query: when did air conditioning became common in cars

pos: Automobile air conditioning in the U.S. had air-conditioning, with the percentage increasing to 80% in the warm areas of the Southwest. American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year, a first in the mass market, with a base price starting at $2,671. By 1969, 54% of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning, with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort, but also to increase the car's resale value. A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler, sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler. Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an

pos: 455 series with the completion of AC electrification of the route between and Sendai via the Ou Main Line and Senzan Line, 455 series trains were introduced on "Giō" services operating between Ueno and Yamagata. From the late 1960s, JNR was beginning to install air-conditioning on its trains, and 455 series cars built from June 1968 were designed to allow air-conditioning to be added easily at a later date. Air-conditioning was subsequently retrofitted between 1969 and 1975. With the opening of the Tohoku Shinkansen, the number of express services in the region were cut back from the start of the 15 November

neg: Automobile air conditioning Automobile air conditioning Automobile air conditioning (also called A/C) systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle. A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars. In 1939, Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars. These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co, of Cleveland, Ohio. The "Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner" also incorporated a heater. Cars ordered with the new "Weather Conditioner" were shipped from Packard's East Grand

neg: R33 (New York City Subway car) to be retrofitted with air conditioning when cars 9086/7, 9118/9, 9162/3, 9226/7, 9282/3, & 9294/5 were retrofitted at the 239 Street Yard with a modified version of the Stone Safety Air conditioning unit designed to fit on the smaller IRT cars, and by 1982 all R33 cars had received air conditioning. The cars were also rebuilt between 1986 and 1991. Before they were rebuilt, the R33 cars were grouped as follows: From 1987 until early 1991, the R33 cars were overhauled and rebuilt by the MTA's 207th Street and Coney Island Overhaul Shops. All cars were refitted with General Electric

neg: Buenos Aires Underground 200 Series well as newer forced ventilation systems to accommodate for the hot air extracted by the air conditioning units of the new rolling stock. The line re-opened in March 2013 with the 45 cars operational. They were praised for their quiet operating noise (the lowest in the network) and for their inclusion of newer features such as air conditioning, automated announcements and good lighting - which the 100-year-old La Brugeoise cars did not feature. By 2013, Line A was 3 km longer, with four more stations than what the 120 La Brugeoise cars once gave service to. This caused a serious

neg: R38 (New York City Subway car) the cars, while the evaporator units were installed on the top interior ends of the car in 1967. The first six air conditioned cars came into service on July 19, 1967. The six-week experiment was a success after past failures and air conditioning would soon, but not immediately, become standard equipment on new rolling stock built for the system, since the first 200 R40 cars were built without air conditioning. The air conditioned cars cost $40,000 more than the non-air conditioned cars. From this point on, the New York City Transit Authority began adopting air conditioning as standard equipment on

neg: Wairarapa Connection services were used on the interim. These included two former Auckland charter cars that were refurbished in 1993, which later became "no frills" NIMT passenger cars offering cheaper accommodation, later fitted with air-conditioning. These two cars were then permanently allocated to the Wairarapa. From 1995 until 2001 two former Bay Express cars operated on the service line irregularly. A former 1988 Southerner car turned NIMT no-frills car, later fitted with air-conditioning, was then permanently allocated to the Wairarapa. The sole remaining former single-lavatory first-class car, which served in the 1970 Southerner, 1988 Northerner and, as a "Backpackers" car, the TranzCoastal

neg: Plymouth Road Runner radical cam from the 440 Super Commando and a .25 raise in compression to 10.5:1 (vs. 10.25:1 with the 383). When air conditioning was ordered, the cars received the version, as the radical cam specs of the version did not create enough vacuum to accommodate air conditioning. A $714 option was the with 2X4 Carter AFB carburetors rated at @ 5000 rpm and @ 4000 rpm of torque. The standard equipment transmission was a 4-speed manual transmission with floor shifter and the three-speed TorqueFlite automatic transmission was optional. Early four-speed 1968 Road Runners featured Inland shifters, which were replaced by

neg: Russell Brookes At first he drove a number of privately entered cars including a BMC Mini Cooper. Progress was slow until 1973 without the support of family money in a sport which, at that time, did not permit sponsorship of individual cars. He then came to the attention of the Ford Motor Company when contesting their Ford Escort Mexico (One Make) championship. In 1974 Brookes started one of the longest running sponsorship deals in motorsport when he signed with "Andrews - Heat for Hire" (a portable heating and air conditioning company). Their distinctive yellow colour scheme graced nearly all of his cars

neg: R17 (New York City Subway car) were two versions of the R17: General Electric-powered cars (6500-6699) and Westinghouse Electric-powered cars (6700-6899). Cars 6800-6809 were factory equipped with air conditioning when delivered. However, the air conditioning experiment was considered a failure, and the cars were refitted with standard axiflow fans between 1962 and 1964. As delivered, R17s came with low-running lights and very comfortable foam rubber seats. In 1957, sealed beam headlights were added to the cars. Additionally, vandalism and wear & tear contributed to rapid and frequent damage to the original seats, leading the Transit Authority to replace the seats with hard fiberglass benches similar in

neg: Chevrolet Corvette (C3) their costing $365. All T-tops were now wired into the standard anti-theft alarm system. Tungsten-halogen high-beam headlights became standard as did an AM-FM radio, and for the first time a cassette tape player could be added as a $234 option. Heavy duty shock absorbers could now be ordered without the full Gymkhana suspension. An auxiliary electric engine cooling fan was first installed, but only on L-82 equipped cars with air conditioning. Rocker panels and rear window trim were painted black. Output for all engines increased due to new "open flow" mufflers. The dual-snorkel air intake introduced on L-82 cars the

neg: R40/A (New York City Subway car) last ten R38 cars, and became standard equipment on all future subway cars purchased from this point onward. As a result of the air conditioning, the standee poles were arranged in an alternating pattern rather than the straight-line pattern seen in the R40s, which lacked air conditioning systems/units until their overhauls. Due to the cosmetic and mechanical similarities shared by the straight-ended R40As and R42s, the two fleets often ran together, since they were, for all practical purposes, the same car type. In fact, one pair of cars consisted of an R40A car mated to an R42 car. This was

neg: Rail rolling stock in New South Wales a trailer car. Four driving trailer cars D4096–4099 were also ordered, allowing 2-car sets to be operated with power cars C3501–3504. The first 8-car set (R1) was delivered with air-conditioning, followed by 90 forced ventilation cars C3505–3549 & T4171–4215, during the delivery process for this order, C3550 and T4216 were delivered, fully fitted with air-conditioning. Following this, the next order, numbered from C3551 and T4217, were also fitted with forced-air ventilation, and were the first to be fitted with air-conditioning. The first 100 cars had their upper deck windows at the unpopular lower height of the earlier Goninan cars, the

