query: what was the city of chicago known for at the turn of the 20th century

pos: History of Chicago May 4, 1886, at Haymarket near the west side was interrupted by a bomb thrown at police; seven police officers were killed. Widespread violence broke out. A group of anarchists were tried for inciting the riot and convicted. Several were hanged and others were pardoned. The episode was a watershed moment in the labor movement, and its history was commemorated in the annual May Day celebrations. By 1900, Progressive Era political and legal reformers initiated far-ranging changes in the American criminal justice system, with Chicago taking the lead. The city became notorious worldwide for its rate of murders in the

neg: Cal Johnson (businessman) the corner of Gay and Wall. By the turn of the 20th century, his saloon at the corner of Gay and Vine, known as the Poplar Log (later renamed the Lone Tree), was one of the most popular in the city. Johnson served as an alderman on Knoxville's city council from 1883 to 1885. He also began buying thoroughbred racehorses, and attended races across the South. In 1893, one of his horses broke a world speed record at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Johnson also established Knoxville's only racetrack, in what is now the Burlington neighborhood near Chilhowee Park. The

neg: Chicago in the 1930s south during the "Great Migration" of the first half of the 20th century. Many arrived in the city looking for work and settled in what became known as the "Black Belt", the chain of neighborhoods on the South Side of Chicago where three-quarters of the city's African American population lived by the mid-20th century. The Black Belt was an area of aging, dilapidated housing that stretched 30 blocks along State Street on the South Side. It was rarely more than seven blocks wide. Many African Americans who moved to the Black Belt area of Chicago were from the Black Belt

neg: Exchange District Winnipeg Commodity Exchange) Winnipeg was one of the fastest growing cities in North America around the turn of the 20th century. The city became known as the Chicago of the North. Much of Winnipeg’s remaining architecture of the late 1800s and early 1900s is heavily influenced by the Chicago style. By 1911, Winnipeg had become the third largest city in Canada. At the time it had more than two dozen rail lines converging near the city centre along with over 200 wholesale businesses. World War I and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 slowed Winnipeg's growth, as there

neg: Near North Side, Chicago a dynamic and growing technology-driven neighborhood known for its fine dining, galleries, nightlife, and riverwalk amenities. It is home to the world headquarters of ConAgra, Groupon, Motorola Mobility, and the regional offices of Yelp. It is bounded by Michigan Avenue to the east, Chicago Avenue to the north, and the Chicago River to the south and west. Its famous structures include the Wrigley Building, Trump International Hotel & Tower, Holy Name Cathedral, the Marina City towers, and the House of Blues. River North was previously named Smokey Hollow, at the turn of the 20th century, due to the many factories

neg: Hillsdale, Michigan train. At the turn of the 20th century, it began to attract tourists from a wider range of cities, such as Chicago, Toledo, Elkhart and others at what had been known as Archer’s Landing. People swam in the lake and could rent two types of canoes. After World War II, the construction of interstate highways encouraged use of automobiles, and passenger traffic declined on many lines. Railroads had to restructure and the last passenger train left Hillsdale in 1956. Dozens of fine Victorian homes had been built during the prosperity of the 19th century, many of which are still occupied

neg: The Columbian Theatre The Columbian Theatre The Columbian Theatre is a richly historic music hall from the turn of the 20th century located in Wamego, Kansas. This music hall was built in 1893 by J. C. Rogers, a Wamego banker. He had been amazed by the scope and beauty of the exhibits at 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America, The New World. The Exposition, more commonly known today as the Chicago World's Fair, was a “White City,” covering with 200 buildings. It was open for six months and had attendance which ranked as high

neg: 20th Century Fox what was then 20th Century Fox and remained as president into the 1960s. Under Freedman's leadership, DeLuxe added two more labs in Chicago and Toronto and processed film from studios other than Fox. 20th Century Fox is known for its searchlight structure logo. Its fanfare was originally composed in 1933 by Alfred Newman, who became the head of Twentieth Century-Fox's music department from 1940 until the 1960s. It was re-recorded in 1935 when 20th Century-Fox was officially established. The original Art Deco iteration of the 20th Century-Fox logo, designed by special effects animator and matte painting artist Emil Kosa Jr.,

neg: Hampden, Baltimore Harbor. Churches, community centers, marketplaces, and shops were built to support the community. The majority of commerce conducted in Hampden at that time was done on 36th Street or what is known as the "Avenue". Hampden was annexed by the city of Baltimore in 1889. Hampden's economic power grew throughout the 19th century fueled by the cotton mills. At the turn of the 20th century, the workers of Hampden-Woodberry made up one of the largest workforces in the nation. During the first decade of the century, several labor strikes resulted in improved wages and working conditions in Baltimore. During World

neg: Flophouse Michael Adorjan, a University of Hong Kong criminology professor, has noted that "The United Nations has called cage and cubicle homes an 'insult to human dignity.'" Cage hotels, a form of single room occupancy, were common in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century; an estimated 40,000 to 60,000 people lived in them during the winter. A 1958 survey by Christopher Jencks found that homeless men preferred cage hotels over shelters for reasons of privacy and security. A similar preference for cage hotels over shelters was reported in turn of the century New York City, where single working men

neg: South Lawndale, Chicago South Lawndale, Chicago South Lawndale, one of Chicago's 77 well-defined community areas, is on the West Side of the city of Chicago, Illinois. It is notable for having two well-known neighborhoods, Little Village and Marshall Square. Now mainly inhabited by Mexican-Americans, Little Village was originally settled by Eastern European and Czech and Bohemian immigrants in the late 19th century, after the Great Chicago Fire sent the population of Chicago rippling out from the city's center to the outlying countryside. Jobs created by industrial development in the early 20th century also attracted residents to the area. By the mid-20th century, Little

neg: North Side Gang North Side Gang The North Side Gang, also known as the North Side Mob, was the dominant Irish-American criminal organization (although a large number of Polish-Americans were members as well) within Chicago during the Prohibition era from the early-to-late 1920s and principal rival of the Johnny Torrio–Al Capone organization, later known as the Chicago Outfit. Like many other Chicago-based Prohibition gangs, the North Side Gang originated from the Market Street Gang, one of many street gangs in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. The Market Street Gang was made up of pick pockets, sneak thieves and labor sluggers

neg: Oconomowoc Lake, Wisconsin Oconomowoc Lake, Wisconsin Oconomowoc Lake is a village in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. Located just outside the City of Oconomowoc, the village includes the residential area encircling Oconomowoc Lake. Around the turn of the 20th century, the area become known as a summer retreat for wealthy residents of Milwaukee and Chicago. The population was 595 at the 2010 census, and has remained one of the wealthiest jurisdictions in the state of Wisconsin. Development of the Oconomowoc lakeshore began in 1858 with the newly arrived Gifford family, who built a large summer home near the present-day site of the Oconomowoc

