query: who discovered the first skull of a fossil ape on rusinga island

pos: Rusinga Island reclassified into "nyanzae", "major" and "heseloni" later. Mary Leakey discovered the first complete skull of Proconsul, then considered a "stem hominoid", in 1948. Excavation of the fossil was completed by Louis' native assistant, Heselon Mukiri (whence Walker's 1993 name heseloni). Many thousands of fossils are now known from five major sites, with abundant hominoids including an almost complete skeleton of a second species of "Proconsul", as well as "Nyanzapithecus", "Limnopithecus", "Dendropithecus" and "Micropithecus", all of which show arboreal rather than terrestrial adaptations. The first true monkeys do not appear until around 15 million years ago, so it is widely supposed

pos: Buvuma Island Rusinga is rich in fossils, and Mary Leakey found the skull of Proconsul africanus on the island. The Miocene floras of Rusinga and Mfwanganu islands are subject to a long-term study by paleobotanists. There was an archaeological prospection carried out by the Tervuren Museum, Belgium, in 1968 (published 1971), on Buvuma and Bugaia islands at Munyama Cave, Tonge Cave, and Nakisito, plus another 47 sites. Pottery materials from 13,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C. were found. Buvuma Island Buvuma Island (sometimes 'Uvuma', locally ) is the largest island in the Buvuma Islands chain, in Lake Victoria in Africa. The chain of

pos: Mary Leakey and Njoro River Cave. In October 1948, Mary discovered a "Proconsul africanus" skull on Rusinga Island. Mary Leakey also recorded and published the Kondoa Irangi Rock Paintings in central Tanzania. The Leakeys' most famous research, however, was at Olduvai Gorge in the Serengeti plains of northern Tanzania. The site yielded many stone tools, from Oldowan choppers to multi-purpose hand axes. The earliest tools they dug up were likely made by "Homo habilis" and can be dated to over two million years ago. On the morning of 17 July 1959, Louis felt ill at Olduvai and stayed at camp while Mary

pos: Proconsul africanus Victoria uncovered more species of Proconsul. Mary Leakey made an especially complete find of "Proconsul" there in 1948, which was for a number of decades labeled "africanus", but was reclassified as "heseloni" in 1993 by Alan Walker. In 1951 Leakey and Le Gros Clark placed Hopwood's "Xenopithecus koruensis" ("strange ape from Koru, Kenya") with africanus. In 1951 also T. Whitworth found more Proconsul on Rusinga, which he considered "africanus", but they were lumped with 1992 finds by Walker to form "heseloni". The 18-million-year-old fossil species has been considered a possible ancestor of both great and lesser apes, and of humans.

pos: Mary Leakey Mary Leakey Mary Douglas Leakey, FBA (née Nicol, 6 February 1913 – 9 December 1996) was a British paleoanthropologist who discovered the first fossilised "Proconsul" skull, an extinct ape which is now believed to be ancestral to humans. She also discovered the robust "Zinjanthropus" skull at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, eastern Africa. For much of her career she worked with her husband, Louis Leakey, at Olduvai Gorge, where they uncovered fossils of ancient hominines and the earliest hominins, as well as the stone tools produced by the latter group. Mary Leakey developed a system for classifying the stone tools found

neg: Proconsul nyanzae Proconsul nyanzae Proconsul nyanzae is a species of fossil primate first discovered by Louis Leakey on Rusinga Island in 1942, which he published in "Nature" in 1943.It is also known by the name Dryopithecus africanus. A joint publication of Wilfrid Le Gros Clark and Louis Leakey in 1951, "The Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa", first defines "Proconsul nyanzae". In 1965 Simons and Pilbeam replaced "Proconsul" with "Dryopithecus", using the same species names. In 1967, Louis defined "Kenyapithecus africanus" on seven fossils from Rusinga Island. He saw it as an ancestor of "wickeri" and also of man, with a date of

neg: Ekembo "Proconsul" and the canine teeth taper to a point while those of "Proconsul" are more "blade-like". "E. heseloni" is medium-sized while "E. nyanzae" is larger. Both "E. nyanzae" and "E. heseloni" are moderately sexually dimorphic. 3D models of fossil specimens are available at AfricanFossils.org. Ekembo Ekembo is an extinct primate genus found in 17- to 20-million-year-old sediments from the Miocene epoch. Specimens have been found at sites around the ancient Kisingiri volcano in Kenya on Rusinga Island and Mfangano Island in Lake Victoria. The name "Ekembo" is Suba for "ape" or "monkey". To account for substantial morphological variation in the

neg: Proconsul africanus Proconsul africanus Proconsul africanus is an ape which lived from about 23 to 14 million years ago during the Miocene epoch. It was a fruit eater and had a brain larger than a monkey, although probably not as large as a modern ape. It was named by paleontologist Arthur Hopwood in 1933 after chimpanzees all called Consul, which performed human like circus acts, such as riding a bicycle and playing the piano, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Other species of the genus Proconsul have since been discovered. The Leakey expedition of 1947–1948 to Rusinga Island in Lake

neg: Rusinga Island centuries due to erosion in its outlet. The fossil beds are layers of volcanic ash produced by a succession of explosive eruptions during the earliest stages of a volcano that eventually covered an area 75 miles in diameter. The volcano is now eroded down to the frozen magma in its vent that makes up the Kisingiri hills on the mainland opposite Rusinga, and the surrounding remnants of the cone: the semicircular Rangwa mountain range, and the islands of Rusinga and neighboring Mfangano Island. This rift valley volcano on the southern flank of the now-inactive Winam Gulf tapped much deeper in

neg: Rusinga Island perch that was introduced into the lake in 1954. Constant onshore winds cool the lakeward side of the island and provide clean beaches with ideal swimming and boating conditions, but poor roads between Rusinga and the nearest town, Homa Bay, inhibit trade and tourism. The brightly glittering black sands of the beaches are made of crystals of melanite garnet, barkevikite hornblende, and magnetite eroded from the uncompahgrite lava fragments in the agglomerates that overlie the fossil beds. The island is also notable as the family home and burial site of Tom Mboya, who before his assassination in 1969 was widely

neg: Kong: Skull Island Hank Marlow and Japanese pilot Gunpei Ikari, parachute onto an island in the South Pacific after a dogfight and engage in close combat, but the fight is interrupted by a giant ape. In 1973, U.S. government agent Bill Randa hires former British Special Air Service Captain James Conrad, a skilled tracker, to guide an expedition to map out a recently discovered island known as Skull Island. They are escorted by Lieutenant Colonel Preston Packard and his subordinates. The group is joined by anti-war photographer Mason Weaver, who believes that the expedition is a secret military operation, and intends to expose

neg: Uganda Museum to the major groups of music instruments: drums, percussion, wind and string instruments. The Uganda Museum carries out research across the country, with intensive research in the Karamoja region (Napak, Moroto and Kadam), Eastern Uganda at the foothills of Mount Elgon (Bukwo) and the whole of the western rift to Dellu, near Uganda’s border with Sudan. The Paleontological Research Unit has yielded fossils that relate to human evolution. For instance, "Uganda Pithecus" (fossil skull of a remote cousin of Hominidae) is fossil ape, aged between 19 and 20 million years, that was discovered in Napak. Paleoenvironmental research around heritage sites

