query: hebrew word for gossip in the old testament

pos: Lashon hara that is used, whether it is through face-to-face conversation, a letter, telephone, or email, or even body language. "Lashon hara" (lit. "evil tongue") is considered to be a very serious sin in the Jewish tradition. The communicator of Lashon Hara (and rechilut) violates the prohibition of "Lo telech rachil b'ameicha ()." By contrast, "hotzaat shem ra" ("spreading a bad name"), also called "hotzaat diba", or "motzi shem ra" (lit. "putting out a bad name") consists of untrue remarks, and is best translated as "slander" or "defamation" (calumny). "Hotzaat shem ra" is worse, and consequentially an even graver sin, than "lashon

neg: Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon Christós); it is relatively synonymous with the Hebrew word rendered "Messiah" (). Both words have the meaning of "anointed," and are used in the Bible to refer to "the Anointed One". In Greek translations of the Old Testament (including the Septuagint), the word "Christ" is used for the Hebrew "Messiah", and in Hebrew translations of the New Testament, the word "Messiah" is used for the Greek "Christ". Any usage in the Bible of the word "Christ" can be alternately translated as "Messiah" with no change in meaning (e.g. ). The Book of Mormon uses both terms throughout the book. In

neg: Cave of Adullam Cave of Adullam The Cave of Adullam was originally a stronghold referred to in the Old Testament, near the town of Adullam, where future King David sought refuge from King Saul. The word "cave" is usually used but "fortress", which has a similar appearance in writing, is used as well. Wilhelm Gesenius' work "Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures" provides notes supporting "Adullam" as meaning "a hiding place". Brown, Driver, and Briggs' Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament cite the Arabic word "'adula" to mean "turn aside" and suggest "Adullam" to mean "retreat, refuge". During

neg: Casper Casper Casper (with the same sounding Kasper) is a family and personal name derived from Chaldean that means "Treasurer". The origins of the name have been traced as far back as the Old Testament and variations of the name have been adopted by a variety of cultures and languages. The name is derived from Gaspar which in turn is from an ancient Chaldean word, "Gizbar", which according to Strong's Concordance means "Treasurer". The word "Gizbar" appears in the Hebrew version of the Old Testament Book of Ezra (1:8). In fact, the modern Hebrew word for "Treasurer" is still "Gizbar" (גזבר).

neg: Holy Spirit Holy Spirit Holy Spirit is a term found in English translations of the Bible that is understood differently among the Abrahamic religions. The term is also used to describe aspects of other religions and belief structures. The word "spirit" (from the Latin "spiritus" meaning "breath") appears either alone or with other words, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament. Combinations include expressions such as the "Holy Spirit", "Spirit of God", and in Christianity, "Spirit of Christ". The word "spirit" is rendered as רוּחַ ("ruach") in Hebrew-language parts of the Old Testament. In its Aramaic parts, the term

neg: Substitutionary atonement debt for sin upon himself, and propitiating God’s wrath. There are a number of other substitutionary theories of the atonement besides the four described above. A few are listed below: Atonement is a theological term for the act of paying for and thereby redeeming sin. The word often is used in the Old Testament to translate the Hebrew words "kipper" and "kippurim", which mean 'propitiation' or 'expiation'. The word occurs in the KJV in and has the basic meaning of "reconciliation". In the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible or Tanakh), atonement was accomplished by the sacrifice of specified animals such as

neg: Linguistics and the Book of Mormon and are used in the Bible to refer to "the Anointed One". In Greek translations of the Old Testament (including the Septuagint), the word "Christ" is used for the Hebrew "Messiah", and in Hebrew translations of the New Testament, the word "Messiah" is used for the Greek "Christ". Any passage in the Bible that uses the word "Christ" can substitute the word "Messiah" or "the Messiah" with no change in meaning (e.g., ). The Book of Mormon uses both terms throughout the book. In the vast majority of cases, it uses the terms in an identical manner as the Bible,

neg: Pastor not synonymous with the biblical understanding of minister. Many Protestant churches call their ministers "pastors". Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical metaphor of shepherding. The Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) uses the Hebrew word ("roʿeh"), which is used as a noun as in "shepherd," and as a verb as in "to tend a flock." It occurs 173 times in 144 Old Testament verses and relates to the literal feeding of sheep, as in Genesis 29:7. In Jeremiah 23:4, both meanings are used ("ro'im" is used for "shepherds" and "yir'um" for "shall feed them"), "And I will

neg: Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament lend weight to the translation as "They have pierced my hands and my feet", by lengthening the yud in the Hebrew word כארי (like a lion) into a vav כארו "Kaaru", which is not a word in the Hebrew language but when the aleph is omitted becomes כרו, dig, similar to the Septaguint translation. However this view is contested considering the Nahal Hever scribe's other numerous misspellings, such as one in the very same sentence, where ידיה is written instead of the correct ידי, making the Hebrew word ידי yadai "hands" into ידיה yadehah, "her hands". Christian apologists argue that

neg: Mammon turn borrowed from Hellenistic Greek μαμωνᾶς, which appears in the New Testament, borrowed from Aramaic מָמוֹנָא "māmōnā", an emphatic form of the word "māmōn" 'wealth, profit', perhaps specifically from the Syriac dialect. However, it is not clear what the earlier history of the Aramaic form is. The word may have been present throughout the Canaanite languages: the word is unknown in Old Testament Hebrew, but has been found in the Qumran documents; post-biblical Hebrew attests to "māmōn"; and, according to St Augustine of Hippo, Punic included the word "mammon" 'profit'. It has been suggested that the Aramaic word "māmōn" was

neg: Prophets and messengers in Islam appears in the Quran in ten instances. The Syriac form of "rasūl Allāh" (literally: "messenger of God"), "s̲h̲eliḥeh d-allāhā", occurs frequently in the apocryphal "Acts of St. Thomas". The corresponding verb for "s̲h̲eliḥeh"—"s̲h̲alaḥ", occurs in connection with the prophets in the Hebrew Bible. The words "prophet" (Arabic: ) and "messenger" (Arabic: ) appear several times in the Old Testament and the New Testament. The following table shows these words in different languages: In the Hebrew Bible, the word "nabi" ("spokesperson, prophet") occurs more commonly, and the Hebrew word "mal'akh" ("messenger") refers to Angels in Judaism. According to Judaism, Haggai, Zaqariah,

neg: Development of the Old Testament canon "Veritas Hebraica", meaning the truth of the Hebrew text over the Septuagint and Old Latin translations. Vulgate Old Testament included books outside of the Hebrew Bible, translated from the Greek and Aramaic, or derived from the Old Latin. His "Preface to The Books of Samuel and Kings" includes the following statement, commonly called the "Helmeted Preface": At the request of two bishops, however, he made translations of Tobit and Judith from Hebrew texts, which he made clear in his prologues he considered apocryphal. But in his prologue to Judith, without using the word canon, he mentioned that Judith was held

