query: where is the thymus gland located on a cow

pos: Sweetbread Sweetbread Sweetbread is a culinary name for the thymus (also called throat, gullet, or neck sweetbread). This is especially of calf ("ris de veau") and lamb ("ris d'agneau"), and, less commonly, of beef and pork. The "heart" sweetbreads are more spherical in shape, while the "throat" sweetbreads are more cylindrical in shape. Various other glands used as food may also sometimes be called "sweetbreads," including the parotid gland ("cheek" or "ear" sweetbread), the sublingual glands ("tongue" sweetbreads or "throat bread") as well as ovary and testicles. One common preparation of sweetbreads involves soaking in salt water, then poaching in milk,

pos: Mrigashīrsha extends from after 23°20 in Vṛṣabha Rāśi up to 6°40 in Mithuna. Star is governed by mars and the presiding deity or God is a Soma God. Soma mean Chandra or Moon God. He hold amrita (nectar or eternity poison ). Symbol is Antelope or Deer. Rules the following parts of the body : face, chin, cheeks, larynx, palate, throat, vocal chord, arms, shoulders, thymus gland, upper ribs. The word mṛga represents forests, gardens, a search, a seeking to find, to roam about in forests and a hunter, to seek to blaze the trail, a guide and preceptor. Mṛgaśirṣa is

neg: X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency aid in fighting off infections, are very low. The absence of a thymic shadow on chest X-rays is also indicative of X-SCID. In a normal child, a distinctive sailboat shaped shadow near the heart can be seen. The thymus gland in normal patients will gradually decrease in size because the need for the thymus gland diminishes. The decrease in the size of the thymus gland occurs because the body already has a sufficient number of developed T-cells. However, a patient with X-SCID will be born with an abnormally small thymus gland at birth. This indicates that the function of thymus

neg: Hexagram Purusha (the supreme being), and Prakriti (mother nature, or causal matter). Often this is represented as Shiva - Shakti. The Shatkona is a hexagram and looks exactly like the Star of David. In the endocrine system, Anahata is associated with the thymus gland, located in the chest. This gland produces T-cells, that combat disease, and bring equilibrium to the body. The functioning of the thymus is greatest before puberty and is impaired by the appearance of sex hormones in the blood stream from puberty onwards. The "Magen David" is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity and is

neg: Myasthenia gravis autoimmune disorders. Relatives of MG patients have a higher percentage of other immune disorders. The thymus gland cells form part of the body's immune system. In those with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland is large and abnormal. It sometimes contains clusters of immune cells which indicate lymphoid hyperplasia, and the thymus gland may give wrong instructions to immune cells. For women who are pregnant and already have MG, in a third of cases, they have been known to experience an exacerbation of their symptoms, and in those cases it usually occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. Signs and symptoms

neg: Parathyroid gland thyroid vein drains into the brachiocephalic vein. Lymphatic vessels from the parathyroid glands drain into deep cervical lymph nodes and paratracheal lymph nodes. The parathyroid glands are variable in number: three or more small glands, and can usually be located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Occasionally, some individuals may have six, eight, or even more parathyroid glands. Rarely, the parathyroid glands may be within the thyroid gland itself, the chest, or even the thymus. The parathyroid glands are named for their proximity to the thyroid — and serve a completely different role than the thyroid gland. The

neg: Allan L. Goldstein award of France. He was elected to ΑΩΑ, the National Medical Honor Society in 2007. Allan L. Goldstein Allan L. Goldstein is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine at The George Washington University School of Medicine. He chaired the department from 1978 until March 2009 and was awarded Emeritus status in 2013. He is an authority on the thymus gland and the workings of the immune system, and co-discoverer (with Abraham White) of the Thymosins, a family of hormone-like peptides isolated from the thymus gland. Goldstein grew up on Staten Island and received his B.S. degree

neg: Allan L. Goldstein Allan L. Goldstein Allan L. Goldstein is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine at The George Washington University School of Medicine. He chaired the department from 1978 until March 2009 and was awarded Emeritus status in 2013. He is an authority on the thymus gland and the workings of the immune system, and co-discoverer (with Abraham White) of the Thymosins, a family of hormone-like peptides isolated from the thymus gland. Goldstein grew up on Staten Island and received his B.S. degree from Wagner College in 1959 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Rutgers University, the

neg: Thyroid ima artery thyroid artery. In rare cases, the artery has been seen to be compensating for absence of one or both superior thyroid arteries. In cases where the length of the thyroid ima artery is shorter, the artery ends by supplying the thymus gland and is known as "thymica accessoria". When present, the thyroid ima's chief supply is the thyroid gland, though it also supplies the trachea. The artery may extend and supply the parathyroid glands. An infrequently observed artery, it is more frequently reported in the context of enlarged parathyroid glands (parathyroid adenomas). The artery ends by supplying the thyroid gland,

neg: Thymic epithelial cell disease, Myasthenia gravis or HIV. Thymic epithelial cell Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are specialized cells with high degree of anatomic, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity that are located in the thymic epithelium within the thymic stroma. Thymus, as a primary lymphoid organ, mediates T cell development and maturation. Thymic microenvironment is established by TEC network filled with thymocytes in different developing stages. TECs and thymocytes are the most important components in the thymus, that are necessary for production functionally competent T lymphocytes and self tolerance. Dysfunction of TECs causes several immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases. Final anatomical location of the thymic gland

neg: Thymic epithelial cell Thymic epithelial cell Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are specialized cells with high degree of anatomic, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity that are located in the thymic epithelium within the thymic stroma. Thymus, as a primary lymphoid organ, mediates T cell development and maturation. Thymic microenvironment is established by TEC network filled with thymocytes in different developing stages. TECs and thymocytes are the most important components in the thymus, that are necessary for production functionally competent T lymphocytes and self tolerance. Dysfunction of TECs causes several immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases. Final anatomical location of the thymic gland reaches at 6 weeks in

neg: Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator purify this factor from thymus glands in much the same manner that insulin was prepared from the pancreas for therapeutic use in diabetes. The difficulty was that the thymus is a very small gland and produces very small quantities of the factor. Thus, purification techniques did not allow appropriate pure fractions to be produced in sufficient quantities. Thymus is a preferred tissue for viral replication of feline immunodeficiency virus, which results in lesions and dysfunction. In 1983 scientists succeeded in cloning epithelial cell lines from the thymus of various species and began to biochemically and biologically characterize these thymus derived

