scherzinger sexiest artists. In 2013, Fuse included Scherzinger on the list of 50 Girls Who Run the World, and the Top 100 Pop Breakthroughs. Scherzinger's early years in the Pussycat Dolls were marred with difficulties. During her first photo shoot with the group, she was required to wear a bra, underwear and garters; uncomfortable with her own body she started to suffer from bulimia. In order to overcome her struggle with bulimia, she saw therapists and life coaches and recorded a PSA for the website Half of Us to raise awareness about the eating disorder. The eating disorder lasted for eight

neg: Eating disorder Eating disorder An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health. They include binge eating disorder where people eat a large amount in a short period of time, anorexia nervosa where people eat very little and thus have a low body weight, bulimia nervosa where people eat a lot and then try to rid themselves of the food, pica where people eat non-food items, rumination disorder where people regurgitate food, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder where people have a lack of interest in food, and a group of other

neg: Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) is a 22 item self-report questionnaire that assesses the presence of three eating disorders; anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. It was adapted by Stice "et al." in 2000 from the validated structured psychiatric interview: The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and the eating disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)16. A study was made to complete the EDDS research; the process to create and finalize the questionnaire. A group of people eating-disorders researchers take a looked at a preliminary version of the questionnaire and made

neg: Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders the best treatment for bulimia nervosa. Enhanced CBT is delivered on an individual basis and usually in an outpatient situation and is meant to help with the psychopathology of the eating disorder rather than the diagnosis itself. Research demonstrates that antidepressants may be an effective alternative to CBT for treatment of eating disorders; however, CBT continues to prove more effective than antidepressants specifically for the treatment of bulimia nervosa. A small study on patients with bulimia combined CBT with text-messaging a therapist about the frequency of binge-purge behaviours and the strength of the patient's desires to binge and purge. The

neg: Binge eating disorder the conditions are on the same spectrum. Binge eating is one of the most prevalent eating disorders among adults, though there tends to be less media coverage and research about the disorder in comparison to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Binge eating is the core symptom of BED; however, not everyone who binge eats has BED. An individual may occasionally binge eat without experiencing many of the negative physical, psychological, or social effects of BED. This example may be considered an eating problem (or not), rather than a disorder. Precisely defining binge eating can be problematic, however binge eating episodes

neg: Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders an Eating Disorder”. The same type of CBT used for bulimia nervosa has demonstrated that it can be helpful in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. However, one of the problems with administering CBT to those suffering from this disorder is that it does not traditionally encourage weight loss. This can be problematic for binge-eaters who are overweight or obese. As a result of issues like these CBT has not yet been established as the most effective treatment for binge-eating disorder. A commonly used alternative is behavioral weight loss because it prioritizes physical health by maintaining a healthy weight. The CBT

neg: Imogen Willis so she's scared to be seen as vulnerable and weak. Having an eating disorder scares her. So, the immediate reaction is to deny it. It's a defence mechanism." The actress pointed out that for Imogen, it was not "a superficial thing", but actually about control. The truth about Imogen's eating disorder was revealed when her father found her collapsed in the garden and coughing up blood. After she was rushed to the hospital, Imogen's parents were informed that she had a ruptured oesophagus, caused by excessive vomiting. Doctor Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher) then informed them that Imogen had bulimia. Kaplan

neg: Overeating medications known as dopamine agonists, such as pramipexole. Overeating Overeating is the excess food consumed in relation to the energy that an organism expends (or expels via excretion), leading to weight gaining and often obesity. It may be regarded as an eating disorder. This term may also be used to refer to specific episodes of over-consumption. For example, many people overeat during festivals or while on holiday. Overeating can be a symptom of binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa. Compulsive over eaters depend on food to comfort themselves when they are stressed, suffering bouts of depression, and have feelings of

neg: Bulimia nervosa diabetes mellitus type 2. Bulimia also has negative effects on a person's teeth due to the acid passed through the mouth from frequent vomiting causing acid erosion, mainly on the posterior dental surface. As with anorexia nervosa, there is evidence of genetic predispositions contributing to the onset of this eating disorder. Abnormal levels of many hormones, notably serotonin, have been shown to be responsible for some disordered eating behaviors. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is under investigation as a possible mechanism. There is evidence that sex hormones may influence appetite and eating in women, and the onset of bulimia nervosa. Studies