neg: Chicago Columbia Giants Chicago Columbia Giants The Columbia Giants were a professional, black baseball team based in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century, prior to the Negro leagues. In 1899, a group known as the Columbia Club, organized the Columbia Giants under the direction of John W. Patterson. Many of the original players including Patterson came from the recently disbanded Page Fence Giants. Patterson also signed Chicago Unions pitcher Harry Buckner. In 1899, managed by Al Garrett, they beat the Chicago Unions for the western championship, winning game one 4-2 and game two 6-0. Stars included (Grant) Home Run Johnson at

neg: Ludwig & Co. Ludwig & Co. Ludwig & Co., earlier Ludwig Pianos, was a piano manufacturer located at numbers 968-972 of what was then Southern Boulevard (now Willow Avenue), between 135th and 136th Streets, Port Morris, Bronx, New York City at the turn of the 20th century. The company was founded by Melrose native John H. Ludwig in 1889 or 1890 (Pierce, Twomey). Production began in earnest around 1895, and by 1901 the factory in the Bronx was producing up to 3,500 pianos per year. The turn of the century saw Ludwig pianos garnering critical attention for the first time. At the Paris

neg: Chicago school (architecture) Chicago school (architecture) Chicago's architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. Much of its early work is also known as Commercial style. In the history of architecture, the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the

neg: Chicago Columbia Giants Columbia Giants both claimed to be number one. Home Run Johnson went to the Union Giants but was replaced by future Hall-of-Famer Sol White. Pitcher Billy Holland also joined the team that year. In 1901, Frank Leland combined his Chicago Unions with the Giants and renamed the team the Chicago Union Giants, which was renamed to the Leland Giants in 1905. Chicago Columbia Giants The Columbia Giants were a professional, black baseball team based in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century, prior to the Negro leagues. In 1899, a group known as the Columbia Club, organized the Columbia

neg: Chicago Tunnel Company and their heirs. Plans for passenger subway service in Chicago date back to the turn of the 20th century, and the original permits to dig the freight tunnels allowed for future cut-and-cover subway development above the tunnels. In the 1930s, when the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the city finalized the design of the State Street and Dearborn Street subways, plans called for the tunnels to be dug through the blue clay along the line originally followed by the freight tunnels. Excavation debris from the new subway tunnels was hauled away by the Chicago Tunnel Company as the subway replaced

neg: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable the city of St. Clair, Michigan. Point du Sable is first recorded as living at the mouth of the Chicago River in a trader's journal of early 1790. He established an extensive and prosperous trading settlement in what later became the city of Chicago. He sold his Chicago River property in 1800 and moved to St. Charles, now in Missouri, where he was licensed to run a Missouri River ferry. Point duSable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century. There are no records of Point du Sable's life prior to the 1770s.

neg: Gotse Delchev Gotse Delchev Georgi Nikolov Delchev (Bulgarian/Macedonian: Георги/Ѓорѓи Николов Делчев), known as Gotse Delchev, also spelled Goce Delčev, Cyrillic: "Гоце Делчев", originally spelled in older Bulgarian orthography: "Гоце Дѣлчевъ"; (February 4, 1872 – May 4, 1903) was an important Bulgarian revolutionary figure in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia and Thrace at the turn of the 20th century. He was the most prominent leader of what is known today as Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), a paramilitary organization active in Ottoman territories in the Balkans, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Born in Kilkis, then in the Salonica

neg: 20th Century Limited 20th Century Limited The 20th Century Limited was an express passenger train on the New York Central Railroad (NYC) from 1902 to 1967, advertised as "The Most Famous Train in the World". In the year of its last run, "The New York Times" said that it "...was known to railroad buffs for 65 years as the world's greatest train". The train traveled between Grand Central Terminal (GCT) in New York City and LaSalle Street Station in Chicago, Illinois, along the railroad's "Water Level Route". NYC inaugurated this train as competition to the Pennsylvania Railroad, aimed at upper-class and business travelers.

neg: Cuisine of the Midwestern United States Jonghe, was invented around the turn of the 20th century. Today, flights into O'Hare Airport bring Chicago fresh food from all over the world. The Queen City is known for its namesake Cincinnati chili, a Greek-inspired meat sauce (ground beef seasoned with cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, cloves, bay leaf, cumin, and ground chilis), served over spaghetti or hot dogs. Unlike chili con carne, Cincinnati-style chili is almost never eaten by itself and is instead consumed in "ways" or on cheese coneys, which are a regional variation on a chili dog. Goetta, a meat-and-grain sausage or mush made from pork and oats,

neg: Nerstrand City Hall tower shelters a bell and features a dentillated cornice and domed roof capped by a flagpole. Spherical finials flank the bell tower at the corners of the building. The city of Nerstrand traces its history to the 1870s, but the town was not platted until the Chicago Great Western Railway reached the area in 1885. It incorporated in 1897. The area surrounding Nerstrand and Wheeling Township were formed from a close-knit Norwegian American community. The turn of the 20th century was a period of maturation for Rice County, characterized by various civic improvements, city halls, water systems, etc. Nerstrand's first

neg: Sydney Kent House in 1977, and it was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 18, 1987. Sydney Kent House The Kent House, also known as Sydney Kent House or St. James Convent, is a Queen Anne style house located at 2944 South Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The house was designed in 1883 by Burnham & Root for Sidney A. Kent. From 1896 to 1906, it was the home of barbed-wire industrialist and robber baron John Warne Gates, better known as "Bet-a-Million" Gates for his gambling excesses. In the early 20th century, it served as the main building for what is

neg: 20th Century Limited Union Station in Chicago. Otherwise it follows a route similar to the "20th Century's", except west of Whiting, Indiana (near Chicago), where it switches to the former Pennsylvania Railroad's Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway. Eastbound train #38—"Advance 20th Century Limited", on February 7, 1930; Sampled at Chicago, Illinois. Westbound train #25—"20th Century Limited", on March 17, 1938; Sampled at New York, New York Eastbound train #26—"20th Century Limited", on September 6, 1943; departing Chicago, Illinois. Westbound train #25—"20th Century Limited", on March 30, 1965, sampled at Cleveland, Ohio The "20th Century Limited" was the setting for a Broadway musical