neg: 103 series and 1991. These were built between 1964 and 1970. While not originally fitted with air-conditioning, most of the cars were fitted with air conditioning from 1975. The bogies of the trailer cars were changed from TR201 to TR212 for the cars built from 1968. Cars fitted with TR212 bogies feature disc brakes, because they needed to run on higher speeds on the Jōban and Hanwa Lines. This single 10-car unit was built in 1970. It was equipped with various air conditioning units and tested on the Yamanote Line in Tokyo. It was subsequently modified to become a standard air-conditioned set

neg: Air conditioning that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling. In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air (heating, (de-)humidification, cooling, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement). In common usage, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cool air. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC. Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling. The business of harvesting ice during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century. This practice was

neg: Choshi Electric Railway 1000 series earlier than originally scheduled. From January 2013, the original TRTA numbering (2040) was added to the Choshi end of the car. Unit 1002 was withdrawn from service following its final run on 10 February 2015. The trains featured longitudinal seating, and were equipped with fare collection boxes at each end for "wanman" driver only operation. The trains did not have air-conditioning. The two units normally operated as single cars, but could be coupled and operated in multiple when two-car trains were required for increased capacity, such as when special events were held in the area. The two EMU cars were

neg: Automobile air conditioning as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered, to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it, when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors can affect the engine, and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle. The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year. By 1960 about 20% of all cars

neg: KRL Commuterline rolling stocks are composed of domestically made air-conditioned cars produced by Industri Kereta Api (INKA) air-conditioned along with second-hand rail cars imported from Japan. Trains are generally formed of 6 or 8 cars, with a capacity of 80–110 passengers per car. With the arrival of the ex-Japanese JR 205 series, PT. Kereta Api Indonesia will begin operation of 10 or 12 cars trainset. Train without air conditioning (mainly economy class) are no longer operated as KCJ (the operator) begins the single-service operation of air-conditioned trainsets. One set of ex-economy class (Holec) has been retrofitted with air conditioning by INKA. Moreover,

neg: Ferrari F40 from the wastegate of the turbochargers. The suspension setup was similar to the GTO's double wishbone setup, though many parts were upgraded and settings were changed; the unusually low ground clearance prompted Ferrari to include the ability to raise the vehicle's ground clearance when necessary for later cars. The body was an entirely new design by Pininfarina featuring panels made of Kevlar, carbon fiber, and aluminum for strength and low weight, and intense aerodynamic testing employed. Weight was further minimized through the use of a plastic windshield and windows. The cars did have moderate air conditioning, but had no sound

neg: Dome car maintenance costs. Other railroads that had not purchased dome cars new bought them second hand. Illinois Central purchased several cars from Missouri Pacific and Canadian National bought several cars from Milwaukee Road, for example. Because of their enormous usage of sealed glass, the cooling of the cars required massive air conditioning capacity. Maintenance and repair of these cars was costly. Breakdown of the air conditioning system on the road, even in winter, could render a car unusable. Since the 1980s dome cars have become rare since Amtrak introduced Superliner bi-level passenger cars that are 16 feet tall over the length

neg: Automobile air conditioning plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars, small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them, a feature that modern cars have lost. Cadillac, Buick, and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year. All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components. In 1954, the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system. The Nash-Kelvinator corporation

neg: GEA Bock to the field of automotive air conditioning systems in the 1960s, becoming one of the pioneers in the process. The company developed and built the first air conditioning units "made in Germany" for cars that were not only used in luxury cars - even the Volkswagen beetle had a Bock air-conditioning system. In December 2009, the Bock EFC system received the BMU (German Environment Ministry) "climate protection and refrigeration technology" award in Refrigeration Technology from Norbert Röttgen, the German minister for environment. Since 31 March 2011, Bock is part of the Segment Refrigeration Technologies of the GEA Group and changed

neg: Classical conditioning Two common forms of forward conditioning are delay and trace conditioning. During simultaneous conditioning, the CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time. For example: If a person hears a bell and has air puffed into their eye at the same time, and repeated pairings like this lead to the person blinking when they hear the bell despite the puff of air being absent, this demonstrates that simultaneous conditioning has occurred. Second-order or higher-order conditioning follow a two-step procedure. First a neutral stimulus ("CS1") comes to signal a US through forward conditioning. Then a second neutral stimulus

neg: History of the Long Island Rail Road electric coaches, the M1 cars, replaced the aging Multiple Unit fleet. The cars were put into service between 1968 and 1972. The cars were called "Metropolitans", and they were clad in stainless steel, with air-conditioning and lighting, as well as semi-bucket seating. Quarter point doors were installed in order to speed loading and unloading from high-level platforms. High-level platforms were required by the design of the M1 and LIRR carpenters engaged in a speeded up program to build temporary high-level platforms at all stations within electrified territory. All electrified branches became completely equipped with high-level platforms when the final branch,

neg: R38 (New York City Subway car) advertisement cards as well, a similar setup to the last 150 R32 cars delivered in 1965-1966 numbered 3800-3949. The R38s were arranged in "married pairs" of two cars semi-permanently coupled together by a drawbar. Like the R32s before them, the R38s had body siding made of stainless steel. Even-numbered cars were known as "B" cars, while odd-numbered cars were known as "A" cars. The R38 was the first subway car fleet to have air conditioning installed. The last ten cars delivered (4140–4149) came factory equipped with Stone Safety 10-ton split system air conditioning system featuring the compressor/condenser units mounted under

neg: 103 series in 1978. In 2000, four cars were scrapped at the Narashino Depot; the remaining six cars were scrapped at Keiyō Rolling Stock Center in 2005. Built during 1972 and 1973, these units were similar to the air-conditioned prototype but without air-conditioning. This type was used mainly in Osaka area. Most cars were fitted with air-conditioning from 1976. Built in 1973, they were similar to the air-conditioned prototype. They were fitted with motorized destination blinds on both sides. Built between 1974 and 1980. The front end design was changed with the driver's cab raised so that an ATC signalling system could

