query: who led the challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876

pos: Challenger expedition Challenger expedition The "Challenger" expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was named after the mother vessel, HMS "Challenger". Prompted by Charles Wyville Thomson—of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School—the Royal Society of London obtained the use of "Challenger" from the Royal Navy and in 1872 modified the ship for scientific tasks, equipping her with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. The expedition, led by Captain George Nares, sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 21 December 1872. Other naval officers included Commander John Maclear. Under the

pos: Challenger expedition Shuttle "Challenger". Challenger expedition The "Challenger" expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was named after the mother vessel, HMS "Challenger". Prompted by Charles Wyville Thomson—of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School—the Royal Society of London obtained the use of "Challenger" from the Royal Navy and in 1872 modified the ship for scientific tasks, equipping her with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. The expedition, led by Captain George Nares, sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 21 December 1872. Other naval officers included Commander John Maclear.

neg: Space Shuttle Challenger in 2003. The accident led to a two-and-a-half-year grounding of the shuttle fleet; flights resumed in 1988, with STS-26 flown by "Discovery". "Challenger" was replaced by "Endeavour", which was built from structural spares ordered by NASA in the construction contracts for "Discovery" and "Atlantis". "Challenger" was named after HMS "Challenger", a British corvette that was the command ship for the "Challenger" Expedition, a pioneering global marine research expedition undertaken from 1872 through 1876. The Apollo 17 lunar module, which landed on the Moon in 1972, also was named "Challenger". Because of the low production volume of orbiters, the Space Shuttle

neg: John Maclear John Maclear John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear (27 June 1838 in Cape Town – 17 July 1907 in Niagara) was an admiral in the Royal Navy, known for his leadership in hydrography. He is best known for being Commander of HMS Challenger (1858) during the "Challenger" Expedition (1872–1876) under its commission captain, Sir George Nares, for the voyage of scientific discovery in which the ship went round the world. This expedition led to the science of oceanography, after which various ocean features are named, including the Challenger Plateau near New Zealand. During this expedition the Maclear's Rat on Christmas Island

neg: John Maclear Australia is named after him, as is Mount Maclear (Latitude -20.317, Longitude 148.783)) near Proserpine, Queensland, Australia. The Maclear's rat is also named after him. John Maclear John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear (27 June 1838 in Cape Town – 17 July 1907 in Niagara) was an admiral in the Royal Navy, known for his leadership in hydrography. He is best known for being Commander of HMS Challenger (1858) during the "Challenger" Expedition (1872–1876) under its commission captain, Sir George Nares, for the voyage of scientific discovery in which the ship went round the world. This expedition led to the science

neg: History of marine biology the theory that the overall growth of corals is a balance between the growth of corals upward and the sinking of the sea floor. He then came up with the idea that wherever coral atolls would be found, the central island where the coral had started to grow would be gradually subsiding Another influential expedition was the voyage of HMS "Challenger" from 1872 to 1876, organized and later led by Charles Wyville Thomson. It was the first expedition purely devoted to marine science. The expedition collected and analyzed thousands of marine specimens, laying the foundation for present knowledge about life

neg: Challenger Society for Marine Science Challenger Society for Marine Science The Challenger Society for Marine Science (or Challenger Society) is a learned society established in 1903 in the United Kingdom around the interdisciplinary subject of marine science. The central objectives of the Challenger Society are: The Challenger Society was founded in 1903 by two British scientists, the zoologist George Herbert Fowler and the physician Richard Norris Wolfenden. The Society was named in honour of , which undertook the first global marine research survey, the "Challenger" expedition, between 1872 and 1876. When it was founded, the Society had 25 members who met four times annually in

neg: Biological oceanography on the ecosystem of the ocean with an emphasis on plankton: their diversity (morphology, nutritional sources, motility, and metabolism); their productivity and how that plays a role in the global carbon cycle; and their distribution (predation and life cycle). Biological oceanography also investigates the role of microbes in food webs, and how humans impact the ecosystems in the oceans. The Challenger Expedition was pivotal to biological oceanography and oceanography in general. The Challenger Expedition was headed by Charles Wyville Thomson in 1872-1876 The expedition also included two other naturalists, Henry N. Moseley and John Murray. Prior to the expedition, the

neg: Abyssal plain as an empty deep hot dry salt-floored sink. The landmark scientific expedition (December 1872 – May 1876) of the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS "Challenger" yielded a tremendous amount of bathymetric data, much of which has been confirmed by subsequent researchers. Bathymetric data obtained during the course of the Challenger expedition enabled scientists to draw maps, which provided a rough outline of certain major submarine terrain features, such as the edge of the continental shelves and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This discontinuous set of data points was obtained by the simple technique of taking soundings by lowering long lines from

neg: Pseudoliparis swirei theoretical maximum depth possible for fish. "Pseudoliparis swirei" is named for Herbert Swire, the First Navigating Sub-Lieutenant of the HMS "Challenger" and author of 'The Voyage of the "Challenger", a personal narrative of the historic circumnavigation of the globe in the years 1872-1876'. In 1876 the expedition found the Challenger Deep, habitat of the Mariana snailfish. A study of mature females showed that mature eggs of this fish species are unusually large, up to in diameter. In total, there were up to 23 mature eggs for each female (each larger than in diameter), which were alternated with immature, small eggs,

neg: Arthur Dendy daughters and one son. He was educated in zoology at Owens College, Manchester, gaining his M.Sc. in 1887 and his D.Sc. in 1891. He worked on part of the report of the Challenger expedition (1872–1876), describing monaxonid sponges. In 1888 he moved to the University of Melbourne as demonstrator and assistant lecturer. There he identified and described almost 2000 specimens of sponges from the sea near Port Phillip Heads. This work led to ten scientific papers on Australian sponges; he described 87 new species of sponge. Eventually Dendy became a leading authority on the sponge phylum, (Porifera), which he extensively

neg: Maclear's rat above the shorter fur. The base of the tail was dark with the distal half being scaly white. The rat is named after Captain John Maclear (1838–1907) of the British survey-ship HMS "Flying-fish" who collected the specimen from Christmas Island in 1886. It was described as a new species by Oldfield Thomas the next year although it was originally described under the genus "Mus". Maclear was earlier commander on HMS "Challenger" for the "Challenger" Expedition of 1872–1876 under its commission captain, Sir George Nares. Maclear's rat Maclear's rat ("Rattus macleari") was a large rat which lived on Christmas Island in

neg: Challenger Deep Fais Island (one of the outer islands of Yap), southwest, and Guam, to the northeast. It is located in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia, from its border with ocean territory associated with Guam. The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS "Challenger", whose expedition of 1872–1876 made the first recordings of its depth. According to the August 2011 version of the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, the location and depth of the Challenger Deep are and ±. A 2014 study by Gardner et al. concludes that with the best of 2010