neg: Chicago and North Western Transportation Company Chicago and North Western Transportation Company The Chicago and North Western Transportation Company was a Class I railroad in the Midwestern United States. It was also known as the North Western. The railroad operated more than of track as of the turn of the 20th century, and over of track in seven states before retrenchment in the late 1970s. Until 1972, when the employees purchased the company, it was named the Chicago and North Western Railway (or Chicago and North Western Railway Company). The C&NW became one of the longest railroads in the United States as a result of mergers

neg: BioShock Infinite also receiving substantial assistance from developer company 2K Australia, which was formerly part of Irrational Games. During the initial stages of development, Irrational originally considered several settings for the game, including reusing Rapture or setting the story in the Renaissance period, before finally deciding on the floating city of Columbia. The decision to set the game in Columbia originated after the developers and Levine read Erik Larson's 2003 non-fiction book "The Devil in the White City", which prominently featured the World's Columbian Exposition set in Chicago during 1893. The time period at the turn of the 20th century and the

neg: Ike Bloom Ike Bloom Ike Bloom (c. 1865 – December 15, 1930) was an American businessman, cabaret and nightclub owner in Chicago from the turn of the 20th century and throughout Prohibition. An early organized crime figure in Chicago, he was associate of "Big Jim" Colosimo and owner of some of the city's most popular nightclubs such as "Midnight Frolics" and "Freiberg's", a well known dance hall in The Levee vice district at 20 E 22nd St. The "Midnight Frolics" was the club in which comedian Joe E. Lewis first began his career in 1926. Born Isaac Gitelson Bloom, he ran numerous

neg: Brickyard (East Chicago) Brickyard (East Chicago) The Brickyard was a neighborhood in the Indiana Harbor section of East Chicago, Indiana, near the intersection of Kennedy Avenue and Gannister Court. It stood for much of the 20th century, housing approximately 30 primarily African American families, until the City of East Chicago demolished it in the mid-1990s due to contamination from the adjacent Pollution Control Industries (PCI) hazardous waste mixing facility. The homes of the Brickyard were originally built in the 1920s as housing for laborers at a nearby brickyard. This arrangement was common in East Chicago in the early 20th century because residential land

neg: Hermann J. Gaul of Gaul’s buildings have been placed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Hermann J. Gaul Born in Cologne, Germany in 1869 Gaul came to the U.S. at the turn of the 20th century. He settled in Chicago, Illinois and, after apprenticing for a time with noted Chicago architect Louis Sullivan, established an architectural firm under his own name in 1902. During his long and distinguished career he designed many landmark buildings for Roman Catholic clients throughout the Midwest. Gaul’s son Michael F. Gaul (1913-1996) joined his father’s firm, now known as Hermann J. Gaul and Son, in the

neg: Music of New York City status in the early 20th century, New York retained its position despite the rise of other cities such as Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville, and San Francisco. However, by the turn of the 21st century, Los Angeles had surpassed New York as the pop music mecca not only in terms of the sheer number of musicians, bands, songwriters, recording studios, and record labels, but also because of its affordability compared to New York, attracting transplants to emerging creative centers like Echo Park. The African American genre of jazz was closely associated with New York by the middle of the 20th

neg: Hermann J. Gaul Hermann J. Gaul Born in Cologne, Germany in 1869 Gaul came to the U.S. at the turn of the 20th century. He settled in Chicago, Illinois and, after apprenticing for a time with noted Chicago architect Louis Sullivan, established an architectural firm under his own name in 1902. During his long and distinguished career he designed many landmark buildings for Roman Catholic clients throughout the Midwest. Gaul’s son Michael F. Gaul (1913-1996) joined his father’s firm, now known as Hermann J. Gaul and Son, in the early 1930s and carried on the practice after his father’s retirement in 1948. Several

neg: 16-inch softball known softball game of any kind was played at the Farragut Boat Club in Chicago on Thanksgiving Day 1887. The first softball was a wrapped up boxing glove and the bat was a broom. Play was encouraged by a reporter, George Hancock, who had been looking on. Harvard and Yale students played the game while waiting to hear the results of the annual Harvard-Yale football game. Until the turn of the 20th century, ball sizes ranged from 12 to 17 inches in circumference. The 16-inch softball was eventually adopted in Chicago, perhaps because it didn't travel as far as the

neg: John T. Shayne & Company encroach upon your valuable time." John T. Shayne & Company was one of the earliest Chicago retailers to join in America’s burgeoning mail order business during the turn of the 20th century. Shayne’s first mail order publication dates back to 1906 and is featured in the Chicago Public Library Trade Catalog Collection at the Harold Washington Library. Mail order merchandising played an important role in retail distribution during the 20th century. These catalogues provided rural communities access to an array of merchandise; items ranging from tooth paste to prefabricated houses were marketed to small towns and remote rural communities, transforming

neg: Watertown (city), New York an incorporated village in 1816. In 1869, Watertown was incorporated as a city. In 1920, the city adopted a city manager style of government. The Jefferson County Courthouse Complex is an example of the substantial architecture of the city, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. An early industrial city that earned great wealth for many of its citizens by the turn of the 20th century, Watertown also developed an educated professional class of doctors and lawyers. A number of factors affected Watertown's progress. The economic center of the country kept moving west, and Chicago drew off

neg: African-American music for white audiences, who would not have as readily accepted black performers, leading to genres like swing music, a pop-based outgrowth of jazz. In addition, African Americans were becoming part of classical music by the turn of the 20th century. While originally excluded from major symphony orchestras, black musicians could study in music conservatories that had been founded in the 1860s, such as the Oberlin School of Music, National Conservatory of Music, and the New England Conservatory. Black people also formed their own symphony orchestras at the turn of the 20th century in major cities such as Chicago, New Orleans,

neg: John R. Lynch involved in real estate, as the city became a destination of tens of thousands of rural blacks in the Great Migration, including many from Mississippi. It was also attracting European immigrants and rapidly expanding based on its industrial jobs. After his death in Chicago in 1939 at the age of 92, Lynch was buried with military honors in Arlington National Cemetery, due his service as a Congressman and military officer. At the turn of the 20th century, the struggle for memory and meaning of the Civil War and Reconstruction continued. Lynch wrote a book, "The Facts of Reconstruction" (1913), and

neg: Cornelia Ellis Hildebrandt Cornelia Ellis Hildebrandt Cornelia Ellis Hildebrandt (September 7, 1876 – March 18, 1962) was an American artist particularly known for her portrait miniatures. One of the last surviving figures from the revival of miniature painting in America at the turn of the 20th century, she lectured extensively on the genre in her later years. Hildebrandt was born Cornelia Trumbull Ellis in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, the daughter of Arthur Cadwalader and Eliza (Potter) Ellis. She studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and then spent two years in Paris (1897–1898), where she studied at the Académie Colarossi and with Augustus Koopman

