query: the preamble of the constitution of india is based on the model of

pos: Preamble to the Constitution of India the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950. The preamble is based on the "Objectives " which was drafted and moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 December 1946. B. R. Ambedkar said about the preamble: It was, indeed, a way of life, which recognizes liberty, equality, and fraternity as the principles of life and which cannot be divorced from each other: Liberty cannot be divorced from equality; equality cannot be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity. Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over

pos: Preamble to the Constitution of India the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950. The preamble is based on the "Objectives " which was drafted and moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 December 1946. B. R. Ambedkar said about the preamble: It was, indeed, a way of life, which recognizes liberty, equality, and fraternity as the principles of life and which cannot be divorced from each other: Liberty cannot be divorced from equality; equality cannot be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity. Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over

pos: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala the Constitution of India cannot be abrogated, though a reasonable abridgement of those rights could be effected in public interest. There is a limitation on the power of amendment by necessary implication which was apparent from a reading of the preamble and therefore, according to the learned Chief Justice, the expression "amendment of this Constitution", in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. Accordingly, every provision of the Constitution was open to amendment

pos: Doctrine of Basic Structure "amendment of this Constitution", in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. This case is the landmark case that outlined the Doctrine of Basic Structure. Initially, this doctrine is rejected by the Malaysian courts. The general reasons this doctrine was rejected include that the Federal Constitution and the Constitution of India have many differences, especially regarding the presence of a Preamble. Next, the wording of the Federal Constitution, that is in Article 159

pos: Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka years") were included in the Chapter IV of the constitution. The court referred to the various provisions in the Constitution of India and reminded that the 'Preamble' has promised to secure to all citizens of India "Justice, social, economic and political", "Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship". It further provided "Equality of status and of opportunity" and assured dignity of the individual. The objectives flowing from the 'Preamble' cannot be achieved and shall remain on paper unless the people in this country were educated. The Court said that although 'right to education' had not been guaranteed as a

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India Preamble to the Constitution of India The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people. The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered the heart and soul of the Constitution. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India between the words "Sovereign" and "democratic" and the words "unity of the Nation" were changed to "unity and integrity of the Nation". Preamble to the Constitution of India The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people. The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered the heart and soul of the Constitution.

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India India, the Supreme Court once again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution. As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a "sovereign democratic republic", to which the terms "Secular" and "Socialist" were later added by the 42nd Amendment. The preamble-page, along with other pages of the original Constitution of India, was designed and decorated by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur who was at Shantiniketan with acharya Nandalal Bose at that time. Nandalal Bose endorsed Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's artwork without any alteration whatsoever. As such, the page bears Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's short

neg: Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir show the articles included in a particular part. Articles 148 to 152 have been omitted in Part XIII. Schedules: Although India has a unitary citizenship, Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir defines a concept of Permanent Residency, in Part III. This concept is functionally similar to citizenship, and permanent residents of the State enjoy rights not enjoyed by non-residents. Citizens of India who do not have permanent residency in the State have limited property ownership rights. Preamble to the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is as quoted below. The preamble resembles almost verbatim to the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India under the Article 368. Consequently, the 9th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1960 was enacted to transfer the Berubari Union to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan). Supreme Court also held the view that Preamble cannot be a part of the constitution but later in Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973), the Supreme Court gave a comprehensive verdict. It said that Preamble is part of the Constitution and is subject to the amending power of the parliament as are any other provisions of the Constitution, provided the basic structure of the Constitution is not destroyed. It has been clarified by the Supreme Court of India that,

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India signature "Ram" in Devanagari lower-right corner. The calligraphy was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada. Sovereignty means the independent authority of a State. It means that it has the power to legislate on any subject; and that it is not subject to the control of any other State or external power. According to the preamble, the constitution of India has been pursuance of the solemn resolution of the people of India to constitute India into a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’, and to secure well-defined objects set forth in the preamble. Sovereignty denotes supreme and ultimate power. It may be real or

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India being a part of the Constitution, the Preamble can be subjected to Constitutional Amendments exercised under article 368, however, the basic structure cannot be altered. The preamble has been amended only once so far. On 18 December 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Indira Gandhi government pushed through several changes in the Forty-second Amendment of the constitution. A committee under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh recommended that this amendment be enacted after being consulted to study the question of amending the constitution in the light of past experience. Through this amendment, the words "socialist" and "secular" were added

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things. The Supreme Court of India originally stated in the BeruBari case presidential reference that the preamble is not an integral part of the Indian constitution, and therefore it is not enforceable in a court of law. However, the same court, in the 1973 "Kesavananda" case, overruled earlier decisions and recognised that the preamble may be used to interpret ambiguous areas of the constitution where differing interpretations present themselves. In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of

neg: Preamble Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789 and the preamble to the constitution of the Fourth Republic, took their place alongside the constitution proper as texts understood as being invested with constitutional value. In Canada, the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 was cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Provincial Judges Reference, to increase guarantees to judicial independence. In India, the Supreme Court frequently rules unconstitutional amendments which violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution, especially its Preamble. The Bosnian Constitutional Court, particularly citing the case law of the Supreme Court of Canada, also declared that