neg: Mental disorder acute dysfunctional behaviors that may resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more enduring. Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality without a symptom-based cutoff from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on dimensional models. Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight. Categories of disorder in this area include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia or binge eating disorder. Sleep disorders such as insomnia involve disruption to normal sleep patterns, or a feeling of tiredness despite sleep appearing normal. Sexual

neg: Rumination syndrome a meal is ingested, preceded by nausea and retching, and has the bitter or sour taste typical of vomit. Rumination syndrome is a condition which affects the functioning of the stomach and esophagus, also known as a "functional gastroduodenal disorder." In patients that have a history of eating disorders, Rumination syndrome is grouped alongside eating disorders such as bulimia and pica, which are themselves grouped under non-psychotic mental disorder. In most healthy adolescents and adults who have no mental disability, Rumination syndrome is considered a motility disorder instead of an eating disorder, because the patients tend to have had no

neg: Overeating Overeating Overeating is the excess food consumed in relation to the energy that an organism expends (or expels via excretion), leading to weight gaining and often obesity. It may be regarded as an eating disorder. This term may also be used to refer to specific episodes of over-consumption. For example, many people overeat during festivals or while on holiday. Overeating can be a symptom of binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa. Compulsive over eaters depend on food to comfort themselves when they are stressed, suffering bouts of depression, and have feelings of helplessness. In a broader sense, hyperalimentation includes excessive

neg: Figure rating scale dissatisfaction and eating disorders. These scales provide more data that can assist researchers in determining the reasons for why an individual will select a particular silhouette on the figure rating scale. The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) assess for various aspects of eating disorders. Through the addition of the subscales from this inventory, researchers are able to indicate how an individual, that may suffer or show symptoms of eating disorders, perceives their physical appearance. The Bulimia (B) Scale has also been utilized in research involving the figure rating scale. This scale provides seven item measures that analyze the symptoms of bulimia

neg: Kleptomania linked with other psychiatric disorders, especially mood swings, anxiety, eating disorders, and alcohol and substance abuse. The occurrence of stealing as a behavior in conjunction with eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa, is frequently taken as a sign of the harshness of the eating disorder. A likely connection between depression and kleptomania was reported as early as 1911. It has since been extensively established in clinical observations and available case reports. The mood disorder could come first or co-occur with the beginning of kleptomania. In advanced cases, depression may result in self-inflicted injury and could even lead to suicide. Some people

neg: Binge eating disorder among men and women. The lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder has been observed in studies to be 2.0 percent for men and 3.5 percent for women, higher than that of the commonly recognized eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Rates of binge eating disorder have also been found to be similar among black women, white women, and white men, while some studies have shown that binge eating disorder is more common among black women than among white women. Though the research on binge eating disorders tends to be concentrated in North America, the disorder occurs across cultures, In

neg: Binge eating disorder in childhood. A few studies have suggested that there could be a genetic component to binge eating disorder, though other studies have shown more ambiguous results. Studies have shown that binge eating tends to run in families and a twin study by Bulik, Sullivan, and Kendler has shown a, "moderate heritability for binge eating" at 41 percent. More research must be done before any firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the heritability of binge eating disorder. Studies have also shown that eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia reduce coping abilities, which makes it more likely for those suffering to

neg: Food addiction isolation from others. Compulsive overeating is treatable with nutritional assistance and medication. Psychotherapy may also be required, but recent research has proven this to be useful only as a complementary resource, with short-term effectiveness in middle to severe cases. Lisdexamfetamine is an FDA-approved appetite suppressant drug that is indicated (i.e., used clinically) for the treatment of binge eating disorder. The antidepressant fluoxetine is a medication that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of an eating disorder, specifically bulimia nervosa. This medication has been prescribed off-label for the treatment of binge eating disorder. Off-label medications, such

neg: Eating disorders and memory show increased tendencies to direct their attention towards irregular eating-related thought processing and attentional bias, compared to non-ED individuals. Studies have suggested a strong link between eating disorders and information processing such as attention and memory. All types of eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, obesity and EDNOS) consistently display attentional biases towards disorder-related stimuli specific to their ED. Examples of disorder-related stimuli include food, shape, weight and size. This heightened attention to disorder-related stimuli leads to higher levels of encoding, consolidation and retrieval of this information, acting as a potential cause for the mental maintenance of the disorder(s). Individuals

