query: who was the third estate made up of

pos: Estates of the realm Estates of the realm The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time. The best known system is the French "Ancien Régime" (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and peasants and bourgeoisie (the Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia

neg: Tennis Court Oath oath "". The only person who did not join was Joseph Martin-Dauch from Castelnaudary, who would only execute decisions made by the king. Before the Revolution, French society—aside from royalty—was divided into three estates. The First Estate comprised the clergy; the Second Estate was the nobility. The entire rest of France—some 98% of the population—was the Third Estate, which ranged from very wealthy city merchants to impoverished rural farmers. The three estates met from time to time in the Estates General, a legislative assembly. Although the Third Estate was the overwhelming majority of the French population, the makeup of the

neg: National Constituent Assembly (France) 11 May as the "Communes". On 12 June, the "Communes" invited the other Estates to join them: some members of the First Estate did so the following day. On 17 June 1789, the "Communes" approved the motion made by Sieyès that declared themselves the National Assembly by a vote of 490 to 90. The Third Estate now believed themselves to be a legitimate authority equal to that of the King. Elements of the First Estate, primarily parish priests who were closer in wealth to the Third Estate compared to the bishops who were closer in wealth to the Second Estate,

neg: Lowe Enterprises company also had 38 partners, employees who had risen through the ranks and become financial investors in the company. This was up from 32 partners in 2000. As of November 2013, Lowe had developed or managed more than $21 billion in assets. Its Destination Hotels & Resorts division owned or operated 35 hotels, resorts and golf clubs, which made it the third largest hospitality management company in the country. Lowe Enterprises operates in the hotel, industrial, office, residential, and retail real estate sectors. It has four divisions: The Real Estate Group, Lowe Enterprises Investors, the Hospitality Group, and Distressed Asset

neg: Storming of the Bastille Louis XVI, France faced a major economic crisis, caused in part by the cost of intervening in the American Revolution, and exacerbated by a regressive system of taxation. On 5 May 1789, the Estates General of 1789 convened to deal with this issue, but were held back by archaic protocols and the conservatism of the second estate: representing the nobility who made up less than 2% of France's population. On 17 June 1789, the third estate, with its representatives drawn from the commoners, reconstituted themselves as the National Assembly, a body whose purpose was the creation of a French constitution.

neg: Edith Wharton West Twenty-third Street in New York City. To her friends and family she was known as "Pussy Jones." She had two older brothers, Frederic Rhinelander, who was sixteen, and Henry Edward, who was twelve. She was baptized April 20, 1862, Easter Sunday, at Grace Church. Wharton's paternal family, the Joneses, were a very wealthy and socially prominent family having made their money in real estate. The saying "keeping up with the Joneses" is said to refer to her father's family. She was also related to the Rensselaers, the most prestigious of the old patroon families, who had received land grants

neg: George Ferguson (Lt Governor of Tobago) of the estate and its policies. The third Laird died unmarried and childless in September 1820. Despite being a solicitor, no will had been drawn up. Normally the estate would have passed to Patrick who was the younger brother of the third Laird and older brother of the Governor; however, Patrick had been killed in action in 1780 and was also a childless bachelor. Although the Governor was terminally ill and in his seventies, he became the fourth Laird of Pitfour and the estate passed to him in the autumn of 1820. Scottish law in the early 19th century was

neg: Denbies sale of the estate continued under his son Henry, who succeeded him; by this time what remained of the estate amounted to the Regency-style house with land at the eastern end of Ranmore Common, a handful of estate cottages, an adjoining farm – known as Bradley Farm – and some estate outbuildings. Henry's third marriage was to Elizabeth, the widow of his friend Mark Dent-Brocklehurst, in 1979; she had inherited Sudeley Castle, and the couple made it their family home. Five years later the last of the Denbies estate was offered for sale, bringing to an end more than a

neg: French nobility of pre-Revolutionary France, the nobility made up the Second Estate of the Estates General (with the Catholic clergy comprising the First Estate and the bourgeoisie and peasants in the Third Estate). Although membership in the noble class was mainly inherited, it was not a fully closed order. New individuals were appointed to the nobility by the monarchy, or they could purchase rights and titles, or join by marriage. Sources differ about the actual number of nobles in France; however, proportionally, it was among the smallest noble classes in Europe. For the year 1789, French historian François Bluche gives a figure

neg: British Property Federation roughly made up of a third real estate companies, a third professional firms, and a third other organisations such as investment banks and fund managers. The BPF's policy work is overseen by a range of committees, each one made up of a chairman and between 15 and 30 people from its member companies. It currently has 19 committees involving over 400 direct members in total, as well as regional forums British Property Federation British Property Federation (BPF) is a not-for-profit membership organisation representing companies involved in property ownership and investment. The BPF “work[s] with Government and regulatory bodies to help

neg: Estates of the realm In Scotland, the Three Estates were the Clergy (First Estate), Nobility (Second Estate), and Shire Commissioners, or "burghers" (Third Estate), representing the bourgeois, middle class, and lower class. The Estates made up a Scottish Parliament. Today the terms "three estates" and "estates of the realm" may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature, administration, and the judiciary. Additionally the term "fourth estate" usually refers to forces outside the established power structure (evoking medieval three-estate systems), most commonly in reference to the independent press or media. Historically, in Northern and Eastern Europe,

neg: Third World referring to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War. His usage was a reference to the Third Estate, the commoners of France who, before and during the French Revolution, opposed the clergy and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively. Sauvy wrote, "This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate also wants to be something." He conveyed the concept of political non-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc. The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained

neg: Momin Mosque the sons of Emperor Shahjehan. In this settlement, the Sundarbans were included under the name of Muradkhana or Jeradkhana. In 1722, a third settlement was made by Nawab Jaffer Khan in the reign of Muhammad Shah. A fourth settlement was made by Mir Kashim in 1763. The next settlement was the Decennial or Parmanent Settlement during the collectorship of Mr. William Douglas, who was then collector of Dhaka. The village Burirchar was a part of Thuskhali estate which is situated in the thana (Upazila) of Mathbaria under the present district of Pirojpur. It was a Sundarbans estate entirely reclaimed from

neg: Working class Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the same social unit, a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies. The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War. In the late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment,