neg: History of the District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department became common. A D.C. Inspector General's report in March 2013 clearly identified the problem, and reported it to Mayor Gray and to the D.C. City Council. In April 2013, Ellerbe faced questions about the department's maintenance of its ambulance fleet. When asked if the fleet was ready for Washington's hot summer, Ellerbe said the department was proactively inspecting all air conditioning units and fixing those with problems. "I'm confident in our equipment and I'm confident in our personnel," he said. Little was done about the ambulance maintenance problem, however, and it created significant problems in summer 2013. Air conditioning in

neg: KiHa 150 have double-glazed sealed windows with air-conditioning. Ten KiHa 150-100 cars (KiHa 150-101 to 110) were delivered in May 1993 and allocated to Tomakomai Depot for use on Muroran Main Line duties. These cars have no air-conditioning, with inward-opening hopper windows. External livery included a broad light green waistline stripe, as on the second batch of KiHa 150-0 cars. KiHa 150 The is a single-car diesel multiple unit operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) in Japan. A total of 27 cars were built, with the class divided into two sub-classes: KiHa 150-0 (17 cars) and KiHa 150-100 (10 cars). Ten

neg: Boss 429 Mustang Mustang. All these cars were a manual transmission, and there was no air conditioning available due to the size of the engine. Though not originally offered as an option, it is common to add a spoiler and window louvers commonly seen on 1969–1970 Mach 1's and Boss 302's. Some early cars were known as "S" code cars and as such had a slightly different engine. These cars had magnesium valve covers, NASCAR style forged internals, nearly no smog or emissions equipment and are said to be more powerful than the later "T" and "A" code engines (which had the emissions

neg: Air conditioning outside. The first models of multi-split systems had one common control system that did not allow you to set the air conditioning individually for each room. However, now the market has a wide selection of multi-split systems, in which the functional characteristics of indoor units operate separately from each other. The selection of indoor units has one restriction: their total power should not exceed the capacity of the outdoor unit. In practice, however, it is very common to see a multi-split system with a total capacity of indoor units greater than the outdoor capacity by at least 20%. However, it

neg: R38 (New York City Subway car) all new cars, and older model cars were retrofitted with AC units to make life much more bearable throughout the subway system. The Stone Safety Air Conditioning system was adopted from their standard railroad and commuter coach air conditioning systems, and it proved very successful. In March 1965, the New York City Transit Authority, continuing its program of car replacement, ordered 200 additional cars for the B Division from the Saint Louis Car Division of General Steel Industries at the cost of $22,552,600. These cars were the first to replace cars for the IND since it started operation in 1932.

neg: Internal combustion engine cooling built for the war effort (no civilian cars were built during that time) were equipped with carbon-seal water pumps that did not leak and caused no more geysers. Meanwhile, air cooling advanced in memory of boiling engines... even though boil-over was no longer a common problem. Air-cooled engines became popular throughout Europe. After the war, Volkswagen advertised in the USA as not boiling over, even though new water-cooled cars no longer boiled over, but these cars sold well. But as air quality awareness rose in the 1960s, and laws governing exhaust emissions were passed, unleaded gas replaced leaded gas and

neg: CTrain council approved an order for 33 additional SD-160 vehicles from Siemens to not only address overcrowding, but to accommodate the NE extension to McKnight–Westwinds and the NW extension to Crowfoot. These new SD160s started to enter service in November, 2006. In December 2006, CT extended the order by seven cars to a total of 40 cars, which had all been delivered by the spring of 2008. This brought the total of first-generation SD 160s to 72 cars numbered 2201 – 2272. These cars were all delivered without air conditioning, and retrofitted with air conditioning between 2009 and 2011. In November

neg: Victorian Railways E type carriage this car was the prototype car for air conditioning carriages in VR service, the test for the "Spirit of Progress" cars. 36AE entered service 13 December 1935, after air conditioning modifications, which took seven months to complete. In 1961, it was renumbered 49BE. The car was destroyed in a derailment at Laverton during 1978. Some cars were leased to the South Australian Railways following World War II; as of 1950 they included 4AE, 11AE, 13AE and 14AE. In 1952 cars 7 and 8AE were sold to the South Australian Railways to become their 550 and 551. The cars were later

neg: Sustainable automotive air conditioning be adopted across the whole industry by end-2007. However, on 9 April 2009, German public television channel ARD aired a report claiming that VDA members would be using loopholes in the law to avoid complying with the EU directive. Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning is the subject of a debate – nicknamed the "Cool War" – about the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. The Alliance for CO Solutions supports the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO) as a refrigerant in passenger cars, and the chemical industry is developing new chemical blends. The Alliance and its supporters –

neg: Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning is the subject of a debate – nicknamed the "Cool War" – about the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. The Alliance for CO Solutions supports the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO) as a refrigerant in passenger cars, and the chemical industry is developing new chemical blends. The Alliance and its supporters – scientists, NGOs and business leaders – urge the car industry to replace high global warming chemical substances with the natural refrigerant carbon dioxide (CO, R744/ R-744) in car cooling and heating. This, they argue, would lead to 10% less

neg: Micro Cars a double-decker bus designed and manufactured by Micro Cars Ltd following a deal with Chinese suppliers in 2006. The bus features a low floor arrangement, ABS brakes, full air-conditioning and automatic doors. The bus has seating for 102 persons and 26 standing. The engine and chassis are imported with Chinese parts and assembled in Sri Lanka. The Privilege was the first car produced by Micro. This car is powered by Inline 4-cylinder EFI gasoline engine. Transmission system is 5-speed manual. It includes other common options which can be found in other normal cars, such as crystal head lamps, factory fitted

neg: Tobu 5000 series two-car 5500 series sets. These sets were initially not air-conditioned, and used the ventilators and motor generators removed from 8000 series sets that had been refurbished with air-conditioning. These four sets were also subsequently modified with air-conditioning between July 1984 and March 1985. The 5000 series sets were all withdrawn by 2003. The four-car 5000 series and two-car 5500 series sets operated on the Tobu Tojo Line, and were formed as follows with the 5100 and 5500 cars at the Ikebukuro end. The 5300 cars were fitted with two pantographs. The 5500 cars were fitted with one pantograph. Following on

neg: Market–Frankford Line run between 69th Street and Frankford Transportation Center on a slightly more frequent 15-minute interval. In the early 1990s, the Market–Frankford Line was in need of new rolling stock. The M-3 cars were approaching the end of their expected useful lifespan, as well as being increasingly scrutinized for their shaky ride quality and lack of air conditioning. SEPTA placed an order for 220 new rail cars, each costing $1.29 million. These cars, designated Class M-4, were manufactured by Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportation) and delivered between 1997 and 1999. These cars are equipped with AC traction motors, air conditioning, LCD signage,

