query: who paid for the great wall of china

pos: History of the Great Wall of China History of the Great Wall of China The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476) and Warring States periods (475–221) were connected by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty (221–206) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. The walls were built of rammed earth, constructed using forced labour, and by 212 ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria. Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense. The Han (202 – 220), the Northern Qi (550–574),

pos: History of the Great Wall of China academics such as Liang Qichao, who tried to counter the West's fantastic version of the Great Wall, Sun Yat-sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang's wall preserved the Chinese race, and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors. Such an endorsement from the "Father of Modern China" started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness, though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent "new China." The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment

pos: Rise of the Great Wall "Rise of the Great Wall" set a new standard for ATV because most of its prior television series were not as good as those produced by its rival, TVB. Rise of the Great Wall Rise of the Great Wall is a 1986 Hong Kong television series based on the life of Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China and founder of the Qin dynasty. The series is one of the biggest productions by ATV. The series follows the life of Ying Zheng, the ruler of the Qin state in the Warring States period, who eventually unified China, established the

pos: Rise of the Great Wall Rise of the Great Wall Rise of the Great Wall is a 1986 Hong Kong television series based on the life of Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China and founder of the Qin dynasty. The series is one of the biggest productions by ATV. The series follows the life of Ying Zheng, the ruler of the Qin state in the Warring States period, who eventually unified China, established the Qin dynasty, and became the First Emperor of a unified China. The series also includes a subplot about Jing Ke, an assassin who attempted to take the emperor's life.

pos: History of the Great Wall of China elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier. Furthermore, Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC, thereby exaggerating both the Wall's antiquity and its size. This misconception was compounded by the "China Illustrata" of Father Athanasius Kircher (160280), which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator. All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century, in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall

pos: Great Wall of China BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced over various dynasties; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Apart from defense, other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the

neg: History of the Great Wall of China steppes. In the case of Manchuria, considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites, some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade. Culturally, the wall's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing, who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming. As a result, no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty, when Westerners started to show interest in the

neg: Great Wall Movie Enterprises China. Yuan stayed in the reorganised Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd, which became identified with left-wing tendencies. Well known for their patriotism towards mainland China, Great Wall often collaborated with Feng Huang (Phoenix) Motion Picture Co and it was the pioneer studio in the early 1950s. There are many veterans and talents from China who joined the studio, In the meanwhile, lots of acting talents and directors are cultivated too. Directors: Actors: In 1982, Great Wall merged with Feng Huang, Chung Yuen and Sun Luen Film Co. as Sil-Metropole Organisation. Great Wall Movie Enterprises Great Wall Movie Enterprises Limited ()

neg: Five Barbarians (禿髮樹機能). However the Jin bureaucracy forgot an underlying threat: Living in areas well south of the Great Wall and closer than ever before to the capital of China at Luoyang, any widespread uprising by the Wu Hu would be impossible to halt. A era of relative prosperity had existed since Jin Wudi unified China in 280. The so-called barbarians residing inside and near China regularly paid taxes to the Jin court. They traded horses and animal products for agricultural goods and silk and could be paid to fight as mercenaries. Some officials foresaw a crisis. "Discussion of the God of

neg: Great Wall of China hoax Robert Medill McBride and Neil Pritchie. Wilber, who composed the music for "Back to Dear Old Denver Town" (1912), was the first manager of the Fox Fullerton Theater (Fullerton, California) after it was constructed in 1924–25. The legend was also told in "More of Paul Harvey's The Rest of the Story" (1981). In 2012, the Denver Theater Center presented "The Great Wall Story," a play by Lloyd Suh, based on the incident. Great Wall of China hoax The Great Wall of China hoax was a faked newspaper story concocted on June 25, 1899 by four reporters in Denver, Colorado about

neg: History of the Great Wall of China a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China, beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960, and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China. To date, Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall. Other stretches did not fare so well. During the Cultural Revolution (196676), hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall—already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain—were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the "Four Olds" to be eradicated in

neg: Silk Road China lacked Selenium, a deficiency which contributed to muscular weakness and reduced growth in horses. Consequently, horses in China were too frail to support the weight of a Chinese soldier. The Chinese needed the superior horses that nomads bred on the Eurasian steppes, and nomads wanted things only agricultural societies produced, such as grain and silk. Even after the construction of the Great Wall, nomads gathered at the gates of the wall to exchange. Soldiers sent to guard the wall were often paid in silk which they traded with the nomads. Past its inception, the Chinese continued to dominate the

neg: Great Wall of China borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued. On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria. Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control. None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia, such as Marco Polo, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Giovanni de' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone, mentioned the Great Wall. The North African traveler Ibn Battuta, who also visited China

neg: History of the Great Wall of China lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese. During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall, inadequately-equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months. Using the cover of the Great Wall, the Chinese – who were at times only armed with broadswords – were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment. With the Chinese forces eventually overrun, the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Even so, the

