query: when was the first fiber optic endoscope introduced

pos: Endoscopy endoscopes, established in 1906, produced the Sussmann flexible gastroscope in 1911 (Modlin, Farhadi-Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2000). Karl Storz began producing instruments for ENT specialists in 1945 through his company, Karl Storz GmbH. Basil Hirschowitz and Larry Curtiss invented the first fiber optic endoscope in 1957. Earlier in the 1950s Harold Hopkins had designed a "fibroscope" consisting of a bundle of flexible glass fibres able to coherently transmit an image. This proved useful both medically and industrially, and subsequent research led to further improvements in image quality. Further innovations included using additional fibres to channel light to the objective end

neg: Fiberscope of endoscopes and fiberscopes. In the 1960s the endoscope was upgraded with glass fiber, a flexible material that allowed light to transmit, even when bent. While this provided users with the capability of real-time observation, it did not provide them with the ability to take photographs. In 1964 the fiberscope, the first gastro camera, was invented. It was the first time an endoscope had a camera that could take pictures. This innovation led to more careful observations, and more accurate diagnoses. Fiberscopes work by utilizing the science of fiber-optic bundles, which consist of numerous fiber-optic cables. Fiber-optic cables are made

neg: Heinrich Lamm Heinrich Lamm Heinrich Lamm (January 19, 1908 – July 12, 1974), a Jewish German-American physician, was a pioneer in using optical fibers for image transmission, and was the first to make a fiber-optic endoscope. When Lamm was a medical student in 1930, he developed the first flexible fiber-optic bundle capable of transmitting images around curves. His initial purpose was to check inaccessible parts inside the human body. He reported his experiments, but the imaging quality was poor. Lamm's effort to file a patent failed due to a British patent already filed by Clarence Hansell. Heinrich Lamm was the first of

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) Knittel J, Schnieder L, Buess G, Messerschmidt B, Possner T. Endoscope-compatible confocal microscope using a gradient index-lens system. Optics Communications. 2001;188(5-6):267–273. [10] Sung KB, Liang C, Descour M, Collier T, Follen M, Richards-Kortum R. Fiber-optic confocal reflectance microscope with miniature objective for in vivo imaging of human tissues. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2002;49(10):1168–72. [PubMed] [11] Rouse AR, Kano A, Udovich JA, Kroto SM, Gmitro AF. Design and demonstration of a miniature catheter for a confocal microendoscope. Applied Optics. 2004;43(31):5763–5771. [PubMed] [18] Seibel EJ, Johnston RS, Melville CD. A full-color scanning fiber endoscope. Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Diagnostics and

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) J. The endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(6):886–93. [PubMed] [4] Fujikura . FIA: Image Fiber. Fujikura; 2009. [5] Sumitomo 2009 http://www.sumitomoelectricusa.com. [6] Funovics MA, Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Catheter-based in vivo imaging of enzyme activity and gene expression: feasibility study in mice. Radiology. 2004;231(3):659–66. [PubMed] [7] Muldoon TJ, Pierce MC, Nida DL, Williams MD, Gillenwater A, Richards-Kortum R. Subcellular-resolution molecular imaging within living tissue by fiber microendoscopy. Opt Express. 2007;15(25):16413–23. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [8] Udovich JA, Kirkpatrick ND, Kano A, Tanbakuchi A, Utzinger U, Gmitro AF. Spectral background and transmission characteristics of fiber optic imaging bundles. Appl. Opt. 2008;47(25):4560–4568. [PubMed] [9]

neg: Fiber optical thermometer fiber optical measurement technique is laser therapy. Through an endoscope laser energy is coupled and the temperature will be measured via a fiber optic probe at the location of therapy. Industrial areas often contaminate the soil with oil, toxic and persistent organic compounds. To clear these fields, soil heating by radio waves is frequently used. Fiber optical sensors are deployed to monitor and control this process. A high- power generator will deliver energy in radio frequency range. The polluted soil is covered with electrodes, which will heat the surface dielectric. Besides, several fiber optical probes are put in the soil.

neg: Architectural endoscopy diameter of . To achieve higher quality photographs or films, rigid endoscopes were more suitable because of the quality of the images. An example of this was the rod-lens endoscope invented by Harold Hopkins. The more flexible fiber-optic endoscope, called fiberscope or flexoscope, made from bundled glass fibers do not produce the same quality pictures. From the start, rigid endoscopes were used for direct viewing, photography, video and film in environmental simulation and for interior and exterior shots of models. Endoscopes used for industrial applications, called borescopes, were basically the same as those used in architecture. Specially developed borescopes were

neg: Optical fiber a lasting impact on structures. It is based on the principle of measuring analog attenuation. Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics. A coherent bundle of fibers is used, sometimes along with lenses, for a long, thin imaging device called an endoscope, which is used to view objects through a small hole. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures. Industrial endoscopes (see fiberscope or borescope) are used for inspecting anything hard to reach, such as jet engine interiors. Many microscopes use fiber-optic light sources to provide intense illumination of samples being studied. In spectroscopy, optical

neg: Hemosuccus pancreaticus of the small intestine, termed the duodenum. Typical gastroscopes used to visualize the esophagus, stomach and duodenum are designed with fiber-optic illumination that is directed in the same direction as the endoscope, meaning that visualization is in the forward direction. However, the pancreatic duct orifice is located on the side of the duodenum, meaning that it can be missed on forward-viewing endoscopy. A side-viewing endoscope (known as a "duodenoscope", or "side-viewer") used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a procedure to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct on fluoroscopy, can be used to localize the bleeding to the pancreatic duct.

neg: Architectural endoscopy used temporarily in model visualization. Video and film needed strong light and lamps and spotlights with high wattages were required. In professional photo studios, powerful flash units were used. Light emitted from optical fiber systems, which was used in the medicine, was seldom used for architectural models. The model simulation system presented by van Treek at trade fairs required the endoscope, connected to a video camera or a camera, to be mounted vertically above the model. This was necessary because the viewing angle of the optic was 90 degrees sideways. The system was complex and expensive. When used for photography,

neg: Fiber-optic communication Fiber-optic communication Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference are required. Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached internet speeds of over 100 petabit×kilometer per second using fiber-optic communication. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optics have revolutionized the telecommunications

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) tissues to assess for potential disease. The SFE technology was developed at the University of Washington for the purpose of providing high-quality laser-based imaging within an ultrathin and flexible endoscope. It is believed that the concept of moving an optical fiber to produce 2D images with confocal sectioning and laser illumination was first proposed for endoscopic applications by Giniunas et al., in 1993. A major advancement of the SFE is rapid scanning and generation of high-quality images using an amplitude-modulated resonating fiber. Using a single-mode fiber that vibrates in resonance, the SFE scans over tissue highlighted by a focused laser