neg: Cannabinoid receptor type 2 the peripheral tissues of the immune system and found CB receptor mRNA is found throughout tissues of the spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland. Northern blot analysis further indicates the expression of the CNR2 gene in immune tissues, where they are primarily responsible for mediating cytokine release. These receptors were primarily localized on immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, B-cells, and T-cells. Further investigation into the expression patterns of the CB receptors revealed that CB receptor gene transcripts are also expressed in the brain, though not as densely as the CB receptor and located on different cells. Unlike the CB receptor,

neg: RANKL proliferation by modifying protein levels of Id4, Id2 and cyclin D1. RANKL is expressed in several tissues and organs including: skeletal muscle, thymus, liver, colon, small intestine, adrenal gland, osteoblast, mammary gland epithelial cells, prostate and pancreas. Variation in concentration levels of RANKL throughout several organs reconfirms the importance of RANKL in tissue growth (particularly bone growth) and immune functions within the body. The level of RANKL expression does not linearly correlate to the effect of this ligand. High protein expression of RANKL is commonly detected in the lungs, thymus and lymph nodes. Low protein expression is found in bone

neg: Fish physiology jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the "columella" (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and in mammals the malleus and incus. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus gland, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches. Scientists have investigated what part of the body is responsible for maintaining the respiratory rhythm. They found that neurons located in the brainstem of fish are responsible for the genesis of the respiratory rhythm. The position of these neurons is slightly different from the centers of respiratory genesis in mammals but

neg: Thymus little understood. The two lobes differ slightly in size and may be united or separated. Thymic tissue sometimes be found scattered on or around the gland. The thyomocytes and the epithelium of the thymus have different developmental origins. The epithelium of the thymus develops first, appearing as two flask-shape endodermal diverticula, which arise one on either side, from the third pharyngeal pouch, and extend outward and backward into the surrounding mesoderm and neural crest-derived mesenchyme in front of the ventral aorta. Here the thymocytes and epithelium meet and join with connective tissue. The pharyngeal opening of each diverticulum is soon

neg: Gland Endocrine glands secrete substances that circulate through the blood stream. The glands secrete their products through basal lamina into the blood stream. Basil lamina typically can be seen a layer around the glands to which a million maybe more tiny blood vessels are attached. These glands often secrete hormones which play an important role in maintaining homeostasis. The pineal gland, thymus gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and the two adrenal glands are all endocrine glands. Exocrine glands secrete their products through a duct onto an outer surface of the body, such as the skin or the gastrointestinal tract. Secretion is

neg: Thymectomy Thymectomy A thymectomy is an operation to remove the thymus. It usually results in remission of myasthenia gravis with the help of medication including steroids. However, this remission may not be permanent. Thymectomy is indicated when thymoma are present in the thymus. Anecdotal evidence suggests MG patients with no evidence of thymoma may still benefit from thymectomy, thus the procedure is (unless and until a much-discussed clinical survey ever reaches a contraindicatory conclusion) commonly prescribed. There are a number of surgical approaches to the removal of the thymus gland: transternal (through the breast bone), transcervical (through a small neck incision),

neg: KIAA0090 and 20 alternatively spliced forms of varying lengths. The gene has 8 probable promoters. The gene is flanked by UBR4 on its right and MRTO4 on its left. This Information is graphically displayed in Figure 1. Expressed Sequence Tags and isolated cDNA clones indicate KIAA0090 is expressed ubiquitously in low to moderate levels throughout the body. This includes but is not limited to testis, tongue, lung, cerebellum, brain, mammary gland, trachea, placenta, esophageal, salivary gland, brain, hippocampus, amygdale, bone marrow, thalamus, spleen, uterus, thymus, kidney, eye, heart, gall bladder, prostate, liver, parathyroid gland, ovary, stomach, skeletal muscle, colon, pancreas, and

neg: Thyroid ima artery Thyroid ima artery The thyroid ima artery (thyroidea ima artery, arteria thyroidea ima, thyroid artery of Neubauer or the lowest thyroid artery) is an artery of the head and neck. It is an anatomical variant that, when present, supplies blood to the thyroid gland primarily, or the trachea, the parathyroid gland and the thymus gland (as thymica accessoria) in rare cases. It has also been reported to be a compensatory artery when one or both of the inferior thyroid arteries are absent and in a few cases the only source of blood to the thyroid gland. It varies in origin,

neg: Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator disease”. The greater susceptibility to infection was shown to be directly attributable to a dramatic decrease in peripheral blood lymphocytes in thymectomized animals. By 1964 it had been demonstrated that regulatory factors extracted from the thymus gland could prevent many of the manifestations of wasting disease. This suggested that the thymus produces substances important in the development of immunity. It was not until 1971 that it was discovered that thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) were important regulators of bone-marrow-derived antibody-producing lymphocytes (B-cells). After the discovery that the thymus was producing profound regulatory factors, several groups of scientists began trying to extract and

neg: TMEM126B tissues. TMEM126B is located on chromosome 11 in humans, flanked by the following genes: A conceptual translation of the TMEM126B protein, including a projection of the secondary structure, predictions of transmembrane regions, and putative phosphorylation and glycation sites is included below: TMEM126B is expressed in most tissue types, with the notable exceptions of adipose tissue, ear tissue, the larynx, lymph tissue, nerve tissue, pituitary gland, spleen, thymus, thyroid, trachea, and umbilical cord. It also appears to be highly expressed in parathyroid, bone marrow, and urinary bladder tissue. There is also evidence that one of the isoforms of TMEM126B is expressed

neg: Thymus Thymus The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. Histologically, each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells

neg: Thymus in 5 out of 6 human fetuses. As in humans, the guinea pig's thymus naturally atrophies as the animal reaches adulthood, but the athymic hairless guinea pig (which arose from a spontaneous laboratory mutation) possesses no thymic tissue whatsoever, and the organ cavity is replaced with cystic spaces. Thymus The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior

neg: Thymosin system. Begun by Allan L. Goldstein in the Laboratory of Abraham White at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, the work continued at University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston and at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington D.C. The supposition that the role of the thymus might involve a hormone-like mechanism led to the isolation from thymus tissue of a biologically active preparation. Known as "Thymosin Fraction 5", this was able to restore some aspects of immune function in animals lacking thymus gland. Fraction 5 was found to contain over

