query: what is an example of a global commons

pos: Global commons Global commons Global commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. Global commons include the earth's shared natural resources, such as the high oceans, the atmosphere and outer space and the Antarctic in particular. Cyberspace may also meet the definition of a global commons. "Global commons" is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in which common-pool resources are found. In economics, common goods are rivalrous and non-excludable, constituting one of the four main types of goods. A common-pool resource, also called a

pos: Market failure 'tragedy of the commons'-type of ecological market failure is to establish enforceable property rights politically – only, this may be easier said than done. The issue of anthropogenic global warming presents an overwhelming example of a 'tragedy of the commons'-type of ecological market failure: The Earth's atmosphere may be regarded as a 'global common' exhibiting poorly defined (non-existing) property rights, and the waste absorption capacity of the atmosphere with regard to carbon dioxide is presently being heavily overloaded by a too large volume of emissions from the world economy. Historically, the fossil fuel dependence of the Industrial Revolution has unintentionally

pos: Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change sciences. Directed by the climate economist Ottmar Edenhofer, MCC currently employs some 50 staff. In 2015 the MCC was designated as the world's second best climate think tank. The work of MCC falls into two main areas: research and policy dialogue. The aim is to gain interdisciplinary insights and to provide a basis for decision-making in politics, industry and civil society. The theme spanning across all the work is the global commons (i.e., natural resources such as the atmosphere, land, oceans and forests) and the premise that international cooperation is indispensable for the sustainable use of the commons. For example,

pos: Global commons be relatively stable and the dynamics are less easily understood. Many of the global commons are non-renewable on human time scales. Thus, resource degradation is more likely to be the result of unintended consequences that are unforeseen, not immediately observable, or not easily understood. For example, the carbon dioxide emissions that drive climate change continue to do so for at least a millennium after they enter the atmosphere and species extinctions last forever. Importantly, because there are significant differences in the benefits, costs, and interests at the global level, there are significant differences in externalities between more local resource uses

pos: Territorialisation of carbon governance down global warming, ‘top-down’ international treaties must be signed. This idea can be related to the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ since the world contains multiple nation-states all acting with self-interest yet sharing one resource. The shared resource being exploited in this example can be represented by the atmosphere and the subsequent increase in global temperature is the result. In an attempt to combat and tackle these issues protocols and measures have been deployed. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which sets binding targets in reducing GHG emissions. This treaty demonstrates a global approach to carbon governance. While this

pos: Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change The Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) conducts research and fosters dialogue about how the global commons, such as the atmosphere and the oceans, might be used and shared by many yet nevertheless be protected. A main theme is the compatibility of economic growth with sustainable development and climate protection. Based in Berlin, the institute was founded in 2012 by Stiftung Mercator and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK). The research team is composed of an interdisciplinary group of scientists from economics and the social

pos: Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change when the atmosphere is understood as a global commons, it is seen to belong to everybody despite its physical presence at the national, local and regional levels. In this case, overarching rules are needed to prevent this resource from being overused (see “tragedy of the commons”). Other examples include the overfishing of the oceans or the exploitation of wildlife. The lack of availability of public goods, which provide access to health care, education, clean water and much more, the so-called social commons, comprises a core focus of the work of MCC. Based on scientific findings, potential solutions are identified, evaluated

pos: Global commons held in the open field system of old English common law. Enclosure was the process that ended those traditional rights, converting open fields to private property. Today, many commons still exist in England, Wales, Scotland, and the United States, although their extent is much reduced from the millions of acres that existed until the 17th century. There are still over 7,000 registered commons in England alone. The term "global commons" is typically used to indicate the earth's shared natural resources, such as the deep oceans, the atmosphere, outer space and the Northern and Southern polar regions, the Antarctic in particular.

pos: Overexploitation of his essay, Hardin develops the theme, drawing in many examples of latter day commons, such as national parks, the atmosphere, oceans, rivers and fish stocks. The example of fish stocks had led some to call this the "tragedy of the fishers". A major theme running through the essay is the growth of human populations, with the Earth's finite resources being the general common. The tragedy of the commons has intellectual roots tracing back to Aristotle, who noted that "what is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it", as well as to Hobbes and his

pos: Global commons opened for signature on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, which has been observed for several decades after the start of systematic measurements in the 1950s. Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action. It has interfered with the hydrological cycle by reducing evaporation and may have reduced rainfall in some areas. Global dimming also creates a cooling effect that may have

pos: Territorialisation of carbon governance an attempt to address the issues surrounding greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon governance is addressed via governmental decisions made through leadership and management which attempt to improve and resolve problems related to climate change. ToCG finds its origin in the problem of global climate change. Climate change is often referred to as a global ‘commons’ problem whereby individuals are unlikely to take responsibility for the global accumulation of greenhouse gases. The atmosphere is shared by everybody resulting in the impacts of climate change and emissions being felt everywhere irrelevant of their origin. The implications of this problem are that to slow

neg: Land ethic value--jibe with Leopold's ecocentric land ethic. A related understanding has been framed as global land as a commons. In this view biodiversity and terrestrial carbon storage - an element of climate change mitigation - are global public goods. Hence, land should be governed on a global scale as a commons, requiring increased international cooperation on nature preservation . Some critics fault Leopold for lack of clarity in spelling out exactly what the land ethic is and its specific implications for how humans should think about the environment. It is clear that Leopold did not intend his basic normative principle ("A

neg: Global commons resultant virtual space or cyberspace, however, is often viewed as an electronic global commons that allows for as much or more freedom of expression as any public space. Access to those digital commons and the actual freedom of expression allowed does vary widely by geographical area. Management of the electronic global commons presents as many issues as do other commons. In addition to issues related to inequity in access, issues such as net neutrality, Internet censorship, Internet privacy, and electronic surveillance arise. Global commons Global commons is a term typically used to describe international, supranational, and global resource domains in