neg: 123 series pantographs. Inverter-controlled air-conditioning was added in December 1988. These cars were modified in June 1989 at Hamamatsu Works by JR Central from earlier KuMoHa 123-40 series cars, with the addition of inverter-controlled air-conditioning. These cars were modified by JR Central from earlier KuMoHa 123-40 and KuMoHa 123-5040 series cars, for use on "wanman" driver only operation services on the Minobu Line. Gangway doors were also added on conversion. The last remaining 123 series car operated by JR East was withdrawn from the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2013, with operations replaced by E127 series two-car EMUs. 123

neg: NSW TrainLink V set the trailers. The cars built were: DIM 8037-8068 and were the last cars to be delivered with the "Blue Goose" moulded fibreglass ends, cream & wood veneer interiors and green seats. DIM 8069-8092 were built with a white moulded fibreglass end incorporating the State Rail Authority's corporate colours of red, orange and yellow, yellow interiors, newer air conditioning technology and ditchlights. These can be distinguished from the earlier DIMs by the air-conditioning grille cover. Advancements in technology saw a thyristor chopper system fitted to the next batch of power cars, coded DJM. The chopper cars gave a smoother and quieter

neg: Volkswagen Jetta with older models. In addition, the car became more environmentally friendly with the use of recycled plastics, CFC-free air conditioning systems, and paint that did not contain heavy metals. This generation of the car is widely credited for keeping Volkswagen from pulling out of the North American market. At the time of its introduction in 1993, Volkswagen of America's sales hit a low not seen since the 1950s. The division sold only 43,902 cars in that year. Sales began slowly due to the aforementioned issues at the Puebla plant. However, sales rebounded dramatically in the following years, mostly based on

neg: NSW TrainLink V set Coloured Fault Lights. Mesh Resistor covering on roof. Series 4 NSWGR Contract 7/82 - Comeng contract 8205 - specification 2505 amended Davies & Metcalf brake valves. Sigma Yellow Light air conditioning. Crew air conditioning installed. Low dashboard (High from DIM8090). Text fault lights. Mesh resistor covering on roof. Series 5 A continuation of the contract for Series 4, these cars were fitted with Chopper controls. NSWGR Contract 7/82 - Comeng Contract 8205 - Specification 2505 CH Davies & Metcalf brake valves. Sigma Yellow Light air conditioning. Crew air conditioning installed. High dashboard. Text fault lights. Slatted covering on roof over

neg: Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island) Due to the building's design it was difficult to add air conditioning to the guest rooms. Air conditioning was installed in 170 guest rooms after water heat exchangers in the bathrooms were added. The exchangers cool the air through contact with the cold water system. Mackinac Island does not permit motor vehicles (except for emergency vehicles and, in winter, snowmobiles), and transport to and from the dock to the hotel is via horse-drawn carriage. The only other motor vehicles allowed in recent history were cars brought over for the filming of "Somewhere in Time". During the winter months, when ice

neg: Hyundai Elantra and is currently known as the Hyundai Celesta. In Singapore, the Singapore Police Force has used the Hyundai Elantra police cars as Fast Response Cars (first Korean police patrol cars in Singapore) that are commonly seen alongside the Toyota Corolla Altis police cars. Only the 2.0-liter engine was offered in North America. Unlike the 2006 model year XD series, the 2007 model year base HD Elantra GLS trim did not include air conditioning as standard equipment, but added side curtain airbags (previously front and side only), active head restraints and all-round disc brakes with four-channel ABS. The Elantra offered the

neg: Head-end power from batteries charged by axle-driven generators on each car, or from engine-generator sets mounted under the carbody. Starting in the 1930s, air conditioning became available on railcars, with the energy to run them being provided by mechanical power take offs from the axle, small dedicated engines or propane. The resulting separate systems of lighting power, steam heat, and engine-driven air conditioning, increased the maintenance workload as well as parts proliferation. Head-end power would allow for a single power source to handle all those functions, and more, for an entire train. In the steam era, all cars in Finland and Russia

neg: ICE 1 ICE trains between Berlin Zoo and Interlaken this was offered as well on specific dates from mid-December 1995 to mid-April 1996 In 1995, some ICE 1 cars were used to field-test new air conditioning units that used air as cooling agent and therefore did not require special refrigerants. These units were later installed in the ICE 3. In the late 1990s, trainset 13 had ICE 2 power cars and a new intermediate car with traction motors for testing the "distributed traction" concept. The train was referred to as "ICE D". In June 1993, an eight-car trainset was shipped from Bremerhaven

neg: Volkswagen Passat (B1) air conditioning, and were bartered for oil which was transferred to Petrobras. As Petrobras' oil reserves grew larger than necessary, VWB found themselves with a large stock of Iraqi-spec cars that they were unable to export. In July 1986 local sales of these leftovers began. Despite being fitted with the old 72 PS 1.6-liter MD270 engine and a four-speed transmission rather than the more powerful AP600 and five-speed unit used in current Brazilian cars, the LSE was an unexpected success in the Brazilian market. The Passat represented a break with Volkswagen do Brasil's rear-engined, air-cooled traditions. It did well on

neg: Porsche 911 GT3 of items that added unnecessary weight to the car. Sound deadening was almost completely removed, as were the rear seats, rear loud speakers, sunroof, and air conditioning, although automatic air conditioning and CD/radio became no-cost optional add-ons. The engine of the 996 GT3 set it apart from most of the other Porsche 996 models, although it shared the same basic design of the standard so-called "integrated dry sump" flat-six engine. The engine is naturally aspirated and based on the unit used in the Porsche 962 and Porsche 911 GT1 race cars. That engine was known as the 'Mezger' engine, after

neg: Packard modified headlights and taillights, essentially trim items. A new hardtop named Pacific was added to the flagship Patrician series and all higher-end Packards sported a bored-out 359-cid engine. Air conditioning became available for the first time since 1942. Packard had introduced air conditioning in the 1930s. Clippers (which comprised over 80% of production) also got a hardtop model, Super Panama, but sales tanked, falling to only 31,000 cars. The revolutionary new model Nance hoped for was delayed until 1955, partially because of Packard's merger with Studebaker. Packard stylist Richard A. Teague was called upon by Nance to design the 1955

neg: Coaching stock of Ireland Mark 3 generator vans and was the main reason the sets were limited to 6 cars. Irish Mark 3 push-pull based rolling stock did not have air conditioning and had opening windows instead. There was also a 70 mph speed restriction imposed on the train due to the fact that three of the Control Cars were fitted with LHB bogies from an 8100 Class DART.and were air-braked. In 2004, a 1979 vintage British Rail Mark 3 TRFK (Trailer Restaurant First Kitchen) coach was converted by Interfleet into a modern Snack Car for use on a Push-pull set. This set was