neg: Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W in the human haploid genome with 70 gag, 100 pro, and 30 env regions. With in vitro transcription techniques three suggested ORFs on chromosome 3 (gag), 6 (pro) and 7 (env) were detected and further analyzed revealing that the ORF on chromosome 7q21.2 uniquely encoded a glycosylated Env protein. Performing RealTime RT-PCR on adrenal gland, bone marrow, cerebellum, whole brain, fetal brain, fetal liver, heart, kidney, liver, lung, placenta, prostate, salivary gland, skeletal muscle, spinal cord, testis, thymus, thyroid gland, trachea, and uterus cells revealed 22 complete HERV-W families on chromosomes 1–3, 5–8, 10–12, 15, 19 and X. In silico

neg: Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma Marginal Zone B-cell Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL) is a type of lymphoma that affects B-cells in the marginal zones of various areas. Marginal zone lymphomas are slow growing and make up about 12% of all B-cell NHL. The median age for diagnosis is 65 years old and is primarily present in the stomach, intestines, salivary glands, lung, thyroid gland, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, bladder, kidney, skin, soft tissue, thymus gland, and breast. The three types of marginal zone lymphomas include extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT), nodal marginal zone lymphoma, and splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Marginal zone lymphomas are

neg: Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome evaluated patients had some degree of decrease in intelligence. The syndrome appears to be due to mutations in the gene tetratricopeptide repeat domain 37 (TTC37) which encodes the protein Thespin or the SKIV2L gene. This gene is expressed is in the adrenal gland, amniotic fluid, bladder, blood, bone, bone marrow, brain, cervix, connective tissue, ear, epididymis, eye, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, lymph nodes, mammary glands, mouth, muscle, nerve, oesophagus, ovary, pancreas, pharynx, placenta, prostate, pituitary gland, salivary gland, testis, thyroid, tonsil, thymus, trachea, skin, uterus, spleen, spinal cord, stomach and vascular tissue. It is also expressed in ascites and

neg: Thorax Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ "thorax" "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along

neg: Thorax cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees. Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ "thorax" "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the

neg: Regeneration in humans spinal nerves. Researchers, from University of Edinburgh, have succeeded in regenerating a living organ. Regenerated organ is closely resembled with juvenile thymus in terms of architecture and gene expression profile. The thymus gland is one of the first organs to degenerate in normal healthy individuals. Between the years 2005 and 2008 four women with vaginal hypoplasia due to Müllerian agenesis were given regenerated vaginas. Up to eight years after the transplants all organs have normal function and structure. Regeneration in humans Regeneration in humans is the regrowth of lost tissues or organs in response to injury. This is in contrast

neg: Fish gill the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water." Higher vertebrates do not develop gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and lay the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the "columella" (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and in mammals the malleus and incus. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus gland, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches. In bony fish,

neg: RANK and 6 which transmit signals to downstream targets such as NF-κB and JNK. RANK is constitutively expressed in skeletal muscle, thymus, liver, colon, small intestine, adrenal gland, osteoclast, mammary gland epithelial cells, prostate, vascular cell, and pancreas. Most commonly, activation of NF-κB is mediated by RANKL, but over-expression of RANK alone is sufficient to activate the NF-κB pathway. RANKL (receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand) is found on the surface of stromal cells, osteoblasts, and T cells. RANK is a 616 amino acid type I transmembrane protein. Its extracellular domain consists of 184 amino acids, its transmembrane domain

neg: Parathyroid gland endoderm of the third and fourth pouch and neural crest mesenchyme. The position of the glands reverses during embryological life. The pair of glands which is ultimately inferior develops from the third pouch with the thymus, whereas the pair of glands which is ultimately superior develops from the fourth pouch. During embryological development, the thymus migrates downwards, dragging the inferior glands with it. The superior pair are not dragged downwards by the fourth pouch to the same degree. The glands are named after their final, not embryological, positions. Since the thymus's ultimate destination is in the mediastinum of the chest,

neg: IFFO1 elongated coiled-coil dimer consisting of four consecutive alpha-helical segments. Based on experimental data on normal tissues in the human body, IFFO1 gene is highly expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and especially in the spleen. Medium expression is seen in several areas such as the adrenal gland, colon, lymph nodes, thymus, and ovary. The tissue areas that had the relatively low expression includes CD4 and CD8 T-cells, epidymal cells, the heart, and the stomach. Extremely low levels of expression were observed in tissues obtained from fetus, kidney, testis, thyroid, and especially in the salivary gland. However, the gene has been

neg: Surfactant protein A1 trachea, prostate, pancreas, thymus, colon, eye, salivary gland and other tissues. Using specific monoclonal antibodies for Surfactant protein A, the protein can be detected in lung alveolar type II pneumocytes, club cells, and alveolar macrophages, but no extrapulmonary SP-A immunoreactivity was observed. SFTPA1 is located in the long arm "q" of chromosome 10, close to SFTPA2. The SFTPA1 gene is 4505 base pairs in length, and 94% similar to SFTPA2. The structure of SFTPA1 consists of four coding exons (I-IV), and several 5'UTR untranslated exons (A, B, B’, C, C’, D, D’). The expression of SFTPA1 is regulated by cellular

neg: Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator had a 40 percent increase in function while the placebo group had a 17 percent decrease in function. Following the study, LTCI was approved by the USDA to treat osteoarthritis in dogs in 2016. Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator (LTCI) is an immune regulating polypeptide, which is a potent regulator of CD-4 lymphocyte production and function. It increases lymphocyte numbers and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in animals. Prior to 1960, the thymus gland, which lies in the cervical thoracic area, was thought to be of little importance. In adult animals, the thymus is almost non-existent because it atrophies as animals

neg: Edwin Stephen Goodrich surrounded by cilia which create a current of fluid. In some groups the nephridia may disappear (as in vertebrates, where the nephridia may have been converted into the thymus gland), and the coelomoducts then take on the additional function of excretion. This is why man has a genitourinary system. Before Goodrich's analysis, the whole subject was in chaos. Goodrich established that a motor nerve remains linked to its corresponding segmental muscle, however much it may have become displaced or obscured in development. He showed that organs can be homologous without arising from the same segments of the body. For example,

neg: Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator (LTCI) is an immune regulating polypeptide, which is a potent regulator of CD-4 lymphocyte production and function. It increases lymphocyte numbers and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in animals. Prior to 1960, the thymus gland, which lies in the cervical thoracic area, was thought to be of little importance. In adult animals, the thymus is almost non-existent because it atrophies as animals reach adulthood. It was observed, however, that when pre-adolescent animals are thymectomized, they experience a variety of maladies including increased incidence of infection, failure to grow, neuromuscular disorders, cancer, etc., collectively known as “wasting