neg: Inaccessible Island rail has remained free from introduced predators, allowing this species to flourish while many other flightless birds, particularly flightless rails, have gone extinct. The species is nevertheless considered vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), due to its single small population, which would be threatened by the accidental introduction of mammalian predators such as rats or cats. Although the Inaccessible Island rail may have been known to the Tristan Islanders who visited the island annually to hunt seals, the species first came to the attention of scientists during the "Challenger" expedition of 1872–1876. When the expedition visited the

neg: Edgar Albert Smith brought home by the "Challenger" Expedition (1873–1876) were the most noteworthy of this series, and appeared in 1885 and 1888 respectively. Mention must also be made of his reports on the collections of molluscs of during Southern Cross Expedition published 1902, from Sokotra 1903, from the Maldives and Laccadives 1902 and 1903, from the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1904 in 1907, and finally the Expedition in the Antarctic of 1910 in published in 1915. Smith became a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1872. He became a member of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland in

neg: Sea argued that no life could exist below around 600 metres (2000 feet). This was proven wrong by the British biologists W. B. Carpenter and C. Wyville Thomson, who in 1868 discovered life in deep water by dredging. Wyville Thompson became chief scientist on the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876, which effectively created the science of oceanography. On her journey round the globe, "HMS Challenger" discovered about 4,700 new marine species, and made 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations. In the southern Atlantic in 1898/1899, Carl Chun on the "Valdivia" brought

neg: Syllis ramosa Syllis ramosa Syllis ramosa is a species of polychaete worm in the family Syllidae. It is found in the deep sea where it lives within the tissues of a sponge. It was the first branching polychaete worm to be discovered, with each worm having a single head and multiple anuses. During the period 1872 to 1876, the Royal Navy's HMS "Challenger" was used in the "Challenger" expedition to survey and explore the world's oceans. One of the unknown animals dredged from the ocean depths near the Philippines was a species of sponge which was found to contain numerous branching worms

neg: William M'Intosh He then began working at Murray Royal Asylum near Perth, where he remained for three years before moving to the Murthly Asylum nearby in 1863. McIntosh worked as Medical Superintendent of Murthly for eighteen years, leaving in 1882 to take on a Professorship at St Andrews University, reflecting his strong interest and knowledge in Natural History. In this latter field he gained distinction as a renowned botanist and marine biologist, travelling on HMS Challenger during the Challenger expedition of 1872 to 1876.. He was professor of natural history at St Andrews University from 1882 to 1917, succeeded by D'Arcy Wentworth

neg: Kaikō ROV of sediment from the seabed. Plans are underway for a mission to the Challenger Deep. Kaikō ROV Another ROV, "Kaikō7000II", served as the replacement for "Kaikō" until 2007. At that time, JAMSTEC researchers began sea trials for the permanent replacement ROV, "ABISMO" (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile). "ABISMO" is currently one of only three ROVs rated to 11,000-meters (the other two being "Nereus", built and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and "Deepsea Challenger", piloted by director James Cameron). Bathymetric data obtained during the course of the expedition (December 1872 – May 1876) of the British Royal Navy

neg: Melanocetus murrayi Melanocetus murrayi Melanocetus murrayi, commonly known as Murray's abyssal anglerfish, is a deep sea anglerfish in the family Melanocetidae, found in tropical to temperate parts of the world's oceans at depths down to over . Its length is up to for females and up to for males. "Melanocetus murrayi" was first described by the German zoologist Albert Günther in 1887 from material dredged up from the deep on the Challenger expedition of 1872 to 1876, the first scientific attempt to research the ocean depths; it was named in honour of Sir John Murray, a British biologist who took part in

neg: Alfred Henry Garrod in the Natural Sciences Tripos and obtained a college fellowship – the first in his subject – in 1873. From 1874 to 1879, Garrod taught comparative anatomy at King's College London. In 1875, he was nominated as the Fullerian Professor of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy at the Royal Institution, a position he held until 1878. Shortly after he was aggregated as a fellow to the Royal Society in 1876. Garrod's main scientific interests were bird and ruminant anatomy. He also was a contributor to the description of the specimens obtained from the Challenger expedition (1872-1876). In 1881, William Alexander Forbes

neg: In the Abyss return from his second adventure. In the Abyss "In the Abyss" is a short story by English writer H. G. Wells, first published in 1896 in "Pearson's Magazine". It was included in "The Plattner Story and Others", a collection of short stories by Wells first published in 1897. The story describes a journey to the ocean bed in a specially-designed metal sphere; the explorer within discovers a civilization of human-like creatures. The Challenger expedition, arranged by the Royal Society, was the first systematic deep-sea exploration. From 1872 to 1876, HMS "Challenger" surveyed and explored around the world; the physical and

neg: Deep-sea exploration first time, is expected to have filmed and sampled the bottom.<ref name="NYT-03/08/2012"></ref> Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury to aid installation of the first trans-continent telegraph cables in 1858, and a few examples of deep marine creatures. From 1872 to 1876, a landmark ocean study was carried out by British scientists aboard HMS "Challenger", a sailing vessel that was redesigned into a laboratory ship. The "Challenger" expedition covered , and shipboard scientists collected hundreds of samples, hydrographic measurements, and specimens of marine life. They are also credited with providing the first real view of major seafloor features such as the deep ocean

neg: In the Abyss In the Abyss "In the Abyss" is a short story by English writer H. G. Wells, first published in 1896 in "Pearson's Magazine". It was included in "The Plattner Story and Others", a collection of short stories by Wells first published in 1897. The story describes a journey to the ocean bed in a specially-designed metal sphere; the explorer within discovers a civilization of human-like creatures. The Challenger expedition, arranged by the Royal Society, was the first systematic deep-sea exploration. From 1872 to 1876, HMS "Challenger" surveyed and explored around the world; the physical and chemical qualities of the deep

neg: Oceanography Navy's efforts to chart all of the world's coastlines in the mid-19th century reinforced the vague idea that most of the ocean was very deep, although little more was known. As exploration ignited both popular and scientific interest in the polar regions and Africa, so too did the mysteries of the unexplored oceans. The seminal event in the founding of the modern science of oceanography was the 1872–1876 "Challenger" expedition. As the first true oceanographic cruise, this expedition laid the groundwork for an entire academic and research discipline. In response to a recommendation from the Royal Society, the British Government

neg: Sea to further map the ocean. Scientific study has continued with the depth recordings of the "Tuscarora", the oceanic research of the Challenger voyages (1872–1876), the work of the Scandinavian seamen Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen, the Michael Sars expedition in 1910, the German Meteor expedition of 1925, the Antarctic survey work of "Discovery II" in 1932, and others since. Furthermore, in 1921, the International Hydrographic Organization was set up, and it constitutes the authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting. Scientific oceanography began with the voyages of Captain James Cook from 1768 to 1779, describing the Pacific with unprecedented precision