neg: Media in Chicago cities, the relationship of newspapers to modern city life in the thought of Robert Park, and the world of Chicago's newspapers at the turn of the 20th century, detailed studies of a number of the most important columnists of the era follow. George Ade's column of the 1890s in the "Daily News", "Stories of the Streets and of the Town," presented a view of Chicago from the perspective of migrants from the small towns of the Midwest. In the same decade Finley Peter Dunne's column in the "Evening Post", featuring the fictional Irish barkeeper, Mr. Dooley, offered readers a literary

neg: James Cosmano including James "The Mad Bomber" Belcastro, preyed on the residents of Chicago's Little Italy and other city neighborhoods at the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, Cosmano tried to extort money out of James "Big Jim" Colosimo, a powerful brothel owner in the Levee section of Chicago. Cosmano threatened to beat up Colosimo's prostitutes and their customers if he did not receive $50,000 a week. To protect himself, Colosimo brought in his nephew Johnny "The Fox" Torrio, a New York mobster from the Five Points Gang. After Torrio's arrival in Chicago, ten members of the Black Hand gang had

neg: Washington Park, Chicago (community area) was named for President George Washington in 1880. In the 1920s, the University of Chicago created the community area system of city subdivision with the current names that continue to be used today. The community areas although not formally adopted by the United States Census Bureau are largely consistent with census tract boundaries. The Washington Park community area and its census tracts have been unchanged. A turn-of-the-20th-century apartment construction boom allowed the expansion of Chicago's African American ghetto southward, and the original inhabitants mostly left the area. The transition was rapid and marked with conflicts such as the Race Riot

neg: Chicago trading settlement in what would become the city of Chicago. He sold his Chicago River property in 1800 and moved to St. Charles, now in Missouri, where he was licensed to run a Missouri River ferry. Point du Sable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century. On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U.S. Receiver of Public Monies.

neg: Southside Park, Sacramento, California influx of outsiders in the 1800s. The area around what is now the park is a natural low spot (lowest in what is now the Central City) and was subject to seasonal flooding. As such, development in the growing City of Sacramento was at first confined to north of the R Street levee, and a sewage canal ran along 6th Street south of R starting in 1864. Later, construction of a levee at Y Street (now Broadway) made it possible to build south of R Street. So, the neighborhood began to be established around the turn of the 20th Century.

neg: Colma, California area of Colma north of the town limits, as well as the area that became a town in 1924. Hienrich (Henry) von Kempf moved his wholesale nursery here in the early part of the 20th century, from the land where the Palace of Fine Arts currently sits (in what was known as "Cow Hollow") in San Francisco. The business was growing, and thus required more space for Hienrich's plants and trees. Hienrich then began petitioning to turn the Colma community into an agricultural township. He succeeded and became the town of Colma's first treasurer. In the early 20th century, Colma

neg: Granite City, Illinois park area is home to the recently renovated Coolidge Middle School, former Niedringhaus Elementary School, and Granite City High School as well as the city's crown jewel, Wilson Park. Wilson Park is sometimes called the "heart" of Granite City and is known for its nicely kept "turn of the [20th] century" homes. East Granite is less defined, but is mostly modern residential subdivisions as well as both St. Elizabeth and Holy Family Catholic Schools. East Granite is north of the blast furnace at US Steel. US Steel's complex was formerly known as the Granite City Steel Co. Downtown is at

neg: Henry F. Hoit Henry F. Hoit Henry F. Hoit (4 August 1872 – 30 May 1951) was a well known Kansas City, Missouri architect in the early 20th century. He and his partners designed many of Kansas City's most iconic commercial and residential buildings including the Kansas City Power and Light Building and the R.A. Long residence (Kansas City Museum at Corinthian Hall). Henry Ford Hoit was born in Chicago, Illinois on August 4, 1872. He graduated from the Chicago Manual Training School in 1892. Hoit went on to complete a special course in architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating in

neg: Passenger pigeon $3,000 for discovering a nest – the equivalent of $76,990 in 2015. Most captive passenger pigeons were kept for exploitative purposes, but some were housed in zoos and aviaries. Audubon alone claimed to have brought 350 birds to England in 1830, distributing them among various noblemen, and the species is also known to have been kept at London Zoo. Being common birds, these attracted little interest, until the species became rare in the 1890s. By the turn of the 20th century, the last known captive passenger pigeons were divided in three groups; one in Milwaukee, one in Chicago, and one

neg: Halsted Street Halsted forms the eastern border of the University of Illinois at Chicago. The Jane Addams Hull House, America's first settlement house, was located at Polk (800 S) and Halsted. The "Hull House Neighborhood," which was served by the Jane Addams settlement house, consisted of recently arrived immigrants at the turn of the 20th century. Taylor Street (1000 S) was the port-of-call for Chicago's Italian American immigrants and became known as Chicago's Little Italy. Italians were the only ethnic group that remained after the exodus of Jews, Greeks, Irish, etc. that began shortly before the Great Depression of the 1930s. Greektown

neg: Shippen Street (Weehawken) Shippen Street (Weehawken) Shippen Street is an east-west street in Weehawken, New Jersey. The eastern terminal, a cobblestone double hairpin turn is listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places. Shippen Street was developed at the start of the 20th century as part of the Weehawken Heights, one the town's residential neighborhoods. At its western end, Shippen Street begins at Palisade Avenue, where over the city line in Union City it is now known as 24th Street, and creates the northern border for Elsworth Park, a city square from the 19th century. The two-way street gradually descends as it

neg: Harry Fischel Harry Fischel Harry Fischel (1865 - 1948) was an American businessman and philanthropist based in New York City at the turn of the 20th century. Fischel was one of the leading pioneers in the growth of American Judaism, in general, and in American Jewish Orthodoxy, in particular, particularly in the dynamic precedent-setting first half of the 20th Century. Yisroel Aaron Fischel (later known as Harry) was born on July 19, 1865, in the small, isolated Russian (Now Lithuania) town of Meretz (Merkinė) to poor but pious parents. He became an architect and a builder at 19, emigrated to America virtually

neg: Germans in Chicago involving the American Legion caused its failure in 1921. The Haymarket Riot occurred in 1886. The peak of German immigration was 1890. In 1900 there were 470,000 Chicago residents who had at least one parent born in Germany and/or who were born in Germany themselves. Those of German descent were the largest ethnic group of Chicago from 1850 until the turn of the century. German immigration decreased in the 20th century due to increases in the German economy and new restrictions on immigration. In 1914 there were 191,168 people born in Germany living in Chicago; this was the peak number