neg: Glanusk Park 2017 the estate will host the World Field Target Championships, an international sporting competition. Shân Legge-Bourke, Lord Lieutenant of Powys and a lady-in-waiting to The Princess Royal, is the (present) owner of the Glanusk estate. She is the daughter of Wilfred Bailey who was the third Baron Glanusk. Her daughter Tiggy Legge-Bourke, nanny to Prince William and his brother Prince Harry, grew up at Glanusk and still lives on the estate. In 2013 fifteen poisoned birds of prey, and five poisoned pheasants likely used as bait, were found on the outer estate grounds in what was reported as the "most

neg: Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès of the alienated class of people that made up the third estate. He attacked the foundations of the French "Ancien Régime" by arguing the nobility to be a fraudulent institution, preying on an overburdened and despondent bourgeoisie. The pamphlet voiced concerns that were to become crucial matters of debate during the convocation of the Estates-General of 1789. Whereas the aristocracy defined themselves as an élite ruling class charged with maintaining the social order in France, Sieyès saw the third estate as the primary mechanism of public service. Expression of radical thought at its best, the pamphlet placed sovereignty not in

neg: Étienne Marcel Étienne Marcel Étienne Marcel (between 1302 and 1310 – 31 July 1358) was provost of the merchants of Paris under King John II of France, called John the Good (Jean le Bon). He distinguished himself in the defense of the small craftsmen and guildsmen who made up most of the city population. As a delegate of the Third Estate, he played an important role in the general assemblies held during the Hundred Years' War. In 1357, he found himself at the head of a reform movement that tried to institute a controlled French monarchy, confronting the royal power of the

neg: Hacienda Cocoyoc in the region and Mexico City itself. On the death of Antonio, the estate was inherited by his three daughters, Margaret, Josefa and Guadalupe, who nevertheless fail to have the success that his father had made and end up losing the property for debt, fronts the landowner of the region John Goribar, who is in turn the owner of the neighboring ranch Casasano. It is at this time that the estate is visited by Frances Inglis Elskine Calderon de la Barca, who makes an interesting description of it. After the death of John Goribar, the estate was inherited by his

neg: Loughcrew Cromwellian Settlement of 1652. Their estate at Loughcrew was assigned by Sir William Petty to the Naper Family c.1655. The Napers are descended from Sir Robert Napier who was Chief Baron of the Exchequer of Ireland in 1593. The Napers built an extensive estate of some 180,000 acres (730 km²) in north Meath in the subsequent centuries which mirrored that developed by their neighbouring Cromwellians, the Taylors of Headfort. Following a third and devastating fire, in 1964, the three Naper sons went to court and requested that the state allow the family trust to be broken up and the estate

neg: Ric Clark estate investor. Mr. Clark (born 1958) described himself as a “third-generation real estate guy” in an interview with the Financial Times. He grew up in Pennsylvania and told the British newspaper that he was inspired by the example of his grandfather and father, who were both residential real estate developers. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Business from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Clark paid his way through university working as a laborer and handyman on residential construction sites. His first job after university was with the Penn Central Corporation, then a holding company of diverse businesses including the

neg: Brownlow Hill Estate site. Brownlow Hill has remained relatively unchanged since the 19th century, considering the constant pattern of farming, the scenic landscape setting and most of the Brownlow Hill estate and contents has remained largely intact. The house at Brownlow Hill was originally built as two small separate wings of brick at right angles to one another, with a separate kitchen at the rear making up the third side of the Courtyard. By 1834 alterations were made transforming the house which was "now pronounced the best in the Colony." The two small wings were joined, forming an L shaped building. The original

neg: Cahiers de doléances Cahiers de doléances The Cahiers de doléances (or simply Cahiers as they were often known) were the lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789, the year in which a revolutionary situation began. Their compilation was ordered by King Louis XVI, to give each of the Estates – the First Estate (the clergy), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate, which consisted of everyone else, including the urban working class, the rural peasantry, and middle class and professional people, who were the only ones in the group likely

neg: W.H.L. McCourtie Estate learned the craft from Dionicio Rodriguez, the most famous artisan in, and acknowledged master of, the genre. It is known that a third unidentified artisan assisted Cardoso and Corona; it has been speculated that the unknown third person was Rodriguez. The cement structures on the property were completed between 1930 and 1933. W. H. L. McCourtie died in 1933. After his death, the estate passed through multiple hands. In 1987, the estate was made into a public park. The house on the property was demolished, but the cement sculptures and an underground garage and rathskeller still remain. The McCourtie Estate

neg: Araujo Estate Wines first vintage under the new ownership, Araujo Estate Wines has been renamed Eisele Vineyard Estate, putting forward the name of the iconic terroir. The first Eisele Vineyard Cabernet vintage (2013) made under the Pinault ownership received 100 points from Robert Parker, for the first time in the history of the estate. Named for Milt and Barbara Eisele, who owned the vineyard prior to Bart and Daphne Araujo, the Eisele Vineyard has long been known for the quality of its Cabernet Sauvignon. Eisele provided grapes for what is thought to be the third vineyard-designated Cabernet Sauvignon in California, a 1971 from

neg: Luis de León about the essential principles of the church. It is written in dialogue form about three friends who discuss fourteen of the Scriptural names of Christ over a period of two days in a country estate. Each book ends in a lyrical meditation expressed in a poem. The predominant theme is the centrality and universality of Christ. The work grew by stages. The first edition of 1583 is made up of only two books, considering nine names in total. The second edition of 1585 adds a third book, considering four names, and adds the name 'shepherd' to the first book. Finally,

neg: Uprisings led by women and/or fortune. Louis XVI had allowed all people who paid taxes to vote, but since women could not pay taxes, they could not vote. While the Third Estate made rules, women would present their opinions through pamphlets and petitions to let the Third Estate know what they wanted. "Pétition des femmes du Tiers-Etat au Roi" stated that women wanted education to go beyond French and Latin for Church, more jobs to be available to women, and to raise the max pay of 5-6 sous. "Motion en Faveur du Sexe" and "Discours préliminaire de la pauvre Javotte" focused on dowries and

