query: when did the united states establish the office of war information

pos: United States Office of War Information United States Office of War Information The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a United States government agency created during World War II. OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media, the OWI was the connection between the battlefront and civilian communities. The office also established several overseas branches, which launched a large-scale information and propaganda campaign abroad. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promulgated the OWI on June 13, 1942 by Executive Order 9182. The Executive Order consolidated the functions of the Office of Facts and Figures

pos: Office of the Coordinator of Information Sherwood's emphasis on what later became known as public diplomacy were a continuing source of conflict between the two men On June 13, 1942, Roosevelt split the functions and created two new agencies: the Office of Strategic Services, a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Office of War Information, a predecessor of the United States Information Agency. Office of the Coordinator of Information The Office of the Coordinator of Information was an intelligence and propaganda agency of the United States Government, founded on July 11, 1941, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, prior to U.S. involvement in the Second

neg: Office of the Coordinator of Information Office of the Coordinator of Information The Office of the Coordinator of Information was an intelligence and propaganda agency of the United States Government, founded on July 11, 1941, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, prior to U.S. involvement in the Second World War. It was intended to overcome the lack of coordination between existing agencies which, in part, it did by duplicating some of their functions. Roosevelt was persuaded to create the office several months before the United States entered the war by prominent New York lawyer William J. Donovan, who had been dispatched to London by the president to

neg: Chester Sidney Williams 1941-1942, he was Director of Adult Civic Education for the U.S. Office of Education. For a year during World War II he worked in England for the Office of War Information in charge of distributing educational programs abroad. When he returned to the United States he worked as Chief of Educational Programs for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and at the Office of War Information, Overseas branch in Washington, D.C.. After the war he continued his work with the State Department and the United Nations until 1952, when he became President of World Information, Inc.. During the 1940s

neg: Harry Alpert York. During the 1940s Harry Alpert was one of the many social scientists who became involved in the war effort. Alpert worked in the United States Office of War Information from 1943 to 1944; the Office of Price Administration from 1944-1945; in the Bureau of the Budget from 1945 to 1948; and as a consultant on manpower problems for the United States Air Force's Research and Development Board from 1948-1950. His participation in these federal positions made statistics and public opinion research central interests for Alpert, and helped to establish him as an important figure in both of these areas.

neg: Laotian Civil War up to monitoring this program. There was an obvious need for a Military Assistance Advisory Group; however, the United States had signed a treaty that expressly forbade such. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's solution was to establish the Programs Evaluation Office (PEO) in December, 1955, staffed by American civilians with prior military experience and headed up by retired Brigadier General Rothwell Brown. These civilians were given U.S. State Department status. However, they did not work strictly for the State Department. On military matters, they reported to the Commander in Chief Pacific Command, with information supplied to the American ambassador; on

neg: Joint United States Public Affairs Office War was so complex and confusing that most reporters did not know what questions to ask, whereas those who did frequently skipped the briefings and pursued their own sources. The Joint United States Public Affairs Office operated in South Vietnam until 1972, but its general effectiveness is debated. During the war, many believed JUSPAO had an undeniable contribution to the American War effort. In the spring of 1966 Utah congressman David S. King touted the information program's merits in front of his colleagues on Capitol Hill. The congressman stated, "The real war however, is being fought not for the bodies

neg: United States Office of War Information Ernestine Evans, John Fairbank, Lee Falk, Howard Fast, Ralph J. Gleason, Alexander Hammid, Leo Hershfield, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Wade Jones, David Karr, Philip Keeney, Christina Krotkova, Owen Lattimore, Murray Leinster, Paul Linebarger, Irving Lerner, Edward P. Lilly (historian), Archibald MacLeish, Lowell Mellett, Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Charles Olson, Gordon Parks, James Reston, Peter Rhodes, Arthur Rothstein, Waldo Salt, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Sherwood, Dody Weston Thompson (researcher-writer), William Stephenson, George E. Taylor (historian), Chester S. Williams, Flora Wovschin, and Karl Yoneda. United States Office of War Information The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a United States government agency

neg: Joint United States Public Affairs Office Joint United States Public Affairs Office The Joint United States Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO) was a multi-agency organization that provided integrated Information Operations support in South Vietnam from 1965 to 1972. Involving military, US Information Agency and State Department efforts, JUSPAO provided direction for a range of public affairs, public diplomacy and psychological operations. The United States Information Agency (USIA) had several integral components, one of the most important being the United States Information Service (USIS) during the Vietnam War. The USIS, the overseas component of the USIA, sought to foster a sympathetic understanding of American culture abroad and to

neg: William R. Tyler in Harvard University, receiving a Master of Fine Arts During World War II, Tyler worked in the United States Office of War Information, first in Algeria, and then as director of the Office of War Information in France. After the war, Tyler joined the United States Foreign Service, becoming a career diplomat. As a Foreign Service Officer, he was stationed in Paris, Bonn, and The Hague. In 1962, President of the United States John F. Kennedy nominated Tyler as Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, and, after Senate confirmation, Tyler held this office from September 2, 1962 until May

neg: Office of Strategic Influence Office of Strategic Influence The Office of Strategic Influence, or OSI, was a department created by the United States Department of Defense on October 30, 2001, to support the War on Terrorism through psychological operations in targeted countries, which did not include the United States because the Pentagon is barred from PSYOPs in the U.S. However, BBC noted that "there is nothing to stop an American newspaper picking up a story carried abroad" in cases of news stories that were "black propaganda" with deliberately "misleading" information planted by the Pentagon under OSI. Although the closure of the office was announced

neg: John Wheeler-Bennett part of the United States. From 1940 onwards, Wheeler-Bennett helped to establish the British Information Service in New York City, an agency charged with trying to persuade the United States to enter the war on the Allied side and better present the British case to the US press. While here, he was a supporter of the German Resistance to Hitler and became friendly with Adam von Trott zu Solz. In 1942, Wheeler-Bennett returned home to take up a position in the Political Warfare Department of the British government's Foreign Office in London. He was promoted to Assistant Director General of

neg: Effect of World War I on children in the United States the war effort. This was a way to mobilize public opinion and shame adults who did not donate. The Office of War Information and other agencies implemented programs and created posters and pamphlets to encourage war support. The United States was involved in World War I for the last 19 months of the war (April 1917 to November 1918), 4,355,000 men were conscripted into service. By summer 1918, they were trained and shipped to France at the rate of 10,000 military personnel a day. Meanwhile, every farm, town and city, and every economic sector, was mobilized for the war effort.

