query: who played in the movie coal miners daughter

pos: Coal Miner's Daughter (film) Coal Miner's Daughter (film) Coal Miner's Daughter is a 1980 American biographical musical film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay written by Tom Rickman. It follows the story of country music singer Loretta Lynn, from her birth in a poor family and getting married at 15 to her rise as one of the most successful country musicians. Based on Lynn's 1976 biography of the same name by George Vecsey, the film stars Sissy Spacek as Lynn. Tommy Lee Jones, Beverly D'Angelo and Levon Helm are featured in supporting roles. Ernest Tubb, Roy Acuff, and Minnie Pearl all make cameo

pos: Coal Miner's Daughter (song) name was also released in 1970, and despite the fact that the title track was the lone single, "Coal Miner's Daughter" became quite successful. "Coal Miner's Daughter" served as the name of Lynn's 1976 autobiography, "Coal Miner's Daughter: The Autobiography", which Lynn co-wrote. The song title also served as the name of Lynn's 1980 biographical motion picture on her life, "Coal Miner's Daughter". The movie starred actress Sissy Spacek as Lynn and Tommy Lee Jones as Lynn's husband. The film's soundtrack featured Spacek singing all of Lynn's hits sung in the movie, including "Coal Miner's Daughter". "Coal Miner's Daughter" helped

pos: Coal Miner's Daughter (album) Coal Miner's Daughter (album) Coal Miner's Daughter is the fifteenth studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn. It was released on December 28, 1970, by Decca Records. The title song, "Coal Miner's Daughter", about Lynn's upbringing, would become her signature song. The album and song's title would be used for the name of Lynn's best-selling autobiography as well as the 1980 Oscar-winning movie starring Sissy Spacek. In the issue dated January 16, 1971, "Billboard" magazine published a review of the album, "The one and only Loretta Lynn has cut another great package here. The material is done in

neg: Coal Miner's Daughter (song) album "Wouldn't It Be Great". The album is composed by songs all written by Lynn. Coal Miners Daughter being the closing song on the album just as Loretta does in her live performances. The song was parodied as "Cow Minder's Daughter" by Laraine Newman, who portrayed the fictional east Indian singer "Govinda Lynn" in a skit during episode 20 of season 5 of the US comedy series Saturday Night Live, first broadcast May 24, 1980. Coal Miner's Daughter (song) "Coal Miner's Daughter" is an autobiographical 1969 country music song written and performed by Loretta Lynn. Released in 1970, the song

neg: Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia The Byrd Amendments are found in Section 1556 of the ACA. Among the many protections the Byrd Amendments provides coal miners, it covers medical expenses for coal miners who worked at least 15 years underground (or comparable surface mining) and who have a totally disabling respiratory impairment. Further, it shifts the burden of proof of disability due to "black lung disease" from these coal miners back to the coal companies. Pneumoconiosis or "black lung disease" can be a common health problem faced by retired coal miners. Early attempts to regulate strip-mining on the state level were largely unsuccessful due to

neg: William Davis Miners' Memorial Day past first reading. In 2008 a private member's bill to officially designate June 11 as William Davis Miners' Memorial Day was introduced and passed. William Davis Miners' Memorial Day Davis Day, also known as Miners' Memorial Day (and since November 25, 2008, officially as William Davis Miners' Memorial Day) is an annual day of remembrance observed on June 11 in coal mining communities in Nova Scotia, Canada to recognize all miners killed in the province's coal mines. Davis Day originated in memory of William Davis, a coal miner who was killed during a long strike by the province's coal miners

neg: Franklin B. Gowen shoring up this coal pool's internal checks to make sure all members played by the rules, Gowen also organized Schuylkill County's independent coal operators into the Schuylkill Coal Exchange. By autumn 1874 it was common knowledge that these operators (including the Coal & Iron Co.) were intent upon precipitating a ruinous miners' strike by which to destroy the WBA (by this time renamed the Miners and Laborers Benevolent Association, or M&LBA). Such a strike was indeed brought about by severe slashes in wages offered to miners (20% cut) and mine laborers (10% cut). Known as the "Long Strike", the work

neg: William Davis Miners' Memorial Day William Davis Miners' Memorial Day Davis Day, also known as Miners' Memorial Day (and since November 25, 2008, officially as William Davis Miners' Memorial Day) is an annual day of remembrance observed on June 11 in coal mining communities in Nova Scotia, Canada to recognize all miners killed in the province's coal mines. Davis Day originated in memory of William Davis, a coal miner who was killed during a long strike by the province's coal miners against the British Empire Steel Corporation. The key events took place at Waterford Lake, near the town of New Waterford in the industrial district

neg: Zeche Neuglück & Stettin 9 and 16 miners were counted, and funding was provided for the extraction of 36,024 bushels of coal. In 1847 there were between eight and twelce miners in the mine and the funding allowed for the extraction of 31,672 bushels of coal. In 1926 the funding then allowed for 228 tons of coal. There were eleven miners and 3410 tons of coal extracted in 1929, this was simultaneously the maximum allowance of the mines. In 1930, there were five miners who extraction 944 tons of coal. The last known funding and survey of the mine was in 1934, with four

neg: Scranton Miners (baseball) Scranton Miners (baseball) The Scranton Miners was the name of several minor league baseball clubs that existed in Scranton, Pennsylvania between 1886 and 1953. The first Scranton Miners played in 1886 as the Scranton Indians a member of the Pennsylvania State League. The team played as the Miners in 1887, before jumping to the International League and playing as the Indians for the remainder of the season. In 1892, the name was revived again by a team in the Pennsylvania State League and until 1894. In 1895, the team played as the Scranton Coal Heavers. The third Scranton Miners team

neg: Warwickshire Miners' Association Warwickshire Miners' Association The Warwickshire Miners' Association was a trade union representing coal miners in the Warwickshire area of England. In 1885, the Newdegate family leased their Warwickshire coal mine to a Sheffield-based company, who attempted to cut costs by reducing miners' wages. This prompted miners to strike, and afterwards they formed the Warwickshire and Stafford Miners' Trade Union, which was later renamed as the "Warwickshire Miners' Association". The union's first secretary was William Johnson, who later became a local Member of Parliament. In 1889, the union was a founder constituent of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB). In

neg: Asturian miners' strike of 2012 Asturian miners' strike of 2012 The 2012 Asturian miners' strike was an industrial dispute involving more than 8,000 coal miners in the Spanish autonomous community of Asturias. The geographer David Featherstone has described the strike as "one of the most dramatic forms of anti-austerity protest to emerge in the wake of the crisis [of 2007–2008]." Coal mining has played a part in the local economy of the provinces of Asturias and León since the Roman era. The region also has a history of militancy: an uprising led by miners took place in 1934 but was crushed by General Franco; and