neg: Wills of Tadeusz Kościuszko were made on his American estate; one by Kosciusko Armstrong and one by the Zeltner family, who had housed him immediately before his death. Both parties produced wills written by Kościuszko. A representative of the Russian government also made inquiries. The case of Kościuszko's American estate went three times to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1852 the Supreme Court awarded the estate to Kościuszko's heirs in Poland. Before the final Supreme Court decision, Gaspard Tochman, acting on behalf of Kosciusko's relatives, had found an 1816 will drawn up in Paris. This will, which revoked the one made in concert with

neg: Vestavia Hills, Alabama Vestavia Hills, Alabama Vestavia Hills is a city in Jefferson and Shelby counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a suburb of the city of Birmingham it is made up of Vestavia, Liberty Park, and Cahaba Heights. As of the 2010 census, its population was 34,033, up from 24,476 in 2000. It moved up from the fifth largest city in Jefferson County in 2000 to the third largest in 2010, behind Birmingham and Hoover. Vestavia Hills is named for the estate of former Birmingham mayor George B. Ward. It was situated on the crest of Shades Mountain in

neg: Li Tao (Five Dynasties) Yuan Zhengci (袁正辭), who had an estate at Song, sent Li a gift of textile, trying to get Li to overlook his estate. Li instead revealed this to Shi, who honored him for his honesty. As a result, Yuan was demoted a rank, and Li was made the magistrate of Junyi County (浚儀), one of the two counties making up the Later Jin capital Kaifeng. He later was made "Bibu Langzhong" (比部郎中) and then "Xingbu Langzhong" (刑部郎中, both supervisory positions at the ministry of justice (刑部, "Xingbu")), while also serving as an assistant to the director of salt and iron

neg: William Cowper (doctor) Cowper (d. 1695), who had acquired the estate partly through descent and partly through purchase. Dr. William Cowper made improvements to the property, which in 1811 was inherited by Charles Cholmondeley of Vale Royal Abbey and rented to a tenant. In 1821, along with of land, it was bought by Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster and demolished in 1830 to allow construction of a new entrance to the Eaton Hall estate. William Cowper (doctor) William Cowper (1701 – 12 October 1767) was a British doctor and antiquarian. He was the third son of the Reverend John Cowper, MA of

neg: Appleton Roebuck built there which later became the home of Thomas, the third Lord Fairfax, a parliamentary commander during the Civil War. After the death of Mary Fairfax, Duchess of Buckingham, Nun Appleton was eventually sold in about 1711 to Alderman Milner of Leeds. The Milner family, who made their money from the Aire and Calder Navigation Canal, continued to own the Hall until 1875, when it was leased to William Beckett Dennison. As the agricultural depression of the 19th century and competition from railways increased, the Milner fortune dwindled away and the estate was sold. The manor and estate originally belonged

neg: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie that periods of liberalism in domestic policy coincided with periods of a pacific foreign policy. In order to pay for war, the French state had to increase taxation to raise the necessary funds. In "Ancien Régime" France, society was divided into three legal categories; the First Estate (the Catholic Church), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate (the commoners). The first two estates, which comprised the more wealthier elements of French society were exempt from taxation and to make up the shortfall in revenue, the Third Estate was taxed more heavily than what had been the case if

neg: Socialism second stage in the Chinese Civil War which ended in the establishment of the People's Republic of China led by the Chinese Communist Party. The term "Third World" was coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952 on the model of the Third Estate, which according to the Abbé Sieyès represented everything, but was nothing "because at the end this ignored, exploited, scorned Third World like the Third Estate, wants to become something too". The emergence of this new political entity in the frame of the Cold War was complex and painful. Several tentatives were made to organise newly independent

neg: Decolonization another independent state; the Northern Mariana Islands elected to become a commonwealth of the United States. The term "Third World" was coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952, on the model of the Third Estate, which, according to Abbé Sieyès, represented everything, but was nothing: "...because at the end this ignored, exploited, scorned Third World like the Third Estate, wants to become something too" (Sauvy). The emergence of this new political entity, in the frame of the Cold War, was complex and painful. Several tentatives were made to organize newly independent states in order to oppose a common front

neg: France in the Middle Ages Third Estate (commoners: all others), and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise the Crown, to give aid and counsel. In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries, the Estates-General had only a limited elective element. The lay lords and the ecclesiastical lords (bishops and other high clergy) who made up the Estates-General were not elected by their peers, but directly chosen and summoned by the king. In the order of the clergy, however, since certain ecclesiastical bodies, e.g. abbeys and chapters of cathedrals, were also summoned to the

neg: Guzów, Żyrardów County Kleofas Ogiński, insurrectionist, statesman and composer. His life was too much caught up in the political turmoil of the country to be focused on the estate. He emigrated. After the third partition of Poland in 1795, the estate became the possession of its Prussian conquerors. Strictly, it came under the Prussian kingdom's Treasury, but it was in the gift of Frederick William II of Prussia who passed it to his loyal minister, Karl Georg von Hoym. Being based in Silesia, it was an 'inconvenient' gift and he was minded to sell it back to its erstwhile owner, Ogiński's widow, Paula.

neg: Dodge Colt and third generation models in 1977. Second generation 2-door hardtops and wagons continued alongside 2- and 4-door "Mileage Makers". The wagon was also available with an "Estate" package, including wood grain applique and adjustable reclining seats. This model was also sold as the Dodge Colt 1600 GS in South Africa, only as a two-door hardtop coupé. The third generation Dodge Colt was effectively made up of two lines: coupes and sedans were of a smaller, Lancer-based series, while the Wagons were based on the new Mitsubishi Galant Sigma. In late 1976, for the 1977 model year, the smaller A70-series Mitsubishi

neg: Denbies of sixty-nine lots – tallying around – of land and property on the periphery of the estate just south of the railway line. Further land situated closer to Dorking town centre was sold for development in the 1930s. The break up of the estate continued after Henry's death on 27 October 1947 when it was inherited by his fourth son Roland, who became the third Lord Ashcombe. Roland was born on 26 January 1899 and initially followed a career in the army. He married Sonia Rosemary Keppel on 16 November 1920 and they had three children: two sons, Henry and

