query: joule is unit of . in mks system

pos: Joule Joule The joule (; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). In terms firstly of base

pos: Energy rate density Energy rate density Energy rate density is the amount of free energy per unit time per unit mass (in CGS metric units erg/s/g; in MKS units joule/s/kg). It is terminologically (but not always numerically) equivalent to power density when measured in SI units of W/kg. Regardless of the units used, energy rate density describes the flow of energy through any system of given mass, and has been proposed as a measure of system complexity. The more complex the system, the more energy flows per second through each gram. Energy rate density is actually a general term that is equivalent to

pos: Otto cycle stroke is complete, leading to "engine knocking". This can damage engine components and will decrease the brake horsepower of the engine. The power produced by the Otto cycle is the energy developed per unit of time. The Otto engines are called four-stroke engines. The intake stroke and compression stroke require one rotation of the engine crankshaft. The power stroke and exhaust stroke require another rotation. For two rotations there is one work generating stroke. From the above cycle analysis the net work produced by the system : If the units used were MKS the cycle would have produced one joule

pos: MKS system of units that since the derived units (like joules) are based on MKS units, using MKS units naturally gives answers in the appropriate SI unit. For example, the kinetic energy of an object is defined by . If the calculation is done in MKS units of kilogram and meters per second then the result is in joules, the SI unit for energy. If the same calculation is done using CGS units the answer is in ergs (). The exact list of units used in the MKS system changed over time. It incorporated base units other than the metre, kilogram, and second in

pos: Joule-second rotational velocity yields kg∙m∙ s or the joule-second. Planck's constant represents the energy of a wave, in units of joule, divided by the frequency of that wave, in units of s. This quotient of energy and frequency also yields the joule-second (J∙s). Joule-second The joule-second (J s, or J∙s) is the mathematical product of an SI Derived Unit, the joule (J), and an SI Base Unit, the second (s). The joule-second describes the amount of action occurring in a physical system through a summation of energy (or heat, or work) over time. In mathematical terms, this summation of energy means

pos: Joule-second Joule-second The joule-second (J s, or J∙s) is the mathematical product of an SI Derived Unit, the joule (J), and an SI Base Unit, the second (s). The joule-second describes the amount of action occurring in a physical system through a summation of energy (or heat, or work) over time. In mathematical terms, this summation of energy means that the quantity of energy becomes integrated over time to give a number - an answer to the question. In SI base units the joule-second becomes kilogram-meters squared-per second or kg∙m∙ s. Dimensional Analysis of the joule-second yields M L T. Note

pos: Energy rate density cosmology of cosmic evolution. When the energy rate density for systems including our galaxy, sun, earth, plants, animals, society are plotted according to when, in historical time, they first emerged, a clear increase in energy rate density over time is observed. This term has in recent years gained many diverse applications in various disciplines, including history, cosmology, economics, philosophy, and behavioral biology. Energy rate density Energy rate density is the amount of free energy per unit time per unit mass (in CGS metric units erg/s/g; in MKS units joule/s/kg). It is terminologically (but not always numerically) equivalent to power density

pos: Energy to energy, namely time. In 1843, James Prescott Joule independently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. The most famous of them used the "Joule apparatus": a descending weight, attached to a string, caused rotation of a paddle immersed in water, practically insulated from heat transfer. It showed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was equal to the internal energy gained by the water through friction with the paddle. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule, named after James Prescott Joule. It is a derived unit.

pos: Electric potential energy time-invariant electric fields. The electric potential energy of a system of point charges is defined as the work required assembling this system of charges by bringing them close together, as in the system from an infinite distance. ^\mathbf{r} q\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r'}) \cdot \mathrm{d} \mathbf{r'}</math>, The electrostatic potential energy can also be defined from the electric potential as follows: The SI unit of electric potential energy is the joule (named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule). In the CGS system the erg is the unit of energy, being equal to 10 J. Also electronvolts may be used, 1 eV = 1.602×10 J.

pos: Joule Joule The joule (; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). In terms firstly of base

pos: Joule in "true" watt-seconds, and some specify their products in "nominal" watt-seconds. Joule The joule (; symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the

pos: Heat of heat is the joule (J). The conventional symbol used to represent the amount of heat exchanged in a thermodynamic process is . Heat is measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or a change in temperature. The quantification of heat via the temperature change of a body is called calorimetry. As a form of energy, heat has the unit joule (J) in the International System of Units (SI). However, in many applied fields in engineering the British thermal unit (BTU) and the calorie are often used. The standard

pos: Joule per mole Joule per mole The joule per mole (symbol: J·mole or J/mol) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles. For example, Gibbs free energy is quantified as joules per mole. Since 1 mole = 6.02214179×10 particles (atoms, molecules, ions etc.), 1 Joule per mole is equal to 1 Joule divided by 6.02214179×10 particles, or (6.022×10^23 particles/mole), 1.66054×10 Joule per particle. This very small amount of energy is often expressed in terms of a smaller unit such as the electronvolt (eV, see below). Physical

pos: Foot–pound–second system popularized it. When the pound is used as a unit of mass, the core of the coherent system is similar and functionally equivalent to the corresponding subsets of the International System of Units (SI), using metre, kilogram and second (MKS), and the earlier centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). In this sub-system, the unit of force is a derived unit known as the poundal. The international standard symbol for the pound as unit of mass rather than force is lb. Everett (1861) proposed the metric dyne and erg as the units of force and energy in the FPS system. Latimer Clark's