neg: Marion Leighton Marion Leighton Marion F. Leighton of Chicago, Illinois, was an amateur tennis player in the first quarter of the 20th Century. She was ranked as high as No. 15 in the United States singles rankings. She won the singles title of the Chicago Public High School League in 1915 and 1917 as a student of Hyde Park High School. Leighton won the Chicago City Championship singles title for five consecutive years from 1921 to 1925. At the Tri-State Tennis Tournament, now known as the Cincinnati Masters, Leighton won the singles title in 1925 (becoming one of the few to beat

neg: Dwight H. Perkins (architect) Preserve system. As Chicago and the metropolitan region grew quickly in the late 19th century, free spaces and opportunities for recreation and leisure were often forgotten in the rush to industrialize. Progressive Era reformers around the turn of the 20th century pushed for access to natural spaces, and city planners and architects often took part. Perkins was an icon of the Prairie School, which was a branch of the Arts and Crafts movement, a radical artistic movement to value handicraft, and to make art and beauty accessible to people of all social classes. Perkins's work is an example of this:

neg: Chuck Renslow helped found the Second City Motorcycle Club. Chuck Renslow Chuck Renslow (August 26, 1929 – June 29, 2017) was an openly gay American businessperson, known for pioneering homoerotic photography in the mid-20th-century US, and establishing many landmarks of late-20th-century gay male culture, especially in the Chicago area. His accomplishments included the founding of the Gold Coast bar, Man's Country Baths, the International Mr. Leather competition, Chicago's August White Party, and the magazines "Triumph", "Rawhide", and "Mars". He was the partner and lover of erotica artist Dom Orejudos (better known by his pen names "Etienne" and "Stephen"). Renslow was a photographer,

neg: Leland Giants Leland Giants The Leland Giants, originally the Chicago Union Giants, were a Negro league baseball team that competed independently during the first decade of the 20th century. The team was formed via a merge of the Chicago Unions and the Chicago Columbia Giants in 1901, and then split in 1910 to form the Chicago Giants and what would become known as the Chicago American Giants. The team was named after its owner and manager, Frank Leland. In a 1910 article, former shortstop Jimmy Smith described the 1905 season by saying the team "made a great record of 43 straight wins"

neg: History of schizophrenia made. According to some, the disease has always existed only to be ‘discovered’ during the early 20th century. The plausibility of this claim depends upon the success of retrospectively diagnosing earlier cases of madness as ‘schizophrenia’. According to others, ‘schizophrenia’ names a culturally determined clustering of mental symptoms. What is known for sure is that by the turn of the 20th century the old concept of insanity had become fragmented into ‘diseases’ (psychoses) such as paranoia, dementia praecox, manic-depressive insanity and epilepsy (Emil Kraepelin’s classification). Dementia praecox was reconstituted as schizophrenia, paranoia was renamed as ‘delusional disorder’ and manic-depressive insanity

neg: Stegomosuchus (AM 900) was discovered at what was then known as the Hines Quarry, east of East Longmeadow, Massachusetts, just before the turn of the 20th century. It was found below the surface, in red sandstone used for building material. This site is now called the Hoover Quarry; it has also yielded invertebrate trace fossils and dinosaur tracks ("Eubrontes"). The rocks are now known to belong to the Portland Formation. While thought to be Triassic when "Stegomosuchus" was originally described, the Portland Formation is now known to date to the Early Jurassic, including the Hettangian and Sinemurian stages (approximately 200 to

neg: Mary Rozet Smith Mary Rozet Smith Mary Rozet Smith (December 23, 1868 – February 22, 1934) was a Chicago-born US philanthropist who was one of the trustees and benefactors of Hull House. She was the companion of activist Jane Addams for over thirty years. Smith provided the financing for the Hull House Music School and donated the school's organ as a memorial to her mother. She was active in several social betterment societies in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. Mary Rozet Smith was born on 23 December 1868 in Chicago, Illinois to Sarah (née Rozet) and Charles Mather Smith. She

neg: Hokum the United States and gave a command performance for King George V in England, struggled to raise his music to a public perception of distinction and merit, but was thwarted by marketing that distinguished author and music only by skin color. Cook wrote what he called "real Negro melodies" and what he envisioned as "opera." He sought to market the syncopated sounds emanating from black expressive culture, but his compositions would be sold as "coon songs" suitable for variety stages. Cook's music fits most comfortably in the genre now known as "ragtime," but at the turn of the [20th] century,

neg: Fort Wayne, Indiana on February 22, 1840. Pioneer newspaperman George W. Wood was elected the city's first mayor. Fort Wayne's "Summit City" nickname dates from this period, referring to the city's position at the highest elevation along the canal's route. As influential as the canal was to the city's earliest development, it quickly became obsolete after briefly competing with the city's first railroad, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, completed in 1854. At the turn of the 20th century, the city's population reached nearly 50,000, attributed to a large influx of German and Irish immigrants. Fort Wayne's "urban working class" thrived in

neg: Břasy the 19th century and the 20th century. In the territory of what is today Břasy, several distinct villages were located until the 19th century, most of them decisively rural. These original components that predated modern time Břasy were Stupno, Kříše, Vranovice, Vranov and Darová. Stupno (German: ""Stupno"") was mentioned for the first time in 1146. The village's name evolved from Stúpa, to Stupná and finally to Stupno. Stupno grew into major village and served as a population center of the agglomeration for most of the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century Stupno had population of 1,272. Vranov

neg: Peter Novick and doctoral degrees from Columbia University, in 1957 and 1965 respectively. "That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession" questions the origins and prevalence of the notion of objectivity in current and 20th century history. It focuses on developments in university history departments within the United States, though it traces the concept of objectivity in history's origins back to 19th century Germany and Leopold von Ranke. Peter Novick Peter Novick (July 26, 1934, Jersey City – February 17, 2012, Chicago) was an American historian, and Professor of History at the University of Chicago. He was best known

neg: Morton Pennypacker Morton Pennypacker Frank Knox Morton Pennypacker (1872–1956) was a collector of Long Island, New York historical material and author of several books on Long Island history, including "George Washington's Spies," the story of the Culper Ring. Born in Pennsylvania, Pennypacker moved to New York City a little after the turn of the 20th century before moving to Southampton, New York on Long Island. A writer and publicist by trade, he made a private hobby of collecting historical materials related to Long Island which eventually amounted to what is today called the Long Island Collection (formerly known as the Morton Pennypacker