neg: Louis Leakey scientific fold and made him a major figure in it. With the money that now poured in Louis undertook the famous expeditions of 1948 and beyond at Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, where Mary discovered the most complete Proconsul fossil up to that time. Charles Watson Boise donated money for a boat to be used for transport on Lake Victoria, "The Miocene Lady". Its skipper, Hassan Salimu, was later to deliver Jane Goodall to Gombe. Philip Leakey was born in 1949. In 1950, Louis was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University. While the Leakeys were at Lake Victoria, the

neg: Rusinga (Cultural) Festival in the Abasuba community. Rusinga (Cultural) Festival Rusinga Cultural Festival is an annual two-day celebration of the culture of the Abasuba people of Kenya. It is held on the last Thursday and Friday before Christmas on Rusinga Island. The festival was founded by Anne Eboso and administered through Chula Cultural Foundation. The cultural festival is the sole initiative preserving the culture of the Abasuba who are mainly found on the Rusinga Island and Mfangano Island on Lake Victoria on the Kenyan portion of the Lake. Abasuba culture is under pressure from the neighboring Luo community due to assimilation and intermarriage.

neg: Rusinga (Cultural) Festival Rusinga (Cultural) Festival Rusinga Cultural Festival is an annual two-day celebration of the culture of the Abasuba people of Kenya. It is held on the last Thursday and Friday before Christmas on Rusinga Island. The festival was founded by Anne Eboso and administered through Chula Cultural Foundation. The cultural festival is the sole initiative preserving the culture of the Abasuba who are mainly found on the Rusinga Island and Mfangano Island on Lake Victoria on the Kenyan portion of the Lake. Abasuba culture is under pressure from the neighboring Luo community due to assimilation and intermarriage. Suba language has been

neg: Brochuchus is the early ape "Proconsul". Although there is no direct evidence for what "Brochuchus "ate, it may have preyed on "Proconsul". If this is the case, "Brochuchus" may have been one of the earliest anthropoidophagous ("ape-eating") crocodilians. Brochuchus Brochuchus is an extinct genus of crocodile known from the Miocene Hiwegi Formation of Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, Kenya. It contains a single species, Brochuchus pigotti. "Brochuchus" belongs to the subfamily Crocodylinae, which includes all living crocodiles. The closest living relative of "Brochuchus" is "Osteolaemus", the dwarf crocodile. Compared to "Osteolaemus", which has a small body and blunt snout, "Brochuchus" has

neg: Rusinga Island pegged as Jomo Kenyatta's successor as President of the new nation of Kenya. Rusinga is widely known for its extraordinarily rich and important fossil beds of extinct Miocene mammals, dated to 18 million years. The island had been only cursorily explored until the Leakey expedition of 1947-1948 began systematic searches and excavations, which have continued sporadically since then. The end of 1948 saw the collection of about 15,000 fossils from the Miocene, including 64 primates called by Louis Leakey "Miocene apes." All the species of "Proconsul" were among the 64 and all were given the name "africanus", although many were

neg: Rusinga Island beds of Olduvai Gorge. Rusinga Island Rusinga Island, with an elongated shape approximately 10 miles (16 km) from end to end and 3 miles (5 km) at its widest point, lies in the eastern part of Lake Victoria at the mouth of the Winam Gulf. Part of Kenya, it is linked to Mbita Point on the mainland by a causeway. The local language is Luo, although the ancestors of the current inhabitants were Suba people who came in boats several hundred years ago from Uganda as refugees from a dynastic war. Many Rusinga place names betray Suba origins, including the

neg: Rusinga Island Rusinga Island Rusinga Island, with an elongated shape approximately 10 miles (16 km) from end to end and 3 miles (5 km) at its widest point, lies in the eastern part of Lake Victoria at the mouth of the Winam Gulf. Part of Kenya, it is linked to Mbita Point on the mainland by a causeway. The local language is Luo, although the ancestors of the current inhabitants were Suba people who came in boats several hundred years ago from Uganda as refugees from a dynastic war. Many Rusinga place names betray Suba origins, including the island's name itself and

neg: Rusingaceros Rusingaceros Rusingaceros or Dicerorhinus leakeyi is an extinct genus of rhinocerotine rhinoceros known from the Miocene of Rusinga Island, Kenya. "Rusingaceros" is known from the holotype KNM-RU 2821, an almost perfectly preserved skull and associated mandible and from the paratype KNM-RU 2822, a maxilla and associated mandible. Both specimen were collected in the early Miocene site (Burdigalian stage) of Rusinga located in Lake Victoria in Kenya, from the Kulu Formation, dating to about 17.5 million years ago. Additional specimens described by Hooijer in 1966 from the Songhor and Napak localities, as well as more recently reported occurrences, are highly fragmentary

neg: Talgai Skull Talgai Skull The Talgai Skull is a human fossil found on the Talgai Station, Queensland, Australia. It has been dated indirectly, based on the radiocarbon date of a carbonate nodule found in stratigraphic proximity, at 13,500 years old. The Talgai Skull was discovered in 1886 on Talgai Homestead, as the first fossil evidence of early human occupation in the area. It was found by fencing contractor, William Naish. It had been embedded in the wall of Dalrymple Creek, which had been scoured out by heavy rain. In 1896 the skull was sent to Sydney where it was examined by the

neg: White stork through analysis of both mitochondrial cytochrome "b" gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization. A "Ciconia" fossil representing the distal end of a right humerus has been recovered from Miocene beds of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. The 24–6 million year old fossil could have originated from either a white stork or a black stork ("C. nigra"), which are species of about the same size with very similar bone structures. The Middle Miocene beds of Maboko Island have yielded further remains. The white stork is a large bird. It has a length of , and a standing height of . The wingspan

neg: Transitional fossil between apes and humans, however, was fruitless until the young Dutch geologist Eugène Dubois found a skullcap, a molar and a femur on the banks of Solo River, Java in 1891. The find combined a low, ape-like skull roof with a brain estimated at around 1000 cc, midway between that of a chimpanzee and an adult human. The single molar was larger than any modern human tooth, but the femur was long and straight, with a knee angle showing that "Java Man" had walked upright. Given the name "Pithecanthropus erectus" ("erect ape-man"), it became the first in what is now

neg: Pithecometra principle as proof of human evolution having occurred in England. With the discovery of the Piltdown specimen, actual fossil specimens of the prehistoric australopithecine genus coming from Africa were being ignored. Raymond Dart, who obtained a fossil skull of an actual hominid showing human-ape affinities from South Africa was treated with disdain. Later in the 1950s, as the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis had thoroughly saturated the European scientific community, fewer people chose to ignore the significant Australopithecus fossils coming from Africa, and the Piltdown Man fossil was re-examined. Upon closer inspection, the cranium was judged to be of a modern human and the