neg: National Constituent Assembly (France) clergy, and 604 were representatives of the Third Estate. For the entire duration of the Assembly, a total of 1,315 deputies were certified: 330 clerics, 322 nobles, and 663 deputies of the Third Estate. Tackett noted that the majority of the Second Estate had a military background, and the Third Estate was dominated by men of legal professions. Some of the leading figures of the Assembly at this time were: One must add the role played by the Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, especially in regard to the proposition of legislation in this period, as the man who, for a time,

neg: Synthetic CDO pool of 100 or more companies. Sellers of credit default swaps receive regular payments from the buyers, which are usually banks or hedge funds. Investors in synthetic CDOs included One example is Abacus 2004-1, the first of 47 synthetic CDOs Goldman Sachs packaged and sold. The deal was worth $2 billion. About one-third of the swaps referenced residential mortgage-backed securities, another third referenced existing CDOs, and the rest, commercial mortgage–backed securities (made up of bundled commercial real estate loans) and other securities. The short investor for the entire deal -- "betting it would fail"—was Goldman, which purchased credit default swap

neg: Scottish clan to be the chief's heritable estate and the chief's Seal of Arms is the seal of the clan as a "noble corporation". Under Scots law, the chief is recognised as the head of the clan and serves as the lawful representative of the clan community. Historically, a clan was made up of everyone who lived on the chief's territory, or on territory of those who owed allegiance to the said chief. Through time, with the constant changes of "clan boundaries", migration or regime changes, clans would be made up of large numbers of members who were unrelated and who bore

neg: Pancho Barnes who relied heavily upon the copyrighted autobiographical materials of Pancho Barnes. In 1996, a second biography appeared, "Pancho: The Biography of Florence Lowe Barnes", written by Barbara Schultz. A third biography appeared in 2000, written by Lauren Kessler, "The Happy Bottom Riding Club: The Life and Times of Pancho Barnes". PBS sponsored a documentary film, "The Legend of Pancho Barnes and the Happy Bottom Riding Club", completed in 2009. In it, Kathy Bates provides the voice of Barnes. The documentary was made independently of the estate of Barnes. However, the estate gave the film makers full access to her personal

neg: Lands of Lainshaw of Bridgehouse and (afterwards Lainshaw), the 'Tobacco Lord', had made a fortune in America between 1748 and 1762. In 1776 'Linshaw' is shown on road map as occupied by Bowman Esq. In 1779 William Cunninghame purchased Lainshaw from Sir Walter and proceeded to improve the Estate under an agreement whereby the Montgomeries could reclaim the estate only if they could reimburse William for the cost of his improvements. They were never able to do so. William married three times and had fourteen children. He disinherited his eldest sons Thomas and Alexander and it was his third son, William Cunninghame who

neg: Cams Hall a house on the estate around 1620. In 1632 the estate passed to his son, Thomas who rebuilt the house. Thomas Badd was created a baronet in 1642 in recognition of his services to the Crown in the Civil War. The house was recorded under the Hearth Tax Returns of 1665 as having 15 fireplaces. The estate then had a succession of different owners and when it was again put up for sale in 1767 and purchased by Sir Jacob Wolff, it consisted of a manor, mansion house, farmhouse and . Wolff made several changes before selling. By 1770 Cams

neg: Wokefield Park estate was landscaped with avenues, woodland and water. At the request of the Brocas family, Sir John Soane made alterations in the early 19th century onwards. In 1839 the estate was put up for sale after the death of Bernard Brocas's grandson, also named Bernard. The house and grounds were purchased by Robert Allfrey (1809–75) who had inherited his fortune from his father's stake in the Meux and Reid Brewery in London. Upon Allfrey's death in 1875, his £400,000 estate (equivalent to £ in ) passed through the family until it was sold at the turn of the century to

neg: Estates of the realm The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population. Under the "ancien régime" ("old rule/old government"), the Second Estate were exempt from the "corvée royale" (forced labour on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the "gabelle" (salt tax) and most important, the "taille" (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform. The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of France's population. The urban included wage-labourers.

neg: Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès resentment and agitation that united the third estate against the feudalistic traditions of the Ancien Régime. As a result, the Third Estate demanded the reorganization of the Estates General, but the two other orders proved unable or unwilling to provide a solution. Sieyès proposed that the members of the First and Second order join the Third Estate and become a united body to represent the nation as a whole. He not only suggested an invitation, however, but also stated that the Third Estate had the right to consider those who denied this invitation to be in default of their national

neg: Bramall Hall briefly succeeded by his son Peter, who was followed by his son William. William the seventh's son was the eighth William Davenport, and an inventory of his property made shortly after his death in 1706 shows the gallery and gatehouse of Bramall were still intact. His two eldest sons each inherited the estate but both died young and heirless, so the estate passed to their younger brother Warren Davenport. Warren became part of the clergy, and during his tenure at Bramall set up a school close to the entrance of the estate. The tenth and final William Davenport succeeded his

neg: Liège Revolution and the 32 crafts. These were split into 16 chambers, whose members were appointed for life, forming an electoral body. These chambers were made up of 20 nobles, patricians and 'rentiers', 10 notable merchants and 6 artisans. The commissioners of the craftsmen were themselves appointed by 28 commissioners, of whom 12 were appointed by the prince-bishop and 16 by the parishes. The third estate also included the representatives of the principality's 'bonnes villes', elected by 567 electors. Formed by the mayors of all these cities, they were almost completely obedient to the prince-bishop and the first estate and had completely

neg: History of Poonch District right up to 1940. In 1846, the brothers Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh quarrelled and the Punjab Board of Revenue awarded a settlement. Moti Singh was awarded one-third of the family estate, representing the Poonch district of 1947, and Jawahir Singh was awarded two-thirds of the estate. In 1859, Jawahir Singh was accused of 'treacherous conspiracy' by Maharaja Ranbir Singh (r. 1857–1885), who succeeded Gulab Singh. The British agreed with the assessment and forced Jawahir Singh into exile in Ambala. Ranbir Singh paid Jawahir Singh an annual stipend of Rs. 100,000 until his death, and confiscated his territory afterwards because