neg: Open Air PM buildings. Cars can be housed in the open air, meaning, they do not need air conditioning, heating, walls or windows. All they need is a ramp to drive up on and then levels to stand in, just as though they were on the street. Open Air PM Open Air PM was a New York City newspaper operated by real estate magnate Abe Hirschfeld and his daughter Rachel Hirschfeld. The paper was published from June 1996 to October 1996. Abe Hirschfeld and his daughter, attorney Rachel Hirschfeld, founded "Open Air PM" in 1996. They set up their operation and did all

neg: Solar air conditioning Solar air conditioning Solar air conditioning refers to any air conditioning (cooling) system that uses solar power. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion (sunlight to electricity). The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 created 2008 through 2012 funding for a new solar air conditioning research and development program, which should develop and demonstrate multiple new technology innovations and mass production economies of scale. Solar air conditioning might play an increasing role in zero-energy and energy-plus buildings design. In the late 19th century, the most common fluid for absorption cooling was

neg: Chrysler Windsor Hearted". The RB 383 produces with a twin-barrel carburetor. Lions were used in the advertising, and the cars had lion emblems on the front doors and on the cylinder heads. Air conditioning was a $510 option. Canadian-built cars did not get the new RB 383 engine, but were equipped with the "Low Block" engine as used in US Dodges and DeSotos. Thus, Canadian Windsors also did not get the "Golden Lion" decorations; instead, they were fitted with three golden crests on the front doors. The B 361 engine produces with a twin carburetor. As convertibles and station wagons were imported

neg: Chevrolet Corvette (C3) finale for the L-82 Corvette emblem, now producing but it could not be mated to a 4-speed, as the manual gearbox was offered only with the L48 engine option. The speedometer in all cars read to a maximum of , mandated by a new and controversial federal law. Air conditioning became standard, as did the tilt-telescopic steering column, power windows, exterior sport mirrors, and the convenience group. New was an optional roof panel carrier that would mount to the rear fastback deck. Many weight-saving components were introduced including thinner body panels and an aluminum Dana 44 IRS (Independent Rear Suspension)

neg: Chichibu Railway 1000 series Chichibu Railway 1000 series The was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type for local services operated by Chichibu Railway in Japan from 1986 until March 2014. Twelve three-car trains were converted in 1986 from former JNR 101 series commuter EMUs. Conversion included the addition of a second pantograph on the DeHa 1000 cars and the inclusion of a luggage area at the cab ends separated by a curtain arrangement. Air-conditioning was added to the end cars from fiscal 1994, with the centre cars in each set left without air-conditioning. The trains were modified for "wanman" driver only operation from

neg: R36 (New York City Subway car) they were built from unfinished car body shells of the latter. Though the cars were originally delivered without air conditioning, all cars in this series received air conditioning as part of a retrofitting program in 1982. The R36s entered service on the on July 24, 1964. The R36s ran on the IRT main lines (Broadway–Seventh Avenue and Lexington Avenue)-mainly on the ' and '-until their overhauls. After overhauls, they were transferred to the ' from 1984 to 1988, and were transferred to the ' from 1988 to 2001. During this time, some cars also provided occasional service on the route,

neg: Air conditioning less efficient equipment, and setting system operating setpoints too cold can result in reduced worker productivity. In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transportation, including automobiles, buses and other land vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. Air conditioning is common in the US, with 88% of new single-family homes constructed in 2011 including air conditioning, ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West. In Canada, air conditioning use varies by province. In 2013, 55% of Canadian households reported having an air conditioner, with high use in Manitoba (80%), Ontario (78%), Saskatchewan

neg: NZR 56-foot carriage with lounge seating and a large panoramic window in one end, one car incorporating a servery, but no special classification distinguished these cars from the other AOs or ASOs. Other carriages were given upgraded seating and new paint colours but remained on the older style bogies and without air conditioning, for commuter and charter use. Later, some of these cars included air conditioning but retained the smaller Supavent windows 56 ft carriages with large observation windows were kept as a charter fleet, but otherwise are no longer used on mainline passenger services. A large number of cars are now either

neg: Air conditioning a significant impact not only on the performance of the air conditioners but on the environment as well. Most refrigerants used for air conditioning contribute to global warming, and many also deplete the ozone layer. CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs are potent greenhouse gases when leaked to the atmosphere. The use of CFC as a refrigerant was once common, including the refrigerants R-11 and R-12 (sold under the brand name "Freon-12"). Freon refrigerants were commonly used during the 20th century in air conditioners due to their superior stability and safety properties. When they are released accidentally or deliberately, these chlorine-bearing refrigerants

neg: Victorian Railways E type carriage roof of 33CE-37CE. From 1935 the E fleet started to gain automatic couplers, along with strengthened underframes, anti-telescoping beams at either end, air-conditioning and rubber pads in the bogies to reduce vibration and noise. 36AE was the first pure-sitting car in the British Empire to be fitted with this system; other non-VR cars had been fitted previously, but these were all at least partial buffet or sleeping cars. Notably, 36AE had almost-full-length ducts for the air conditioning system on either side of its clerestory roof; this gave a similar appearance to the curved roof carriages. In 1937, AE cars 21,

neg: Montreal Metro other systems, Montreal's cars do not have air conditioning. In summer, the lack of cooled air can make trips uncomfortable for passengers. The claim, stated by the STM, is that the Metro being built entirely underground, air conditioning would heat the tunnels potentially creating a larger problem (the subway system in Sapporo also suffers from that same issue). Montreal's Metro trains are made of low-alloy high-tensile steel, painted blue with a thick white stripe running lengthwise. Trains are assembled in three-, six- or nine-car lengths. Each three-car segment element consists of two motor cab cars encompassing a trailer car (M-T-M).

neg: Kei car "kei" cars became increasingly refined, losing their utilitarian origins as Japanese customers became ever better off. All kinds of technical improvements, from four-wheel drive to turbochargers to air conditioning began appearing in them. In March 1990, new standards were again introduced. An extra 110 cc were now allowed in a slightly larger (100-mm longer) bodyshell. These changes came at a time when the Japanese economy was booming, so all manufacturers quickly developed new models to suit. The only 550-cc model to continue to be available for a while was the Mitsubishi Minica Dangan, which was only upsized five months later.