neg: Human vestigiality pineal gland, the thymus gland, and the pituitary gland. Some of these organs that had lost their obvious, original functions later turned out to have retained functions that had gone unrecognized before the discovery of hormones or many of the functions and tissues of the immune system. Examples included: Historically, there was a trend not only to dismiss the vermiform appendix as being uselessly vestigial, but an anatomical hazard, a liability to dangerous inflammation. As late as the mid-20th century, many reputable authorities conceded it no beneficial function. This was a view supported, or perhaps inspired, by Darwin himself in

neg: Surfactant protein A2 in the trachea, prostate, pancreas, thymus, colon, eye, salivary gland and other tissues. While the majority of these tissues express both SFTPA2 and SFTPA1 transcripts, only SFTPA2 expression was found in the trachea and prostate. Using specific monoclonal antibodies for Surfactant protein A, the protein can be detected in lung alveolar type II pneumocytes, Club cells, and alveolar macrophages, but no extrapulmonary SP-A immunoreactivity was observed. SFTPA2 is located in the long arm of chromosome 10, close to SFTPA1. The SFTPA2 gene is 4556 base pairs in length, and 94% similar to SFTPA1. The structure of SFTPA2 consists of four

neg: KLK9 some renal alterations. KLK9 Kallikrein-related peptidase 9 also known as KLK9 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the "KLK9" gene. KLK9 belongs to the kallikrein subgroup of serine proteases, which have diverse physiologic functions in many tissues. KLK9 is primarily expressed in thymus, testis, spinal cord, cerebellum, trachea, mammary gland, prostate, brain, salivary gland, ovary, and skin. KLK9 is under steroid hormone regulation in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines and is a potential prognostic marker for early-stage ovarian and breast cancer patients. Its excretion in urine has been associated with cardiac hypertrophy and aorta wall thickness,

neg: KLK9 KLK9 Kallikrein-related peptidase 9 also known as KLK9 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the "KLK9" gene. KLK9 belongs to the kallikrein subgroup of serine proteases, which have diverse physiologic functions in many tissues. KLK9 is primarily expressed in thymus, testis, spinal cord, cerebellum, trachea, mammary gland, prostate, brain, salivary gland, ovary, and skin. KLK9 is under steroid hormone regulation in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines and is a potential prognostic marker for early-stage ovarian and breast cancer patients. Its excretion in urine has been associated with cardiac hypertrophy and aorta wall thickness, as well as

neg: KCNE4 in uterus, and next most highly expressed in atria, adrenal gland, lymph nodes, pituitary gland, spleen and ureter. KCNE4L transcript is also detectable in cervix, colon, optic nerve, ovary, oviduct, pancreas, skin, retina, spinal cord, stomach, thymus, and vagina. In the rat heart, KCNE4 protein co-localizes with Kv4.2, a channel that KCNE4 also functionally regulates. In mouse heart, KCNE4 is preferentially expressed in ventricles versus atria, and in young adult males much more than young adult females. This is because cardiac KCNE4 expression is positively regulated by dihydrotestosterone. In rat mesenteric artery, KCNE4 augments KCNQ4 channel activity to regulate arterial

neg: Arthur Hill Hassall in warmer climates, he spent most of his time in Europe, gaining permission to practise both in San Remo, where he and his family lived, and Lucerne, where he worked in the summer. During this time he wrote extensively on climatic treatments for tuberculosis, works such as the 1879 "San Remo and the Western Riviera Climatically and Medically Considered". His autobiography, "The narrative of a busy life", was published in 1893. Two medical terms are named after Hassall: Hassall's corpuscles, which are spherical bodies in the medulla of the thymus gland, and Hassall–Henle bodies, which are abnormal growths in the

neg: FAM40A vast diversity of species where FAM40A orthologs are found. FAM40A is expressed in high levels during the blastocyst, eight-cell stage, and fetal stages of development. FAM40A has also been shown to be expressed in high levels in the mammary glands, brain, thymus, mouth and the testes. It has also been shown to be expressed in high levels in mammary gland tumors, leukemia cells, and germ cell tumors. FAM40A is predicted to have a promoter region 789 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. The SOX transcription factors are predicted to bind to the promoter region of the FAM40A gene,

neg: Prolactin the activity of three disulfide bonds. Significant heterogeneity of the molecule has been described, thus bioassays and immunoassays can give different results due to differing glycosylation, phosphorylation and sulfation, as well as degradation. The non-glycosylated form of prolactin is the dominant form that is secreted by the pituitary gland. The three different sizes of prolactin are: The levels of larger ones are somewhat higher during the early postpartum period. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammillary glands, ovaries, pituitary glands, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, uterus, skeletal muscle, skin and areas of the central nervous system.

neg: Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors (pH 0.8) concentration results from movement of lysine 791 into the ion binding site in the E2P configuration. In the year 1975, timoprazole was found to inhibit acid secretion irrespective of stimulus, extracellular or intracellular. Studies on timoprazole revealed enlargement of the thyroid gland due to inhibition of iodine uptake as well as atrophy of the thymus gland. A literature search showed that some substituted mercapto-benzimidazoles had no effect on iodine uptake and introduction of such substituents into timoprazole resulted in an elimination of the toxic effects, without reducing the antisecretory effect. A derivative of timoprazole, omeprazole, was discovered in

neg: Chromosome 9 open reading frame 43 heart, spinal cord, pancreas, thymus, salivary gland and placenta. C9orf43 is expressed in health states including cervical tumors, normal tumors, and soft tissue/muscle tumors. C9orf43 is expressed at high levels in sperm cells compared to lower relative expression in teratozoospermia. Greater relative expression of C9orf43 is seen in the hyperplastic enlarged lobular unit of the mammary gland as compared to the normal terminal duct lobular unit. C9orf43 expression varies in megakaryocyte differentiation as seen in peripheral blood CD34 plus cells as compared to CHRF-288-11 cells. C9orf43 contains 10 alternatively spliced mRNAs, 8 of which encode good proteins. The mRNA discussed

neg: HOXA3 in mesenchymal neural crest cells and endodermal cells found in the third pharyngeal pouch. Expression of HoxA3 in these cells affects the proper formation of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid organs. While the gene does not seem to affect the proliferation or migration of the pharyngeal neural crest cells, it does appear to trigger cellular differentiation events required to form these organs. Knockout of HoxA3 leads to failure in forming the thymus (athymia) and parathyroid gland (aparthyroidism). Mutant HoxA3 also causes a reduction in thyroid size. While the follicular and parafollicular cells still differentiate, their numbers are reduced and they