neg: Lutz Aengevelt Lutz Aengevelt Dr. Lutz W. Aengevelt (born June 4, 1943) is a German businessman who is the co-managing partner of Aengevelt Immobilien headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany. Aengevelt is listed among the largest private real estate firms in Germany. Lutz Aengevelt along with his brother Wulff make up the third generation of the family business. Dr. Lutz W. Aengevelt, married and father of two children, was born on 4 June 1943 in Offenbach. In 1966, after he has finished his PhD in Economic Sciences he entered the real estate company founded by his grandfather Leo Aengevelt in Düsseldorf in the year

neg: Studley Park, Narellan Camden Golf Course / Studley Park estate (what remains of it). These were made in 1810 and 1812. Prior to this John Macarthur received a grant on the southern side of the Nepean River of and this became known as Camden Park Estate. Governor Macquarie granted two of Macarthur's employees, John Condron and William Parrott (both convicts who subsequently obtained freedom) each in 1810 and 1812 respectively. These two grants, when later combined, made up the original enclosure of Studley Park. They were used for farming, the 1814 muster showing that Parrott (his land became known as 'Parrott's Farm') was

neg: French Revolution people. The Estates-General was organised into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France. It had last met in 1614. Elections were held in the spring of 1789; suffrage requirements for the Third Estate were for French-born or naturalised males, aged 25 years or more, who resided where the vote was to take place and who paid taxes. Strong turnout produced 1,201 delegates, including 303 clergy, 291 nobles and 610 members of the Third Estate. The First Estate represented 100,000 Catholic clergy; the Church owned about 10% of the land and collected its own taxes (the tithe)

neg: Catalan Courts Catalan Courts The Catalan Courts or General Court of Catalonia ( or ) was the policymaking and parliamentary body of the Principality of Catalonia from the 13th to the 18th century. The courts were made up of three arms or estates: the "military estate" which included representatives from the nobility, the "ecclesiastical estate" which saw representatives from the religious hierarchy and the "royal" estate which had representatives from the municipalities. The courts were summoned by the king who opened with a royal proclamation while the arms were in charge of legislating, always with the support of the sovereign. If the

neg: Basildon, Berkshire in Lower Basildon. It was also the birthplace (1674) and last resting place in 1741 of Jethro Tull, the agriculturist. In 1770 Francis Sykes, who had made his fortune in India, acquired the Basildon Estate and built the House, which stands today. His grandson dissipated his fortune and so mistreated his wife that he ended up caricatured as Bill Sikes in Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist. In 1838 Sykes sold the Estate to businessman, James Morrison, and the Morrison family held the Estate until 1929. The Morrison family had many interests including an art collection which included works by Constable, Da

neg: Lancaster West Estate availability of cheap rooms also attracted Peter Rachman, who became notorious for exploiting the poor. On 29 August 1958, a marital argument outside a public house by Latimer Road station triggered the 1958 Notting Hill race riots, which were centred on White City and Blechynden Street. Plans were made in the 1960s to replace the substandard housing in Notting Dale. This would displace 3,000 people, who were to be accommodated in the Lancaster West Estate scheme. This was to have included an office complex and a shopping centre, but they were never built. The master plan was drawn up by

neg: French Revolution on peasants. The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries, but two-thirds of the 303 delegates from the First Estate were ordinary parish priests; only 51 were bishops. The Second Estate represented the nobility, about 400,000 men and women who owned about 25% of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants. About a third of these deputies were nobles, mostly with minor holdings. The Third Estate representation was doubled to 610 men, representing 95% of the population. Half were well educated lawyers or local officials. Nearly a third were in trades or industry;

neg: Barnfield Estate Barnfield Estate The Barnfield Estate is a housing estate located in Woolwich, Royal Borough of Greenwich, south east London. The Barnfield Estate is located on the northern slope of Shooter's Hill, about one third up the hill from Woolwich Arsenal station (to the north). The area lies between Plumstead Common Road, Herbert Road, Eglinton Hill, Genesta Road and Wrottesley Road. To the west is Woolwich Common, to the east Plumstead Common. Building of the estate was approved by the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich to ease with the growing population in London in the interwar period. The site currently contains 570

neg: Pitfour estate surrounding parklands were landscaped, major renovations were undertaken, and follies such as a small replica Temple of Theseus were constructed, in which George Ferguson, the fifth laird, was thought to keep alligators in a cold bath. The first three lairds transformed the estate into a valuable asset. Lord Pitfour, the second laird, purchased additional lands including Deer Abbey and Inverugie Castle. Pitfour's son, James Ferguson, who became the third laird, continued to improve and expand the estate by adding the lake and bridges, and establishing planned villages. The third laird died a bachelor with no children, so the estate passed

neg: Estates General of 1789 Estate represented the nobility, about 400,000 men and women who owned about 25 percent of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants. About a third of the 282 deputies representing the Second Estate were nobles, mostly with minor holdings. The Third Estate representation was doubled to 578 men, representing 95 percent of the population of roughly 25 million. Half were well-educated lawyers or local officials. Nearly a third were in trades or industry; 51 were wealthy land owners. The "Réglement" that went out by post in January thus specified separate voting for delegates of each

neg: Patrick Burns (businessman) 2,000 poplar along the MacLeod Trail adjacent to Bow Valley Ranche. In his will Senator Burns endowed a third of his estate to the Burns Memorial Fund. As such, in 1939 a court order was issued setting up trusteeship and administration of The Burns Memorial Bequest Fund for three groups of beneficiaries: Today, the Burns Memorial Fund is made up of a private charitable foundation (the Children’s Fund) and two non-profit trusts (the Police Fund and the Fire Fund). These funds operate collectively as the Burns Memorial Fund. As part of its 125th anniversary, the "Calgary Herald" organized the search

neg: Hesketh Racing move the team up to Formula One. Hesketh rented a Surtees TS9 for the non-championship Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, with Hunt finishing third. This success led to the purchase of a March 731, with Hesketh also signing junior March Engineering designer Harvey Postlethwaite to modify the chassis, working from Hesketh's Easton Neston estate. The car made its first appearance at the 1973 Monaco Grand Prix, where Hunt ran sixth before the engine failed. He scored a point at the team's next entry, the French Grand Prix, improved to fourth for the British Grand Prix, and then third for

neg: Lucknow made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the "Sheikhzadas", controlled the region. The Nawabs of Lucknow, in reality, the Nawabs of Awadh, acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India's cultural capital, and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under their dominion,