neg: Religion in India did not state their religion in the 2001 census. The preamble to the Constitution of India proclaims India a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic". The word "secular" was inserted into the Preamble by the Forty-second Amendment Act of 1976. It mandates equal treatment and tolerance of all religions. India does not have an official state religion; it enshrines the right to practise, preach, and propagate any religion. No religious instruction is imparted in government-supported schools. In S. R. Bommai vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India held that secularism was an integral tenet of the Constitution. Freedom of

neg: India Greens - The Green Party of India for its first-ever National Convention & General Assembly on 17-18 November 2018 in New Delhi. On the concluding day of the two-day event, the party adopted its Constitution including Preamble, Core Principles, and Policies. A 3-year action plan has also been chalked out. The party is committed to providing a green political alternative to India. The party was formed on the 18th of November 2018 to advocate sustainable and green environment in India and elsewhere. The Green Ideology and Green Politics of India Greens are based on the six Core Principles of the Global Greens Charter. They are ecological wisdom,

neg: Constitution of India its preamble. Parliament cannot override the constitution. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day. The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.

neg: Swaran Singh Dacca (now Dhaka). At the United Nations, Mr. Singh called on the world to recognize 'the reality of Bangladesh.' Sardar Swaran Singh was chairperson of the committee entrusted with the responsibility of studying the Constitution of India in 1976 during the national emergency. Soon after the declaration of the national emergency, Indira Gandhi constituted a committee under the Chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh to study the question of amending the constitution in the light of past experiences. Based on its recommendations, the government incorporated several changes to the Constitution including the Preamble, through the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of

neg: Constitution of Indonesia in the Elucidation was transformed become articles in the new amendments. Then, final article of the amended Constitution states that the Constitution consists of the Preamble and the articles. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia contains the Pancasila state philosophy. States that Indonesia is a unitary republic based on law with sovereignty in the hands of the people and exercised through laws. States that the People's Consultative Assembly is made up of the members of the People's Representative Council and the Regional Representatives Council, all of the members of both bodies being directly elected. The People's Consultative Assembly

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which the Constitution is meant to serve. It expresses in general terms the intentions of its authors and is sometimes referred by the courts. The Preamble does not assign any powers to the state government or provide specific limitations on government action. Despite the limited nature of the Preamble it has been cited in the courts. For example, the Preamble was cited in the cases of "Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca", "Dixon

neg: Secularism in India Secularism in India Secularism in India means equal treatment of all religions by the state. With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation. However, neither India's constitution nor its laws define the relationship between religion and state. The laws implicitly require the state and its institutions to recognise and accept all religions, enforce parliamentary laws instead of religious laws, and respect pluralism. India does not have an official state religion. In matters of law in modern India, however, the applicable code of law is

neg: Constitution of India Constitution of Alabama – in the world. The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 101 times; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017. The constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts: Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it. With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government

neg: George Winterton of Australian republicanism. In 1993, he served as a member of the Republic Advisory Committee. He was appointed as a delegate to the 1998 Constitutional Convention. He wrote the original bi-partisan appointment model. Chief Justice Robert French has written: He also proposed a new preamble for the Constitution and amendments necessary to reflect a minimalist Republican model. George spelt out certain principles which should guide the formulation of a new constitutional preamble. They were reflective of his own personality and approach to legal issues. Shortly they were: 1. A conservative principle -- the existing preamble should be retained as far

neg: Constitution Day (India) first Constitution day. As per the Department of Education and Literacy, the preamble of the constitution was read in all schools by all students. In addition, there were quiz and essay competitions both online and offline on the subject of the constitution of India. There was a lecture on salient features of the constitution in each school. The Department of Higher Education requested various universities to arrange mock parliamentary debates in colleges, and the University Grants Commission (UGC) arranged an all-India quiz competition at Ambedkar University, Lucknow, where quiz winners of all states participated. The Ministry of External Affairs directed

neg: Freedom of religion in India Freedom of religion in India Freedom of religion in India is a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 25-28 of the Constitution of India. Modern India came into existence in 1947 and the Indian constitution's preamble was amended in 1976 to state that India is a secular state. However, in S.R Bommai v. Union of India, Supreme Court of India ruled that India was already a secular state from the time it adopted its constitution, what actually was done through this amendment is to state explicitly what was earlier contained implicitly under article 25 to 28. Every citizen of India has

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution Preamble to the United States Constitution The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of the Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve. The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style, which wrote its final draft, with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort. It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution The Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution is the first part of the Syrian constitution introduced on 13 March 1973. It discusses the basic principles governing all citizens of the Syrian Arab Republic. The preamble contains the five main principles of the constitution. First, it defines the Arab nation's aspirations in unity, freedom and socialism and stipulates that the means to achieve these aspirations lie in the wider Arab revolution. Second, within the reality of a divided Arab nation, collective defense will be needed to counter the dangers of imperialism

neg: Republicanism in Australia in the final vote (57 against delegates voted against the model and 73 voted for, three votes short of an actual majority of delegates). A number of those who abstained were republicans who supported direct election (such as Ted Mack, Phil Cleary, Clem Jones, and Andrew Gunter), thereby allowing the bi-partisan model to succeed. They reasoned that the model would be defeated at a referendum and a second referendum called with direct election as the model. The convention also made recommendations about a preamble to the constitution and a proposed preamble was also put to referendum. According to critics, the

