query: when did the guptas come to south africa

pos: Gupta family of Uttar Pradesh to South Africa in 1993 to establish Sahara Computers. The family is based at the Sahara Estate in Saxonwold, Johannesburg, a compound comprising at least four mansions, and in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The family's strong ties to former South African president Jacob Zuma, both personally and through its company Oakbay Investments, have been the subject of extensive international scrutiny and caused much political controversy. The ties have led to widespread claims of corruption, undue influence and of state capture – a term which is used to allege that the government undertakes activities and decisions, decides some

pos: South Africa and weapons of mass destruction nations pressed South Africa not to test. The French foreign minister warned on 22 August of "grave consequences" for French-South African relations. Although he did not elaborate, his statement implied that France was willing to cancel its contract to provide South Africa with the Koeberg nuclear power reactors. In 1993, Wynand de Villiers said that when the test site was exposed, he ordered its immediate shutdown. The site was abandoned and the holes sealed. One of the shafts was temporarily reopened in 1988 in preparation for another test, which did not take place; the move was intended to strengthen South

neg: Black First Land First in support of former ANC and South African President Jacob Zuma, who has faced numerous corruption charges. BLF have also shown support for the controversial Gupta family, who have been widely accused of "capturing" the South African state through their dealings with Zuma. Questions have been asked to what extent the Guptas have been funding Andile Mngxitama and BLF, and whether the Guptas intended to use BLF to escalate racial tensions in order to distract from their controversial activities. In August 2017, Mngxitama exhorted the Reserve Bank of South Africa to seize white farms and to initiate the formation of

neg: Gupta family the firm to incite racial tensions using bots and sockpuppets on social media in an effort to manipulate public opinion. Leaked emails allegedly from the Guptas suggested that the family planned to deal with negative publicity by buying newspapers critical of the family such as "Mail & Guardian". Bell Pottinger went into administration (bankruptcy) in September 2017, as a consequence of the scandal resulting from activities undertaken by the firm on behalf of the Guptas, particularly its role in inflaming racial tension in South Africa. Media interests owned by Gupta were blamed by other South African media organisations and civil

neg: Avery Brundage had come around to the position that South Africa's racist policies were inconsistent with the ideals of the Olympic movement. At the 1963 IOC session in Baden-Baden (moved there from Nairobi when Kenyan officials refused to issue visas to South African representatives), the IOC voted to suspend South Africa from the Olympics unless its NOC and government adopted non-discrimination policies regarding Olympic selection. This did not come to pass, and South Africa did not participate in 1964. In 1968, Brundage and the IOC invited a South African team (supposedly to be multiracial) to the Mexico City Games, but under a

neg: Gupta family those of the Gupta family as South African citizens to remain in South Africa and carry out business operations. The judge presiding over the case concluded that Malema’s statement was a “threat of violence” and said the Guptas and their employees “have a constitutionally protected right not to be threatened with violence”. In November 2012, the Gupta family, through Oakbay, were granted an option to buy 50% of the shares of Independent News and Media South Africa, one of the largest newspaper operations in South Africa, after the company had been bought out by Sekunjalo Investments who was negotiating the

neg: Gupta family They have substantial media interests in South Africa through TNA Media (Pty) Ltd, including "The New Age", a national newspaper, and ANN7 (African News Network), a 24-hour news channel. Other interests include VR Laser Services steel fabrication for mining, engineering and armoured vehicle applications, Islandsite Investment 180, Confident Concepts, and have links to the passenger airline Jet Airways. On 8 September 2016 Oakbay Investments released their annual audited results. For the financial year ended 29 February 2016, the company’s group revenue totaled R2.62 billion. The Guptas and then vice-president Zuma first met at a function hosted by the Guptas at

neg: Gupta family was given the contract through a rigged tendering process by Eskom even though the Dongfang bid was R1 billion (US$76 million) more than the General Electric bid. The Gupta family along with Duduzane Zuma have been implicated in an attempt to improperly influence the awarding of a R51 billion (roughly equivalent to US$6 billion in 2012) contract to deliver 600 trains to South Africa on behalf of the China South Rail company. In 2012 the former head of the South African Passenger Rail Agency (Prasa), Lucky Montana, wrote a letter detailing an attempt by the Guptas and Zuma to pressure

neg: Gupta family The South African artist Ayanda Mabulu exhibited a controversial painting criticizing president Zuma's controversial and close relationship with the Guptas. The painting portrayed president Zuma performing an act of anilingus on Atul Gupta in the cockpit of an airplane against a backdrop of the ANC flag. President Zuma's relationship with the family became a campaign issue that negatively affected the ANC's performance in the 2016 South African municipal elections. Following the dismissal of Gordan as Minister of Finance in April 2017 anti-Zuma protests were held across South Africa including in front of the Gupta family estate in Johannesburg. In October

neg: Bell Pottinger the Gupta family, in working to burnish the reputation of a family owned investment company, Oakbay Investments, with connections to President Zuma. The accusations developed into a major South African political controversy, and led to further accusations of exploiting racial tensions in South Africa for commercial gain, the expulsion of the firm from its professional body, a mass exodus of clients, and, in September 2017, its closure. Bell Pottinger was introduced to the Guptas in January 2016 by Chris Geoghegan, father of Bell Pottinger executive Victoria Geoghegan, and a non-executive director of Rentokil Initial, and he received monthly fees totalling

neg: Bell Pottinger the Wikipedia page about the Guptas; a Bell Pottinger employee was said to have emailed much of the content to a Gupta account for it to be uploaded. The firm was also reported to have manipulated Wikipedia on behalf of its clients in South Africa in 2016, including Oakbay Investments, affecting the company's relationships with other agency customers. After "Business Day" reported that Bell Pottinger had taken on Oakbay Investments as a client, Investec stopped using Bell Pottinger's services in March 2016. In December 2016, it was reported that South African billionaire Johann Rupert had also dropped Bell Pottinger as

neg: Gupta family with political connections was referring to the close relationship between Zuma and the Gupta family. One of South Africa's opposition parties, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), have stated that the Gupta's “have de facto colonised South Africa, with Zuma being the chief colonial administrator”. The Guptas have denied this allegation, saying they have never taken any benefit from the relationship with Zuma. Zuma denies granting undue influence to the family. Prior to its national executive committee over the weekend of the 18–20 March 2016, spokesperson Zizi Kodwa said the ANC was concerned about state capture. In March 2016 the ANC