neg: Chihuahua City martyr of the 1930s), dating from the 18th century, the Government Palace from the early 19th century, and the City Hall from the turn of the 20th century, on the Plaza de Armas across from the Cathedral. During the French invasion and the Second Empire, which ended with the execution of the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian in 1867, the constitutional president, Benito Juárez García traveled the country, searching for support wherever he could. He found it in 1864 when he settled his cabinet and government-in-exile here in the city at the address now known as Ave. Juárez 321, and incidentally, making

neg: Springfield, Ohio Kelly Springfield Tire Company was founded. At the turn of the 20th century, Springfield became known as the "Home City." Several lodges including the Masonic Lodge, Knights of Pythias and Odd Fellows built homes for orphans and aged members of their order. Springfield also became known as "The Champion City." a reference to the Champion Farm Equipment brand manufactured by the Warder, Bushnell & Glessner Company, which was later absorbed into International Harvester in 1902. International remains in Springfield as Navistar International, a producer of medium to large trucks. In 1902 A.B. Graham, then the superintendent of schools for Springfield

neg: Tram parents (often tram employees). These mobile nurseries either carried the children around the system or delivered them to the nursery school run by transport company. Specially appointed hearse trams, or funeral trolley cars, were used for funeral processions in many cities in the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly cities with large tram systems. The earliest known example in North America was Mexico City, which was already operating 26 funeral cars in 1886. In the United States, funeral cars were often given names. At the turn of the century, "almost every major city [in the US] had one or

neg: Washington Heights, Manhattan New Orleans merchant, built a home on land he bought in 1846 west of what is now Cabrini Boulevard and West 187th Street. It was known as the Chittenden estate by 1864. C. P. Bucking named his home Pinehurst on land near the Hudson, a title that survives as Pinehurst Avenue. The series of ridges overlooking the Hudson were sites of villas in the 19th century, including the extensive property of John James Audubon. At the turn of the 20th century the woods started being chopped down to make way for homes. The cliffs that are now Fort Tryon Park

neg: Sydney Kent House Sydney Kent House The Kent House, also known as Sydney Kent House or St. James Convent, is a Queen Anne style house located at 2944 South Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The house was designed in 1883 by Burnham & Root for Sidney A. Kent. From 1896 to 1906, it was the home of barbed-wire industrialist and robber baron John Warne Gates, better known as "Bet-a-Million" Gates for his gambling excesses. In the early 20th century, it served as the main building for what is today, National-Louis University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places

neg: North Chicago, Illinois "boot camp" for Navy enlisted personnel after the closure of facilities in Florida and California. A Veteran's Administration hospital went into service in 1926. This facility was also threatened with closure in recent years, but has been retained on condition of merger with the Naval Hospital. Historically, North Chicago was known for large populations of Eastern European immigrants. With the onset of the "Great Migration", large numbers of African Americans arrived in the city from states such as Arkansas and Alabama, and toward the end of the 20th century, became the best known demographic group. Housing was segregated in the

neg: San José de Mayo was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) on 12 July 1856 by the Act of Ley Nº 495. During the 19th century it became a commercial and cultural centre, known as "Montevideo chico" ("little Montevideo"). The theatre "Teatro Macció" was constructed at the turn of the 20th century. In 2011 San José de Mayo had a population of 36,743. Source: "Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay" Besides being the administrative capital of the department, the city is an active regional commercial and financial centre. Its economy is linked mainly to cattle ranching, and it is an agro-industrial centre for dairy products, packing

neg: Charlesbourg, Quebec City for inhabitants of Quebec City in the first half of the 20th century. It became urbanized in the second half of the 20th century and became a suburb of Quebec City. In 1976, the municipalities of Charlesbourg-Est, Notre-Dame-des-Laurentides, Orsainville and the city of Charlesbourg were merged into the city of Charlesbourg. In 2002, Charlesbourg was in turn merged with other municipalities in Quebec City to form a new, large city. Charlesbourg became one of the boroughs of Quebec City. The name Charlesbourg originates from a chapel built at Bourg-Royal, in honour of St Charles Borromée. The territory of the borough

neg: Czechs the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops; Germanization; and economic and political decline. It is estimated that the population of the Czech lands declined by a third. The 18th and 19th century is characterized by the Czech National Revival, focusing to revive Czech culture and national identity. Since the turn of the 20th century, Chicago is the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna. During World War I, Czechoslovak Legions fought in France, Italy and Russia against the Central Powers and in 1918 was proclaimed independent Czechoslovakia. Czechs formed the leading class

neg: Czech Republic almost 1% in 2007. About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic annually. Vietnamese immigrants began settling in the Czech Republic during the Communist period, when they were invited as guest workers by the Czechoslovak government. In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. Most decide to stay in the country permanently. At the turn of the 20th century, Chicago was the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna. According to the 2010 US census, there are 1,533,826 Americans of full or partial Czech descent. The Czech Republic has one of the least

neg: Bowen Island worked for whalers on the island at the turn of the 20th century. In a conversation with City of Vancouver archivist JA Matthews, Khatsahlano himself recalls deer hunting on Bowen, saying that at one time he took the biggest deer in British Columbia from the island, weighing in at 195 pounds. When Spanish explorers arrived on the west coast of Canada, they named many of the features of what is now the Strait of Georgia. Bowen Island was called Isla de Apodaca (after the Mexican town of Apodaca, in north-east Nuevo León province - itself named after a benevolent bishop,

neg: College football points in 1909 and touchdowns raised to six points in 1912. Star players that emerged in the early 20th century include Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, and Bronko Nagurski; these three made the transition to the fledgling NFL and helped turn it into a successful league. Sportswriter Grantland Rice helped popularize the sport with his poetic descriptions of games and colorful nicknames for the game's biggest players, including Notre Dame's "Four Horsemen" backfield and Fordham University's linemen, known as the "Seven Blocks of Granite". In 1907 at Champaign, Illinois Chicago and Illinois played in the first game to have a halftime

neg: Uptown, Chicago celebrated final resting spots, Graceland Cemetery. The Uptown neighborhood boundary once extended farther to the North, to Hollywood Avenue. Beginning at the turn of the 20th Century, just after the World's Columbian Exposition, the entire area had experienced a housing construction boom. In the mid-1920s, construction of large and luxurious entertainment venues resulted in many of the ornate and historic Uptown Square buildings which exist today. The craftsmanship and artistry of those Uptown Square buildings reflects the ornate pavilions of the Exposition. For over a century, Uptown has been a popular Chicago entertainment district, which played a significant role in