neg: Oldsmobile 88 fresh air vents, called "Summer Ventilation", which replaced the pull level type vents. This control panel was located on the left of the steering column. Cars equipped with factory air conditioning replaced the vent control panel with the air conditioning panel, which also contained its own blower switch. These cars also sported round dash vents for the delivery of A/C airflow. Dynamic 88s received aqua dashboard panel inserts with "OLDSMOBILE" lettering, while Super 88s received panels with that model's nomenclature on the insert. All full-sized Oldsmobiles underwent extensive body and trim revisions for 1963. Most of the underlying basic body

neg: Automobile air conditioning used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry's first compact and affordable, single-unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models. This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch. This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area. Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye". This followed the marketing name of "Weather Eye" for Nash's fresh-air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first

neg: Jaguar XJ (XJ40) wheel. The glovebox was removed on later cars because of the space occupied when the passenger-side airbag was introduced. Some XJ40s bound for the United States were fitted with automatic seat belts. The base XJ6 of the model range was modestly equipped; extra-cost options included alloy wheels, anti-lock brakes, air conditioning, leather upholstery, and an automatic transmission. The exterior featured two pairs of circular headlamps and black powder-coated window frames. The Sovereign model came equipped with significantly more features than the base XJ6. Included was air conditioning, headlamp washers, a six-speaker sound system, rear self-levelling suspension (SLS), anti-lock braking system,

neg: Victorian Railways Z type carriage batteries providing 48V. Air conditioning was built into the roof of the cars, with fresh air ducts either end of the cars and the distribution ducting formed by the ceiling design. Each car was also fitted with a heating system; between the air and in-floor heaters the total load was between 9000 to 10,500W depending on the car. When entering the carriage from a platform, passengers first walk through the vestibule area with swing doors to adjacent carriages through diaphragms. On the opposite side there are three doors; facing the centre of the carriage, the left is for the washroom,

neg: Tata Indica used by Tata in their line of pick-ups and SUVs earlier, but with a shortened stroke. The original engine was designated as 483DL which stood for four-cylinder and 83-mm stroke. The Indica offered options such as air conditioning and electric windows, which were previously restricted to upmarket imported cars in India. Three years later, the Indica was exported to European markets for the first time, and from 2003, the Indica was badge engineered and sold in Great Britain by MG Rover Group as the CityRover. This vehicle ceased production in April 2005 when Rover went bankrupt, and did not resume

neg: 2000 series (Chicago "L") the Lake-Dan Ryan Line. The cars had a number of modern features for the time, including air conditioning, fluorescent lighting, large windows, and sculptured fiberglass front ends for the car bodies. The car bodies were mainly aluminum. The High-Performance Family of designs would last until 1994 when the 3200 series were built, however even 21st Century CTA cars, such as the 5000 series cars, are close relatives of the High Performance Design cars with improvements for technological advances. However, the 2000-series cars would have the shortest service life of all the High-Performance Family cars. Over the decades, the completely new

neg: Toyota Matrix edition. Like each year of the XRS model, the M-Theory was a limited production run of 2500 cars. All wheel drive was also available from 2003–2006 when coupled to the 1ZZ engine and automatic transmission, but was dropped at the same time as the XRS. Starting out at in 2003, the no-frills base model came with few options. While it did have standard air conditioning, it left out features like color-keyed mirrors and door handles, blacked out window frames and power mirrors. One option the base model could be had with was AWD for an additional $1,465 (although the actual

neg: Hudson Hornet a Packard-built V8 engine producing and Packard's Ultramatic automatic transmission. The rear suspension now incorporated a torque tube system for the driveshaft and coil spring rear suspension along with front springs that are twice as long as most other cars. Along with Nash, the new Hudsons had the widest front seats in the industry. The Weather Eye heating and ventilation with an optional air conditioning system were highly rated in terms of efficiency. The integrated placement of major air conditioning systems under the hood and the price of only $395 (about half the cost as on other cars) also won

neg: Ferrari 330 a dual-light instead of quad-light front, alloy wheels, and the addition of optional air conditioning and power steering. Prior to the introduction of the 'Series II' 330 GTs, a series of 125 'interim' cars were produced, with the quad-headlight external configuration of the Series I cars, but with the five-speed transmission and 'suspended' foot pedals of the 'Series II' cars. 625 Series I (including 125 'interim' cars) and 455 Series II 330 GT 2+2 cars had been built when the car was replaced by the 365 GT 2+2 in 1967. Production of the smaller 330 GTC and GTS models overlapped

neg: Market–Frankford Line cars numbered 601–646 as Class A-49, and numbers 701–924 as A-50 and A-51. All cars were re-designated as Class M-3 when SEPTA assumed operation of the line. The cars had been nicknamed "Almond Joys" by many riders as their distinctive ventilation fan housings resembled the almonds atop the Peter Paul (now Hershey's) Almond Joy bar. These cars, while mostly an improvement in quality compared to their predecessors, had been plagued with faulty wheel frame assemblies, causing the body to shake, sometimes violently, as the car moved. The cars' fan housings had provisions for air conditioning units, however, only one car,

neg: Pontiac Grand Am as well as the center console between the front seats. Grand Ams also were among the first U.S.-built cars with a turn-signal mounted headlight dimmer switch that had been common on imported cars for decades. Other standard equipment included concealed windshield wipers, a front stabilizer bar, and an in-the-windshield radio antenna. Upscale options included air conditioning, tinted glass, power windows-locks-seat, rear defogger, various sound systems, and tilt-steering-wheel. AM/FM stereo with a tape player was optional. Pontiac also produced a single 1973 Grand Am station wagon as a feasibility study. This was a LeMans wagon converted to a Grand Am. A

neg: Fiat Cinquecento locking, power windows, sunroof (or full-length retractable canvas roof in the "Soleil" version) and even air conditioning The right hand drive version for the British market was not launched until June 1993, over 18 months after its original release. At the time it was one of the few city cars sold there. The Renault Twingo, launched around the same time as the Cinquecento, was not sold in Britain, as Renault did not feel that there was sufficient demand for that type of car there at the time. However, by the end of the 1990s, city cars in Britain – and

neg: Automobile air conditioning Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed. Once complete, the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery. Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion, and marketed it well. However, it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons: The option was discontinued after 1941. The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941. Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning

neg: Ford Shelby Cobra Concept concept is almost shorter overall and has a wheelbase shorter than the GT. Although the Shelby Cobra concept was aimed to reflect the design of the AC Cobra, the concept is dimensionally very different from the original. However, the design includes many common external features, such as a large grille opening, side vents, and large wheel arches. In line with Carroll Shelby's designs, the concept has a very minimalist look, which is continued in the interior. The concept omits many features common in modern cars, such as air conditioning and a radio. The placement of the transmission in the rear

neg: Opel Rekord Series E catching options, featured for the first time on an Opel Rekord, was air conditioning, but for this feature the price was provided only "on application". The very small number of Rekord E1s delivered with air-conditioning suggests that the prices quoted were very high, and that air-conditioning was more a marker for Opel's future than a realistic option for Rekord customers in 1980. The tactic continued of stimulating sales at quiet times of year by offering special editions - cars equipped with a package of options and advertised at a lower price than the buyer would face if simply equipping a

neg: Keikyu 1000 series air-conditioning from new, whereas earlier sets were subsequently retrofitted with air-conditioning. Withdrawals commenced in 1986 with the arrival of 1500 series trains. In 2008, one four-car set and one six-car set were repainted in early liveries to mark the 110th anniversary of Keikyu. A special farewell train ran on 27 June 2010, and the last 1000 series sets remained in operation until 28 June on the Daishi Line. A number of 1000 series cars were resold to the Takamatsu-Kotohira Electric Railroad ("Kotoden") in Shikoku, becoming the 1080 series and 1300 series. Other cars were also resold to the Hokuso Railway,

neg: Transport in Cairo the 381 from Imbaba to the Airport) have air-conditioning and wi-fi and cost 5LE. Recently most of the CTA buses do not have working air-conditioning. Other transport services includes the traditional Cairo Taxi and Micro-buses, both are privately run by individuals. The Micro-buses are the cheapest form of transport in Cairo, yet not very reliable. The traditional Cairo Taxi is also run by individuals and usually operate on older models of cars that are being replaced by the effective Cairo Cab for a more modern look in the city. Egyptians use cabs, cars, and the Nile ferry as methods of

neg: Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 retained, having performed better than expected. The wheelchair space was made available on the end of two mid-train cars, nearest to the lifts in above-ground stations. LED displays that blink to warn passengers of closing doors were introduced in the upper middle section of the door. Additional loudspeakers and advertisement panels were also introduced. Hand grips were moved to the support bars of the seats on the ceiling and grabpoles were located near the doors and at both ends of each carriage. The air-conditioning system was modified to match the system used in the C751B cars, with air-conditioning vents and

neg: Seersucker Thursday is also common to see congressional staffers don seersucker suits on Thursdays throughout the year. Seersucker weave was introduced to the American south, probably through British colonial trade, sometime in the second half of the 19th century. The cotton weave, which originated in western India, became a signature look of the United States in the early 20th century because its light weight and pre-rumpled surface made it ideal for the intense humidity of summer. The wearing of seersucker suits declined with the advent of air conditioning. By the 1950s, air conditioning reached the Capitol, ending the necessity of seersucker suits

neg: KiHa 141 series were built in 1994 from surplus 50 series OHaFu 51 locomotive-hauled coaches. Originally used sandwiched between KiHa 141 and KiHa 142 cars, they were later used between pairs of KiHa 143 cars. All cars were fitted with air-conditioning in 2001. Passenger accommodation consists of transverse seating bays arranged 2+1 abreast, with longitudinal bench seating at the car ends. The build dates and former identities are as shown below. KiSaHa 144-104 was initially numbered KiSaHa 144-151, but was renumbered KiSaHa 144-104 in August 1995 following removal of its toilet at Naebo Works. A large number of locomotive-hauled 50 series coaches became

neg: Liz Constable to install the funded air conditioning in new building. Constable had said if schools arranged for independent contractors to install air-conditioning within 12 months of construction, it would void the building warranty. On 1 March 2011 when the problem became public, Constable said she would wait until a policy review was completed mid-year before deciding her position. However, on 2 March 2011, when it became known that Constable had been aware of the problem for over one year, she decided that Parents and Citizens' Association committees could install air-conditioners should they wish to purchase them themselves. Constable has long been

neg: BMW 6 Series (E24) that the S38 engine is used instead of the M88. Compared with the M88, the S38 has a catalytic converter, the compression ratio reduced to 9.8:1, a double row timing chain, a shorter camshaft duration and a simplified exhaust manifold. The power output for the North American E24 M6 is , which is 30 hp less than the European M635CSi. Standard equipment on the United States market M6 cars included many features which were optional on the European cars, including heated power seats, self-leveling rear suspension, beverage chiller (cooled by an air-conditioning system) between the rear seats, air-conditioning vents for

neg: Facel Vega Excellence as four Citroën DS saloons, which themselves were hardly to be considered cheap cars. The towering price could still be boosted by ordering optional equipment, which gradually became available over the car's production run, such as power steering, power brakes, electric windows, wire-spoke wheels, and air conditioning. The Excellence features some styling elements usually found on American cars of the era, like tailfins, the wraparound windshield, and the "hardtop" roof without B-pillars. But the overall design is distinctively European, with its stacked quad-headlights and rakishly low profile. Its low beltline and comparatively high greenhouse predicted the automotive architecture that became

neg: Ford Mustang (first generation) loader 4 speed, competition N case rear end (427, 428, 429, Boss 351, 351HO), and air conditioning delete. Vacuum operated Ram Air was not available, however the HO came with the first full time cold air induction system in a Mustang, routing cold air via a 2 piece plastic duct under the battery tray to the air cleaner snorkel. All 351 HO cars were manufactured in Dearborn, MI. 1973 brought some mild restyling. The urethane front bumper became standard, and was enlarged in accordance with new NHTSA standards. All Mustang models had their sportlamps re-purposed as turn signals, as the

neg: History of the New York City Subway transitional period. About a third of the most highly experienced staff immediately retired, resulting in a large shortage of skilled workers. Only in the 1980s did an $18 billion financing program for the rehabilitation of the subway start. Between 1985 and 1991 over 3,000 subway cars were overhauled and fitted with air conditioning. In this way, comfort, reliability and durability would be increased in order to postpone new purchases. The TA only replaced the oldest cars each division, so that despite the fact that the fleet was overaged, the TA bought only 1,350 new vehicles. Increased patrols and fences around

neg: Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow with a privacy glass divider. Outside of North America, the cars with a divider were fitted with a separate air conditioning unit mounted in the boot - North American safety laws made this impossible, as the petrol tank would have had to be relocated. The cars with a divider lost the entire gain in wheelbase. The glass divider was electrically retractable. Initially, the long-wheelbase model did not have a separate name, but in 1976, with the introduction of the Silver Shadow II, the longer car was dubbed the Silver Wraith II. The Wraith II is identified by all alterations found