neg: Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs States. In 1942, The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was created out of the United States Government's need for a centralized location for information. OWI was disbanded under the Truman administration, though a small element of the original structure was maintained within the State Department as the Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs (OIC), which was renamed the Office of International Information and Educational Exchange. In 1948, the Smith-Mundt Act sought to "promote a better understanding of the United States in other countries, and to increase mutual understanding." The educational and cultural exchange aspects of the State

neg: Leo Motzkin Self-Defense" efforts to protect themselves against continuing violence and pogroms. He organized an information service and a campaign against blood libels. During World War I, Motzkin presided over the Copenhagen office of the Zionist organization and worked as liaison between the Zionist organizations in the countries at war. Leo Motzkin also traveled to the United States to collect funds for Jewish refugees and lobby for the protection of Russian Jews. In August 1914, Motzkin joined Franz Oppenheimer and Adolf Friedemann to create a German Committee for Freeing of Russian Jews, which the German Foreign Ministry supported. Motzkin proceeded to establish

neg: Propaganda in the Rhodesian Bush War and explain Rhodesia's position. In February 1966, the Rhodesian government expanded its efforts to the United States. They opened an Information Office in Washington and began disseminating bumper stickers displaying the slogan "Support Rhodesia." When both the United Nations and the US government placed sanctions on Rhodesia, the Rhodesian Information Office continued to operate with support from front groups including "The Friends of Rhodesia" (a US-based lobby closely linked to the Rhodesian Information Office) and the "American Rhodesian Association" (a US-based pro-internal settlement force supported by the political Right). The RF also engaged in black propaganda efforts. Pamphlets purported to

neg: CIA's relationship with the United States Congress and the Pike Committee, all of which requested large amounts of information from the agency. In the 1980s, there were several reorganizations and renaming of the office. Near the end of the 1980s, the office was renamed the Office of Congressional Affairs and has kept that name, as of 2009. In the early 2000s (decade), the relationship became more intense, with debates about the Global war on terror and controversies surrounding it. For example, the CIA planned a secret program in 2001 but did not inform congress until much later. This time line is based on information found in Snider,

neg: National Collegiate Honors Council the late 1930s, over 100 honors programs existed in the United States, a number that remained stable until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957; the “space race” that followed gave American educators the thrust needed to support enriched education for high-end students. In 1957, the Inter-University Committee on the Superior Student (ICSS) was formed as a clearinghouse for information on honors activities. ICSS received funds from the Carnegie Corporation, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Office of Education to help establish honors programs at colleges and universities across the United States. In 1965, ICSS disbanded when its external

neg: Committee on Public Information unmitigated gullibility, giving shell-shocked Europe to understand that a rich bumpkin had come to town with his pockets bulging and no desire except to please." The Office of Censorship in World War II did not follow the CPI precedent. It used a system of voluntary co-operation with a code of conduct, and it did not disseminate government propaganda. Among those who participated in the CPI's work were: Committee on Public Information The Committee on Public Information (1917-1919), also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence

neg: Paperwork Reduction Act Paperwork Reduction Act The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. No. 96-511, 94 Stat. 2812, codified at ) is a United States federal law enacted in 1980 designed to reduce the total amount of paperwork burden the federal government imposes on private businesses and citizens. The Act imposes procedural requirements on agencies that wish to collect information from the public. It also established the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and authorized this new agency to oversee federal agencies' collection of information from the public and to establish information policies.

neg: Brazil at War we are told that 3 million conscripts are planned. (A Brazilian Expeditionary Force did later see action in the Italian Campaign.) After the segment on Brazil's military, the economic contributions of Brazil are delved into, especially its rubber and crystal production. Brazil at War Brazil at War is a 1943 propaganda short documentary film produced by the Office of War Information and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. The 9-minute-long film starts by showing Brazil's comparisons with the United States, such as its geographic size, population, and military history during World War I. And trumpets Brazil's supposed "progressiveness"

neg: Classified information in the United States federal agencies as well as establish a more standard, government-wide program regarding the controlled unclassification designation process itself. The U.S. Congress has attempted to take steps to resolve this, but did not succeed. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the Reducing Information Control Designations Act on March 17, 2009. The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Because no action was taken in committee and bills expire at the end of every Congress, there is currently no bill to solve unclassified designations. During and before World War II, the U.S. had a category of

neg: United States Office of War Information to victory,” and saw no reason to continue funding the agency post-war. The international offices of the OWI were transferred to the State Department, and the United States Information Service and the Office of Strategic Services/Central Intelligence Agency assumed many of the information gathering, analyzing, and disseminating responsibilities. Despite its troubled existence, OWI is widely considered to be influential in the Allied victory and mobilizing American support for the war domestically. Among the many people who worked for the OWI were Eitaro Ishigaki, Ayako Tanaka Ishigaki, Jay Bennett (author), Humphrey Cobb, Alan Cranston, Elmer Davis, Martin Ebon, Milton S. Eisenhower,

neg: Total Information Awareness it as a "Manhattan Project for Counter-Terrorism". According to Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.), TIA was the "biggest surveillance program in the history of the United States". The program was defunded alongside the Information Awareness Office in late 2003 by the United States Congress after media reports criticized the government for attempting to establish "Total Information Awareness" over all citizens. Although the program was formally suspended, its data mining software was later adopted by other government agencies, with only superficial changes being made. The core architecture of TIA continued development under the code name "Basketball." According to a 2012 "New York