neg: White Monopoly Capital with key staff members, in apparent disgust over the plan"; Bell confirmed in July 2017 that the Oakbay actions had been a factor in his August 2016 departure. In June 2017 the South Africa's Democratic Alliance criticised the country’s tourism board for working with Bell Pottinger "at the same time as the Guptas were paying them [Bell Pottinger] to sow division in South Africa" (the tourist board contract had been terminated, with the board denying this was for political reasons). The Democratic Alliance also complained about Bell Pottinger's actions to two UK PR bodies, the Public Relations and Communications Association

neg: Bell Pottinger disrupt the State of the Nation speech must prepare themselves for a civil war." Bell Pottinger initially denied any allegations of wrongdoing. Bell Pottinger founder Lord Bell was said to have "left his own firm with key staff members, in apparent disgust over the plan"; Bell confirmed in July 2017 that the Oakbay actions had been a factor in his August 2016 departure. In June 2017 the South Africa's Democratic Alliance criticised the country’s tourism board for working with Bell Pottinger "at the same time as the Guptas were paying them [Bell Pottinger] to sow division in South Africa" (the

neg: Puff Johnson soundtrack and appeared on his album "Me Against The World". In 1997, Johnson toured Europe as an opening act for Michael Jackson and 3T. She did not release any further material and slipped out of the limelight. However, she was listed as a co-writer of three tracks of the 2005 album "A Change Is Gonna Come" by U.S. singer Leela James ("Good Time", "When You Love Somebody", and "Prayer"). Johnson lived in South Africa beginning in January 2009, following her concert in Johannesburg. She attributed her decision to relocate to South Africa to the friendly and warm people that she

neg: South African Border War failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of the indigenous inhabitants of South West Africa, and had thus disavowed its own mandate. The UN thereby assumed that the mandate was terminated, which meant South Africa had no further right to administer the territory, and that henceforth South West Africa would come under the direct responsibility of the General Assembly. The post of United Nations Commissioner for South West Africa was created, as well as an ad hoc council, to recommend practical means for local administration. South Africa maintained it did not recognise the jurisdiction of the

neg: NJ Oosthuizen his first start in the semi-final, as South Africa faced three-time champions England. However, the hosts proving too strong for South Africa, knocking them out of the competition with a 39–17 victory. He was again named on the bench against Argentina in the third-place play-off final, but failed to come on as Argentina beat South Africa – as they did in the pool stages – convincingly winning 49–19 and in the process condemning South Africa to fourth place in the competition. NJ Oosthuizen Nicolaas Jacobus Oosthuizen (born 19 November 1996 in George, South Africa) is a South African rugby union

neg: Corruption in South Africa all three brothers on the run. The Bank of Baroda, an Indian state-owned bank, has played a crucial role in the Gupta family’s business deals. According to a report by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), the Bank of Baroda allowed the Gupta family to move millions of dollars in alleged corrupt business transactions to offshore accounts. Although the Bank of Baroda denies the illicit behavior, the documents report that the bank’s South African branch issued unapproved loan guarantees, ignored internal compliance efforts, and averted regulators from learning about suspicious transactions in a way that benefited the Guptas’

neg: Jacob Zuma been offered Cabinet positions by the Guptas at the family's home in Saxonwold, Johannesburg. On 9 December 2015, President Jacob Zuma issued a statement replacing Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene with the little-known Des van Rooyen. It was widely suspected that Nene was replaced for reasons all related to him vetoing suspect and/or controversial uses of public funds including the vetoing of South African Airways (SAA) chairperson Dudu Myeni's attempt to purchase 5 Airbus A330s through an unnamed third party, not approving a proposed SAA direct flight route between Sudan and South Africa, Nene's resistance to approving funding for a nuclear

neg: State capture Guptas, said to be close to President Jacob Zuma, his family and other ANC leaders, had insinuated themselves into a position where they could offer Cabinet positions and influence the running of government. These allegations were made in light of revelations by former ANC MP Vytjie Mentor and Deputy Finance Minister Mcebisi Jonas that they had been offered Cabinet positions by the Guptas at the family's home in Saxonwold, Johannesburg. Mentor claimed that in 2010 the Guptas had offered her the position of Minister of Public Enterprises, provided that she arranged for South African Airways to drop their India route,

neg: Angola–South Africa relations had taken control of 60% of the country. Savimbi called the situation UNITA's "deepest crisis" since its creation. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on November 15, 1994 to boost support symbolically for the Lusaka Protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. Savimbi met with South African President Nelson Mandela in May. Shortly after, on June 18, the MPLA offered Savimbi the position of Vice President under dos Santos with another Vice

neg: Gubby Allen then under apartheid. The South African government did not want D'Oliveira, himself South African-born, in the England team because of his colour. The MCC were aware that there was opposition to a tour taking place, and that D'Oliveira's place in the team would be an issue, but wanted the tour to go ahead. The Shadow Foreign Secretary and former MCC President Sir Alec Douglas-Home visited South Africa in January 1968 and met the South African Prime Minister B. J. Vorster, who privately did not want D'Oliveira to come to South Africa under any circumstances. Vorster suggested to Douglas-Home that the

neg: Gupta family South Africa's Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI) raided the offices of Ace Magashule, the Premier of the Free State, in connection with the project. In 2016, a series of allegations of the Guptas' influence over appointments to the South African Cabinet came to the fore. Former ANC MP Vytjie Mentor claimed that in 2010 the Guptas had offered her the position of Minister of Public Enterprises, provided that she arranged for South African Airways to drop their India route, allowing a Gupta linked company (Jet Airways) to take on the route. She said she declined the offer, which occurred

neg: Gupta family from servers associated with Gupta newspapers were leaked, Bell Pottinger was reported to be involved in substantial editing of this Wikipedia page about the Guptas; a Bell Pottinger employee was said to have emailed much of the content to a Gupta account for it to be uploaded. In a statement to the "Financial Times" on 25 November 2016, Bell Pottinger stated that their role has been “to correct misperceptions” about Oakbay. They have intended to communicate that a competitive, disruptive, job-creating narrative is what is needed to achieve transformation in South Africa. Gupta owned media outlets, ANN7 and "The New