neg: History of the Great Wall of China the new China. Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall, and the pilfered materials were used for construction. As China opened up in the 1980s, reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the "Love our China and restore our Great Wall" campaign () to repair and preserve the Great Wall. The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. However, while tourism boomed over the years, slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing "looking like a Hollywood set" in the words of the "National Geographic News". The less prominent

neg: Walking Through the Great Wall of China Walking Through the Great Wall of China "Walking Through the Great Wall of China" is a magic trick performed by the illusionist David Copperfield, in which he apparently enters the Great Wall of China from one side and emerges on the other side in front of a live audience on both sides of the wall and over it. This illusion was performed in his ninth TV special "The Magic of David Copperfield VIII: Walking Through the Great Wall of China" (1986). It is one of the illusions Copperfield performed only once in his career. On both sides of the wall

neg: Great Wall of China during the Yuan dynasty "ca." 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China. He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern Quanzhou) in his travelogue "Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling". He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an, which Dhul-Qarnayn (commonly associated with Alexander the Great) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who

neg: Great Wall China Adoption Services. Great Wall China Adoption Great Wall China Adoption is an adoption agency based in Austin, Texas. It is non-profit and accredited by the Council on Accreditation (COA). The specialty of this organization is placing orphan Chinese children with permanent families of their own in accordance with Chinese and U.S. adoption laws. The president of Great Wall China Adoption is Snow Wu. In 1996, the Chinese government established the China Center of Adoption Affairs (CCAA), prompting Snow Wu to found Great Wall China Adoption later that year. Ms. Wu is also a Board Member of the Joint Council on International

neg: Great Wall China Adoption Great Wall China Adoption Great Wall China Adoption is an adoption agency based in Austin, Texas. It is non-profit and accredited by the Council on Accreditation (COA). The specialty of this organization is placing orphan Chinese children with permanent families of their own in accordance with Chinese and U.S. adoption laws. The president of Great Wall China Adoption is Snow Wu. In 1996, the Chinese government established the China Center of Adoption Affairs (CCAA), prompting Snow Wu to found Great Wall China Adoption later that year. Ms. Wu is also a Board Member of the Joint Council on International Children's

neg: History of the Great Wall of China identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances. Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century. The work "A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions" by Gaspar da Cruz (c. 152070) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted, "a Wall of an hundred leagues in length. And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues." Another early account written by

neg: Great Wall of China had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they weren't significant. Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the "Tartars" (i.e. Mongols), may be the one contained in João de Barros's 1563 "Asia". Other early accounts

neg: Walking Through the Great Wall of China wall, then he throws away the sheets to reveal himself. The whole illusion is filmed in long take, thanks to a large camera boom that makes a complete rotation over the wall. Copperfield's heart is "monitored" during the whole illusion. Walking Through the Great Wall of China "Walking Through the Great Wall of China" is a magic trick performed by the illusionist David Copperfield, in which he apparently enters the Great Wall of China from one side and emerges on the other side in front of a live audience on both sides of the wall and over it. This illusion

neg: History of the Great Wall of China The reason for this, according to "The New Yorker" journalist Peter Hessler, is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions (favoured by Chinese historians) nor the excavation of tombs (favoured by Chinese archeologists). Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin (成大林) and self-funded scholar David Spindler. History of the Great Wall of China The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn (771–476) and Warring States periods (475–221)

neg: Great Wall of China Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels. Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest. The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general, Wu Sangui, who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing. The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and eventually defeated both the rebel-founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China. Under Qing rule, China's

neg: Commune by the Great Wall di Venezia in 2002 and bestowed a special prize. Zhang Xin, the project's creator and investor, was recognized for her “bold personal initiative.” Centre Pompidou, in Paris, houses the exhibited model, as its first permanent collection from China. Commune by the Great Wall The Commune by the Great Wall (Chinese: 长城脚下的公社) is a SOHO China-managed boutique hotel, in Beijing, China. The Commune by the Great Wall is near the Badaling section of the Great Wall. The Commune consists of private villas designed by twelve Asian architects. Its clubhouse and villas are in a valley totaling eight square kilometers. It also

neg: Jackson Yee as the first image ambassador and "protector" of the Great Wall of China (The Great Wall Protection And Public Welfare Ambassador) by the China Foundation For Cultural Heritage Conservation. In November 2017, Jackson was invited by the World Health Organization to Geneva as one of the four youth leaders from China, to give a speech a calling for the elimination of AIDS discrimination. Shortly after, he was awarded the title of WHO China's special envoys for health. The same month, he collaborated with 16 other celebrities on the song "Embracing You", which serves as the theme song for 30th World