neg: Decentralization computer|personal computing]], [[Virtual community|virtual communities]] and the vision of an "electronic frontier" which would be a more decentralized, egalitarian and free-market libertarian society. Related ideas coming out of Silicon Valley included the free software and creative commons movements which produced visions of a "networked [[information economy]]". Because human interactions in [[cyberspace]] transcend physical geography, there is a necessity for new theories in legal and other rule-making systems to deal with decentralized decision-making processes in such systems. For example, what rules should apply to conduct on the global digital network and who should set them? The laws of which nations govern

neg: Tragedy of the commons resources is to convert common good into private property, giving the new owner an incentive to enforce its sustainability. Libertarians and classical liberals cite the tragedy of the commons as an example of what happens when Lockean property rights to homestead resources are prohibited by a government. They argue that the solution to the tragedy of the commons is to allow individuals to take over the property rights of a resource, that is, to privatize it. In England, this solution was attempted in the Inclosure Acts. In a typical example, governmental regulations can limit the amount of a common good

neg: CUNY Academic Commons Commons is "an example of what could be done University wide if the instructors wanted to drop Blackboard and commit to a better solution." Even though the CUNY Academic Commons is closed to undergraduates, it is still a tool for teaching graduate courses and a hub for sharing pedagological resources. CUNY teaching projects that share the technical architecture, open source ethos, and DIY approach of the Commons include Blogs@Baruch and Eportfolios@Macaulay, and Looking for Whitman. Many reviews in the current literature point out similarities between the CUNY Academic Commons and Facebook. But as Kaya (2010) contends in the "Chronicle of

neg: Paul Collier Sachs's "The End of Poverty" and William Easterly's "The White Man's Burden", two influential books, which like Collier's book, discuss the pros and cons of development aid to developing countries. His 2010 book "The Plundered Planet" is encapsulated in his formulas: The book describes itself as an attempt at a middle way between the extremism of "Ostriches" (denialism, particularly climate change denial) and "Environmental Romanticism" (for example, anti-genetically modified organisms movements in Europe). The book is about sustainable management in relation with the geo-politics of global warming, with an attempt to avoid a global tragedy of the commons, with the

neg: Global commons partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming. Along with global warming, generalized climate change is an ongoing global commons concern. Although global warming is now a generally accepted scientific observation, the precise causes of global warming are still a matter of research and debate. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and prevent potentially harmful anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference in the climate system. There are 192 parties to the convention, including 191 states

neg: Global Marshall Plan Initiative taking care of the proper application of logos, networking actors and promoting many innovative projects with the help of numerous supporters. Alongside the support of the children’s initiative Plant-for-the-Planet, which is active in more than 193 countries, it is possible to organize more international conferences, as for example the Commons Forum, and train around 40 participants through the multiplier training of the Global Marshall Plan Academy that take places yearly. Some of the more than 200 organizations that support the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, set up a coordination circle for the initiative in December 2010 in Munich and took over

neg: Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration The "Global Ethic", expanded with a fifth directive, became official in July 2018: Humanity's shared home was mentioned in the 1993 draft of the "Global Ethic". Its first directive states that the lives of animals and plants deserve protection and care and that people, especially with a view to future generations, have a special responsibility for the Earth's air, water and soil. The fifth directive sets out in greater detail what this responsibility entails—for example: "Caring and prudent use of resources is based on fairness in consumption and takes into account limits on what ecosystems can bear." Towards a Global

neg: Jessica Hellmann 2012 Reilly Forum Lecture, "Fixing the global commons: what humans can and should do to help nature live and thrive through climate change". In 2013, Hellmann helped the Global Adaptation Institute relocate in the University of Notre Dame. In 2015 she became Research Director of the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), which measures climate risks and readiness to adapt to climate risks for countries around the world. She was worried about being labelled a "butterfly person", as she studied them extensively as proxy for how climate change impacts insects in general. She was described as an "influential voice surrounding

neg: Global citizenship way to build, one city at a time, such a system of true World Law based upon the sovereignty of the whole. Author Shashi Tharoor feels that an Earth Anthem sung by people across the world can inspire planetary consciousness and global citizenship among people. Not all interpretations of global citizenship are positive. For example, Parekh advocates what he calls globally oriented citizenship, and states, "If global citizenship means being a citizen of the world, it is neither practicable nor desirable." He argues that global citizenship, defined as an actual membership of a type of worldwide government system, is impractical

neg: Anatomography Wikipedia, as lecture material in universities, and elsewhere to share knowledge. About usage of Anatomography on websites like Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons, developers say "spreading of usages by anonymous users on like Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons is what we had expected." BodyParts3D/Anatomography project uses the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA). The FMA is an open-source anatomical ontology developed and maintained by the Structural Informatics Group at the University of Washington. In BodyParts3D, each body-part is managed by an FMA identifier (FMAID) defined by the FMA. For example, the vertebral column is registered as "FMA13478", the temporal lobe is registered as

neg: Public good example of a global public good, but also as a commons, the knowledge commons. Graphically, non-rivalry means that if each of several individuals has a demand curve for a public good, then the individual demand curves are summed vertically to get the aggregate demand curve for the public good. This is in contrast to the procedure for deriving the aggregate demand for a private good, where individual demands are summed horizontally. Social goods are defined as public goods that could be delivered as private goods, but are usually delivered by the government for various reasons, including social policy, and funded

neg: Global macro Global macro Global macro is an investment strategy based on the interpretation and prediction of large-scale events related to national economies, history, and international relations. The strategy typically employs forecasts and analysis of interest rate trends, international trade and payments, political changes, government policies, inter-government relations, and other broad systemic factors. A noted example of what is now called a Global Macro strategy was George Soros' profitable sale of the pound sterling in 1992 prior to the European Rate Mechanism debacle. In the 2010 Opalesque Roundtable discussion of global macro, hedge fund manager John Burbank discussed the increasing importance and

neg: Global commons effects, tend to the lowest common denominator, and lack monitoring and enforcement. They also take an incremental approach to solutions where sustainable development principles suggest that environmental concerns should be mainstream political issues. The global or world ocean, as the interconnected system of the Earth's oceanic (or marine) waters that comprise the bulk of the hydrosphere, is a classic global commons. It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features. In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays. Further, most freshwater bodies ultimately empty