neg: Konstantinas Olšauskas sending money to enemy-occupied territories. Thus, for example, money collected in United States (about $130,000 – ) and United Kingdom were stuck. Money collected in Germany were sent directly to Bishop Karevičius instead of being routed via Switzerland. Treasurer did not produce a report on the collected funds and thus the total amount is not known, but is estimated at 1 million litas. In Switzerland, a neutral country, Lithuanians were able to establish organizations that discussed and developed Lithuanian political aspirations after the war. Juozas Gabrys ran the Lithuanian Information Bureau. Lithuanians also organized Council of the Lithuanian Nation, which

neg: United States news media and the Vietnam War serious headway. Following the recommendations of an internal report, the new U.S. headquarters, the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), made the decision that since news correspondents were "thoroughly knowledgeable" about the war, its the Joint United States Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO) would attempt to woo reporters by providing them with "up to date, factual information on current operations and policies." Although "Operation Candor" was a welcome relief for correspondents, it did not halt the media's dubiousness concerning the efficacy of the Saigon government or further American involvement with it. Reporters had also become quite aware that all sides (the South

neg: Military Information Division (United States) Military Information Division (United States) The Military Information Division (MID) was the first military intelligence branch of the United States Army and the United States Department of War, operating from 1885 to 1903. The MID was established by Brigadier General Richard C. Drum, the then Adjutant General of the United States Army in October 1885 under his office in Washington, DC. Thus becoming the de facto first standing military intelligence agency of the United States. While the Union Army had a Bureau of Military Information, it reported to the Commanding General for less than a year prior to being disbanded

neg: United States Office of War Information (OWI's direct predecessor), the Office of Government Reports, and the Division of Information of the Office for Emergency Management. The Foreign Information Service, a division of the Office of the Coordinator of Information, became the core of the Overseas Branch of the OWI. At the onset of World War II, the American public was in the dark regarding wartime information. One American observer noted: “It all seemed to boil down to three bitter complaints…first, that there was too much information; second, that there wasn’t enough of it; and third, that in any event it was confusing and inconsistent”. Further, the

neg: Censorship of broadcasting in the United States terrorist attacks when broadcast outlets refrained from airing information they considered sensitive or those that aid terrorists. Censorship of broadcasting in the United States Although freedom of the press is guaranteed by the United States Constitution, it is not absolute. The government has the right to control or censor broadcasting on the grounds of national security and to prevent offense. This was specifically demonstrated in December 19, 1941, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Office of Censorship days before the United States officially entered World War II. This agency had broad powers, including the right to shut down offending

neg: Military Information Division (United States) terrain, attitudes of local villagers, and the dispositions of Filipino insurgent groups. In 1902, the DMI became a branch the MID with the end of the Philippine–American War in July 1902. In 1903, Secretary of War Elihu Root reorganised the United States Department of War and also established the United States Army General Staff to coordinate and perform administrative, planning and intelligence functions. The Second Division of the United States Army General Staff consequently acquired the MID from the Adjutant General's Office. The Second Division was given four major duties: collecting and disseminating information on foreign countries; directing the work

neg: United States nationality law if the Office of Special Investigations has been able to prove that the citizenship was obtained by concealing their involvement in war crimes committed by the Nazis in World War II. United States nationality law The United States nationality law is a uniform rule of naturalization of the United States set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, enacted under the power of Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the United States Constitution (also referred to as the Nationality Clause), which reads: Congress shall have Power - "To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization..." The 1952 Act

neg: George Howard Earle III with Hitler turned over to the US as a war criminal, but the plot was not approved by the US government. In 1944, President Roosevelt assigned Earle to compile information on the Katyń massacre, the massacre of the Polish intelligentsia by the Soviet government. Earle did so, using contacts in Bulgaria and Romania, and concluded that the Soviet Union was guilty. After consulting with Elmer Davis, the director of the Office of War Information, Roosevelt rejected Earle's conclusion, saying that he was convinced of the responsibility of Nazi Germany, and ordered Earle's report suppressed. At this time, the United States

neg: Italian Americans the enclaves of the large Northeastern cities, and other parts of the country as well. An estimated 49 per cent of Italians who migrated to the Americas between 1905 (when return migration statistics began) and 1920 did not remain in the United States. These so-called "birds of passage", intended to stay in the United States for only a limited time, followed by a return to Italy with enough in savings to re-establish themselves there. While many did return to Italy, others chose to stay, or were prevented from returning by the outbreak of World War I. The Italian male immigrants

neg: Consulate General of the United States, Kolkata 1792, when the United States's first President, George Washington, nominated , of Massachusetts, to be consul. In the 1860s, the Consulate General had under its jurisdiction seven consular agencies: Aden, Akyab, Bassein Chittagong, Cocanada, Moulmein and Rangoon. The Metropolitan Building in Kolkata housed the United States Information Service office till 1991. During the Vietnam War, the street outside the consulate was renamed after Ho Chi Minh. In 1995, British journalist John F. Burns characterized it as "one of the most beleaguered American diplomatic posts anywhere." An increase in the number of information technology (IT) companies in India is leading to

neg: Military Information Division (United States) of the attaché system; supervising mapping, and maintaining a reference collection. "For the moment, the intelligence function had achieved equal standing with other staff missions." Military Information Division (United States) The Military Information Division (MID) was the first military intelligence branch of the United States Army and the United States Department of War, operating from 1885 to 1903. The MID was established by Brigadier General Richard C. Drum, the then Adjutant General of the United States Army in October 1885 under his office in Washington, DC. Thus becoming the de facto first standing military intelligence agency of the United States.