neg: Asturian miners' strike of 2012 end to perverse subsidies worldwide, was omitted from public debate." Asturian miners' strike of 2012 The 2012 Asturian miners' strike was an industrial dispute involving more than 8,000 coal miners in the Spanish autonomous community of Asturias. The geographer David Featherstone has described the strike as "one of the most dramatic forms of anti-austerity protest to emerge in the wake of the crisis [of 2007–2008]." Coal mining has played a part in the local economy of the provinces of Asturias and León since the Roman era. The region also has a history of militancy: an uprising led by miners took

neg: Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia demand for coal. The company town was particularly dominant in southern Appalachia; in 1925, almost 80% of West Virginia coal miners lived in company towns, while an average of 64.4% of coal miners in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee lived in company towns. Since 1995, the Appalachian region has produced about half of the United States' coal. Although Appalachia has played a large role in contributing to the coal supply of the United States, the communities surrounding such mining practices have suffered immensely. Several studies have shown disparities between mining communities and non-mining communities in terms of public health, environmental

neg: Ainscough - Ainscoughs in the villages of Blackrod, Haigh, Aspull were coal miners. They started as drawers, pulling coal carts, at the age of ten (until this was stopped by legislation), graduating to miners at around the age of sixteen. The area was rich in cannel coal, a high-grade, rich but volatile coal, and many mines were on the estate of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres who lived at Haigh Hall. All but one of the five sons of Ralph (b.1782 in Blackrod) were miners - and nearly all male descendants of these Ainscoughs were also miners, as censuses from

neg: Below the Surface Below the Surface Below the Surface is a 1938 adventure tale set in the coal region of Newcastle, Australia. Only part of the movie survives today. Two miners compete for an important coal contract. One of them attempts to sabotage the other but fails. The main investor in the movie was a prominent music house in Sydney. The film was shot on location in Cronulla, Sydney and Newcastle, with studio work done at Pagewood Studios. Kather and Tolhurt built a mine set themselves. Shooting took place from November 1937 to February 1938. Like Kathner's first movie, "Phantom Gold" (1937), it

neg: Pittston Coal strike the Pittston strike involved coal miners, many of the supporters of the strike were not miners at all. A majority of the support that the union members received was from women, who were a pivotal aspect of the strike. Many of these women were either wives or daughters of miners who worked for Pittston, but some women supporters had no affiliation with Pittston Coal Company or mining at all. The women would sit down in the middle of roads causing blockages while others would drive slowly in front of coal trucks to cause delays. Two famous groups of women supporters

neg: Moweaqua, Illinois to play Santa Claus in a party to be held that evening for his fellow townspeople. The tragic explosion, together with the election in the previous month (November 1932) of the pro-labor Seventy-Third Congress, led to the pasasge of mine safety legislation and the phaseout of open-flame carbide miner's lanterns in United States coal mines. The "Moweaqua Coal Mine Museum" opened in 1986 to commemorate local coal miners, especially the victims of this disaster. The 2009 movie "The Informant" starring Matt Damon was partially filmed in Moweaqua. The plot of the movie is based on the ADM price fixing scandal

neg: Gerry Hitchens Gerry Hitchens Gerald Archibald Hitchens (8 October 1934 – 13 April 1983) was an English footballer, who played as a centre forward. Hitchens was born in the village of Rawnsley, Staffordshire, near Cannock, and began his career as a coal miner. He played in Shropshire with Highley Youth Club and Highley Miners Welfare between 1952 and 1953. He appeared in a county cup final for the Miners at Aggborough, the home stadium of local club Kidderminster Harriers. His performance was being watched by the Harriers club secretary Ted Gamson, who went on to offer Hitchens a contract in September 1953.

neg: History of trade unions in the United Kingdom An exception came with the coal miners union, which faced lower wages in a declining industry hurt by lower prices, severe competition from oil, and sharply declining productivity in Britain's ageing coal mines. The 1926 General Strike was declared by the Trades Union Congress for the benefit of the coal miners, but it failed. It was a nine-day nationwide walkout of one million railwaymen, transport workers, printers, dockers, ironworkers and steelworkers supporting the 1.5 million coal miners who had been locked out. Ultimately many miners returned to work, and were forced to accept longer hours and lower pay. Additionally, in

neg: West Virginia coal wars County joined the United Mine Workers of America. In retaliation, the Burnwell Coal and Coke Company fired all union-aligned miners and gave them three days to leave their company-owned residences. On April 27, 1920, Mingo County officials arrested Baldwin-Felts agent Albert C. Felts, who would later be involved in the Matewan shootout, for illegally evicting miners of the Burnwell Coal and Coke Company as punishment for union activity. Mingo County Sheriff G. T. Blankenship negotiated with miners groups that as long as only Mingo County officials enforced the eviction notices, the miners would peacefully comply. Miners in Mingo County continued

neg: Springfield race riot of 1908 lower jobs, impacting younger workers. There was also uncertainty amongst Springfield's miners at the local and national level. In November 1907, 4,000 miners in Danville went on strike when coal operators stopped paying workers in cash and began issuing checks. Five months later, on April 1, 1908, Springfield's miners were nearly part of the 250,000 miners across the country who went on strike after their contracts expired and coal operators showed "no inclination" to make new contracts with the union. Illinois' 60,000 miners subsequently "declared war" against coal operators. The unrest led to the shut down of Illinois' mines for

neg: Warwickshire Miners' Association union. At its peak, the union had 11,000 members, in 25 branches. The MFGB became the National Union of Mineworkers in 1944, and the Warwickshire Miners' Association became its Warwickshire District (Midlands Area), with less autonomy than before. Warwickshire Miners' Association The Warwickshire Miners' Association was a trade union representing coal miners in the Warwickshire area of England. In 1885, the Newdegate family leased their Warwickshire coal mine to a Sheffield-based company, who attempted to cut costs by reducing miners' wages. This prompted miners to strike, and afterwards they formed the Warwickshire and Stafford Miners' Trade Union, which was later

neg: Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 that the judge order the women's release. He did so. The incident has become known as "the women who sang their way out of jail". Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 The Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911, or the Westmoreland coal miners' strike, was a strike by coal miners represented by the United Mine Workers of America. The strike is also known as the Slovak Strike because about 70 percent of the miners were Slovak immigrants. It began in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, on March 9, 1910, and ended on July 1, 1911. At its height, the strike encompassed 65

neg: History of coal miners History of coal miners People have worked as coal miners for centuries, but they became increasingly important during the Industrial revolution when coal was burnt on a large scale to fuel stationary and locomotive engines and heat buildings. Owing to coal's strategic role as a primary fuel, coal miners have figured strongly in labour and political movements since that time. After the late 19th century coal miners in many countries were a frequent presence in industrial disputes with both the management and government. Coal miners' politics, while complex, have occasionally been radical, with a frequent leaning towards far-left political views.