neg: Ekembo Ekembo Ekembo is an extinct primate genus found in 17- to 20-million-year-old sediments from the Miocene epoch. Specimens have been found at sites around the ancient Kisingiri volcano in Kenya on Rusinga Island and Mfangano Island in Lake Victoria. The name "Ekembo" is Suba for "ape" or "monkey". To account for substantial morphological variation in the genus "Proconsul", two species, "P. nyanzae" and "P. heseloni", were placed in the new genus "Ekembo". "Ekembo" is distinguished from other early Miocene catarrhines on the basis of dental and mandibular morphology. The molars of "Ekembo" are more rounded or bunodont than those of

neg: Paleontology in Michigan elk was discovered in Berrien County in October, 1949. The 1950s saw paleontological attention return to Michigan's whale fossils. In 1953, Handley tentatively referred the rib discovered in Oscoda during the 1927 schoolhouse excavation to the genus "Balaena". He also reported the discovery of an Arkonan-aged rorqual rib of the genus "Balaenoptera". The fossil had been discovered upright in the sand during the excavation of a cellar in Genesee County. Handley also reported the discovery of another walrus fossil, a skull catalogued as UMMP 32453 found in a Mackinac Island gravel deposit. Handley also reported the discovery of sperm whale

neg: Francis Turville-Petre Israel, Mugharet el-Zuttiyeh (Robber's Cave) and Mugharet el-Emirah (Princes' Cave), both near the Sea of Galilee. It was in the Zuttiyeh cave that he discovered the partial frontal cranial remains of what was first thought to be a Neanderthal individual. The fossil was dubbed the "Galilee skull" and was eventually classified as "Homo heidelbergensis". Galilee Man was the first hominid fossil to be unearthed in Western Asia. The fossil is presently housed in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem, and a cast of the skull is on permanent display in the Israel Museum. Turville-Petre was later invited by Dorothy Garrod to

neg: Taung Child for this as well. Young sent some of the skulls back to Dart. When Dart examined the contents of the crate, he found a fossilized endocast of a skull showing the impression of a complex brain. He quickly searched through the rest of the fossils in the crates, and matched it to a fossilized skull of a juvenile primate, which had a shallow face and fairly small teeth. Only forty days after he first saw the fossil, Dart completed a paper that named the species of "Australopithecus africanus", the "southern ape from Africa", and described it as "an extinct race

neg: Rusinga (Cultural) Festival teams of seven people; six to paddle and one team leader who doubles as the helmsman. There is a separate category for women at the boat race. Sports in Suba community and at the festival pull large crowds. There are other smaller competitive sports at the festival including board games. Tours around the Suba islands of Lake Victoria – Rusinga Island, Takawiri Island and Mfangano Island are available to attendees of the Rusinga cultural Festival. The festival organizers often work with tours and travel companies to facilitate these tours. The festival has opened up the Western Kenya tourism circuit and

neg: Taung Child of the new fossil. Arthur Smith Woodward dismissed the Taung Child as having "little bearing" on the issue of "whether the direct ancestors of man are to be sought in Asia or Africa". The critiques became more fervent a few months later. Elliot Smith concluded that the Taung fossil was "essentially identical" to the skull of "the infant gorilla and chimpanzee". Infant apes appear more human like because of the "shape of their forehead and the lack of fully developed brow ridges". Addressing the claim that the fossil was "the missing link between ape and human", Arthur Keith stated in

neg: Endocast computerized tomography scanning technology to create digital endocasts in order to avoid risking damage to valuable specimens. Natural cranial endocasts are also known. The famous Taung Child, the first "Australopithecus" found, consists of a natural endocast connected to the facial portion of the skull. It was the shape of the brain that allowed Raymond Dart to conclude that the fossil was that of a human relative rather than an extinct ape. Mammal endocasts are particularly useful, as they resemble the fresh brain with the dura mater in place. Such "fossil brains" are known from several hundred different mammal species. More

neg: Gibraltar 2 found in the Devil's Tower Road area, at Forbes' Quarry, in the north face of the Rock of Gibraltar. This was the site of the 1848 discovery of the first Neanderthal skull by Lieutenant Edmund Flint (d. 12 January 1857) of the Royal Artillery. The fossil, an adult female skull, is referred to as Gibraltar 1 or the Gibraltar Skull "(pictured at left)". Neanderthals were unknown at the time that the fossil was found. Lieutenant Flint, secretary of the Gibraltar Scientific Society, presented his discovery to the organisation on 3 March 1848. Eight years later, in 1856, fossils were discovered

neg: Mladeč caves of the Early Stone Age, together with multiple objects evidencing their activities (stone instruments, fireplaces). The existence of the caves was known as early as 1826. The main cave, Mladeč Cave I, was first excavated by Josef Szombathy, who recorded his visits and excavations to the cave in his diary, a diary which is the sole source of information on the early excavations at the site. Szombathy first excavated the cave on June 7, 1881. The initial excavation ended on June 12. The first human fossil, the skull of "Mladeč 1", was discovered during this excavation. Other fossils discovered during

neg: Mojokerto child who had discovered Java Man in the 1890s and named it "Pithecanthropus erectus", wrote to von Koenigswald arguing that if the Mojokerto fossil were indeed human, then it could not be a "Pithecanthropus" (lit., an "ape-man"). Von Koenigswald thus renamed his fossil "Homo modjokertensis". It was eventually classified as "Homo erectus" just like "Java Man" and the numerous early human fossils that von Koenigswald and others found in Sangiran. In Indonesia, the fossil is known as "Pithecanthropus modjokertensis". The fossil's two catalog names "Mojokerto 1" and "Perning 1" come from the town of Mojokerto, which is about southwest of the

neg: Rusinga Island its central peak, Lunene. There was an extinct language of Uganda called Singa, alternatives Lusinga and Lisinga, spoken only on Rusinga Island (which, of course is in Kenya). It belonged to the same group of Niger–Congo as Suba. As of 2006, estimates of Rusinga's population range between 20,000 and 30,000. The entire island is part of the Homa Bay County. Most residents of Rusinga make their living from subsistence agriculture (maize and millet), as well as fishing. The native tilapia is still caught, though this species (like all others native to the lake) has been decimated by the voracious Nile

neg: Ape and at least one, the pig-tailed langur, is known to walk significant distances bipedally. The front of the ape skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone, and by post-orbital constriction. Although the hominoid fossil record is still incomplete and fragmentary, there is now enough evidence to provide an outline of the evolutionary history of humans. Previously, the divergence between humans and other living hominoids was thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, and several species of that time period, such as "Ramapithecus", were once thought to be hominins and possible ancestors of humans.