neg: Fat acceptance movement or who follow diets for health-related reasons, since they are seen as betraying the movement. In 2008 Lily-Rygh Glen, a writer, musician, and former fat acceptance activist, interviewed multiple women who claimed to be rejected by their peers within the movement and labeled "traitors" when they consciously changed their diets. One female activist admitted to living in fear that her binge eating disorder and consequent body image issues would be discovered. Glen states, "It is precisely because eating disorders are "not" openly discussed that many fat people who suffer from bulimia, binge-eating disorder, and pathorexia (defined as disordered appetite, and

neg: Lauren Alaina toured with artists such as Alan Jackson, Cole Swindell, and Jason Aldean. In September and October 2016, Alaina filmed her very first movie "The Road Less Traveled", which took place in Knoxville, Tennessee. The film was released on June 6, 2017. It then premiered on CMT on November 10, 2017. Alaina's parents divorced in 2013. Her father was an alcoholic but has been sober since October 2013. Both her parents remarried. Throughout her teen years, Alaina struggled with bulimia. "I had an eating disorder for like four years, and I was just lost," she says of her battle with bulimia.

neg: Eating disorder by various studies, but for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, there seems to be general agreement that full recovery rates are in the 50% to 85% range, with larger proportions of people experiencing at least partial remission. The outcomes of eating disorders (ED) vary among the cases. For many, it can be a lifelong struggle or it can be overcome within months. In the United States, twenty million women and ten million men have an eating disorder at least once in their lifetime. The mortality rate for those with anorexia nervosa is 5.4 per 1000 individuals per

neg: Eating disorder out prior to a diagnosis of an eating disorder or any other psychiatric disorder. In the past 30 years eating disorders have become increasingly conspicuous and it is uncertain whether the changes in presentation reflect a true increase. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most clearly defined subgroups of a wider range of eating disorders. Many patients present with subthreshold expressions of the two main diagnoses: others with different patterns and symptoms. The diagnostic workup typically includes complete medical and psychosocial history and follows a rational and formulaic approach to the diagnosis. Neuroimaging using fMRI, MRI, PET and SPECT

neg: Kesha confessed to simply "liking people": "I wouldn't say I'm gay or straight. I don't like labeling things anyway." She has been involved with LGBT activism as well as animal rights. On January 3, 2014, Kesha checked into Timberline Knolls Residential Treatment Center, a rehab facility in Lemont, Illinois, for eating disorder treatment. Kesha's mother Pebe Sebert confirmed that the eating disorder Kesha was suffering with is bulimia nervosa and that she had been struggling with it since she was signed. She also alleged that Dr. Luke was partly the cause of Kesha's eating disorder, saying that Luke had allegedly told

neg: Eating recovery been proven to increase the chance of full recovery. It is essential for the person with the illness to get a professional assessment first, from a practitioner trained in eating recovery. Eating recovery Eating recovery refers to the full spectrum of care that acknowledges and treats the multiple etiologies of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, including the biological, psychological, social and emotional causes of the disorder, through a comprehensive, integrated treatment regimen. When successful, this regimen restores the individual to a healthy weight and arms him or her with the skills and resources needed to maintain a sustainable recovery. Although there

neg: National Eating Disorders Association in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa can lead to swelling of salivary glands, electrolyte and mineral disturbances, and dental enamel erosion." In addition, "rarer complications" include "tearing [of] the esophagus, rupturing of the stomach, and life-threatening irregularities of the heart rhythm." According to Cassell and Gleaves, "biological, psychological, [and] social factors" all play a role in the development of an eating disorder. In their Introduction, they note that, "In addition to core eating and body image-related psychopathology of the eating disorder...a variety of additional problems, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behavior, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse" could all play

neg: Diabulimia and glycemic control. In adolescent females, increased weight gain that insulin treatment can cause may increase the risk of anorexia and/or bulimia. There are no specific guidelines for the treatment of diabetes and disordered eating, but the standard approach for treatment of two complex conditions as multidisciplinary team of professionals which in this case could include an endocrinologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, dietician, etc. Diabulimia Diabulimia (a portmanteau of "diabetes" and "bulimia") is an eating disorder in which people with type 1 diabetes deliberately give themselves less insulin than they need or stop taking it altogether for the purpose of weight loss.