neg: Abbeville Opera House Abbeville Historic District. At the turn of the 20th century there were many "road companies" producing shows in New York City. Once the production was assembled, the show traveled throughout the country. One of the more popular tours went from New York to Richmond to Atlanta. For a number of years, Abbeville was an overnight stop for the entire touring company. Several members of the community decided that if this area had a facility, since the travelling companies were coming through the area anyway, Abbeville could sponsor some of these touring productions. On October 1, 1908, what was then the

neg: Paul Cornell (lawyer) cemetery. Paul Cornell (lawyer) Paul Cornell (August 5, 1822 – March 3, 1904) was an American lawyer and Chicago real estate speculator who founded the Hyde Park Township that included most of what are now known as the south and far southeast sides of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. He turned the south side Lake Michigan lakefront area, especially the Hyde Park community area and neighboring Kenwood and Woodlawn neighborhoods, into a resort community that had its heyday from the 1850s through the early 20th century. He was also an urban planner who paved the way for and

neg: Paul Cornell (lawyer) Paul Cornell (lawyer) Paul Cornell (August 5, 1822 – March 3, 1904) was an American lawyer and Chicago real estate speculator who founded the Hyde Park Township that included most of what are now known as the south and far southeast sides of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. He turned the south side Lake Michigan lakefront area, especially the Hyde Park community area and neighboring Kenwood and Woodlawn neighborhoods, into a resort community that had its heyday from the 1850s through the early 20th century. He was also an urban planner who paved the way for and preserved

neg: Sheboygan, Wisconsin transit throughout the city, as well as in Kohler and Sheboygan Falls. All routes depart from the Metro Center, more commonly known as the "Transfer Point" located in the downtown. Jefferson Lines and Indian Trails serve Sheboygan at the Metro Center, providing transportation to Milwaukee (and an Amtrak Thruway connection to the Milwaukee Intermodal Station) and Green Bay. Historically the city was connected to Milwaukee, Chicago and Green Bay via the Milwaukee Interurban Lines, the Chicago & North Western Railroad and the Milwaukee Road. These railroads' passenger services were abandoned during the mid-20th century but in 2008 the Wisconsin Department

neg: History of Wrigley Field and "would absolutely violate our 20-year contract, just as they violate the spirit of Wrigley’s long-standing landmark status." Owners of the rooftop clubs sued the city in August 2014, seeking to block the expansion. However, many of the association owners have sold their properties to the Ricketts family, paving the way for the completion of the bleacher project. History of Wrigley Field The history of Wrigley Field, the home of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball's National League, begins well before the Cubs played their first game in that venue. At the turn of the 20th century, the block

neg: Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century visible in the elaborate carvings representing several cultures above the main entrance to the Yale University Library. A Chicago television investigative journalism report in July 2015 found numerous examples of swastikas in the city's architecture. "A swastika is on the front of Chicago's most popular tourist attraction, Navy Pier, and seen at the one of Columbia College's South Loop buildings. It is embedded in marble floors at University of Chicago on the Lower West Side and an embellishment on a city monument to Jacques Marquette. The design is on what is now the Bridgeview Bank, and the former Continental Illinois

neg: Bellevue, Kentucky Historic District is the local historic district. At the turn of the 20th century, Bellevue, like Dayton, was known for its white sandy beaches. A resort called Queen City Beach opened in the summer of 1902 and extended from Washington Avenue to the Dayton city line. At its time it was considered one of the largest inland bathing resorts in the country. A 150 foot veranda hosted lockers, rowboats, skiffs, and sailboats for rental. The number of visitors to the beach decreased due to sewage and industrial dumping in the Ohio River. The beaches vanished after a series of dams

neg: Catherine Murphy (filmmaker) Catherine Murphy (filmmaker) Catherine Murphy is a U.S. filmmaker, activist and educator, best known for her documentary film MAESTRA about the 1961 Cuban Literacy Campaign. Her work principally focuses on social justice and literacy in the Americas. Murphy founded The Literacy Project in 2004 and Tres Musas Producciones in 2009. Murphy was raised on the campus of Stanford University, where her parents both studied. Growing up, she was influenced by her grandmother and great-aunt, both of whom had lived in Cuba at the turn of the 20th century. Murphy studied in Havana during the 1990s in what is known as

neg: Kreigh Collins Kreigh Collins Kreigh Collins (January 1875 – November 16, 1909) was an American tennis player from Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. He was ranked U.S. No. 5 in singles in 1899, 1900, 1903 and 1904. In 1903, he reached the doubles final with L. Harry Waidner at the U.S. National Championships (now known as the U.S. Open) which they lost to the English brothers Reginald and Laurence Doherty in three close sets, 11–9, 12–10, 6–4. The following year, 1904, Collins again reached the doubles finals, this time partnered with Raymond Little and lost in five sets to

neg: The Christian Century proposed to rename it "Christian Century" in response to the great optimism of many Christians at the turn of the 20th century that "genuine Christian faith could live in mutual harmony with the modern developments in science, technology, immigration, communication and culture that were already under way." Around this same time, the "Century" offices moved to Chicago. The magazine did not receive widespread support in its denomination and was sold in a mortgage foreclosure in 1908. It was purchased by Charles Clayton Morrison, who soon labeled the magazine nondenominational. Morrison became a highly influential spokesperson for liberal Christianity, advocating higher

neg: Nettie Tobin center, where it remains today. She died March 30, 1944. Nettie Tobin Esther "Nettie" Tobin (1863–1944), known as Nettie, was a widow and mother of two who worked as a seamstress in Chicago around the turn of the 20th century and became a member of the Bahá'í Community there. Tobin, who wished to contribute to the "Bahá'í Temple Unity", a precursor for the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States, for the construction of the future Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois was not able to contribute monetarily. Inspired by a letter that suggested even a

neg: Nettie Tobin Nettie Tobin Esther "Nettie" Tobin (1863–1944), known as Nettie, was a widow and mother of two who worked as a seamstress in Chicago around the turn of the 20th century and became a member of the Bahá'í Community there. Tobin, who wished to contribute to the "Bahá'í Temple Unity", a precursor for the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States, for the construction of the future Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois was not able to contribute monetarily. Inspired by a letter that suggested even a "stone" to be a value, she went to a construction

neg: Jean Dardel Canon Ulysse Robert, who came across the manuscript in the Library of Dole in France, and it was published at the turn of the 20th century by the Institut des belles lettres of France in the second volume of the "Recueil des Historiens des Croisades". Jean Dardel Jean Dardel was a Friar Minor of the French province of the Franciscan order, chronicler of Armenia in the fourteenth century, and adviser and confessor to King Leo V (or VI) of Armenia. Nothing is known regarding him except what he himself tells us in his "Chronique d'Arménie", a work unknown until the