neg: Theology of Anabaptism the rite of feet washing. Most Anabaptists held that both the Old and New Testaments were the word of God, while insisting that the New Testament was the rule of faith and practice for the church. Some emphasized this latter position so strongly that the Anabaptists were at times accused of rejecting the Old Testament (Marcionism). This charge of their enemies remains unsubstantiated. Anabaptists Hans Denck and Ludwig Hätzer were responsible for the first translation of the Old Testament Prophets from Hebrew into the German language. On the other hand, the Münsterites accepted Old Testament practices such as theocracy and

neg: Holy Spirit is "rûacḥ". The Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint, translates the word as πνεῦμα ("pneuma"). This is the same word that is used throughout the New Testament, written originally in Greek. The English term "spirit" comes from its Latin origin, "spiritus", which is how the Vulgate translates both the Old and New Testament concept. The alternative term, "Holy Ghost", comes from Old English translations of "spiritus". The Hebrew Bible contains the term "spirit of God" ("ruach hakodesh") in the sense of the might of a unitary God. This meaning is different from the Christian concept of "Holy Spirit"

neg: Four Prophets Four Prophets Four Prophets: Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah: A Modern Translation from the Hebrew by J. B. Phillips is a modern translation from Hebrew sources of the books of Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah by scholar J. B. Phillips. The book was published in 1963 Macmillan in the US and Geoffrey Bles in the UK. Phillips also published "The New Testament in Modern English". The remainder of the Old Testament was never completed by him. Excerpt from First Isaiah 21:1-2, translated in a "thought-for-thought" pattern: The same text from the American Standard Version translation, a "word-for-word" translation:

neg: Ferrar Fenton Bible Old Testament as "The EVER-LIVING", but to a lesser degree as "LORD" and to a much lesser degree as "JEHOVAH" (such as in Numbers chapter 15). The Bible is described as "translated into English direct from the original Hebrew, Chaldee, and Greek languages." For his translation of the Book of Job which appeared in 1898, Fenton was assisted by Henrik Borgström. This was "rendered into the same metre as the original Hebrew, word by word and line by line". His translation of the New Testament is based on the Greek text of Westcott and Hort and was approved by many

neg: Old Testament Judaism's understanding of the covenant as a racially or tribally-based contract between God and Jews to one between God and any person of faith who is "in Christ". Old Testament The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God. The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament. The books that comprise the Old Testament canon, as well as their order and names, differ

neg: Old Testament Old Testament The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God. The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament. The books that comprise the Old Testament canon, as well as their order and names, differ between Christian denominations. The Catholic canon comprises 46 books, and the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 51 books and the most

neg: Azazel the Hebrew word for scapegoat. This is the only place that the Hebrew word is found in the whole Hebrew Old Testament. It says that the Book of Enoch, (extra-biblical Jewish theological literature, dated around 200 B.C.) is full of demonology and reference to fallen angels. The EBC (Vol 2) says that this text uses late Aramaic forms for these names which indicates that The Book of Enoch most likely relies upon the Hebrew Leviticus text rather than the Leviticus text being reliant upon the Book of Enoch. Cyril of Alexandria sees the "apompaios" (sent-away one, scapegoat) as a foretype

neg: Pistacia palaestina Pistacia palaestina Pistacia palaestina is a tree or shrub common in the Levant region (especially Israel and Syria). It is called terebinth in English, a name also used for "Pistacia terebinthus", a similar tree from the western Mediterranean Basin. "Pistacia palaestina" is distinguished from "P. terebinthus" "by its egg-shaped leaflets, which are drawn into a long point, with somewhat hairy margins, and by more spreading and branching flower clusters." The terebinth is mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures (or Old Testament), where the Hebrew word "elah" (plural "elot") is used, although the word is sometimes translated as "oak". (The Hebrew word

neg: Society for Old Testament Study Testament studies each year, and it operates a “SOTS Wiki”, providing a reliable source of information about the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament on the Web. Society for Old Testament Study The Society for Old Testament Study (SOTS) is a learned society, based in the British Isles, of professional scholars and others committed to the study of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. SOTS was inaugurated at King's College, London on 3 January 1917, in response to a felt need for better public engagement with the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament and greater collegiality among those studying it. There were

neg: Yom Yom Yom () is a Biblical Hebrew word which occurs in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament). The Arabic equivalent is "yawm" or "yōm" written as يوم. Although "yom" is commonly rendered as day in English translations, the word yom has several literal definitions: Biblical Hebrew has a limited vocabulary, with fewer words compared to other languages, like English (which has the largest). This means words often have multiple meanings determined by context. Strong's Lexicon yom is Hebrew #3117 יוֹם The word Yom's root meaning is to be hot as the warm hours of a day. Thus "yom", in its

neg: Carbuncle (gemstone) used by the Greek to translate the Hebrew נֹפֶךְ ("nōphek") in two of its four occurrences in the Old Testament. The etymology of the Hebrew term is uncertain, though Koehler-Baumgartner suggests a connection to פּוּךְ ("phook"), used in the Old Testament as a term for eye makeup, and probably implying a colored powder most likely made from a crushed mineral. For נֹפֶךְ ("nōphek") itself they suggest the gloss "semi-precious stone" (of uncertain color). Carbuncle (gemstone) A carbuncle is any red gemstone, most often a red garnet. The word occurs in four places in many English translations of the Bible. The

neg: Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition to a misunderstanding of Jewish tradition ("Anchor Bible", page XIV). Bible translations such as the Rotherham's Emphasized Bible, the Anchor Bible, and the Jerusalem Bible have retained the name Yahweh in the Old Testament. The Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition is one of the few English Bible translations that uses Yahweh in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Notable aspects of the Bible include its use of the name of God (Yahweh) and the Semitic name of the Messiah – commonly referred to as Jesus – Yahshua. Instead of the Greek word "Christ", it uses the Hebrew word "Messiah",

neg: Glory (religion) one of the most common praise words in scripture. In the Hebrew Bible, the concept of glory is expressed with several Hebrew words, including "Hod" (הוד) and "kavod". Later, these original Hebrew Bible concepts for glory were translated in the Christian Testament as the Greek word "doxa" (δόξα). The Hebrew word "kavod" (K-V-D) has meant "importance", "weight", "deference", or "heaviness", but primarily "kavod" means "glory", "respect", "honor", and "majesty". In translating the Hebrew Bible, the Greek word used is "δόξα", a word also appearing extensively in the New Testament which was originally written in Greek. "Doxa" means "judgment, opinion", and