neg: J. M. Coetzee Coetzee said that "I did not so much leave South Africa, a country with which I retain strong emotional ties, but come to Australia. I came because from the time of my first visit in 1991, I was attracted by the free and generous spirit of the people, by the beauty of the land itself and – when I first saw Adelaide – by the grace of the city that I now have the honour of calling my home." When he initially moved to Australia, he had cited the South African government's lax attitude to crime in that country as

neg: SAP SE of the sales force", despite CAD House having no prior SAP experience. The Guptas' dealings with SAP were revealed in a widely publicised e-mail leak. As a consequence of the allegations, SAP launched an investigation that led to four of its South African managers being placed on administrative leave along with the seizure of their mobile phones and computers. Claas Kuehnemann was named as acting managing director for Africa while the investigation continued. On 26 October 2017, SAP announced that it had voluntarily reported itself to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for a possible violation of US law, including

neg: Timothy Bell, Baron Bell back Zuma, Rupert asserted that Bell Pottinger painted him as the embodiment of white monopoly capital and as the counterweight to the Guptas and state capture, an example of how state capture allegedly worked under apartheid. Eleven months after leaving Bell Pottinger and six days after the Public Relations and Communications Association (PRCA) acknowledged receipt of the Democratic Alliance's complaint, on 11 July 2017 Bell announces for the first recorded time to "PRWeek" that he had left Bell Pottinger after raising his concerns about its "smelly" relationship with the Gupta family's Oakbay conglomerate in South Africa but that they had

neg: Derrick Robins Africa from 1971 to 1981 article. He also took first-class teams to Sri Lanka in 1977–78 and New Zealand in 1979–80. He died in South Africa at the age of 89. Derrick Robins Derrick Harold Robins (27 June 1914 – 3 May 2004), often known as D. H. Robins, was an English cricketer and sports promoter, at one time chairman of Coventry City Football Club. He was born in Bexleyheath, Kent. Robins played two matches for Warwickshire in 1947, but did little and never played county cricket again. Extraordinarily, his third first-class appearance would come 22 years later, when he

neg: Malusi Gigaba associate Salim Essa.With the governance of Eskom thus captured and repurposed, the next period witnessed the scaling up of grand corruption, with the Guptas managing the complex enterprise of brokering and money laundering. The most bold-faced examples include Eskom’s facilitating and financing of the Guptas’ acquisition of Glencore’s Optimum Coal Holdings. This scheme had already started under Gigaba, when coal miner Glencore was driven into "business rescue". But it was then Eskom CE Molefe, partnering with Singh, Koko and mines minister Mosebenzi Zwane, who made the heist possible. While Glencore was shaken down, the Guptas’ Tegeta benefited from an Eskom

neg: Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries incarceration. According to Michelle Alexander, the United States "imprisons a larger percentage of its black population than South Africa did at the height of apartheid". The black imprisonment rate of South Africa could not have come close to today’s American rate simply due to limited room. Notably, there’s something of an international theme in countries comparing themselves to apartheid South Africa. There were instances where Australian journalists were drawing the same contrast relative to rates of imprisonment in their country. In the Huffington Post piece "Mass Incarceration's Failure", attorney Antonio Moore states "The incarceration rate for young black men ages

neg: Hyron Andrews was used as a replacement in their 40–8 win against Samoa and their 46–13 win over Australia to help South Africa finish top of Pool B to qualify for the semi-finals with the best record pool stage of all the teams in the competition. He was named on the bench for their semi-final match against England, but did not come on as South Africa lost 20–28 to be eliminated from the competition by England for the second year in succession. He also didn't feature in their third-place play-off match against France, which South Africa won 31–18 to secure third place

neg:
History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries with the territory finally achieving independence as the Republic of Namibia in 1990. As a result, when the Lions played South-West Africa in 1968, 1974 and 1980 they were technically playing an independent nation that should have been called Namibia, but a nation that was yet to come into existence.
see:
1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
1962 British Lions tour to South Africa
1968 British Lions tour to South Africa
1974 British Lions tour to South Africa
1980 British Lions tour to South Africa The British and Irish Lions have made three official non-tour appearances, all of which

neg: Clarence Gamble the YWCA and similar organizations internationally for 30 years when Clarence met her in Hawaii in 1954 and asked her to go to Africa and South America. Clarence and his fieldworkers adapted written materials and tailored their social interactions to local culture. In Puerto Rico, mothers were happy to have a visiting nurse come into their homes. In Hong Kong, this was not acceptable. In Sri Lanka, in 1954, a woman did not walk the streets alone; Margaret Roots made sure that another woman accompanied her when she went out or when she visited a male authority. Always, Clarence advocated

neg: Paralegal South African School of Paralegals, Intec College Diploma in Paralegal, South African Law School Qualification in Paralegal, Damelin College Paralegal, Boston City Campus Paralegal certificate. Salaries range from R60,000 to R450,000 per year depending on experience. Newly established law firms in South Africa are likely to hire qualified Paralegals with 3 year qualification in Legal Studies to provide Legal assistance. Though the South African Law Society and The Minister of Justice do want to come with regulation to guide paralegals in South Africa just like Canada and the USA, many practicing attorneys and Advocates did disprove in many instances however

neg: Come Dine with Me South Africa The show then returned to BBC Brit for a fourth season in 2018. Come Dine with Me South Africa Come Dine With Me South Africa is a television series that made its debut on BBC Entertainment in South Africa in October 2011. The series is produced by Rapid Blue, proved to be a success attracting over 100,000 viewers per premiere episode and reaching more than 2.5 million DStv viewers overall. "Come Dine With Me South Afric"a follows four strangers as they visit one another’s homes for dinner and attempt to outwit and impress fellow guests with their culinary and hospitality

neg: Come Dine with Me South Africa Come Dine with Me South Africa Come Dine With Me South Africa is a television series that made its debut on BBC Entertainment in South Africa in October 2011. The series is produced by Rapid Blue, proved to be a success attracting over 100,000 viewers per premiere episode and reaching more than 2.5 million DStv viewers overall. "Come Dine With Me South Afric"a follows four strangers as they visit one another’s homes for dinner and attempt to outwit and impress fellow guests with their culinary and hospitality skills in a bid to win a cash prize and Pick n Pay