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) Treatment Applications VI, Proc. SPIE. 2006;6083:608303–8. [87] Smithwick QYJ, Vagners J, Reinhall PG, Seibel EJ. An error space controller for a resonating fiber scanner: Simulation and implementation. Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control-Transactions of the Asme. 2006;128(4):899–913. [88] Smithwick QYJ, Vagners J, Johnston RS, Seibel EJ. A Hybrid Nonlinear Adaptive Tracking Controller for a Resonating Fiber Microscanner. Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control-Transactions of the Asme. 2010;132(1) [100] BCC Research Report, July 2013 Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) The Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) is a next generation technology that uses a flexible, small (< 6Fr) peripheral or coronary catheter

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) US 8437587 US 8929688 US 7447415 US 7680373 US 8305432 US 7813538 US 7791009 US 7616986 US 7349098 US 8840566 US 7738762 US 9160945 US 9258108 [16] Seibel EJ, Smithwick QYJ. Unique features of optical scanning, single fiber endoscopy. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2002;30(3):177–183. [PubMed] [17] Seibel EJ, Smithwick QYJ, Brown CM, Reinhall PG. Single-fiber flexible endoscope: general design for small size, high resolution, and wide field of view. Biomonitoring and Endoscopy Technologies, Proc. SPIE. 2001; 4158:29–39. [18] Seibel EJ, Johnston RS, Melville CD. A full-color scanning fiber endoscope. Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Diagnostics and Treatment Applications

neg: Electrical telegraph further by using laser light signals sent through fiber optic cables. Fiber optic transmission can carry thousands of telegraph signals simultaneously down a single line.) Soon after the first successful telegraph systems were operational, the possibility of transmitting messages across the sea by way of submarine communications cables was first proposed. One of the primary technical challenges was to sufficiently insulate the submarine cable to prevent the current from leaking out into the water. In 1842, a Scottish surgeon William Montgomerie introduced gutta-percha, the adhesive juice of the "Palaquium gutta" tree, to Europe. Michael Faraday and Wheatstone soon discovered the

neg: Sperm Wars conceived via sperm competition, and claims that this lower figure is consistent with the earlier finding that 10% of children have a biological father who is other than their supposed father. Baker describes in detail how "killer sperm" actively seek out rival sperm and kill them with poison from acrosomes to prevent them from getting to the egg. This literal sperm warfare was not observed in a subsequent experiment, but Baker criticizes the protocol in this latter experiment. Based on studies with a fiber optic endoscope attached to a man's penis during sex, Baker describes how the cervix behaves during

neg: Power assembly the engine specifically performed to find internal engine failures. With the engine crankcase access and cylinder block airbox covers removed, a visual inspection of the engine's rotating and reciprocating assemblies can be performed. The use of a fiber optic endoscope (flexible borescope) may facilitate this inspection and evaluation, but this is not a requirement, nor is it a part of EMD's maintenance program. The engine airbox covers (the upper covers observed on the side of an EMD engine - they cover the "airbox" that allows air to flow through the cylinder block to the power assemblies) are removed to allow

neg: Nasoendoscopy the endoscope operator. Nasoendoscopy In speech pathology and medicine, nasoendoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the velopharynx, or the nose, often with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the nostril. It can provide information to evaluate speech and velopharyngeal function or dysfunction, as in diseases such as sinonasal carcinomas. After removal of nasal packing following epistaxis, routine nasoendoscopy is not necessarily indicated. However, widely accepted indications for nasoendoscopy include: No absolute contraindications exist for nasoendoscopy; and, while the procedure is relatively safe, the exact risk of the procedure depends on the skill

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) The Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) is a next generation technology that uses a flexible, small (< 6Fr) peripheral or coronary catheter to provide wide-field, high-quality, full-color, laser-based video imaging. These differences distinguish SFE applications from current imaging approaches such as IVUS and Intracoronary OCT. Applications for the device (which is pending FDA review and approval), are expected to include medical diagnosis and support in determining interventional treatments such as surgery or biopsy. Providing both full-color images and a wide-field, real-time surgical view into the inner depths of arteries, enables physicians to circumnavigate hard to reach internal

neg: Fiber media converter Fiber media converter A fiber media converter is a simple networking device that makes it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as twisted pair with fiber optic cabling. They were introduced to the industry in the 1990s, and are important in interconnecting fiber optic cabling-based systems with existing copper-based, structured cabling systems. They are also used in metropolitan area network (MAN) access and data transport services to enterprise customers. Fiber media converters support many different data communication protocols including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, T1/E1/J1, DS3/E3, as well as multiple cabling types such as coax, twisted pair, multi-mode

neg: Xenon arc lamp allows them to emit useful light into the vacuum UV region. These lamps are normally operated in a pure nitrogen atmosphere. Xenon short-arc lamps also are manufactured with a ceramic body and an integral reflector. They are available in many output power ratings with either UV-transmitting or blocking windows. The reflector options are parabolic (for collimated light) or elliptical (for focused light). They are used in a wide variety of applications, such as video projectors, fiber optic illuminators, endoscope and headlamp lighting, dental lighting, and search lights. Xenon short-arc lamps have a negative temperature coefficient like other gas discharge lamps.

neg: Tracheal intubation blade in 1943; the Macintosh blade remains to this day the most widely used laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation. Between 1945 and 1952, optical engineers built upon the earlier work of Rudolph Schindler (1888–1968), developing the first gastrocamera. In 1964, optical fiber technology was applied to one of these early gastrocameras to produce the first flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Initially used in upper GI endoscopy, this device was first used for laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation by Peter Murphy, an English anesthetist, in 1967. The concept of using a stylet for replacing or exchanging orotracheal tubes was introduced by Finucane and Kupshik

neg: The Fiber Optic Association The Fiber Optic Association The Fiber Optic Association (FOA) is an international professional society of fiber optics. The FOA was founded in 1995 by a group of trainers from industry, government and education who wanted to create industry standards for training and certifying fiber optic technicians. The FOA is a not-for-profit 501 (c)6 organization based in California, USA, that has over 200 affiliated training organizations in over 40 countries. FOA approves fiber optic training organizations and certifies their instructors who train designers, installers and operators of all types of fiber optic networks. FOA programs are used by many organizations, companies