neg: Ranges Ranges In the Hebrew Bible and in the Old Testament, the word ranges has two very different meanings. In Leviticus 11:35, ranges probably means a cooking furnace for two or more pots, as the Hebrew word here is in the dual number; or perhaps a fireplace fitted to receive a pair of ovens. In 2 Kings 11:8, the Hebrew word is here used different from the preceding, meaning "ranks of soldiers." The Levites were appointed to guard the king's person within the temple (2 Chronicles 23:7), while the soldiers were his guard in the court, and in going from the

neg: Corporate election in the Old Testament, election in the Old Testament is predominantly applied corporately to a people, not to individuals. The Hebrew word for "elect" ("bahir") is normally used in the plural, and thus refers collectively of Israel. While there are times in Scripture where God chooses individuals for a specific historical task or purpose (e.g. Cyrus in Isaiah 45:1), these are passages that have nothing to do with God deciding who will be saved, thus, they are of no relevance to this topic. The corporate concept of election in the Old Testament is the context which one must view the

neg: Old Testament theology in the Old Testament book of Exodus 3:13-15. Through this passage, readers can see the personality of God revealed. Because the earliest writing in the Hebrew language did not utilize vowel marks and the Hebrew people revered God so much that they declined to pronounce the name aloud, the true pronunciation of the name of God has been lost due to a lack of use. Medieval Jewish scholars developed a system for inserting vowel marks into the consonantal text. Due to the tradition of reading aloud the word "adonai" (my Lord) whenever YHWH was encountered in the text, scribes inserted

neg: Molten Sea plain references to baptism have been deleted from the Old Testament (1 Nephi 13) and that the word "baptize" is of Greek origin. Some equivalent word, such as "wash", would have been used by the Hebrew peoples. In describing the molten sea the Old Testament record says, ""The sea was for the priests to wash in."" (). This is tantamount to saying that the priests performed baptisms in it. Every temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) contains a baptismal font on twelve oxen that is modeled after the molten sea. The LDS Church performs

neg: Guilt (emotion) secrets. Guilt in the Christian Bible is not merely an emotional state but is a legal state of deserving punishment. The Hebrew Bible does not have a unique word for guilt, but uses a single word to signify: "sin, the guilt of it, the punishment due unto it, and a sacrifice for it." The Greek New Testament uses a word for guilt that means "standing exposed to judgment for sin" (e. g., Romans 3:19). In what Christians call the "Old Testament", Christians believe the Bible teaches that, through sacrifice, one's sins can be forgiven (Judaism categorically rejects this idea, holding

neg: Ferdows Garden to the Oxford English Dictionary, as well as the Dehkhoda Dictionary, this word entered Hebrew as "pardēs" (), following the arrival of the Jews in Babylon in the 5th century BC. In the sections of the Old Testament that predate this arrival, the notions of "heaven" and "hell" are not specific; only later has "pārdēs", originally meaning "garden" and "orchard", been endowed with the spiritual meaning that is signified by this word. Dehkhoda notes that "pardēs" has been used as a synonym for the Hebrew word "gān", meaning "the Garden of Eden". He also states that the word "firdaws", used

neg: Wormwood (Bible) Ukrainian language word for "wormwood" is чорнобиль or "chornobyl", the Ukrainian name of the town of Chernobyl. Wormwood (Bible) Wormwood (ἀψίνθιον "apsinthion" or ἄψινθος "apsinthos" in Greek) is a star or angel that appears in the Book of Revelation. Wormwood is mentioned seven times in the Hebrew Bible, always with the implication of bitterness. The word "wormwood" appears several times in the Old Testament, translated from the Hebrew term לענה ("la'anah", which means "curse" in Hebrew). "Wormwood" is only mentioned once in the Book of Revelation: Revelation 8 verse 10. "The third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star,

neg: Messiah of the Old Testament renders all thirty-nine instances of the Hebrew word for "anointed" ("Mašíaḥ") as Χριστός ("Khristós"). The New Testament records the Greek transliteration Μεσσίας, "Messias" twice in John. "al-Masīḥ" (proper name, ) is the Arabic word for messiah. In modern Arabic, it is used as one of the many titles of Jesus. "Masīḥ" is used by Arab Christians as well as Muslims, and is written as "Yasūʿ al-Masih" (يسوع المسيح) by Arab Christians or "ʿĪsā al-Masīḥ" (عيسى المسيح) by Muslims. The word "al-Masīḥ" literally means "the anointed", "the traveller", or the "one who cures by caressing". The literal

neg: Time time". In the Old Testament book Ecclesiastes, traditionally ascribed to Solomon (970–928 BC), time (as the Hebrew word עידן, זמן "`iddan(age, as in "Ice age") zĕman(time)" is often translated) was traditionally regarded as a medium for the passage of predestined events. (Another word, زمان" זמן" "zamān", meant "time fit for an event", and is used as the modern Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew equivalent to the English word "time".) The Greek language denotes two distinct principles, Chronos and Kairos. The former refers to numeric, or chronological, time. The latter, literally "the right or opportune moment", relates specifically to metaphysical or Divine

neg: God's Word Translation Testament work was abandoned by the Society and an entirely new Bible translation based on the best Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek texts, and using the translation principle "closest natural equivalence"—beginning with the Old Testament—was completely re-translated by the Society's five scholars, 17 technical reviewers, and four English reviewers. In early 1994 the translation was renamed "GOD'S WORD" prior to being turned over to World Bible Publishers in October 1994 for publication in March 1995. The "God's Word" translation was released by World Publishing of Iowa Falls, Iowa in March 1995. The publishing rights were acquired in June, 2003, by

neg: Lord's Prayer over me."). Chumaceiro says that, because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God, "Lead us not into temptation" has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible/Christian Old Testament. The word "πειρασμός", which is translated as "temptation", could also be translated as "test" or "trial", making evident the attitude of someone's heart. Well-known examples in the Old Testament are God's test of Abraham (), his "moving" (the Hebrew word means basically "to prick, as by weeds, thorns") David to do (numbering Israel) what David later acknowledged as sin (; see also ), and

neg: Names and titles of God in the New Testament name... in New Testament". Names and titles of God in the New Testament The tetragrammaton (YHWH) or trigrammaton (YHW) do not occur in any extant Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. Extant Greek New Testament manuscripts contain the Greek word "Kyrios" ("Lord") in Old Testament quotes where the Hebrew manuscripts contain the tetragrammaton. Some translations insert the tetragrammaton or another name of God into the New Testament where "Kyrios" appears in the available manuscripts. None of the extant Greek manuscripts of the New Testament contain the tetragrammaton, The oldest extant fragments of New Testament manuscripts—formula_1, formula_1, formula_1 and formula_1—do not

neg: Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament of Moses. Other quotations are sometimes made directly from the Hebrew text (e.g. , , ). When the New Testament was written, the Old Testament was not divided into chapters and verses, and there is therefore no uniform standard for these quotes and the authors had to provide contextual references: Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament There are in all two hundred and eighty-three direct quotations from the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) in the New Testament. In about ninety instances, the Septuagint is literally quoted. In around eighty further instances, the quote is altered in some way.