neg: Pittston Coal strike not just miners employed by Pittston, but also families, widows, and disabled miners in the Virginia area. In April 1989, after the miners had worked 14 months without benefits, UMWA president Richard Trumka declared a strike against the Pittston Coal Company. Around 2,000 UMWA members who worked for Pittston walked out of the mines and reported to the picket line. Pittston responded to the strike by hiring replacement workers. To ensure that production would continue, Pittston also had help from the state police to escort the replacement miners and coal trucks across the picket line. The UMWA used civil disobedience

neg: Rhondda creation of the South Wales Miners' Federation after the 1898 coal strike, gave the South Wales miners a reputation for militancy, in which the Rhondda Valley played its part. As part of the Redistribution Act of 1885 the Rhondda was granted its first seat in Parliament which was won by the moderate trade union leader William Abraham, who was notably the only working-class member elected in Wales. Socialism and syndicalism ideals grew throughout the 20th century and industrial struggle reached a crescendo in the 1910–11 Tonypandy Riots. A year later Tonypandy saw the publication of Noah Ablett's pamphlet "The Miners'

neg: Official Coal Miners' Memorial for the Commonwealth of Virginia Official Coal Miners' Memorial for the Commonwealth of Virginia The Miner's Memorial in Richlands, Tazewell County, Virginia was named the "Official Coal Miner's Memorial for the Commonwealth of Virginia" on 22 June 2009. It is meant to memorialize those who have lost their lives in the hazardous profession of coal mining and to honor the living men and women who continue to go into the darkness to make a living. On the back of the black granite monument are written 1,200 names of persons who have lost their lives in the coal mines of Tazewell, Russell and Buchanan counties in

neg: Carbon County Strike only stirred more frustration with miners in the coal industry. The UMWA responded to the economic depression with the Coal Miners' Strike of 1897 and the Coal Strike of 1902. The strikes offered a collective voice for miners to speak out against the deplorable conditions of mining camps and proved to be popular movement among miners in eastern mining regions. Western mining regions would not join or participate in the early Coal Miners' Strikes but the success of the UMWA in increasing wages for their workers inspired support among immigrant miners of the west. The coal miners of Carbon County

neg: Springfield race riot of 1908 a month, which had a significant negative impact on the freight business for the railroads as coal cars sat idle during that time. The lack of coal movement also impacted road workers, who could not pave the roads without the coal. In early May, while over 35,000 of Illinois' miners voted to return to work, miners in two districts voted to move forward with the strike – Peoria and Springfield. Around the same time, miners in neighboring Decatur voted to go on strike and, on June 8, 1908, roughly 500 miners called off two separate strikes, at the Pawnee and

neg: History of coal miners A number of far-left political movements have had the support of both coal miners themselves and their trade unions, particularly in Great Britain. In France, on the other hand, coal miners have been much more conservative. From the mid-19th century onward, coal miners have often built strong connections with the organized labour movement, and sometimes as well with radical political movements. Coal miners were among the first groups of industrial workers to collectively organise in protection of both working and social conditions in their communities. Beginning in the 19th Century, and continuing through the 20th Coal Miners unions became powerful

neg: Higham, South Yorkshire in the South Yorkshire Senior Cricket League and at one time had a football team that used to play in the Sunday league. Here coal miners played the game of Nipsy (not Knur and Spell) on the field at the back of the Miners Inn (Pigoyle). Higham has had a number of sporting personalities: Keith Burkinshaw & Ron Darlow to name two. Keith was famous in the sport of Football & Ron Darlow was Nipsy world champion before his death. For a description of the game of Nipsy and its association with Coal Miners please see the web site of

neg: Southern Illinois Miners League Baseball organizations. Three former Miners (Tanner Roark, Clay Zavada and Brandon Cunniff) have made it all the way to the major leagues. Southern Illinois Miners The Southern Illinois Miners are a professional baseball team based in Marion, Illinois. The Miners are a member of the West Division of the independent Frontier League. Since 2007, the Miners have played their home games at Rent One Park. The "Miners" name refers to the Southern Illinois region's history of coal mining. The Miners' games are broadcast on four Withers radio stations as part of the Southern Illinois Miners Radio Network. The flagship

neg: History of coal miners For example, at least 11 folk songs were composed about the 1956 and 1958 disasters at Springhill, Nova Scotia, that involved 301 miners (113 died and 188 were rescued). History of coal miners People have worked as coal miners for centuries, but they became increasingly important during the Industrial revolution when coal was burnt on a large scale to fuel stationary and locomotive engines and heat buildings. Owing to coal's strategic role as a primary fuel, coal miners have figured strongly in labour and political movements since that time. After the late 19th century coal miners in many countries were

neg: William Prowting Roberts William Prowting Roberts W. P. Roberts (1806–1871) was a noted Chartist who became known as the ""attorney-general"" of the coal miners in the 1840s. William Prowting Roberts was born in Chelmsford, Essex to Revd Thomas Roberts, who was head of the local grammar school, and to a daughter of William Prowting who was surgeon and treasurer of St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics. He married Mary Moody (d. 1837), daughter of Revd William Moody of Bathamton House, Wiltshire, and had two children, a boy and a girl. He then later married Mary Hill Hopkins who he had two sons and two

neg: Southern Illinois Miners Southern Illinois Miners The Southern Illinois Miners are a professional baseball team based in Marion, Illinois. The Miners are a member of the West Division of the independent Frontier League. Since 2007, the Miners have played their home games at Rent One Park. The "Miners" name refers to the Southern Illinois region's history of coal mining. The Miners' games are broadcast on four Withers radio stations as part of the Southern Illinois Miners Radio Network. The flagship station is 97.7 WHET-FM in Marion. The Miners radio broadcaster and media relations director is Jason Guerette. The Miners won their first Frontier

neg: Molly Maguires paid to American-born employees, luring them with "promises of fortune-making". Herded into freight trains by the hundreds, these workers often replaced English-speaking miners who, according to labor historian George Korson: The immigrant workers: About 22,000 coal miners worked in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. 5,500 of these were children between the ages of seven and sixteen years, who earned between one and three dollars a week separating slate from the coal. Injured miners, or those too old to work at the face, were assigned to picking slate at the "breakers" where the coal was crushed into a manageable size. Thus, many of