neg: Taung Child speed of a human, or of an ape. Compared to an ape, it would have been aged about 4 years, and compared to a human, it would have been aged around 5–7 years old. Comparison of the Taung Child fossil to the skull of a nine-year-old modern child suggest that "A. africanus" had a growth rate to adolescence more similar to that of modern apes, like chimpanzees (genus "Pan"), than to that of modern "Homo sapiens".. The creature stood tall and weighed between . It had a cranial capacity of 400–500 cc. In 2006, Lee Berger announced the Taung Child

neg: History of Indonesia same time period also uncovered fossils at Ngandong alongside more advanced tools, re-dated in 2011 to between 550,000 and 143,000 years old. In 1977 another "H. erectus" skull was discovered at Sambungmacan. The earliest evidence of artistic activity ever found, in the form of diagonal etchings made with a sharks tooth, was detected in 2014 on a 500,000-year-old fossil of a clam found in Java in the 1890s associated with "H. erectus". In 2003, on the island of Flores, fossils of a new small hominid dated between 74,000 and 13,000 years old and named "Flores Man" ("Homo floresiensis") were discovered

neg: Proconsulidae Proconsulidae Proconsulidae is an early family of primates that lived during the Miocene epoch in Kenya, and was restricted to Africa. The family is split into two subfamilies. Members of the family have a mixture of Old World monkey and ape characteristics, so the placement in the ape superfamily Hominoidea is tentative; some scientists place Proconsulidae outside of Hominoidea in a separately superfamily Proconsuloidea, before the split of the apes and Old World monkeys. The first specimen, a partial jaw discovered in 1909 by a gold prospector at Koru, near Kisumu in western Kenya, was also the oldest fossil hominoid

neg: Sally McBrearty Upper Paleolithic. McBrearty and her colleague Nina Jablonski are credited with the discovery of the first known chimpanzee fossils. McBrearty collected the first fossil, a molar tooth, during her surveys at Kapthurin in the East African Rift Valley in 2004, and immediately suspected that it belonged to an ape. Joblonski, a specialist in monkey fossils, then examined the tooth and positively identified it as chimpanzee. She also found a second example, an incisor, in the same collection. The following year McBrearty's team returned to Kapthurin and discovered a further two fossil chimpanzee teeth. They believe that all four teeth belonged

neg: Piltdown Man Arthur Keith, was called "Homo piltdownensis" in reflection of its more human appearance. The find was also considered legitimate by Otto Schoetensack who had discovered the Heidelberg fossils just a few years earlier; he described it as being the best evidence for an ape-like ancestor of modern humans. French Jesuit paleontologist and geologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin participated in the uncovering of the Piltdown skull with Woodward. Woodward's reconstruction included ape-like canine teeth, which was itself controversial. In August 1913, Woodward, Dawson and Teilhard de Chardin began a systematic search of the spoil heaps specifically to find the missing canines.

neg: Zambiasaurus Zambiasaurus Zambiasaurus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid that was discovered in Zambia, South Africa. It is a large Dicynodont that was reconstructed using several fossil fragments, majority being from juvenile Zambiasaurus subersus. "Zambiasaurus submersus" is a type of species in the genus of Zambiasaurus. It is a Stahleckeriid, the very first Stahleckeriid known outside South America and it is also the oldest known Stahleckeriid. The skull of "Zambiasaurus submersus" was reconstructed by using eighteen different juvenile fossil fragments and fragments of an adult Zambiasaurus. The immature skull had the dimensions of 23 cm long and 21 cm wide

neg: Brochuchus Brochuchus Brochuchus is an extinct genus of crocodile known from the Miocene Hiwegi Formation of Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, Kenya. It contains a single species, Brochuchus pigotti. "Brochuchus" belongs to the subfamily Crocodylinae, which includes all living crocodiles. The closest living relative of "Brochuchus" is "Osteolaemus", the dwarf crocodile. Compared to "Osteolaemus", which has a small body and blunt snout, "Brochuchus" has a more generalized crocodylid anatomy. "Brochuchus" is characterized by a flat and relatively narrow skull, and although it is larger than "Osteolaemus" it is smaller than most other crocodylids. It has two prominent bumps on the surface

neg: Deng Tao reported in 2009, and was claimed to be the oldest true cheetah species ever discovered. Deng was the first to note the unusual fossil description while proofreading the manuscript for publication of the discovery in the "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA". He immediately reported to "PNAS" that parts of the skull had been concocted from plaster, and that pieces of bones looked like being glued together to create a unique skull. However, his objection to publication was rejected as he had no direct examination of the fossil. After years of arguments in the scientific community, it was

neg: Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor and "Pan" and a potential candidate for the CHLCA species itself, or simply a Miocene ape with some convergent anatomical similarity to much later hominins. Few fossil specimens on the "chimpanzee-side" of the split have been found; the first fossil chimpanzee, dating between 545 and 284 kyr (thousand years, radiometric), was discovered in Kenya's East African Rift Valley (McBrearty, 2005). All extinct genera listed in the taxobox are ancestral to "Homo", or are offshoots of such. However, both "Orrorin" and "Sahelanthropus" existed around the time of the divergence, and so either one or both may be ancestral to both genera

neg: Yinlong named after the American vetebrate paleontologist William Randall Downs III, a frequent participant in paleontological expeditions to China who died the year before "Yinlong" was discovered. The known fossil material of "Yinlong" consists of many skeletons and skulls. The first specimen discovered was a single exceptionally well-preserved skeleton, complete with skull, of a nearly adult animal, found in 2004 in the Middle-Late Jurassic strata of the Shishugou Formation located in Xinjiang Province, China. "Yinlong" was discovered in an upper section of this formation which dates to the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic, or 161.2 to 155.7 million years ago.

neg: Samburupithecus Samburupithecus Samburupithecus is an extinct primate that lived in Kenya during the middle to late Miocene. The one species in this genus, Samburupithecus kiptalami, is known only from a maxilla fragment dated to discovered in 1982 and formally described by . The type specimen KNM-SH 8531 was discovered by the Joint Japan-Kenya Expedition at the SH22 fossil site in the Samburu District, a locality where several other researchers found no ape fossils. "Samburupithecus" lived during the so-called "African ape gap" , a period from which very few hominoid fossils have been found in Africa until relatively recently. This apparent gap,

neg: Dendropithecidae traits: Upon creating this designation, Harrison noted that many of the characters that unite the clade may be primitive for catarrhines, allowing for the possibility that the dendropithecoids are a paraphyletic group. Dendropithecidae The family Dendropithecidae is an extinct family of fossil catarrhines and the only known members of the Dendropithecoidea superfamily. They date from the Early Miocene, around 20 - 17 million years ago. Fossils of the two "Dendropithecus" species, "Dendropithecus macinnesi" and "Dendropithecus ugandensis", have been found in East Africa, including several partial skeletons of "Dendropithecus macinnesi" on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria. Other species are "Simiolus andrewsi",

neg: Proconsul (primate) arboreal quadrupedal positional repertoire. The primary feature linking "Proconsul" with extant apes is its lack of a tail; other "ape-like" features include its enhanced grasping capabilities, stabilized elbow joint and facial structure. "Proconsul" was definitely not suspensory like modern apes. The first specimen, a partial jaw discovered in 1909 by a gold prospector at Koru, near Kisumu in western Kenya, was also the oldest fossil hominoid known until recently, and the first fossil mammal ever found in sub-Saharan Africa. The name, Proconsul, was devised by Arthur Hopwood in 1933 and means "before Consul"; the name of a famous captive chimp