neg: Greece–United States relations part to help liberate and establish Greece as a separate country from the Ottoman Empire. The U.S. was active in providing humanitarian aid to Greece after the devastation it suffered in World War I. During World War II, the US opposed the British plan to restore King George II of Greece to the throne because he was closely associated with fascism. Instead the U.S. helped to establish a regency, while they did not oppose British efforts to defeat the communist insurgents. The British took a leading role in helping the Greek government fight the insurgency. When its financial crisis forced

neg: United States Commissioner of Education Health, Education and Welfare until 1979, when the post was phased out due to the creation of the divided and reorganized new Department of Education which also was part of the President's Cabinet with its office of the U.S. Secretary of Education. United States Commissioner of Education The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March 2, 1867, when an Act to establish the Office of Education

neg: R. V. C. Bodley Sahara, as well as one of the main western sources of information on the South Pacific Mandate. Bodley moved to the United States in 1935, where he worked as a screenwriter. He rejoined the British Army at the outbreak of the Second World War and was sent to Paris to work for the Ministry of Information. He later immigrated to the United States, where he continued to work as a writer and also as an advisor to the United States Office of War Information. Bodley was born in Paris on 3 March 1892 to civil servant and writer John Edward

neg: History of propaganda going on. When war came in 1939, Frenchman had little understanding of the issues, and little correct information. They suspiciously distrusted the government, with the result that French morale in the face of the war with Germany was badly prepared. World War II saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, building on the experience of WW1, both by Hitler's propagandist Joseph Goebbels and the British Political Warfare Executive, as well as the United States Office of War Information. Within the US, the British Security Coordination activities worked to counter pro-German sentiment, and isolationist opinion. The British broadcast

neg: David Owen Dodd four days. The official charges were read by the Judge Advocate: ""In this, that said David O. Dodd, an inhabitant of the State of Arkansas, did as a Spy of the so-called Confederate States of America, enter within the lines of the Army of the United States, stationed at Little Rock, Arkansas, and did there secretly possess himself of information regarding the number, the kind, and position of the troops of said Army of the United States, their commanders, and other military information valuable to the enemy now at war with the United States, and having thus obtained said information

neg: Radio in the United States due to the World War I restrictions. While it was active, it inspired David Sarnoff, then the Contract Manager at American Marconi and future president of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), to author his first "Radio Music Box" memo, suggesting that his company establish a broadcasting station and sell receivers, but his superiors did not take him up on the idea. Information for this period is limited, but there were a number of other inventors during this era who made occasional experimental broadcasts. One example was the American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD), which operated experimental station 1XE in

neg: Office of Immigration Statistics the government agency that oversees lawful immigration to the U.S. Office of Immigration Statistics The Office of Immigration Statistics (OIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security under the Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans. Since the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Immigration Statistics has responsibility to carry out two statutory requirements: 1) to collect and disseminate to Congress and the public data and information useful in evaluating the social, economic, environmental, and demographic impact of immigration laws; and 2) to establish standards of reliability and

neg: Office of Immigration Statistics Office of Immigration Statistics The Office of Immigration Statistics (OIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security under the Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans. Since the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Immigration Statistics has responsibility to carry out two statutory requirements: 1) to collect and disseminate to Congress and the public data and information useful in evaluating the social, economic, environmental, and demographic impact of immigration laws; and 2) to establish standards of reliability and validity for immigration statistics collected by the department's operational Components.

neg: Operation Bolívar but to establish additional clandestine radio stations in Mexico, the United States, and Central America, which would pass information back to Germany via the South American network. The plan was to have two agents named Hansen ("Cojiba") and Schroell ("Valiente") deliver the supplies to Buenos Aires via ship, and then make their way into Mexico, where they would build a transmitter for communicating with the control station in Argentina. From Mexico, Schroell would make his way into the Southwestern United States, where he was supposed to find work in a war plant, and then send the information he had collected

neg: John K. Fairbank "East Asia: The Great Tradition" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960) and "East Asia: The Modern Transformation" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965). Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Fairbank was enlisted to work for the US government, which included service in the Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information in Chongqing, the temporary capital of Nationalist China. When he returned to Harvard after the war, Fairbank inaugurated a master's degree program in area studies, one of several major universities in the United States to do so. That approach at Harvard was multi-disciplinary and aimed to train journalists,

neg: Association for Asian Studies Asian Studies scholars in various parts of the United States. Area library organizations have been formed for South Asia (CONSALD), South East Asia, and East Asia (CEAL). World War II brought many academics into the government, some in the active military and some in the Office of War Information or the Office of Strategic Services, both of which were intelligence agencies which used academic disciplines and scholarly forms of analysis. When the war was over, political scientists, historians, and social scientists continued to be concerned with contemporary affairs. The Far Eastern Association reflected an Area studies approach, that is, geographically

neg: American propaganda during World War II books on China, warned Americans to take seriously the appeal of the Japanese Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to the people of China and other Asian nations. This was due to those people being treated as inferior races, an attitude many in the West had toward orientals. Elmer Davis of the Office of War Information also declared that since the Japanese were proclaiming the Pacific conflict as a racial war, the United States could only counter this propaganda by deeds that showed Americans believed in the equality of races. However, this was not officially addressed, and American propaganda did not

neg: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson owners do to the stimulative effect of government spending. The United States also provided large loans to the Allied countries, helping to prevent the economic collapse of Britain and France. By the end of the war, the United States had become a creditor nation for the first time in its history. Wilson established the first modern propaganda office, the Committee on Public Information (CPI), headed by George Creel. Creel set out to systematically reach every person in the United States multiple times with patriotic information about how the individual could contribute to the war effort. It also worked with the

neg: Office of Independent Inventor Programs Calvert. In October 1999, the USPTO began an advertising campaign to promote the OIIP while warning independent inventors of patent scams, out of which arose the "Invention Submission Corporation v. Rogan" legal case. Office of Independent Inventor Programs The Office of Independent Inventor Programs (OIIP) was a department of the United States Patent and Trademark Office established in March 1999. Its stated purpose was to "establish new mechanisms to better disseminate information about the patent and trademark processes" and to facilitate communication between the USPTO and independent inventors through educational and outreach programs. By November 2003, the OIIP and the

neg: Office of Independent Inventor Programs Office of Independent Inventor Programs The Office of Independent Inventor Programs (OIIP) was a department of the United States Patent and Trademark Office established in March 1999. Its stated purpose was to "establish new mechanisms to better disseminate information about the patent and trademark processes" and to facilitate communication between the USPTO and independent inventors through educational and outreach programs. By November 2003, the OIIP and the Patent Assistance Center had become part of the USPTO's Inventors Assistance Center. During its existence, the OIIP was headed first by Donald Grant Kelly, then by Richard J. Apley, and finally by John