neg: Virden, Illinois its Virden mines to be unionized, nor would it pay the nonunionized miners union-scale wages. Instead, the coal company built a timber stockade around its mine head, adjoining the railroad tracks, and hired African-Americans from Southern states as coal miners. The Chicago-Virden Company knew that African-Americans, who were attempting to escape Jim Crow labor conditions, would not request union-scale wages. Instead, the Company promised to pay their new workers by the ton. The new miners were promised only 30 cents per ton of coal mined. The appearance of the African-American miners infuriated the strikers. They were motivated by racism, by

neg: West Virginia coal wars the demands of the workers and instead hired Baldwin-Felts agents, equipped with high-powered rifles, to guard the mines, and act as strikebreakers. After the Agents arrived, the miners either moved out or were evicted from the houses they had been renting from the coal companies, moving into coal camps that were being supported by the Union. Approximately 35,000 people lived in these coal camps. A month after the strike began, hostilities began with the arrival of the Baldwin-Felts Agents who provoked the miners. Socialist Party activists began supplying miners with weapons: 6 machine guns, 1,000 high-powered rifles, and 50,000 rounds

neg: Miners' National Union Miners' National Union The Miners' National Union (MNU) was a trade union which represented miners in Great Britain. The union was founded in November 1863 at a five-day long conference at the People's Hall in Leeds. It was originally known as the National Association of Coal, Lime and Ironstone Miners of Great Britain or Miners' National Association. It campaigned for legislation in the interests of its members, but did not involve itself in trade disputes, and disappointed strikers who hoped it would provide them with financial support. Its most prominent achievement was in getting the Coal Mines Regulation Act 1872

neg: Frederick Hall (Normanton MP) Frederick Hall (Normanton MP) Frederick Hall (1855 – 18 April 1933) was a British Liberal Party or Lib-Lab then Labour Party politician who was an official of the Yorkshire Miners' Association. He was a son of John and Hannah Hall. He was educated at night-school for one year, and self-taught subsequently. In 1878 he married Ann Maria Edwards, a daughter of William Edwards. At the age of 9 he started working in a coal mine. He worked at the Aldwarke Main Colliery, Rotherham. In 1878 he became a check-weighman. In the same year he became Treasurer of the Yorkshire Miners'

neg: Charles M. O'Brien member of the Socialist Party of Alberta, narrowly defeating Liberal John Angus Macdonald by 32 votes. He was the first Socialist member elected to the Alberta Legislature. It was said that O'Brien's election to the legislature "reflected a growing radicalization" of coal miners in Alberta; O'Brien's constituency at the time was also mainly miners. The "Coleman Miner" however down-played his election, saying: During his term in office, he worked to improve conditions for the miners, having run on that platform in his election bid. In December 1910, he introduced an amendment to the existing Coal Mines Act, proposing many additional

neg: Greenwood, Arkansas Memorial- Dedicated October 21, 2000, the Miner's Memorial consists of a six-foot bronze statue of a coal miner, an authentic coal car and two granite walls displaying the names of thousands of Sebastian County miners. The Memorial is located Southeast of the Greenwood Townsquare on property donated by First National Bank and the Dr. James Burgess family. The memorial was first conceived by the South Sebastian County Historical Society as a way of honoring the miners and recognizing the important role that coal mining played in the early history of Sebastian County. The Sebastian County Jail, located South of the

neg: Robert D. Bailey Sr. Robert D. Bailey Sr. Robert D. Bailey Sr. (July 26, 1883 – 1963), better known as R.D. Bailey or "Judge Bailey," was a Democratic politician in West Virginia. Bailey was a lawyer who represented timber and railroad companies before he was elected judge, then a part-time position. He presided over the trials of the coal miners involved in the Battle of Matewan, the events of which are depicted in the movie "Matewan". His diaries and notes formed the basis for the movie script. In 1944 and 1952, he ran for governor but lost the primary election on both occasions. He

neg: Lambton, New South Wales into one local government area, including Lambton. Historically Lambton has played an important part in the sporting history of the Hunter Region. Lambton Park was also the location of the first organised soccer match played in Australia between miners from Lambton and miners from Weston. Newcastle oldest rugby league football club "Western Suburbs (NCLE) Rosella's" was formed at Smiths Pub (also known as "Snake Gully" and "Bar 121") The Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who represented Lambton was Arthur Hill Griffith, Member for Waratah. The largest and principal industry was the Scottish-Australian Coal Mining Company's Lambton Colliery,

neg: George Bretz (photographer) photos of alleged Molly Maguires, radical coal miners who fought against unfair labor practices in the coal fields. For the rest of his life, Bretz was considered an authority on coal mining, and articles about his photography were widely published. George Bretz (photographer) George M. Bretz (1842-1895) was an American photographer who is best known for his photographs of the Northeastern Pennsylvania Coal Region and its coal miners. A collection of Bretz's original glass plate negatives from the Kohinoor Mine at the Shenandoah Colliery were recently rediscovered at the National Museum of American History. Taken circa 1884, this was one

neg: Coal miners' strike of 1873 Coal miners' strike of 1873 The Coal miners' strike of 1873, was a strike against wage cuts in the Mahoning, Shenango, and Tuscarawas Valleys of northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania. In the Tuscarawas Valley, the labor action lasted six months, and in the Mahoning Valley eight months, but the walkouts failed. The introduction of imported strikebreakers and manufacturers finding substitutes for the area's special block-coal, forced the organized miners back to work at prevailing wages. As of 1872, bituminous coal miners in this location received $1.10 per ton of coal mined. Later that year, they demanded a $0.15 per ton

neg: Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 they were paid fairly. Miners also sought to be paid for mining "slack" (very fine coal), and for "dead work" (laying of track, shoring up tunnels, pumping out water, and removing slate and clay). Westmoreland Coal, Penn Gas Coal and Keystone Coal and Coke strongly resisted the miners' demands and any attempt at unionization. Companies used the Coal and Iron Police to physically intimidate and sometimes beat pro-union miners, workers were fired, and coal companies evicted families from the "coal patches" whenever miners struck. The situation came to a head in 1910. The coal companies reduced wages by 16 percent,

neg: Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 The Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911, or the Westmoreland coal miners' strike, was a strike by coal miners represented by the United Mine Workers of America. The strike is also known as the Slovak Strike because about 70 percent of the miners were Slovak immigrants. It began in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, on March 9, 1910, and ended on July 1, 1911. At its height, the strike encompassed 65 mines and 15,000 coal miners. Sixteen people were killed during the strike, nearly all of them striking miners or members of their families. The strike