neg: Fiber optic display Fiber optic display A fiber optic display is a light-emitting display that uses fiber optics to display images, text, and notification lights. Fiber-optic displays can either be static or dynamic, with the typical lighting source being halogen light bulbs. Static fiber optic displays have been commonly used for some types of traffic signals. One common use for static fiber optic displays are lane control lights, which display either a green downward-pointing arrow or a red X to indicate the open/closed status of road lanes. Dynamic fiber optic displays typically display alphanumeric text, and utilize electromechanical shutters to open or close

neg: Fiber-optic communication same time GaAs semiconductor lasers were developed that were compact and therefore suitable for transmitting light through fiber optic cables for long distances. After a period of research starting from 1975, the first commercial fiber-optic communications system was developed which operated at a wavelength around 0.8 µm and used GaAs semiconductor lasers. This first-generation system operated at a bit rate of 45 Mbit/s with repeater spacing of up to 10 km. Soon on 22 April 1977, General Telephone and Electronics sent the first live telephone traffic through fiber optics at a 6 Mbit/s throughput in Long Beach, California. In October

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) visualization of internal organ surfaces. This means both illumination and detection components need to navigate through often extremely challenging anatomy to see a specific area Both the size and flexibility- of the endoscope dictate the ability to access these regions. Endoscopes that are smaller in diameter and highly flexible, can reduce tissue trauma, sedation medication used for sedation, and patient pain [1]. The ability to achieve clear resolution while significantly reducing the device diameter to enhance arterial navigation is an SFE advantage. Current flexible endoscope technologies using 1 mm coherent fiber bundling technologies are about the same thickness as a

neg: Fiber-optic communication greatly improve system performance, however practical connectors capable of working with single mode fiber proved difficult to develop. In 1984, they had already developed a fiber optic cable that would help further their progress toward making fiber optic cables that would circle the globe. Canadian service provider SaskTel had completed construction of what was then the world’s longest commercial fiberoptic network, which covered 3,268 km and linked 52 communities. By 1987, these systems were operating at bit rates of up to 1.7 Gb/s with repeater spacing up to 50 km. The first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber was

neg: Alliance Fiber Optic Products and the Chairman of the company. Here is a list of Alliance Fiber Optic Products's senior officers and directors (2012.12): Alliance Fiber Optic Products Alliance Fiber Optic Products Inc. () was set up in 1995 and now is based in Sunnyvale, California. The company engages in fiber optic components and integrated modules for communications equipment. It was acquired by Corning Inc. in 2016. Connectivity products - including connecting optical fibers and components, adapters, and electrical cable assemblies; fused and planar fiber optical splitters and couplers; optical tap couplers and ultra low polarization dependent loss tap couplers; amplifier wave division multiplexers

neg: Fiber optic patch cord Conditioning Patch Cord eliminates these multiple signals by aligning the single-mode launch away from the center of a multimode fiber core. This offset launch creates a transmitted signal that is similar to typical multimode light emitting diode (LED) launches. Patch cables are used for connections to CATV (Cable Television), telecommunication networks, computer fiber networks and fiber test equipment. Applications include communication rooms, FTTH (Fiber to The Home), LAN (Local Area Network), FOS (fiber optic sensor), Fiber Optic Communication System, Optical fiber connected and transmitted equipment, Defense combat readiness, etc. Fiber optic patch cord A fiber optic patch cord is a

neg: Fiber optic sensor high for semiconductor sensors (distributed temperature sensing). Optical fibers can be made into interferometric sensors such as fiber optic gyroscopes, which are used in the Boeing 767 and in some car models (for navigation purposes). They are also used to make hydrogen sensors. Fiber-optic sensors have been developed to measure co-located temperature and strain simultaneously with very high accuracy using fiber Bragg gratings. This is particularly useful when acquiring information from small or complex structures. Fiber Bragg grating sensors are also particularly well suited for remote monitoring, and they can be interrogated 250 km away from the monitoring station using

neg: Lattelecom system solutions. Lattelecom is the country’s largest internet service provider. Lattelecom offers various Internet connection types - broadband DSL Internet, Optical Fiber Internet GPON Internet, wireless solutions or Wi-Fi and 4G internet. In 2009 Lattelecom started offering residential fiber optic services with up to 100 megabits per second high Internet bandwidth. In September 2009 an announcement was made that Lattelecom had upgraded its fiber optic bandwidth up to 1 gigabits per second. Zolitūde was the first residential area in Riga where the Lattelecom fiber optic Internet service was made available (in January 2009), followed later by Kengarags, Purvciems, Plavnieki, Ziepniekkalns

neg: Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) is a long fibre optic mostly-submarine communications cable that connects the United Kingdom, Japan, India, and many places in between. The cable is operated by Global Cloud Xchange. The system runs from the eastern coast of North America to Japan. Its Europe-Asia segment was the fourth longest cable in the world in 2008. The Europe-Asia segment was laid by Cable & Wireless Marine in the mid-1990s, and was the subject of an article in "Wired" magazine in December 1996 by Neal Stephenson. The FLAG cable system was first placed

neg: Alliance Fiber Optic Products Alliance Fiber Optic Products Alliance Fiber Optic Products Inc. () was set up in 1995 and now is based in Sunnyvale, California. The company engages in fiber optic components and integrated modules for communications equipment. It was acquired by Corning Inc. in 2016. Connectivity products - including connecting optical fibers and components, adapters, and electrical cable assemblies; fused and planar fiber optical splitters and couplers; optical tap couplers and ultra low polarization dependent loss tap couplers; amplifier wave division multiplexers (WDM) couplers; optical fixed attenuators; fused fiber WDM couplers; and fiber array units. Optical passive products - including wavelength division

neg: Sunil Tagare Sunil Tagare Sunil "Neil" Tagare (born c. 1962) is an entrepreneur. He developed the concept of the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) project in 1989 when he was 27 years old. FLAG was the first privately financed submarine fiber optic cable to link several continents around the world. The cost of construction of the first phase was $1.5 billion. As the executive vice president of Marketing and Business Development at NYNEX (now Verizon), Tagare was responsible for breaking through regulatory barriers in some of the most difficult countries in the world such as Spain, Italy, Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia,

neg: Karl Storz SE Group. Karl Storz SE Karl Storz SE & Co. KG is a German medical device company that manufactures and sells endoscopes and surgical instruments. It was founded in Tuttlingen by Karl Storz in 1945. The company is privately owned; Storz' daughter, Sybill, took over running the company after Storz died in 1996. The company was one of the first to introduce an endoscope that delivered light using fiber optics, in 1963. It also licensed the patent for the Hopkins relay lens and introduced endoscopes including such lenses in 1965. As of 2012 it employed around 5,800 people worldwide and had