neg: Therizinosaurus tapering into a point, as well as extremely narrow and transversely flattened. The feeding habits of "Therizinosaurus" are unknown since no skull material has ever been found that could indicate their diet. However, like other therizinosaurs, they were probably primarily omnivorous. The first fossil remains of "Therizinosaurus" were discovered in 1948 by a joint Soviet-Mongolian fossil expedition, in the Nemegt Formation of southwestern Mongolia. The expedition unearthed several giant claws that measured, including presumed horn sheaths, up to a meter in length. These were named and described by the Russian paleontologist Evgeny Maleev in 1954, who thought they belonged to

neg: Dendropithecidae Dendropithecidae The family Dendropithecidae is an extinct family of fossil catarrhines and the only known members of the Dendropithecoidea superfamily. They date from the Early Miocene, around 20 - 17 million years ago. Fossils of the two "Dendropithecus" species, "Dendropithecus macinnesi" and "Dendropithecus ugandensis", have been found in East Africa, including several partial skeletons of "Dendropithecus macinnesi" on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria. Other species are "Simiolus andrewsi", "Simiolus cheptumoae", "Simiolus enjiessi", "Micropithecus clarki" and "Micropithecus leakeyorum". The taxa included in Dendropithecoidea (and by extension Dendropithecidae, as it is the only family currently placed in this superfamily) possess the following

neg: Psittacosaurus The first was named "P. neimongoliensis", after the Mandarin Chinese name for Inner Mongolia. It is based on a nearly complete fossil skeleton, including most of the skull, found in the Early Cretaceous Ejinhoro Formation with seven other individuals. Russell and Zhao also named "P. ordosensis" in 1996, after the Ordos prefecture of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The type specimen is a nearly complete skeleton, including part of the skull. However, only the skull, lower jaw, and foot have been described. Three other specimens were referred to this species but remain undescribed. Like "P. neimongoliensis", this species was discovered

neg: Hugh Falconer 1831 he was posted to the army station at Meerut, India, then in the North Western Provinces, and now in the state of Uttar Pradesh. In 1832, Falconer became Superintendent of the Saharanpur botanical garden, India, succeeding John Royle. Falconer remained at Saharanpur until 1842, during which time he became widely known for his study of fossil mammals in the Siwalik Hills. Falconer and his associates may have made the first discovery of a fossil ape, in the 1830s in the Neogene deposits in the Siwalik Hills. In the Tertiary strata of the Siwalik Hills in 1831 Falconer discovered bones

neg: Varanus amnhophilis part of the palate and skull roof, the right coronoid process and glenoid region of the lower jaw, a piece of the clavicle, and five vertebrae. These bones were found by American paleontologist Barnum Brown, who stored it in the mammal collections of the American Museum of Natural History. The specimen was not identified as a reptile until 2009. It was then that mammal paleontologist Nikos Solounias, who has worked extensively on Samos Island fossils, brought the fossil to the attention of Carl Mehling. Mehling removed the specimen from the fossil mammal collection and cataloged it as AMNH FR (fossil

neg: Paleontology in Colorado Florissant fossil beds were proposed as a potential federal preserve. Peter Robinson studied the Miocene fossil vertebrates of Middle Park during the mid 1960s. These fossils were discovered a short distance northwest of Denver. By 1964 he had discovered the skull of a relatively large camel. Another notable discovery during his research program was the seventh known microfauna site in the park. More recently, in 1982, the Jurassic plated dinosaur "Stegosaurus armatus" was designated the Colorado state fossil. "Stegosaurus" was also designated the Colorado state dinosaur that same year. Elaine Anderson was born in Salida on January 8, 1936. Anderson

neg: Rusinga Island the mantle than oceanic or subduction zone volcanos, and its lavas and explosive ash clouds thus contained much more carbonate and alkali than normal. This meant that even though the Miocene environment was a tropical rainforest, the chemistry of the successive ash beds was that of a desert dry lake, preserving everything from caterpillars and berries to apes and elephants in an unusual situation found only in a few other East African ex-volcanos, notably Menengai and Homa Mountain in western Kenya, Napak and Mount Elgon in Uganda, and the much younger Ol Doinyo Lengai in Tanzania, which created the fossil

neg: Martin Hinton Martin Hinton Martin Alister Campbell Hinton FRS (29 June 1883 – 3 October 1961) was a British zoologist. Hinton joined the staff of the Natural History Museum in 1910, working on mammals, in particular rodents. He became Deputy Keeper of Zoology in 1927 and Keeper in 1936, retiring in 1945. Hinton is among those associated with the Piltdown Man hoax, a composite of an altered human skull and ape jawbone planted, and subsequently 'discovered', at a dig in Piltdown, England, and presented as a missing link between man and ape. A trunk belonging to Hinton left in storage at the

neg: Field Museum of Natural History most complete and best-preserved "Tyrannosaurus rex" fossil yet discovered. Sue is 40 feet (12.3 meters) long, stands 12 feet (3.66 meters) high at the hips and is 67 million years old. The fossil was named after the person who discovered it, Sue Hendrickson, and is commonly referred to as female, though the fossil's actual sex is unknown. The original skull is not mounted to the body due to the difficulties in examining the specimen 13 feet off the ground, and for nominal aesthetic reasons (the replica does not require a steel support under the mandible). An examination of the bones

neg: Dali Man Dali Man The name Dali man () refers to the remains of a late "Homo erectus", or archaic Homo sapiens, who lived in the late-mid Pleistocene epoch. The remains comprise a complete fossilized skull, which was discovered by Liu Shuntang in 1978 in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, China. Dating the skull is a matter of debate. While uranium-series dating of ox teeth from the same site obtained a date of 260,000, it is unclear whether the hominid cranium and the ox teeth date from a similar era. The fossil is considered to be the most complete skull of that time

neg: Leyvachelys has been dated on the basis of ammonites to be Late Barremian to Early Aptian in age. The turtle is the earliest recorded sandownid turtle in the world and the first of this family discovered in South America. The fossil find consists of a fairly complete skull, a well-preserved lower jaw and postcrania with an almost complete carapace, three cervical vertebrae, right humerus and coracoid, both femora, tibiae, and pelvic girdle. The length of the skull is estimated at and the maximum size of the carapace has been reported as . The carapace of "L. cipadi" is the first complete

neg: Sirenia fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones. Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans, lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is "Prorastomus" which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped "Pezosiren", lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a

neg: Rusinga (Cultural) Festival additionally a street procession that is used to invite residents of the Rusinga Island to the festival grounds. The festival producer is a long-standing promoter of culture, education and literacy through book-reading. The Rusinga Festival utilizes a boat-library that also serves the purpose of providing a safe space for discussion of various sensitive issues affecting the Abasuba. The Rusinga Cultural Festival has performances of both traditional and contemporary music. Traditional music is in form of performances by cultural troupes and Abasuba traditional music groups. The traditional music is performed in Subanese language. The highlights of the cultural performances are at