pos: Magnetic moment and external fields is not part of this internal energy. The unit for magnetic moment in terms of the International System of Units (SI) base units is A⋅m, where A is the ampere (the SI unit of current) and m is the meter (the SI unit of distance). This has equivalents in other units used in SI including: where N is the newton (the SI unit of force), T is the tesla (the SI unit of magnetic flux density), and J is the joule (the SI unit of energy). In the CGS system, there are several different sets of electromagnetism

pos: Joule heating current. This led Joule to reject the caloric theory (at that time the dominant theory) in favor of the mechanical theory of heat (according to which heat is another form of energy). Resistive heating was independently studied by Heinrich Lenz in 1842. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol "J". The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second. Joule heating is caused by interactions between charge carriers (usually electrons) and the body of the conductor (usually atomic ions). A voltage difference between two points of a

pos: Joule defined exactly in terms of the joule include: A watt second (also watt-second, symbol W s or W·s) is a derived unit of energy equivalent to the joule. The watt-second is the energy equivalent to the power of one watt sustained for one second. While the watt-second is equivalent to the joule in both units and meaning, there are some contexts in which the term "watt-second" is used instead of "joule". In photography, the unit for flashes is the watt-second. A flash can be rated in watt-seconds (e.g. 300 W⋅s) or in joules (different names for the same thing), but

pos: Units of energy Units of energy Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10 J. In spectroscopy the unit cm = 0.000123986 eV is used to represent

pos: Radiant exposure Radiant exposure In radiometry, radiant exposure or fluence is the radiant energy "received" by a "surface" per unit area, or equivalently the irradiance of a "surface," integrated over time of irradiation, and spectral exposure or is the radiant exposure per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. The SI unit of radiant exposure is the joule per square metre (), while that of spectral exposure in frequency is the joule per square metre per hertz () and that of spectral exposure in wavelength is the joule per square

pos: Gray (unit) Gray (unit) The gray (symbol: Gy) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. It is used as a unit of the radiation quantity absorbed dose which measures the energy deposited in a unit mass at a certain position, and of the radiation quantity kerma, which is the amount of energy that is transferred from photons to electrons per unit mass at a certain position. The corresponding cgs unit to the gray is the rad (equivalent to

pos: James Prescott Joule James Prescott Joule James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. Joule worked with Lord Kelvin to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, which came to be called the Kelvin scale. Joule also made observations of magnetostriction, and

pos: Enthalpy Enthalpy Enthalpy , a property of a thermodynamic system, is equal to the system's internal energy plus the product of its pressure and volume. For processes at constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released equals the change in enthalpy. The unit of measurement for enthalpy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule. Other historical conventional units still in use include the British thermal unit (BTU) and the calorie. Enthalpy comprises a system's internal energy, which is the energy required to create the system, plus the amount of work required to make room for it by displacing its

pos: British thermal unit British thermal unit The British thermal unit (Btu or BTU) is a traditional unit of heat; it is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is part of the United States customary units. Its counterpart in the metric system is the calorie, which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. Heat is now known to be equivalent to energy, for which the SI unit is the joule; one BTU is about 1055

pos: James Prescott Joule (1850–1922), a daughter, Alice Amelia (1852–1899) and a second son, Henry (born 1854, who died three weeks later). James Prescott Joule James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. Joule worked with Lord Kelvin to develop an absolute

pos: Heat unit for the rate of heat transferred is the watt (W), defined as one joule per second. Use of the symbol for the total amount of energy transferred as heat is due to Rudolf Clausius in 1850: Heat released by a system into its surroundings is by convention a negative quantity ( < 0); when a system absorbs heat from its surroundings, it is positive ( > 0). Heat transfer rate, or heat flow per unit time, is denoted by formula_1. This should not be confused with a time derivative of a function of state (which can also be written

pos: Gray (unit) of the gray by the 15th General Conference on Weights and Measures as the unit of measure of the absorption of ionizing radiation, specific energy absorption, and of kerma in 1975 was the culmination of over half a century of work, both in the understanding of the nature of ionizing radiation and in the refinement of measuring techniques. The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units. Gray (unit) The gray (symbol: Gy) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the absorption of one joule of

pos: Joule–Thomson effect simple Linde cycle liquefiers, starting from ambient temperature, cannot be used to liquefy helium, hydrogen, or neon. However, the Joule–Thomson effect can be used to liquefy even helium, provided that the helium gas is first cooled below its inversion temperature of 40 K. In thermodynamics so-called "specific" quantities are quantities per unit mass (kg) and are denoted by lower-case characters. So "h", "u", and "v" are the specific enthalpy, specific internal energy, and specific volume (volume per unit mass, or reciprocal density), respectively. In a Joule–Thomson process the specific enthalpy "h" remains constant. To prove this, the first step is

pos: Joule distance vector and a force vector. Torque and energy are related to one another by the equation where "E" is energy, "τ" is (the vector magnitude of) torque, and "θ" is the angle swept (in radians). Since radians are dimensionless, it follows that torque and energy have the same dimensions. One joule in everyday life represents approximately: Since the joule is also a watt-second and the common unit for electricity sales to homes is the kW⋅h (kilowatt-hour), a kW⋅h is thus 1000 W × 3600 s = 3.6 MJ (megajoules). 1 joule is equal to (approximately unless otherwise stated): Units

pos: Newton metre Newton metre The newton metre (also newton-metre, symbol N m or N⋅m) is a unit of torque (also called ) in the SI system. One newton metre is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one metre long. It is also used less commonly as a unit of work, or energy, in which case it is equivalent to the more common and standard SI unit of energy, the joule. In this usage the metre term represents the distance travelled or displacement in the direction of