neg: Karl Storz SE Karl Storz SE Karl Storz SE & Co. KG is a German medical device company that manufactures and sells endoscopes and surgical instruments. It was founded in Tuttlingen by Karl Storz in 1945. The company is privately owned; Storz' daughter, Sybill, took over running the company after Storz died in 1996. The company was one of the first to introduce an endoscope that delivered light using fiber optics, in 1963. It also licensed the patent for the Hopkins relay lens and introduced endoscopes including such lenses in 1965. As of 2012 it employed around 5,800 people worldwide and had annual

neg: Fiber optic patch cord Fiber optic patch cord A fiber optic patch cord is a fiber optic cable capped at either end with connectors that allow it to be rapidly and conveniently connected to CATV, an optical switch or other telecommunication equipment. Its thick layer of protection is used to connect the optical transmitter, receiver, and the terminal box. This is known as "interconnect-style cabling". Fiber optic patch cords are characterized by: A fiber optic patch cord is constructed from a core with a high refractive index, surrounded by a coating with a low refractive index, that is strengthened by aramid yarns and surrounded

neg: Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project The Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project is a 820 kilometer long optical fiber cable laid down between the Khunjerab Pass on the China-Pakistan border and the city of Rawalpindi. It has been constructed as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor at an estimated cost of $44 million. Groundbreaking on the project took place on May 19, 2016 in the city of Gilgit. The line was first envisaged in 2009, with Pakistan and China signing an agreement in 2013 to implement the project . However the project was not implemented until being included as part of the China

neg: Fiberscope of optically pure glass and are as thin as a human’s hair. The three main components of a fiber-optic cable are: The following are the two different types of fiber-optic bundles in a fiberscope: Fiber-optic cables use total internal reflection to carry information. When light travels from one medium to another it is refracted. If the light is traveling from a less dense medium to a dense medium it is refracted away from the normal. The opposite applies if the light is traveling from a dense medium to a less dense medium. In optic cables, light travels through the dense

neg: Fiber optic display the ends of the fiber strands to display an alphanumeric pixel. These type of displays were commonly used as variable-message signs on highways. Compared to eggcrate displays, dynamic fiber optic displays offered lower energy consumption due to requiring fewer bulbs, and offered improved nighttime legibility. For daytime legibility, they were sometimes combined with flip-disc displays to be reflective in daylight and emissive at night. Fiber optic display A fiber optic display is a light-emitting display that uses fiber optics to display images, text, and notification lights. Fiber-optic displays can either be static or dynamic, with the typical lighting source being

neg: Fiber-optic communication and expensive to install and operate. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. The prices of fiber-optic communications have dropped considerably since 2000. The price for rolling out fiber to the home has currently become more cost-effective than that of rolling out a copper based network. Prices have dropped to $850 per subscriber in the US and lower in countries like The Netherlands, where digging costs are low and housing density is high. Since 1990, when optical-amplification systems became

neg: Shared Risk Resource Group The MPLS as well as the IP network uses the high speed capabilities of modern optical networks. SRLGs typically deal with links between fiber optic nodes, but that is not always the case. SRLG can also be modeled if the links contain transmission lines instead of fiber optic cable. SRG modeling is also used when a provider generates a service-level agreement with a client with various protection schemes. Fiber spans are fiber optic cables that connect two nodes. In practice, these cables are bundled on one concrete conduit or power/telephone pole (aerial), which creates a shared risk link Group. If,

neg: Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project the Exim Bank of China at a concessionary interest rate of 2%, versus the 1.6% typical of other CPEC infrastructure projects. The project has been completed and inaugurated in July 2018. Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project The Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project is a 820 kilometer long optical fiber cable laid down between the Khunjerab Pass on the China-Pakistan border and the city of Rawalpindi. It has been constructed as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor at an estimated cost of $44 million. Groundbreaking on the project took place on May 19, 2016 in the city of Gilgit. The line was first

neg: Optical fiber approaching . Fiber optic coatings are applied using one of two methods: "wet-on-dry" and "wet-on-wet". In wet-on-dry, the fiber passes through a primary coating application, which is then UV cured—then through the secondary coating application, which is subsequently cured. In wet-on-wet, the fiber passes through both the primary and secondary coating applications, then goes to UV curing. Fiber optic coatings are applied in concentric layers to prevent damage to the fiber during the drawing application and to maximize fiber strength and microbend resistance. Unevenly coated fiber will experience non-uniform forces when the coating expands or contracts, and is susceptible to

neg: Lattelecom and other locations. Jelgava was the first city where fiber optic Internet was made available from areas other than Riga, but late in 2009 the Lattelecom fiber optic service was also made accessible in other cities, such as Daugavpils, Salaspils, etc. Initially, fiber optic network expansion work was carried out in the newly built dwelling areas in Riga and other largest cities of the country the rational being that return on the investment in the development of the network is possible to attain only if the newly connected building has at least 30 apartments. The service is provided using GPON

neg: Markus Giebel an optical fiber connector incorporating same. Patent # 5768460: Low skew optical fiber ribbons Patent # 5778122: Fiber optic cable assembly for interconnecting optical fibers within a receptacle mounted within the wall of an enclosure. Patent # 5863083: Pulling grip for pre-connectorized fiber optic cable Patent # 5867621: Adapter and guide pin assembly for coupling of fiber optic connectors Patent # 5923802: Flexible connector assembly having slack Patent # 5940561: Adapter assembly for precise alignment of fiber optic connector Patent # 5971624: Multi-fiber splice mechanism and associated splicing connector Patent # RE36,592: Optical receiver stub fitting Patent # 6068410: Splice

neg: Phase3 Telecom Benin and Togo Republics; a development that gained them the longest regional terrestrial fiber network linking Nigeria to the Republic of Benin and Togo, with potentials for connections to Ghana and Burkina Faso from Togo; making them about the first regional fiber optic cable network provider in West Africa to operate national fiber optic cable backbone interconnecting six (6) West African countries. In March 2015, Phase3 Telecom announced that it would be deploying aerial fiber optic infrastructure from Kano in Nigeria to Gazaoua in the Republic of Niger on a project f"acilitated by the Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) through