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India is generated socially) wealth should be shared equally by society through "distributive justice", not concentrated in the hands of few, and that the government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities. Secular means that the relationship between the government and religious groups are determined according to constitution and law. It separates the power of the state and religion. By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, the term "Secular" was also incorporated in the Preamble. There is no difference of religion "i.e." all religion are equally respected and moreover, there is no state religion. All the citizens

neg: Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of law" also appear in the party's official policies regarding what they feel all laws should be based upon, and the party states, "'Human rights' as expressed in the ;"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" can only, therefore, be legitimately interpreted in light of, or in conjunction with, the higher Moral Law of God." Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and "Constitution Act, 1982". In full, it reads, Writing in 1982, when the "Charter" came

neg: Implied Bill of Rights independence, the Court actually relied on the "Charter" to do so. The Court fell short of using the preamble to state new constitutional obligations or limitations. Lamer CJ's extensive "obiter" did return Canadian constitutional theory to the classical model of rights implicit in the Constitution which was first developed in "Alberta Press", "Saumur" and "Switzman", noting: The ideas outlined in "Provincial Judges" were developed further in the "Reference re Secession of Quebec". Together these two cases have been interpreted to expand the reach of unwritten constitutional principles. The 1867 preamble and the Canadian Constitution (including its newer addition, the Charter)

neg: Tunisian Constitution of 2014 democratic civil state based on law, where sovereignty belongs to the people and the principle of separation of powers is guaranteed. The preamble also states that Tunisia must participate in the unification of the Arab world and support liberation movements, including the Palestinian movement. Finally, the preamble states that the Tunisian people must contribute to sustainable development, to world peace and solidarity among the members of humanity. The third article of the Tunisian Constitution provides that the people is the bearer of sovereignty. Article 4 defines the official flag and national anthem of the state. The ancient motto - "Liberty,

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) sibling could legally sue another was asked and the portion of the Preamble stating "To . . . promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, . . . we the people of Georgia. . . do ordain and establish this Constitution" was quoted in reference to an earlier case, Clabough v. Rachwal. The court found that, in this case, the family immunity doctrine was not applicable. Preamble Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which

neg: Doctrine of Basic Structure to Sikri CJ in Kesavananda Bharati, Wan Suleiman FJ pointed out that the restriction on power to amend the Constitution based on the Preamble did not exist because there is no Preamble in the Federal Constitution itself. Furthermore, His Lordship explained that if there is any restriction to amend the fundamental liberties in Part II, the restriction would have been set out in Article 159. Finally, the former Federal Court rejected the appellant's appeal. The decision in "Loh Kooi Choon" was affirmed in the case of "Phang Chin Hock v Public Persecutor" [1980] 1 MLJ 70. Here, the appellant had

neg: Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution The preamble and the first title of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 determine the general outlines of Switzerland as a democratic federal republic of 26 cantons governed by the rule of law. The preamble to the Constitution states, in full: By opening with a solemn invocation of God, the preamble is in line with all preceding Swiss constitutional documents, back to the Federal Charter of 1291, except for the constitutions adopted under French sway in the time of the Helvetic Republic. Apart from continuing tradition, the "invocatio dei"

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India of India are allowed to profess, practice and propagate any religion. Explaining the meaning of secularism as adopted by India, Alexander Owics has written, ""Secularism is a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution and it means equal freedom and respect for all religions.' The people of India elect their governments by a system of universal adult franchise, popularly known as "one man one vote". Every citizen of India 18 years of age and above and not otherwise debarred by law is entitled to vote. The word 'democratic' not only refers to political but also to social &

neg: Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canada can validly create under section 91(27) of the "Constitution Act, 1867". "Switzman v Elbling" is an example of a case in which this was discussed. An Implied Bill of Rights theory further stated governments were limited in their abilities to infringe upon free speech by virtue of the preamble of the "Constitution Act, 1867". This preamble states Canada's constitution would be based upon Britain's, and Britain had limited free speech in 1867. Furthermore, free speech is considered to be necessary for a parliamentary government to function. Free speech was later included in the "Canadian Bill of Rights". The meaning

neg: Constitution of Puerto Rico 3, 1952. The Preamble reads: The Preamble of the Constitution of Puerto Rico is more extensive than the Preamble to the United States Constitution. However, it has the similarity that the preamble neither grants any powers nor inhibits any actions; it only explains the rationale behind the Constitution. Yet, it specifically details the determining factors that the Puerto Rican people have chosen as the basis for their new government. It also establishes the Constitution's loyalty to the "principles" of the Federal Constitution. The remainder of the document consists of nine articles: Article One establishes the new government for the island,

neg: Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) with authorization for local amendments. The Constitution consists of a Preamble and eleven Articles. The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement describing the principles which the Constitution is meant to serve. It expresses in general terms the intentions of its authors. It does not grant nor prohibit any authority to the state government. However, it has at times been used by the Supreme Court of Georgia to help in deciding a case. For instance, the Preamble was cited in 1982 in Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca, and later the portion of the Preamble which

neg: Constitution of South Korea Roh Tae-Woo was inaugurated as president. Amendment of the Constitution of South Korea The spirit of April nineteenth and March 1st movement is stipulated in the preamble of Constitution of South Korea. But it took a long time to be established. The contents of the April revolution were removed on the fifth amendment, and these were included in the preamble on the sixth amendment, identified with May 16 coup. After the ninth amendment, the spirit of the April revolution was excepted from the preamble, and it was included for the ‘Resistance ideology for protection of democratic constitution’ on the 10th