neg: Underground Great Wall of China Underground Great Wall of China The Underground Great Wall of China ( ) is the informal name for the vast system of tunnels China uses to store and transport mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles. Due to the great secrecy surrounding the tunnels, not much information about them is publicly available; however, it is believed that the tunnels allow for mobile ICBMs to be shuttled around to different silos, and possibly stored in reinforced underground bunkers. This greatly enhances the ICBM's chance of survival in a direct nuclear strike, which enables their use in a second strike unlike ICBMs based in static

neg: Great Wall Wine Great Wall Wine China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd. is a Chinese producer of wine based in Shacheng town, Huailai County, Zhangjiakou, Hebei province, China. By production volume, Great Wall is China's largest wine enterprise, producing 50,000 tons in 2010. Founded in 1983, Great Wall is a subsidiary of state-owned COFCO Group. Its main office is situated at the foot of the Great Wall of China, next to the Guanting Lake. The company has 74.8 hectares (1,125 mu) of vineyards, mostly in Shandong province. More than ten different varieties of grapes are grown there. It uses 1,375 twenty-ton storage vessels

neg: History of the Great Wall of China Great Wall failed to stop enemies, including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall-building dynasties, the Ming, as rulers of China. The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty, as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick, often extending its line through challenging terrain. Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated, while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons, deconstructed for their building materials, or lost due to the ravages of time.

neg: Underground Great Wall of China that the tunnels are not likely to be breached by conventional or low-yield earth-penetrating nuclear weapons such as the B61-11. Underground Great Wall of China The Underground Great Wall of China ( ) is the informal name for the vast system of tunnels China uses to store and transport mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles. Due to the great secrecy surrounding the tunnels, not much information about them is publicly available; however, it is believed that the tunnels allow for mobile ICBMs to be shuttled around to different silos, and possibly stored in reinforced underground bunkers. This greatly enhances the ICBM's chance

neg: Great Wall of China Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built in 220–206

neg: Great Wall Haval H6 Great Wall Haval H6 The Great Wall Haval H6 is a compact sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced by the Chinese manufacturer Great Wall Motors since 2011. It was introduced at the 2011 Shanghai Auto Show, and it is a crossover, produced with both front-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive drivetrain. It is the successor of the Great Wall Pegasus. It was later renamed the Haval H6 (and redesigned) for the newly developed the Haval brand. As of October 2015, the Haval H6 is the best selling SUV in China. It has been the best selling SUV every month in China for nearly two

neg: A Great Wall chief pleasure of "A Great Wall" is its observation of the different attitudes toward the daily process of living in China and the United States." A Great Wall A Great Wall is a 1986 comedy-drama film written, directed and starring Peter Wang. It was the first American feature film shot in the People's Republic of China and was Kelvin Han Yee's first film. When a Silicon Valley Chinese American executive goes back to his homeland of China for the first time in 30 years, he and his family encounter many culture clashes between the lives that they lead in the

neg: Great Wall of China the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC. When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars, the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists. The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall, such that in the 20th century, a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars. Although a formal definition

neg: History of the Great Wall of China based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall: Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy, Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China, and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order. Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have, scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century. Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for

neg: Hushan Great Wall Hushan Great Wall The Hushan or Tiger Mountain Great Wall (), known to Koreans as Bakjak Fortress (Hangul :박작성 Hanja :泊汋城), is the most easterly known part of the Great Wall of China. About 600 metres of remains were excavated here in 1989. In 1992, a section of wall was renovated and opened to the public, forming a popular tourist attraction. The wall runs for about 1,200 metres over Hushan (Tiger Mountain). The wall starts 15 km northeast of Dandong city, directly beside the China–North Korea border. It then climbs steeply up to a height of 146.3 metres before descending

neg: Great Wall of China Cernan has stated: "At Earth orbit of high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye." Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, "it's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look." In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: "I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit.

neg: Great Wall Motors end.” A copyright infringement case in Shijiazhuang, China, however, was rejected, with the court claiming that "consumers would not be confused between the two" as they are "clearly different, particularly the front and rear parts of the vehicles". Great Wall Motors Great Wall Motors Company Limited is a Chinese automobile manufacturer headquartered in Baoding, Hebei, China. The company is named after the Great Wall of China and was formed in 1984. It is China's largest sport utility vehicle (SUV) and pick-up truck producer. It sells passenger cars and trucks under the Great Wall brand and SUVs under the Haval and

neg: Great Wall Motors Haval H series as the 2nd most-purchased SUV in China although this figure may technically include two discrete models, the Great Wall Haval H3 and the Great Wall Haval H5. Manufacturing for 2011 resulted in 486,800 units, and output this year was the tenth largest of any vehicle maker in China. In 2012, it was reported that the company only allows workers one day off per week and new hires undergo months-long, military-style training. Great Wall started selling in Europe in 2006, offering small vans. A lot of 500 SUVs were shipped to Italy in 2006 as well. Great Wall

neg: Great Wall Motors Great Wall Motors Great Wall Motors Company Limited is a Chinese automobile manufacturer headquartered in Baoding, Hebei, China. The company is named after the Great Wall of China and was formed in 1984. It is China's largest sport utility vehicle (SUV) and pick-up truck producer. It sells passenger cars and trucks under the Great Wall brand and SUVs under the Haval and WEY brands. In 2016, Great Wall Motors set a historical sales record of 1,074,471 cars worldwide, increased by 26% compared to 2015. Established in 1984, Great Wall initially manufactured only trucks, not producing a sedan car until 2010.