neg: Blayney Hamilton match against South Africa a few days after the I Zingari match, one match against the MCC in 1895, and matches against the MCC and I Zingari in 1896. He again took ten wickets in a match against the MCC in the 1896 match. He did come back to the Irish team on two occasions however, playing against South Africa in June 1901 after an almost five-year absence from the team, and again against South Africa in August 1907 after a more than six-year gap. His final match for Ireland was also his only first-class match. In all matches for

neg: Kwaito where several Kwaito clothing lines have emerged including Stoned Cherrie and Black Coffee Label. When Kwaito first emerged in the early 1990s, "the look" was based around street threads and floppy Kangol hats. Today it is a blend of black urban style and modern influences. Though there is a fear of gimmicky marketing and loss of authenticity in the Kwaito music industry, this will not occur so long as the industry remains controlled by the South African youth. Kwaito did come from the first black owned record companies in South Africa. The music will continue to be profitable to the

neg: Later Gupta dynasty Later Gupta dynasty The Later Gupta dynasty ruled the Magadha region in eastern India between 6th and 7th centuries. The Later Guptas succeeded the imperial Guptas as the rulers of Magadha, but there is no evidence connecting the two dynasties; these appear to be two distinct families. The Later Guptas are so-called because the names of their rulers ended with the suffix "-gupta", which they might have adopted to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the imperial Guptas. After the decline of the Gupta Empire, the Later Guptas succeeded them as the rulers of Magadha. The daughter of the

neg: Hydraulic fracturing in South Africa dykes intruding into targeted shale, which makes accessing the natural gas much more difficult and uncertain. While commercial interest did not come until 2008, oil companies have seen potential in the Karoo since the 1960s, when companies found “gas-bearing geological formations” in the area. However, because the formations were deep underground and technology was not advanced enough to pursue such interests, commercial interest did not follow until recent times. The first application for energy exploration in the Karoo came in 2008 from Bundu Oil and Gas, but was not approved. The next application from Royal Dutch Shell came in 2011,

neg: Early Period of Kamarupa conquest of Eastern India by Yasodharman, in the early part of the sixth century, shows that about that period the Gupta power in Magadha was nearly extinct. As a matter of fact the Imperial Guptas ceased to rule after the close of the fifth century and, as remarked by Vincent Smith, that line passed by an obscure transition into what is known as the dynasty of the "Later Guptas of Magadha". This dynasty did not exercise sovereignty even over the whole of Magadha, part of which came under the sway of the Varmans of Maukhari. Taking advantage of the decline

neg: Aubrey Faulkner form into his next series, against Australia in Australia in 1910/11. In the five Test series, Faulkner scored 732 runs at 73.20, including a highest score of 204 in the second Test at Melbourne and took 10 wickets at 51.40. Following the Australian tour, Faulkner married and moved to England, settling in Nottingham, with the intention of playing county cricket. However this did not come to be and Faulkner instead limited his appearances to South African matches in England and the occasional festival match. He never played in South Africa again. South Africa toured England again in 1912 for the

neg: First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa The First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa made changes related to the oath of office of the Acting President and to the jurisdiction of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It was enacted by the Parliament of South Africa, and signed by President Mandela on 28 August 1997. However it was deemed to come into effect retroactively, from 4 February 1997, the date when the constitution itself came into force. The Act made three technical modifications to the Constitution: This last change allowed the TRC to deal with various violent events,

neg: Namibia–South Africa relations Namibia–South Africa relations Namibia–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Namibia and South Africa. South Africa conquered the area now known as Namibia from Germany during World War I and occupied it until 1990, when it gained independence. During those 75 years, thousands of South Africans settled in Namibia and South Africa treated the area as an internal province rather than occupied foreign entity, imposing apartheid laws in Namibia as it did in South Africa. Although Pretoria's power has receded in the last decades, the relation is still hierarchical. South Africa conquered and occupied what was

neg: The Story of My Experiments with Truth racial discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi became known among Indians all around the world as "Mahatma," or "Great Soul." In South Africa with the Family, the Boer War, Bombay and South Africa Again. In 1896, Gandhi made a brief return to India and returned with his wife and children. In India, he published another pamphlet, known as the Green Pamphlet, on the plight of Indians in South Africa. For the first time, Gandhi realized that Indians had come to admire his work greatly and experienced a taste of his own popularity among the people, when he visited Madras, an Indian

neg: 1906–07 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe the South African threat. As one commentator wrote, "There was nothing in the South African's play to forbid Welsh hopes of repeating their success of last season...", harking back to Wales' famous victory over the All Blacks. When a Glamorgan XV team, which contained many Welsh caps that were to face South Africa, could only manage a drew against Gloucester, it caused some people to re-think the team's chances of winning. This caused an outcry for Welsh star, Gwyn Nicholls, to come out of international retirement to face South Africa. Even the South African players' voiced their disappointment at not

neg: South Africa women's national cricket team record by opponent South Africa women's national cricket team record by opponent The South Africa women's national cricket team has represented South Africa in international women's cricket since 1960, when they hosted England, contesting four Test matches. Their next officially recognised series was against New Zealand, more than eleven years later. In 1977, they were excluded from competing in international sporting events, when the Commonwealth of Nations signed the Gleneagles Agreement as part of the international campaign against apartheid. Although the men's national team returned to international cricket in 1991, the women's team did not compete again until 1997, when they toured Ireland

neg: Coal in South Africa Coal in South Africa South Africa produces in excess of 255 million tonnes of coal (2011 estimate) and consumes almost three quarters of that domestically. Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal and 92% of coal consumed on the African continent is produced in South Africa. The use of coal in South Africa dates back to the iron age (300–1880 AD), when charcoal was used to melt iron and copper, but large-scale exploitation of coal did not occur until the mid-19th century. The largest coal deposits in South Africa are to be found in the

neg: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid principle had a significant consequence for South Africa's relationships with Western nations. When Vorster brought forth his strategy, it appeared to them that South Africa might be loosening her grip. At the same time, the West regarded the apartheid administration as a significant friend in the Cold War. Economically, such nations as Britain and America had numerous concerns in South Africa, and, although they did not endorse apartheid, these concerns led them to a more moderate stance on the country and to vote against financial sanctions against her at UN conferences. When South Africa pulled out of the Commonwealth in