neg: Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing miracles and prophecy. They included "Essays on Darwinism" (1871), "Faith in Fetters" (1919) and "Plain Speaking" (1926). His outspoken stance resulted in his being banned from preaching, and he was never offered a parish by the church. Most of Stebbing's scientific works, comprising more than 110 papers, covered amphipod crustaceans. Rev. A. M. Norman, a member of the Challenger Committee, recommended that Stebbing produce a monograph on the amphipods collected on the 1872–1876 expedition by HMS "Challenger", which he did, reproducing the original description for every genus, and providing an extensive bibliography of the group. He also produced a monograph

neg: Kaikō ROV Kaikō ROV Another ROV, "Kaikō7000II", served as the replacement for "Kaikō" until 2007. At that time, JAMSTEC researchers began sea trials for the permanent replacement ROV, "ABISMO" (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile). "ABISMO" is currently one of only three ROVs rated to 11,000-meters (the other two being "Nereus", built and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and "Deepsea Challenger", piloted by director James Cameron). Bathymetric data obtained during the course of the expedition (December 1872 – May 1876) of the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS "Challenger" enabled scientists to draw maps, which provided a rough outline of

neg: Collodaria In 1881, "Collodaria" was defined by Haeckel in 1881 as “Spumellaria without latticed shell.” The story behind this order involved the historic voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger". As recorded in the manuscript of “Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876,” the HMS "Challenger" embarked from Portsmouth, England in December 1872. Onboard this military vessel that had auxiliary steam power were physicists, chemists and biologists led by Captain Wyville Thomson, collaborating in an interdisciplinary venture to discover the diversity of life. With guns removed from the ships and replaced with long sampling rope, wire,

neg: Epibenthic sled sled was designed by Dr. Robert Hessler of Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Howard Sanders and George R. Hampson of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the 1960s. In the 1800s the deep sea floor was perceived to be lifeless. The HMS Challenger expedition (1872–1876) was one of the first to explore the depths of the ocean. The expedition produced evidence that there was life in the deep sea but it was thought that the diversity was very low compared to shallower waters. It was not until the 1960s that the richness of species in the deep sea was discovered. This was

neg: Henry Nottidge Moseley Henry Nottidge Moseley Henry Nottidge Moseley FRS (14 November 1844 – 10 November 1891) was a British naturalist who sailed on the global scientific expedition of HMS "Challenger" in 1872 through 1876. Moseley was born in Wandsworth, London, the son of Henry Moseley. He was educated at Harrow School, at Exeter College, Oxford (Arts) and at the University of London (medicine). He married Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys, daughter of the conchologist John Gwyn Jeffreys, in 1881, and they were the parents of the noted British physicist Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley. Moseley delivered the Royal Society Croonian Lecture in 1878 and was

neg: Philip Herbert Carpenter 1875, he was appointed assistant naturalist to H.M.S. "Valorous" accompanying Admiral Sir George Strong Nares's Arctic expedition to Disco Island, and spent the summer sounding and dredging in Davis Strait and the North Atlantic. After the 1872–1876 HMS Challenger expedition had returned, he was asked in January 1878 by Sir Wyville Thomson to describe the free-swimming Crinoids that had been collected. Dr. Carpenter was an expert on the morphology of the echinoderms, especially the crinoids, both contemporary and fossil. In 1883, he was awarded the Lyell Fund by the Geological Society of London in recognition of the scientific value of

neg: Sea of Japan and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented the cyclonal character of the sea currents. Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the American North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856) and British Challenger expedition (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s. American and French whaleships cruised

neg: Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov () (December 19, 1861 – April 27, 1924) was a Ukrainian geologist, stratigrapher, and palaeontologist. He was born in Odessa, then a part of Russia. He studied geology and zoology at the Novorossia University in Odessa. He then traveled across Russia and central Europe to collect fossil specimens. The Challenger expedition of 1872–1876 studied processes of the sea floor. In 1889 Andrusov published a review of this expedition in Gornyi zhurnal (Mining Journal). He would later perform studies of the geology and sediments of the Ponto-Caspian steppe. In 1890-91 he participated in a deep

neg: Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm began to lecture at the University of Munich. In 1872, he was on board the "Phønix" with the Danish Faeroer Expedition, and described the vertebrates and polychaetes of the Faroe Islands. The "Phønix" docked in Leith, and while in Edinburgh, Willemoes-Suhm met Charles Wyville Thomson, who would lead the "Challenger" expedition later that year. Willemoes-Suhm joined the "Challenger" expedition at the last minute, and worked on many of the crustaceans that voyage discovered. He died on September 13, 1875, during the journey from Hawaii to Tahiti, and was buried at sea after a short illness with erysipelas. The genus "Willemoesia"

neg: Metanephrops challengeri is a significant prey item for ling, as well as being an important fishery species for human consumption; trawlers catch around per year under the limitations of New Zealand's Quota Management System. The species was first collected by the "Challenger" expedition of 1872–1876, but only described as separate from related species by Heinrich Balss in 1914. Although originally classified in the genus "Nephrops", it was moved in 1972 to a new genus, "Metanephrops", along with most other species then classified in "Nephrops". "Metanephrops challengeri" is a slender lobster, typically long, but exceptionally up to , and weighing up to each.

neg: Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre vast and deep ocean waters, far from the influence of land, have historically been considered the oceanic equivalent of terrestrial deserts, with low standing stocks of biomass and low production rates. This perspective is derived from a dearth of comprehensive investigation of central gyre habitats. Over the past two decades these views have been challenged with a newfound understanding of the dynamics of the NPSG. During the early days of marine exploration, the HMS Challenger (1872-1876), on its leg from Yokohama to Honolulu, collected plant and animal specimens as well as numerous seawater samples. The goals of this expedition were

neg: Oneirophanta mutabilis Oneirophanta mutabilis Oneirophanta mutabilis is a species of sea cucumbers in the family Deimatidae. It is the type species of the genus "Oneirophanta". It is found on the seabed at abyssal depths. It was first described by the Swedish zoologist Hjalmar Théel in 1879, being one of the many deep sea animals discovered during the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876. The generic name is from Greek όνειρο (oneiro), 'dream', and φαίνομαι (phainomai), 'to appear', the thing that appears as in a dream. The specific name is Latin mutabilis, meaning changeable. This sea cucumber has an elongate body that can be up

neg: Howard Saunders He also published articles on the birds of Switzerland in 1891, and an account of "The Distribution of Birds in France" in 1893. He was the co-editor with P. L. Sclater for "The Ibis" in 1883–1886 and 1895–1900. Saunders was an expert on gulls and terns. Among other duties, he wrote about the gull specimens from the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876. Saunders served as secretary of the British Ornithologists' Union from 1901 to 1907, and first secretary and treasurer of the British Ornithologists' Club. He was also an active member of the Zoological, Linnean and Royal Geographical Societies. Two species