pos: Torque = r × F. Therefore, torque on a particle is "equal" to the first derivative of its angular momentum with respect to time. If multiple forces are applied, Newton's second law instead reads , and it follows that This is a general proof. Torque has dimension force times distance, symbolically . Official SI literature suggests using the unit "newton metre" (N⋅m) or the unit "joule per radian". The unit "newton metre" is properly denoted N⋅m or N m. This avoids ambiguity with mN, millinewtons. The SI unit for energy or work is the joule. It is dimensionally equivalent to a

pos: Resilience (materials science) of resilience, "σ" is the yield strength, "ε" is the yield strain, and "E" is the Young's modulus. This analysis is not valid for non-linear elastic materials like rubber, for which the approach of area under the curve till elastic limit must be used. Resilience ("U") is measured in a unit of joule per cubic meter (J·m) in the SI system, "i.e." elastical deformation energy per surface of test specimen (merely for gauge-length part). Like the unit of tensile toughness ("U"), the unit of resilience can be easily calculated by using area underneath the stress–strain ("σ"–"ε") curve, which gives resilience

pos: Kilowatt hour watt is equal to 1 J/s. One kilowatt hour is 3.6 megajoules, which is the amount of energy converted if work is done at an average rate of one thousand watts for one hour. The derived unit of energy within the International System of Units (SI) is the joule. The hour is a unit of time "outside the SI", making the kilowatt hour a non-SI unit of energy. The kilowatt hour is not listed among the non-SI units accepted by the BIPM for use with the SI, although the hour, from which the kilowatt hour is derived, is. An electric

pos: Energy It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy is also expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs, calories, British Thermal Units, kilowatt-hours and kilocalories, which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. The SI unit of energy rate (energy per unit time) is the watt, which is a joule per second. Thus, one joule is one watt-second, and 3600 joules equal one watt-hour. The CGS energy unit is the erg and the imperial and US

pos: Work (thermodynamics) of the energy went out as heat, and how much as work. This can be summarized by saying that heat and work are not state functions of the system. This is in contrast to classical mechanics, where net work exerted by a particle is a state function. Pressure–volume work (or "PV" work) occurs when the volume of a system changes. "PV" work is often measured in units of litre-atmospheres where = . However, the litre-atmosphere is not a recognised unit in the SI system of units, which measures P in Pascal (Pa), V in m, and PV in Joule (J),

pos: Calorie equal to small calories. Although these units relate to the metric system, all of them have been considered obsolete in science since the adoption of the SI system. The unit of energy in the International System of Units is the joule. One small calorie is approximately 4.2 joules (so one large calorie is about 4.2 kilojoules). The factor used to convert calories to joules at a given temperature is numerically equivalent to the specific heat capacity of water expressed in joules per kelvin per gram (or per kilogram, for kilocalories). The precise conversion factor depends on the definition adopted. In

pos: Watt Watt The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power. In the International System of Units (SI) it is defined as a derived unit of 1 joule per second, and is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. When an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against a constant opposing force of one newton, the rate at which work is done is 1 watt. In terms of electromagnetism, one watt is the rate at which electrical work is performed when a current of one ampere (A) flows across an electrical potential difference of one volt

pos: Watt power with time), it is not correct to refer to a watt (or watt hour) as a "watt per hour". Watt The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power. In the International System of Units (SI) it is defined as a derived unit of 1 joule per second, and is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. When an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against a constant opposing force of one newton, the rate at which work is done is 1 watt. In terms of electromagnetism, one watt is the rate at which

pos: Absorbed dose Absorbed dose Absorbed dose is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by ionizing radiation. The unit of measure derived from the SI system is the gray (Gy), which is defined as one Joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of matter. Absorbed dose is used in the calculation of dose uptake in living tissue in both radiation protection (reduction of harmful effects), and radiology (potential beneficial effects for example in cancer treatment). It is also used to directly compare the effect of radiation on inanimate matter. The non-SI CGS unit rad is sometimes also used, predominantly in the

pos: Kilogram the IPK is crucial because the kilogram underpins much of the SI system of measurement as it is currently defined and structured. For instance, the newton is defined as the force necessary to accelerate one kilogram at one metre per second squared. If the mass of the IPK were to change slightly then the newton would also change proportionally. In turn, the pascal, the SI unit of pressure, is defined in terms of the newton. This chain of dependency follows to many other SI units of measure. For instance, the joule, the SI unit of energy, is defined as that

pos: Erg they recommended using the prefix ""C.G.S. unit of ..."" and requested that the word "erg" or "ergon" be strictly limited to refer to the "C.G.S. unit of energy". In 1922, chemist William Draper Harkins proposed the name micri-erg as a convenient unit to measure the surface energy of molecules in surface chemistry. It would equate to 10 erg, the equivalent to 10 joule. The erg has not been a valid unit since 1 January 1978 when the EEC ratified a directive of 1971 which implemented the International System (SI) as agreed by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. It

pos: Ring-opening polymerization related to a sign of the free enthalpy (Gibbs free energy) of polymerization: where x and y indicate monomer and polymer states, respectively (x and/or y = l (liquid), g (gaseous), c (amorphous solid), c’ (crystalline solid), s (solution)), ΔH(xy) and ΔSp(xy) are the corresponding enthalpy (SI unit: joule per kelvin) and entropy (SI unit: joule) of polymerization, and T is the absolute temperature (SI unit: kelvin). The free enthalpy of polymerization (ΔG) may be expressed as a sum of standard enthalpy of polymerization (ΔG°) and a term related to instantaneous monomer molecules and growing macromolecules concentrations: where R is