neg: Pittsburgh Coal Company a beating by three officers of the Coal and Iron Police. The company was involved in labor disputes with John L. Lewis and the United Mine Workers. According to A. E. Hotchner's memoir, "King of the Hill," the Pittsburgh Coal Company shot and killed photographer McShane. He apparently attempted to take pictures of the miners in Duquesne, Pennsylvania for a magazine. The company first shot McShane, and then shot some miners who ran to his aid, using machine guns. Pittsburgh Coal Company The Pittsburgh Coal Company was a bituminous coal mining company based in Pittsburgh and controlled by the Mellon

neg: Carbon County Strike between Utah and Colorado, establishing a solid base organization within two coordinating strikes. The large population of Italian immigrants who worked in the Utah coal mines had already established connections with other Italian miners in Colorado, making the organization efforts easier for the UMWA to consolidate and grow their base of support. The coal miners of Utah heavily favored the message the UWMA promoted and backed their initiatives for greater representation in the coal industry. As union membership continued to surge throughout the United States, Utah miners saw an opportunistic chance to improve working conditions and gain the right to

neg: West Yorkshire Miners' Association unilaterally decided to introduce riddles, filtering coal dust from mined material and therefore reducing the weight of each cartload - a major issue for miners who were paid by weight. The union negotiated a bonus of 1.5d per ton for riddled coal. In an attempt to increase membership, miners were allowed to become members immediately on their first payment of dues, although they did not gain union benefits until they had at least thirteen weeks of continuous membership. In 1880, the union agreed to a sliding scale of wages, linked to the average selling price of coal, hoping that this

neg: Lafayette, Colorado from 1912 to 1917, is better known for his involvement in the fateful 1914 Ludlow Massacre, where he played a key role in communicating to national media the union's perspective of the killings. As part of that job, he corresponded regularly with labor activist Mother Jones and with author Upton Sinclair, who wrote “King Coal,” an exposé on the dangerous conditions Colorado coal miners faced. Doyle was entrusted by Sinclair to proofread “King Coal” for accuracy prior to its release in 1917. In 1909, Doyle worked as a checkweighman at the Capitol mine east of Lafayette where he advocated for

neg: Pittston Coal strike at Camp Solidarity for a long period because they were being fed for free. By forming this group, the women of the Freedom Fighters found a way to support the miners and the UMWA. The Freedom Fighters formed during the Pittston Strike, but they did not end there. Today the Freedom Fighters still exist as a group of women who help to support the benefits for miners across the United States. In February 1990, the Pittston Coal Company and the UMWA came to a settlement. The current miners of Pittston would receive health and retirement benefits once again. Pittston Coal

neg: Coal Bowl Coal Bowl The Coal Bowl is an American college football game between California University of Pennsylvania and Indiana University of Pennsylvania. The two universities, both members of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC). The two universities first competed in 1918. The name was added to the rivalry in 2009. The winner will earn the Coal Miners Pail Trophy, sponsored by the Pennsylvania Coal Association. The trophy was established by brothers Barry "Buck" and Bob Lippencott. Buck played football at Indiana (IUP) and Bob played at California, competing against each other in 1963

neg: Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution from the same job, geographical location or from the same social group. But throughout the Industrial Revolution miners were the exception of this new trend. A coal miner’s daughter would marry a coal miner’s son. The traditional work sphere was dictated by the father, and he controlled the pace of work for his family. However, factories and mills undermined the old style of authority. Factories put husbands, wives and child under the same conditions and authority of the manufacturer masters. The norm for women in the latter half of the Industrial Revolution, who worked in the factories or mills tended

neg: Coal miners' strike of 1873 the two formed a political alliance that saw McKinley elected U.S. president in 1896. Coal miners' strike of 1873 The Coal miners' strike of 1873, was a strike against wage cuts in the Mahoning, Shenango, and Tuscarawas Valleys of northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania. In the Tuscarawas Valley, the labor action lasted six months, and in the Mahoning Valley eight months, but the walkouts failed. The introduction of imported strikebreakers and manufacturers finding substitutes for the area's special block-coal, forced the organized miners back to work at prevailing wages. As of 1872, bituminous coal miners in this location received $1.10

neg: Coal Miner's Daughter (song) Coal Miner's Daughter (song) "Coal Miner's Daughter" is an autobiographical 1969 country music song written and performed by Loretta Lynn. Released in 1970, the song became Lynn's signature song, one of the genre's most widely known songs, and provided the basis for both her autobiography and a movie on her life. "Coal Miner's Daughter" tells the story of her life growing up "in a cabin on a hill in Butcher Holler", while her father, Melvin "Ted" Webb, worked all night in the Van Lear coal mine. The song depicts the real story of Lynn's life growing up in rural Kentucky,

neg: Bituminous coal strike of 1977–78 400 coal miners in Daviess County, Kentucky, who had thrown rocks and bottles at passing coal trucks. Four weeks into the strike, five union miners were indicted on federal charges for conspiracy in the dynamiting of a section of the Norfolk and Western Railway on which non-union coal was being carried. In Indiana, Gov. Otis Bowen called out the National Guard on February 14 to protect coal truck convoys. In Virginia, Gov. John Dalton declared a state of emergency on March 7 and ordered the state police to begin patrolling coal-producing areas. But Pennsylvania Gov. Milton Shapp and West Virginia

neg: History of coal mining developed in Springhill and Joggins in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. After the GMA monopoly expired, the largest and longest lasting mines developed at Cape Breton in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia was the major supplier of Canadian coal until 1945. At its peak in 1949 25,000 miners dug 17 million metric tons of coal from Nova Scotian mines. The miners, who lived in company towns, became politically active in left-wing politics during labour struggles for safety and fair wages. Westray Mine near Stellarton closed in 1992 after an explosion killed 26 miners. All the subsurface mines were closed by 2001, although

neg: History of coal miners Until 1800 mineworkers were organised in small companies who exploited a seam. In the twentieth century the mining companies grew big. The Roman Catholic church actively engaged through Henricus Andreas Poels in the creation of a Roman Catholic miners trade union, to prevent the growing influence of socialism. Starting in 1965 coal mines were dismantled, initiated by social democrat minister Joop den Uyl and with active support of the catholic trade union leader Frans Dohmen. In 1974 the last coal mine was closed, which led to large unemployment in the region. French miners were slow to organize themselves. When they

neg: Upper Big Branch Mine disaster toxicity in mines." The helmet has a thin yellow line, designed to look like "the beam of light emitted by a miner's headlamp." The Upper Big Branch Miners Memorial in Whitesville, West Virginia features a black granite monument with life-size silhouettes of 29 miners etched on the front. The reverse side of the monument tells the "Story of Coal", a brief summary of the coal industry and its impact on West Virginia and the nation. Also etched on the back is a tribute to all coal miners who have suffered illness, injury or death as a result of working in