neg: Neuroactive Neuroactive Neuroactive is a Synthpop, Futurepop, EBM music group from Finland. Jarkko Tuohimaa is the sole founding member. Neuroactive was formed in 1991 by Jarkko Tuohimaa, Ville Brusi, and Vesa Rainne. Signing their first album, "Morphology", in 1994 with Cyberware Productions, the group went on to produce "Phonic Trace" in 1997. Shortly thereafter, Brusi and Rainne left the group, and Kimmo Karjalainen came on board to sing for the next two albums "Fiber Optic Rhythm" and "Transients". Fiber Optic Rhythm also featured Geoff Pickney of "The Nine" on guest vocals. Fiber Optic Rhythm was a huge breakthrough for Neuroactive, and

neg: Optical fiber out of the fiber core. The resulting signal strength loss is called "gap loss". APC fiber ends have low back reflection even when disconnected. In the 1990s, terminating fiber optic cables was labor-intensive. The number of parts per connector, polishing of the fibers, and the need to oven-bake the epoxy in each connector made terminating fiber optic cables difficult. Today, many connectors types are on the market that offer easier, less labor-intensive ways of terminating cables. Some of the most popular connectors are pre-polished at the factory, and include a gel inside the connector. Those two steps help save money

neg: Sunil Tagare speeches around the world on his lifelong passions: the advantages of lowering prices of bandwidth and creation of a level playing field for the common man around the world. Tagare has a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Mysore, an MBA from Texas Christian University and a PMD from Harvard Business School. Sunil Tagare Sunil "Neil" Tagare (born c. 1962) is an entrepreneur. He developed the concept of the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) project in 1989 when he was 27 years old. FLAG was the first privately financed submarine fiber optic cable to link several

neg: Kingfisher International of the oldest fiber optic test companies, and is regarded by industry elders as having a significant influence on the development of the industry. Kingfisher products are used by professional technicians when installing and maintaining fiber optic cabling and systems, and its fiber optic test equipment range includes such items as, optical power meters, optical light sources, optical loss test sets, optical test and inspection kits, variable optical attenuators, inspection microscopes and various optical fault locators. The company has worldwide distribution channels, and currently participates in various national and international standards development groups. Since 2014, Kingfisher International has been wholly

neg: Fiber optic patch cord an 8ºangle cut into the ferrule. These connectors are identifiable by their green color. An APC polished connector has an Indus-try Standard Minimum of–60 dB measurement. APC fiber ends have low back reflection even when disconnected. Armored fiber optic patch cord uses flexible stainless steel tube inside the outer jacket as the armor to protect the fiber glass inside. It retains all the features of standard patch cord, but is much stronger. It will not get damaged even if stepped by an adult and they are rodent-resistant. Bend insensitive fiber patch cord is widely used in FTTH. The fiber is

neg: Silliman University College of Computer Studies the College was renamed as the College of Computer Studies. The College is housed in two buildings, the one-storey Uytengsu Foundation Computer Center, and the three-storey Uytengsu Foundation Computer Studies Hall, and is part of Silliman University's Local Area Network that uses an extensive network of fiber-optic cables. Silliman is one of only two universities in the Philippines that has an extensive fiber-optic backbone and the only school in the country that owns its fiber-optic system. Costing US $2.5 million in 1997, this backbone connects all buildings in the campus. Silliman was also the first school in the country to

neg: MCI Communications more Danray switches were purchased and deployed at strategic points of their service area to become the first viable competitor to AT&T's long-distance voice services for businesses. MCI was the first company to deploy single-mode fiber optic cable (the standard had been multi-mode), which was manufactured by Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens Telecom and Corning Glass Company. Referred to as MAFOS (Mid-Atlantic Fiber Optic System), the fiber cable ran between New York City and Washington D.C. and was activated for service in 1984. Eventually, single-mode fiber became the standard for US telecommunications carriers. A later marketing strategy employed by

neg: Fiber optic splitter Fiber optic splitter A fiber optic splitter, also known as a beam splitter, is based on a quartz substrate of an integrated waveguide optical power distribution device, similar to a coaxial cable transmission system. The optical network system uses an optical signal coupled to the branch distribution. The fiber optic splitter is one of the most important passive devices in the optical fiber link. It is an optical fiber tandem device with many input and output terminals, especially applicable to a passive optical network (EPON, GPON, BPON, FTTX, FTTH etc.) to connect the MDF and the terminal equipment and to

neg: Fiber-optic communication 1973, Corning Glass signed a development contract with CSELT and Pirelli aimed to test fiber optics in an urban environment: in September 1977, the second cable in this test series, named COS-2, was experimentally deployed in two lines (9 km) in Turin, for the first time in a big city, at a speed of 140 Mbit/s. The second generation of fiber-optic communication was developed for commercial use in the early 1980s, operated at 1.3 µm and used InGaAsP semiconductor lasers. These early systems were initially limited by multi mode fiber dispersion, and in 1981 the single-mode fiber was revealed to

neg: Fiber optic splitter controlling length of the fiber torsion angle and stretch. The PLC splitter is a micro-optical element using photolithographic techniques to form optical waveguide at medium or semiconductor substrate for realizing branch distribution function. Fiber optic splitter A fiber optic splitter, also known as a beam splitter, is based on a quartz substrate of an integrated waveguide optical power distribution device, similar to a coaxial cable transmission system. The optical network system uses an optical signal coupled to the branch distribution. The fiber optic splitter is one of the most important passive devices in the optical fiber link. It is an

neg: Fiber optic sensor optic temperature sensors are categorized into non-interferometric and interferometric types. Fiber optic sensor A fiber optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the signals ("extrinsic sensors"). Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. Depending on the application, fiber may be used because of its small size, or because no electrical power is needed at the remote location, or because many sensors can be multiplexed along the length of a fiber by using light wavelength shift

neg: Fiber-optic communication be able to develop components that function compatibly in fiber optic communication systems, a number of standards have been developed. The International Telecommunications Union publishes several standards related to the characteristics and performance of fibers themselves, including Other standards specify performance criteria for fiber, transmitters, and receivers to be used together in conforming systems. Some of these standards are: TOSLINK is the most common format for digital audio cable using plastic optical fiber to connect digital sources to digital receivers. Fiber-optic communication Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light

neg: Laser modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the military. Fiber-optic communication using lasers is a key technology in modern communications, allowing services such as the Internet. The first use of lasers in the daily lives of the general population was the supermarket barcode scanner, introduced in 1974. The laserdisc player, introduced in 1978, was the first successful consumer product to include a laser but the compact disc player was the first laser-equipped device to become common, beginning in 1982 followed shortly by laser printers. Some other uses are: In 2004, excluding diode lasers,