neg: Great Wall of Sand Great Wall of Sand "Great Wall of Sand" is a name first used in March 2015 by US Admiral Harry Harris, who was commander of the Pacific Fleet, to describe a series of uniquely large-scale land reclamation projects by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Spratly Islands area of the South China Sea in the period from late 2013 to late 2016. In late 2013 the PRC embarked on large scale reclamations at seven locations – in order to strengthen territorial claims to the region demarcated by the "Nine-Dash Line". The artificial islands were created by dredging sand

neg: Great Wall of Sand PRC, and those would not be able to release their findings". Great Wall of Sand "Great Wall of Sand" is a name first used in March 2015 by US Admiral Harry Harris, who was commander of the Pacific Fleet, to describe a series of uniquely large-scale land reclamation projects by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Spratly Islands area of the South China Sea in the period from late 2013 to late 2016. In late 2013 the PRC embarked on large scale reclamations at seven locations – in order to strengthen territorial claims to the region demarcated by

neg: Great Wall of China undertake any significant effort in the region. The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself. The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive

neg: The Great Wall of China (short story) The Great Wall of China (short story) "The Great Wall of China" (original title "Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer", literally "During the construction of the Great Wall of China") is a short story by Franz Kafka. While written in 1917, it was not published until 1930, seven years after his death. Its first publication occurred in "Der Morgen", a German literary magazine. A year later, Max Brod included it in "Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer", the first posthumous collection of short stories by Franz Kafka. Contained within the story is a parable that was separately published as "A Message from

neg: Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall of China hoax The Great Wall of China hoax was a faked newspaper story concocted on June 25, 1899 by four reporters in Denver, Colorado about bids by American businesses on a contract to demolish the Great Wall of China and construct a road in its place. The story was reprinted by a number of newspapers. In 1939, an urban legend began when Denver songwriter Harry Lee Wilber claimed in a magazine article that the 1899 hoax had ignited the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. The radio commentators Paul Harvey and Dwight Sands perpetuated the legend. Variations have been

neg: Jumenbu (barbican entrance to the fortress) on the east. The wall was built from earth with bricks on the surface. Jumenbu Jumenbu (), is a fortress of the Ming Great Wall Shanxi Section, located in Datong city in Shanxi province, China. Jumenbu is a fortress for guarding the Great Wall of China, and it is a part of the Great Wall defence system. Jumenbu is situated in a brae 2.5 km away from the Great Wall. It was designed to defend against invasion and harry the nomads of Mongolia. Its original name was Jumengbu, which literally means "Mongol-resistant stronghold", but it

neg: A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China the book, calling it gossip-filled and a "slim" contribution to scholarship. Despite these mixed reviews, "A Great Wall" won both the Lionel Gelber Prize and the New York Public Library's Helen Bernstein Book Award in 2000. A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China: An Investigative History (1999) is a history of international relations written by journalist Patrick Tyler. The book details high level relations between the United States and China from the Nixon administration to the Clinton Administration. Primarily focused on the actions and motives of members of the president's cabinet and their

neg: Mongol conquest of China within China, Genghis had conquered and consolidated Jin territory as far south as the Great Wall by 1213. He then advanced with three armies into the heart of Jin territory, between the Great Wall and the Yellow River. With the help of Chenyu Liu, one of the top officers who betrayed Jin, as well as the Southern Song, who wanted revenge on Jin, Genghis defeated the Jin forces, devastated northern China, captured numerous cities, and in 1215 besieged, captured and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (modern-day Beijing). However, the Jin emperor, Xuan Zong, did not surrender, but moved his

neg: History of the Great Wall of China feature prominently. The French philosopher Voltaire (16941774), for example, frequently wrote about the Great Wall, although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a "monument to fear". The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde, who was there for the annual imperial hunt. One of the embassy's members, John Barrow, later founder of the Royal Geographical Society, spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to "all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland" and would

neg: Al-Kahf a great deal and reached the east and the west of the earth – namely, Dhul-Qarnayn. The Qur'an repeats the Syrian legend of a great king who helps a tribe of people build a massive wall of iron between two mountains. It goes on to say that this wall will be only destroyed on Judgement Day The wall may have reflected a distant knowledge of the Great Wall of China (the 12th century scholar al-Idrisi drew a map for Roger of Sicily showing the "Land of Gog and Magog" in Mongolia), or of various Sassanid Persian walls built in the