neg: Henry Nottidge Moseley elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879.He participated as naturalist in expeditions to Ceylon, to California, and to Oregon, and most notably he was in the "Challenger" expedition aboard of 1872 through 1876 which covered over of the world's oceans. Moseley began working at the University of London in 1879, and he was awarded the Linacre chair of human and comparative anatomy at Merton College, Oxford in 1881. In the same year, Moseley became involved in the negotiations for the donation of the Pitt-Rivers donation, which would form the Pitt Rivers Museum from 1884. Moseley, with Edward

neg: Deep sea until the late nineteenth century...humans believed there was no life in the deep. It took a historic expedition in the ship "Challenger" between 1872 and 1876 to prove Pliny wrong; its deep-sea dredges and trawls brought up living things from all depths that could be reached. Yet even in the twentieth century scientists continued to imagine that life at great depth was insubstantial, or somehow inconsequential. The eternal dark, the almost inconceivable pressure, and the extreme cold that exist below one thousand meters were, they thought, so forbidding as to have all but extinguished life. The reverse is in fact

neg: Edward J. Miers Edward J. Miers Edward John Miers FZS FLS (1851– 15 October 1930) was a British zoologist and curator of the crustacean collection at the Natural History Museum in London. He contributed to the scientific reports from the "Challenger" expedition of 1872–1876, and described 32 new genera and at least 260 new species and subspecies of decapod crustaceans, along with four genera and 72 new species in other orders. Miers was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1851 to the civil engineer Francis Charles Miers and his wife. His grandfather was the engineer and botanist John Miers, and his younger

neg: Edward J. Miers of taxa are named in Miers' honour: Taxa named by Miers include: Edward J. Miers Edward John Miers FZS FLS (1851– 15 October 1930) was a British zoologist and curator of the crustacean collection at the Natural History Museum in London. He contributed to the scientific reports from the "Challenger" expedition of 1872–1876, and described 32 new genera and at least 260 new species and subspecies of decapod crustaceans, along with four genera and 72 new species in other orders. Miers was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1851 to the civil engineer Francis Charles Miers and his wife.

neg: Dermechinus but direct observation is needed. Dermechinus Dermechinus is a genus of sea urchin in the family Echinidae found in deep water in the southern Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is monotypic, with Dermechinus horridus, sometimes called the cactus urchin, being the only species. The species was first described in 1879 as "Echinus horridus" by the American zoologist Alexander Agassiz, after being dredged from the deep seabed during the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876. In 1942, it was allocated to the newly erected genus "Dermechinus" by the Danish zoologist Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen, a specialist in sea urchins. An unusual-looking bright-orange

neg: Dermechinus Dermechinus Dermechinus is a genus of sea urchin in the family Echinidae found in deep water in the southern Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is monotypic, with Dermechinus horridus, sometimes called the cactus urchin, being the only species. The species was first described in 1879 as "Echinus horridus" by the American zoologist Alexander Agassiz, after being dredged from the deep seabed during the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876. In 1942, it was allocated to the newly erected genus "Dermechinus" by the Danish zoologist Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen, a specialist in sea urchins. An unusual-looking bright-orange sea urchin, "Dermechinus horridus" is

neg: John James Wild John James Wild John James Wild (born Jean Jacques Wild, 1824 – 3 June 1900) was a Swiss linguist, oceanographer and a natural history illustrator and lithographer, whose images were noted for their precision and clarity. He participated in the Challenger expedition of 1872–76. In 1881 he emigrated to Australia, where he contributed to Frederick McCoy's "Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria". Wild was born in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1824. Wild met his wife, Elizabeth Ellen Mullin, while teaching languages in Belfast, Ireland. Wild joined the 1872-76 Challenger expedition as official artist and secretary. This expedition, carried out by the

neg: John James Wild Wild. John James Wild John James Wild (born Jean Jacques Wild, 1824 – 3 June 1900) was a Swiss linguist, oceanographer and a natural history illustrator and lithographer, whose images were noted for their precision and clarity. He participated in the Challenger expedition of 1872–76. In 1881 he emigrated to Australia, where he contributed to Frederick McCoy's "Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria". Wild was born in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1824. Wild met his wife, Elizabeth Ellen Mullin, while teaching languages in Belfast, Ireland. Wild joined the 1872-76 Challenger expedition as official artist and secretary. This expedition, carried out by

neg: Challenger expedition ashore due to illness, and planned departures. "Challenger" reached Hong Kong in December 1874, at which point Nares and Aldrich left the ship to take part in the British Arctic Expedition. The new captain was Frank Tourle Thomson. The second-in-command, and the most senior officer present throughout the entire expedition, was Commander John Maclear. Willemoes-Suhm died and was buried at sea on the voyage to Tahiti. Lord Campbell and Balfour left the ship in Valparaiso, Chile, after being promoted. The first leg of the expedition took the ship from Portsmouth (December 1872) south to Lisbon (January 1873) and then on

neg: Challenger expedition due east towards Europe to touch land at Vigo in Spain towards the end of May. The final stage of the voyage took the ship and its crew north-eastward from Vigo, skirting the Bay of Biscay to make landfall in England. "Challenger" returned to Spithead, Hampshire, on 24 May 1876, having spent 713 days at sea out of the intervening 1,250. The complete set of reports of the "Challenger" expedition, published in 50 volumes between 1877 and 1895, are available online. The Royal Society stated that the voyage's scientific goals were: To investigate the physical conditions of the deep sea

neg: Glauconite is also influenced by the decaying process of organic matter degraded by bacteria in marine animal shells. Glauconite forms under reducing conditions in sediments and such deposits are commonly found in nearshore sands, open oceans and the Mediterranean Sea. Glauconite remains absent in fresh-water lakes, but is noted in shelf sediments of the western Black Sea. The wide distribution of these sandy deposits was first made known by naturalists on board the fifth HMS "Challenger", in the expedition of 1872–1876. Glauconite has long been used in Europe as a green pigment for artistic oil paint under the name green earth.