neg: Jabu Mahlangu Games. during the departure for the World Cup, the president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, was handshaking the players wishing them good luck and when he came to Jabu he said "Jabu, you must behave yourself". The most defining moment for Jabu Mahlangu that hurt him and not himself but the South African Nation. It was in 2010 when South Africa Hosted the FIFA World Cup. His unbecoming behavior costed him not making the selection for the National team. It was a painful time when the National Team did not progress from group stages when South Africa had talented soccer

neg: Union of South Africa invitation was in turn rejected by the Union, which subsequently did not modify the administration of South West Africa and continued to adhere to the original mandate. This caused a complex set of legal wranglings that were not finalised when the Union was replaced with the Republic of South Africa. In 1949, the Union passed a law bringing South West Africa into closer association with it including giving South West Africa representation in the South African parliament. Walvis Bay, which is now in Namibia, was originally a part of the Union of South Africa as it was a part of

neg: Flintheart Glomgold with them in that story against Scrooge, he still dares to ask what did he do to deserve that. Notable is the fact that Flintheart Glomgold's first coin could not be a rand because the South African Rand did not come into existence until 1961. Before a unified South Africa in 1910 (whereupon the South African pound was introduced), many authorities in the region issued coins and banknotes in their own currencies, often equivalent to the Pound Sterling of the Cape of Good Hope colony that had existed since 1825. Adding it to the fact that Don Rosa's stories usually

neg: Apartheid and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa". Violence persisted right up to the 1994 elections. Lucas Mangope, leader of the Bophuthatswana homeland, declared that it would not take part in the elections. It had been decided that, once the temporary constitution had come into effect, the homelands would be incorporated into South Africa, but Mangope did not want this to happen. There were strong protests against his decision, leading to a coup d'état in Bophuthatswana on 10 March that deposed Mangope, despite the intervention of white right-wingers hoping to maintain him in power. Three AWB militants

neg: Angolan Civil War and commune administrators. The government would release all prisoners and give amnesty to all militants involved in the civil war. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on 15 November 1994 to boost support symbolically for the protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. The agreement created a joint commission, consisting of officials from the Angolan government, UNITA, and the UN with the governments of Portugal, the United States, and Russia observing, to

neg: 1990s in Angola ministers, ambassadors, the governorships of Uige, Lunda Sul, and Cuando Cubango, deputy governors, municipal administrators, deputy administrators, and commune administrators. The government would release all prisoners and give amnesty to all militants involved in the civil war. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela met in Lusaka on November 15, 1994, to boost support symbolically for the protocol. Mugabe and Mandela both said they would be willing to meet with Savimbi and Mandela asked him to come to South Africa, but Savimbi did not come. The agreement created a joint commission, consisting of officials from the Angolan

neg: Mosaic coevolution "Zaluzianskya microsiphon", a flowering plant endemic to South Africa. They suspected, as Darwin did in 1862, that flowers would adapt to become longer in order to force the fly to insert more of its body into the flower in order to reach the nectar. This causes the fly's body to come in contact with the flower's pollen. The two characteristics were measured at several different geographic locations and it was found that the length of the fly's proboscis caused strong selective pressures on the length of the corolla of the flower. An increase in proboscis length was selected for, when

neg: Graham Onions the way he bowled in South Africa, where he was unlucky not to take more wickets than he did. He bowled really well there, and I was expecting him come to these conditions and bowl well here as well." The injury prevented Onions from playing most of the English cricket season. He also underwent surgery on his left knee to repair cartilage. Speaking of his disappointment at not being able to play for England, Onions said "The last few months have been massively frustrating. When you've had a place in the team for a while and you lose it it's

neg: Hendrik Verwoerd overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports—starting with cricket—started the international movement to ostracise South Africa from international sporting competition. Their last Olympic Games—until the abolition of apartheid—was in 1960, South Africa was expelled from FIFA in 1976, and whenever South African teams did participate in sports, protests and disruptions were the result. When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion, the usual response was: "Who started it?", in reference to Verwoerd. On 9 April 1960, Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park, Johannesburg, to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa. After

neg: His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937 Abdication, rather than 11 December when the Abdication Act had come into force in the UK. It also declared that actions taken in the name of Edward VIII after the abdication but before the passage of the South African act were deemed to be valid. The act was repealed by the South African Constitution of 1961 when South Africa became a republic. His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937 His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937 (Act No. 2 of 1937) was an act of the Parliament of South Africa that ratified the abdication of King

neg: Alfred Richards (sportsman) Britain won the match 4 points to nil. He was capped again on 29 August in Kimberley, which Great Britain also won, 3 to nil. On 5 September, he was chosen as the captain to lead South Africa out against Great Britain once again, in Cape Town at Newlands. The tourists also won the match, four points to nil. Richards did not play for South Africa again after the tour. Richards did however referee one match in 1896, when Britain returned, at Newlands, which South Africa won five points to nil. He died in Salisbury, Rhodesia in 1904. Richards' older

neg: Jacob Zuma Freedom Fighters at the 2016 South African presidential state of the nation address when they disrupted the event by repeatedly chanting "Zupta must fall" to express their dissatisfaction with this relationship. South African Opposition parties have made claims of "State Capture" following allegations that the Guptas, said to be close to President Jacob Zuma, his family and other ANC leaders, had insinuated themselves into a position where they could offer Cabinet positions and influence the running of government. These allegations were made in light of revelations by Deputy Finance Minister Mcebisi Jonas and former MP Vytjie Mentor that they had

neg: Malusi Gigaba a leading figure in the South African government. He is responsible for the a significant aspect of the government's massive infrastructure investment programme through the State Owned Companies that are led by him such as Transnet and Eskom. On 25 May 2014, President Jacob Zuma appointed Gigaba as Minister of Home Affairs. Gigaba waived the basic residential requirement when granting South African citizenship to the Gupta family, and it was alleged that this move was irregular or at least unprecedented. No wrongdoing was proven however, but efforts by parliamentary committees to get clarity on the Guptas' naturalization process were frustrated

neg: Day of Affirmation Address Johannesburg shortly before midnight on June 4. Between 1,500-4,000 people had crowded the airport. Most were enthusiastic supporters, though some did protest Kennedy's arrival. Kennedy gave a brief speech in the "non-white" section of the terminal. After the crowd gave a rendition of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", Kennedy took the podium and thanked them for their welcome. He later talked about his decision to travel to South Africa and his intentions, saying, "I come here to hear from all segments of South African thought and opinion. I come here to learn what we can do together to meet