neg: History of the Great Wall of China determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people. The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his "Long March" escaping from Kuomintang prosecution. Near the end of the trek in 1935, Mao wrote the poem "Mount Liupan" that contains the well-known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day: "Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men" (). Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song "The March

neg: The Great Wall (film) The Great Wall (film) The Great Wall () is a 2016 monster film directed by Zhang Yimou, with a screenplay by Carlo Bernard, Doug Miro and Tony Gilroy, from a story by Max Brooks, Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz. The China-US co-production stars Matt Damon, Jing Tian, Pedro Pascal, Willem Dafoe, and Andy Lau. It is Zhang's first English-language film. Principal photography for the film began on March 30, 2015, in Qingdao, China, and it premiered in Beijing on December 6, 2016. It was released by China Film Group in China on December 16, 2016, and in the United States

neg: Great Wall of China Sihaiye in Beijing's Yanqing County. The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous: they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today. The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall, for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People's Republic of China, as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries. South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass; when used by the Chinese to protect their land, this section of the wall had many guards to defend China's capital Beijing. Made of

neg: Great Wall of China ... I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it." In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China. In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye. In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the "Great Wall" photographed from low orbit. However, in

neg: Jumenbu Jumenbu Jumenbu (), is a fortress of the Ming Great Wall Shanxi Section, located in Datong city in Shanxi province, China. Jumenbu is a fortress for guarding the Great Wall of China, and it is a part of the Great Wall defence system. Jumenbu is situated in a brae 2.5 km away from the Great Wall. It was designed to defend against invasion and harry the nomads of Mongolia. Its original name was Jumengbu, which literally means "Mongol-resistant stronghold", but it was later renamed. The fortress is not big, and has only a gate on the east with a "wengcheng"

neg: A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China: An Investigative History (1999) is a history of international relations written by journalist Patrick Tyler. The book details high level relations between the United States and China from the Nixon administration to the Clinton Administration. Primarily focused on the actions and motives of members of the president's cabinet and their counterparts in China, the book illustrates the large role personal politics and bureaucratic infighting had on the direction of China policy in the United States. Well received in the popular press, the book garnered mixed reviews

neg: The Great Wall (film) the Chinese movie industry with their bad reviews. On the same day, Maoyan took down its 'professional score' for "The Great Wall". The Great Wall (film) The Great Wall () is a 2016 monster film directed by Zhang Yimou, with a screenplay by Carlo Bernard, Doug Miro and Tony Gilroy, from a story by Max Brooks, Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz. The China-US co-production stars Matt Damon, Jing Tian, Pedro Pascal, Willem Dafoe, and Andy Lau. It is Zhang's first English-language film. Principal photography for the film began on March 30, 2015, in Qingdao, China, and it premiered in Beijing

neg: History of the Great Wall of China his "Science and Civilisation in China": "There is no lack of travelers' description of the Great Wall, but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between, whether in Chinese or Western languages." In 1990, Arthur Waldron published the influential "The Great Wall: From History to Myth", where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity, dismissing it as a modern myth. Waldron's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship. Still, as of 2008, there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall.

neg: Ming Great Wall in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II. However, independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall, being only part of a complex foreign policy, received "disproportionate blame" because it was the most obvious relic of that policy. Ming Great Wall The Ming Great Wall (明長城; "Ming changcheng"), built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), forms the most visible parts of the Great Wall of China today. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure from

neg: Great Wall Film Company Great Wall Film Company Great Wall Film Company () was one of the first Chinese film production companies based in Shanghai, China, in the 1920s. The company was founded by Mei Xuechou (梅雪俦) and Liu Zhaoming (刘兆明) in the 1920s. The company's first known film was "The Discarded Wife" (1924), written by Hou Yao and co-directed by Hou and Li Zeyuan. The cartoon "Uproar in the Studio" was the first known cartoon short released for non-commercial in China in 1926 when the Wan brothers was working for the company. The segment helped them become recognized as animation pioneers in China.

neg: Jiankou Jiankou Jiankou () is a section of the Great Wall of China. This section is a photographic hotspot due to its unique style, steep mountains and beautiful scenery. 'Jiankou', is translated as 'Arrow Nock' in English, for the shape of the collapsed ridge opening is reminiscent of an arrow nock. The Jiankou section of the Great Wall of China is located in the Huairou District within the city limits of Beijing, north of Beijing city center. The Jiankou section of the Great Wall of China is located between the Mutianyu - ten kilometers to the east - and the Moshikou

neg: History of the Great Wall of China of the Volunteers", whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han's 1934 poem entitled "The Great Wall". The song, originally from the anti-Japanese movie "Children of Troubled Times", enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People's Republic of China (PRC) at its establishment in 1949. In 1952, the scholar-turned-bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall. Five years later, the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC. The Badaling Great Wall has since become

neg: History of the Great Wall of China suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice. The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom's 1845 "China, in a series of views". Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers. The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the "Old Dragon Head," where the Great Wall meets the sea at