neg: Good Country Index the 2014 list were Ireland, Finland and Switzerland. Nine of the top 10 countries in overall rankings are in Western Europe, while Canada tops overall rankings in North America. The last three countries on the list are Iraq, Libya, and Vietnam. The Index attempts to measure the global impacts of national policies and behaviors: what the country contributes to the global commons, and what they take away. The Index utilizes 35 data points, five for each of seven categories. These data points are produced by the United Nations and by other international agencies, with a few by NGOs and other

neg: Global commons There are several key differences in management of resources in the global commons from those of the commons, in general. There are obvious differences in scale of both the resources and the number of users at the local versus the global level. Also, there are differences in the shared culture and expectations of resource users; more localized commons users tend to be more homogeneous and global users more heterogeneous. This contributes to differences in the possibility and time it takes for new learning about resource usage to occur at the different levels. Moreover, global resource pools are less likely to

neg: Libertarian socialism commons, or syndicates) that use direct democracy or consensus for their decision-making process. Some libertarian socialists advocate combining these institutions using rotating, recallable to higher-level federations. Spanish anarchism is a major example of such federations in practice. Contemporary examples of libertarian socialist organizational and decision-making models in practice include a number of anti-capitalist and global justice movements including Zapatista Councils of Good Government and the global Indymedia network (which covers 45 countries on six continents). There are also many examples of indigenous societies around the world whose political and economic systems can be accurately described as anarchist or libertarian socialist,

neg: Environmental economics risk of the tragedy of the commons. The mitigation of climate change effects is an example of a public good, where the social benefits are not reflected completely in the market price. This is a public good since the risks of climate change are both non-rival and non-excludable. Such efforts are non-rival since climate mitigation provided to one does not reduce the level of mitigation that anyone else enjoys. They are non-excludable actions as they will have global consequences from which no one can be excluded. A country's incentive to invest in carbon abatement is reduced because it can "free

neg: Ecogovernmentality — that is, from combinations of the state, the community, and the market. More recent studies have applied ecogovernmentality precepts to discourses at state and local levels. Chukwumerije Okereke, Harriet Bulkeley and Heike Schroeder published a study in 2009 that examined possible problems of power, relationships, structures, and agency in climate governance at scales other than national or global. They suggested that examining these issues may help to overcome what they identify as an “impasse” in governmentality studies of global environmental problems. As another example of an ecogovernmentality study of climate change at a non-global, non-national scale, Bulkeley's 2010 paper

neg: Tragedy of the commons work was also criticised as historically inaccurate in failing to account for the demographic transition, and for failing to distinguish between common property and open access resources. In a similar vein, Carl Dahlman argues that commons were effectively managed to prevent overgrazing. Likewise, Susan Jane Buck Cox argues that the common land example used to argue this economic concept is on very weak historical ground, and misrepresents what she terms was actually the "triumph of the commons": the successful common usage of land for many centuries. She argues that social changes and agricultural innovation, and not the behaviour of the

neg: The Rosetta Foundation the fact that it is not languages that represent barriers, but rather access to translation services that is the barrier preventing communities from accessing and sharing information across languages. The annual celebration of this day aims to raise awareness about and to grow global community translation efforts. One example for this is the BBB Volunteer Interpretation Service that helps communication in Korea and Interpreters Without Borders from Babelverse. On 18 May 2013, The Rosetta Foundation launched the Translation Commons, or Trommons. Trommons is an open, non-profit space for those offering free community language services. Trommons is powered by the Service-Oriented

neg: Biological globalization example as it was originally from the Mediterranean but is now a common eastern gamebird. Biological globalization Biological globalization has been defined as "the spread of plants domesticated in one area to favorable environments around the world". Columbian Exchange is a classic example of biological globalization. A growing and changing human population plays an important part on what plants are moved to new locations and which are left untouched. Early signs of biological globalization can be traced back to the mid 1860s. Wheat is an example of biological globalization that appeared early in the developmental timeline. Global trading was the

neg: Global commons common property resource, is a special case of a common good (or public good) whose size or characteristics makes it costly, but not impossible, to exclude potential users. Examples include both natural or human-made resource domains (e.g., a "fishing hole" or an irrigation system). Unlike global public goods, global common-pool resources face problems of congestion, overuse, or degradation because they are subtractable (which makes them rivalrous). The term "commons" originates from the term common land in the British Isles. "Commoners rights" referred to traditional rights held by commoners, such as mowing meadows for hay or grazing livestock on common land

neg: Global commons According to the "World Conservation Strategy", a report on conservation published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in collaboration with UNESCO and with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Today, the Internet, World Wide Web and resulting cyberspace are often referred to as global commons. Other usages sometimes include references to open access information of all kinds, including arts and culture, language and science, though these are more formally referred to as the common heritage of mankind. The key challenge of the global commons is

neg: Global Integrity and a 55-country study in January 2008. In 2007, Global Integrity was recognized by , a network of social entrepreneurs, with an award for innovation in fighting corruption. In 2008, Global Integrity won an award from the Every Human Has Rights campaign for reporting on censorship issues. All of Global Integrity's research (including downloadable source materials) is published at the Global Integrity Report website. Global Integrity also publishes a blog, "The Global Integrity Commons". In 2001, the organization released a three-country pilot report. 25-nation field test: Global Integrity's 2004 report – tracking the extent of openness, accountability and governance in

neg: Cap and Share to control emissions in Ireland, particularly from the transport sector. The final report was published in December 2008. Cap and Share is partly an extension and popularisation of the Contraction and Convergence proposal developed by the Global Commons Institute, which also calls for an equal per capita distribution of emissions. Cap and Share differs in that it insists that emissions allocations should be distributed equally to individuals as their right, whereas Contraction and Convergence (C&C) allows governments to decide if this is the way they wish to share out what is, essentially, their national allocation. C&C also allows for (but

neg: Global commons the design of governance structures and management systems capable of addressing the complexity of multiple public and private interests, subject to often unpredictable changes, ranging from the local to the global level. As with global public goods, management of the global commons requires pluralistic legal entities, usually international and supranational, public and private, structured to match the diversity of interests and the type of resource to be managed, and stringent enough with adequate incentives to ensure compliance. Such management systems are necessary to avoid, at the global level, the classic tragedy of the commons, in which common resources become overexploited.