neg: Michael Voorhies Michael Voorhies Michael Voorhies is a retired paleontologist and earth scientist whose career was affiliated with the University of Nebraska State Museum. He is best known for discovering the Ashfall Fossil Beds, a National Natural Landmark in Antelope County, Nebraska. Acreage within the site has been preserved as the Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park. Voorhies stated that he and his wife Jane Voorhies discovered the site on a hike in 1971 when they caught sight, by chance, of a fossilized animal skull eroding out of a Verdigre Creek farm slope carved by water erosion. The skull proved to be

neg: Bentonyx and the type species is "Bentonyx sidensis". The Cladogram below is based on work by Martin Ezcurra "et al". Bentonyx Bentonyx (meaning "Bentons' claw") is an extinct genus of rhynchosaur from the middle Triassic epoch of Devon in England. Its fossil, a well preserved skull, BRSUG 27200, was discovered in Otter Sandstone Formation (late Anisian age) and was first assigned to "Rhynchosaurus spenceri", that is known from 25 specimens. This species was reassigned to its own genus, "Fodonyx", that was first described by David W. E. Hone and Michael Benton in 2008. More recently, this skull was reassigned to this

neg: Giganotosaurus found the dentary to be identical to that of the holotype, though 8% larger at 62 cm (24 in). Though the rear part of it is incomplete, they proposed that the skull of the holotype specimen would have been long, and estimated the skull of the larger specimen to have been long, the longest skull of any theropod. In 1999, Calvo referred an incomplete tooth, (MUCPv-52), to "Giganotosaurus"; this specimen was discovered near Lake Ezequiel Ramos Mexia in 1987 by A. Delgado, and is therefore the first known fossil of the genus. Calvo further suggested that some theropod trackways and

neg: Kong: Skull Island it. Arriving at Skull Island, Packard's men begin dropping seismic explosives, developed by Randa's seismologist Houston Brooks, to map out the island and prove Brooks' Hollow Earth theory. However, the air unit is attacked by the same ape from 1944, scattering the survivors across the island. Packard regroups with some survivors, including Randa. After being confronted by Packard, Randa reveals his affiliation with the secret government organization Monarch, and its plan of using the expedition to prove the existence of monsters. Packard's group begins making their way to Major Jack Chapman, Packard's right-hand man, whose helicopter crash-landed elsewhere. Meanwhile, the

neg: Kromdraai fossil site Kromdraai fossil site Kromdraai is a fossil-bearing breccia filled cave located about east of the well known South African hominid-bearing site of Sterkfontein and about Northwest of the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is situated within the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and is itself a South African National Heritage Site. In 1938, the site was brought to the attention of Robert Broom by a local schoolboy named Gert Terrblanche who had discovered several hominin teeth. The teeth formed part of a skull that would become the holotype of "Paranthropus robustus". Broom began excavations at the site that

neg: Kromdraai fossil site not all the "Paranthropus robustus" fossils dating to between 1.8 and 1.6 Ma. Kromdraai fossil site Kromdraai is a fossil-bearing breccia filled cave located about east of the well known South African hominid-bearing site of Sterkfontein and about Northwest of the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is situated within the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and is itself a South African National Heritage Site. In 1938, the site was brought to the attention of Robert Broom by a local schoolboy named Gert Terrblanche who had discovered several hominin teeth. The teeth formed part of a skull that would

neg: Jack Driscoll to make a film. On the way, Driscoll falls in love with the actress, Ann Darrow, and when she is kidnapped by a giant ape on the island named Kong, Driscoll rescues her after helping to lead a search. Beyond these facts, even his characterization is quite different in the two films. Driscoll is a supporting character in "Kong: King of Skull Island", an "authorized" illustrated-novel that continues the Kong story in 1957. Driscoll is also a playable character in the video game "", along with Kong himself. In the 1933 film, Driscoll is a rugged sailor, the "Venture"s first

neg: Aquilops on its top with a bump on the front. In front of the tooth row the upper jaw rim is over its total length concave in side view. The skull opening, the antorbital fenestra, is twice as long as it is tall and has a pointed rear, below the eye socket. In 1997, paleontologist Scott Madsen found the single fossil, a partial skull, in Carbon County in southern Montana. While preparing the specimen, at first assumed to be of "Zephyrosaurus", he discovered that it was a species new to science. In 2014 the type species "Aquilops americanus" was named and

neg: Rhynchocephalia in 1831 when the species was discovered by John Edward Gray and the British Museum received a skull. The fossil records show that they have been around since the middle of the Triassic Period, approximately 251-199 million years ago. The tuatara is often considered to be a “living fossil”, which is currently being challenged by people who consider them to be a model of evolutionary adaptation who are well adapted to their current conditions and are not an unchanging group. The name tuatara was given to the vertebrate by the Maori people, the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. The

neg: Iaceornis Iaceornis Iaceornis is a prehistoric marine bird genus endemic to North America during the Late Cretaceous living about 83.5 mya. It is known from a single fossil specimen found in Gove County, Kansas (USA), and consisting of a partial skeleton lacking a skull. Since it was first discovered by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, the specimen (YPM 1734) was long considered to belong to the contemporary species "Apatornis celer". Because it is relatively complete, most discussions of "Apatornis" actually focused on the "Iaceornis" fossil. In 2004, paleontologist Julia A. Clarke showed that the skeleton actually differed in important characteristics of

neg: False killer whale by fishing operations, as it can become entangled in fishing gear. It is drive hunted in some Japanese villages. The false killer whale has a tendency to mass strand given its highly social nature, with the largest stranding consisting of 805 beached at Mar del Plata, Argentina. Most of what is known of false killer whale comes from examining stranded individuals. The false killer whale was first described by the British paleontologist and biologist Richard Owen in his 1846 book, "A history of British fossil mammals and birds", based on a skull discovered in 1843. The skull was found in

neg: Eogranivora "granivora", "group of seed eaters", in reference to the species being the oldest known seed-eating ornithuromorph bird. The specific name means "toothless" in Latin. "Eogranivora" was the very first fossil bird species to have been named in 2018. The holotype, STM35-3, was discovered in a layer of the Yixian Formation dating from the early Aptian, at about 125 million years old. It consists of a nearly complete skeleton with skull, compressed on a plate and counterplate. The splitting of the slabs damaged the bones of the fossil. It is largely articulated. Extensive but vague remains of the plumage have been

neg: Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh) previously unknown cave in the region. Researchers estimate that the prehistoric marsupial first appeared about 15 million years ago and died out about 12 million years ago, perhaps from climate change-induced losses in habitat. A well-preserved skull of the ancient "Nimbacinus dicksoni" marsupial found at Riversleigh has been used to determine the hunting behaviour of the species. Other fossils have provided evidence of how the koala has evolved in response to Australia's change from predominant rainforest vegetation to drier eucalypt forests. Some fossil insects and plants have also been discovered. The fossil fauna of Riversleigh includes: Scientific studies are mostly