pos: Introduction to electromagnetism volt-meters (V m). The electric potential energy of a system of charges is the work it takes to assemble that configuration of charges. The energies add pairwise; that is, the work to bring a third charge into a system of two charges is the energy associated with the first and third charge plus that associated with the second and third charge. The potential energy of the system is unique to the configuration itself. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). Equivalently, it may be thought of as the energy stored in the electric field. For instance, if one

pos: Gravitational potential a point mass of mass "M" can be defined as the work "W" that needs to be done by an external agent to bring the unit mass in from infinity to that point: where "G" is the gravitational constant, and F is the gravitational force. The potential has units of energy per unit mass, e.g., J/kg in the MKS system. By convention, it is always negative where it is defined, and as "x" tends to infinity, it approaches zero. The gravitational field, and thus the acceleration of a small body in the space around the massive object, is the negative

pos: Joule heating per unit volume. Here, formula_11 is the current density, and formula_12 is the electric field. For a neutral plasma not in magnetic field and with a conductivity formula_13, formula_14 and therefore where formula_16 is the resistivity. This directly resembles the "formula_17" term of the macroscopic form. Overhead power lines transfer electrical energy from electricity producers to consumers. Those power lines have a nonzero resistance and therefore are subject to Joule heating, which causes transmission losses. The split of power between transmission losses (Joule heating in transmission lines) and load (useful energy delivered to the consumer) can be approximated by a

pos: Power (physics) intensity at a distance formula_33; the power emitted by a source can be written as: Power (physics) In physics, power is the rate of doing work or transferring heat, the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. Having no direction, it is a scalar quantity. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honour of James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the condenser steam engine. Another common and traditional measure is horsepower (comparing to the power of a horse). Being the rate of work, the

pos: Power (physics) Power (physics) In physics, power is the rate of doing work or transferring heat, the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. Having no direction, it is a scalar quantity. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honour of James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the condenser steam engine. Another common and traditional measure is horsepower (comparing to the power of a horse). Being the rate of work, the equation for power can be written: As a physical concept, power requires both a change

pos: Joule per mole the order of 10 kJ·mol, bond energies are of the order of 100 kJ·mol, and ionization energies of the order of 1000 kJ·mol. 1 kJ·mol is equal to 0.239 kcal·mol or 1.04×10 eV per particle. At room temperature (25 °C, 77 °F, or 298.15 K) 1 kJ·mol is equal to 0.4034 formula_1. Joule per mole The joule per mole (symbol: J·mole or J/mol) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles. For example, Gibbs free energy is quantified as joules per mole. Since

pos: Joule But they are not interchangeable. The CGPM has given the unit of energy the name "joule", but has not given the unit of torque any special name, hence it is simply the newton metre (N⋅m) – a compound name derived from its constituent parts. The use of newton metres for torque and joules for energy is helpful to avoid misunderstandings and miscommunications. The distinction may be seen also in the fact that energy is a scalar – the dot product of a vector force and a vector displacement. By contrast, torque is a vector – the cross product of a

pos: Enthalpy for the combustion of carbon monoxide 2 CO(g) + O(g) → 2 CO(g), formula_24 = –566.0 kJ and formula_22 = –563.5 kJ. Since the differences are so small, reaction enthalpies are often loosely described as reaction energies and analyzed in terms of bond energies. The specific enthalpy of a uniform system is defined as "h" = where "m" is the mass of the system. The SI unit for specific enthalpy is joule per kilogram. It can be expressed in other specific quantities by , where "u" is the specific internal energy, "p" is the pressure, and "v" is specific volume,

pos: Electric current wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire. This relationship is known as Joule's First Law. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol "J". The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second. In an electromagnet a coil, of a large number of circular turns of insulated wire, wrapped on a cylindrical core, behaves like a magnet when an electric current flows through it. When the current is switched off, the coil

pos: Energy efficiency in transport measured in terms of passengers times distance per unit of energy, in the SI, passengers metres per Joule (pax.m/J); whilst for cargo transport the energy efficiency is normally measured in terms of mass of transported cargo times distance per unit of energy, in the SI, kilograms metres per Joule (kg.m/J). Energy efficiency is expressed in terms of fuel economy: Energy consumption (reciprocal efficiency) is expressed terms of fuel consumption: Energy consumption: Energy consumption: In the following table the energy efficiency and energy consumption for different types of passenger land vehicles and modes of transport, as well as standard occupancy rates,

pos: Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O/min or joule per hour per kg body mass J/(h·kg). Proper measurement requires a strict set of criteria be met. These criteria include being in a physically and psychologically undisturbed state, in a thermally neutral environment, while in the post-absorptive state (i.e., not actively digesting food). In bradymetabolic animals, such as fish and reptiles, the equivalent term standard metabolic rate (SMR) is used. It

pos: History of the metric system energy played in the establishment of a coherent, rational system of units with the joule as the unit of energy and the electrical units in the International system of units remaining unchanged. It took more than thirty years before Giorgi's work was accepted in practice by the IEC. As the industrial era dawned in Britain as well as continental Europe and overseas, the cgs system of units as adopted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1873 with its plethora of electrical units continued to be the dominant system of measurement, and would remain so for at

neg: MKS system of units addition to derived units. An incomplete list of the base and derived units appears below. Since the MKS system of units never had a governing body to rule on a standard definition, the list of units depended on different conventions at different times. In 1901, Giovanni Giorgi proposed to the (AEI) that this system, extended with a fourth unit to be taken from the units of electromagnetism, be used as an international system. This system was strongly promoted by electrical engineer George A. Campbell. MKS system of units The MKS system of units is a physical system of measurement that