neg: National Convention (South Africa) Administrator of each province being independently appointed. Education was one of the key areas of jurisdiction added to the provincial council system, primarily for the fears raised by Natal and the Orange River that their language rights would be undermined. Their own provincial councils could thus set provincial language standards in education. This desire for non-partisanship did not come to fruition, however, as every provincial election since the adoption of the South Africa Act would be fought along party political lines. After the draft constitution was formulated, it was tabled before the respective colonial legislatures for approval. Stephen Leacock wrote

neg: African village dog African village dogs became the close companion of people in Africa, beginning in North Africa and spreading south. It quickly became the belief after Boyko's study that when Eurasian wolves became domesticated long before East Asian wolves. Robert Wayne, a professor at University of California, Los Angeles, said that "It's clear dogs did not originate in sub-Saharan Africa, since wolves are not native to that area", but North Africa was a possibility. While Boyko and his companion Carlos Bustamante did not think dogs originated in Africa, they did suggest that the conclusion of an East Asian origin did not have

neg: Surrogate Colonialism made possible and legitimate Zionist settlement in Palestine. Sociologist Ran Greenstein claims both Zionist settlement in Palestine and white settlement in South Africa are example for surrogate colonization, for in both the majority of settlers did not come from the ranks of the principal colonizing power of the time: the British Empire in the case of Israel/Palestine, or the Dutch Empire and later the British empire, in the case of South Africa. In other academic and non-academic settings, the term has been adopted more loosely, and used figuratively to describe different forms of indirect domination, especially in post-colonial context. For

neg: Dick and Enid Eyeington enriched by knowing these two extraordinary, unique and inspired individuals." Richard Attenborough visited the school when he was in South Africa, making "Cry Freedom" and he ended up becoming a trustee and a close friend of the Eyeingtons. Reflecting on their life and work, Lord Attenborough said, “I have never known two people who so consistently put their beliefs into action… the good they did during their lifetime today resonates in a multitude of hearts and minds and will continue to do so for many generations to come. In September 2002, Dick and Enid moved to Somaliland to take on

neg: I Am Prepared to Die its delivery. Sampson described it as the most effective speech of his career, whereas Gordimer thought the delivery to be "hesitant, parsonical" until "only at the end did the man come through and when he had spoken that last sentence the strangest and most moving sound I have ever heard from human throats, came from the 'black' side of the court audience" . At the end of the trial Mandela was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. He served 27 years of the sentence before he was released and elected President of South Africa. Upon his release he quoted the

neg: Women in South Africa with their partners. In an article from the World Health Organization experts looked at data to present estimates of the prevalence, on any given day, of STIs among women in rural South Africa and the proportion who are asymptomatic, symptomatic but not seeking care, and symptomatic and seeking care. The study found that the majority of women with STIs in South Africa remained untreated because either women were did not present obvious symptoms or, even when they did, the symptoms were not recognized nor acted upon. The study concluded that improved case management alone is "therefore unlikely to have a

neg: History of cricket in South Africa from 1970–71 to 1990 February 1990. This event and date effectively marked the end of apartheid and the way was soon clear for the South African team to return to the international arena. "This competition is a limited overs knockout with 50 overs per innings" Despite the official ban on tours to South Africa during this period, several private tours did take place, some of them arousing great controversy. For information about the unofficial tours, see: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 and South African rebel tours. South Africa resumed official international cricket in 1991 when the team made a short

neg: Mohammad Zahid (cricketer, born 1976) with Rameez Raja, Shoaib Akhtar accepted that Mohammad Zahid was a yard quicker than him when he was bowling in 1997 and after that Shoaib picked up more pace than Zahid, once again fuelling the debate of the speed of Mohammad Zahid and if he may have been one of the fastest bowlers of all time. He picked up a back injury in the tour to Sri Lanka and after his back operation could not make his return to the world of cricket. He did come back for a short stint in the series against South Africa in 1998 but

neg: Raid on Gaborone that the evidence of terrorist activities starting in Botswana was fabricated. South Africa responded that since Botswana did not sign the Nkomati Accord, a non-aggression pact with South Africa, the ANC was able to use Botswana as a base for its attacks. Resolution 568 was drafted on 21 June 1985 that ordered South Africa to pay Botswana for damages, allowed Botswana to house refugees, and encouraged other countries to help Botswana and condemn South Africa. Raid on Gaborone The Raid on Gaborone (called Operation Plecksy by the South African Defence Force) occurred on 14 June 1985 when South African Defence

neg: Kalighat Cunningham would find out about the glorious age of the Guptas), these coins held little value to the people involved. However, for all practical purposes, the hoard was thought to be lost, as the Company directors sent most of the coins to the melting pot, and some to a few collectors. When Hastings returned to London, he found only 24 of them in the collection of the British Museum. This astonished him beyond measures. He thought he had made a magnificent contribution to the Court of Directors—a hoard of Persian Darics (since no one knew of the Guptas back then).

neg: Albert Rose-Innes Albert Rose-Innes Albert Rose-Innes (16 February 1868 in Port Elizabeth, South Africa – 22 November 1946 in East London, South Africa), was a South African cricketer. His first-class cricket career began at the same time that South Africa’s did, in 1889, with the first representative match between England and South Africa to be accorded Test status. Prior to this, Rose-Innes would have taken part in recreational matches between teams of unequal numbers or between teams with more than eleven players. But when R.G. Warton brought an English side to South Africa and played the hosts at Port Elizabeth on level

neg: South Africa national rugby union team South Africa national rugby union team The South Africa national rugby union team, commonly known as the Springboks, is governed by the South African Rugby Union. The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts, and their emblems are the Springbok and the King Protea. The team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891, when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team. Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups

neg: Flag of the British South Africa Company to if the flag had red or blue ensigns based upon it. Though ensigns based on the flag do appear on flag charts, it is speculated they were never used as Rhodesia did not border the sea. Flag of the British South Africa Company The Flag of the British South Africa Company was the flag used by the British South Africa Company (BSAC) and Rhodesia under company rule. It was adopted in 1892 and was used until 1923 when the south of Rhodesia voted to become Southern Rhodesia and the north was surrendered to the Colonial Office to become Northern