neg: The Ready-Made Family The Ready-Made Family The Ready-Made Family is the seventh in the series of children's novels about the Marlow family by Antonia Forest, first published in 1967, and set in that period. Although most famous for her school stories, it is the third in a row in the series to be set away from the world of Kingscote college. The action begins at Easter at the Marlow family estate, Trennels. Nicola, Lawrie, Ginty and Ann arrive home to be joined almost immediately by their eldest sister Karen. Karen announces that she is giving up her history degree at Oxford (funded by

neg: 18th-century French literature also brought enormous social changes to France; an enormous growth in population; and, even more important, the growth of the wealthy class, thanks to new technologies (the steam engine, metallurgy), and trade with France's colonies in the New World and India. French society was hierarchal with the Clergy (First Estate) and Nobility (Second Estate) at the top and The Third Estate who included everyone else. Members of the Third Estate, especially the more wealthy and influential, began to challenge the cultural and social monopoly of the aristocracy; French cities began to have their own theaters, coffee houses and salons, independent

neg: Tweddle v Atkinson intact. Many legal devices exist to circumvent the doctrines (such as the use of negotiable instruments), the greatest being the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 which allows, in general, a beneficiary or an identified third party to enforce terms to its benefit in a contract made by others. Tweddle v Atkinson John Tweddle and William Guy mutually agreed in writing to pay sums of money (£100 and £200, respectively) to Tweddle's son William (who was engaged to Miss Guy). Guy then died before payment, and when the estate would not pay, William Tweddle then sued Mr Atkinson, the

neg: Pitfour estate paid £15,000 for it. The of land included Deer Abbey and Inverugie Castle, but consisted predominantly of peat bogs, woods and uncultivated land. This addition made the Pitfour estate the largest in the area, at more than stretching from Buchanhaven to Maud along the course of the River Ugie. 3rd laird The third laird, also named James, inherited the estate in 1777; he was usually referred to as the Member to differentiate him from previous generations. Like his forebears, he was an advocate but also became a Member of Parliament. He too continued to expand and improve the estate; he

neg: Norton Hall Anglo-Saxon nobleman Wulfric Spott who died c. 1002. Modern historian Barbara A. West states that the present Norton Hall "“is probably the third house on the site”". In the 12th century the estate was owned by Robert FitzRanulph, the Lord of Alfreton and Norton who funded the building of the nearby Beauchief Abbey. The FitzRanulph family remained the owners of the Norton estate until 1269 when the failure to produce a male heir meant the estate went into the hands of the Chaworth family who owned the estate for almost two hundred years until their male lineage ran out in

neg: Estates of the realm The rural included free peasants (who owned their own land) who could be prosperous and villeins (serfs, or peasants working on a noble's land). The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights. In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's unequal status all the more glaring. There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started. They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages. Most were born within this

neg: Łańcut Castle and both feature magnificent wood-carved overdoors. The bedroom walls are decorated with colorful fabric featuring the pattern described in an old inventory as “flames and flowers”. It also forms a baldachin over the bed. The material which can be seen today is the third version of the design. The first one, made of silk and dating from the times of the Duchess, was taken off the walls in the late 19th century by her great grandson, and replaced with a replica made in Lyon. That was taken off the walls in 1944 by the last estate owner who evacuated the

neg: Aldenham Park, Morville by his descendant Walter Acton. Walter's son, Sir Edward, was created a baronet in 1643 and was succeeded in turn by Sir Walter and Sir Edward. All three baronets served as MPs for Bridgnorth. The third baronet married a wealthy heiress and in the late 17th century started to remodel the early 17th century house. The work was continued after Sir Edward's death in 1716 by his son, Sir Whitmore, who also made alterations to the park and gardens. The fifth baronet made little improvement to the estate other than building the stables around 1751. When he died without a

neg: Antoine Balthazar Joachim d'André Antoine Balthazar Joachim d'André Antoine Balthazar Joachim, baron d'André (2 July 1759 – 16 July 1825) was a French royalist politician. He was born in Aix-en-Provence on 2 July 1759. At the onset of the French Revolution he was a "conseiller" at the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence. Elected by the Second Estate as a representative of the sénéchaussée of Aix-en-Provence to the Estates-General of 1789 (also elected from Aix was the comte de Mirabeau, who though he was a nobleman was elected by the Third Estate). Following the example of Philippe, duc d'Orléans, he joined the Third Estate which became the

neg: Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I into three parts. One third became his own private estate known as the Sarf-i-Khas, one third was allotted for the expenses of the government and was known as the Diwans territory, and the remainder was distributed to Muslim nobles (Jagirdar, Zamindars, Deshmukh), who in return paid nazars (gifts) to the Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under their suzerainty. The most important of these were the Paigah estates. The Paigah's doubled up as generals, making it easy to raise an army should the Nizams Dominions come under attack. They were the equivalent to the Barmakids for

neg: Fourth Estate powers of regency to "a fourth estate: the queen". This was reported by Burke, who, as noted above, went on to use the phrase with the meaning of "press". In his novel "The Fourth Estate", Jeffrey Archer wrote: "In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the 'Estates General'. The First Estate consisted of three hundred clergy. The Second Estate, three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, six hundred commoners." The book is a fictionalization from episodes in the lives of two real-life Press Barons, Robert Maxwell and Rupert Murdoch. Fourth Estate The term Fourth Estate (or

neg: Moishe Mana Moishe Mana Moishe Mana (born 1956) is a billionaire businessman, and real estate developer. Originally from Israel, Mana emigrated to the US in 1983, where he founded his first business, Moishe's Moving Systems. He started further businesses including GRM Document Management, the country's third largest document storage business, Milk Studios, a media and entertainment conglomerate, and Mana Contemporary, an art gallery. Mana is currently developing real estate in Miami and Jersey City. Moishe grew up in the Hatikva neighborhood of Tel Aviv, the second of five children in a poor family. His parents were Iraqi-born immigrants who worked in various

neg: Allotment system system, with each "rusthåll" providing a horse and horseman. In later years, contrary to the early times when the rider was often the farmer himself, the horseman was a volunteer in the same way as in the infantry, and he was also supplied with a croft ("ryttartorp") and pay from the farmer, who in turn gained a large tax reduction and also did not need to serve in the army. This was mainly done because it was easier to replace a fallen horseman than replace the master of the estate. Usually, the rusthåll was made up of only one estate,