neg: Fiber-optic communication low loss (allowing long distances between amplifiers/repeaters), its absence of ground currents and other parasite signal and power issues common to long parallel electric conductor runs (due to its reliance on light rather than electricity for transmission, and the dielectric nature of fiber optic), and its inherently high data-carrying capacity. Thousands of electrical links would be required to replace a single high bandwidth fiber cable. Another benefit of fibers is that even when run alongside each other for long distances, fiber cables experience effectively no crosstalk, in contrast to some types of electrical transmission lines. Fiber can be installed in

neg: Optical fiber connector Optical fiber connector An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers. In all, about 100 different types of fiber optic connectors have been introduced to the market. Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect/disconnect capability is required. Due to the polishing and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical connector manufacturing, connectors are often assembled

neg: Angioscopy Angioscopy Angioscopy is a medical technique for visualizing the interior of blood vessels. In this technique, a flexible fibre bundle endoscope catheter is inserted directly into an artery. It can be helpful in diagnosing e.g. arterial embolism. Angioscopy is also used as an adjunctive procedure during vascular bypass to visualize valves within venous conduits. The instrument used to perform angioscopy is called as angioscope. Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) is an emerging technology which provides much higher resolution imaging, whilst maintaining a small form factor and flexibility. Coronary artery angioscopy, which first was used to reveal the presence of a blood

neg: Fiber optic sensor a few countries' navies. Both bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays and towed streamer systems are in use. The German company Sennheiser developed a laser microphone for use with optical fibers. A fiber optic microphone and fiber-optic based headphone are useful in areas with strong electrical or magnetic fields, such as communication amongst the team of people working on a patient inside a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine during MRI-guided surgery. Optical fiber sensors for temperature and pressure have been developed for downhole measurement in oil wells. The fiber optic sensor is well suited for this environment as it functions at temperatures too

neg:
Telecommunications in Cape Verde Telecommunications in Cape Verde Communications in Cape Verde. Telephones - main lines in use: 72 764 (2011) Telephones - mobile cellular: 496 900 (2011) Telephone system:
"general assessment:" effective system, extensive modernization from 1996-2000 following partial privatization in 1995
"domestic:" major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom (CVT); fiber-optic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internet access and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998; broadband services launched in 2004
"international:" country code - 238; landing point for the Atlantis-2 fiber-optic transatlantic telephone cable that provides links to South America, Senegal, and Europe; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth

neg: Silicon Valley Power 38 percent of the electricity distributed by SVP was from green resources, and the City’s utility is nationally recognized for its reliable power, low rates, and customer satisfaction. In addition, the City owns an extensive dark fiber optic network to serve business customers. The SVP Fiber Enterprise is a department of SVP. SVP introduced two new services in 2013. Santa Clara was the first city in the U.S. to provide free citywide outdoor Wi-Fi access via an AMI wireless system branded as SVP MeterConnect®, and SVP helped fund electric vehicle (EV) charging stations at the Central Park Library and the

neg: Kingfisher International Kingfisher International Kingfisher International Pty Ltd is an Australian manufacturer of fiber optic test and measurement equipment, located in Mulgrave, Victoria. As of 2005, the company had twenty-two employees. The company was founded in Melbourne in 1986. as an international electronics trading firm, in a spare bedroom, by Rosmin Robertson (née Jaffer) and Bruce Robertson, Bruce developed the ground-breaking KI2000 Optical Light Source and KI020 Optical Talk Set. Bruce Robertson's technical involvement in fiber optics started 1980 - 1985, when he was a researcher at GEC's Hirst Research Centre in the UK, developing novel fiber optic cable designs, manufacturing processes,

neg: T Fiber is accomplished by laying 62,000 miles of fiber optic cable in more than 22,000 villages. The fiber optic line along with drinking water project, Mission Bhagiratha. The large black pipe is for water and a blue pipe has fiber optic cable. Official site T Fiber Telangana Fiber Grid or T Fiber is a flagship program by Government of Telangana to provide high speed Internet across the state. It is expected to be completed by end of 2018. The project will help connect 23 million people with government to government, government to citizens services and the range of other applications. It

neg: Fiber optic sensor a digital protective relay to enable fast tripping of a breaker to reduce the energy in the arc blast. Fiber Bragg grating based fiber optic sensors significantly enhance performance, efficiency and safety in several industries. With FBG integrated technology, sensors can provide detailed analysis and comprehensive reports on insights with very high resolution. These type of sensors are used extensively in several industries like telecommunication, automotive, aerospace, energy, etc. Fiber Bragg gratings are sensitive to the static pressure, mechanical tension and compression and fiber temperature changes. The efficiency of fiber Bragg grating based fiber optic sensors can be provided by

neg: Mauritius Telecom infrastructure and then offers its channels to its customers. In late 2013, My.T introduced fiber optic communication technology, commonly called La Fibre, which increases the internet speed. They also introduced several new TV features: Electronic Program Guide, TVOD, Contrôle du direct, Mosaic, Picture in Picture (PiP) and others. MyT + Livebox 2 packages give subscribers broadband access to the internet at speeds: 1Mbit/s, 2Mbit/s and 4Mbit/s. On all MyT + Livebox 2 packages, users also get access to My.T La Fibre (fiber technology) was launched in late 2013 and was rolled out in early 2014 in select regions, the service

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) are coupled into the single scanning fiber and they use red, green, and blue lasers to create color images. To collect backscattered light, twelve 250 micron multimode fibers are placed around the periphery of the micro scanner, creating a 1.6 mm distal tip. Most medical imaging of internal organs is segmented into two groups: (1) x-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound, which are used to image structures and typically, at low spatiotemporal resolution (millimeters, seconds); and (2) optical endoscope technologies, which are used to image surfaces at high spatiotemporal resolution (micrometers, milliseconds). Endoscopic imaging requires direct

neg: Chattanooga, Tennessee TV, Internet, and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT&T, Comcast, and EPB. Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011, when Haletown, Tennessee received service from EPB's fiber optic network, EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its service area, which covers the greater Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area. In September 2010, EPB became the first municipally owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to ten gigabit (10,000 megabits) per second by utilizing

neg: The Fiber Optic Association and trade unions to train and certify their workers. At the 1994 Fiber U Conference in Boston, the instructors decided that it was time to create a professional society for fiber optics. The instructors represented a number of fiber optic manufacturers including 3M, Siecor/Corning, Panduit and Fotec, two universities which had started fiber optic courses (Wentworth and Lincoln Trail College), two US military services and several independent trainers and consultants. The FOA was incorporated in July 1995 as a non-profit education organization (501(C)6). The founders and some other recruits began meeting to create a certification program. Since the focus of