neg: Economy of South Africa businesses. Despite the numerous positive economic achievements since 1994, South Africa has struggled to attract significant foreign direct investment. The situation may have started to change however, with 2005 seeing the largest single FDI into South Africa when Barclays bought a majority share in local bank Absa Group Limited. Deals between the British-based Vodafone and South Africa's Vodacom have taken place in 2006. In 2010, two multibillion-dollar deals, one by HSBC to acquire Nedbank and one by Walmart to acquire Massmart Holdings, fell through. (Walmart did eventually buy Massmart in 2011) South Africa has been riven by arguments over whether

neg: History of Bareilly in India. About 25 kings who have ruled during this period have left behind thousands of coins. During the period between the fall of the Mauryas and the rise of the Guptas, the Panchalas had two phases of power - first the pre Kushana phase i.e. from C-150 BC to AD 125 and secondly a short period of fifty years after the fall of the Kushanas, which ended in CAD 350 when Panchala was assimilated in the Gupta empire by Samudragupta. Under the Guptas Ahichhatra was one of the provinces into which the Gupta empire was divided. Evidence reveal that

neg: 2000 U.S. Cup South Africa 4-2. The Mexican team scored twice in the first half before South Africa staged a brief come-back when Benni McCarthy scored in the 52nd minute making it 2-1. Mexican substitute and coach's son Horacio Sanchez came into the game in the 79th minute and scored two quick goals. Thabo Mngomeni of South Africa scored from a penalty kick in the 89th minute. Mexico - Sergio Bernal, Joaquin Beltran, Christian Ramirez, Raul Alpizar, Israel Lopez, Gerardo Torrado, Luis Perez, Paulo Cesar Chavez (Carlos Cariño 68'), Jesus Olade (Horacio Sáchez 79'), Luis Hernandez (Luis Ignacio Gonzalez 68'), Daniel Orsono (Jaime

neg: Taxation in South Africa sector -consisting of only 0.3% of the companies assessed- shrunk from 8.6% in 2006 to 5.7% in 2008 reflecting the declining importance of the mining sector to the South African economy. Taxation in South Africa Taxation in South Africa may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government: central government through the South African Revenue Service (SARS) or to local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, value added tax (VAT), corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds and municipal rates. In the 2012/2013 fiscal year

neg: Taxation in South Africa Taxation in South Africa Taxation in South Africa may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government: central government through the South African Revenue Service (SARS) or to local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, value added tax (VAT), corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds and municipal rates. In the 2012/2013 fiscal year SARS collected R813.8 billion (equivalent to US$ 73.1 billion) in tax revenue, a figure R71.2 billion (or 9.6%) more than that from the previous fiscal year. In 2012/13 financial year South

neg: Foreign relations of Mauritania (Morocco did not recognize Mauritania until 1969). At this point, Mauritania, encouraged by the OAU and the Arab League, did not seek diplomatic relations with Apartheid South Africa, Israel or Portugal. Today, however, Mauritania has normalized relations with South Africa and Portugal, with the downfall of the Apartheid system in South Africa as well as the retreat from colonialism in Portugal. In 1976, when Spain withdrew from the Western Sahara, Mauritania annexed a third of it. Upon this, both Algeria and Morocco withdrew their ambassadors from Mauritania. The rebel Polisario group began raids on Mauritania in 1976 and lasted until

neg: 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa The 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa was a series of matches played between June and August 1970 in South Africa and Rhodesia by the All Blacks. It was one of the longest tours for the All Blacks. It begun with two exhibition matches in Australia. An Australian player, Jamie Hendrie, was called to replace the scrum half Sid Going who did not play on Sunday. For the All Blacks it was a comeback 10 years after the tour of 1960 when the South African authorities imposed the

neg: Mariángel Ruiz crown. On the final night of Miss Universe 2003, the announcers called out the wrong title when she appeared onstage: the order of the contestants was messed up backstage for the swimsuit contest and Mariangel appeared when Cindy Nell of South Africa should have come onstage. Daisy Fuentes then called South Africa twice, to which Ruiz made an infamous (and hilarious) expression of confusion, but her training as Miss Venezuela kicked in and she took the stage with a spectacular performance. The scoring was not affected and Daisy corrected herself as Mariangel left the stage. During the night gown competition,

neg: 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa West Africa (the future Namibia, then part of South Africa) and Rhodesia (the future Zimbabwe). Unlike the previous two tours to South Africa (1955 and 1962), this British Lions team did not stop off in Nairobi, Kenya, to play East Africa on the way home. However, one member of this tour party was later to play against that team; in 1975 Peter Stagg was living in Zambia and playing rugby for the Ndola Wanderers RFC when the Tuskers visited and he played for Zambia in their first international on 31 August 1975 at Kitwe. Six of the squad would ultimately

neg: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 the English Test selectors being accused of pandering to the racist regime in South Africa. Then, when a vacancy became available through another player dropping out, D'Oliveira was selected in his place. But South African Prime Minister John Vorster opposed his selection, saying that it was not a team of the Marylebone Cricket Club, but of the Anti-Apartheid Movement. England did not tour. However, Australia did tour in 1969/70, with the Proteas whitewashing them 4-0, making them unofficial world champions of the sport. They did not play another official Test match for 22 years. Their tour to England was called

neg: Coventry Four – took refuge in the British consulate in Durban, Pik Botha decided to retaliate by refusing to allow the "Coventry Four" to return to Britain to stand trial. Foreign Office minister, Malcolm Rifkind, reported to the House of Commons that the South African government was wholly to blame for the men's non-appearance in a British court, and that Pretoria should cooperate. In the event the men did not come back to stand trial and no action was taken against South Africa. The £200,000 bail money was thus forfeited by the South African embassy. Coventry Four Four South African alleged arms

neg: South Africa national football team South Africa finished second in the group, and failed to qualify for the next stage of the qualifiers. In 1996, a mere 5 years after readmission, South Africa achieved their finest moment when they hosted (and won) the 1996 Africa Cup of Nations, in the process reaching the lofty heights of 16th in the FIFA rankings. The shock firing of Cup of Nations winning coach Clive Barker did little to slow momentum as they followed their 1996 success with a second-placed finish at the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations under Jomo Sono. The team had earned their first appearance at