neg: Olorgesailie various animals have also been found, including those of extinct species of hippo, elephant, zebra, giraffe, and baboon, likely to have been butchered with the aid of the hand axes. In June 2003, a team led by Potts discovered a frontal bone "in situ". Other parts of the small skull (designated KNM-OL 45500) were found in following months. The frontal bone is 900,000 to 970,000 years old and probably belonged to "Homo erectus", thereby making it the first human fossil found on the site. The fossil remains were in the same stratigraphic level as two hand axes and several flakes,

neg: Rusingaceros and based mostly on isolated teeth. "Rusingaceros" represents the earliest rhino "of modern type, i.e., with a strong nasal and smaller frontal horn". This suggests that "Rusingaceros" belongs to subtribe Rhinocerotina, within the tribe Rhinocerotini. "Rusingaceros" was first named by Denis Geraads in 2010 and the type species is "Rusingaceros leakeyi". It was originally described by Hooijer in 1966 as a new species of "Dicerorhinus". The generic name is derived from the name of Rusinga Island, and from Greek "ceros", "horn", thus, the name means "Rusinga Island's horn". The specific name honors Leakey. Rusingaceros Rusingaceros or Dicerorhinus leakeyi is an

neg: Hadropithecus found at Andrahomana cave in southeastern Madagascar by paleontologist Ludwig Lorenz von Liburnau, who thought it represented an ape. A year later, Lorenz von Liburnau also described "Pithecodon sikorae" based on photographs of a skull, which upon further review turned out to be a juvenile version of "Hadropithecus stenognathus". In a publication from 1902, he declared that "Hadrophithecus stenognathus" was not an ape, but a lemur. Over 100 years later, the rarity of its skeletal remains has made this species one of the least understood species of subfossil lemur. Based on similarities in their skull and teeth, it was later

neg: Plesiopithecus Plesiopithecus Plesiopithecus is an extinct genus of early strepsirrhine primate from the late Eocene. Originally described from the right mandible (lower jaw), its confusing anatomy resulted in it being classified as an ape—its name translates "near ape". Plesiopithecus teras, the only species so far identified, was discovered in 1992 by Elwyn L. Simons in Egypt at the base of the Jebel Qatrani Formation at Fayum in quarry L-41. Within two years, a more complete, crushed skull was found, demonstrating that it was a strepsirrhine primate. It is thought to be a close relative of lemuriforms (extant strepsirrhines), and a sister

neg: Scapanops as well as the humerus, radius, and clavicle bones, which are preserved underneath the skull. Several vertebrae, ribs, and osteoderms are also known. The fossil, now housed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, was discovered by American paleontologist Alfred Romer on April 15, 1950 and was first mentioned in the scientific literature by paleontologist Robert L. Carroll in 1964. During this time it was thought to belong to the species "Conjunctio multidens". In 2013 the specimen was recognized to belong to a separate genus, which was named "Scapanops" after the spade-like shape of its skull (from the

neg: Strathcona Fiord white cedar ("Thuja occidentalis"). The first High Arctic terrestrial fossil vertebrates were discovered in 1975, in the Strathcona Fiord by a team led by Mary Dawson from the Carnegie Museum. These earliest finds include the fossil remains of an alligator, considered to be "Allognathosuchus", and also small arboreal mammals called "plagiomenids". Since then, field expeditions in Strathcona Fiord have yielded a much more complete picture of the biodiversity of the Eocene Arctic. Although, Eocene fossil vertebrates are known from other areas on Ellesmere Island (e.g., Stenkul Fiord), and Axel Heiberg Island, Strathcona Fiord has yielded the richest vertebrate fossil record.

neg: Forest dormouse This fossil is thought to be the earliest eutherian ancestor. The fossil was complete and well preserved in a lake bed located in China. It was given the name Eomaia, which means ancient mother. The fossil has skeletal features that are closer to modern placentals than to marsupials. This is significant as it indicates the split between these two groups that occurred more than 125 million years ago. Before this fossil was discovered, the oldest recorded fossil of a placental mammal was teeth aging 110 million years old. The oldest skull and skeleton fossil for a placental mammal is only

neg: Kenyapithecus Kenyapithecus Kenyapithecus wickeri was a fossil ape discovered by Louis Leakey in 1961 at a site called Fort Ternan in Kenya. The upper jaw and teeth were dated to 14 million years ago. One theory states that "Kenyapithecus" may be the common ancestor of all the great apes. More recent investigations suggest "Kenyapithecus" is more primitive than that and is only slightly more modern than when "Proconsul" is considered to be an ape. Evidence suggests that "Kenyapithecus wickeri" was one of the species that started a radiation of apes out of Africa. Impressed by "Kenyapithecus"'s modern-looking teeth, Leakey declared "Kenyapithecus"

neg: Thomas Henry Huxley decline in the esteem of his fellow biologists. The following was written by Huxley to Rolleston before the BA meeting in 1861: During those years there was also work on human fossil anatomy and anthropology. In 1862 he examined the Neanderthal skull-cap, which had been discovered in 1857. It was the first pre-"sapiens" discovery of a fossil man, and it was immediately clear to him that the brain case was surprisingly large. Perhaps less productive was his work on physical anthropology, a topic which fascinated the Victorians. Huxley classified the human races into nine categories, and discussed them under four

neg: Chororapithecus million years ago. The only evidence found of this extinct ape is currently nine fossilized teeth of at least three individuals, recovered from the Chorora Formation which runs along the southern Afar Depression of Ethiopia (the same place where the remains of Lucy were discovered in 1974). Analysis of eight molars (two of them fragmented) and a canine tooth show that their structure is partly similar to modern gorillas. The researchers compared the make-up of the teeth to those of other current and fossil apes, and concluded that the new ape fossils were possibly those of a species of gorilla

neg: De Loys' Ape de Loys reported, they skinned the creature, intending to keep its hide, skull, and jaw, but the items were later abandoned by the troubled expedition. According to other reports, more photographs were taken but were lost either in a flood or during the capsizing of the scientists' boat. After de Loys returned to Europe, he kept the story of the unidentified ape to himself until 1929. That year, his friend the anthropologist George Montandon was perusing de Loys's files, seeking information about South America's native tribes. Montandon discovered the photograph, and thought it to be very important. De Loys finally

neg: Gawis cranium Gawis cranium The Gawis cranium is a portion of a fossil hominin skull discovered on February 16, 2006 near the drainage of Gawis, a tributary of the Awash River in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Despite the presence of volcanic ash layers that are key to dating, the cranium is only generally dated between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago due to taphonomic issues. The 2006 discovery was reported by Sileshi Semaw, director of the Gona Project, which is based at the Stone Age Institute and Indiana University Bloomington's CRAFT research center. The hominin skull was discovered by Asahmed Humet, a member