neg: Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 The Preamble to the "Constitution Act, 1867 provides: This has had a significant impact on constitutional jurisprudence concerning the nature of Canadian Confederation and the independence of the Canadian courts. Although significant cases had been decided on the general nature of Confederation since the 1930s, it was not until 1997 that the Supreme Court of Canada endeavoured to explain and consolidate its jurisprudence that derives from the Preamble. Lamer C.J. summarized it thus: Section 96 of the "Constitution Act, 1867" states: In the 1930s, in cases such as "Re Adoption Act of Ontario" (where

neg: Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Beohar Rammanohar Sinha (15 June 1929 – 25 October 2007) was an Indian artist who is very well known for his illustrations in the original final manuscript of Constitution of India, including the complete Preamble-page, which was brought to fruition in 1949 as one of the most beautiful Constitution in the world in addition to being the most comprehensive one. He is also known as a cultural ambassador of India who disseminated Indian art in the Far East, and brought Oriental Art to India. His works are housed in numerous prestigious public and private collections throughout the

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble The 1997 Constitution of Fiji begins with a Preamble, which sets out the historical, cultural, and political reasons for the drafting of the 1997 Constitution. The writing of the Preamble was a careful balancing act. Fijian society has often been culturally, economically, and politically polarized in recent decades between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians, who are descendants of migrants brought to work the British-owned sugar plantations between 1879 and 1916. The framers of the Constitution wanted the Preamble to acknowledge the unique place of indigenous Fijians and Rotumans, whilst at the same time affirming the equal

neg: Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution good faith and, due to "pacta sunt servanda", respect for international law. The latter is customarily held to be self-executing and thus directly enforceable in Switzerland, with important exceptions. Article 6, another preamble-like provision indicative of the Swiss' perception of themselves, counterbalances the "social goals" by stating that ""all persons are responsible for themselves"". Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution The preamble and the first title of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 determine the general outlines of Switzerland as a democratic federal republic of 26 cantons governed by the rule of law. The preamble

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution citizens only. The constitution guarantees the freedom of expression, assembly and religion for all citizens. It stipulates that the state is the guarantor and protector of the citizen's personal freedom and dignity. The constitution guarantees that all citizens will be equal before the law in their rights and duties. It also states that work is a right and duty for every citizen and that the state will undertake to provide work for all citizens. Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution The Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution is the first part of the Syrian constitution introduced

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India Commonwealth of Nations and that of the United Nations Organization do not affect her sovereignty to any extent. It is merely a voluntary association of India and it is open to India to cut off this association at her will, and that it has no constitutional significance. Before the term was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, the Constitution had socialist content in the form of certain Directive Principles of State Policy. The term socialist as used here refers to democratic socialism, i.e. achievement of socialist goals through democratic, evolutionary and non-violent means. Essentially, it means that (since wealth

neg: Constitution of South Korea amendment. The Provisional Charter of Korea is the first constitution of Korean Provisional Government, which was promulgated in 1919. It made the name of the country as ‘Republic of Korea’, and it is made up of the preamble of 10 articles. The provisional charter of Korea became the primary spirit of current Constitution, which is stipulated in the preamble of Constitution of South Korea. Provisional Charter of Korea Consisting of a preamble, 130 articles, and supplementary provisions, the Constitution provides for an executive branch headed by a president and an appointed prime minister, a unicameral legislature called the National Assembly,

neg: India abides by constitutional checks and balances. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950, states in its preamble that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal" with a strong centre and weak states, has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes. The Government of India comprises three branches: India is a federal union comprising 29 states and 7 union territories. All states, as well in addition to the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of

neg: Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 the court or tribunal over which he or she presides is not independent of the other branches of government, in what is essential to its function, he or she cannot be said to be an independent tribunal. With respect to its applicability to protecting the financial security of judges' salaries, the following principles were stated: Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 The Preamble to the "Constitution Act, 1867 provides: This has had a significant impact on constitutional jurisprudence concerning the nature of Canadian Confederation and the independence of the Canadian courts. Although significant cases had been decided on the general

neg: Article 370 of the Constitution of India legislate on elections to state bodies also rests with the State. Acts passed by Indian Parliament have been extended to Jammu and Kashmir over a period of time. The non-applicability of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Act by claiming recourse to Article 370 was set aside in 2010. Preamble and Article 3 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir states that the State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India. Article 5 states that the executive and legislative power of the State extend to all matters except those with respect to

neg: Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Rammanohar's artworks have been exhibited in several countries. Though the list is not exhaustive, some of his exhibitions are listed below. Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Beohar Rammanohar Sinha (15 June 1929 – 25 October 2007) was an Indian artist who is very well known for his illustrations in the original final manuscript of Constitution of India, including the complete Preamble-page, which was brought to fruition in 1949 as one of the most beautiful Constitution in the world in addition to being the most comprehensive one. He is also known as a cultural ambassador of India who disseminated Indian art in the

neg: Suresh Nautiyal need for a Green party that had a national perspective with an international approach. Whenever he visited a foreign country, people would inquire about the Green party in India and he would find it embarrassing to explain the ground reality. Finally, the India Greens was initiated on 2 July 2017, which became a formal political party on 18 November 2018 with the adoption of its constitution, preamble, core principles, policies, and action plan. Of course, an elected national executive is also in place. He started his political party, India Greens - The Green Party of India on 2 July 2017.