neg: Cross Mountain Mine disaster the Coal Creek Valley and into Slatestone Hollow. Over the years, large amounts of volatile coal dust had accumulated in the mine's shafts. On the morning of December 9, 1911, a roof fall occurred near one of the mine's entrances, which released methane gas into the air. The gas and coal dust probably ignited when a miner approached the roof fall with an open light. The explosion killed or trapped the 89 miners who had gone into the mine that morning. A crowd consisting of miners' families and curious onlookers quickly gathered at the Cross Mountain Mine as miners and

neg: Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association of the Scottish Miners' Federation, and it played a leading role in that year's strike of miners in Scotland. Other major strikes took place in 1912 and 1921. In 1945, the association was merged with other unions to form the Stirling and Lothians Area of the National Union of Mineworkers. Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association The Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association (MELMA) was a trade union representing coal miners in parts of the Lothian area of Scotland. The union described itself as having been founded in 1873 under the leadership of David Moffat, but it was wound up

neg: Rhondda a series of fortuitous economic events, such as the American coal miners' strike, and by 1924, unemployment for miners was below the national average. But the belief that the mining industry would experience a permanent demand for coal was shattered by the Depression, and the Rhondda experienced a massive upturn in unemployment. The situation worsened in 1926 when, in response to coalowners reducing pay and lengthening working hours of miners, the TUC called a general strike in defence of the miners who had been locked out following A. J. Cook's call "not a penny off the pay, not a minute

neg: Broad Top Area Coal Miners Museum the Broad Top Coal Field. Broad Top Area Coal Miners Museum The Broad Top Area Coal Miners Museum is a museum documenting the history of the isolated Broad Top Coal Field in south central Pennsylvania. The museum is operated by the Broad Top Area Coal Miners Historical Society. The Museum and entertainment center was originally housed in the Reality theater in Robertsdale, Pennsylvania. which the group purchased in 1991 and opened in 1992. In 2008 the museum moved to the former Methodist church in Robertsdale, Pennsylvania while the entertainment center remained in the theater. The museum complex contains a large

neg: Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 The bituminous coal miners' strike was an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of bituminous coal in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894. The panic of 1893 hit the coal mining industry particularly hard. Wage cuts in the industry began immediately, and wages were slashed again in early 1894. By the late spring of 1894, the United Mine Workers, which had a mere $2,600 in its treasury and a paid membership of 13,000, called a general strike in the bituminous coal mining industry. The demand was for wages to return to

neg: National coal strike of 1912 National coal strike of 1912 The national coal strike of 1912 was the first national strike by coal miners in Britain. Its main goal was securing a minimum wage. After 37 days the government intervened and ended the strike by passing the Coal Mines Act, establishing a minimum wage for the first time. The dispute centred upon an attempt by the Miners Federation of Great Britain, the main trade union representing coal miners, to secure a minimum wage for miners in their district, and to replace the complicated wage structure then in place, which often made it difficult for a

neg: Coal Miners' Museum (Van Lear) Coal Miners' Museum. Coal Miners' Museum (Van Lear) The Coal Miners' Museum is a museum in Van Lear, Kentucky dedicated to the area's coal mining history . The museum is administered by the Van Lear Historical Society. The museum was originally built in 1913 to serve as the Consolidation Coal Company's (Consol) office for Van Lear. Along with Consol's office, the building also contained several businesses and has even housed Van Lear's city hall. After the building was abandoned, Citizens National Bank eventually purchased it and in 1984 it was given to the Van Lear Historical Society. The historical society

neg: Bertie Louis Coombes anthracite mine. In 1913 he married Mary Rogers, the daughter of the secretary to the local lodge of the South Wales Miners' Federation. They had one daughter, Rose, born the following year, and a son, Peter, born ten years later. Their union was to last fifty-six years. He spent forty years working underground. Coombes realised that those outside the coal-mining industry had little idea of the activities of miners and the dangers they faced. Despite his limited education, Coombes felt the urge to inform the general public about the mining industry and mining communities. When in his forties, he started

neg: Massey Energy Massey coal facility, and other coal preparation plants, contaminated their underground water supply. On June 12, 2012 a confidential settlement was reached between Massey Energy and the residents of Prenter, West Virginia. On Oct 30, 2009, Fayette County West Virginia Judge Paul Blake ruled in an age discrimination lawsuit that more than 200 miners who were not rehired after Massey Energy Co. bought a bankrupt West Virginia mine were entitled to a settlement of $8.75 million. The suit covers 229 miners, including 82 union miners. Massey has been ordered to rehire the miners. Under the terms of the settlement, the

neg: Bituminous Coal Operators Association https://isreview.org/issue/74/miners-strike-1977-78 Bituminous Coal Operators Association Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA) is a coal mining lobbying organization. It was founded in 1950 by various companies to deal with the UMWA and unionizing of mines during the change from human labor to mechanical labor. The BCOA would strike deals between miners, mine companies, and coal buying companies to provide a steady flow of continuous labor and a steady purchasing price for coal. The main deals normally contained negotiations of some miners being put out of work by mechanizations while the miners left would be guaranteed a steady job and pay as long

neg: West Virginia coal wars between agents of the Baldwin-Felts and local miners, who later joined the United Mine Workers of America, sparked what became known as the Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest insurrection in the United States since the American Civil War. West Virginia had only a few active coal mines during the US Civil War, with fewer than 1,600 miners in the whole state. Coal mining would flourish, however, between 1880 and 1900, after competing railroad companies began carving routes through the mountains of Appalachia. West Virginia produced 489,000 tons of coal in 1869, 4,882,000 tons of coal in 1889, and 89,384,000

neg: Coal mining in the United States the end of 2016, the coal industry employed approximately 50,000 miners. US employment in coal mining peaked in 1923, when there were 863,000 coal miners. Since then, mechanization has greatly improved productivity in coal mining, so that employment has declined at the same time coal production increased. The average number of coal mining employees declined to 50,500 in 2016. This was below the previous low of 70,000 in 2003, and the lowest number of US coal miners in at least 125 years. Because of the sharp declines in the U.S. coal industry, the "Harvard Business Review" discussed retraining coal workers

neg: William Davis (miner) led to small clashes throughout town, culminating in a protest by 700 to 3,000 striking miners who marched on the Waterford Lake in an attempt to persuade the company workers to support the strike. The company police were staring down the miners at 11:00 AM when the police charged the crowd, firing over 300 shots and injuring many. One police officer shot deliberately at Davis, piercing his heart and killing him within minutes. The company police force then retreated as the miners swarmed the facility. The coal miners also began attacking company stores and other coal company properties in the