neg: Léopold de Folin Léopold de Folin Léopold de Folin (Alexandre Guillaume Léopold de, Marquis de Folin, 28 August 1817 – 5 July 1896) was an author, oceanographer, malacologist and early founder (1871) of the collections which were to become the "Musée de la mer" (sea museum) in Biarritz, France De Folin wrote on Caecidae for the reports published following the Challenger expedition of 1872-1876. With Henri Milne-Edwards's son Alphonse, de Folin carried out a survey of the Gulf of Gascony. He worked on board the "Travailleur" (a paddle-wheel aviso) in 1880, and on board the "Talisman" in 1883, for trips to the Canary

neg: Charles Spence Bate was an authority on the Crustacea, for which he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1861, and a frequent correspondent of Charles Darwin, mostly concerning their shared interest in barnacles. Together with John Obadiah Westwood, he wrote ""A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea"" in 1868. He wrote reports on the crustaceans collected during the HMS "Challenger" expedition of 1872–1876. He died on 29 July 1889, at The Rock, South Brent, Devon and was buried in Plymouth cemetery. On 17 June 1847, at Littlehempston church, near Totnes, he married Emily Amelia, daughter of John Hele and sister

neg: Peniagone vitrea Peniagone vitrea Peniagone vitrea is a species of deep-sea swimming sea cucumber in the family Elpidiidae. It is a detritivore and is found in the northern Pacific Ocean at abyssal depths. It was first described by the Swedish zoologist Hjalmar Théel in 1879, being one of the many deep sea animals discovered during the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876. "Peniagone vitrea" is one of a number of echinoderm species that show great variations in population density. Researchers in one study found that, over a sixteen-year period, two deep sea holothurians, "Elpidia minutissima" and "Peniagone vitrea", underwent a decline in density of

neg: Clarence Edmund Bennett Fort Rice, and participated in the Yellowstone Expedition of 1872 under Colonel David S. Stanley, from July to September 1872. Subsequently, he was in garrisons at Fort Rice, to October 1873, then at Fort Abercrombie, to August 1876, and at Post at Standing Rock Indian Agency, August 1876 to November 1876. He was a member of the prison board, December 16, 1876 to January 24, 1877 then on a leave of absence, to March 31, 1877. He returned to frontier duty at Post at Standing Rock Indian Agency from April 25 to December 1877, then was at Fort Snelling, Minnesota,

neg: Reinhold Wilhelm Buchholz Reinhold Wilhelm Buchholz Reinhold Wilhelm Buchholz (2 October 1837, Frankfurt an der Oder – 17 April 1876) was a German zoologist who made contributions in the fields of herpetology, carcinology and ichthyology. He studied medicine at the University of Königsberg, and in 1872 became an associate professor of zoology at the University of Greifswald. In 1876 he was appointed a full professor and director of the zoological museum at Greifswald, but died soon afterwards. In 1869–70 he participated as a scientist on the Second German North Polar Expedition, aboard the schooner "Hansa". From 1872, with Anton Reichenow, he was stationed

neg: Charles Wyville Thomson groups are present at this depth, and that deep-sea temperatures are not as constant as had been supposed, but vary considerably, and indicate oceanic circulation. These results were described in "The Depths of the Sea", which he published in 1873. The remarkable hydrographic and zoological results which Wyville Thomson had demonstrated, in addition to the growing demands of ocean telegraphy, soon led to the Royal Navy to grant use of for a global expedition. Wyville Thomson was selected as chief scientist, and the ship sailed on 23 December 1872. The Challenger Expedition was deemed a great success, and on his

neg: Space Shuttle Discovery search for a Northwest Passage. Other ships bearing the name have included of the 1875–1876 British Arctic Expedition to the North Pole and , which led the 1901–1904 "Discovery Expedition" to Antarctica. "Discovery" launched the Hubble Space Telescope and conducted the second and third Hubble service missions. It also launched the "Ulysses" probe and three TDRS satellites. Twice "Discovery" was chosen as the "Return To Flight" Orbiter, first in 1988 after the loss of "Challenger" in 1986, and then again for the twin "Return To Flight" missions in July 2005 and July 2006 after the "Columbia" disaster in 2003. Project

neg: Pelham Aldrich on the . Whilst on board the "Challenger", he took part in the 4-year-long "Challenger" expedition of 1872–76 – a scientific expedition that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. In 1875, he transferred to the sloop to take part in the British Arctic Expedition, which was sent by the British Admiralty to attempt to reach the North Pole via Smith Sound. Aldrich commanded the Western Sledge Party to Ellesmere Island, and what is often described as the most northerly point of North America is named Cape Aldrich in his honour. He became a commander on 3 November

neg: Valdivia Expedition Valdivia Expedition The Valdivia Expedition, or "Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition" (German Deep Sea Expedition), was a scientific expedition organised and funded by the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II and was named after the ship which was bought and outfitted for the expedition, the SS Valdivia. It was led by the marine biologist Carl Chun and the expedition ran from 1898-1899 with the purpose of exploring the depths of the oceans below 500 fathoms, which had not been explored by the earlier Challenger Expedition. The Challenger Expedition was the expedition that established modern Oceanography, prompting many other expeditions which were either nationally

neg: British Phosphate Commission was Sir John Murray, a British naturalist, during the 1872–76 "Challenger" expedition. His discovery led to annexation of the island by the British Crown on 6 June 1888. In 1900 the Pacific Islands Company Ltd commenced mining on Ocean Island, with 1550 tons shipped from September to December 1901 and 13,350 tons in the following year. John T. Arundel and Lord Stanmore, directors of PIC, were responsible for financing the new opportunities and negotiating with the German company that controlled the licences to mine in Nauru. In 1902 the interests of PIC were merged with Jaluit Gesellschaft of Hamburg, to

neg: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs in the late 19th Century, between supporters of Darwin's theory (such as the American geologist James Dwight Dana, who early in his career had seen coral reefs in Hawaii and Fiji during the 1838–42 United States Exploring Expedition), and those who supported a rival theory put forward by the Scottish oceanographer John Murray, who participated in the 1872–76 Challenger expedition. Murray's theory challenged Darwin's notion of subsidence, proposing instead that coral reefs formed when accumulating mounds of calcareous marine sediments reached the shallow depths that could support the growth of corals. Amongst Murray's supporters was the independently wealthy American scientist

neg: Challenger expedition Falkland Islands towards the end of January, calling at Port Stanley and then continuing northward, reaching Montevideo in Uruguay in mid-February 1876. The ship left Montevideo at the end of February, heading first due east and then due north, arriving at Ascension Island at the end of March 1876. The period from early to mid-April was spent sailing from Ascension Island to the Cape Verde Islands (visited almost three years ago on the outward journey). From here, the route taken in late April and early May 1876 was a westward loop to the north out into the mid-Atlantic, eventually turning

neg: Maritime history ended in an American victory, Aulick served as prize master of the prize. Thomas Macdonough was an early 19th-century American naval officer, most notably as commander of American naval forces on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of "Preble's Boys", a small group of naval officers who served during the First Barbary War, Macdonough's actions during the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain are often cited as a model of tactical preparation and execution. , built in 1858, undertook the first global marine research expedition called the "Challenger" expedition in 1872. To enable her to

neg: Lawrence Hargrave matriculation examination and in 1867 took an engineering apprenticeship with the Australasian Steam Navigation Company in Sydney. He later found the experience of great use in constructing his models. In 1872, as an engineer, he sailed on the "Maria" on a voyage to New Guinea but the ship was wrecked. In 1875, he again sailed as an engineer on William John Macleay's expedition to the Gulf of Papua. From October 1875 to January 1876 he was exploring the hinterland of Port Moresby under Octavius Stone, and in April 1876 went on another expedition under Luigi D'Albertis for over 400 miles