neg: Estate tax in the United States the income tax but is nevertheless relevant to societal notions of who should pay tax. Second, taxes imposed at death may have smaller disincentive effects on lifetime labor supply and saving than taxes that raise the same revenue (in present value terms) but are imposed during life. Third, if society does wish to tax lifetime transfers among adult households, it is difficult to see any time other than death at which to assess the total transfers made." In response to the concern that the estate tax interferes with a middle-class family's ability to pass on wealth, proponents point out that

neg: Kilcooley estate disorder most notably in 2007 when the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) was blamed for instigating riots. Kilcooley estate is situated approximately three miles west of Bangor town centre and is bounded by two major roads, the West Circular Road on the East and the Belfast Road on the West. Kilcooley is the third largest housing estate in Northern Ireland. However, attempts have been made to improve the public image of the estate and various community forums have been created to implement this. In July 2007 Kilcooley Community Forum received £113,000 and Kilcooley Women’s Education and Development Group received £115,000 in

neg: Henry Knight (cricketer) Henry Knight (cricketer) Henry Knight (born "Henry Austen", 27 May 1797 – 31 May 1843) was a nephew of Jane Austen and an English cricketer who played for Sussex. He was born in Rowling, Kent and died in Kent. He was the third son of Jane Austen's brother Edward Austen Knight, who had added the additional surname of Knight in 1812 when he inherited the Chawton House estate from Thomas Knight. He joined the Army in 1818 as a cornet, was promoted lieutenant in 1821, captain in 1823 and half-pay major in 1826. He retired in 1837. Knight made a

neg: Pitfour estate is buried in Luton. Following its 20th-century decline the estate changed hands several times until local farmer Hamish Watson purchased it in December 2010. The local historian Alex Buchan summed up the demise of the estate: "They thought the estate was here to provide them with money, to gamble, to travel, to simply fritter away and very quickly, within a couple of decades, they had wasted the whole lot." He added, "Eccentricity amounted to just squandering money." The original small country house was first altered during the early 18th century. In 1809 the Sheriff's grandson James Ferguson, the third laird,

neg: Burnhill Green Burnhill Green Burnhill Green is a small hamlet near Pattingham, situated in Staffordshire, England, in the former parish of Patshull. The hamlet is on the edge of the Staffordshire county border where it becomes Shropshire and consists of a pub, The Dartmouth Arms, surrounded by a few pre-1950 houses although The Crown Estate who own much of the land built some sustainable houses in 2010. The hamlet forms part of the then country estate of the Earl's of Dartmouth made up of Patshull Hall and Patshull Park. Patshull Hall went through several incarnations ending up today as a number of

neg: Beaumont House who made extensive alterations to the house. It was then bought by a third owner in five years, Mr Bennet, in 1911. Upon his death the house was passed on to his widow. Beaumont House was then transferred to the National Trust of South Australia by Bennet's widow, who had remarried, and her new partner on 24 August 1968. Originally a five-bedroom residence, the Beaumont House estate has been expanded greatly. Most of the structural expansion took place between 1907 and 1911, when Maj. Vincent owned it; it has not been expanded or notably altered at all since being donated

neg: Jose Cuervo Ana Gonzalez Rubio, inherited La Rojeña and in 1900 married Jose Cuervo Labastida, head of La Constancia. From then on, the brand became Jose Cuervo Tequila. After Ana Gonzalez Rubio's death in 1934, the estate was left to her niece Guadalupe Gallardo, who died in 1966 and left the estate to her sister, Virginia Gallardo. One of her sons, Juan Beckmann Gallardo, would manage the business. Part of Cuervo was owned by Distribuidora Bega, and, starting in 1979, the other part was owned by Grupo Cuervo, made up of Beckmann, his son Juan Beckmann Vidal, Jose Luis Campos, and Heublein

neg: Belle Vale, Liverpool 1874 in Belle Vale Road. It was initially used as a chapel of ease to Childwall church until Gateacre was made a parish in its own right in 1893 and St Stephen's became its parish church. It was designed by Liverpool architect Cornelius Sherlock who also designed "Church Cottages" next to the church. The cottages were built in 1880 by Sir Andrew Barclay Walker for his estate workers. The cottages remained part of the Walker estate until put up for auction in 1917. In the garden in front of the church there is a stone memorial cross inscribed with the

neg: Shotgate Estate and housing estates, so named after the WW2 RAF Pilot Officer William Henry Hodgson, who was shot down but managed to ditch his Hurricane aircraft, avoiding the houses of the Shotgate estate. The sign is located next to the Southend Road (A129), it is made up of various symbols; Gate, Wheatsheaf, Archer, River, Hurricane. Before the idea for a community hall had been conceived, many different groups were meeting on a regular basis in Shotgate. These included: Amongst the groups it was decided that a communal building would be needed for the village. A committee was formed and started

neg: Estates of the realm who succeeded Rome after the 4th century. France under the "Ancien Régime" (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate. The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before

neg: Afro-Jamaican most estates had three main field gangs. The first was made up of the strongest and most able men and women. The second, of those no longer able to serve in the first, and the third, of older enslaved Africans and older children. Some estates had four gangs, depending on the number of children living on the estate. Children started working as young as 3 or 4 years old. To a large extent, Jamaican customs and culture were fashioned by sugar. According to John Hearne (1965), for two hundred years sugar was the only reason behind Jamaica's existence as a

neg: Ardtornish variety of new superiors including MacLean of Inverscaddle, MacDonald of Borrodale and MacLachlan of Callart with Stanhope's land also being held by MacLachlan. By 1850 radical changes had occurred. In 1845 MacDonald's land to the east of Loch Aline had become the Achranich Estate owned by Octavius Smith, a Londoner whose father had made his money in grocery wholesaling and who was himself a successful distiller. To the west, part of Argyll's substantial holdings had been broken up with John Sinclair owning the Lochaline Estate and in the east Argyll's land was in the hands of the notorious Patrick Sellar,