neg: Apostolic Bible Polyglot "Apostolic Bible", and changes may be made. The Vatopedi manuscript, available from the Library of Congress in microfilm form, is one such manuscript among many that will be used for comparison. The "Apostolic Bible Polyglot" is the first numerically coded Greek Old Testament. It allows study of both Hebrew- and Greek-based scriptural texts in the same language, and a student may follow the association of a word from either the New Testament to the Old Testament or vice versa. The trilinear format has the AB-Strong numbers on the top line, the Greek text on the middle line, and the English

neg: Names and titles of God in the New Testament Names and titles of God in the New Testament The tetragrammaton (YHWH) or trigrammaton (YHW) do not occur in any extant Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. Extant Greek New Testament manuscripts contain the Greek word "Kyrios" ("Lord") in Old Testament quotes where the Hebrew manuscripts contain the tetragrammaton. Some translations insert the tetragrammaton or another name of God into the New Testament where "Kyrios" appears in the available manuscripts. None of the extant Greek manuscripts of the New Testament contain the tetragrammaton, The oldest extant fragments of New Testament manuscripts—formula_1, formula_1, formula_1 and formula_1—do not include any verses that

neg: Yom day is used somewhat the same way in the English language, examples: "In my grandfather's day, cars did not go very fast" or "In the day of the dinosaurs there were not many mammals." The word Yom is used in the name of various Jewish feast days; as, Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement; Yom teruah (lit., day of shouting) the Feast of Trumpets. Yom is also used in each of the days of the week in the Hebrew calendar. Yom Yom () is a Biblical Hebrew word which occurs in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament). The Arabic equivalent

neg: Carbuncle (gemstone) Carbuncle (gemstone) A carbuncle is any red gemstone, most often a red garnet. The word occurs in four places in many English translations of the Bible. The English King James translation is a rendering of the Hebrew Masoretic text (Old Testament) and Greek Textus Receptus (New Testament). "Carbunculus" is a word used in Latin for a small coal (or charcoal), and also for any of a number of precious or semi-precious stones, especially those of a red color.; Jerome apparently chose the term because of its similarity in meaning to the Septuagint's ἄνθραξ ("anthrax" meaning "coal"), which was in turn

neg: Hexapla Hexapla Hexapla (, "sixfold") is the term for a critical edition of the Hebrew Bible in six versions, four of them translated into Greek, preserved only in fragments. It was an immense and complex word-for-word comparison of the original Hebrew Scriptures with the Greek Septuagint translation and with other Greek translations. The term especially and generally applies to the edition of the Old Testament compiled by the theologian and scholar Origen, sometime before the year 240 CE. The subsisting fragments of partial copies have been collected in several editions, for example that of Frederick Field (1875) being the most fundamental

neg: Aramaic New Testament Luke 7:27; John 19:37; Acts 13:18; Romans 9:33, 11:35; 1 Corinthians 3:19; 1Peter 2:8). Aramaic primacists question why the New Testament would quote from the Hebrew Old Testament and not from the Septuagint if it was written in Greek originally. Quotes from the Hebrew Old Testament are present in Alexandrian texts that are thought to predate Jerome's use of the Hebrew Old Testament for the Vulgate. There are also alternative explanations for the cases where Aramaic Primacists claim that the Aramaic seems to read better. One example (as stated above) is in the case of the "camel through the eye

neg: Dæmon (His Dark Materials) dæmon is "er'el", meaning angel, resembling the biblical Hebrew word for foreign gods – "elil" (lit. small deity). This reminisces the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, in which the word "elil" was made "daimon". The use of the æ ligature (a and e rendered together as one letter) is old-fashioned English usage, sometimes still seen in words such as "mediæval" and "archæology"; in the case of the word "dæmon", it reflects etymologically the original diphthong in Latin "daemon" and ultimately Greek δαίμων "daimōn". This ligature is still used in Scandinavian languages; for example in Danish the word is

neg: Society for Old Testament Study Society for Old Testament Study The Society for Old Testament Study (SOTS) is a learned society, based in the British Isles, of professional scholars and others committed to the study of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. SOTS was inaugurated at King's College, London on 3 January 1917, in response to a felt need for better public engagement with the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament and greater collegiality among those studying it. There were 30 original members, but this soon grew to over 100 in the 1920s, and subsequently grew to over 200 in the 1940s, over 300 in the

neg: Adolph Ernst Knoch title known today as "Unsearchable Riches", particularly regarding dispensationalism and detailed word studies. Knoch concentrated on the Greek New Testament, while Gelesnoff processed the Hebrew Old Testament. Knoch was subsequently published in various books and writings. Knoch's methodology used thousands of index cards on which all occurrences of each Greek word were listed. After his brother had sold the print shop, Knoch worked there for some years, until the printer began accepting print jobs related to war. Knoch refused such assignments and, together with another employee (Herman Vogel), was dismissed until a contract to print tickets was purchased. Knoch worked

neg: Jerusalem Bible the impetus for an English translation in 1966, the "Jerusalem Bible". For the majority of the books, the English translation was a translation of the Hebrew and Greek texts; in passages with more than one interpretation, the interpretation chosen by the French translators is generally followed. For a small number of Old Testament books, the first draft of the English translation was made directly from the French, and then the General Editor (Alexander Jones) produced a revised draft by comparing this word-for-word to the Hebrew or Aramaic texts. The footnotes and book introductions are almost literal translations from the French.