neg: History of coal miners Coal miners formed the core of the political left wing of the Labour Party and the British Communist party. In Germany, the coal miners demonstrated their militancy by large-scale strikes in 1889, 1905 and 1912. However, in political terms the German miners were middle-of-the-road and not especially radical. One reason was the formation of different unions—Socialist, liberal, radical and Polish—that seldom cooperated. In British Columbia, Canada, the coal miners were "independent, tough, and proud" and became "among the most radical and militant labourers in an extremely polarized province." They were the core of the socialist movement; their strikes were frequent,

neg: Alexander Cameron Rutherford shortage of coal. One cause of this shortage was the strained relationship between coal miners and mine operators in the province. At the beginning of April 1907 the Canada West Coal and Coke Company locked out the miners from its mine near Taber. The same company was also facing a work stoppage at its mine in the Crow's Nest Pass, where miners were refusing to sign a new contract. The problem spread, until by April 22 all 3,400 miners working for member-companies of the Western Coal Operators' Association were off work. Miners' demands included increased wages, a reduction in working

neg: Collinsville Cemetery, Queensland the families and friends of all seven miners killed in attendance. The commemorations were held at the Collinsville Coal Face Experience in the United Mineworkers' Club. The Coal Face Experience pays tribute to all who worked in the mines "in particular memorialising the seven who died" in 1954. The victims of the Collinsville tragedy continue to be remembered by the state's coal miners together with those of the Mount Mulligan disaster, the Box Flat explosion (1972) and the three major accidents at Moura (1975, 1986 and 1994). The Collinsville accident is often referred to at memorial events held by the

neg: Coal Miner (statue) standing in for John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers, who was ill and unable to attend. A letter from Lewis commended the State of Illinois for being the first to honor their coal miners with such a memorial. A plaque was added in 1981 citing Szaton as its sculptor. The Illinois statue is owned and administered by the State of Illinois. In 1965 the Indiana General Assembly appropriated funds to commission a copy of the sculpture to memorialize Hoosier coal miners who had been killed on the job. The Indiana statue was dedicated in 1967. As with

neg: Broad Top Area Coal Miners Museum Broad Top Area Coal Miners Museum The Broad Top Area Coal Miners Museum is a museum documenting the history of the isolated Broad Top Coal Field in south central Pennsylvania. The museum is operated by the Broad Top Area Coal Miners Historical Society. The Museum and entertainment center was originally housed in the Reality theater in Robertsdale, Pennsylvania. which the group purchased in 1991 and opened in 1992. In 2008 the museum moved to the former Methodist church in Robertsdale, Pennsylvania while the entertainment center remained in the theater. The museum complex contains a large collection of mining memorabilia about

neg: Coal mining in Wyoming five largest extractors of coal in Wyoming (in terms of 2015 annual production) are: On June 30, 1903 coal gas ignited in the Chimney Springs mine, killing 169 of the miners. In 1908, the same mine exploded again, trapping 18 miners inside. The state mine inspector and 40 other men entered the mine to rescue the miners, while the men were at work trying to rescue the miners, another explosion occurred, killing all 59 of those inside. Coal mining in Wyoming Coal mining in Wyoming has long been a significant part of the state's economy. Wyoming has been the largest

neg: Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 a quarter of a century before John L. Lewis would turn the Mine Workers into a successful union again. Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894 The bituminous coal miners' strike was an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of bituminous coal in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894. The panic of 1893 hit the coal mining industry particularly hard. Wage cuts in the industry began immediately, and wages were slashed again in early 1894. By the late spring of 1894, the United Mine Workers, which had a mere $2,600 in its treasury and a paid membership of

neg: 1927 Indiana bituminous strike resolution which called on its affiliated international unions to help the coal miners. When the Coolidge administration refused to intervene in the dispute, Secretary of Labor James J. Davis could not get the major coal operators to agree to go back to the negotiating table with the UMWA. On April 1, 1927, 40,000 coal miners struck in the Central Competitive Field, beginning the largest coal strike since 1922, they were supported by another 45,000 miners throughout Pennsylvania and over another 100,000 miners nationwide. The 1927 strike was one of the longest and most bitter strikes in Pennsylvania coal-industry history. The

neg: Robertsdale, Pennsylvania Station building is currently the museum for Friends of the East Broad Top, who also own the Rockhill Iron and Coal Company post office building. The Reality theater which was built in 1948 just as the slide in coal demand started, and the former United Methodist Church are now owned by the Broad Top Coal Miners Historical Society as their Broad Top Coal Miners Museum and Entertainment Center. In the wake of the RI&C sale and the end of large scale mining, most miner homes were sold off by their occupants. The EBT continued to operate and maintain the ancient

neg: Pittston Coal strike Pittston Coal strike The Pittston Coal strike was a United States labor union action led by the United Mine Workers Union (UMWA) against the Pittston Coal Company, nationally headquartered in Pittston, Pennsylvania. The strike, which lasted from April 5, 1989 to February 20, 1990, resulted from Pittston's termination of health care benefits for approximately 1,500 retirees, widows, and disabled miners. The strikers also cited the refusal of the company to contribute to the benefit trust established in 1950 for miners who retired before 1974 and the refusal of the company to bargain in good faith as grounds for their action.

neg: Vorkuta Control Group forward staging base for strategic bombers was located at Vorkuta Sovetsky. One of the largest coal mine disasters in Russia occurred at Vorkuta coal mine on 28 February 2016, when leaking methane gas ignited and killed 32 people, including 26 trapped miners who had been stranded by a similar explosion 3 days prior that had killed four miners. Vorkuta Vorkuta (; , "Vörkuta"; Nenets for ""the abundance of bears", "bear corner"") is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin at the Usa River. Population: Vorkuta

neg: Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 paying only 58 cents per ton-and-a-half of coal mined. The breaking point came when Keystone Coal and Coke announced that miners would have to begin using new safety lights and new forms of explosives—and pay for these items themselves. Miners' unions had tried to organize Westmoreland County coal mines since 1883, but had little success. In February 1910, however, the lower wage rates and new expenses led miners at Keystone Coal and Coke to meet and discuss their grievances among themselves. The miners decided to invite the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) to form a union. On March 7,

neg: Jiu Valley Miniere din Valea Jiului" (League of Miners Unions of the Jiu Valley, or Jiu Valley Coal Miners Union). While there are two other coal mining regions (primarily surface mining) in Romania, and other miners unions, the Jiu Valley Coal Miners Union has long been the most independent and militant. Political and social unrest in this region is nothing new. To this day miners commemorate the Lupeni Strike of 1929 (when the army killed 23 workers and wounded at least 53), the big strikes of February 1933, and the miners’ protest in 1977 during the Ceaușescu years. On the latter occasion,