neg: AAON AAON AAON Inc. () designs, manufactures and sells semi-custom heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment (HVAC) for commercial and residential use. Primarily, it "makes and sells air conditioning and heating equipment for the new construction and replacement markets." AAON Inc. was founded by Norm Asbjornson in 1987, when he purchased the air conditioning and heating division of John Zink. Asbjornson became both founding president and CEO. As of June 2016, AAON employed 1,300 people at its headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It also employed approximately 300 people in Longview, Texas, with around $358 million in annual sales. The company broke ground

neg: Pioneer III (railcar) electric train heat and air conditioning in place of steam and mechanical systems, high-speed inboard bearing trucks that used air suspension instead of heavier springs, an airline-style bathroom instead of the fully equipped "lounge" style and a thin corrugated stainless steel carbody. The result was a car that weighed only , nearly half the amount of the then state-of-the-art "lightweight" stainless steel cars being manufactured by Budd. With a capacity of 88 passengers in a 2+2 seating configuration, the Pioneer III coach achieved a weight-to-passenger ratio, a number not seen since the days when passenger cars had been made out

neg: Chevrolet Corvette (C2) coupe came with removable T-tops) did the closed Corvette sell better than the open one. Equipment installations for 1963 began reflecting the market's demand for more civility in sporting cars. The power brake option went into 15 percent of production, power steering into 12 percent. On the other hand, only 278 buyers specified the $421.80 air conditioning; leather upholstery – a mere $80.70 – was ordered on only 1,114 cars. The cast aluminum knock-off wheels, manufactured for Chevy by Kelsey-Hayes, cost $322.80 a set, but few buyers checked off that option. However, almost 18,000 Sting Rays left St. Louis with

neg: South West Trains introduction of Desiro rolling stock built by Siemens was to replace the old , , and slam-door trains which were coming to the end of their useful lives, and which did not meet modern health and safety requirements. The Desiro trains have on-board information systems and full air-conditioning. Their faster acceleration is counterbalanced by the need to dwell longer at each station, since they have fewer doors. The Desiro stock comes in two variants – units which have four 20 m cars and are mainly used on suburban and outer-suburban services, and units which have five 23 m cars as

neg: Herman Jessor The Bronx. Jessor died in Manhattan on April 8, 1990. Jessor became known for ensuring working-class families had proper social amenities in their daily lives. He included entrance foyers, eat-in kitchens with windows, and bedrooms with cross-ventilation, so working-class families without air-conditioning could benefit from natural breezes. At the time Jessor was an architect, air-conditioning was especially expensive. He eschewed the typical railroad flat design, which required walking through one room to get to the next, favoring a design where rooms were accessed from a common hallway, providing more privacy to the residents. Jessor was a close ally of such

neg: Škoda VOS 5.2-litre engine delivering . The engine came from a Praga truck. Because of the weight of the armour plating, the standard car weighed nearly 4 tons, however. The top speed was restricted to 80 km/h (50 mph) on the orders of the interior ministry. A “Light-weight” version without all the armour plating was also listed. Unusually for the time, the car was fitted with air-conditioning. However, the air conditioning mechanism occupied most of the space in the boot/trunk, and it became common for dignitaries moving by VOS to travel followed by a second car to carry luggage. Famous owners included

neg: Chevrolet Corvair cargo room; 58 ft³ in the main passenger compartment, and another 10 ft³ in the front trunk. The Corvair engine received its first size increase to via a slight increase in bore size and was rated at . The base engine was still rated at when paired with the manual transmissions and when mated to the optional automatic transmission in Monza models. To increase luggage capacity in the front trunk, the spare tire was relocated to the engine compartment (in cars without air conditioning) and new "direct air" heater directed warmed air from the cylinders and heads to the passenger

neg: Air conditioning The blend most used in direct-expansion home and building comfort cooling is an HCFC known as chlorodifluoromethane (R-22). Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) was the most common blend used in automobiles in the U.S. until 1994, when most designs changed to R-134A due to the ozone-depleting potential of R-12. R-11 and R-12 are no longer manufactured in the U.S. for this type of application, so the only source for air-conditioning repair purposes is the cleaned and purified gas recovered from other air conditioner systems. Several non-ozone-depleting refrigerants have been developed as alternatives, including R-410A. It was first commercially used by Carrier Corp. under

neg: Air conditioning to cool many rooms at a time it is generally more expensive than central air conditioning. The first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit was invented by engineers at Chrysler Motors and offered for sale starting in 1935. Split-system air conditioners come in two forms: mini-split and central systems. In both types, the inside-environment (evaporative) heat exchanger is separated by some distance from the outside-environment (condensing unit) heat exchanger. A mini-split system typically supplies air conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building. Multi-zone systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up

neg: Toyota Mark II compact cars. The second-generation Corona Mark II fortunately increased in size. The Corona Mark II would be one of the few sensible options for families transitioning from larger American Detroit cars in the midst of the oil crisis. In 1974 it was marketed in the U.S. as a fully loaded car with few added options. Standard features included a six-cylinder SOHC engine, four-speed manual transmission, front disc brakes, heater defroster, and bucket seats. Some available options were stereo cassette player, power steering, air conditioning, and a three-speed automatic transmission. North American market cars had the 2.3-litre M-series "six" when they

neg: GAZ Volga order.) In 1977, the 31011, with the V8 and automatic transmission, appeared, for KGB and police use, joined by the experimental 31014 with ZMZ 503.10 V8, delivering and . Production pursuit cars, which became available in 1986, were 31012s with the 5.5 liter (with one four-choke carburetor), fitted with a three-speed automatic and power steering (some with power windows and air conditioning), while the 31013 was the same, but with electronic ignition. These "were quite simply the fastest cars on Russian roads", and they got just . Their low-key appearance made them sleepers, though Soviet and Russian drivers soon learned

neg: South Australian Railways East-West Stock smoking saloon. In the case of composite cars, both men's and ladies' toilets are provided at both ends of each carriage, with no ladies powder room fitted. In 1967 the three composite cars were converted to first class exclusively, and recoded from ABD 1-3 to AD 3-5 respectively. It is not clear whether this entailed increasing capacity from 68 to 70 passengers each. Each car was powered individually by an underfloor auxiliary diesel engine, driving an AC alternator which would supply power for the air conditioning and lighting. When the cars were converted to standard gauge, that system was removed