neg: Isaiah 44 Isaiah 44 Isaiah 44 is the forty-fourth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is a part of the Books of the Prophets. Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language: Ancient translations in Koine Greek: The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: Cross reference: , The word "Jesurun" is used in the King James Version; most modern translations use the word "Jeshurun". It is a poetic name or term of endearment for

neg: Daemon (classical mythology) lot. In the Old Testament, evil spirits appear in the book of Judges and in Kings. In the Septuagint, made for the Greek-speaking Jews of Alexandria, the Greek "ángelos" (ἄγγελος "messenger") translates the Hebrew word "mal'ak", while "daimon" (or neuter "daimonion" (δαιμόνιον)) carries the meaning of a natural spirit that is less than divine (see supernatural) and translates the Hebrew words for idols, foreign deities, certain beasts, and natural evils. The use of "daimōn" in the New Testament's original Greek text caused the Greek word to be applied to the Judeo-Christian concept of an evil spirit by the early second

neg: Biblical inerrancy that "all scripture" is profitable for doctrine, reproof, etc. It says nothing about scripture being "perfect," or "inerrant," or "infallible," or "all-sufficient." If anything, Paul's words constitute a refutation of the idea of scriptural inerrancy ... What it does say is that scripture is useful, profitable, for the needs Of the pastoral ministry. The only "holy scriptures" Timothy could have known from childhood were the Hebrew scriptures, the Old Testament. And yet, would any Christian assert that in Paul's view the Old Testament was the final and complete word of God to man? Of course not. In any event, verse

neg: Revised Standard Version was well received, but reactions to the Old Testament were varied and not without controversy. Critics claimed that the RSV translators had translated the Old Testament from a non-Christian perspective. Some critics specifically referred to a Jewish viewpoint, pointing to agreements with the 1917 Jewish Publication Society of America Version Tanakh and the presence on the editorial board of a Jewish scholar, Harry Orlinsky. Such critics further claimed that other views, including those of the New Testament, were not considered. The focus of the controversy was the RSV's translation of the Hebrew word ("ʿalmāh") in as "young woman" rather than

neg: Biblical astronomy Biblical astronomy The various authors of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh, or Old Testament) have provided various names to stars and planets. Except for Earth, Venus and Saturn are the only planets expressly mentioned in the Old Testament. Isaiah 14:12 is about one Helel ben Shahar, called the King of Babylon in the text. Helel ("morning star, son of the dawn") is translated as "Lucifer" in the Vulgate Bible but its meaning is uncertain. Saturn is no less certainly represented by the star "Kaiwan" (or "Chiun"), worshipped by the Israelites in the desert (). The same word (interpreted to mean "steadfast")

neg: Dating the Bible Dating the Bible The four tables give the most commonly accepted dates or ranges of dates for the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, the Deuterocanonical books (included in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox bibles, but not in the Hebrew and Protestant bibles) and the New Testament, including, where possible, hypotheses about their formation-history. Table I is a chronological overview. Table II treats the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible books, grouped according to the divisions of the Hebrew Bible with occasional reference to scholarly divisions. Table III gives the Deuterocanonical books. Table IV gives the books of the New Testament, including the earliest preserved fragments

neg: Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament will find that Hezekiah was born nine years before his father [Ahaz] ascended the throne.’ Hence, Hezekiah was born nine years before the prophecy was given, and yet the prophet says: ‘Behold the virgin shall (future tense) conceive...’ " The gospel of Matthew presents Jesus's ministry as largely the fulfilment of prophecies from Isaiah. In the time of Jesus, however, the Jews of Palestine no longer spoke Hebrew, and Isaiah had to be translated into Greek and Aramaic, the two commonly used languages. In the original Hebrew of Isaiah 7:14 the word almah meant a young woman of childbearing age

neg: Bible translations transliterating the tetragrammaton using Semitic forms to translate it in the Old Testament and also using the same Semitic forms to translate the Greek word "Theos" (God) in the New Testament—usually Yahweh, Elohim or some other variation. Other translations are distinguished by smaller but distinctive doctrinal differences. For example, the Purified Translation of the Bible, by translation and explanatory footnotes, promoting the position that Christians should not drink alcohol, that New Testament references to "wine" are translated as "grape juice". Bible translations The Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. the

neg: Verbal plenary preservation (i) Epangelical Axiom This axiom means that every word is preserved, no word to the last letter and syllable is lost (Psalm 12:6-7 and Matt 5:18) – see "Scripture" under "Basis" above; (ii) Linguistic Axiom This axiom means that the inspired words that God has preserved are the original language words of Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek – and not any other language including English into which has been translated the most blessed King James Version. The Texts which are closest to the original autographs of the Bible are the Traditional Masoretic Hebrew Text for the Old Testament and the Traditional

neg: Tetragrammaton God. No Greek manuscript of the New Testament uses the tetragrammaton. In all its quotations of Old Testament texts that have the tetragrammaton in Hebrew the New Testament uses the Greek word Κύριος ("Kyrios"). However, within the New Testament the name that the tetragrammaton represents underlies the names of some of the people mentioned (such as Zachary and Elijah), and the name appears in the abbreviated form "Yah" in the Greek phrase Ἁλληλουϊά ("hallelujah") in . Dr. Vasileiadis while talking about the practice of writing Kurios instead of tetragramaton in the Septuagint, states: In 1977, Professor George Howard in the

neg: Deuterocanonical books included in the Old Testament that are not part of the Jewish Tanakh, nor the Protestant Old Testament. Among Orthodox, the term is understood to mean that they were compiled separately from the primary canon, as explained in 2 Esdras, where Esdras is instructed to keep certain books separate and hidden. The Eastern Orthodox Churches have traditionally included all the books of the Septuagint in their Old Testaments. The Greeks use the word "Anagignoskomena" (Ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα "readable, worthy to be read") to describe the books of the Greek Septuagint that are not present in the Hebrew Bible. When Orthodox theologians use

neg: King James Version by "IEHOVAH" (, , and ) and three times in a combination form. (, , ) However, if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai (Lord) then it is rendered not as the "Lord LORD" but as the "Lord God". (, etc.) In later editions as "Lord GOD" with "GOD" in small capitals indicating to the reader that God's name appears in the original Hebrew. For their Old Testament, the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg (1524/5), but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate

neg: Sodomy whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel," but the word corresponding to "sodomite" in the Hebrew original, Qadesh (Hebrew:קדש), does not refer to Sodom and has been translated in the New International Version as "shrine prostitute"; male shrine prostitutes may have served barren women in fertility rites rather than engaging in homosexual acts; this also applies to other instances of the word sodomite in the King James Version. The New Testament, like the Old Testament, references Sodom as a place of God's anger against sin, but the Epistle of Jude provides a certain

neg: Repentance (Christianity) Repentance (Christianity) Repentance is a stage in Christian salvation where the believer turns away from sin. As a distinct stage in the "ordo salutis" its position is disputed, with some theological traditions arguing it occurs prior to faith and the Reformed theological tradition arguing it occurs after faith. In Roman Catholic theology repentance is part of the larger theological concept of penance. Generally in the Old Testament the term "repentance" comes from the Hebrew word group that means "turn away from". Sometimes this word group is employed to request a turning from sinful activity (Jeremiah 8:6). In the New Testament