neg: Face and neck development of the human embryo the eustachian tube. Second pharyngeal pouch develops differently from the first one mainly because most of it disappears, leaving the tonsillar fossa(Rohen). At the end of the fifth month, the palatine tonsil as a protective structure is completed. This structure covers the tonsillar fossa. The third pharyngeal pouch will give rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and thymus. The fourth and fifth pouches develop as a unique structure that molds the superior parathyroid and parafolicular cells of thyroid gland. Initially, pharyngeal grooves consist of four bars of mesenchymal tissue that separate pharyngeal nerves. Most of these structures obliterates. Its only

neg: Thymus transplantation Thymus transplantation Thymus transplantation is a form of organ transplantation where the thymus is moved from one body to another. Thymus transplantation can be used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, in turn causing problems with the immune system's T-cell mediated response. It is exclusively used in people with complete DiGeorge anomaly, which are entirely athymic. This subgroup represents less than 1% of DiGeorge syndrome patients. Nezelof syndrome is another thymus-related disease where it can be used. A study of 54 DiGeorge syndrome infants resulted in all tested subjects having developed polyclonal

neg: Beef used in some varieties called blood sausage. Other parts that are eaten include other muscles and offal, such as the oxtail, liver, tongue, tripe from the reticulum or rumen, glands (particularly the pancreas and thymus, referred to as sweetbread), the heart, the brain (although forbidden where there is a danger of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE, commonly referred to as mad cow disease), the kidneys, and the tender testicles of the bull (known in the United States as "calf fries", "prairie oysters", or "Rocky Mountain oysters"). Some intestines are cooked and eaten as is, but are more often cleaned and used

neg: Culinary name have distinct culinary names for a variety of reasons: Culinary name Culinary names, menu names, or kitchen names are names of foods used in the preparation or selling of food, as opposed to their names in agriculture or in scientific nomenclature. The menu name may even be different from the kitchen name. For example, from the 19th until the mid-20th century, many restaurant menus were written in French and not in the local language. Examples include veal (calf), calamari (squid), and sweetbreads (pancreas or thymus gland). Culinary names are especially common for fish and seafood, where multiple species are marketed

neg: Culinary name Culinary name Culinary names, menu names, or kitchen names are names of foods used in the preparation or selling of food, as opposed to their names in agriculture or in scientific nomenclature. The menu name may even be different from the kitchen name. For example, from the 19th until the mid-20th century, many restaurant menus were written in French and not in the local language. Examples include veal (calf), calamari (squid), and sweetbreads (pancreas or thymus gland). Culinary names are especially common for fish and seafood, where multiple species are marketed under a single familiar name. Foods may come to

neg: Ectopic salivary gland tissue the salivary glands, including cancer, may also occur within an accessory salivary gland tissue. "Salivary gland heterotopia" is where salivary gland acini cells are present in an abnormal location without any duct system. The most common location is the cervical lymph nodes. Other reported sites of heterotopic salivary gland tissue are the middle ear, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, cerebellar pontine angle, soft tissue medial to sternocleidomastoid, stomach, rectum and vulva. Salivary gland neoplasm occurrence within heterotopic salivary gland tissue is rare. Ectopic salivary gland tissue Ectopic salivary gland tissue which is located in sites other than the normal

neg: Pineal gland Pineal gland The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the brain of animals with backbones. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone from which it derived its name. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. It is also called the conarium, kônarion or epiphysis cerebri. The pineal gland is included among a group of specialized

neg: Thymus praecox Thymus praecox Thymus praecox is a species of thyme. A common name is mother of thyme, but "creeping thyme" and "wild thyme" may be used where "Thymus serpyllum", which also shares these names, is not found. It is native to central, southern, and western Europe. "Thymus praecox" is in the genus "Thymus" belonging to the "Serpyllum" section. It has sometimes been reclassified as "T. polytrichus." "Thymus praecox" subspecies and cultivars include: "Thymus praecox" is cultivated as an ornamental plant, used as an evergreen groundcover in gardens and pots. When maintained at a lower height it is used between paving stones

neg: Thymus praecox Norway, England, Scotland, and Ireland show that chemotypes span those countries rather than being geographically localized. Some of those areas contain greater chemotype diversity than others. Thymus praecox Thymus praecox is a species of thyme. A common name is mother of thyme, but "creeping thyme" and "wild thyme" may be used where "Thymus serpyllum", which also shares these names, is not found. It is native to central, southern, and western Europe. "Thymus praecox" is in the genus "Thymus" belonging to the "Serpyllum" section. It has sometimes been reclassified as "T. polytrichus." "Thymus praecox" subspecies and cultivars include: "Thymus praecox" is

neg: Nascent iodine (dietary supplement) when taken orally, as a gland purifier and cleanser, especially affecting the thyroid, thymus, adrenals, and other ductless glands, and stimulating "the circulation through lungs, heart, liver and kidneys." (3535-1) This reaction upon the glands would create “perfect coordination between the glandular forces of the body” (1933-1) and "build strength to the whole anatomical condition of the body." (1475-1) Another reading stated that "most glands function as machinery would under oil. The iodine being the oil for the gland, see?" (294-130). (the numbers that follow each quote from the readings refer to the reading filing code in the A.R.E. files)

neg: Dairy farming milk. During this processes, called stripping the teat, the milking technician is looking for any discoloration or chunkiness that would indicate mastitis, an infection in the cow’s mammary gland. Milk from a cow with mastitis cannot enter the human milk supply, thus farmers must be careful that infected milk does not mix with the milk from healthy cows and that the cow gets the necessary treatment. If the cow passes the mastitis inspection, the milking technician will attach the milking cluster. The cluster will run until the cow is fully milked and then drop off. The milk travels immediately through

neg: Thymus transplantation would also be of relatively late-onset because it requires the formation of new T cells. It can be seen as a multiple-organ autoimmunity in xenotransplantation experiments of the thymus between different species. Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over 1 year post transplantation. However, this is partially explained by that the indication itself, that is, complete DiGeorge syndrome, increases the risk of autoimmune disease. Thymus transplantation Thymus transplantation is a form of organ transplantation where the thymus is moved from one body to another. Thymus transplantation can be used to