neg: 1st Information Operations Command (Land) 1st Information Operations Command (Land) The 1st Information Operations Command (Land), formerly the Land Information Warfare Activity Information Dominance Center (LIWA/IDC), is an information operations command of the U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER). It provides multi-disciplinary Information Operations (IO) support to the component and major commands of the United States Army. 1st IO CMD has broad authority to coordinate IO topics and establish contact with Army organizations, the United States Navy (USN) and United States Air Force (USAF), and JCS IO Centers, and with United States Department of Defense (DoD) and National Agency IO elements. 1st Information Operations Command provides

neg: Office of Censorship it from merging with the Office of War Information. Price believed that a merger with the Office of War Information (OWI) would prevent the public from receiving truthful information with regards to war time efforts. While OWI and the Office of Censorship, both primarily dealt with censoring information related to the war, the OWI was also involved in political propaganda campaigns. Though the official closure of the Office of Censorship did not come until November 1945, one day following the August 14th, 1945 Japanese surrender, Price hung a sign outside of his office door that read "out of business." In

neg: Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 The Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA) of 1917 (, enacted , codified at and 50 U.S.C. App. §§ 1–44) is a United States federal law to restrict trade with countries hostile to the United States. The law gives the President the power to oversee or restrict any and all trade between the United States and its enemies in times of war. During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson used the Trading with the Enemy Act to establish the Office of Alien Property Custodian with power to confiscate property from anyone whose actions

neg: Elisabeth Freeman Bois was used by the NAACP to publicize the case and garner national attention over the outrage of lynching American citizens. Their campaign helped establish the organization as a force for civil rights. In this period the NAACP was based in New York City; it hanged banners outside its office publicizing lynchings. Its attorneys became involved in the defense of numerous African Americans in cases across the country. In the years between 1917 and 1919, when the United States was involved in the Great War (World War I) in Europe, Freeman was active for the peace movement. She lobbied Congress

neg: Abraham George Silverman United States was on the verge of breaking Soviet codes. Irving Kaplan of the War Production Board was also giving Silverman information to be transmitted to the Soviet Union. As the war progressed, the volume of material increased. Silverman worked closely with Lud Ullman, who also worked at the Pentagon and did the photographing of stolen documents prior to being turned over to the Golos network. In August 1945 Silverman left the Pentagon to work for the French Supply Council in Washington D.C., an office of the new French government. Silverman and Silvermaster learned much about U.S. policies and about

neg: Carl Gassner the corrosion rate of the zinc anode when the cell is not used and so to extent the service life of the cell. On 8 April 1886 he obtained a patent in Germany, and on 15 November 1887 in the United States. He also obtained different patents in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France and England. His dry cell became known in 1890, when a friend of his shopkeeper asked him for help because the door bell did not work. Later also the other dealers wanted his dry cell. Subsequently, the director of the Erfurt post-office ordered 100,000 batteries, forcing Gassner to establish

neg: South Korea–United States relations South Korea–United States relations South Korea–United States relations () refers to international relations between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the United States of America. Relations have been extensive since 1950, when the United States helped establish the modern state of South Korea, also known as the Republic of Korea, and fought on its UN-sponsored side in the Korean War (1950–1953). During the subsequent four decades, South Korea experienced tremendous economic, political and military growth, and significantly reduced U.S. dependency. From Roh Tae-woo's administration to Roh Moo-hyun's administration, South Korea sought to establish an American partnership, which has made

neg: The American School of the Air over its Pan-American network of stations, the "Cadena de las Americas". By 1941, The American School of the Air of the Americas had expanded into 15 countries. When the United States entered the war, it became ”the official channel through which the Office of War Information will convey news, information and instructions for civilian activities to children and young people, teachers and parents of America.” In 1945, the program moved to a late afternoon timeslot, 5:00pm. Different topics were featured throughout the week under the umbrella title. As established by 1939, industry and agriculture were the focus of the Monday

neg: United States Commissioner of Education United States Commissioner of Education The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March 2, 1867, when an Act to establish the Office of Education took effect under the influence of the more Radical Republican Party (then "liberal") influences from the Northern states and New England which were much more progressive in the fields of education and had already established many state departments of education and created

neg: United States Office of War Information American public confessed a lack of understanding as to why the world was at war, and held great resentment against other Allied Nations. President Roosevelt established the OWI to both meet the demands for news and less confusion, as well as resolve American apathy towards the war. The OWI's creation was not without controversy. The American public, and the United States Congress in particular, were wary of propaganda for several reasons. First, the press feared a centralized agency as the sole distributor of wartime information. Second, Congress feared an American propaganda machine that could resemble Joseph Goebbels’ operation in Nazi

neg: United States Office of War Information Allied trap, and then staged an Allied attack on the Annie Radio office to maintain their cover. On the Eastern front, the OWI struggled not to offend Polish and Soviet Allies. As the Soviets advanced from the East towards Germany, they swept through Poland without hesitation. However, Poles considered much of the land of the Eastern front as their own. The OWI struggled to present the news (including the pronunciation of town names or and discussion of county or national boundaries) without offending either party. Further, Poles and Soviets criticized the OWI for promoting the idealization of war, when their

neg: United States Volunteers United States: see Military leadership in the American Civil War and American Civil War. Each state was given a quota of "volunteer regiments" to be raised for service lasting from three months to three years, with quotas apportioned among the States according to population, GENERAL ORDERS, No. 30. HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, ADJUTANT GENERAL' S OFFICE, Washington, April 30, 1898. I The following acts of Congress and Proclamation by the President are published for the information and government of all concerned: An Act To provide for temporarily increasing the military establishment of the United States in time of war, and