neg: Michelle Thorne (Creative Commons) Michelle Thorne (Creative Commons) Michelle Thorne (born January 15, 1985) is an American-born, Berlin, Germany-based Creative Commons activist. She holds a BA "summa cum laude" in Critical Social Thought and German Studies from Mount Holyoke College, USA, where she wrote an honors thesis on authorship, originality, and American copyright law. Thorne grew up in Heidelberg, Germany. She worked as the international project manager for Creative Commons from 2007 to 2011 and joined the Mozilla Foundation as Global Event Strategist in 2011. She is a founding member of the Awesome Foundation Berlin. Thorne chaired the 2011 Mozilla Festival on Media, Freedom

neg: Straight Up (book) that "A 20 percent reduction in global emissions might be possible in a quarter century with net economic benefits". "Our plan", says Romm, must be "Deployment, deployment, deployment, R&D, deployment, deployment, deployment." The next chapter discusses peak oil. The next chapters move into the politics of global warming and what Romm sees as a "right-wing disinformation machine" that confuses and misleads the public, by, for example, fostering what Romm calls "Anti-Scientific Syndrome". The book says, "the economic cost of action is low, whereas the cost of inaction is incalculably greater – what exactly is the 'price' of 5 feet of

neg: Asheville Global Report social change. Since its inception in 1999, the Asheville Global Report received several awards, including 10 Project Censored Awards. Additionally, the American Civil Liberties Union of Western North Carolina presented the AGR with its "Champion of Civil Liberties Award" and the Utne Reader has nominated the AGR for “Best International Coverage in the United States.” According to anarchist blogger Chuck Munson the "AGR is an excellent example of what independent media activists could be doing in their local communities... [It] is mercifully free of the typical leftist rhetoric and jargon that one frequently finds in activist-run community newspapers." “The Global

neg: Tyranny of small decisions which can lead to market failure. The concept has since been extended to areas other than economic ones, such as environmental degradation, political elections and health outcomes. A classic example of the tyranny of small decisions is the tragedy of the commons, described by Garrett Hardin in 1968 as a situation where a number of herders graze cows on a commons. The herders each act independently in what they perceive to be their own rational self-interest, ultimately depleting their shared limited resource, even though it is clear that it is not in any herder's long-term interest for this to happen.

neg: Global anomaly is nonzero. Alternatively, the existence of a global anomaly implies that the measure of Feynman's functional integral cannot be defined globally. The adjective "global" refers to the properties of a group that are not visible locally. For example, all features of a discrete group (as opposed to a Lie group) are global in character. A famous example is an SU(2) Yang–Mills theory in 4D with an odd number of chiral fermions transforming as doublets under SU(2). Many types of global anomalies must cancel for a theory to be consistent. An example is modular invariance, the requirement of anomaly cancellation for

neg: Science and technology studies resource. Although Garrett Hardin was not an STS scholar, the concept of tragedy of the commons still applies to science, technology and society. In a contemporary setting, the Internet acts as an example of the tragedy of the commons through the exploitation of digital resources and private information. Data and internet passwords can be stolen much more easily than physical documents. Virtual spying is almost free compared to the costs of physical spying. Additionally, net neutrality can be seen as an example of tragedy of the commons in an STS context. The movement for net neutrality argues that the Internet

neg: Asia Commons Asia Commons The Asia Commons is an attempt to see how ideas of the Commons are specifically applicable to Asian conditions, and may be distinctive from other forms. It is also the name of a conference, held in early June 2006 in Bangkok, the capital in Thailand. The event was attended by over a hundred people, mostly from Asia. There are some theses on why the Commons idea in Asia would be different from those elsewhere. For example: More specifically, the term Asia Commons is the movement to create and sustain the Commons in Asia. There are many type of

neg: Penn Institute for Urban Research Shrinking Cities". Also in the series is "Beat Cop to Top Cop: A Tale of Three Cities", co-authored by Former Miami Police Chief John Timoney. In September 2012, Penn IUR launched the Urban Research eJournal an electronic journal dedicated to disseminating the latest scholarly work on urbanism and sustainability, published through the Social Science Research Network. This eJournal gathers and distributes new research that addresses the governance, policy, economics, design and social issues related to global urbanization. Global Urban Commons (the Commons) is a publicly-accessible directory of university-based urban research centers created by The Penn Institute for Urban Research (Penn

neg: Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change global warming could potentially result in increasing deforestation, biodiversity loss or rising food prices. The complexity of the possible consequences of these (climate) policy actions requires a forward-looking, international perspective. Here, the role of science could be to provide a sound informational basis without prescribing policy decisions. The target groups of the policy advice of MCC are, among others, decision-makers from international organizations, parliaments and public administration as well as stakeholders from private-sector companies and NGOs. Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change The Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) conducts research and fosters

neg: Global Consciousness Project to be said to exist at all. It is not possible, for example, to look at the data and predict with any accuracy what (if anything) the eggs may be responding to." Robert Matthews said that while it was "the most sophisticated attempt yet" to prove psychokinesis existed, the unreliability of significant events to cause statistically significant spikes meant that "the only conclusion to emerge from the Global Consciousness Project so far is that data without a theory is as meaningless as words without a narrative". Global Consciousness Project The Global Consciousness Project (GCP, also called the EGG Project) is

neg: Now What with Ryan Duffy Now What with Ryan Duffy Now What with Ryan Duffy is an online docuseries fronted by former Vice correspondent Ryan Duffy, focused on global problems and their innovative solutions; the show premiered online on 15 October 2015, with an initial run of 10 episodes. The show was one of a slate of 12 new shows added by "The Huffington Post" in 2015 as part of their strategy of video expansion under AOL New Front; site founder Arianna Huffington cited the riots in Baltimore following the death of Freddie Gray as an example of the kinds of solution-based situations Duffy's program