neg: History of China which led to the Ming Great Wall being built. Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming. The brick and granite work was enlarged, the watchtowers were redesigned, and cannons were placed along its length. At sea, the Ming became increasingly isolationist after the death of the Yongle Emperor. The treasure voyages which sailed Indian Ocean were discontinued, and the maritime prohibition laws were set in place banning the Chinese from sailing abroad. European traders who reached China in the midst of the Age of Discovery were repeatedly rebuked

neg: Wall example in Rome, Italy and Beijing, China. Examples of protective walls on a much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall. Some walls formally mark the border between one population and another. A border wall is constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border. These structures vary in placement with regard to international borders and topography. The most famous example of border barrier in history is probably the Great Wall of China, a series of walls that separated the Empire of China from nomadic powers to the north. The most prominent

neg: History of the Great Wall of China with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China's future trajectory from its past. Naturally, the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past. For example, an influential writer of this period, Lu Xun, harshly criticized the "mighty and accursed Great Wall" in a short essay: "In reality, it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... [It] surrounds everyone." The Sino-Japanese conflict (193145) gave the Great Wall a new

neg: Vanessa Harding began with its inaugural show, "The Brawl at the Wall", held in Beijing near the Great Wall of China. Between August 15 to September 10, "The Great Brawl of China" tour visited Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Wrestlers who appeared on the 4-week tour included former NWA World Heavyweight Champion Barry Windham, Dustin Rhodes, The Barbarian, Glacier as well as NWA MACW Junior Heavyweight Champion Rikki Nelson, Chris Hamrick, Andrue Bane and Bruiser Bradley. Female wrestlers, the first to compete in China, included Malia Hosaka, Brandy Wine, Jenny Taylor and Amber Holly. Harding and SoCal Val also

neg: Great Wall Wine with a total capacity of approximately 30,000 tons. Great Wall uses modern wine making equipment that is imported from France, Germany, and Italy. The company produces dry and sweet wines, fortified wines, distilled and sparkling wines. In 2010, Great Wall produced 50,000 tons, making it China's largest wine producer. The company markets its products in 20 countries or regions, such as USA, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and domestically in 29 provinces. Great Wall Wine China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd. is a Chinese producer of wine based in Shacheng town, Huailai County, Zhangjiakou, Hebei province, China. By production volume,

neg: A Great Wall A Great Wall A Great Wall is a 1986 comedy-drama film written, directed and starring Peter Wang. It was the first American feature film shot in the People's Republic of China and was Kelvin Han Yee's first film. When a Silicon Valley Chinese American executive goes back to his homeland of China for the first time in 30 years, he and his family encounter many culture clashes between the lives that they lead in the United States and the lives of their relatives in China. The finale of the movie includes an exciting table tennis match involving the Chinese-American son

neg: History of the Great Wall of China stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention. In 2002 the New York-based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World's 100 Most Endangered Sites. In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall. In China, one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th-century scholar Gu Yanwu. More recently, in the 1930s and 1940s, Wang Guoliang () and Shou Pengfei () produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border

neg: History of the Great Wall of China the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II. However, independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall, being only part of a complex foreign policy, received "disproportionate blame" because it was the most obvious relic of that policy. The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty, since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall: China proper, Manchuria, and Mongolia were all under Qing control. So instead, the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the

neg: History of the Great Wall of China Bishop Juan González de Mendoza (15501620) reported a wall five hundred leagues long, but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man-made, with the rest natural rock formations. The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci (15521610) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary, noting the existence of "a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long" that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire. Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s. Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento

neg: Commune by the Great Wall Commune by the Great Wall The Commune by the Great Wall (Chinese: 长城脚下的公社) is a SOHO China-managed boutique hotel, in Beijing, China. The Commune by the Great Wall is near the Badaling section of the Great Wall. The Commune consists of private villas designed by twelve Asian architects. Its clubhouse and villas are in a valley totaling eight square kilometers. It also houses corporate functions, weddings, film shoots, and fashion shows. Its furniture and interior decoration were designed by Serge Mouille, Philippe Starck, Karim Rashid, Matthew Hilton, Marc Newson, and Michael Young. The hotel's architecture was exhibited at La Biennale

neg: Great Wall of China in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goes, Matteo Ricci, and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza. In 1559, in his work "A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions," Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall. Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India. Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall, although later they slid into hyperbole, including

neg: History of the Great Wall of China the Shanhai Pass, proved popular destinations for these wall watchers. The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth. Examples of this myth's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars. The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China's last imperial dynasty. The revolutionaries, headed by Sun Yat-sen, were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era. In contrast to Chinese

neg: Great Wall of China the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye. Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and

neg: Great Wall of China natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be . Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English. In Chinese histories, the term "Long Wall(s)" (長城, "changcheng") appears in Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the