neg: Civil Reserve Air Fleet Current CRAF information can be found at the U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Intelligence, Security and Emergency Response: Civil Reserve Air Fleet The Civil Reserve Air Fleet is part of the United States's mobility resources. Selected aircraft from U.S. airlines, contractually committed to Civil Reserve Air Fleet, support United States Department of Defense airlift requirements in emergencies when the need for airlift exceeds the capability of military aircraft. During World War II civil air transport was widely used during the first two years of the conflict by mutual agreement between the Air Transport Association and the United States Army

neg: Whistleblower protection in the United States particularly those in national defense, that involve classified information can have a negative impact on national security. Civilian employees and military personnel in the intelligence gathering and assessment field are required to sign non-disclosure agreements, a practice upheld by the Supreme Court in "Snepp v. United States". Courts have ruled that secrecy agreements circumscribing an individual's disclosure of classified information did not violate their First Amendment rights. Non-disclosure agreements signed by employees create similar conflicts in private business. The United States Office of Special Counsel provides training for the managers of federal agencies on how to inform their employees as

neg: Hispanics in the United States Air Force operation. He developed concepts for long-term Information Operations and Space Control activities for the US enabling a multi-spectral combat response. He was also involved in the development of the Special Access Program (SAP) systems and in the development of new counter-space capabilities which resulted in a more effective counter-terrorism operation across 3 combat zones. Colonel Evelio Otero, Jr. helped establish the U.S. Central Command Headquarters at Qatar. When the United States military began Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, Otero was called upon to establish the Intelligence Division which supported the military operations. The first Sensitive Site Exploitation of the

neg: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–Spain relations as originally mandated by the United Nations in 1966, however, the United Nations asked Spain to defer to the International Court of Justice to see if Morocco and Mauritania had claim to the land. In 1974, "“The Court's conclusion was that the materials and information presented to materials and information presented to it did not establish any tie of territorial it did not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco or the Mauritanian entity."" In 1975, Spain agreed to

neg: Palestine–United States relations was established in 1964, it did not receive any official attention from the U.S. government. However, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York and was run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations. U.S. plans and considerations of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip began already in June 1967, immediately following the Six-Day War. In parallel with this consideration, various US officials began considering making various Palestinian groups partners in the diplomatic process to arrive at a settlement. However, no actual step was taken in

neg: Katyn massacre report on Katyn was transmitted to Telford Taylor In the United States a similar line was taken, notwithstanding two official intelligence reports into the Katyn massacre that contradicted the official position. In 1944, Roosevelt assigned his special emissary to the Balkans, Navy Lieutenant Commander George Earle, to produce a report on Katyn. Earle concluded the massacre was committed by the Soviet Union. Having consulted with Elmer Davis, director of the United States Office of War Information, Roosevelt rejected the conclusion (officially), declared he was convinced of Nazi Germany's responsibility, and ordered that Earle's report be suppressed. When Earle requested permission

neg: Ralph Wigram Ralph Wigram Ralph Follett Wigram CMG (; 23 October 1890 – 31 December 1936) was a British government official in the Foreign Office. He helped raise the alarm about German re-armament under Hitler during the period prior to World War II. In part, he did this by providing intelligence information about German re-armament to Winston Churchill at a time when Churchill did not hold a position in the government of Stanley Baldwin. Churchill used the information to publicly attack the policies of Baldwin. Churchill's magisterial six-volume history of World War II, "The Second World War", described Wigram as a "great

neg: Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency role and purpose, such as the Office of Security, which is concerned both with personnel and physical security. Other major offices include the Office of Communications and the Office of Information Technology. Under the original NSC 10/2 authorization, CIA was made responsible not just for covert action during the cold war, but for such action during major wars, in collaboration with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. When DCI Smith created the Directorate of Plans and ended the autonomy of the OPC and OSO, he recognized it was necessary to establish logistical support for these operations before the start of a

neg: Werner Heisenberg Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany. He also traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, Heisenberg refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II. The German nuclear weapons program, known as "Uranverein", was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The "Heereswaffenamt" (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the "Reichsforschungsrat" (RFR,

neg: 1st Information Operations Command (Land) of the Army Computer Emergency Response Team (ACERT), the IDC uses communications to flash computer intrusion alerts and countermeasures across the Army. 1st Information Operations Command (Land) The 1st Information Operations Command (Land), formerly the Land Information Warfare Activity Information Dominance Center (LIWA/IDC), is an information operations command of the U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER). It provides multi-disciplinary Information Operations (IO) support to the component and major commands of the United States Army. 1st IO CMD has broad authority to coordinate IO topics and establish contact with Army organizations, the United States Navy (USN) and United States Air Force (USAF),

neg: Manfred George Manfred George Manfred George (October 22, 1893 – December 30, 1965), born Manfred Georg Cohn, later shortened to Manfred Georg, was a German journalist, author and translator. He left Germany after the Nazis came to power, living in several different European countries and eventually emigrating penniless to the United States in 1939. He became the editor of "Aufbau", a periodical published in German, and transformed it from a small monthly newsletter into an important weekly newspaper, especially during World War II and the postwar era, when it became an important source of information for Jews trying to establish new lives

neg: Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA ) is a United States Government office established in 1980 within the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an agency in the Executive Office of the President. The OIRA oversees the implementation of the government-wide policies in and reviews draft regulations which form United States administrative law. OIRA reviews requests it receives from federal agencies to collect information from the public. It develops and oversees the implementation of government-wide policies in the areas of information technology, information policy, privacy, and statistical policy. OIRA reviews draft rules

neg: Basil F. Heath parents were actually Andrew Cleve and Amelia (née De Amorim) Heath. Heath attended McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, and Oxford University, in the United Kingdom. After moving to the United States, Heath served as a liaison officer for the United States Office of War Information during World War II, as well as a volunteer member of the United States Army’s 101st Airborne Division during the war. He began his career as a welder and iron worker in skyscraper construction in Chicago and other cities. He then became a stuntman before transitioning to on-screen film roles. His first film role came