neg: Gravitational metric system Gravitational metric system The gravitational metric system (original French term ) is a non-standard system of units, which does not comply with the International System of Units (SI). It is built on the three base quantities length, time and force with base units metre, second and kilopond respectively. Internationally used abbreviations of the system are MKpS, MKfS or MKS (from French or ). However, the abbreviation MKS is also used for the MKS system of units, which, like the SI, uses mass in kilogram as a base unit. Nowadays, the mass as a property of an object and its weight,

neg: Second the second of mean solar time as the unit of time." BAAS formally proposed the CGS system in 1874, although this system was gradually replaced over the next 70 years by MKS units. Both the CGS and MKS systems used the same second as their base unit of time. MKS was adopted internationally during the 1940s, defining the second as of a mean solar day. Some time in the late 1940s, quartz crystal oscillator clocks with an operating frequency of ~100 kHz advanced to keep time with accuracy better than 1 part in 10 over an operating period of a

neg: Gram was used in the same sense at around the same time, in the 4th century, and survived in this sense into Medieval Greek, while the Latin term did not remain current in Medieval Latin and was recovered in Renaissance scholarship. The gram was the fundamental unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). The CGS system co-existed with the MKS system of units, first proposed in 1901, during much of the 20th century, but the gram has been displaced by the kilogram as the fundamental unit for mass when the MKS system was chosen for the SI

neg: MKS Inc. system that formed the underlying architecture of the MKS Integrity ALM product offered today. This initiative was further realized in 1999 when MKS invested the bulk of its R&D efforts towards re-designing MKS Source Integrity as a multi-tier Java EE platform to address the needs of large enterprise installations. In 1998 MKS purchased the Implementer product and division of Silvon Software, based out of Chicago, Illinois, to add AS/400 support to its ALM product line. Continuing with acquisitions, in 1999 the Interoperability Business Unit merged with DataFocus Inc., a long time OEM partner, and was charged with the evolution of

neg: MKS system of units MKS system of units The MKS system of units is a physical system of measurement that uses the metre, kilogram, and second (MKS) as base units. Adopted in 1889, use of the MKS system of units succeeded the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS) in commerce and engineering. The metre and kilogram system served as the basis for the development of the International System of Units (abbreviated SI), which now serves as the international standard. Because of this, the standards of the CGS system were gradually replaced with metric standards incorporated from the MKS system. An advantage of MKS units is

neg: History of the metric system MKS system of units. In accordance with astronomical observations, the second was set as a fraction of the year 1900. The electromagnetic base unit as required by Giorgi was accepted as the ampere. After negotiations with the CIS and IUPAP, two further base units, the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units. For the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units. At the same time the CGPM adopted conventions for the writing and printing of unit symbols and numbers and catalogued the symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure. Until

neg: Dörken MKS-Systeme exclusively products in Herdecke. Since the year 2000 Dörken MKS started to open up local offices. Today, there are many offices in the U.S., China, South Korea, and locally working product managers in most European countries as well as in India, Taiwan and Brazil. Since 2002, Dörken MKS-Systeme GmbH & Co. KG is an independent business unit of Ewald Dörken AG. In the year 2010 Dörken has acquired a small company specialized in surface treatment, the LP-Oberflächntechnik GmbH (Schalksmüle). Zinc flake coatings Zinc flake coating normally consist of a basecoat and topcoat, this is called a modular system. A basecoat

neg: Metre Convention unit symbols and of numbers. The recommendation also catalogued the recommended symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure and for the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units. The CIPM's draft proposal, which was an extensive revision and simplification of the metric unit definitions, symbols and terminology based on the MKS system of units, was put to the 10th CGPM in 1954. In the proposal the CIPM recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical standards would be derived. After negotiations with the CIS and IUPAP, two further base units, the

neg: History of the metric system the Treaty of the Metre was extended to cover electrical units with the CGPM merging its work with that of the IEC. The twentieth century history of measurement is marked by five periods: the 1901 definition of the coherent MKS system; the intervening 50 years of coexistence of the MKS, cgs and common systems of measures; the 1948 "Practical system of units" prototype of the SI; the introduction of the SI in 1960; and the evolution of the SI in the latter half century. The need for an orthogonal electromagnetic unit to resolve the difficulties of defining such units in

neg: Entropy and the unit joule per kelvin (J/K) in the International System of Units (SI). Thermodynamic entropy is an extensive property, meaning that it scales with the size or extent of a system. In many processes it is useful to specify the entropy as an intensive property independent of the size, as a specific entropy characteristic of the type of system studied. Specific entropy may be expressed relative to a unit of mass, typically the kilogram (unit: ). Alternatively, in chemistry, it is also referred to one mole of substance, in which case it is called the "molar entropy" with a

neg: Centimetre–gram–second system of units Centimetre–gram–second system of units The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. All CGS mechanical units are unambiguously derived from these three base units, but there are several different ways of extending the CGS system to cover electromagnetism. The CGS system has been largely supplanted by the MKS system based on the metre, kilogram, and second, which was in turn extended and replaced by the International System of

neg: History of the metric system least the next 60 years. The advantages were several: it had a variegated set of derived units which, while not quite coherent, were at least homologous; the MKS system lacked a defined unit of electromagnetism at all; the MKS units were inconveniently large for the sciences; customary systems of measures held sway in the United States, Britain and the British empire, and even to some extent in France the birthplace of the metric system, which inhibited adoption of any competing system. Finally, war, nationalism and other political forces inhibited development of the science favouring a coherent system of units. At

neg: Coherence (units of measurement) Units (1960) was designed around the principle of coherence. In SI, which is a coherent system, the unit of power is the watt, which is defined as one joule per second. In the US customary system of measurement, which is non-coherent, the unit of power is the horsepower, which is defined as 550 foot-pounds per second (the pound in this context being the pound-force); similarly the gallon is not equal to a cubic yard (nor is it the cube of any length unit of the system). The earliest units of measure devised by humanity bore no relationship to each other.