neg: Eating disorder induce vomiting, such as those with anorexia nervosa, binge eating-purging type or those with purging-type bulimia nervosa are at risk for acid reflux. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder to affect women. Though often associated with obesity it can occur in normal weight individuals. PCOS has been associated with binge eating and bulimic behavior. Other possible manifestations are dry lips, burning tongue, parotid gland swelling, and temporomandibular disorders. Pro-ana refers to the promotion of behaviors related to the eating disorder anorexia nervosa. Several websites promote eating disorders, and can provide a means for individuals to communicate

neg: Christopher Fairburn in the treatment of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa and is used in the treatment of many other mental disorders. The third treatment is transdiagnostic in its clinical range and is termed “enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy” or CBT-E. In 2015 NHS England and the Chief Medical Officer recommended that this treatment be made available for all patients with an eating disorder, whatever their eating disorder diagnosis and whatever their age, and in 2017 it was endorsed by NICE. Fairburn is working on the conversion of therapist-delivered psychological treatments into scalable digital interventions, either delivered on their own or with

neg: Emotional eating Emotional eating Emotional eating is defined as overeating in order to relieve negative emotions. Thus, emotional eating is considered a maladaptive coping strategy. If an individual frequently engages in emotional eating, it can increase the risk of developing other eating disorders, like bulimia and anorexia nervosa. Research has also shown that the presence of an existing eating disorder increases the likelihood that an individual will engage in emotional eating. Given the relationship between serious eating disorders and emotional eating behavior, it is important for clinical psychologists and nutritionists to recognize the signs of emotional eating and provide individuals with treatment.

neg: Vomiting vomiting. In severe cases, where dehydration develops, intravenous fluid may be required. Self-induced vomiting can be a component of an eating disorder, such as bulimia nervosa, and is itself now an eating disorder on its own, purging disorder. Vomiting is different from regurgitation, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. Regurgitation is the return of undigested food back up the esophagus to the mouth, without the force and displeasure associated with vomiting. The causes of vomiting and regurgitation are generally different. Vomiting can be dangerous if the gastric content enters the respiratory tract. Under normal circumstances the gag reflex

neg: National Eating Disorders Association most common, affecting more than 1.5 percent of kids studied”, and “just under 1 percent had experienced bulimia, and 0.3 percent had had anorexia.” In addition, they found that “more than half the affected teens had depression, anxiety or some other mental disorder. Sizeable numbers also reported suicide thoughts or attempts.” [[Category:Eating disorder organizations]] [[Category:Mental health organizations in New York (state)]] National Eating Disorders Association The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) is an American non-profit organization devoted to preventing eating disorders, providing treatment referrals, and increasing the education and understanding of eating disorders, weight, and body image. The National Eating

neg: Imogen Willis Imogen was suffering from bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder that is characterised by binge eating and purging. Imogen's storyline was the first to portray the issues of eating disorders in the show for six years, with the last one featuring male character Ringo Brown (Sam Clark). Kaplan was told about the storyline a couple of months ahead of filming and in order to do it justice, she began researching the condition. She commented "It's such an important issue that people are dealing with more and more these days. I contacted an organisation over here called the Butterfly Foundation, which is

neg: Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders Interpersonal psychotherapy. One study also showed that Interpersonal psychotherapy may be as effective as Cognitive-behavioral therapy, however the interpersonal psychotherapy may be slower to reach its effects. CBT is notably more fast and rapid in generating improvement symptoms in patients with Bulimia nervosa, Anorexia nervosa and Binge eating disorder as compared to interpersonal psychotherapy. Therefore, CBT should be considered for treating eating disorders over interpersonal psychotherapy. The results of the study are evident that cognitive-behavioral therapy is significantly faster than IPT in ameliorating the primary symptoms of bulimia nervosa. Per this study, Cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective than interpersonal psychotherapy

neg: Eating disorder of eating disorder, with 15% of individuals having either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. This link between body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia stems from the fact that both BDD and anorexia nervosa are characterized by a preoccupation with physical appearance and a distortion of body image. There are also many other possibilities such as environmental, social and interpersonal issues that could promote and sustain these illnesses.} Also, the media are oftentimes blamed for the rise in the incidence of eating disorders due to the fact that media images of idealized slim physical shape of people such as models and celebrities

neg: Binge eating Binge eating Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food. A diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control. Binge Eating treatment includes therapy and other mindset changes. Typically the eating is done rapidly and a person will feel emotionally numb and unable to stop eating. Most people who have eating binges try to hide this behavior from others, and often