neg: Challenger Point resident Dennis Williams in 1986. The USGS Board of Geographic Names approved the application on April 9, 1987. Local climber Alan Silverstein organized and led an expedition on the weekend of July 18, 1987 to place a memorial plaque on the summit.The plaque reads: CHALLENGER POINT, 14080+' In Memory of the Crew of Shuttle Challenger Seven who died accepting the risk, expanding Mankind's horizons January 28, 1986 Ad Astra Per Aspera The Latin phrase "Ad Astra Per Aspera" translates as "To the stars through adversity." Challenger Point Challenger Point is a high mountain summit of the Crestones in the Sangre

neg: Mid-Atlantic Ridge elevation to extend above sea level. The section of the ridge that includes Iceland is known as the Reykjanes Ridge. The ridge has an average spreading rate of about per year. A ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was first inferred by Matthew Fontaine Maury in 1850. The existence of the ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS "Challenger" in 1872. A team of scientists on board, led by Charles Wyville Thomson, discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic while investigating the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed

neg: Charles Wyville Thomson Charles Wyville Thomson Sir Charles Wyville Thomson (5 March 1830 – 10 March 1882) was a Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist. He served as the chief scientist on the Challenger expedition; his work there revolutionised oceanography and led to his knighthood. Thomson was born at Bonsyde, in Linlithgow, West Lothian, on 5 March 1830, the son of Andrew Thomson, a surgeon in the service of the East India Company, and Sarah Ann Drummond Smith. He was baptised Wyville Thomas Charles Thomson, and only changed his name late in life, in 1876. He was educated under Charles Chalmers at Merchiston

neg: Pelham Aldrich 1876 and commanded the "Sylvia" and on surveying expeditions of China and the Mediterranean. As captain of "Fawn" he, along with the scientist Stephen Joseph Perry, observed the 1882 transit of Venus from an improvised tent observatory in Madagascar. He was promoted to captain on 29 June 1883, commanding the "Sylvia" and on further surveying expeditions of the Cape of Good Hope and Australia. In 1888 "Egeria" visited Christmas Island. On board was Charles Wyville Thomson (who had been chief scientist on the "Challenger" Expedition) who named a crinoid "Bathycrinus aldrichianus" after Aldrich. In 1978 a Christmas Island stamp was

neg: George Bird Grinnell with being part of the last great hunt of the Pawnee in 1872. He spent many years studying the natural history of the region. As a graduate student, he accompanied Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s 1874 Black Hills expedition as a naturalist. He declined a similar appointment to the ill-fated 1876 Little Big Horn expedition. (Punke, p. 109) In 1875, Colonel William Ludlow, who had been part of Custer's gold exploration effort, invited Grinnell to serve as naturalist and mineralogist on an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park. Grinnell prepared an attachment to the expedition's report, in

neg: Thomas Henry Tizard of observations on the surface and under-currents in the Straits of Gibraltar, which set at rest the vexed question of the movements of these waters. Towards the end of 1872 Tizard transferred to "HMS Challenger". The appointment opened to him the greatest opportunity of his life in bringing him into contact with the leaders of the science of oceanography. The "Challenger" expedition resulted in a vast increase of knowledge of the physical condition of the oceans and of the distribution of marine life, and in the progressive improvement of apparatus and methods of research. Tizard remained with the "Challenger" until

neg: Bathybius haeckelii 1869 and regarded them as analogous to mycelium. George Charles Wallich claimed that "Bathybius" was a product of chemical disintegration. In 1872 the Challenger expedition began; it spent three years studying the oceans. The expedition also took soundings at 361 ocean stations. They did not find any sign of "Bathybius", despite the claim that it was a nearly universal substance. In 1875 ship's chemist John Young Buchanan analyzed a substance that looked like "Bathybius" from an earlier collected sample. He noticed that it was a precipitate of calcium sulfate from the seawater that had reacted with the preservative liquid (alcohol).

neg: Alexander Agassiz today is known as the Inn at Castle Hill. In 1875, he surveyed Lake Titicaca, Peru, examined the copper mines of Peru and Chile, and made a collection of Peruvian antiquities for the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), of which he was first curator from 1874 to 1885 and then director until his death in 1910. He assisted Charles Wyville Thomson in the examination and classification of the collections of the 1872 "Challenger" Expedition, and wrote the "Review of the Echini" (2 vols., 1872–1874) in the reports. Between 1877 and 1880 he took part in the three dredging expeditions of

neg: Ice Challenger Expedition Ice Challenger Expedition The Ice Challenger Expedition was an expedition to the geographic South Pole. The expedition's six man team used a six-wheel drive vehicle to cover about 1,000 miles. Not to be confused with the "Ice Challenger" expedition to traverse the ice floes in the Bering Strait. In 2005 a team of six people took part in the Ice Challenger Expedition. Travelling in a specially designed six wheel drive vehicle, the team completed the journey from the Antarctic coast at Patriot Hills to the geographic South Pole in 69 hours. In doing so they easily beat the previous record

neg: Grigory Potanin years he wrote a book on the history of Siberia. In 1876, Potanin led an expedition into Mongolia. The expedition spent the winter of 1876-1877 in Kobdo, with bitter cold and few provisions. While there, the expedition collected various biological specimens and conducted ethnological research. The expedition split into two parts upon leaving the city in the middle of March, 1877. Some members went to Han-Chai, while Potanin and some others left for Hami and Uliastai. Potanin journeyed to northern China from 1884 to 1886 with Augustus Ivonovitch Skassi. His expedition departed Peking on May 13, 1884. The expedition travelled

neg: Andrew Regan of times he has reached the pole to three. In 2005, he led the Ice Challenger Expedition, a world record attempt for the fastest overland crossing to the South Pole. The six-man Ice Challenger team completed the 1,200 km route in 69 hours, breaking the previous world record of 24 days (576 hours). The expedition aimed to increase awareness of global warming. The entire team wanted to highlight the impact of climate change on the Antarctic, to the rest of the world. Regan returned to Antarctica in November 2010, leading the Moon Regan TransAntarctic Expedition. The 10-man expedition team completed

neg: History of Portsmouth the "Southern Daily Mail". On 21 December 1872 a major scientific expedition, the Challenger Expedition, was launched from Portsmouth. While an extensive number of subscription libraries were formed in Portsmouth in the early part of the 19th century Portsmouth was trailed many other cities in the provision of public libraries the first not being opened until 1884. The city in the form of Portsmouth Corporation Transport purchased the private horse-drawn tram lines in 1901. The Stanhope Road drill hall was opened by Lord Northbrook in March 1901. In 1904, the boundaries of Portsmouth were extended to finally include the whole

neg: Buchanan Point Buchanan Point Buchanan Point is a headland north-west of Cape Dundas and south-east of Mackintosh Cove, at the north-eastern end of Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. In 1903 the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under William Speirs Bruce applied the name "Cape Buchanan", after J.Y. Buchanan, a member of the Challenger Expedition of 1872–76, to the prominent cape north-westward, which had been named "Cape Valavielle" in 1838 by a French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville. At the same time, the French name (in English form but misspelled "Cape Vallavielle") was transferred to the point now described.