neg: Sea of Galilee also changed. The modern Hebrew name, "Kinneret", comes from the Hebrew Bible, the main source of the Christian Old Testament, where it appears as the "sea of Kinneret" in and , spelled כנרות "Kinnerot" in Hebrew in . This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. "Kinneret" was listed among the "fenced cities" in . A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology of the name presumes that the name "Kinneret" may originate from the Hebrew word "kinnor" ("harp" or "lyre") in view of the shape of the lake. The scholarly consensus, however, is that

neg: Accommodation (religion) is easy to accept once the notion of an infinite, all-powerful God is presupposed. Linked to this idea is the added complication of human languages. Church tradition (including more recent statements of faith like the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy and the Cambridge Declaration) holds to the belief that only the original Hebrew Old Testament text and the original Greek New Testament text can be clearly identified as God's word. Therefore, any human translation of the original language will automatically not be considered God's inspired word – which naturally includes the 5th century Latin Vulgate, as well as today's more

neg: Bible translations into English is characterised by a strong adherence to the word order of Latin, and might have been difficult for the layperson to comprehend. The later text made more concessions to the native grammar of English. Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. William Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT)

neg: Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament ("HALOT") is a scholarly dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, which has partially supplanted "Brown–Driver–Briggs". It is a translation and updating of the German-language Koehler-Baumgartner Lexicon, which first appeared in 1953, into English; the first volume was published in 1994 the fourth volume, completing the Hebrew portion, was published in 1999, and the fifth volume, on Aramaic, was published in 2000. The work was re-issued in 2001 as an unabridged two volume set. It differs from "Brown–Driver–Briggs" in being ordered alphabetically, instead of

neg: Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament by root. It includes a bibliography, as well as references to the Masoretic Text and the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Vulgate, the Septuagint, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Ben Sira. Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament ("HALOT") is a scholarly dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, which has partially supplanted "Brown–Driver–Briggs". It is a translation and updating of the German-language Koehler-Baumgartner Lexicon, which first appeared in 1953, into English; the first volume was published in 1994 the fourth volume, completing the Hebrew portion, was published in 1999, and the fifth

neg: Concordant Version harmonious with the original texts, keeps to a minimum the confusion resulting from translating different Greek words with the same English word, or one Greek word with many English words. It is this principle of consistent or "concordant" translation which was also employed in the compilation of the Concordant Version of the Old Testament (CVOT), now completed. Therefore, with the exception of occasional idiomatic variants, each English word in the Concordant Version does exclusive duty for a single Greek or Hebrew word. Thus, according to the CPC, a substantial formal correspondence is maintained between the source languages and the receptor

neg: Bible canonical Old Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize 3 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Prayer of Manasseh and Psalm 151 in addition to the Catholic canon. Some include 2 Esdras. The Anglican Church also recognizes a longer canon. The term "Hebrew Scriptures" is often used as being synonymous with the Protestant Old Testament, since the surviving scriptures in Hebrew include only those books, while Catholics and Orthodox include additional texts that have not survived in Hebrew. Both Catholics and Protestants (as well as Greek Orthodox) have the same 27-book New Testament Canon. The New Testament writers assumed the inspiration of the Old

neg: Young's Literal Translation "sixty-seven" different ways... has been restricted and reduced to "ten", and so with many others. It is the Translator's ever-growing conviction, that even this smaller number may be reduced still further. David Dewey, in "A User's Guide to Bible Translations", mentions that Young's "method of translating Hebrew tenses makes his Old Testament in places virtually unreadable." Another important feature of YLT is its treatment of the Hebrew word olam and the Greek word αιων. These two words have basically the same meaning, and YLT translates them and their derivatives as “age” or “age-enduring”. Other English versions most often translate them

neg: Victor Premasagar Victor Premasagar Victor Premasagar (1927 in Medak – 2005 in Guntur) was the fourth successor of Frank Whittaker as Bishop in Medak. He was an Indian churchman and Old Testament scholar with major contribution to the Old Testament and to the field of Theology. Premasagar's articles have appeared in the "Expository Times" (1966), the "Vetus Testamentum" (1966), the "International Review of Mission" (1972), the "Indian Journal of Theology" (1974), and cited in major works relating to the theme of Promise in the Bible and critical works on Psalms LXXX and the Hebrew word HOQ in the Tanakh. Premasagar was a

neg: Benjamin Kedar-Kopfstein Testament Seminary of the University of Haifa and the Chairman of its Department of Bible Studies. He was also a Research Associate for the Hebrew University Bible Project in charge of Latin Versions. He is known for his contributions to the understanding of Old Testament language Semantics. His articles on biblical philology have appeared in biblical encyclopedias, The Jewish Quarterly Review, Hebrew University Bible Project, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (Journal of Old Testament scholarship in German) and other Hebrew scholarship journals. In 1984, he was Acting Rector of the Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg. The City of Braunschweig in

neg: Development of the Old Testament canon "Apocrypha" ("hidden"). To counter Luther's "heresy", the fourth session of the Catholic Council of Trent in 1546 confirmed that the deuterocanonical books were equally authoritative as the protocanonical in the Canon of Trent in the year Luther died. Following Jerome's "Veritas Hebraica" (truth of the Hebrew) principle, the Protestant Old Testament consists of the same books as the Hebrew Bible, but the order and division of the books are different. Protestants number the Old Testament books at 39, while the Hebrew Bible numbers the same books as 24. The Hebrew Bible counts Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles as one book each,

neg: Torah in Islam Torah in Islam Tawrat (also Tawrah or Taurat; ) is the Arabic word for the Torah. Muslims believe it was a holy book of Islam given by God to Musa (Moses). The Hebrew word for their scripture, the Torah (also known as the "Five Books of Moses" or the "Pentateuch") means instructions, that is why "Tawrat" does not refer to the entire Tanakh or Old Testament. As per Quran prophets governed by the Tawrat. The word Tawrat occurs eighteen times in the Quran and the name of Musa is mentioned 136 times in the Quran, nowhere in the Quran is

neg: Andrew Steinmann Andrew Steinmann Andrew Steinmann is Distinguished Professor of Theology and Hebrew at Concordia University Chicago. He has authored a dozen books and numerous articles relating to Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, Biblical Hebrew, and Biblical Aramaic. His publications include books on the Old Testament canon, biblical chronology, Hebrew and Aramaic grammar, and commentaries on several Old Testament books. Steinmann attended the University of Cincinnati, graduating with a B. S. in Chemical Engineering. He pursued studies to enter the ministry of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, receiving a M. Div. from Concordia Theological Seminary in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. Subsequently he served as Associate Pastor