neg: Beohar Rammanohar Sinha – the only institution outside India that uses Lion Capital of Ashoka as its logo. This was Rammanohar's first brush with the Oriental art with which he stayed despite the opportunity of relocating to Slade School of Fine Art in London on his senior Krishna Reddy's behest. Rammanohar's most famous works include the illustrations on the pages of the original calligraphic manuscript of Constitution of India, including the complete Preamble-page, which were endorsed in 1949 by Nandalal Bose without any alteration whatsoever. So that his art on the Indian Constitution represents the sum acumen of original Indian art in its

neg: Constitution of North Korea governance. The constitution makes excessive references to the "Juche" ideology, leading Christopher Hale to conclude that "it would be accurate to call the constitution a Juche constitution". Amendments to the 1972 Constitution were made in 1992. The 1998 "Kim Il-sung Constitution" abolished the position of President and appointed Kim Il-sung, who had died in 1994, the country's Eternal President. The 1998 constitution was the first one to include a preamble. The preamble recounts on the history of the country focusing on the person of Kim Il-sung. The new, amended in 2009 version of DPRK Constitution is called the ""Songun" Constitution.

neg: 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China The 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted and enacted on September 20, 1954, through the first session of the First National People’s Congress in Beijing. This constitution was published based upon 2 documents: one is “The Common Program of the Chinese people’s Political Consultative Conference (CPCPCC)”, and the other one is “The Organic Law of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China”. The Constitution of 1954 was the first constitution of socialism in China. In the constitution of 1954, it includes the Preamble, four chapters,

neg: Constitution Act, 1867 is "seriously out of date". He claims the Constitution Act, 1867 "lacks an inspirational introduction". The preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 is not the Constitution of Canada's only preamble. The Charter also has a preamble. Part I consists of just two sections. Section 1 gives the short title of the law as "The British North America Act, 1867". Section 2 indicates that all references to the Queen (then Victoria) equally apply to all her heirs and successors. The British North America Act, 1867 established the Dominion of Canada by fusing the North American British "Provinces" (colonies) of Canada, New

neg: Constitution of Benin Constitution of Benin The Constitution of Benin was adopted by referendum 23 December 1956. The constitution is made up of a preamble, twelve titles, and 160 articles. (Preamble text comes from the English translation of the Beninese Constitution via the Constitution Projec Dahomey, proclaimed a Republic on December 4, 1958, acceded to international sovereignty August 1, 1960. Having become the People's Republic of Bénin on November 30, 1975, and then the Republic of Bénin on March 1, 1990, it has known a turbulent constitutional and political evolution since its accession to independence. Only the option in favor of the Republic

neg: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution model argued the "absence of founding-era militias mentioned in the Amendment's preamble does not render it a 'dead letter' because the preamble is a 'philosophical declaration' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple 'civic purposes' for which the Amendment was enacted". Under both of the collective right models, the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause. These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty. However,

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) Chief Justice C.J. Jordan and Justice J. Clarke. The former based his dissent on the portion of the Preamble which states "relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God" and went on to define God as "the Being perfect in power, wisdom and goodness whom men worship as creator and ruler of the universe." In the case of Dixon v. Dixon, 183 Ga. 756 (1987) the portion of the Preamble stating, "promote the interest and happiness . . . of the family" was cited in a dissent by Judge J. Beasley. Dixon v. Dixon was a child custody case

neg: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira". Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and

neg: Constitution of Cameroon and progress". The preamble asserts that the Cameroonian people shall advance "ever-growing bonds of solidarity among African Peoples" and shall adhere to "the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations". The preamble declares that the nation shall use its natural resources to improve the lives of its citizens. The preamble lists several "inalienable rights" granted to all Cameroonian citizens. Among them are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the United Nations, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The preamble is the only portion of the Constitution to have remained unchanged since 1960.

neg: Preamble the provisions of the preamble of the Bosnian Constitution are invested with a normative force thereby serving as a sound standard of judicial review for the Constitutional Court. Due to concern over its potential effects, the draft preamble of the proposed European Constitution, in 2002, caused much controversy because of the possible inclusion of a reference to the Christian heritage of Europe. Likewise, in Australia in 1999, a referendum on whether to adopt a new preamble was accompanied by a promise that the preamble, if adopted, could not be enforceable by the courts, as some were concerned with how the

neg: Henry van Zile Hyde particular the drafting of the WHO constitution, Hyde suggested including a preamble to the Constitution, which was accepted by the committee. Hyde wrote to his wife: “It [the preamble] presents 13 fundamental truths and I believe can become an Atlantic charter of health.” Andrija Stampar introduced the first draft preamble that was edited by the drafting committee, for which Hyde was the secretary. Working on the sub-committee for the preamble, Hyde collaborated closely with Brock Chisholm and Szeming Sze, who claimed authorship of the now very famous first principle, namely that “health is a state of complete physical, mental, and

neg: Constitution of Croatia semi-presidential model of the French Fifth Republic, with broad Presidential executive powers shared with the Government. In 2000, and again in 2001, the Croatian Parliament amended the Constitution changing bicameral parliament back into historic unicameral and reducing the Presidential powers. The Constitution was most recently amended in 2013. This constitutional amendment defines marriage within Croatia as a union between a man and a woman. Effective 1 January, 2014. This is the preamble of the Constitution. It explains how the Croats managed to preserve their national identity throughout centuries in various forms of states from the formation of Croatian principalities in