neg: Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder the difficulties of diagnosing personality disorders. In the table below, results are shown for the frequency of OCPD among anorexics (non-specified subtype, AN), restricting anorexics (RAN), binge/purge anorexics as well as anorexics with a history of bulimia nervosa (BPAN), and normal-weight bulimics (BN). Regardless of the prevalence of the full-fledged OCPD among eating disordered samples, the presence of this personality disorder and its over-controlled quality has been found to be positively correlated with a range of complications in eating disorders, as opposed to impulsive features—those linked with histrionic personality disorder, for example—which predict better outcome from treatment. OCPD predicts more

neg: Eating disorder of eating disorders. For example, observations of anorexia in all of the non-Western regions of the world point to the disorder not being "culture-bound" as once thought. However, studies on rates of bullimia suggest that it might be culturally bound. In non-Western countries, bulimia is less prevalent than anorexia, but these non-Western countries where it is observed can be said to have probably or definitely been influenced or exposed to Western culture and ideology. Socioeconomic status (SES) has been viewed as a risk factor for eating disorders, presuming that possessing more resources allows for an individual to actively choose to

neg: Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) prefrontal cortex, lateral temporal lobe and left parietal lobe showing hemispheric imbalance in information processing. There is a reported case of the development of BDD in a 21 year old male following an inflammatory brain process. Neuroimaging showed the presence of new atrophy in the frontotemporal region. The distinction between the diagnoses of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) is often difficult to make as there is considerable overlap between patients diagnosed with these conditions. Seemingly minor changes in a patient's overall behavior or attitude can change a diagnosis from "anorexia: binge-eating type" to bulimia

neg: Perfect: A Novel late adulthood. Perfect: A Novel Perfect is a children's novel by American author Natasha Friend, first published in 2004 by Milkweed Editions. "Perfect" won the Milkweed Prize for Children's Literature in 2004. This book is about a young girl's struggle with the disease bulimia nervosa. Isabelle Lee is a 13-year-old girl with an eating disorder. The disorder developed over time after the death of her father when her mother begins to send her to group therapy. She soon realizes that the most popular girl in school, Ashley Barnum, goes to the group and begins to be friends with her. Towards

neg: Perfect: A Novel Perfect: A Novel Perfect is a children's novel by American author Natasha Friend, first published in 2004 by Milkweed Editions. "Perfect" won the Milkweed Prize for Children's Literature in 2004. This book is about a young girl's struggle with the disease bulimia nervosa. Isabelle Lee is a 13-year-old girl with an eating disorder. The disorder developed over time after the death of her father when her mother begins to send her to group therapy. She soon realizes that the most popular girl in school, Ashley Barnum, goes to the group and begins to be friends with her. Towards the end

neg: Eating Disorders Coalition Eating Disorders Coalition The Eating Disorders Coalition (EDC) is a Washington, D.C. advocacy organization working to advance the federal recognition of eating disorders as a public health priority. The EDC was founded in 2000 and is incorporated in Massachusetts. The full legal name of the organization is the Eating Disorders Coalition for Research, Policy & Action. The EDC works with the U.S. Congress, with the executive branch of government, with national nonprofit organizations, and with the media to focus attention on the need for better treatment, research, and prevention of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED),

neg: Eating disorder dieting. The number of friends dieting and the number of friends who pressured them to diet also played a significant role in their own choices. Elite athletes have a significantly higher rate in eating disorders. Female athletes in sports such as gymnastics, ballet, diving, etc. are found to be at the highest risk among all athletes. Women are more likely than men to acquire an eating disorder between the ages of 13–30. 0–15% of those with bulimia and anorexia are men. There is a cultural emphasis on thinness which is especially pervasive in western society. A child's perception of external

neg: Brad Lamm work, with a traditional treatment center, where a sophisticated clinical program is offered. Breathe's unified recovery approach invites those with chemical dependency, dual-diagnosis and eating disorders (Binge Eating Disorder, Compulsive Overeating, Metabolic Syndrome and Bulimia) to create community and progress through trauma healing, emotional regulation skills-building and spiritual development. Breathe Life Healing Centers is one of the few treatment centers offering residential treatment for clients working to recover from Binge Eating Disorder. Lamm appeared in "Newsweek" in 1991 as an activist for social justice and gay rights. In September 1992, he appeared on the cover of the magazine's "Gays Under