neg: Bixby, Oklahoma since 1993 and telephone services since 1914. BTC Broadband is one of the first companies in Oklahoma to offer a gigabit connection over fiber optic cables to select neighborhoods. In addition to adding fiber optic support to existing neighborhoods, BTC Broadband is active in working with local developers to ensure select areas are pre-installed with fiber optic support. Bixby has been used as the setting for at least two popular works of fiction. The best-selling novel "Tex" (1979) by S.E. Hinton tells the story of its title character, a troubled teen in rural Bixby. The 1982 film adaption, starring Matt

neg: Optical fiber connector meter and light source or an optical loss test set (OLTS) is used to test end-to-end loss, and an optical time-domain reflectometer may be used to identify significant point losses or return losses. Optical fiber connector An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers. In all, about 100 different types of fiber optic connectors have been introduced to the market. Optical

neg: Boeing 777 will have a new carbon fiber reinforced polymer wings with folding wingtips and a denser cabin. The longer 777-9, seating 414 over 7,600 nmi (14,075 km), should fly in the first quarter of 2019 and be delivered from December 2019, while the shorter 777-8 would seat 365 over 8,700 nmi (16,110 km). Boeing introduced a number of advanced technologies with the 777 design, including fully digital fly-by-wire controls, fully software-configurable avionics, Honeywell LCD glass cockpit flight displays, and the first use of a fiber optic avionics network on a commercial airliner. Boeing made use of work done on the cancelled

neg: Telecommunications engineering 5-10 dB/km in coaxial cable) was due to contaminants, which could potentially be removed. Optical fiber was successfully developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works, with attenuation low enough for communication purposes (about 20dB/km), and at the same time GaAs (Gallium arsenide) semiconductor lasers were developed that were compact and therefore suitable for transmitting light through fiber optic cables for long distances. After a period of research starting from 1975, the first commercial fiber-optic communications system was developed, which operated at a wavelength around 0.8 µm and used GaAs semiconductor lasers. This first-generation system operated at a bit rate of

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) human finger. When these devices are reduced in size, they suffer severe resolution degradation, resulting in an image quality that equates to legal blindness for the clinician using them. All flexible endoscope designs are limited by the diffraction of light. The objective lens and the illumination properties both determine the spatial point spread function (PSF) imparted on the image. The PSF in endoscopes has the greatest impact are the inside the device at the real focal plane. In the FOV application the limited area within the device and the resolvable separation between points can be used to calculate the image

neg: Opto-electronic oscillator frequency regime. In an OEO, the phase noise of the oscillator does not increase with the frequency that is subject to other implementations by electronic oscillators such as quartz crystal oscillators, dielectric resonators, sapphire resonators or air-dielectric resonators. OEO was introduced in the early 1990s. Since then, the device’s key properties have been continuously improved. Most OEOs utilize the transmission characteristics of an optical modulator together with a fiber-optic delay line to convert light energy into stable, spectrally pure RF/microwave reference signals. Light from a laser is introduced into an electro-optic (E/O) modulator, the output of which is passed through

neg: Retinal nerve fiber layer Retinal nerve fiber layer The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) or nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the

neg: Retinal nerve fiber layer that may generate micro bubble that can clog micro vessels. Retinal nerve fiber layer The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) or nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles,

neg: Ring laser new technology. Historically, the first extension was the use of fiber optics as wave guides, obviating the use of mirrors. However, even rings using the most advanced fiber working in its optimal wavelength range (e.g. SiO at 1.5 μm) have vastly higher losses than square rings with four high-quality mirrors. Therefore, fiber optic rings suffice only in high rotation rate applications. For example, fiber optic rings are now common in automobiles. Figure 2.Commercial Ring Laser Gyro encased in quartz. A ring can be constructed with other optically active materials that are able to conduct a beam with low losses. One

neg: Fiber optic sensor Fiber optic sensor A fiber optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the signals ("extrinsic sensors"). Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. Depending on the application, fiber may be used because of its small size, or because no electrical power is needed at the remote location, or because many sensors can be multiplexed along the length of a fiber by using light wavelength shift for each sensor, or by sensing the time delay as

neg: Distributed acoustic sensing Distributed acoustic sensing Rayleigh scattering based distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems use fiber optic cables to provide distributed strain sensing. In DAS, the optical fiber cable becomes the sensing element and measurements are made, and in part processed, using an attached optoelectronic device. Such a system allows acoustic frequency strain signals to be detected over large distances and in harsh environments. In Rayleigh scatter based distributed fiber optic sensing, a coherent laser pulse is sent along an optic fiber, and scattering sites within the fiber cause the fiber to act as a distributed interferometer with a gauge length approximately equal

neg: Scanning Fiber Endoscope (SFE) VI, Proc. SPIE. 2006; 6083:608303–8. [19] Seibel EJ, Brown CM, Dominitz JA, Kimmey MB. Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18(3):467–78. viii. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [20] Giniunas L, Juskaitis R, Shatalin SV. Endoscope with optical sectioning capability. Applied Optics. 1993;32(16):2888–2890. [PubMed] [1] Seibel EJ. 1-mm catheterscope. Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Diagnostics and Treatment Applications VIII, Proc. SPIE. 2008; 6852:685207–8. [2] Hirschowitz BI, Curtiss LE, Peters CW, Pollard HM. Demonstration of a new gastroscope, the fiberscope. Gastroenterology. 1958;35(1):50. discussion 51-3. [PubMed] [3] Baillie

neg: EPB the price of internet went down almost $300 per month when they started using the new technology. Using a 100% fiber-optic communication network as its backbone, EPB has created a Smart Grid. The grid is a next-generation electric system that includes communication capabilities designed to reduce the impact of power outages, improve response time, and allow customers greater control of their electric power usage. This same fiber optic backbone allows EPB to offer high-speed Internet, TV, and phone service to business and residential customers in the service area. In September 2010, EPB became the first company in the United States

neg: EPB EPB has petitioned the FCC to allow them to deliver internet to communities outside of the 600 square mile area that they service. Nineteen states in the US have laws that make it difficult or impossible for utility companies to deliver internet outside of the area that they service. When EPB first turned on the fiber-optic network for internet, customers were getting up to ten times the speed to which they were accustomed. Even those with lower-priced internet tiers saw their speeds nearly double. The service now has reached up to 10 Gbit/s. Using fiber-optic technology is much cheaper, since