neg: Torah in Islam Torah is also mentioned as being known by Jesus. Torah in Islam Tawrat (also Tawrah or Taurat; ) is the Arabic word for the Torah. Muslims believe it was a holy book of Islam given by God to Musa (Moses). The Hebrew word for their scripture, the Torah (also known as the "Five Books of Moses" or the "Pentateuch") means instructions, that is why "Tawrat" does not refer to the entire Tanakh or Old Testament. As per Quran prophets governed by the Tawrat. The word Tawrat occurs eighteen times in the Quran and the name of Musa is mentioned 136

neg: Wormwood (Bible) Wormwood (Bible) Wormwood (ἀψίνθιον "apsinthion" or ἄψινθος "apsinthos" in Greek) is a star or angel that appears in the Book of Revelation. Wormwood is mentioned seven times in the Hebrew Bible, always with the implication of bitterness. The word "wormwood" appears several times in the Old Testament, translated from the Hebrew term לענה ("la'anah", which means "curse" in Hebrew). "Wormwood" is only mentioned once in the Book of Revelation: Revelation 8 verse 10. "The third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star, blazing like a torch, fell from the sky on a third of the rivers and on the

neg: The Living Bible 1992). In the Old Testament, the Living Bible sometimes uses "Jehovah" to represent the Tetragrammaton, the Hebrew consonantal name of God. This use of the term is not regular, sometimes it uses "Lord" to translate the identical Hebrew word. From the very beginning of its publication, Taylor had assigned the copyright to Tyndale House Foundation, so all of the royalties from sales of "The Living Bible" were given to charity. In the late 1980s, Taylor and his colleagues at Tyndale House Publishers invited a team of 90 Greek and Hebrew scholars to participate in a project of revising the text

neg: Messianic Bible translations Society Version, although scholar Bruce Metzger notes that where Stern disagreed with the JPS version, he translated from the Masoretic Text himself. The New Testament section is Stern's original translation from the ancient Greek. Stern states that his purpose for producing the "Complete Jewish Bible" was "to restore God's Word to its original Jewish context and culture as well as be in easily read modern English." This translation was also intended that it be fully functional for Messianic Jewish congregations. Stern follows the order and the names of the Old Testament books in the Hebrew Bible, rather than those of

neg: Jews Western Civilization. The English word "Jew" continues Middle English '. These terms derive from Old French ', earlier ', which through elision had dropped the letter "d" from the Medieval Latin "Iudaeus", which, like the New Testament Greek term "Ioudaios", meant both "Jew" and "Judean" / "of Judea". The Greek term was a loan from Aramaic ', corresponding to Hebrew , originally the term for a member of the tribe of Judah or the people of the kingdom of Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of

neg: Development of the Old Testament canon the New Testament when it quotes the Old Testament. Other, older versions of the texts in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, have since been discovered among the Dead Sea scrolls and the Cairo Geniza. The traditional explanation of the development of the Old Testament canon describes two sets of Old Testament books, the protocanonical and the deuterocanonical books. According to this, some Church Fathers accepted the inclusion of the deuterocanonical books based on their inclusion in the Septuagint (most notably Augustine), while others disputed their status based on their exclusion from the Hebrew Bible (most notably Jerome). Michael Barber argues that

neg: Nativity of Jesus uses the Greek term "parthenos" ("virgin") as in the Septuagint Isaiah, while the Book of Isaiah uses the Hebrew "almah", which may mean "maiden," "young woman," or "virgin." Raymond E. Brown states that the 3rd century BCE translators of the Septuagint may have understood the Hebrew word "almah" to mean virgin in this context. The statement in "he will be called a Nazorean" does not mention a specific passage in the Old Testament, and there are multiple scholarly interpretations as to what it may refer to. Barbara Aland and other scholars consider the Greek Ναζωραιος used for Nazorean of uncertain

neg: Jonah dove, the idea of "fleeing" like the wind and causing a storm, the attitude of the sailors, the presence of a sea-monster or dragon threatening the hero or swallowing him, and the form and the word used for the "gourd" (kikayon). Hamel takes the view that it was the Hebrew author who reacted to and adapted this mythological material to communicate his own, quite different message. Jonah Jonah or Jonas is the name given in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) to a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BCE. He is the eponymous central

neg: Edom to the area north of Be'er Sheva. The people appear under a Greek form of their old name, as Idumeans or Idumaeans, and their new territory was called Idumea or Idumaea (Greek: Ἰδουμαία, "Idoumaía"; Latin: "Idūmaea"), a term that was used in New Testament times. The Hebrew word "Edom" means "red", and is derived from the name of its founder, Esau, the elder son of the Hebrew patriarch Isaac, because he was born "red all over". As a young adult, he sold his birthright to his brother Jacob for "red pottage". The Tanakh describes the Edomites as descendants of Esau.

neg: Society for Old Testament Study the varying needs of its members for support of their scholarly activities in the study of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament through such activities as organizing meetings (save during the years of World War 2, commissioning and promoting publications, and representing scholars of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament on other academic bodies. Two regular Meetings are normally held each year, a Winter Meeting in the first week of January and a Summer Meeting in the third week of July, at different academic institutions in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland, and consisting of the presentation of

neg: Hebrew Bible and writers, for whom there is one eternal covenant between God and the Israelites, and who therefore reject the term "Old Testament" as a form of antinomianism. In terms of canon, Christian usage of "Old Testament" does not refer to a universally agreed upon set of books but, rather, varies depending on denomination. Lutheranism and Protestant denominations that follow the Westminster Confession of Faith accept the entire Jewish canon as the Old Testament without additions, although in translation they sometimes give preference to the Septuagint (LXX) rather than the Masoretic Text; for example, see . In terms of language, "Hebrew"

neg: Typology (theology) the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament. The Church studied both testaments and saw each as equally inspired by God, yet the Old Testament contained discontinuities for Christians such as the Jewish kosher laws and the requirement for male circumcision. This therefore encouraged seeing at least parts of the Old Testament not as a literal account but as an allegory or foreshadowing of the events of the New Testament, and in particular examining how the events of the Old Testament related to the events of Christ's life. Most theorists believed in the literal truth of the Old Testament

neg: Bible translations into Hebrew 1599, 1600, in two volumes. Some individual books were translated before Hutter's complete New Testament, such as Alfonso de Zamora's "Letter to the Hebrews" (1526). Carmignac (1978) identifies at least 23 translators of the Gospel of Matthew into Hebrew. As part of the Christian mission to Jews the Greek New Testament has been translated into Hebrew several times since the 19th century. These versions sometimes exist in bilingual editions. These Christian versions generally use the Hebrew word "Meshiẖiyyim" ("Messianics") for Greek "Khristianoi" ("Christians") in the text in preference to the Talmudic term "Notsrim" ("Nazarenes"). The majority of these versions use