neg: Biological globalization Biological globalization Biological globalization has been defined as "the spread of plants domesticated in one area to favorable environments around the world". Columbian Exchange is a classic example of biological globalization. A growing and changing human population plays an important part on what plants are moved to new locations and which are left untouched. Early signs of biological globalization can be traced back to the mid 1860s. Wheat is an example of biological globalization that appeared early in the developmental timeline. Global trading was the beginning of biological globalization which integrated plants to new environments. The black francolin is another

neg: Global commons National Space Policy, it was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic and educational purposes. As a global system of computers interconnected by telecommunication technologies consisting of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government resources, it is difficult to argue that the Internet is a global commons. These computing resources are largely privately owned and subject to private property law, although many are government owned and subject to public law. The World Wide Web, as a system of interlinked hypertext documents, either public domain (like Wikipedia itself) or subject to copyright law, is, at best, a mixed good. The

neg: Global commons and uses of global-level resources. Several environmental protocols have been established (see List of international environmental agreements) as a type of international law, "an intergovernmental document intended as legally binding with a primary stated purpose of preventing or managing human impacts on natural resources." International environmental protocols came to feature in environmental governance after trans-boundary environmental problems became widely perceived in the 1960s. Following the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference in 1972, creation of international environmental agreements proliferated. Due to the barriers already discussed, environmental protocols are not a panacea for global commons issues. Often, they are slow to produce the desired

neg: Daniel Brook "A History of Future Cities" sets out to show that an understanding of the historic development of "instant cities" like St. Petersburg, Mumbai and Shanghai, equips us to understand ongoing developments in modern cities like Dubai. For example, "(a)ll of the questions St. Petersburg raises are still with us: Which way should a city face: outward to the globe, or inward to the nation? What is global and what is local? Is cosmopolitanism a threat to native ways and self-sufficiency or a necessary condition of progress? What does modernity look like, separate from its Western conception?" According to the author,

neg: PC-LISP is a dynamically scoped predecessor to modern Common Lisp. This is therefore an historically important implementation. The session is running the following code which demonstrates dynamic scoping in Franz LISP. Note that PC-LISP does not implement the codice_1 special form that Emacs Lisp provides for local variables. Instead, all variables are what an ALGOL-based language would call "global". The first dialect of Lisp to incorporate ALGOL scoping rules (called lexical scoping) was Scheme although the Common Lisp language also added this feature. Another interesting example showing the use of backquote and the power of LISP. This is a differentiation example.

neg: Type 26 frigate the UK MoD to manufacture the first three Type 26 ships. The release stated "...steel being cut on the first ship in Glasgow in the coming weeks." In September 2015, the programme cost was estimated at £11.5 billion, for what was then assumed to be for 13 Global Combat Ships. The cost for the current eight ships was quoted as £8 billion in 2016. The Global Combat Ship has been designed from the outset with export in mind. During a House of Commons debate on 31 January 2011, it was revealed that Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Turkey had all

neg: Global hectare can provide different amounts of global hectares. For example, a hectare of lush area with high rainfall would scale higher in global hectares than would a hectare of desert. It can also be used to show that consuming different foods may increase the earth's ability to support larger populations. To illustrate, producing meat generally requires more land and energy than what producing vegetables requires; sustaining a meat-based diet would require a less populated planet. On average, a global hectare can be produced in the area of a standard hectare. A hectare (; symbol ha) is a unit of area equal

neg: Commitment to Development Index disproportionate amount of scarce resources, and poor countries are most vulnerable to global warming and ecological deterioration. The environment component looks at what rich countries are doing to reduce their disproportionate use of the global commons. Countries do well if their greenhouse gas emissions are falling, if their gas taxes are high, if they do not subsidize the fishing industry, if they have a low fossil fuel rate per capita, and if they control imports of illegally cut tropical timber. The security component of the CDI compares rich countries on military actions that affect developing countries. The CDI looks at

neg: Augustan prose satire had an attraction for authors throughout the 18th century. A variety of factors created a rise in political writing and political satire (see above for some), and Robert Walpole's success and domination of Commons was a very effective proximal cause for polarized literature and thereby the rise of parodic satire. For one thing, the parodic structure allowed an author to indict another without directly mentioning a name. For another thing, such a satire allowed the author to criticize without offering up a corrective. Swift, for example, does not directly tell his readers what is of value. Instead, like Hume

neg: Uncertainty a situation where a consensus does in fact exist. This interpretation may have even been intentionally promoted, as scientific uncertainty may be managed to reach certain goals. For example, global warming contrarian activists took the advice of Frank Luntz to frame global warming as an issue of scientific uncertainty, which was a precursor to the conflict frame used by journalists when reporting the issue. "Indeterminacy can be loosely said to apply to situations in which not all the parameters of the system and their interactions are fully known, whereas ignorance refers to situations in which it is not known what

neg: History Commons History Commons The History Commons is a web site and organization that documents events and issues of great social and political significance, focusing primarily on events and issues from the 1970s to the present day. The History Commons operates under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike license. It was originally sponsored by The Global Center, a 501(c)(3) organization, and is now operated by the Center for Grassroots Oversight, itself a 501(c)3 organization. The website was previously named Center for Cooperative Research, and was located at cooperativeresearch.org. According to the History Commons "About" page, the purpose of the website is: "To provide a

neg: Global commons additional threat to species already stressed by habitat loss and other impacts. Where these changes lead is not yet clear, but are likely to have far-reaching impacts on Arctic marine ecosystems. Climate models tend to reinforce that temperature trends due to global warming will be much smaller in Antarctica than in the Arctic, but ongoing research may show otherwise. Management of outer space global commons has been contentious since the successful launch of the Sputnik satellite by the former Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. There is no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, although there are several standard