neg: Frederick Dent Grant 1872. In 1873, he was assigned to the staff of General Philip Sheridan and promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was on the Yellowstone Expedition and was with George Armstrong Custer during the Black Hills expedition. In 1874, Grant married Ida Marie Honoré (1854–1930), the daughter of Henry Hamilton Honoré, who made his fortune in Chicago real estate. They were married in Chicago and had two children: Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant (born 1876) and Ulysses S. Grant III (born 1881). (Note: Ulysses S. Grant IV was the son of Ulysses S. Grant, Jr.) His daughter Julia was born on June 6,

neg: John Wilson (Royal Navy officer) murders of island traders, Wilson led a punitive expedition on HMS "Wolverine" against natives in the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands. He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1881 at the conclusion of his term in Australia. Wilson's first marriage was to Mary Gore. He married again in 1871, this time to Georgina Emma Blackett. They had two children, Julia (b. 1872) and Alexander (b. 1876). Wilson died on 4 July 1885. The programmed launch on 11 July of the steam gunvessel was delayed to 27 July 1885 to allow his daughter, Julia, to conduct the ceremony.

neg: Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek War as a volunteer. Between 1868 and 1870 he travelled across Africa. From 1872 to 1874, he provided for the "S/X Admiral Tegetthoff" research vessel and elaborate preparations of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition, led by Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht from 1872 to 1874. He contributed with an amount that was significantly greater than the funds contributed by the second largest sponsor of the venture, Hungarian Count Ödon Zichy (1811–1894). Wilczek himself led a preliminary expedition to Barentsøya and the mouth of the Pechora River in order to store up depots, accompanied by the photographer Wilhelm J. Burger. In

neg: The Lost World (1992 film) on the expedition, but refuses to allow Challenger to be part of the expedition. With obvious reluctance, Challenger gives Summerlee a "map" to be opened at a road-end village in Africa at a particular date and time. The expedition departs. A newsboy associate of Malone named Jim stows away on the trip. The expedition arrives in Africa where they are joined by a female guide named Malu and a Portuguese called Gomez. Summerlee opens the map from Challenger, finding it blank, at which point Challenger appears from nowhere leaving Summerlee no option but to accept his guidance on the exhibition.

neg: Ice Challenger Expedition used the expedition to raise awareness about the global environmental importance of the Antarctic region and to show that bio-fuel can be a viable and environmentally friendly option. Ice Challenger Expedition The Ice Challenger Expedition was an expedition to the geographic South Pole. The expedition's six man team used a six-wheel drive vehicle to cover about 1,000 miles. Not to be confused with the "Ice Challenger" expedition to traverse the ice floes in the Bering Strait. In 2005 a team of six people took part in the Ice Challenger Expedition. Travelling in a specially designed six wheel drive vehicle, the

neg: Challenger expedition of Penas on 31 December 1875. Most of January 1876 was spent navigating around the southern tip of South America, surveying and touching at many of the bays and islands of the Patagonian archipelago, the Strait of Magellan, and Tierra del Fuego. Locations visited here include Hale Cove, Gray Harbour, Port Grappler, Tom Bay (all in the vicinity of Wellington Island), Puerta Bueno (near Hanover Island), Isthmus Bay (near the Queen Adelaide Archipelago), and Port Churruca (near Santa Ines Island). The final stops, before heading out into the Atlantic, were Port Famine, Sandy Point, and Elizabeth Island. "Challenger" reached the

neg: Challenger expedition first discovered of their kind, are still examined by scientists today. A large number of scientists worked on categorising the material brought back from the expedition including the palaeontologist Gabriel Warton Lee. George Albert Boulenger, herpetologist at the British Museum (Natural History), named a species of lizard, "Saproscincus challengeri", after HMS "Challenger". As the first true oceanographic cruise, the "Challenger" expedition laid the groundwork for an entire academic and research discipline. The name of "Challenger" was applied to such varied phenomena as the Challenger Society for Marine Science, the oceanographic and marine geological survey ship "Glomar Challenger", and the Space

neg: Christmas Island reach the summit of the island, but found the cliffs impassable. During the 1872–76 "Challenger" expedition to Indonesia, naturalist John Murray carried out extensive surveys. In 1886, Captain John Maclear of , having discovered an anchorage in a bay that he named "Flying Fish Cove", landed a party and made a small collection of the flora and fauna. In the next year, Pelham Aldrich, on board HMS "Egeria", visited the island for ten days, accompanied by J. J. Lister, who gathered a larger biological and mineralogical collection. Among the rocks then obtained and submitted to Murray for examination were many

neg: Henrik Mohn he was appointed as a professor at the Royal Frederick University. One of his more important works, "Om Vind og Veir. Meteorologiens Hovedresultater", was published in 1872 and translated into seven languages. His main work was "Études sur les mouvements de l'atmosphère", written between 1876 and 1880 together with mathematician Cato Maximilian Guldberg. In it, they used hydrodynamics and thermodynamics to describe and explain meteorological phenomena. Mohn had participated in the North Sea Expedition from 1876 to 1878. In addition to conducting research, he took up an interest he had pursued in his youth: amateur painting. A painting of the

neg: Wild Knoll 13.65 km northwest of Patmos Peak. US mapping in 1961 and 1988. Wild Knoll Wild Knoll (, ‘Mogila Wild’ \'vr&h u-'ayld\) is the peak rising to 2370 m in the central portion of Bastien Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. The feature has steep and partly ice-free west slopes, and surmounts upper Minnesota Glacier to the south-southwest. The peak is named after the Swiss natural history illustrator John James (Jean Jacques) Wild (1824-1900), a member of the British 1872-76 Challenger Expedition who took the first photographs in the Antarctic region in 1874. Wild Knoll is located at , which is 12.76

neg: Wild Knoll Wild Knoll Wild Knoll (, ‘Mogila Wild’ \'vr&h u-'ayld\) is the peak rising to 2370 m in the central portion of Bastien Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. The feature has steep and partly ice-free west slopes, and surmounts upper Minnesota Glacier to the south-southwest. The peak is named after the Swiss natural history illustrator John James (Jean Jacques) Wild (1824-1900), a member of the British 1872-76 Challenger Expedition who took the first photographs in the Antarctic region in 1874. Wild Knoll is located at , which is 12.76 km southwest of Mount Klayn, 12 km west-southwest of Mount Fisek and