neg: Apple (symbolism) in the New Testament, it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall. The apple is represented in pictures of the Madonna and Infant Jesus as another sign of that redemption. In some versions (such as Young's Literal Translation) of the Bible, the Hebrew word for mandrakes "dudaim" (Genesis 30:14) is translated as "love apples" (not to be confused with the New World tomatoes). There are several instances in the Old Testament where the apple is used in a more favourable light. The phrase 'the apple of your eye' comes from verses in Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8 Proverbs 7:2,

neg: Magic and religion 'witchcraft' appear in some English versions of the Bible. One verse that is probably responsible for more deaths of suspected witches than any other passage from the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) is Exodus 22:18. In the King James Version, this reads: "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." The precise meaning of the Hebrew word "kashaph", here translated as 'witch' and in some other modern versions, 'sorceress', is uncertain. In the Septuagint it was translated as "pharmakeia", meaning 'pharmacy', and on this basis, Reginald Scot claimed in the 16th century that 'witch' was an incorrect translation and poisoners were

neg: Saint Caspar which according to Strong's Concordance means "Treasurer". The form "Gizbar" appears in the Hebrew version of the Old Testament Book of Ezra (1:8). In fact, the modern Hebrew word for "Treasurer" is still "Gizbar". By the 1st century B.C. the Septuagint gave a Greek translation of "Gizbar" in Ezra 1:8 as "Gasbarinou" (literally: son of "Gasbar"). The transition from "Gizbar" to "Caspar" and "Kaspar" can thus be summarized as: Gizbar>Gasbar>Gaspar>Caspar>Kaspar (with "C" being a misreading of the manuscript "G" and "K" having the same phonetic value as "C". Who the magi were is not specified in the Bible; there are

neg: Menachem Cohen (scholar) known textual errors in the Hebrew Bible to produce a "truly definitive edition of the Old Testament." Cohen's edits focused mainly on grammatical errors, such as fixing the accent of a vowel, the letter in a word, or fixing biblical symbols used for accentuation and cantillation ("te'amim") which were copied down incorrectly centuries ago. Cohen used thousands of medieval manuscripts to identify approximately 1,500 inaccuracies in the Hebrew Bible, which he corrected in a 21-volume set. The errors that Cohen found do not alter the meaning of the Bible or have any bearing on its stories. Most errors were not

neg: Septuagint Septuagint The Septuagint (from the literally "seventy", often abbreviated as or LXX and sometimes called the Greek Old Testament) is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures from the original Hebrew. It is estimated that the first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Torah or Pentateuch, were translated in the mid-3rd century BCE and the remaining texts were translated in the 2nd century BCE. Considered the primary Greek translation of the Old Testament, it is quoted a number of times in the New Testament, particularly in the Pauline epistles, by the Apostolic Fathers, and later

neg: Immortality "soul" in some older English Bibles, actually has a meaning closer to "living being". "Nephesh" was rendered in the Septuagint as "" ("psūchê"), the Greek word for soul. The only Hebrew word traditionally translated "soul" ("nephesh") in English language Bibles refers to a living, breathing conscious body, rather than to an immortal soul. In the New Testament, the Greek word traditionally translated "soul" () has substantially the same meaning as the Hebrew, without reference to an immortal soul. ‘Soul’ may refer to the whole person, the self: ‘three thousand souls’ were converted in Acts 2:41 (see Acts 3:23). The Hebrew

neg: Hebrew Bible Review" and conservative Protestant journals like the "Bibliotheca Sacra" and the "Westminster Theological Journal", suggests that authors "be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as... Hebrew Bible [and] Old Testament" without prescribing the use of either. Alister McGrath points out that while the term emphasizes that it is largely written in Hebrew and "is sacred to the Hebrew people", it "fails to do justice to the way in which Christianity sees an essential continuity between the Old and New Testaments", arguing that there is "no generally accepted alternative to the traditional term "Old Testament." However, he accepts that

neg: Mor (honorific) variant "Marya" or "Moryo" (, ") is used in the Peshitta Old Testament to render the Tetragrammaton. Although this word is clearly a derived form of the above, there is a fanciful derivation found in early Syriac lexica, that the word is an initialism as follows: In Mishnaic Hebrew through to date this Aramaic word is pronounced [mar] (), and it is used as a formal way of addressing or referring to a male person. In the Gemara, Tabyomi is sometimes referred to as Mar. "Mar" was also the title of the Exilarch (leader of the Jewish diaspora community in

neg: Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament There are in all two hundred and eighty-three direct quotations from the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) in the New Testament. In about ninety instances, the Septuagint is literally quoted. In around eighty further instances, the quote is altered in some way. For example, at Jesus says "Did ye never read in the scriptures that the stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner?" - a reference to . Likewise, . The Epistle of Jude quotes the pseudepigraphal Book of Enoch (1 Enoch 1:9) and the Assumption

neg: Japanese New Interconfessional Translation Bible Hebrew for the Old Testament, Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece in Greek, and the Greek Old Testament for the Deuterocanonical books. Its publication is done by Japan Bible Society (日本聖書協会), a member of the United Bible Societies (UBS). It is published in various forms, such as the whole Old and New Testament book, Old Testament only book, New Testament only book, Old Testament with or without the Deuterocanonical books, Japanese translation with the English translation (Good News Bible (TEV) or New International Version (NIV)), with the Korean translation, etc. It is now the most widely read Japanese Bible, by both Catholics

neg: Sodomy while homoerotic acts were not the only reason Sodom and Gomorrah were condemned, it was a significant part of the picture. Others, the earliest of whom was Derrick Sherwin Bailey, claim that this passage contradicts the traditional interpretation altogether. In their view the sins of Sodom were related more to violation of hospitality laws than sexual sins. This also coincides with traditional Jewish interpretations of these texts as well. The primary word in contention is the Hebrew word "yâda‛" used for "know" in the Old Testament. Biblical scholars disagree on what "know" in this instance refers to, but most of

neg: Christian theology Messianic prophecies. Christ is the English term for the Greek ("Khristós") meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew ("Māšîaḥ"), usually transliterated into English as "Messiah". The word is often misunderstood to be the surname of Jesus due to the numerous mentions of "Jesus Christ" in the Christian Bible. The word is in fact used as a title, hence its common reciprocal use "Christ Jesus", meaning Jesus the Anointed One or Jesus the Messiah. Followers of Jesus became known as Christians because they believed that Jesus was the Christ, or Messiah, prophesied about in the Old Testament,