neg: Uganda national rugby union team the Ugandan Rugby Union also became automatic full members. Uganda's biggest winning margin was to come in 2003 when Uganda beat Burundi 100-0. Uganda would later post its worst defeat in 2005 against South Africa; Uganda scored 10 points to 98 for South Africa XV. Uganda 2017 season squad For the 2017 series, the Africa Cup fixture between Kenya and Uganda will double up as the second leg of the Elgon Cup. Uganda national rugby union team The Uganda national rugby union team are a national sporting side of Uganda, representing them at rugby union. Rugby union was introduced by

neg: Malawi–South Africa relations and sang accolades. Following a state visit by South African Prime Minister Balthazar Vorster to Malawi the previous year in 1970, Banda was quoted to have said "We have to start talking to each other. I go to South Africa. You come here. I allow your people to come here and see how the people live. This might not solve the problem today, next month, in five years, ten years, or even twenty years. But I honestly believe that this in the end is the only solution." His position on South Africa was that "It is only contact like this

neg: South African Air Force squadron identification codes South African Air Force squadron identification codes The South African Air Force adopted Royal Air Force squadron identification codes during the Second World War and continued to use these codes after the war. The last use of the wartime code system was on a 22 Squadron PV-1 Ventura in 1960. Aircraft deployed for the East African Campaign did not carry any squadron codes - and these were first introduced when the SAAF deployed to North Africa in 1942. Squadron codes were assigned by the RAF from a theater annex to SD110. Aircraft used in South Africa did not carry squadron

neg: Joseph Moloney had been liberated by the expedition, and that Bodson had killed Msiri in self-defence. He did address the point that as British subjects in the King of Belgium's service, he and Stairs might come into armed conflict with competing British interests (the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes). He wrote that in this eventuality they would discharge their duties to their employer, but he did not consider what other British people might think of this. Moloney did not think of Belgium as a serious rival to the British Empire, unlike France, Germany or Portugal. Moloney's obituary in "The Times"

neg: Two-foot-gauge railways in South Africa camp away along the Bezuidenhout Valley. January 1901–1944, from Kearsney to Stanger, built and put into service at a total cost of . The track was laid with 30 lb rails and had a ruling gradient of 1 in 30. The line carried sugar and tea, passenger trains were operated until about 1930. 1903–1961, in German South-West Africa (today's Namibia). Built at the gauge of 600 mm, which did not prevent exchanging locomotives with the two foot (610 mm) lines in South Africa when it was taken over by South Africa (as part of the British Empire) in 1915. Regauged

neg: Patrick Karegeya It is a matter of time." When confronted, Kagame denied responsibility, but added that "I actually wish Rwanda did it. I really wish it." It was reported in the South African press that Karegeya had agreed to dispense with his South African security detail in 2012. The government of South Africa had provided the protection since Karegeya’s arrival in South Africa in 2007. The decision to provide protection was reportedly influenced by assassination attempts against former army chief of staff Kayumba Nyamwasa, another Rwandan exile in South Africa. Patrick Karegeya Patrick Karegeya (1960 in Mbarara – 31 December 2013 in

neg: South Africa (The Goodies) South Africa (The Goodies) "South Africa" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series "The Goodies". This episode is also known as "Apartheight" and as "A South African Adventure". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies are hired by a maniacally racist South African tourist agent to make an advertisement encouraging Britons to come to South Africa. However, the tourist agent is unhappy with what they have done, since they showed black people in South Africa having a good time. Tim points out that South Africa has many black people, but the

neg: Jack Bannister Sunday League games until 1999, and had a full role at the BBC's coverage of the 1999 Cricket World Cup. In later life, he provided commentary on and summaries of England international cricket matches on talkSPORT. During the 1995 South Africa vs England test match series in South Africa, he promised he would eat a newspaper if South Africa won. He eventually did, when South Africa won. For many years he wrote the highly regarded cricket column in the Birmingham Post Jack Bannister John David "Jack" Bannister (23 August 1930 – 23 January 2016) was an English cricket commentator and

neg: Soaring Society of South Africa club scene, to aerobatics, up to international racing championships. Sailplanes come in different styles and sizes but are alwys graceful in the air. Soaring Society of South Africa The Soaring Society of South Africa (SSSA) is the body to which all gliding and touring motor gliders in South Africa must belong, as stipulated in law by the South African Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), to pursue the sport of gliding within South Africa. It is affiliated to the Aeroclub of South Africa which also represents all the sporting bodies at the CAA. Membership is by subscription directly to the SSSA. The

neg: Gupta Empire Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire maintained a large army consisting of 500,000 infantry, 50,000 cavalry, 20,000 charioteers and 10,000 elephants along with a powerful navy with more than 1200 ships. Chandragupta II controlled the whole of the Indian subcontinent; the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign, at a time when the Roman Empire in the West was in decline. The Guptas were traditionally a Hindu dynasty. They were orthodox Hindus, but did not force their beliefs on the rest of the population, as Buddhism and Jainism also were encouraged. Sanchi remained an important centre

neg: Rheal Cormier in the tie breaker because they allowed the most runs. Cormier appeared in two of the games (Mexico and South Africa), pitching 1 innings, giving up 1 hit, and allowing no earned runs. After representing Canada at the 1987 Pan American Games, Cormier played for the Canadian national baseball team in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea; at the time baseball was a demonstration sport. The Canadian team did not win a medal during this competition, ending with a 1–2 record. The squad's lone win, however, did come against the eventual gold medal-winning American team. In 2008 Cormier

neg: Come Back, Africa The film was directed by Lloyd Ross. Milestone Films released a restored "Come Back, Africa" on DVD and Blu-ray in 2012. Come Back, Africa Come Back, Africa (1959) is the second feature-length film written, produced, and directed by American independent filmmaker Lionel Rogosin. The film had a profound effect on African Cinema, and remains of great historical and cultural importance as a document preserving the heritage of the townships in South Africa in the 1950s. It may be classified as reportage, documentary, historical movie or political cinema, since it portrays real events and people. On the other hand, it reveals

neg: South African Class MG 2-6-6-2 even pressure in the receiver pipe and therefore improved steam flow, although exactly how this was to come about was not clear. It was the only South African articulated locomotive to have coupled wheels of different diameters. Owing to the larger diameter wheels of the front engine unit, the boiler pitch had to be raised to , the highest pitched boiler in South Africa at the time. The unorthodox driving wheel configuration did not have the expected results and in comparison with the other nine superheated engines, the locomotive proved to be inferior in performance. This was the first South