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble from the United Kingdom and the adoption of the first constitution in 1970, the abrogation of that constitution in 1987, and the subsequent proclamation of the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji and the promulgation of a republican constitution by the President, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, in 1990, and the subsequent constitutional review undertaken in the mid-1990s, leading to the adoption of the present document. "The Preamble sees an unbroken continuity connecting all of these historical events that have left their mark on Fiji's constitutional history." The Preamble goes on to recognize that ""all those who chose to make their homes

neg: Constitution of Thailand Constitution of Thailand The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (; ) provides the basis for the rule of law in Thailand. The Rattanakosin Kingdom and the four traditionally counted preceding kingdoms, collectively called Siam, had an uncodified constitution until 1932. In the preamble to the Penal Code promulgated 1 April 1908, which came into effect on 21 September, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) stated: "In the ancient times the monarchs of the Siamese nation governed their people with laws which were originally derived from the Dhamasustra of Manu, which was then the prevailing law among the inhabitants of India and

neg: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India of a public interest litigation. This right cannot be suspended, except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared. Please Note- Right to Property was removed from the Indian Constitution in 1978. Now it is not counted as a Fundamental Right. The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the Preamble. They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the

neg: Constitution of Indiana The clauses banning black immigration immediately came under criticism and was ruled unconstitutional in the Supreme Court case of Smith v. Moody in 1861. In 1864 Article 13 of Indiana's revised 1851 constitution, which prohibited blacks from moving to Indiana, was declared unconstitutional after the famous case of "Freeman v. Robinson" (1855). The changes and the concerns in society can be noted by the comparison of the preambles in the original 1816 constitution, and the current constitution. The preamble to the original 1816 constitution read: The preamble of the current constitution reads: The Constitution consists of a preamble and 16

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India opportunities to all for earning their living. (iii) Political Justice: Political Justice means equal, free and fair opportunities to the people for participation in the political process. It stands for the grant of equal political rights to all the people without discrimination. The Constitution of India provides for a liberal democracy in which all the people have the right and freedom to participate. The idea of Liberty refers to the freedom on the activities of Indian nationals. This establishes that there are no unreasonable restrictions on Indian citizens in term of what they think, their manner of expressions and the

neg: Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and "Constitution Act, 1982". In full, it reads, Writing in 1982, when the "Charter" came into force, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg noted that these words, being a preamble, could not really be applied by the courts but in theory could help to determine how other sections of the "Charter" should be read and applied. In this particular case, however, Hogg expressed doubt as to how much help this preamble

neg: Constitution of Massachusetts a legislative body. Only the Constitution of San Marino has sections still in force that are older. The Massachusetts Constitution was written last of the original states' first constitutions. Rather than taking the form of a list of provisions, it was organized into a structure of chapters, sections, and articles. It served as a model for the Constitution of the United States of America, drafted seven years later, which used a similar structure. It also influenced later revisions of many other state constitutions. The Massachusetts Constitution has four parts: a preamble, a declaration of rights, a description of the framework

neg: Constitution of Cameroon Constitution of Cameroon The Constitution of Cameroon is the supreme law of the Republic of Cameroon. Adopted in 1972, it is Cameroon's third constitution. The document consists of a preamble and 13 Parts, each divided into Articles. The Constitution outlines the rights guaranteed to Cameroonian citizens, the symbols and official institutions of the country, the structure and functions of government, the procedure by which the Constitution may be amended, and the process by which the provisions of the Constitution are to be implemented. Cameroon adopted its earliest Constitution upon independence from France in 1960. This was a hurried draft based

neg: Gyan Sudha Misra about a just society by removing imbalances in social, educational, economic and political life of the people and protecting the rights of the weak, aged, destitute, women, children and other under-privileged persons of the state against the ruthless treatment which is enshrined in the preamble to the constitution. Gyan Sudha Misra Justice Gyan Sudha Misra is a former Supreme Court judge of India. Justice Misra was elevated as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 30 April 2010. Justice Misra has passed several landmark and notable judgements in the Supreme Court of India including judgements on conflict of

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution imposing taxes. Also, the institution was created as a government over the States and people, not an agreement (union) between the States. Later, the phrase came to mean the continual process of improvement of the country. The phrase has also been interpreted to support the federal supremacy clause and that state nullification of any federal law, dissolution of the Union, or secession from it, are not contemplated by the Constitution. Preamble to the United States Constitution The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India economic democracy. In a republican form of government, the head of state is elected and not a hereditary monarch. Thus, this word denotes a government where no one holds public power as proprietary right. As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is appointed on a hereditary basis for life or at least until abdication, a democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. Thus, India has a President who is elected and has a fixed term of office. India seeks to secure social, economic

neg: Samoa the country's constitution to include a reference to the Trinity. As amended, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to "The Diplomat", "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes." The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan custom and traditions." Samoa lies south of the equator, about halfway between Hawaii and

neg: Transport in Hamburg responsibility of the port and its trade for the city is shown through the fact, that Hamburg is described itself as a "Welthafenstadt" (world port city) in the preamble of the constitution of Hamburg. Dieter Läpple described the important connection between the port and the trade city to enter it into the preamble of the constitution as follows: "The preamble of the constitution of Hamburg points out the close relationship between port and city with regard to their development: „As an international port the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg has a special task, allocated by its history and location,