neg: Le Paysan parvenu Le Paysan parvenu Le Paysan parvenu is an unfinished novel by Pierre de Marivaux. It was written in 1735 and an ending was added by another writer. The work is supposedly the original for subsequent tales of poor boys of a heroic nature who have "made good". The change in style is noticeable from Marivaux’s literary style to the more racy conclusion written by the other author. Jacob is the son of a poor peasant farmer in provincial France, and the family usually transport the wines of the local estate owner. Jacob ends up in the estate owner's house in

neg: Brooke Astor nature because "she didn't understand it." The claims made by Philip Marshall regarding his father's handling of the estate prompted interest in the matter. The New York District Attorney announced indictments on criminal charges against Tony and attorney Francis X. Morrissey Jr., November 27, 2007. The charges stemmed from the district attorney's office and subsequent grand jury investigation into the mishandling of Astor's money, and a questionable signature on the third amendment to her 2002 will, made in March 2004. That amendment called for Astor's real estate to be sold and the proceeds added to her residuary estate. An earlier

neg: Cobhamites meetings at Cobham's famous estate at Stowe House in Buckinghamshire. They were a mixture of MPs, Peers as well as some prospective politicians. The writer Alexander Pope was associated with the group. Although almost exclusively made up of Whigs, the group worked closely with the Tories who made up the baulk of the Opposition, and shared Cobham's sharp dislike of the Walpole government. Cobham's supporters and the other Whigs refused to become Tories, and were soon styling themselves as the 'Patriot Party' or 'Patriot Whigs'. The group was at times associated with Frederick, Prince of Wales a noted opponent of

neg: Langold son, also called Henry, who again planned a large mansion overlooking the lake, but although he commissioned Sir Jeffry Wyatt to draw up plans, no construction took place. Knight made some changes to the estate, most notably the conversion of the existing ponds and lakes into two inter-connected lakes, for which the work was completed in 1818. The lakes were separated by a weir with an arched bridge over a boathouse by the 1890s. Langold Hall was described as "a farmhouse" in William White's gazetteer of 1838. The Langold estate passed to Sir Thomas Wollaston White in 1846 and to

neg: Slade Hall Slade Hall Slade Hall is a small Elizabethan manor house on Slade Lane in Longsight, Manchester, England (). An inscription above the porch dates the building to 1585. The mansion is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, first listed on 25 February 1952. Slade, known anciently as Milkwall Slade, was an estate made up of in Rusholme and in Gorton, both in Manchester, England. From about the mid-13th century until the reign of Elizabeth I, it was held by a family who adopted "Slade" as their surname. They sold the estate

neg: Legitime cases. The surviving spouse or illegitimate children, when either concur with the parents or ascendants, get one fourth of the estate. If all concur, the share of the surviving spouse is reduced to one eighth of the estate. The surviving spouse gets one half of the estate when there are no other heirs, and in certain cases, when the marriage is "in articulo mortis", he or she gets one third. The surviving spouse also gets one third of the estate when concurring with illegitimate children, who also get the same share. However, the surviving spouse gets one fourth when concurring

neg: Glas-allt-Shiel a bequest of £250,000 from an eccentric barrister, John Camden Neild, who himself had been living in poverty. The purchase of the estate was made in Albert's name, however, to establish clearly that it was personal property and not that of the Crown. Albert had been introduced to deer stalking at Taymouth back in 1840 when he was rather fortunate in successfully shooting a stag and he took up this new pastime finding that the area around Loch Muick on the estate was a good location. They had rebuilt the shooting lodge of Allt-na-giubhsaich at the foot of Loch Muick

neg: Friars Carse the purchaser of 'Glenriddell' and he in turn sold the estate on to Provost John Crichton of Sanquhar, brother of John Crichton, who purchased it on his behalf in 1809. The house and estate had therefore been purchased for Dr James Crichton (1765–1823), who had made his fortune with the East India Company in the trade with China and had lived at Canton. In 1812 he took up occupancy and changed the name of the property from Glenriddell back to Friars' Carse and died here in 1823. His widow (Elizabeth Grierson) remained at Friars' Carse until her own death in

neg: Manor of Rivington today. During Robert Andrews ownership improvements were made to the hall in 1820. Robert Andrews died unmarried in 1858 and the estate passed to his brother, John, who died childless in 1865 and consequently to his sister, Hannah Maria Andrews who married Robert Fletcher of Liverpool. Their daughter Lucy married Woodhouse Crompton in 1834. After the death of Robert Andrews in 1858 his brother, John Andrews took up residence at Rivington Hall during which time his three nieces from Liverpool moved in to attend to his care until his death in 1865. Ownership of the estate passed on Robert Andrew's

neg: Anne-Pierre, marquis de Montesquiou-Fézensac of a family from Armagnac. He was brought up with the children of the king of France, and showed some taste for letters. He entered the army in 1754, was successively colonel of the Grenadiers and the Royal-Vaissaux regiment, and in 1780 was made "maréchal-de-camp". Some pieces of verse and several comedies gained him admission to the Académie française in 1784. He was elected deputy to the Estates-General of 1789 by the nobles of Paris, and, animated by Liberal ideas, he soon joined the Third Estate, and seconded Jacques Necker's financial schemes. He served on the committee charged with the

neg: Robert Walpole much money in the 1720s and 1730s in building up a collection of Old Masters from all over Europe. Walpole also concerned himself with estate matters. His health, never good, deteriorated rapidly toward the end of 1744; Orford died in London in 1745, aged nearly sixty-nine years; he was buried in the parish church of St Martin in Houghton, Norfolk. His earldom passed to his eldest son Robert who was in turn succeeded by his only son George. Upon the death of the third Earl, the Earldom was inherited by the first Earl's younger son Horace Walpole, who is now

neg: Julia Lermontova revolution, an attempt was made to nationalize the estate in Semenkovo, however, through the intervention of the Minister of Education, Anatoli Lunascharski, she was permitted to keep the estate. Julia Lermontova died in 1919 from a brain hemorrhage. While she never married, Sofia (Fufa) Kovaleyskaya (her step-daughter) inherited the entire estate. Julia Lermontova Julia Lermontova (21 December 1846 – 16 December 1919 ), was a Russian chemist. She is known as the first Russian female doctor in chemistry, and the third woman to have been given a doctorate in Europe. She studied at the University of Heidelberg and the University