neg: Great Wall Airlines Great Wall Airlines Great Wall Airlines Company Limited was a cargo airline based in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. It operated cargo services to Europe, the United States and Asia. Its main base was Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The airline was merged into China Cargo Airlines in 2011. The airline launched its first flight from Shanghai to Amsterdam on 1 June 2006 with an initial frequency of six flights per week, becoming the first local-foreign partnership airline to take flight in China. It was co-owned by China Eastern Airlines (51%), Singapore Airlines Cargo (25%), and Dahlia Investments (24%), a subsidiary

neg: Automotive industry in China Office, publicly supported Chery. It was suggested that GM may have not patented its technology. In late 2005, the lawsuit was settled. Fiat has claimed that a Great Wall A-segment car, the Peri ("Jing Ling" in China), is a copy of its 2nd-generation Fiat Panda. A 2008 Italian Turin court ruling substantiated the claim stating that the Great Wall Peri, “doesn’t look like a different car but is a Fiat Panda with a different front end.” A copyright infringement case in China did not see a similar outcome. Other Great Wall models may resemble those of other automakers: The Great

neg: Great Wall of China Qing period did "Long Wall" become the catch-all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin, equivalent to the English "Great Wall". The current English name evolved from accounts of from early modern European travelers. By the 19th century, "The Great Wall of China" had become standard in English, French, and German, although other European languages continue to refer to it as "the Chinese wall." The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. During this

neg: Ninja Over the Great Wall to die, and it was merely a way for his father to save face. Chi says that he will not kill Shojiro, but only if Shojiro never steps foot in China again. However, this doesn't last long, and Shojiro (trained in the ways of Bushido) and Chi (trained in kung fu) meet for one final confrontation on the Great Wall of China. Among fans of Bruceploitation movies, "Ninja Over the Great Wall" is often praised for its high production values and relatively fast pace - two things absent from nearly every other Bruce Le film. On the website "Bruceploitation", "Keith"

neg: Great Wall Airlines Great Wall Airlines also launched scheduled services to Manchester via Amsterdam (two times weekly). The airline operated to U.S stations including Seattle and Chicago beginning end of May 2008. It started services to Atlanta in 2009. In the first half of 2011, the company was merged into China Cargo Airlines, together with Shanghai Airlines Cargo, which was the freight division of Shanghai Airlines. Prior to 2002 a small passenger airline operated under the name Great Wall Airlines from its base in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. The airline was purchased by China Eastern Airlines in May 2001. Great Wall Airlines operated flights

neg: Great Wall International Music Academy Great Wall International Music Academy The Great Wall International Music Academy, founded in 2005 and taking place annually in Beijing, China, was "the first festival of its kind to bring together the best of Western and Chinese musicians." It is a month-long classical music education summer institute for gifted string players aged 10 to 25 from China, the United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Europe and around the world. The academy began with a focus on strings only, founded by violinist Kurt Sassmannshaus, and added a piano department in 2013. Faculty come to Beijing for the academy from music schools

neg: Perth (China Wall) Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery The cemetery also contains the burial places of seven soldiers executed by their own side for cowardice or desertion: On 7 November 2006, the British government reversed its previous decision and announced a pardon for all soldiers executed in the Great War. The following cemeteries were concentrated into Perth (China Wall): Perth (China Wall) Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery Perth (China Wall) Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission burial ground for the dead of the First World War located near Ypres (now "Ieper") in Belgium on the Western Front. The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in

neg: Great Wall Film Company The last known production by the company was in 1930. Great Wall Film Company Great Wall Film Company () was one of the first Chinese film production companies based in Shanghai, China, in the 1920s. The company was founded by Mei Xuechou (梅雪俦) and Liu Zhaoming (刘兆明) in the 1920s. The company's first known film was "The Discarded Wife" (1924), written by Hou Yao and co-directed by Hou and Li Zeyuan. The cartoon "Uproar in the Studio" was the first known cartoon short released for non-commercial in China in 1926 when the Wan brothers was working for the company. The

neg: Great Wall Movie Enterprises Great Wall Movie Enterprises Great Wall Movie Enterprises Limited () was Hong Kong's leading left-wing studio and one committed to making progressive Mandarin films with social content as well as entertainment value. Unusual for Hong Kong films, some of their films were publicly shown in Maoist-era China. For the same reason, their films were banned in Taiwan. In 1948, Zhang Shankun co-founded with Yuan Yang'an the Great Wall Pictures Corporation. The momentum for developing a Mandarin film industry was established but Zhang and Yuan departed company when the finances and administration of Great Wall became influenced by events happening in

neg: History of the Great Wall of China Manchus without, decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them. The Manchus, having thus entered through the Great Wall, defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June5. They eventually defeated both the rebel-founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty. Opinions about the Wall's role in the Ming dynasty's downfall are mixed. Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall-building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China; the former compared

neg: Defense of the Great Wall Defense of the Great Wall The Defense of the Great Wall () (January 1 – May 31, 1933) was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937. It is known in Japanese as and in many English sources as the First Battle of Hopei. During this campaign, Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang and annexed it to the new state of Manchukuo, whose southern frontier was thus extended to the Great Wall of China.