neg: Adolf Leschnitzer Soviet Union at the end of 1941. Leschnitzer taught foreign languages, which involved work for the German Section of the Foreign Area and Language Curriculum of the Army Specialized Training Program. He combined the teaching with work as a consultant to the US United States Department of War and to the United States Office of War Information. The war in Europe ended in May 1945. The western two thirds of Germany were now divided into four military occupation zones, with the United States taking on control of most of the southern part of the country. 1945 was also the year

neg: Arturo Chávez Chávez three weeks after the U.S. cable was made public. President Calderón described Chávez's work in office as having "been fundamental to Mexico's efforts to establish rule of law", and said Chávez was the reason many cartel leaders had now faced justice. Calderón has appointed Marisela Morales, head of the organized crime department in the Office of the General Prosecutor, as Chávez's successor. According to the WikiLeaks cable 09MEXICO2759 issued in September 2009, the United States government received information from "unpublished sources" that Chávez was allegedly infiltrated with a drug cartel in Chihuahua during his term as governor. The cables mention

neg: Office of Censorship Office of Censorship The Office of Censorship was an emergency wartime agency set up by the United States federal government on December 19th, 1941 to aid in the censorship of all communications coming into and going out of the United States, including its territories and the Philippines. The efforts of the Office of Censorship to balance the protection of sensitive war related information with the constitutional freedoms of the press is considered largely successful. The agency's implementation of censorship was done primarily through a voluntary regulatory code that was willingly adopted by the press. The phrase, "loose lips sink ships"

neg: Order of battle for 7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom) Order of battle for 7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom) This article supplements the 7th Armoured Division article by providing order of battle information for the division through various periods of the Second World War as the organization of an armoured division was changed by the War Office. Due to the experience gained in the Middle East these changes were sometimes present in the armoured divisions there before the War Office mandated organization. Parallel changes were made in the organization in the armoured brigades. The Division frequently did not match any organization scheme due to the lack of units in the

neg: Office of Strategic Influence information on the office spread through US and foreign media in mid February 2002, intense discussions on purpose and scope of the office were reported. Some argue that its secretive nature and stated purposes would make the existence of such an agency hard to determine. The office was closed by Rumsfeld because of the controversy. Some of its foreign responsibilities were moved to the Office of Information Activities. Office of Strategic Influence The Office of Strategic Influence, or OSI, was a department created by the United States Department of Defense on October 30, 2001, to support the War on Terrorism

neg: L'Enfant Plan the Treasury and the United States Secretary of War had written. The Assistant Attorney's letter stated that pending litigation (see Morris v. United States (the "Potomac Flats" case)) had necessitated the plan's reproduction to enable the United States Government to establish title of the Government to the Potomac Flats. The Assistant Attorney's letter further stated that an office of the U.S. Army's Engineer Corps that was in charge of Public Buildings and Grounds was holding the original plan, which had become so indistinct that it could not be accurately photographed. Several of the letter writers asked the Survey to return

neg: James Monroe he asked the governors of nearby states to send their militias to reinforce Jackson. He also called on Congress to draft an army of 100,000 men, increase compensation to soldiers, and establish a new national bank to ensure adequate funding for the war effort. Months after Monroe took office as Secretary of War, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The treaty resulted in a return to the status quo ante bellum, and many outstanding issues between the United States and Britain remained. But Americans celebrated the end of the war as a great victory, partly

neg: O'Connor v. Ortega to have been regularly undertaken in situations where it did apply. After that finding, Wright considered whether such a warrantless search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. She applied the two-pronged test from the Supreme Court's 1967 "Katz v. United States" decision to establish whether Dr. Ortega had a reasonable expectation of privacy over the contents of his desk and office. First, did he have a subjective expectation that they would be left undisturbed by others, and second, would that expectation be one that society would consider reasonable and respect? On the first prong, he had occupied the office for

neg: Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period United States Office of War Information along with his wife, Ayako. Yasuo Kuniyoshi was an issei anti-fascist painter based in New York. In 1942, he raised funds for the United China Relief to provide humanitarian aid to China when it was still at war with Japan. "Time" magazine ran an article featuring Yasuo Kuniyoshi, George Grosz, a German anti-Nazi painter, and Jon Corbino, an Italian painter, standing behind large unflattering caricatures of Hirohito, Hitler, and Mussolini. Yasuo Kuniyoshi showed opposition to Tsuguharu Foujita's art show at the Kennedy Galleries. During WWII, Tsuguharu Foujita painted propaganda artwork for the Empire of

neg: The Town (1945 film) The Town (1945 film) The Town is a short propaganda film produced by the Office of War Information in 1943. The documentary, depicting the American Midwestern city of Madison, Indiana was filmed by Josef von Sternberg in 1943 and released in 1945. "The Town" is a 1943 American documentary film whose subject is the Midwestern town of Madison, Indiana. Endorsed by the United States Office of War Information (OWI), which oversaw propaganda during World War II, the 11-minute film presents Madison “as the model American town where citizens embodied American ideals and values.” Filmed by the acclaimed Hollywood director Josef

neg: Office of Military Government, United States newspaper Die Neue Zeitung in 1945 in Munich, Bavaria. While initial US attitudes towards German press and media focused on denazification and the promotion of diversity, 1947 brought about a decidedly new focus on anti-Communism. Those who did not conform to the anti-Communist directives of OMGUS, "were either terminated or had their editors replaced." Office of Military Government, United States The Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS; ) was the United States military-established government created shortly after the end of hostilities in occupied Germany in World War II. Under General Lucius D. Clay, it administered the area of Germany

neg: Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States sharing, and maintains effective information security and privacy controls across the federal government. Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States The Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States, also known as the United States Chief Information Officer, is the administrator of the Office of Electronic Government, which is part of the Office of Management and Budget. The President appoints the Federal CIO. The appointee does not require Senate confirmation. It was created by the E-Government Act of 2002. The US CIO oversees federal technology spending, federal IT policy, and strategic planning of all federal IT investments. The CIO