neg: KIAA1109 neighborhood of KIAA1109 is TRPC3. This gene is to the left of KIAA1109 on the opposite side of the genes described above. According to data on NCBI’s EST Abundance Profile page for KIAA1109, the gene is expressed in many different tissues in humans. Human expression is seen most predominately in parathyroid, muscle, ear, eye, mammary gland, lymph node, thymus in addition to 27 other tissues. KIAA1109 is also expressed in various disease states including 12 different tumors as well as bladder carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, glioma, leukemia, lymphoma, non-neoplasia, retinoblastoma tissues. KIAA1109 is expressed in all stages of development from embryoid body

neg: TMEM229B 5008 bp. The TMEM229B gene is flanked by phosphatidylinotisol glycan anchor class H (PIGH), a protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum specifically GPI-anchor biosynthesis, and PLEK2 on its left. See Figure 1.0. The gene is highly conserved in vertebrates, including portions of the approximately 3,000 base pairs of 3'UTR. Expressed sequence tag mapping of TMEM229B gene expression indicates that it is ubiquitously expressed throughout the body. TMEM229B is more heavily expressed in the parathyroid, skin, and thyroid tissues, and moderately expressed in bone marrow, trachea, spleen, eye, brain, pancreas, mammary gland, intestine, liver, thymus, lymph node, ovarian, muscle, lung, blood,

neg: Thymus moroderi Thymus moroderi Thymus moroderi is a small plant from the "Thymus" genus. It is endemic to some areas in the southern, driest part of the Alicante province (where it is called "cantahueso" or "cantueso" both in Spanish and Valencian) along with some isolated and similarly subarid locations in the contiguous Región de Murcia (Spain). "Thymus moroderi" must not be confused with the somewhat similar in appearance (yet from the ("Lavandula" genus) "Lavandula stoechas", which is also called "cantueso" in Spanish. When not blooming, "thymus moroderi" is an inconspicuous, dark green plant with tiny leaves and an overall modest appearance. Its

neg: Thymus pseudolanuginosus to climatic conditions, particularly in mountainous regions. "Thymus pseudolanuginosus" is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is often grown as a groundcover, where it can form extensive low mats. It is also used in rock gardens. Thymus pseudolanuginosus Thymus pseudolanuginosus - commonly called woolly thyme - is now also classified as Thymus praecox" subsp. "britannicus. It was also formerly known as "Thymus lanuginosus". This low-growing creeping thyme with hairy or woolly leaves and stems, can be quite difficult to delineate between other hairy and non-hairy creeping thymes. It is of unknown specific origin in southern Europe. The leaves in wild

neg: Thymus is now an obsolete term. Due to the large numbers of apoptotic lymphocytes, the thymus was originally dismissed as a "lymphocyte graveyard", without functional importance. The importance of the thymus in the immune system was discovered in 1961 by Jacques Miller, by surgically removing the thymus from one day old mice, and observing the subsequent deficiency in a lymphocyte population, subsequently named T cells after the organ of their origin. Recently, advances in immunology have allowed the function of the thymus in T-cell maturation to be more fully understood. The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates, where it undergoes

neg: Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital is a New Jersey legal case concerning whether a hospital may unilaterally refuse care to a patient on the grounds that it is futile to prolong the person's life because there is little chance that the condition will improve. It has become the focal point of the ongoing debate surrounding denial of care among professional bioethicists. Ruben Betancourt of Elizabeth, New Jersey was a 73-year-old retired machinist who suffered from anoxic encephalopathy, a form of brain damage, following successful thoracic surgery for a thymus gland tumor at Trinitas Regional Medical Center in

neg: Cow Creek (Montana) old Cow Creek trail have been eroded away into cut banks, and the gravel bars where the wagons crossed have been swept down stream. Here and there the remnants of the old Cow Creek Trail can be observed along Cow Creek but it is sketchy. Upper Cow Creek is not so isolated. About 15 miles up from the Missouri, where Davidson Coulee flows into Cow Creek, Blaine County Road 330 (Cow Creek Trail) drops down Davidson ridge to Cow Creek Bottom from the west. One ranch is located near this point. The name "Cow Island Trail" is still applied to

neg: Ginger Cow times. Kyle is then called to Mr. Mackey's office, where he is introduced to three Israeli rabbis, who explain the prophecy to him. Kyle tries to convince them that the red heifer is a forgery on Cartman's part, but the farm where the cow is located becomes a pilgrimage site where large numbers of Jews, Muslims, and Christians congregate, each claiming the cow for their respective religions. However, when the three religious sects meet to plan Armageddon, they realize that they are negotiating in a civil manner and that the prophecy may have meant that the cow would signal the

neg: X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency from a Guthrie card, from which DNA is extracted. Quantitative PCR is then performed and the number of TRECs determined. Individuals who have the SCID phenotype will have TREC counts as low as <30, compared to approximately 1020 for a healthy infant. A low TREC count indicates that there is insufficient development of T-cells in the thymus gland. This technique can predict SCID even when lymphocyte counts are within the normal range. Newborn screening of X-SCID based on TREC count in dried blood samples has recently been introduced in several states in the United States including California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,

neg: Geoffrey Keynes Keynes also a pioneer in the treatment of myastenia gravis. Much like with breast cancer, the medical community knew very little about how to treat the disease at the time. Keynes pioneered the removal of the Thymus Gland, which is now the norm in treatment of myasthenia gravis. Keynes was knighted for his work in the field of medicine in 1955. Keynes maintained a passionate interest in English literature all his life and devoted a large amount of his time to literary scholarship and the science of bibliography. He was a leading authority on the literary and artistic work of

neg: Circadian rhythm contains a circadian clock." For example, these clocks, called peripheral oscillators, have been found in the adrenal gland, oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations, at least when cultured. Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. In addition, many oscillators, such as liver cells, for example, have been shown to respond to inputs other than light, such as feeding. Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the phase response curve (PRC). Depending on the timing, light

neg: Juan Rosai serves as a member of the editorial boards of several other pathology journals. Rosai was also Editor-in-Chief of the 3rd Series of the "Atlas of Tumor Pathology" of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), and author of AFIP fascicles on "Tumors of the Thymus" and "Tumors of the Thyroid Gland"., and a book on the history of American surgical pathology called "Guiding the Surgeon's Hand". He has also edited or co-edited 13 other books. Perhaps the most famous publication by Juan Rosai is his textbook called "Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology". This classic surgical pathology textbook was first published