neg: Walter Trohan Walter Trohan Walter Trohan (July 4, 1903 – October 28, 2003) was a 20th-century American journalist, known as a long-time "Chicago Tribune" reporter (1939–1971) and its bureau chief in Washington, D.C. (1949–1968). Walter J. Tronan was born on July 4, 1903, in Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania. In 1920, he family moved to the South Side of Chicago, where his father was a wholesale grocer. He attended Bowen High School, reported for a bit at the "Daily Calumet", and in 1926 graduated from the University of Notre Dame.> After college, Troman went to New York City to work but "didn't like it"

neg: Mareeg Mareeg Mareeg (also known as Mareeg, Mareg, Meregh and Märēg) is a locality in central Somalia. It sits at a latitude of 3.7666667° and a longitude of 47.3°. The town was founded in the 13th century, during the period marked by the local ascendancy of the Ajuran Empire. It later came under the Hiraab Sultanate after the collapse of the powerful Ajuran Empire in the late 17th century. At the turn of the 20th century, Warsheikh was incorporated into Italian Somaliland protectorate. After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official Mareeg District. According to the

neg: I'll Tell Me Ma I'll Tell Me Ma "I'll Tell Me Ma" (also called "The Wind") is a well-known children's song. It was collected in various parts of England in the 19th century and again appears in collections from shortly after the turn of the 20th century. In Ireland the chorus usually refers to Belfast city and is known colloquially as "The Belle of Belfast City", although it is also adapted to other Irish cities, such as Dublin. English versions refer to the "Golden City" or "London City". This song is Roud Folk Song Index number 2649. The song accompanies a children's game. A

neg: Lim Hak Tai Liu Kang to seek inspiration from their Balinese excursion in 1952, developing what is known today as the Nanyang School of Painting. Lim was conferred with the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Meritorious Award) for his outstanding achievements for the Academy, and the society on 3 June 1962. He was the first artist to be conferred the award by the Singapore Government. Lim died on 14 February 1963 due to lung cancer. Lim Hak Tai Lim Hak Tai () was one of Singapore's pioneer artist at the turn of the 20th century, and was the person who inspired the Nanyang School of

neg: Nancy, France known for its World Heritage buildings at the Place Stanislas, which was opened April 2005 by Jacques Chirac after refurbishment. At the turn of the 20th century, Nancy was a major center of the Art Nouveau with the École de Nancy. The city possesses a unique and interesting Musée de l'École de Nancy (School of Nancy Museum) with artworks by Émile Gallé, Louis Majorelle, Daum, Caravaggio, and others. Nancy also has other museums: The city is also the seat of the Diocese of Nancy and the home of the Opéra national de Lorraine. There is a network of libraries, the

neg: Central Avenue (Hudson Palisades) food shops are mostly located in three and four story buildings, many built in the late 19th and early 20th century. It again becomes more residential as it approaches the city line in Washington Park. The trajectory of the avenue is adjusted by a short "dog-leg turn" to the west along Paterson Plank Road and resumes in what was formerly West Hoboken and is now a section of Union City. It is a broad residential street of multiple family houses and low and mid-rise apartment buildings. At 18th Street, the avenue is once again "interrupted", this time at the grounds

neg: Mongpu State Mongpu State Mongpu or Möngpu (also known as Mong Pu or Möng Pu) was a small state of the Shan States in what is today Burma. Mongpu was a small dependency of Kengtung State that had been a tract of land claimed by Mongnai State but annexed by Kengtung along with Monghsat further to the south. The capital and residence of the ruler was Mong Pu (Möng Pu) town. Little is known about this state except that its forests, which included valuable teak, had been overexploited at the turn of the 20th century during British Rule in Burma. Loi San

neg: White City (Chicago) Law. Eventually, the White City rink (which was named White because of the million electric light bulbs being so bright it could be seen for 15 miles) was desegregated and changed its name to Park City. However, the Park City rink closed in 1958. Today, White City Amusement Park, which was once considered the equal of other turn of the century parks like Coney Island, is all but forgotten; but in its heyday, it was known as "the city of a million electric lights", because its tower was an amazing sight that could be seen for 15 miles. White City

neg: Demographics of Chicago of the 20th century, Chicago was the third-largest Czech city in the world, after Prague and Vienna. There are approximately 14,000 Ukrainians living within the Chicago city limits. There is a large African American population located mostly on Chicago’s South Side and West Side. The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest African American population, behind only New York City and Atlanta. Chicago has a small community of Swedish Americans. Swedish Americans make up 0.9% of Chicago's population, and they number at 23,990. After the Great Chicago Fire, many Swedish carpenters helped to rebuild the city, which led to the

neg: Logan Square, Chicago Cook County, Illinois" authored by Weston Arthur Goodspeed and Daniel David Healy. Thwarted by circumstances as well as the decline of Homer Pennock's fortune, this district declined to the point that the Chicago Tribune wrote about the neighborhood in an article titled "A Deserted Village in Chicago" in 1903. The original name of the Healy Metra Station was originally named after this now lost settlement. While Homer Pennock's industrial suburb failed, Chicago's rapid expansion transformed the area's farms into clusters of factories and homes. At the turn of the 20th century as settlement was booming, Belmont Gardens and Avondale were

neg: Siam Nakhon Province slowly in decline and there was in-fighting between the Khmers for the Angkorian throne. Eventually Angkor Thom was sacked and abandoned until the nineteenth century. Following the Franco-Thai Treaty of 1867, Siem Reap and Battambang provinces were ceded to Thailand in return for Thailand renouncing suzerainty over the rest of Cambodia. Siem Reap city was under total Siamese control. The Siamese then called this province Siam Nakhon, (later known as Siemmarat), meaning "Siamese town." At the beginning of the 20th century the province (along with Battambang) was in turn ceded back to Cambodia (now part of French Indochina) in the

neg: Yolngu at settlement ground to a halt. Early into the turn of the 20th century, Yolgnu oral history relates, punitive expeditions were launched into their territories. The first mission to Yolngu country was set up at Milingimbi Island in 1922. The island is the traditional home of the Yan-nhaŋu. Beginning in 1932, over two years, three incidents of killing outsiders caused problems for the Yolgnu. In 1932 some Japanese trepangers were speared by Yolŋu men, in what became known as the Caledon Bay crisis, after their mothers had been allegedly raped by the Japanese. Two whites, Fagan and Traynor, were killed