neg: Roland MKS-80 CEM3340 VCO integrated circuit. The unit also includes one voltage controlled filter (VCF) and one voltage controlled amplifier (VCA) per voice. The MKS-80 has a 64 patch internal memory (8 banks of 8 patches each) along with an optional memory cartridge called the M-64C with room for another 128 (2 banks of 64 each). A full MIDI implementation is built into the MKS-80, with MIDI IN, OUT and THRU jacks positioned at the rear of the unit. The MPG-80 is the optional programmer designed specifically for the MKS-80, providing direct access to the majority of the MKS-80's features. The MPG-80

neg: Newton (unit) Newton (unit) The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion. See below for the conversion factors. "One newton is the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force." In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) Resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate

neg: Magnetomotive force mmf is the ampere, the same as the unit of current (analogously the units of emf and voltage are both the volt). Informally, and frequently, this unit is stated as the ampere-turn to avoid confusion with current. This was the unit name in the MKS system. Occasionally, the cgs system unit of the gilbert may also be encountered. The term "magnetomotive force" was coined by Henry Augustus Rowland in 1880. Rowland intended this to indicate a direct analogy with electromotive force. The idea of a magnetic analogy to electromotive force can be found much earlier in the work of Michael

neg: International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units of electromagnetism and in quantity calculus, it became apparent that a coherent absolute system of units could only include one electromagnetic base unit. The first such system was proposed by Giorgi in 1901: it used the ohm as the additional base unit in the MKS system, and so is often referred to as the MKSΩ system or the Giorgi system. An additional problem with the CGS system of electrical units, pointed out as early as 1882 by Oliver Heaviside, was that they were not "rationalized", that is they failed to properly take account of permittivity and permeability as properties of

neg: Nat (unit) to "nat" to avoid confusion with the nit used as a unit of luminance. Alan Turing used the "natural ban". Nat (unit) The natural unit of information (symbol: nat), sometimes also nit or nepit, is a unit of information or entropy, based on natural logarithms and powers of "e", rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms, which define the bit. This unit is also known by its unit symbol, the nat. The nat is the coherent unit for information entropy. The International System of Units, by assigning the same units (joule per kelvin) both to heat capacity

neg: Centimetre–gram–second system of units fundamental units, using the prefix "C.G.S. unit of ...". The sizes of many CGS units turned out to be inconvenient for practical purposes. For example, many everyday objects are hundreds or thousands of centimetres long, such as humans, rooms and buildings. Thus the CGS system never gained wide general use outside the field of science. Starting in the 1880s, and more significantly by the mid-20th century, CGS was gradually superseded internationally for scientific purposes by the MKS (metre–kilogram–second) system, which in turn developed into the modern SI standard. Since the international adoption of the MKS standard in the 1940s and

neg: Nat (unit) Nat (unit) The natural unit of information (symbol: nat), sometimes also nit or nepit, is a unit of information or entropy, based on natural logarithms and powers of "e", rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms, which define the bit. This unit is also known by its unit symbol, the nat. The nat is the coherent unit for information entropy. The International System of Units, by assigning the same units (joule per kelvin) both to heat capacity and to thermodynamic entropy implicitly treats information entropy as a quantity of dimension one, with . Physical systems of natural

neg: Maxwell (unit) to measure. The "maxwell" was affirmed again unanimously as the unit name for magnetic flux at the Plenary Meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission in July 1930 at Oslo. In 1933, the Electric and Magnetic Magnitudes and Units committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission recommended to adopt the metre-kilogram-second (MKS) system (Giorgi system), and the name weber was proposed for the practical unit of magnetic flux (), subject to approval of various national committees, which was achieved in 1935. The "weber" was thus adopted as a practical unit of magnetic flux by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The "maxwell" is a

neg: Metric system ohm using definitions based on the metre, kilogram and second. In 1901, Giovanni Giorgi showed that by adding an electrical unit as a fourth base unit, the various anomalies in electromagnetic systems could be resolved. The metre–kilogram–second–coulomb (MKSC) and metre–kilogram–second–ampere (MKSA) systems are examples of such systems. The International System of Units ("Système international d'unités" or SI) is the current international standard metric system and is also the system most widely used around the world. It is an extension of Giorgi's MKSA system—its base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela and mole. The MKS (Metre, Kilogram, Second)

neg: MKS Inc. Government market. On May 31, 2011, it was announced that PTC had completed the acquisition of MKS and that MKS would operate as the Integrity Business Unit of PTC going forward. By mid 2017 all development staff working on former MKS products are laid off, only tiny support staff is left to support now legacy Integrity software. MKS Inc. MKS, Inc (formerly called Mortice Kern Systems) is a subsidiary of PTC, Inc. It was previously a multinational independent software vendor that was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation (now PTC) on May 31, 2011. MKS operated in the Application Lifecycle Management

neg: Metric system this older usage is declining. In SI, which is a coherent system, the unit of power is the "watt", which is defined as " joule per second". In the US customary system of measurement, which is non-coherent, the unit of power is the "horsepower", which is defined as "550 foot-pounds per second" (the pound in this context being the pound-force). Similarly, neither the US gallon nor the imperial gallon is cubic foot or cubic yard— the US gallon is 231 cubic inches and the imperial gallon is 277.42 cubic inches. The concept of coherence was only introduced into the metric