neg: The Amazing Race 7 cow rib, pork sausage, blood sausage, cow intestine, cow udder, cow kidney, and part of a cow's salivary gland. When they finished eating, teams would receive their next clue. Airdate: March 22, 2005 In this Roadblock, one team member had to complete a traditional "gaucho" challenge by riding a horse through a barrel racing course, then using a stick to spear a ring, within 40 seconds to receive the next clue. The Detour was a choice of Shipwreck or Island. In Shipwreck, using only a 30-year-old picture as a reference, teams had to find an abandoned ship within a area

neg: Katogo (food) sauce is offal known as "byenda" in Uganda. The culinary term for "byenda" (offal) is tripe and sweetbreads which are the inner lining of the stomach, the thymus gland and the pancreas respectively. The peeled matooke (green bananas) are cooked in the prepared sauce of byenda (offals) until the matooke is ready. Katogo is usually served with cooked greens and fruit juice. The process of cooking is done by braising the sauce (offal, beef, ground peanuts or beans) which is brought to a boil and later simmered until it is ready. The sauce is then poured over the peeled matoke

neg: Cow Roast Cow Roast Cow Roast is a small hamlet in the civil parish of Wigginton, Hertfordshire, England. It is located between Tring and Berkhamsted along the A4251 and nearby Grand Union Canal. It is in the civil parish of Northchurch. Today it comprises a row of 20th century cottages together with one or two older properties including a public house. Cow Roast is on the site of a Romano-British settlement close to the route of Akeman Street. The name Cow Roast is almost certainly a corruption of the name "Cow Rest" indicating a place where there were pens and grazing to

neg: Thymus moroderi been started in order to domesticate the species, so to allow commercial cultivation. Besides the traditional ones, other potential usages being considered are connected to its essential oil and ornamental qualities. Thymus moroderi Thymus moroderi is a small plant from the "Thymus" genus. It is endemic to some areas in the southern, driest part of the Alicante province (where it is called "cantahueso" or "cantueso" both in Spanish and Valencian) along with some isolated and similarly subarid locations in the contiguous Región de Murcia (Spain). "Thymus moroderi" must not be confused with the somewhat similar in appearance (yet from the

neg: Coiled-coil domain containing 74a the testes and trachea. It is also expressed at moderate levels in the lung, brain, prostate, spinal cord, bone marrow, ovary, thymus, and thyroid gland. Consistent with predicted post-translational methylation, CCDC74A has been shown to interact with the lysine demethylase KDM1A through a yeast 2-hybrid assay. Additionally, through a yeast 2-hybrid assay, CCDC74A has been shown to interact with the lymphocyte activation molecule associated protein SH2D1A. In a study on androgen-independent prostate cancer, knockout of CCDC74A in androgen-dependent prostate cancer inhibited cell proliferation. Experiments in genital fibroblast cells have shown that CCDC74A expression significantly increases upon exposure to dihydrotestosterone. Coiled-coil

neg: Pineal gland a "mystery" gland with mystical, metaphysical, and occult theories surrounding its perceived functions. The pineal gland was originally believed to be a "vestigial remnant" of a larger organ. In 1917, it was known that extract of cow pineals lightened frog skin. Dermatology professor Aaron B. Lerner and colleagues at Yale University, hoping that a substance from the pineal might be useful in treating skin diseases, isolated and named the hormone melatonin in 1958. The substance did not prove to be helpful as intended, but its discovery helped solve several mysteries such as why removing the rat's pineal accelerated ovary growth,

neg: Thymus capsule into the area between the cortex and medulla, where they enter the thymus itself. The veins end in the left brachiocephalic vein, internal thoracic vein, and in the inferior thyroid veins. Lymphatic vessels travel only away from the thymus, accompanying the arteries and veins. These drain into the brachiocephalic, tracheobronchial and parasternal llymph nodes. The nerves supplying the thymus arise from the vagus nerve and the cervical sympathetic chain. Branches from the phrenic nerves reach the investing capsule, but do not enter into the thymus itself. Although present, the exact role of the nerve supply of the thymus is

neg: Parotitis Parotitis Parotitis is an inflammation of one or both parotid glands, the major salivary glands located on either side of the face, in humans. The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation. "Dehydration:" This is a common, non-infectious cause of parotitis. It may occur in elderly or after surgery. "Acute bacterial parotitis:" is most often caused by a bacterial infection of Staphylococcus aureus but may be caused by any commensal bacteria. Parotitis presents as swelling at the angle of the jaw. Bacterial parotitis presents as a unilateral swelling, where the gland is swollen and tender and

neg: C9orf84 that this protein is localized in the nucleus. C9orf84 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues with higher than average expression in the testes, the kidney, the thymus, and the adrenal gland. The promoter for C9orf84 Isoform 1 in humans is 639 bp long and overlaps with the 5’ untranslated region of the gene. There are four alternate promoters that promote different transcript variants. C9orf84 has been experimentally determined, through a two hybrid pooling approach, to interact with methionine aminopeptidase, a protein encoded by the "maP3" gene in "Bacillus anthracis". Several of the most common and most conserved transcription factor binding

neg: Blood bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in the mediastinum, is an important source of T lymphocytes. The proteinaceous component of blood (including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by

neg: Parathyroid hormone that PTH is also possibly secreted in small amounts from the brain and the thymus.) While PTH acts to increase the concentration of ionic calcium (Ca) in the blood, calcitonin, a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland, acts to decrease ionic calcium concentration. PTH essentially acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood by acting upon the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor, which is present at high levels in bone and kidney, and the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor, which is present at high levels in the central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta.

neg: Proser2 in control of apoptosis, reproductive cell differentiation, telomere maintenance, cell integrity, and cell cycle progression, respectively. These interactions identify "PROSER2" as a gene heavily involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis. "PROSER2" is extremely tissue specific in its expression, which is often low. In humans, "PROSER2" is most highly expressed in the bone marrow, fetal brain, fetal kidney, liver, fetal liver, lung, fetal lung, lymph node, prostate, stomach, thymus, and trachea (GEO Profile ID: 69555271). It has also been found to be highly expressed in the colon, testes, parotid gland, and uterus (GEO Profile ID: 10034772) . The

neg: Cyclostomata fusion of both the left and right gonads in lampreys. There are no gonoducts present. Hagfishes have direct development, but lampreys goes through a larval stage followed by metamorphosis into a juvenile form (or adult form in the non-parasitic species). The lamprey larvae lives in freshwater and are called ammocoetes, and are the only vertebrates with an endostyle, an organ used for filter feeding and is otherwise found only in tunicates and lancelets. During metamorphosis the lamprey endostyle develops into the thyroid gland. The cyclostomata evolved oxygen transport hemoglobins independently from the jawed vertebrates. A thymus and spleen is absent