neg: Callawayasaurus Callawayasaurus Callawayasaurus is a genus of plesiosaur from the family Elasmosauridae. When the first "Callawayasaurus" fossil was first discovered by Samuel Paul Welles in 1962, it was described as "Alzadasaurus colombiensis" before being moved into its current genus by Kenneth Carpenter in 1999. "Callawayasaurus" is named in honor of the paleontologist Jack M. Callaway, editor of "Ancient Marine Reptiles" who, as Carpenter put it, "in his brief career as a vertebrate paleontologist, did much to improve our understanding of marine reptiles". The familiar suffix, "-saurus" comes from the Greek "sauros" (σαυρος), meaning "lizard" or "reptile." The first skull of "Callawayasaurus"

neg: SK 847 SK 847 SK 847 is the abbreviated designation for the fossilized fragments of a "Homo habilis" cranium, discovered in South Africa, which was dated to an age between 1,8 and 1,5 million years. This fossil shares morphological traits with the early African "Homo erectus", sometimes known as "Homo ergaster". There has been much controversy over SK 847 - being actually a composite skull reassembled from 3 separate pieces. Academics have attributed this composite skull to at least 5 different hominin taxa at one time or another. SK 847 was discovered on July 23, 1969 in Swartkrans, Republic of South Africa

neg: Eugène Dubois of this organ. Nevertheless, his chief interest was in human evolution, influenced by Ernst Haeckel, who reasoned that there must be intermediate species between ape and human. Dubois contributed an article on whale anatomy to a book by the Dutch zoologist, Max Weber, and, inspired by the fresh discovery of new Neanderthal fossils at the Belgian town of Spy, he spent his vacation fossil hunting in the vicinity of his birthplace. In the Henkeput near the village of Rijckholt, where a prehistoric flint mine had just been discovered in 1881, he found some prehistoric human skulls. Reasoning that the origins

neg: King Kong was a gigantic prehistoric ape, or as RKO's publicity materials described him, ""A prehistoric type of ape"." While gorilla-like in appearance, he had a vaguely humanoid look and at times walked upright in an anthropomorphic manner. Indeed, Carl Denham describes him as being ""neither beast nor man"". Like most simians, Kong possesses semi-human intelligence and great physical strength. Kong's size changes drastically throughout the course of the film. While creator Merian C. Cooper envisioned Kong as being "" tall"", animator Willis O'Brien and his crew built the models and sets scaling Kong to be only tall on Skull Island, and

neg: Bentonyx Bentonyx Bentonyx (meaning "Bentons' claw") is an extinct genus of rhynchosaur from the middle Triassic epoch of Devon in England. Its fossil, a well preserved skull, BRSUG 27200, was discovered in Otter Sandstone Formation (late Anisian age) and was first assigned to "Rhynchosaurus spenceri", that is known from 25 specimens. This species was reassigned to its own genus, "Fodonyx", that was first described by David W. E. Hone and Michael Benton in 2008. More recently, this skull was reassigned to this genus by Max C. Langer, Felipe C. Montefeltro, David E. Hone, Robin Whatley and Cesar L. Schultz in 2010

neg: Neontology record of species- especially in Homo sapiens. The anthropologists who accepted the synthetic theory, reject the idea of an "ape man" because the concept had mistaken paleontology with neontology. An ape man, in actuality, would be a primate with traits that would represent anything in between Homo sapiens and the great apes. If the concept of an ape man was based on neontology, then our phenotype would resemble Bigfoot. Since the concept was based on paleontology, the idea of an ape man could possibly be represented by the fossil hominids. Neontology studies extant taxa and also recently extinct taxa, but

neg: Livyatan length estimate of . The large size was probably an anti-predator adaptation, and allowed it to feed on larger prey. "Livyatan" is the largest fossil sperm whale discovered, and was also one of the biggest known predators, having the largest bite of any tetrapod. The holotype skull of "Livyatan" was about long. Like other raptorial sperm whales, "Livyatan" had a wide gap in between the temporal fossae on the sides of the skull and the zygomatic processes on the front of the skull, indicating a large space for holding strong temporal muscles, which are the most powerful muscles between the

neg: Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus Nakalipithecus nakayamai was a prehistoric ape species that lived in modern-day Kenya early in the Late Miocene, 10 million years ago (mya). It is the type species of the new genus "Nakalipithecus". The name of the genus refers to Nakali, the region where the fossil was found, while the species is named after Japanese geologist Katsuhiro Nakayama who died while working on the project. This ape was described from a fossil jawbone and eleven isolated teeth excavated in 2005 by a team of Japanese and Kenyan researchers in mud flow deposits in the Nakali region of northern Kenya's Rift

neg: Bridger Formation site, a mode of transportation Agassiz abhorred. Carter's son-in-law, Dr. J. Van A. Carter, would go on to send a number of fossils to palaeontologist Joseph Leidy at the University of Pennsylvania in 1869. These fossils included the first Bridgerian fossil taxa, "Omomys carteri"; and the skull discovered by Robinson, which was described as "Palaeosyops paludosus". Another researcher responsible for sending off specimens was Dr. Joseph K. Corson, a close friend of Leidy's who hosted him and his family on two three to Fort Bridger in 1872, 1873, and 1879. The Bridger Formation was described and named in 1869 by

neg: Kong: Skull Island massive Skullcrawler emerges from the lake and Packard is crushed by Kong. The Skullcrawler overpowers Kong but with the humans' help, the ape emerges victorious in the end. The survivors reach the rendezvous point and leave the island as Kong watches. During the credits, Marlow returns home, reuniting with his wife, meeting his son for the first time, and watching a Chicago Cubs game on television. In a post-credits scene, Conrad and Weaver are detained and recruited by Monarch. They are informed by Brooks that Kong is not the only monster king to roam the world and are shown archive

neg: King Kong (2005 film) Serkis doing his ape movements in a motion capture studio. A novelization of the film and a prequel novel entitled "King Kong: The Island of the Skull" were also written. A multi-platform video game, entitled "", was released, which featured an alternate ending. There was also a hardback book entitled "The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island", featuring artwork from Weta Workshop to describe the film's fictional wildlife. Jackson has expressed his desire to remaster the film in 3-D at some point in the future. Jackson was also seen shooting with a 3-D camera at times during

neg: Skull Island: Reign of Kong The guests then board a truck, with a driver played by an animatronic person styled to look like a Universal cast member; the driver character varies from one truck to the next. Guests enter an expedition truck with one of five different drivers, each one containing their own backstory and dialog for the ride. They are warned of the island's dangers as they enter the 80 foot tall temple, as natives from Skull Island chant King Kong's name. The ride slows down and passes by the bones of a giant ape, as well as a few bat-like Terapusmordax animatronics. Guests

neg: Rusinga Island that the diverse Early Miocene African catarrhines like those found on Rusinga filled that adaptive niche. The phylogenetic position of these primates has been debated. It has been theorized that "Proconsul" is a stem catarrhine and therefore ancestral to both Cercopithecids (Old World monkeys) and hominids (great apes and humans), rather than a stem hominoid. Pleistocene mammal fossils, including an extinct antelope called Rusingoryx, notable for its nasal dome hypothesised to produce loud calls, known nowhere else, are also common in former shoreline deposits around the edges of the island, left behind as Lake Victoria has slowly subsided over the