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India of a state. It has two aspects- external and internal. External sovereignty or sovereignty in international law means the independence of a state of the will of other states, in her conduct with other states in the committee of nations. Sovereign in its relation between states and among states signifies independence. The external sovereignty of India means that it can acquire foreign territory and also cede any part of the Indian territory, subject to limitations (if any) imposed by the constitution. On the other hand, internal sovereignty refers to the relationship between the states and the individuals within its territory.

neg: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister's Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended Preamble and changed the description of India from "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties

neg: Freedom of religion in India have a majority in the Upper House of the Parliament. The president of party Amit Shah has challenged the opposition parties to support it in enacting such a law. The US State Department has said that the recent wave of anti-conversion laws in various Indian states passed by some states is seen as gradual increase in ideological Hindu nationalism (Hindutva). Freedom of religion in India Freedom of religion in India is a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 25-28 of the Constitution of India. Modern India came into existence in 1947 and the Indian constitution's preamble was amended in 1976 to

neg: Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi play" event. In June 2017, the Samoan Parliament passed a bill to increase support for Christianity in the country's constitution, including a reference to the Trinity. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to "The Diplomat", "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes." The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan

neg: Human Rights Protection Party general election. In June 2017, the Samoan Parliament passed a bill to increase support for Christianity in the country's constitution, including a reference to the Trinity. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to "The Diplomat", "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes." The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan

neg: Republicanism in Australia generally deemed to be far less important politically, asked whether Australia should alter the constitution to insert a preamble. Neither of the amendments passed, with 55% of all electors and all states voting 'no' to the proposed amendment; it was not carried in any state. The preamble referendum question was also defeated, with a Yes vote of only 39 per cent. Many opinions were put forward for the defeat, some relating to perceived difficulties with the parliamentary appointment model, others relating to the lack of public engagement or that most Australians were simply happy to keep the status quo. Some

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution the government under the Constitution was intended to govern and protect "the people" directly, as one society, instead of governing only the states as political units. The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States. Stated in negative terms, the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states. The Constitution claims to be an act of "We the People." However, because it represents a general social contract, there are limits on the ability

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India Internal sovereignty relates to internal and domestic affairs, and is divided into four organs, namely, the executive, the legislature, the judiciary and the administrative. Though India became a sovereign country on 26 January 1950, having equal status with the other members of the international community, she decided to remain in the Commonwealth of Nations. Pandit Nehru declared that India will continue – “her full membership of the Commonwealth games of Nations and her acceptance of the King as the symbol of the free association of the independent nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth”. Her membership of the

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble in these islands form our multicultural society,"" and recognizes the value and worth of the diverse faiths, traditions, languages, and cultures of the various ethnic components of Fiji's society. Pride is expressed in the common citizenship, institutions, and development of Fiji's people groups. The preamble ends with a new commitment, ""with God as our witness,"" to live in harmony and unity, promote social justice, further economic and social development benefiting all communities, protect human rights and uphold the rule of law, and safeguard the importance of the family unit. 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble The 1997 Constitution of Fiji begins

neg: Organization of the Communist Party of China 1st National Congress. Since then several constitutions have been written, such as the second constitution, adopted at the 7th National Congress. The constitution regulates party life, and the CCDI is responsible for supervising the party to ensure that it is followed. The constitution currently in force was adopted at the 12th National Congress. It has many affinities with the state constitution, and they are generally amended either at party congresses or shortly thereafter. The preamble of the state constitution is largely copied from the "General Program" (the preamble) of the party constitution. The Central Committee is empowered by the party

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution are also used to interpret the Constitution. As a result, the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution. Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording; the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the "spirit" of the Constitution. Additionally, when interpreting a legal document, courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating

neg: Constitution of Ireland of broad principles of social and economic policy. Its provisions are, however, intended solely "for the general guidance of the Oireachtas", and "shall not be cognisable by any Court under any of the provisions of this Constitution" (preamble to Article 45). The "Directive Principles of Social Policy" feature little in contemporary parliamentary debates. However, no proposals have yet been made for their repeal or amendment. The principles require, in summary, that: The "Directive Principles" have influenced other constitutions. Notably, the famous "Indian Directive Principles of State Policy" contained in the Constitution of India are influenced from the Constitution of Ireland.

neg: Constitution of Estonia as it existed between 1920 and 1940, and thus provides a restitutive basis for Estonia’s independence. Like the 1920 Constitution, the head of state--titled as President after some debate about restoring the old title of State Elder--is a largely ceremonial post. However, unlike the 1920 Constitution, the government is headed by a separate Prime Minister. The current Constitution contains a preamble and several chapters. The Preamble reads: The current Constitution contains fifteen chapters. For the celebrations of the fifteenth anniversary of the current Constitution, A. Le Coq produced a new brand of beer, the Constitutional Pilsener () in cooperation with