neg: Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States The Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States, also known as the United States Chief Information Officer, is the administrator of the Office of Electronic Government, which is part of the Office of Management and Budget. The President appoints the Federal CIO. The appointee does not require Senate confirmation. It was created by the E-Government Act of 2002. The US CIO oversees federal technology spending, federal IT policy, and strategic planning of all federal IT investments. The CIO is charged with establishing a government-wide enterprise architecture that ensures system interoperability, information

neg: 2015 United States presidential budget request ideal world." The U.S. Constitution does not give the President a role in the appropriations or budgeting process. Instead, after World War I and under President Warren G. Harding, Congress passed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 to establish an executive branch budgeting process, in reaction to growing spending. This law created the Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)) and the General Accounting Office (now Government Accountability Office (GOA)) to assist in this process. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 later established budgeting rules for Congress itself. Today, the United

neg: United States Army Air Corps reporting to the Chief of Staff. The Office of Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) was abolished (as was Air Force Combat Command) and the functions of the Air Corps transferred to the AAF, reducing the status of the Air Corps to a combat arm classification. The Congress did not dis-establish the Army Air Corps as a combat arm until 26 July 1947, when the National Security Act of 1947 (61 "Stat." 502) became law. Most members of the Army Air Forces also remained members of the Air Corps. In May 1945, 88 percent of officers serving in the Army Air

neg: Harry Gold Klaus Fuchs was arrested in England and charged with espionage. Fuchs confessed that while working in the United States during World War II he had passed information about the atom bomb to the Soviet Union. Fuchs denied working with other spies, except for a courier who collected information from him. When initially shown photographs of suspects, including Gold, he failed to identify him as the courier, but did so after subsequent prompting. Under interrogation, Gold admitted that he had been involved in espionage since 1934 and had helped Fuchs pass information about the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union by

neg: Foreign relations of the State of Palestine been granted diplomatic privileges, and are often referred to as "embassies" with their heads as "ambassadors". In the United States, an unofficial PLO information office was established in New York in 1964 and run by Sadat Hassan, who served as Permanent Representative of Yemen to the United Nations. The Palestine Information Office was then registered with the Justice Department as a foreign agent and operated until 1968, when it was closed. The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, but in 1988 a presidential waiver was issued which permitted contact with the organization. A PLO

neg: Historian of the United States Senate Historian of the United States Senate The Historian of the United States Senate heads the United States Senate Historical Office, which was created in 1975 to record and preserve historical information about the United States Senate. The current Historian of the Senate is Betty K. Koed. Serving as the Senate's institutional memory, the Historical Office collects and provides information on important events, precedents, dates, statistics, and historical comparisons of current and past Senate activities for use by members and staff, the media, scholars, and the general public. The office advises senators and committees on cost-effective disposition of their non-current office

neg: United States Strategic Communication i.e. promoting U.S. interests overseas. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the United States Office of War Information to promote patriotism, and warn against enemy subversion through photos, posters, press releases, radio programs and even movies. The United States Information Agency (1953-1999) was the premier strategic communication organization for the latter half of the 20th century. The USIA mission was: ""Tools of persuasion and inspiration were indispensable to the outcome of the defining ideological struggle of the 20th century. I believe that they are just as indispensable in the 21st century—and maybe more so.”"—Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates The

neg: Psychological operations (United States) two cases that approval was not obtained, and in one unfortunate example a leaflet in Romanian committed the Allies and the United States to the union of all Romanians in Austria-Hungary with Romania. Such geopolitics was emphatically not the job of AEF propaganda and had the potential to cause serious embarrassment. There was extensive use of psychological operations in World War II, from the strategic to the tactical. National-level white propaganda was the responsibility of the Office of War Information, while black propaganda was most often the responsibility of the Morale Operations branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

neg: Cordwainer Smith of World War II, Linebarger began serving as a second lieutenant of the United States Army, where he was involved in the creation of the Office of War Information and the Operation Planning and Intelligence Board. He also helped organize the Army's first psychological warfare section. In 1943, he was sent to China to coordinate military intelligence operations. When he later pursued his interest in China, Linebarger became a close confidant of Chiang Kai-shek. By the end of the war, he had risen to the rank of major. In 1947, Linebarger moved to the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced

neg: United States campaigns in World War I new era and the calm which follows the storm. The details above and following are taken from "The Army Flag and Its Streamers", a pamphlet which was originally prepared in 1964 by the Office of the Chief of Military History, in cooperation with the Office of the Chief of Information and the U.S. Army Exhibit Unit, to provide general summaries of each of the campaign ribbons authorized to be displayed on the Army flag. It was subsequently updated by the Center of Military History to add the campaigns from Vietnam. The year the United States entered World War I was

neg: Vera Caspary novel. It was finished by October, and to get some perspective she went to work on a story about a night plane to Chungking for Paramount Studios. When the United States declared war on Germany and Japan in early December, that story was canceled, and Caspary asked to be laid off and returned happily to her murder mystery. During Christmas 1941, she typed "The end" on the last page of "Laura". 1942 found Caspary working on a dramatization of "Laura" with George Sklar, while waiting around for some meaningful war-related work to come from the Office of War information, she

neg: Rumor control center might have played a significant role in slowing down the U.S.'s march to war". The United States Community Relations Service (part of the Department of Justice) uses rumor control teams when mediating domestic racial conflicts. The Community Relations Service (CRS) was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as a "peacemaker" to respond to potential ethnic or racial disputes that might result from the Act. Among other things, the CRS, "worked with law enforcement, city officials, and community members to establish rumor control mechanisms to prevent the spread of false and inflammatory information." Heidi Burgess and Guy Burgess, directors

neg: John W. Powell of the war. For eight years after World War II, from 1945 until June, 1953, Powell published his journal, first as the "China Weekly Review" and later on, when its revenues declined greatly, as the "China Monthly Review". Powell met his wife Sylvia Powell in 1947, while he was in Shanghai opening up a news bureau for the Office of War Information, and they were married soon afterwards. After returning to the United States from China, the Powells bought an old house on Potrero Hill in San Francisco, undertook extensive repairs and renovations, and then sold it for a profit.