neg: Doreen Massey (geographer) the importance of place, her position accords with those arguing against essentialised or static notions, where: Massey used the example of Kilburn High Road in north west London to exemplify what she termed a 'progressive' or 'global' sense of place, in the essay 'A Global Sense of Place'. In a Podcast interview with Social Science Space Massey talks about the idea of physical space being alive "A lot of what I’ve been trying to do over the all too many years when I’ve been writing about space is to bring space alive, to dynamize it and to make it relevant,

neg: Learning commons will mean changes in the operations of a school’s library. Resource collections will need to be reshaped even more rapidly and readily than they are currently to reflect their communities as well as the world at large. It is the only way a library’s access to the global, interconnected and interactive communication networks of the future. from library to learning commons: a metamorphosis Learning commons Learning commons, also known as scholars' commons, information commons or digital commons, are learning spaces, similar to libraries and classrooms that share space for information technology, remote or online education, tutoring, collaboration, content creation, meetings,

neg: Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change and provided. The research of MCC is divided into seven working groups and one task force: In addition to scientific research, policy advice is central to the work of MCC. Moreover, these two focal points build on each other and give rise to a self-perpetuating cycle: The scientific research findings form the basis of the consulting work (“policy dialogue”), while the consulting becomes the subject of research in that it is subjected to scientific evaluation. Climate protection and sustainable development are areas that are intricately interwoven over the long term. For example, using biomass to produce “clean” energy to limit

neg: Conservation biology "global" biodiversity are a recent phenomenon. Natural resource conservation, however, has a history that extends prior to the age of conservation. Resource ethics grew out of necessity through direct relations with nature. Regulation or communal restraint became necessary to prevent selfish motives from taking more than could be locally sustained, therefore compromising the long-term supply for the rest of the community. This social dilemma with respect to natural resource management is often called the "Tragedy of the Commons". From this principle, conservation biologists can trace communal resource based ethics throughout cultures as a solution to communal resource conflict. For example,

neg: Explanatory style his or her failures as unstable (I just didn't study enough for this particular test) whereas a pessimist might think, for example, "I'm never good at tests". This distinction covers global versus local and/or specific and the extent of the effect. A pessimist might, for example, think that "Everywhere there is misery" and an optimist think that, "I have had dealings mostly with honest people". People who generally tend to blame themselves for negative events, believe that such events will continue indefinitely, and let such events affect many aspects of their lives display what is called a "pessimistic explanatory style".

neg: Sources of international law law creating. Some treaties are the result of codifying existing customary law, such as laws governing the global commons, and "jus ad bellum". While the purpose is to establish a code of general application, its effectiveness depends upon the number of states that ratify or accede to the particular convention. Relatively few such instruments have a sufficient number of parties to be regarded as international law in their own right. The most obvious example is the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims. Most multi-lateral treaties fall short of achieving such a near universal degree of formal acceptance

neg: David Suzuki Foundation status." However, Suzuki makes a distinction between what he says as an individual and what the Foundation says. For example, he has called Ottawa's plan to fight global warming a "national embarrassment" and has said of the government's energy policy: "It's not a strategy, it's a shame." He makes it clear that this is his personal opinion and has "nothing to do with [his] foundation." And, as Lloyd Alter notes in an article in "Treehugger," in Canadian law, charities "are" permitted to comment on politics: Charities have wide latitude to comment on politics, provided they don't endorse parties or candidates

neg: Global strategy Global strategy Global strategy as defined in business terms is an organization's strategic guide to globalization. Such a connected world, allows a business’s revenue to not be to be confined by borders. A business can employ a global business strategy to reap the rewards of trading in a worldwide market. A sound global strategy should address these questions: what must be (versus what is) the extent of market presence in the world's major markets? How to build the necessary global presence? What must be AND (versus what is) the optimal locations around the world for the various value chain activities?

neg: Commons Daemon to use Commons Daemon: by implementing the daemon interface or by calling a class that provides the required methods for daemon. For example, Tomcat-4.1.x uses the daemon interface and Tomcat-5.0.x provides a class whose methods are called by JSVC directly. Commons Daemon Commons Daemon, formerly known as JSVC, is a Java software library belonging to the Apache Commons Project. Daemon provides a portable means of starting and stopping a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that is running server-side applications. Such applications often have additional requirements compared to client-side applications. For example, the servlet container Tomcat 4 would need to serialize sessions

neg: Maximum sustainable yield by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the state of the world's fisheries indicate a levelling off of landings in the 1990s, at about 100 million tons. In addition, the composition of global catches has changed. As fishers deplete larger, long-lived predatory fish species such as cod, tuna, shark, and snapper, they move down to the next level – to species that tend to be smaller, shorter-lived, and less valuable. Overfishing is a classic example of the tragedy of the commons. In population ecology and economics, optimum sustainable yield is the level of effort (LOE) that maximizes

neg: State of Fear chief meteorologist for Weather Underground, writes: "Crichton presents an error-filled and distorted version of the Global Warming science, favoring views of the handful of contrarians that attack the consensus science of the IPCC." The Union of Concerned Scientists devote a section of their website to what they describe as misconceptions readers may take away from the book. Despite being a work of fiction, the book has found use by opponents of global warming. For example, US Senator Jim Inhofe, who once pronounced global warming "the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people", made "State of Fear" "required reading" for

neg: Arctic ecology practices. Because of the natives' increased hunting efficiency, scarcity of resources became an issue in the region, a version of what American human ecologist Garrett Hardin called "the tragedy of the commons." The Arctic peoples value spiritual connections with their environment, which leads to a spiritual understanding along with their scientific understanding. Their lifestyles, therefore, reflect not only activity that is economically efficient but also that which is in line with their spiritual beliefs and values. The Alaskan Athabascan people, for example, spiritually value the moose. State law acknowledges this spiritual belief and allows people to take moose for potlatches