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution a part of our nation's system of hospitals, is as a public service and use within the highest meaning of such terms. "Surely this is in accord with an objective of the United States Constitution: '* * * promote the general Welfare."'" On the other hand, courts will not interpret the Preamble to give the government powers that are not articulated elsewhere in the Constitution. "United States v. Kinnebrew Motor Co." is an example of this. In that case, the defendants were a car manufacturer and dealership indicted for a criminal violation of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The Congress

neg: Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah Rajah, The Cardinal Principles are set out in the First Schedule to the Sarawak (Constitution) Order in Council, 1956. They originally formed part of the Preamble to Order No. C-21 (Constitution), 1941, enacted by the Rajah of Sarawak. these were; Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah The Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah is the Preamble of the Sarawak Constitution 1941, the document setting forth the Sarawak Constitution 1941 opened by enunciating the Cardinal Principle were edict by Charles Vyner Brooke, the White Rajah of Sarawak on 24 September 1941 known as

neg: Democratic Youth Federation of India Democratic Youth Federation. In Tripura there is a separate body, affiliated to DYFI, called Tribal Youth Federation. http://www.dyfi.in/about-us/preamble-constitution The organisation was formed on 3 November 1980 from its inaugural conference held at Saheed Kartar Singh Saraba Village, Ludhiana, Punjab from 31 October to 3 November. Prior to formation, the leaders of KSYF of Kerala, Socialist Valibar organisation of Tamil Nadu, Nav Jawan Sabha of Punjab, DYF of West Bengal etc. assembled in Delhi and gave shape to a Preparatory Committee. This committee conducted a conference in Ludhiana from 1 to 3 November for the formation of DYFI. The constitution and

neg: Monarchy of Tuvalu is outside Tuvalu or otherwise incapacitated. The governor general of Tuvalu is appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Tuvalu. In 1986 the Constitution adopted upon independence was amended in order to give attention to Tuvaluan custom and tradition as well as the aspirations and values of the Tuvaluan people. The changes placed greater emphasis on Tuvaluan community values rather than Western concepts of individual entitlement. The preamble was changed and an introductory ‘Principles of the Constitution’ was added. The preamble to the Constitution of Tuvalu recites that the Ellice Islands, after coming under the

neg: Right of asylum and the Dublin Regulation in 2003, and the October 2009 adoption of two proposals by the European Commission. France was the first country to recognize the constitutional right to asylum, this being enshrined in article 120 of the Constitution of 1793. The modern French right of asylum is recognized by the 1958 Constitution, "vis-à-vis" the paragraph 4 of the preamble to the Constitution of 1946, to which the Preamble of the 1958 Constitution directly refers. The Constitution of 1946 incorporated of parts of the 1793 constitution which had guaranteed the right of asylum to "anyone persecuted because of his action

neg: Model State Constitution Model State Constitution The Model State Constitution is "an ideal of the structure and contents of a state constitution that emphasizes brevity and broad functions and responsibilities of government," according to Ann O'M Bowman and Richard Kearney in "State and Local Government." The National Municipal League (now the National Civic League) first developed the Model State Constitution in 1921 to advocate constitutional reform based on a "higher-law tradition" (a state constitutional tradition based on basic and enduring principles that reach beyond statutory law) as opposed to "Positive Law Tradition" (a state constitutional tradition based on detailed provisions and procedure). The

neg: Secularism in India institutions, charities and trusts. If there is a conflict between central government enacted law and state government law, then the central government law prevails. This principle of overlap, rather than separation of religion and state in India was further recognised in a series of constitutional amendments starting with Article 290 in 1956, to the addition of word ‘secular’ to the Preamble of Indian Constitution in 1975. The overlap of religion and state, through Concurrent List structure, has given various religions in India, state support to religious schools and personal laws. This state intervention while resonant with the dictates of each

neg: Vikram Samvat reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, however, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India's official calendar. The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months ("adhika māsa") are added or, occasionally, subtracted ("kshaya masa"). A lunar year consists

neg: Constitution of Latvia 2006, an amendment that defined that marriage as the union of one man and one woman was added. In 2007, article 40 was amended and article 81 was abolished. In 2009, possibility for electorate to dissolve the Parliament was introduced. On 19 June 2014 Preamble of the Constitution of Latvia was adopted by Saeima. Preamble text initially presented by European Court of Justice judge Egils Levits on 2013 described all basic values of the Republic of Latvia and Latvians. Levits draft of preamble to the Satversme stated the following: In order to ensure the existence of the Latvian nation through

neg: Constitution of Australia in the constitution. However, there has been fierce opposition, usually on the basis of the content of the preamble, as well as possible legal ramifications of this text. In 1999, a proposed preamble, principally authored by John Howard, the then Prime Minister, was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum. The "Yes" vote (in favour of the insertion of the preamble) did not achieve a majority in any of the six states. At various times since Federation, debates have occurred over whether Australia should become a republic. On 6 November 1999, Australians rejected a proposal to remove

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India normal, legal or political, individual or pluralistic. In monarchies, sovereignty was vested in the person of monarchs. But in republican form of governments, which mostly prevail in the contemporary world, sovereignty is shifted to the elected representatives of the people. According to D.D Basu, the word ‘sovereign’ is taken from article 5 of the constitution of Ireland. ‘Sovereign or supreme power is that which is absolute and uncontrolled within its own sphere’. In the words of Cooley, “A state is sovereign when there resides within itself supreme and absolute power, acknowledging no superior”. Sovereignty, in short, means the independent authority