neg: IProvo IProvo iProvo is the name of the Fiber to the Home service in Provo, Utah. Provo's backbone connects homes and businesses throughout the city, as well as municipal buildings, schools, power stations, and traffic signals. Construction began in July 2004 and was completed within two years. With the exception of new subdivisions not included in the original build out contract, the fiber optic backbone is available in all areas of the city. The network's fiber optic equipment is manufactured by World Wide Packets. iProvo was run as a public-private partnership. The city owned and maintained the fiber optic lines and

neg: Submarine communications cable inner conductor powered repeaters (two-way amplifiers placed at intervals along the cable). The first-generation repeaters remain among the most reliable vacuum tube amplifiers ever designed. Later ones were transistorized. Many of these cables are still usable, but have been abandoned because their capacity is too small to be commercially viable. Some have been used as scientific instruments to measure earthquake waves and other geomagnetic events. In the 1980s, fiber optic cables were developed. The first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber was TAT-8, which went into operation in 1988. A fiber-optic cable comprises multiple pairs of fibers. Each pair

neg: Media of Armenia Erevan have contributed to its growth. Armentel's (the national communications company's) only fiber optic connection to the Internet enters Armenia through Georgia (via Marneuli) and then connects to the rest of the Internet via an undersea fiber-optic cable in the Black Sea. Armenia is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable system via Georgia, which runs along the railroad from Poti to Tbilisi to the Armenian border near Marneuli. At Poti, the TAE cable connects to the undersea Georgia-Russia system KAFOS which then connects to the Black Sea Fiber Optic Cable System. The BSFOCS is co-owned by Armentel. A major way

neg: Internet in Denmark a vast area north of Copenhagen without any power company to coordinate a roll-out of FTTH with works on subterranean power cables. Since the purchase of DONG Energy's fiber optic network, the roll-out of FTTH in the Copenhagen area has practically been ignored by TDC and left to a few small companies focusing on a small number of clients. Even though the fiber optic cables were in the ground TDC emphasized the marketing of fiber optic products to the extent of not mentioning it as a product on its own webpage. Furthermore, fiber optic connections were downgraded to asymmetric speeds

neg: Fiber optic current sensor reducing the material needed, including insulation, a 420 kV DCB with integrated FOCS can reduce a substation’s footprint by over 50% compared to the conventional solution of live tank breakers with disconnectors and current transformers. Fiber optic current sensor A fiber optic current sensor (FOCS) is a current sensor for measuring direct current. By using a single-ended optical fiber around the current conductor that utilizes the magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect), FOCS measures uni- or bidirectional DC currents of up to 600 kA within ±0.1% of the measured value. Because it does not need a magnetic yoke, an FOCS is smaller

neg: Merit Network Merit launched Merit Secure Sandbox, a secure environment that can be used by organizations for educational purposes, cybersecurity exercises, and software testing. In September, the Michigan Cyber Range also added a SCADA component to Alphaville. In July 2014, Merit Network and WiscNet lit a new fiber-optic connection between Powers, Michigan; Marinette and Green Bay, Wisconsin; and Chicago, Illinois. The new 10 gigabit-per-second (Gbps) fiber-optic connection replaced two 1 Gbit/s circuits, providing greater capacity and speed between the Upper Peninsula and Chicago. In October 2014, Merit completed the REACH-3MC fiber-optic infrastructure project, which built fiber-optic infrastructure across Michigan and in parts

neg: Artificial Christmas tree trees in non-traditional colors and styles, like rainbow-colored trees or upside-down trees. Trends in artificial tree consumption have constantly evolved and a number of designer and other types of artificial Christmas trees have appeared on the market. Fiber optic trees come in two major varieties, one resembles a traditional Christmas tree. The other type of fiber optic Christmas tree is one where the entire tree is made of wispy fiber optic cable, a tree composed entirely of light. David Gutshall, of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, received a patent for the latter type of fiber optic tree in 1998. One Dallas-based company offers

neg: Fiber optic current sensor Fiber optic current sensor A fiber optic current sensor (FOCS) is a current sensor for measuring direct current. By using a single-ended optical fiber around the current conductor that utilizes the magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect), FOCS measures uni- or bidirectional DC currents of up to 600 kA within ±0.1% of the measured value. Because it does not need a magnetic yoke, an FOCS is smaller and lighter than Hall effect current sensors, and suffers no reduction in accuracy due to saturation effects. Because magnetic field sensing is distributed around circumference, it is unaffected by stray magnetic fields, and there is

neg: Optical networking for long distances, a glass fiber would need loss no greater than 20 dB per kilometer. A breakthrough came in 1970, when Donald B. Keck, Robert D. Maurer, and Peter C. Schultz of Corning Incorporated designed a glass fiber, made of fused silica, with a loss of only 16 dB/km. Their fiber was able to carry 65,000 times more information than copper. The first fiber-optic system for live telephone traffic was begun in 1977 in Long Beach, Calif., by General Telephone and Electronics, with a data rate of 6 Mbit/s. Early systems used infrared light at a wavelength of 800

neg: OFS (Company) OFS (Company) OFS is an American technology company known for designing and manufacturing fiber optic solutions. OFS is part of Furukawa Electric Company that has been in operation since 1884. In 2001, Lucent Technologies' Optical Fiber Solutions business was sold to Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. The new company became OFS Fitel, LLC, headquartered in Norcross ( near Atlanta), Georgia, USA. In 2010, OFS and Jiangsu Hengtong Optic-Electric Co., Ltd. established a joint venture company in China. This led to the formation of Jiangsu OFS Hengtong Optical Technology Co., Ltd. OFS designs and manufactures optical fiber, fiber optic cable, and other

neg: Splicebox Splicebox A splice box (also known as splice distributor) is a housing in which fiber optic cables begin or end. Fiber optics are fanned out in splice boxes that are situated at the end of fiber optic transmission paths. The main components of a splice box are the splice cassette that picks up the fibers and their reserves, and the front panel which contains different connectors for transmitting signals via copper or fiber optic cables. The splice cassette is removable in order to assemble fiber optics with a splice unit. The front panel can also be removed to splice the

neg: Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe Reliance Communications international fibre link, copying data to GCHQ Bude, as part of GCHQ's Mastering the Internet project. Other cable systems following a substantially similar route to FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA) are: Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) is a long fibre optic mostly-submarine communications cable that connects the United Kingdom, Japan, India, and many places in between. The cable is operated by Global Cloud Xchange. The system runs from the eastern coast of North America to Japan. Its Europe-Asia segment was the fourth longest cable in the world in 2008. The Europe-Asia segment was laid