neg: Socialist economics of use-values through the free cooperation of producers who have access to distributed capital. Commons-based peer production generally involves developers who produce goods and services with no aim to profit directly, but freely contribute to a project relying upon an open common pool of resources and software code. In both cases, production is carried out directly for use—software is produced solely for their use-value. Wikipedia, being based on collaboration and cooperation and a freely associated individuals, has been cited as a template for how socialism might operate. This is a modern example of what the Paris Commune—a template for possible

neg: Eugene Thacker 'technology' as a tool, and more on the technical reconditioning of the 'biological.' It is this assumption that characterizes the concept of 'biomedia.'" Thacker explicitly distinguishes this from mechanical prosthetics and sci-fi tropes of downloading human consciousness into virtual reality. He writes, "By contrast, what we find with biomedia is a constant, consistent, and methodical inquiry into the technical-philosophical question of 'what a body can do.'" As an example of this, in his book "The Global Genome", Thacker looks to recent developments in tissue engineering where readily apparent techno-mechanical apparatuses disappear altogether so that it appears as though technology is

neg: Thread-local storage Thread-local storage Thread-local storage (TLS) is a computer programming method that uses static or global memory local to a thread. TLS is used in some places where ordinary, single-threaded programs would use global variables, but where this would be inappropriate in multithreaded cases. An example of such situations is where functions use a global variable to set an error condition (for example the global variable codice_1 used by many functions of the C library). If codice_1 were a global variable, a call of a system function on one thread may overwrite the value previously set by a call of a

neg: Global strategy deepening the company's understanding of local and cultural differences in order to become truly global. Global strategy Global strategy as defined in business terms is an organization's strategic guide to globalization. Such a connected world, allows a business’s revenue to not be to be confined by borders. A business can employ a global business strategy to reap the rewards of trading in a worldwide market. A sound global strategy should address these questions: what must be (versus what is) the extent of market presence in the world's major markets? How to build the necessary global presence? What must be AND

neg: Dorothy Gordon (activist) Global Commission for Internet Governance (GCIG) for 'One Internet'. Currently she remains actively involved at Board or Jury level on a number of global initiatives working on defining a better technology mediated future. She is a board member and expert for the World Summit Awards. She works on gender and technology with Chatham House and as Chair for the Working group on Information Literacy UNESCO/IFAP. She is also an Advisory council member Creative Commons Global and for kasahorow an NGO that gives African language speakers around the world the freedom to express themselves in their own languages in the digital

neg: Sarah Conlon to make the trip to London to hear the apology, but her children spoke to her by telephone from the House of Commons. After securing the apology, she mentioned that she no longer had to worry about dying and what it means. SDLP leader and Foyle member of parliament Mark Durkan described Sarah as "a true heroine of our age" and "shining example to us all", saying that she had the "patience of a saint" and "huge reserves of faith, fortitude and remarkable forgiveness", and that "her story is an inspiration of faith, hope and love". Conlon was described as

neg: Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act scarcity of such goods means there are no economic incentives to conserve them. In what is known as the "tragedy of the commons", rational individuals are motivated to over-utilize these resources for short-term economic gain despite the potential for collective action to deplete the resource or result in other adverse consequences in the long run. What this means for GHGs is that their effects on climate stability are often disregarded in economic analyses as "externalities". As a frequently used measure of a country's well being, the GDP, for example, places value on the goods and services produced within a country

neg: Environmental policy but the social marginal cost is less than the social marginal benefit. The tragedy of the commons is the problem that, because no one person owns the commons, each individual has an incentive to utilize common resources as much as possible. Without governmental involvement, the commons is overused. Examples of tragedies of the commons are overfishing and overgrazing. Environmental policy instruments are tools used by governments to implement their environmental policies. Governments may use a number of different types of instruments. For example, economic incentives and market-based instruments such as taxes and tax exemptions, tradable permits, and fees can be

neg: GreenXchange GreenXchange GreenXchange was an online marketplace where companies share intellectual property developed by them in order to stir up innovation in industries in which they themselves do not compete. It was launched at Davos, Switzerland in January 2010 by Nike, Creative Commons and Best Buy. GreenXchange provided a standardized patent license structure, where patent-owners can control to whom and to what degree their intellectual property is made available. GreenXchange can be used by Nike, for example, to share its existing patents and intellectual property free of charge or for a fee, but usually only with companies with which Nike does

neg: Open educational resources development (ROER4D) research project, aims to study how OER can be produced in the global south (developing countries) which can meet the local needs of the institutions and people. It seeks to understand in what ways, and under what circumstances can the adoption of OER address the increasing demand for accessible, relevant, high-quality and affordable post-secondary education in the Global South. Within the open educational resources movement, the concept of OER is active. Consider, for example, the conceptions of gratis versus libre knowledge as found in the discourse about massive open online courses, which may offer free courses but charge

neg: Commons club each officer took an oath not to exercise that right during his term of office. The Denison Commons Club strove to give as many men as possible the influence of fraternity life, and looked to what it could do for the man, not what he could do for the Commons Club. The Denison Commons Club was known for its inclusiveness from its very beginnings. Many of its members were minorities, bi-racial or otherwise disenfranchised members of society. At a convention held in 1921 on April 22 and 23 in Granville, Ohio, delegates from the commons clubs of Denison University, Ohio

neg: Recorded Future possibly indicate the entities and events involved. Noah Schachtmann from "WIRED" – who first wrote about Google and the CIA both investing in RF – described the company in an interview as follows: "Recorded Future is a company that strips out from web pages the sort of who, what, when, where, why — sort of who’s involved, [...] where are they going, what kind of events are they going to." Clients initially included the financial sector with quantitative investors, but since 2013 they have changed to businesses seeking cyber security, per Ahlberg (who?), for example SITA (IT company), a global

neg: Heather Marsh ideas and actions instead of personalities, a form of organization she recommends for mass movements. Heather Marsh Heather Marsh is a philosopher, programmer and human rights activist. She is the author of Binding Chaos, a study of methods of mass collaboration and the founder of Getgee, a project to create a global data commons and trust network. She gives talks about mass collaboration, democracy, economy and other societal issues. She has spoken about Getgee and the need for a global data commons at various software conferences. She gave a keynote speech on approval economy at the Alternate G8 summit in