neg: The Travels of Marco Polo from the earlier dynasties. He noted the Great Wall familiar to us today is a Ming structure built some two centuries after Marco Polo's travels. The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta did mention the Great Wall, but when he asked about the wall while in China during the Yuan dynasty, he could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it. Haw also argued that practices such as footbinding were not common even among Chinese during Polo's time and almost unknown among the Mongols. While the Italian missionary Odoric of Pordenone who visited Yuan

neg: Great Wall Airlines to the following (as of January 2013): Prior to the company's closure in 2012, Great Wall Airlines operated 2 Boeing 747-400BCF and 2 Boeing 747-400F. Great Wall Airlines Great Wall Airlines Company Limited was a cargo airline based in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. It operated cargo services to Europe, the United States and Asia. Its main base was Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The airline was merged into China Cargo Airlines in 2011. The airline launched its first flight from Shanghai to Amsterdam on 1 June 2006 with an initial frequency of six flights per week, becoming the first local-foreign

neg: History of the Great Wall of China de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India. Ivan Petlin's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first-hand encounter with the Great Wall, and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days. Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall. However, when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape recognizable today, foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole. In the "Atlas Sinensis" published in 1665, the Jesuit Martino Martini described

neg: Qin Shi Huang was tiring and unsuccessful, and to prevent the Xiongnu from encroaching on the northern frontier any longer, the emperor ordered the construction of an immense defensive wall. This wall, for whose construction hundreds of thousands of men were mobilized, and an unknown number died, is a precursor to the current Great Wall of China. It connected numerous state walls which had been built during the previous four centuries, a network of small walls linking river defences to impassable cliffs. A famous South China quotation was "In the North there is the Great wall, in the South there is the Lingqu

neg: Great Wall of China the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass "Piāntóuguān") in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" "Wài Chǎngchéng") extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province, and the "inner Great Wall" "Nèi Chǎngchéng") running southeast from Piantou Pass for some , passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at

neg: The Great Wall (film) on February 17, 2017 by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who said it "sacrifices great story for great action," and grossed $334 million worldwide against its $150 million production budget. A band of European mercenaries, including William Garin and Pero Tovar, travel to China during the reign of the Renzong Emperor, in search of the secret to gunpowder. Resting in a cave a few miles north of the Great Wall, they are attacked by a monster, leaving only William and Tovar alive. They cut off the monster's leg and bring it with them. The next day,

neg: History of the Great Wall of China the north. Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions. Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east, Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall (except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass). When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan, he did not mention a Great Wall. In 1368, the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang, r.136898) ousted the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty

neg: Great Wall Voleex C30 Great Wall Voleex C30 The Great Wall Voleex C30 is a subcompact car manufactured by the Chinese company Great Wall Motors from 2010 to 2016. It has only been produced as a four-door sedan. In China, the Voleex C30 is available with a 1.5 L petrol engine which produces and of torque and mated either to a 5-speed manual or 6-speed CVT. An EV version was available for the 2017 model year. Great Wall announced that 100,000 units had been produced by March 2011, only ten months after production had started. The Voleex C30 was awarded the title of "2010

neg: Ibn Battuta rampart of Yajuj and Majuj" that was "sixty days' travel" from the city of Zeitun (Quanzhou); Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb notes that Ibn Battuta believed that the Great Wall of China was built by Dhul-Qarnayn to contain Gog and Magog as mentioned in the Quran. However, Ibn Battuta, who asked about the wall in China, could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it. Ibn Battuta travelled from Beijing to Hangzhou, and then proceeded to Fuzhou. Upon his return to Quanzhou, he soon boarded a Chinese junk owned by the Sultan of

neg: Great Wall Voleex C30 can accelerate from rest to in 11.3 seconds. Great Wall Voleex C30 The Great Wall Voleex C30 is a subcompact car manufactured by the Chinese company Great Wall Motors from 2010 to 2016. It has only been produced as a four-door sedan. In China, the Voleex C30 is available with a 1.5 L petrol engine which produces and of torque and mated either to a 5-speed manual or 6-speed CVT. An EV version was available for the 2017 model year. Great Wall announced that 100,000 units had been produced by March 2011, only ten months after production had started. The

neg: Ming Great Wall The largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China at the time of Beijing's fall was Wu Sangui's 40,000-man frontier force, who had abandoned the Ningyuan garrison to come to the emperor's aid. Halfway to Beijing, Wu received news of Chongzhen's death, so he went back to garrison the Shanhai Pass, the eastern terminus of the main Great Wall line. He and his men were now caught between the rebels within the Great Wall and the Manchus without. After some deliberation, Wu Sangui decided to resist the new Shun regime, having heard that Li Zicheng had ordered Wu's family executed.