neg: Antidepressant 28 to 52 weeks duration. Antidepressants are recommended as an alternative or additional first step to self-help programs in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. SSRIs (fluoxetine in particular) are preferred over other antidepressants due to their acceptability, tolerability, and superior reduction of symptoms in short-term trials. Long-term efficacy remains poorly characterized. Bupropion is not recommended for the treatment of eating disorders due to an increased risk of seizure. Similar recommendations apply to binge eating disorder. SSRIs provide short-term reductions in binge eating behavior, but have not been associated with significant weight loss. Clinical trials have generated mostly negative results for

neg: Food addiction will cancel their plans for the next day because they "feel fat." Binge eating also has implications on physical health, due to excessive intake of fats and sugars, which can cause numerous health problems. Unlike individuals with bulimia nervosa, compulsive overeaters do not attempt to compensate for their bingeing with purging behaviors, such as fasting, laxative use, or vomiting. When compulsive overeaters overeat through binge eating and experience feelings of guilt after their binges, they can be said to have binge eating disorder (BED). In addition to binge eating, compulsive overeaters may also engage in "grazing" behavior, during which they

neg: Ellen Hart Peña and ambitions, her relationship with her husband, and most notably, her long battle with bulimia. Since recovering and going public with her struggle, Peña has given lectures and speeches on eating disorders focusing on her own personal experiences. She says that she chose to go public with her disorder because she felt that, as a politician's wife, she was in a position to help people with eating disorders. Ellen Hart Peña Ellen Hart Peña (born May 19, 1958 ) is a former world-class runner and lawyer. She is notable for going public about her bulimia. She competed in the 1980

neg: Cognitive behavioral therapy eating disorders, CBT is proven to be a more effective treatment than medications and interpersonal psychotherapy alone. CBT aims to combat major causes of distress such as negative cognitions surrounding body weight, shape and size. CBT therapists also work with individuals to regulate strong emotions and thoughts that lead to dangerous compensatory behaviors. CBT is the first line of treatment for Bulimia Nervosa, and Eating Disorder Non-Specific. Research has identified Internet addiction as a new clinical disorder that causes relational, occupational, and social problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested as the treatment of choice for Internet addiction, and

neg: Bulimia nervosa from the highest income bracket. There are higher rates of eating disorders in groups involved in activities which idealize a slim physique, such as dance, gymnastics, modeling, cheerleading, running, acting, swimming, diving, rowing and figure skating. Bulimia is thought to be more prevalent among Caucasians; however, a more recent study showed that African-American teenage girls were 50 percent more likely than white girls to exhibit bulimic behavior, including both binging and purging. The term "bulimia" comes from Greek "boulīmia", "ravenous hunger", a compound of βοῦς "bous", "ox" and λιμός, "līmos", "hunger". Literally, the scientific name of the disorder, "bulimia nervosa",

neg: Impulsivity lack of self-control. In these cases, overeating will only take place if the food is palatable to the person, and if so individual differences in impulsivity can predict the amount of consumption. Chronic overeating is a behavioral component of binge eating disorder, compulsive overeating, and bulimia nervosa. These diseases are more common for women and may involve eating thousands of calories at a time. Depending on which of these disorders is the underlying cause, an episode of overeating can have a variety of different motivations. Characteristics common among these three disorders include low self-esteem, depression, eating when not physically hungry,

neg: Todd Heatherton also conducted a great amount of research concerning the risk factors of bulimia nervosa, using the Eating Disorder Inventory. His work has helped to reaffirm perfectionism, low self-esteem, and a negative perceived weight status as risk factors for bulimia, while asserting that age could be a modifier in onset among at-risk individuals. A 20-year longitudinal study has also shown that marriage and children could be a modifier in bulimia in women. His work has also isolated low self-efficacy as a more succinct risk factor for bulimia than the multi-faceted dimension of self-esteem. Heatherton's recent work has concentrated on the study

neg: Eating recovery Eating recovery Eating recovery refers to the full spectrum of care that acknowledges and treats the multiple etiologies of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, including the biological, psychological, social and emotional causes of the disorder, through a comprehensive, integrated treatment regimen. When successful, this regimen restores the individual to a healthy weight and arms him or her with the skills and resources needed to maintain a sustainable recovery. Although there are a variety of treatment options available to the eating disorders patient, the intensive and multi-faceted program followed in eating recovery is the appropriate option for individuals who require intensive support