neg: George Stewardson Brady and Henry, of the famous cocoa business which bore their name. Brady went to the University of Durham College of Medicine. He was awarded LSA and MD (1876) by St Andrews. He practised medicine in Gateshead (1857–1906) and was Professor of Natural History, Armstrong College, Newcastle (1875–1906). He wrote reports on the Ostracoda and Copepoda of the Challenger Expedition. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1882. George Stewardson Brady George Stewardson Brady (18 April 1832 – 25 December 1921) was a professor of natural history at the Hancock Museum in Newcastle-upon-Tyne who did important volumes on

neg: John James Wild Afloat and Ashore During the Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" from 1872 to 1876". 'Wild Islet' in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands is named after John James Wild. Wild emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1881. Having been turned down repeatedly by New Zealand in his quest for work, he managed to eke out a living in Melbourne by giving lectures in modern languages and literature at Trinity College, supplemented by acting as matriculation examiner in French and German, and moonlighting as secretary and artist. As he had with Frederick Schoenfeld and Arthur Bartholomew, Frederick McCoy quickly appreciated Wild's potential to contribute to his

neg: Tom Jeffords and stayed for over six months during which time their friendship grew while the negotiations failed. Cochise was unwilling to accept the Tularosa Valley as his reservation and home. In October 1872, Jeffords led General Oliver O. Howard to Cochise's Stronghold, believed to be China Meadow, in the Dragoon Mountains. Cochise demanded and got the Dragoon and Chiricahua Mountains as his reservation and Tom Jeffords as his agent. From 1872 to 1876, there was peace in southern Arizona. Then renegade Apaches killed Nicholas Rogers who had sold them whiskey and the cry went out to abolish the reservation and remove

neg: Carterina in the Rotaliida as the superfamily Carterinacea. (Loeblich and Tappan 1964) Carterina Carterina is a genus in the Foraminifera. It is the only known genus of the order Carterinida and family Carterinidae. (Loeblich & Tappan 1964) The type species is "Carterina spiculotesta" (Carter, 1877) Brady, 1884. The genus is described from specimens gathered during the Challenger expedition's circumnavigation of the Earth from 1872-1876. The test (or shell) of "Carterina" begins as a low, free, umbilicate trochospiral (concavo-convexly coiled with a central depression) in the early growth stage, becoming attached and spreading irregularly in later stages. Chambers become partially subdivided by

neg: Carterina Carterina Carterina is a genus in the Foraminifera. It is the only known genus of the order Carterinida and family Carterinidae. (Loeblich & Tappan 1964) The type species is "Carterina spiculotesta" (Carter, 1877) Brady, 1884. The genus is described from specimens gathered during the Challenger expedition's circumnavigation of the Earth from 1872-1876. The test (or shell) of "Carterina" begins as a low, free, umbilicate trochospiral (concavo-convexly coiled with a central depression) in the early growth stage, becoming attached and spreading irregularly in later stages. Chambers become partially subdivided by secondary septa, reaching as many a 15 per chamber in later

neg: Eduard Pechuël-Loesche enrolled at Leipzig University, studying natural history and geography, and gaining a Ph.D. in 1872. He accompanied Paul Güssfeldt on the Loango Expedition of 1873–76, playing a role in the founding of the Congo state and later writing a two-volume account of the expedition in 1882 and 1907, "Die Loango-Expedition, ausgesandt von der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung Aequatorial-Afrikas 1873–1876". Between 1884–85 he acted as Henry Morton Stanley's agent. Following a further period of study at Leipzig University, he was commissioned by Leopold II to make a second trip to the Congo in 1882, whereafter he was employed by a Rhenish

neg: Black Hills Expedition War of 1876–1877 between themselves and the United States. The entire expedition was photographed by William H. Illingworth, an English photographer who accompanied Custer after selection by the then-Captain William Ludlow. Ludlow, the engineer for the expedition, financed Illingworth's photography and paid him $30 per month to provide photographic plates for the US Army, of which he made 70 in all. Custer embarked on his expedition with 1000-1200 men, in 110 wagons with numerous horses and cattle of the 7th Cavalry, along with artillery and two months food supply. The expedition also took a number of Native American scouts led

neg: Robert Boog Watson Robert Boog Watson Rev Robert Boog Watson BA FRSE (26 September 1823 – 23 June 1910) was a Scottish malacologist and minister of the Free Church of Scotland best known as the author of the report on the Scaphopoda and Gastropoda collected during the H.M.S. "Challenger" expedition to survey the world's oceans from 1873 to 1876. Watson also described various Opisthobranchia from Madeira. He was born in Burntisland in Fife, the son of the Rev Charles Watson of Burntisland and Isabella Boog. His brother, Sir Patrick Heron Watson was an eminent surgeon and a pioneer of modern dentistry. He was

neg: Echinothurioida more fused test than more recent species and was better preserved. It bridges the gap between the echinothurioids and the diadematioids. The earliest crown group example was "Echinothuria," which came from the Upper Cretaceous of southern England. Living members of the group were found after the Challenger expedition of 1872–76 began to explore the deep sea. The World Echinoidea Database recognises these families and genera: "†" means an extinct taxon Echinothurioida The Echinothurioida are an order of sea urchins in the class Echinoidea. Echinothurioids are distinguished from other sea urchins by the combination of a flexible test and hollow spines.

neg: Micrometeorite from deep-sea sediments, sedimentary rocks and polar sediments; they are currently collected primarily from polar snow and ice. Because of their low concentrations on the Earth's surface, MMs are sought in environments that concentrate these materials relative to terrestrial particles. Melted micrometeorites (cosmic spherules) were first collected from deep-sea sediments during the 1873 to 1876 expedition of HMS "Challenger". In 1891, Murray and Renard found "two groups [of micrometeorites]: first, black magnetic spherules, with or without a metallic nucleus; second, brown-coloured spherules resembling chondr(ul)es, with a crystalline structure". In 1883, they suggested that these spherules were extraterrestrial because they were

neg: Portsmouth bylaw stated that any house within of a sewer had to be connected to it. By 1871 the population had risen to 100,000, although the national census at that time gave the population as 113,569. A working-class suburb was constructed in the 1870s when around 1,820 houses were built on land owned by a MrSomers. The suburb became Somerstown. Despite public health improvements, 514 people died in a smallpox epidemic in 1872. That year, on 21 December, the "Challenger" expedition was launched from Portsmouth, embarking on a circumnavigation of the globe for scientific research. At the turn of the 20th

neg: Cooktown, Queensland in 1819-20. He also collected numerous botanical specimens for the British Museum and Kew Gardens. In 1872, William Hann discovered gold in the Palmer River, southwest of Cooktown. His findings were reported to James Venture Mulligan who led an expedition to the Palmer River in 1873. Mulligan's expedition found quantities of alluvial gold and thus began the gold rush that was to bring prospectors to the Endeavour River from all over the world. The Queensland government responded quickly to Mulligan's reports, and soon a party was dispatched to advise whether the Endeavour River would be a suitable site for a