neg: Newton (unit) 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared. In 1948, the 9th CGPM Resolution 7 adopted the name "newton" for this force. The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI system of units. The newton thus became the standard unit of force in the (SI), or International System of Units. Newton's second law of motion states that , where is the force applied, is the mass of the object receiving the force, and is the acceleration of the object. The newton is therefore: where the following symbols are used for the units: N

neg: Kilogram gram as the fundamental unit of mass and the "kilogram" simply as a derived unit. In 1901, however, following the discoveries by James Clerk Maxwell to the effect that electric measurements could not be explained in terms of the three fundamental units of length, mass and time, Giovanni Giorgi proposed a new standard system that would include a fourth fundamental unit to measure quantities in electromagnetism. In 1935 this was adopted by the IEC as the "Giorgi system", now also known as MKS system, and in 1946 the CIPM approved a proposal to adopt the ampere as the electromagnetic unit

neg: Kilogram of the "MKSA system". In 1948 the CGPM commissioned the CIPM "to make recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement, suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention". This led to the launch of SI in 1960 and the subsequent publication of the "SI Brochure", which stated that "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...". The CGS and MKS systems co-existed during much of the early-to-mid 20th century, but as a result of the decision to adopt the "Giorgi system" as the international system of units in

neg: Joule (crater) the terrain surrounding the crater, but is marked by some small craterlets. At the midpoint of the interior floor is a central peak. Joule T is located less than a crater diameter to the west of Joule. A smaller crater named Wargo with a prominent ray system lies on the western edge of Joule T. These rays primarily project to the south of the crater, with the most prominent ray crossing the crater Harvey to the south. Only faint traces of this ray system actually cross into Joule, and are generally restricted to the western rim, inner sides and floor.

neg: Henry (unit) inductor: where "V"("t") denotes the resulting voltage across the circuit, "I"("t") is the current through the circuit, and "L" is the inductance of the circuit. The henry is a derived unit based on four of the seven base units of the International System of Units: kilogram (kg), metre (m), second (s), and ampere (A). Expressed in combinations of SI units, the henry is: in which the following additional derived units occur: coulomb (C), farad (F), joule (J), weber (Wb), tesla (T), volt (V), hertz (Hz), and ohm (Ω). The International System of Units (SI) specifies to write the symbol of

neg: Voltage Voltage Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points. The difference in electric potential between two points (i.e., voltage) in a static electric field is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two points. In the International System of Units, the derived unit for voltage is named "volt". In SI units, work per unit charge is expressed as joules per coulomb, where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work) per 1 coulomb (of charge). The official SI definition for "volt" uses

neg: Roland MKS-80 current boost circuit (IC50)." The unit is fully capable of producing most of the Jupiter-8's signature sounds, in addition to many sounds unique to the MKS-80. In February 1985, Roland started producing a new revision of MKS-80, known as "Rev 5", that had no ties with any previous Jupiter's hardware, as it used a new generation of both Roland VCO's, VCA's and filter. The Rev 5 filter was also used in JX-8P, JX-10 and MKS-70 synthesizers. The voice architecture of the MKS-80 is fully analog with 8 polyphonic voices with 2 voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) per voice, using the Curtis

neg: International System of Units a fourth base unit alongside the existing three base units. The fourth unit could be chosen to be electric current, voltage, or electrical resistance. Electric current with named unit 'ampere' was chosen as the base unit, and the other electrical quantities derived from it according to the laws of physics. This became the foundation of the MKS system of units. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of non-coherent units of measure based on the gram/kilogram, centimetre/metre and second, such as the "Pferdestärke" (metric horsepower) for power, the darcy for permeability and "millimetres of mercury" for barometric

neg: MKS Inc. MKS Inc. MKS, Inc (formerly called Mortice Kern Systems) is a subsidiary of PTC, Inc. It was previously a multinational independent software vendor that was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation (now PTC) on May 31, 2011. MKS operated in the Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) and Systems Administration market segments. Integrity, a PTC Product manages systems and software development processes and connects engineering artifacts, including requirements, models, code and test, ensuring comprehensive lifecycle traceability. PTC's Integrity Business Unit supports customers across these four core industries: Automotive, Aerospace & Defense, High Tech Electronics and Medical Devices. Previously named Mortice Kern Systems, MKS

neg: Work (physics) "weight "lifted" through a height", which is based on the use of early steam engines to lift buckets of water out of flooded ore mines. According to Dugas, it is to Solomon of Caux "that we owe the term "work" in the sense that it is used in mechanics now". The SI unit of work is the joule (J). The SI unit of work is the joule (J), which is defined as the work expended by a force of one newton through a displacement of one metre. The dimensionally equivalent newton-metre (N⋅m) is sometimes used as the measuring unit for

neg: Action (physics) Action (physics) In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion of the system can be derived. It is a mathematical functional which takes the trajectory, also called "path" or "history", of the system as its argument and has a real number as its result. Generally, the action takes different values for different paths. Action has the dimensions of [energy]⋅[time] or [momentum]⋅[length], and its SI unit is joule-second. Hamilton's principle states that the differential equations of motion for "any" physical system can be re-formulated as an equivalent integral equation. Thus,

neg: Joule SI units and then in terms of other SI units: where kg is the kilogram, m is the metre, s is the second, N is the newton, Pa is the pascal, W is the watt, C is the coulomb, and V is the volt. One joule can also be defined as: In mechanics, the concept of force (in some direction) has a close analog in the concept of torque (about some angle): A result of this similarity is that the SI unit for torque is the newton metre, which works out algebraically to have the same dimensions as the joule.