neg: Heather Marsh Heather Marsh Heather Marsh is a philosopher, programmer and human rights activist. She is the author of Binding Chaos, a study of methods of mass collaboration and the founder of Getgee, a project to create a global data commons and trust network. She gives talks about mass collaboration, democracy, economy and other societal issues. She has spoken about Getgee and the need for a global data commons at various software conferences. She gave a keynote speech on approval economy at the Alternate G8 summit in 2013. She was invited to the 2012 Berlin Biennale as part of their Occupy art

neg: Washington Consensus said to be dead. Discussion of the Washington Consensus has long been contentious. Partly this reflects a lack of agreement over what is meant by the term, in face of the contrast between the broader and narrower definitions. But there are also substantive differences involved over the merits and consequences of the various policy prescriptions involved. Some critics take issue, for example, with the original Consensus's emphasis on the opening of developing countries to global markets, and/or with what they see as an excessive focus on strengthening the influence of domestic market forces, arguably at the expense of key functions

neg: Global Television Network to hour-long late evening newscast. Global-owned stations in certain major markets also carry locally based public affairs programs under the "Focus" brand. In addition, Corus also operates several Global-branded news/talk radio stations across Canada under the "Global News Radio" moniker. Global does not have what can be called a main schedule, apart from news. Even before the WIC purchase, the Global stations had widely varying program lineups, and the WIC purchase only exacerbated the differences. For example, CHAN held the British Columbia rights to many shows that aired on CTV until 2001, except for "The Oprah Winfrey Show". CKMI cannot

neg: Creative Commons license Creative Commons license A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that he or she (that author) has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, he or she might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the

neg: Khalid Mahmood (British politician) links between al-Qaeda and elements in Pakistan's security forces. Mahmood opposed the decision by Birmingham College in 2013 to ban students wearing veils. "I am seriously concerned that the college has taken this approach," Mahmood told "The Huffington Post". "I see no reason why young women should not be able to practice their faith and wear what is appropriate for their religion, [...] It is about freedom to protect your rights. The college should demonstrate and encourage respect of belief, colour and background. [The decision] is not an example to set to students." In House of Commons divisions, he has

neg: Antonio Carpio the global commons in the South China Sea." He also maintains that "The Philippines is fighting a legal battle not only for itself but also for all mankind. A victory for the Philippines is a victory for all States, coastal and landlocked, that China has shut out of the global commons in the South China Sea." In 2015, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs sponsored Justice Carpio on a world lecture tour on the South China Sea dispute. Justice Carpio presented the Philippines’ historical and legal case on the dispute before think tanks and universities in 30 cities covering 17

neg: Global citizenship education global citizenship education. Learners develop their understanding of the world, global themes, governance structures and systems, including politics, history and economics; understand the rights and responsibilities of individuals and groups (for example, women’s and children’s rights, indigenous rights, corporate social responsibility); and, recognise the interconnectedness of local, national and global issues, structures and processes. Learners develop the skills of critical inquiry (for example, where to find information and how to analyse and use evidence), media literacy and an understanding of how information is mediated and communicated. They develop their ability to inquire into global themes and issues (for example, globalisation,

neg: Digital commons (economics) light of the Zero Marginal Cost Society, the Commons Transition and the transition to a digital commons in particular, appears to be inevitable. Critics observe the tension between contributing to the digital Commons, which is fundamentally abundant, and making a living, which is based on scarcity. Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization that provides many free copyright licenses with which contributors to the digital commons can license their work. Creative Commons is focused on the expansion of flexible copyright. For example, popular image sharing sites like Flickr and Pixabay, provide access to hundreds of millions of Creative Commons licensed

neg: Christopher Hedrick of the Board of Trustees of The Evergreen State College, board member and Treasurer for the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), the largest recipient of Gates Foundation funding for global health, and the Chairman of the Board of the Digital Learning Commons. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of LINGOs, a non-profit that promotes sustainable global development by helping to build the capacity of the people delivering programs around the world. Christopher Hedrick Christopher "Chris" Hedrick (born 1962) is an entrepreneur and expert in global health, international development, technology, and learning. He is CEO of NextStep

neg: Creative Commons license for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses: Creative Commons license A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that he or she (that author) has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, he or she might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work)

neg: Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English rugby player Phil Bennett is reputed to have inspired his teammates for the Wales v England game with a pre-match speech: "Look what these bastards have done to Wales. They've taken our coal, our water, our steel. They buy our homes and only live in them for a fortnight every year. What have they given us? Absolutely nothing. We've been exploited, raped, controlled and punished by the English – and that's who you are playing this afternoon." Llew Smith then Labour MP for Blaenau Gwent, gave a Commons speech critical of Welsh nationalism claiming (for example) that Nationalists resisted evacuation

neg: Open Commons Consortium Open Commons Consortium The Open Commons Consortium ("aka" OCC - formerly the Open Cloud Consortium) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit venture which provides cloud computing and data commons resources to support "scientific, environmental, medical and health care research." OCC manages and operates resources including the Open Science Data Cloud ("aka" OSDC), which is a multi-petabyte scientific data sharing resource. The consortium is based in Chicago, Illinois, and is managed by the 501(c)3 Center for Computational Science Research. The OCC was among six partners engaged by the Global Lambda Integrated Facility to establish a testbed for a 100 Gbps data transmission capability.

neg: Thread-local storage (programming language)|Python]] version 2.4 or later, "local" class in "threading" module can be used to create thread-local storage. [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] can create/access thread-local variables using []=/[] methods: [[Category:Threads (computing)]] [[Category:Variable (computer science)]] [[Category:Software design patterns]] Thread-local storage Thread-local storage (TLS) is a computer programming method that uses static or global memory local to a thread. TLS is used in some places where ordinary, single-threaded programs would use global variables, but where this would be inappropriate in multithreaded cases. An example of such situations is where functions use a global variable to set an error condition (for example the global