neg: Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11 Coal and Coke Company. In 1905, Latrobe-Connellsville Coal and Coke Company was formed when Marcus W. Saxman merged three of his wholly owned or controlled coal companies. These companies were very paternalistic. Company towns (colloquially referred to as "coal patches") were established, company stores founded and workers often paid in company scrip. Coal miners increasingly agitated for improved wages and working conditions after 1900. Miners demanded an eight-hour day and wages equal to those paid in the nearby Pittsburgh coal basin. Since miners were paid by the ton, workers also wanted to standardize the size of coal wagons to ensure

neg: Brookside, Alabama built south of the Mason-Dixon. Unlike other mines where skilled whites and unskilled blacks could be played against each other by the owners, the Brookside miners were tightly organized and carried out a successful (albeit violent) strike in 1906. Between 1910 and 1920, mining operations jumped around to several seams and the number of miners fluctuated between a low of 54 in 1910 and a high of over 600 in 1914. In 1913 the mechanical coal cutters used previously were supplanted by hand picks. A new church building for St. Nicholas was completed in 1916. The 1920 Alabama coal strike,

neg: McCurtain, Oklahoma and the two began to grow together. McCurtain and Chant prospered after the Fort Smith and Western Railroad connected McCurtain with Fort Smith, Arkansas in 1901. The railroad was built westward until it reached the Canadian River in 1902. The San Bois Coal Company built four hundred company houses for miners living in McCurtain and Chant. By 1907 statehood the combined population of the two communities was 1,760. On March 20, 1912, an underground explosion in Mine Number Two killed 73 miners and bankrupted the San Bois Coal Company. With mining nearly played out, the combined population of McCurtain and

neg: Kent Miners' Association attacks on their person and property that they had all left the industry by April 1986. The last coal mine closed in 1989. Kent Miners' Association The Kent Miners' Association was a trade union in the United Kingdom which existed between 1915 and 1945, representing coal miners in the county of Kent. After 1945 it was reorganised as the Kent Area of the National Union of Mineworkers. Coal was discovered in Kent in the late-19th century, but extraction did not begin until 1912. The Kent Miners Association was established in 1915, and immediately affiliated to the Miners' Federation of Great

neg: Coal mining in the United Kingdom new investments were made in sites such as the Selby Coalfield. In early 1984, the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher announced plans to close 20 coal pits which led to the year-long miners' strike which ended in March 1985. The strike was unsuccessful in stopping the closures and led to an end to the closed shop in British Coal, as the breakaway Union of Democratic Mineworkers was formed by miners who objected to the NUM's handling of the strike. Numerous pit closures followed, and in August 1989 coal mining ended in the Kent coalfield. Since 1981 production fell sharply from

neg: Dawson, New Mexico 9,000. In 1906, the mines were purchased by the Phelps Dodge Corporation. The corporation needed to attract workers to the remote location, so they built homes for the miners, along with numerous other facilities including a hospital, department store, swimming pool, movie theater, and a golf course. With these amenities, Phelps Dodge was able to maintain a stable employment rate despite the inherent dangers of mining and the isolation of northern New Mexico. Many of the miners were recent immigrants. In total, the Dawson coal operations had ten mines, numbered 1 – 10 in the immediate vicinity of Dawson. The

neg: Coal Wars on May 19, 1920. The massacre only exacerbated tensions between miners, their allies, and coal operators. In West Virginia, the mine wars would come to a head at the Battle of Blair Mountain in 1921. This armed conflict pitched organized miners against detectives, policemen, and eventually, the United States Army. The result of the battle was a loss for the West Virginia miners, and the crushing of organized labor aspirations in the state. Miners would not be allowed to organize again until the 1930s. Coal Wars The Coal Wars were a series of armed labor conflicts in the United States,

neg: Louisville, Colorado including the Acme Mine whose two million tons of coal came from directly beneath the center of town. The presence of many independent mining companies in Louisville saved the town from becoming a "company town", wholly owned and dominated by a single mining company. Coal from the Northern Coalfield was sub-bituminous (low grade) and could not be transported long distances because of problems with self-combustion. Mining generally took place in winter months since that was the period that demanded fuel for heating. During the summers the miners played in local baseball leagues, with the home field named "Miners Field". A

neg: Black Lung Benefits Act of 1973 provided compensation for miners suffering from Black Lung Disease. Arnold Miller (1923–1985) a miner and long time labor activist played a big role in the struggle for this legislation. Claims may be submitted to any of nine district offices of the Division of Coal Mine Workers' Compensation of the Department of Labor. The employment and medical history of the claimant are examined, including a complete pulmonary evaluation paid for by the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund. There may be a rebuttable presumption that pneumoconiosis resulted from such employment for miners long-term employed at one or more coal mines. Right of

neg: Udston mining disaster dedicated to the six East Kilbride miners, who died in the disaster, was unveiled in the memorial garden at Priestknowe roundabout in East Kilbride. Udston mining disaster The Udston mining disaster occurred in Hamilton, Scotland on Saturday, 28 May 1887 when 73 miners died in a firedamp explosion at Udston Colliery. Caused, it is thought, by unauthorised shot firing the explosion is said to be Scotland's second worst coal mining disaster. Keir Hardie, then Secretary of the Scottish Miners' Federation, denounced the deaths as murder a few days later. The Udston Colliery, owned by the Udston Coal Company, was situated

neg: Ladyshore Colliery safety' under the Coal Mines Regulation Act 1872. On 16 May 1887, Fletcher was found guilty of endangering his workers and fined at the Bolton Court. This case marked the end of the use of candles and other open lights in English coal mines and left Ladyshore with the infamous distinction of being the last colliery to use open lights. In 1893, the Miners' Federation of Great Britain found itself involved in a struggle against mine owners who wanted a 25% cut in miners pay. The action resulted in widespread lockouts and involved 300,000 miners. The mine owners were eventually

neg: American Miners' Association often took place in public spaces, journalist were known to infiltrated them in order to spread rumors of barbaric and uncivilized tactics. However, it was during times of strikes that newsletters would publish unfair and unverifiable images of miners. This was a major problem because it provided no fair representation to the miners or their grievances. When the Civil War ended, soldiers who originally left their position returned to their work and war industries that required large amount of coal were shut down. With the increase in workers and decrease in coal, competition among producers resulted in extreme measures. Contractors

neg: Richard Kelley SDA of being part of a shift in the party "in favour of intolerant Marxist totalitarianism". Richard Kelley Richard Kelley (24 July 1904 – April 1984) was a British trade unionist and left-wing Labour Party politician from the coal mining area of Doncaster. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Don Valley from 1959 to 1979. Kelley was a miners' union secretary in Doncaster for 10 years, where he joined with National Coal Board managers in opposition to miners who wanted to leave work early when their work was complete, fearing that it could lead to miners hurrying their