neg: Monolight Monolight A monolight is a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source. It does not depend on a centralized power supply as a "pack and head" system does. Monolights are also independently controlled: each has its own power settings and light output. Flash power is predominantly measured by the industry in watt seconds, which is unit-equivalent to the joule. A simple monolight at a minimum consists of a power supply, power connector, and flash tube. Most monolights have a fairly common set of features, described below. Most monolights have

neg: Dörken MKS-Systeme Dörken MKS-Systeme Dörken MKS-Systeme (Dörken MKS-Systeme GmbH & Co. KG)) is an international specialty chemical company headquartered in Herdecke, Germany. It is the European market leader for micro-layer corrosion protection systems and is represented in more than 150 countries worldwide. The Dörken MKS-Systeme GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 1980 in Herdecke. The start was with the production and distribution of a micro-layer corrosion protection system for a high-performance but heavy metal-free surface protection, from the beginning without the carcinogenic Chromium VI. Originally, small parts were coated with Zinc flake coating and organic topcoats. Dörken MKS-Systeme has always been

neg: Litre do not create confusion because the context is usually sufficient—one being a volume, the others linear or angular measurement. The abbreviation cc (for cubic centimetre, equal to a millilitre or mL) is a unit of the cgs system, that preceded the MKS system, that later evolved into the SI system. The abbreviation cc is still commonly used in many fields including medical dosage and sizing for small combustion engine displacement, such as those used in motorcycles. The microlitre (μL) has been known in the past as the lambda (λ), but this usage is now discouraged. In the medical field the

neg: Tesla (unit) equivalent is in SI base units). Units used: In the production of the Lorentz force, the difference between electric fields and magnetic fields is that a force from a magnetic field on a charged particle is generally due to the charged particle's movement, while the force imparted by an electric field on a charged particle is not due to the charged particle's movement. This may be appreciated by looking at the units for each. The unit of electric field in the MKS system of units is newtons per coulomb, N/C, while the magnetic field (in teslas) can be written as

neg: Action (physics) in time and space. Action has the dimensions of [energy]⋅[time], and its SI unit is joule-second, which is identical to the unit of angular momentum. In classical physics, the term "action" has a number of meanings. Most commonly, the term is used for a functional formula_2 which takes a function of time and (for fields) space as input and returns a scalar. In classical mechanics, the input function is the evolution q("t") of the system between two times "t" and "t", where q represents the generalized coordinates. The action formula_3 is defined as the integral of the Lagrangian "L" for

neg: Acoustic impedance Acoustic impedance Acoustic impedance and specific acoustic impedance are measures of the opposition that a system presents to the acoustic flow resulting of an acoustic pressure applied to the system. The SI unit of acoustic impedance is the pascal second per cubic metre () or the rayl per square metre (), while that of specific acoustic impedance is the pascal second per metre () or the rayl. In this article the symbol rayl denotes the MKS rayl. There is a close analogy with electrical impedance, which measures the opposition that a system presents to the electrical flow resulting from an

neg: MKS X/Server product as needed by the market and its customers. MKS X/Server is available as a standalone product, bundled with various versions of the MKS Toolkit product and available as a runtime option to UNIX/Linux applications ported to Windows using the MKS Toolkit for Enterprise Developers application. MKS X/Server MKS X/Server, a commercial X server developed by MKS Inc., allows users to access Unix/Linux systems from a PC computers which run a Microsoft Windows operating system. The product offers both a full 32-bit X server and a native 64-bit X server (for x64 based systems) that operate on various versions of

neg: Ampere are expressed in amperes (as in "the charging current is 1.2 A") and the charge accumulated, or passed through a circuit over a period of time is expressed in coulombs (as in "the battery charge is "). The relation of the ampere (C/s) to the coulomb is the same as that of the watt (J/s) to the joule. The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the unit of electric current in the centimetre–gram–second system of units. That unit, now known as the abampere, was defined as the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per

neg: Monolight off-brand products. This is a strong consideration when using monolights on a location shoot. Accessories tend to be more readily available for on-brand monolights. Monolight A monolight is a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source. It does not depend on a centralized power supply as a "pack and head" system does. Monolights are also independently controlled: each has its own power settings and light output. Flash power is predominantly measured by the industry in watt seconds, which is unit-equivalent to the joule. A simple monolight at a minimum

neg: Lincoln MKS such as auto high beam, adaptive cruise control, forward collision warning, blind spot information system with cross-traffic alert, and lane-keeping system. The new MKS also grew slightly in overall length to , making it the longest domestic production sedan. A reviewer from Canada's National Post gave the MKS a positive reception in a comparison test with the Cadillac STS and Infiniti M45, two cars that Ford picked to bring along. The MKS has dimensions comparable to the 2010 Audi A8 4.2 FSI quattro, a sedan with all-wheel drive which is equipped with a naturally aspirated 4.2 L V8 engine with

neg: Central Area Transmission System The gas terminal has the capacity to process about 34 million standard cubic metres of natural gas a day in two gas processing trains. The gas is dried in dehydration towers with a triethylene glycol cold finger regeneration system. One unit passes through a turboexpander and the other through a Joule–Thomson valve which reduces the pressure. In the Low Temperature Separator, gas plant also produces the natural gas liquids propane, butane and liquid oil products (also known as natural gas condensate). These are fed into a fractionation system with a stabiliser column (where methane and ethane are removed), a de-propaniser