neg: Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale for "don't know". The validity of the German-language version of ABOS was tested with 101 female eating disorder patients, 80 with anorexia nervosa and 21 with bulimia nervosa. A control group of 121 persons with matching age and socio-economic backgrounds completed the ABOS. It was deemed that the German-language version may be useful in the diagnosis of eating disorders. The validity of the Japanese-language version of ABOS was tested with 101 family members of eating disorder patients completing the questionnaire. Cross-cultural differences were noted as compared to the original Belgian version; however, the Japanese-language version of the ABOS may still

neg: Relative energy deficiency in sport through exercise. In the case of female athlete triad, low energy availability may be due to eating disorders, but not necessarily so. Athletes may experience low energy availability by exercising more without a concomitant change in eating habits, or they may increase their energy expenditure while also eating less. Disordered eating is defined among this situation due to the low caloric intake or low energy availability. While most athletes do not meet the clinical criteria to be diagnosed with an eating disorder such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, many will exhibit disordered eating habits such as fasting, as well

neg: Paula Abdul Indio, California on November 17, 2018, for a total of 27 shows. Abdul was married to Emilio Estevez from 1992 to 1994. In 1994, Abdul sought treatment for bulimia nervosa, which she revealed years later she first developed as a teenager and which eating disorder only intensified after she became a pop star, explaining: "Battling bulimia has been like war on my body. Me and my body have been on two separate sides. We’ve never, until recently, been on the same side. I learned at a very early age I didn't fit in physically. I learned through years of rejections

neg: Natasha Devon appointed Devon as its first ever mental health champion for schools but axed the role in May 2016. Devon continues to give regular evidence to the Health and Education Select Committees and is involved in political campaigning. Devon's personal experience of mental health issues began as a girl, when her panic attacks were misdiagnosed as asthma. Later, aged 17, she developed an eating disorder which she describes as 'a (very bad) coping strategy for anxiety'. She recovered from bulimia in 2006 and later co-founded the charity Body Gossip with former school friend Ruth Rogers. At the same time, she began

neg: Eating disorder menstruate for other reasons. The DSM-5 specifies two subtypes of anorexia nervosa—the restricting type and the binge/purge type. Those who suffer from the restricting type of anorexia nervosa restrict food intake and do not engage in binge eating, whereas those suffering from the binge/purge type lose control over their eating at least occasionally and may compensate for these binge episodes. The most notable difference between anorexia nervosa binge/purge type and bulimia nervosa is the body weight of the person. Those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa binge/purge type are underweight, while those with bulimia nervosa may have a body weight that falls

neg: Obesity and the environment issues, (obesity or mental illness), is automatically more susceptible to develop the other one. Patients who are assessed for obesity are seen to have a chronic health condition. This is not just in a physical health sense, but extremities in mental health as well. A large variety of (extreme) psychological disorders or mental illnesses such as eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating disorder), Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression/anxiety, have all been shown to be associated with an increased risk of obesity, as well as other obesity-related illnesses such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Other psychological issues which obesity has been

neg: Imogen Willis and she is rushed to hospital, where it emerges that she has an inflamed oesophagus from excessive vomiting. Imogen is diagnosed with bulimia. Terese tries to get Imogen to open up to her, by revealing her own struggles with an eating disorder. Terese later finds Imogen binge eating and comforts her daughter when she breaks down. Imogen begins attending counselling sessions. While undergoing work experience at Toadfish Rebecchi's (Ryan Moloney) law office, Imogen learns a client, Eric Edwards (Paul O'Brien), is suing Brad over an injury he sustained at the gym. Imogen goes through Eric's file and Facebook page, where

neg: College health Eating disorders are relatively common among college students and can be caused due to changes in lifestyle and stress levels. Examples of common stressors with college students are relationships, classwork, and lack of sleep, which can cause students to exhibit eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, binge eating, or bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is characterized by low appetite and a strong desire to lose weight, be thin, and fears of gaining weight. People suffering from anorexia nervosa frequently have an abnormally low body weight, which can cause muscle dysfunction and weak osmoregulation. It can also

neg: Media depictions of body shape 20% of books. Children's media is perpetuating the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype through its portrayals of thin and obese characters. Social media consists of websites like Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, Pinterest and Facebook enable users to produce and share content. Thinspiration images that promote the idealization of thinness and pro-eating disorder websites are becoming increasingly more prevalent throughout social media. Pro-eating disorder (i.e. pro-ana and pro-bulimia) websites are forms of social media where individuals can share advice and images that encourage their peers to engage in eating disorder behaviors. These websites have been shown to have deleterious effects because