neg: XCL1 which changes its binding shifts. In normal tissues, XCL1 is found in high levels in spleen, thymus, small intestine and peripheral blood leukocytes, and at lower levels in lung, prostate gland and ovary. Secretion of XCL1 is responsible for the increase of intracellular calcium in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cellular sources for XCL1 include activated thymic and peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. XCL1 is also expressed by dendritic cells (DC). NK cells also secrete XCL1 along with other chemokines early in infections. In humans, XCL1 is closely related to another chemokine called XCL2, whose gene is found at the same locus

neg: Suprapedal gland Suprapedal gland The suprapedal gland or mucous pedal gland is an anatomical feature found in some snails and slugs. It is a gland located inside the front end of the foot of gastropods. The term "suprapedal" means "above the foot". The function of this gland is to produce mucus. The gland opens on the front end of the sole, on the ventral side of the foot. The mucus produced by this gland becomes a thin layer covering the sole of the foot, and this helps the gastropod in moving. There are gland cells in the suprapedal gland. For example, in

neg: Endocrine gland (erythropoietin and renin); the thymus; skin (cholecalciferol); and adipose tissue (leptin and resistin). Endocrine glands derive from all three germ layers. The natural decrease in function of the female’s ovaries during late middle age results in menopause. The efficiency of all endocrine glands seems to decrease gradually as aging occurs. This leads to a generalized increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and a lower metabolic rate. Local chemical messengers, not generally considered part of the endocrine system, include autocrines, which act on the cells that secrete them, and paracrines, which act on a different cell type nearby. The ability

neg: Severe combined immunodeficiency (non-human) chromosome-linked form that is very similar to X-SCID in humans, and an autosomal recessive form that is similar to the disease in Arabian horses and SCID mice. X-SCID in dogs is seen in Basset Hounds and Cardigan Welsh Corgis. Because it is an X-linked disease, females are carriers only and disease is seen in males exclusively. It is caused by a mutation in the gene for the cytokine receptor common gamma chain. Recurring infections are seen and affected animals usually do not live beyond three to four months. Characteristics include a poorly developed thymus gland, decreased T-lymphocytes and IgG, absent

neg: Lymphopoiesis for the laboratory mouse. pHSC, MPP and ELP cells are not fully committed to the lymphoid lineage because if one is removed to a different location it may differentiate into non-lymphoid progeny. However CLP "are" committed to the lymphoid lineage. The CLP is the transit cell responsible for these (generally parallel) stages of development, below: By 2008 it was found that "the majority of early thymic progenitor cells do not commit to becoming T cells by the time they get to the thymus gland. ETP cells retained the ability to become either T cells or myeloid cells. " See also

neg: Psychoneuroimmunology years of experimentation that formed the empiric foundation of Selye's concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome. This syndrome consists of an enlargement of the adrenal gland, atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissue, and gastric ulcerations. Selye describes three stages of adaptation, including an initial brief alarm reaction, followed by a prolonged period of resistance, and a terminal stage of exhaustion and death. This foundational work led to a rich line of research on the biological functioning of glucocorticoids. Mid-20th century studies of psychiatric patients reported immune alterations in psychotic individuals, including lower numbers of lymphocytes and poorer

neg: Great Race (Native American legend) the Suhtai over the edge of the cliff. The only part of the buffalo not eaten by the Cheyenne was the sweetbreads (thymus gland) which the Cheyenne call ‘human fat'. This was because the "buffalo originally ate human beings." It is believed that some buffalo that had killed a man were surprised by enemies. They fled, taking some human flesh with them. This fat became internalized in the buffalo, leaving a residue of human flesh in the buffalo's body to this day. Great Race (Native American legend) The Great Race is a Native American legend surrounding the Red Racetrack, a

neg: Flank gland Flank gland The flank gland is one of several specialized posterolateral glands (a group of glands located along the sides and the rear) found predominately in certain species of rodents including voles, shrews, hamsters, and other members of the family Cricetidae. The flank gland is located laterally on each side of the abdomen. It is often present in both males and females, though this varies by species, and is usually larger in males. In some species, self-scratching of the flank gland, typically with a hind foot, causes secretion of an oily substance that leaves the surrounding hair visibly matted and

neg: Flank gland success in males give conflicting results. Flank gland The flank gland is one of several specialized posterolateral glands (a group of glands located along the sides and the rear) found predominately in certain species of rodents including voles, shrews, hamsters, and other members of the family Cricetidae. The flank gland is located laterally on each side of the abdomen. It is often present in both males and females, though this varies by species, and is usually larger in males. In some species, self-scratching of the flank gland, typically with a hind foot, causes secretion of an oily substance that leaves

neg: FC Gland site has football pitches and tennis courts. Two of the pitches are grass and one is astroturf (fake grass). There are many outdoor tennis courts and also some indoor ones as well. There is a cafe near to the Tennis hall and a Buvette next to the football changing rooms. The site is located in Gland near the Gland train station. FC Gland FC Gland, formerly Etoile FC Gland (etoile is the French word for star), or l'Etoile Sportive (French for Sporting star) is a Swiss sports club located in Gland. The club is best known for its football team.

neg: Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome paraneoplastic syndrome. Of the people with small-cell lung cancer, 1–3% have LEMS. In most of these cases, LEMS is the first symptom of the lung cancer, and it is otherwise asymptomatic. LEMS may also be associated with autoimmune diseases, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland) or diabetes mellitus type 1. Myasthenia gravis, too, may happen in the presence of tumors (thymoma, a tumor of the thymus in the chest); people with MG without a tumor and people with LEMS without a tumor have similar genetic variations that seem to predispose them to these diseases. HLA-DR3-B8 (an HLA subtype), in

neg: Thorax with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle. The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs (and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles, and neck muscle); and internal structures such as the diaphragm, the esophagus, the trachea, and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum,

neg: Glucuronidation after glucuronidation. The conjugation of xenobiotic molecules with hydrophilic molecular species such as glucuronic acid is known as phase II metabolism. Glucuronidation occurs mainly in the liver, although the enzyme responsible for its catalysis, UDP-glucuronyltransferase, has been found in all major body organs (e.g., intestine, kidneys, brain, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus). Various factors affect the rate of glucuronidation, which in turn will affect these molecules' clearance from the body. Generally, an increased rate of glucuronidation results in a loss of potency for the target drugs or compounds. Many drugs which are substrates for glucuronidation as part of their metabolism