neg: Appetite are more commonly found in females than males – thus hinting at a possibility of a linkage to the X-chromosome. Dysregulation of appetite lies at the root of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa is a mental disorder characterized as severe dietary restriction and intense fear of weight gain. Furthermore, persons with anorexia nervosa may exercise ritualistically. Individuals who have anorexia have high levels of ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates appetite, so the body is trying to cause hunger, but the urge to eat is being suppressed by the person. Binge eating disorder (commonly referred to

neg: Eating disorders and development separate from anorexia (AN) and bulimia (BN). Patients meeting criteria for ARFID typically have a longer history of symptoms prior to diagnosis and an earlier onset than AN or BN patients. They are also more likely to have a co-morbid medical condition or anxiety disorder. An eating or feeding disturbance (e.g., apparent lack of interest in eating or food; avoidance based on sensory characteristics of food; concern about aversive consequences of eating)as manifested by persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs associated with one (or more)of the following: The disturbance is not better explained by a lack of

neg: Starved Starved Starved is an American television sitcom that aired for one season on FX for seven episodes in 2005. The series was about four friends who each suffer from eating disorders, who met at a "shame-based" support group called Belt Tighteners. Its characters included those with bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating disorder. Eric Schaeffer created the show as well as writing, starring in and directing it, based upon his own struggle with eating disorders. In addition to his own life experiences, Schaeffer also drew upon the experiences of the other members of the principal cast, each of whom coincidentally had

neg: Body image media images' Body dissatisfaction creates negative attitudes, a damaging mentality, and negative habits in young, adult females. The emphasis on thinness and on an ideal female body shape and size is psychologically detrimental to the well-being of many young women. Many have thus resorted to grooming, dieting, and surgical pursuits, in order to be happy. A negative body image is very common among young-adult females. It has been found that “The prevalence of eating disorder development among college females is especially high, with rates up to 24% among college students” Global eating disorder rates such as anorexia and bulimia are

neg: Perfect: A Novel of the book, Isabelle realizes that nobody is perfect. Even the pretty, nice, and smart have problems and are not perfect themselves, even if they seem that way. She learns to cope with her father's death and accepts the fact that no one is perfect... Isabelle had developed the eating disorder of bulimia nervosa due to her problems with coping. Her father had died two years prior to her eating disorder. Isabelle felt as if she could not deal or cope with her father’s death. This was because she felt as if she did not have the full support of

neg: Diabulimia Diabulimia Diabulimia (a portmanteau of "diabetes" and "bulimia") is an eating disorder in which people with type 1 diabetes deliberately give themselves less insulin than they need or stop taking it altogether for the purpose of weight loss. Diabulimia is not recognized as a formal diagnosis by the medical or psychiatric communities, but the phrases “disturbed eating behavior” or “disordered eating behavior” (DEB in both cases) and disordered eating (DE) are quite common in medical and psychiatric literature addressing patients who have type 1 diabetes and manipulate insulin doses to control weight along with exhibiting bulimic behavior. A person with

neg: Eating disorders in Chinese women since they did not speak fluent English. On top of this she gave them most of her earnings from her job, and she was expected to participate in family life. Dr. Schmidt found that her bulimia symptoms came about because she was seeking independence, and yet she wanted to remain obedient to her parents. This conclusion supports the idea that loyalty versus independence played a conflicting role that lead to eating disorder symptoms. Moreover, Dr. Schmidt also concluded that patient As mother nurtured her when she started losing weight. As a result, patient A exploited this in order to make

neg: Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia unflinching look at eating disorders," adding, "Hornbacher is at her best when she zeroes in on the specifics of eating disorders and their origins...Such phenomena aren't new to the literature on eating disorders, but Hornbacher describes them with a stark candor that captures both their pain and underlying purposes." anorexia nervosa Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia is an autobiography written by Marya Hornbacher, detailing her fourteen-year battle with eating disorders. Published by Random House in 1998, "Wasted" was a critical and commercial success. The author's young age (she wrote the book

neg: Fluoxetine most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.01 and 0.04 per day as of 2014. In the United States, it costs about 0.85 per day. Fluoxetine is frequently used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and trichotillomania. It has also been used for cataplexy, obesity, and alcohol dependence, as well as binge eating disorder. It has also been tried as a treatment for autism spectrum disorders with moderate