query: what was the purpose of the league of nations after ww1

pos: League of Nations League of Nations The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN or LoN in English, "" abbreviated as ' or ' in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and

neg: Margery Spring Rice (Edward) Dominick Spring Rice in 1919 after her first husband Captain (Charles) Edward Coursolles Jones was killed during WW1. Edward and Margery divorced in 1936. After WW1, Spring Rice became involved with the inception of the League of Nations working as first Secretary to the League of Nations Society (later to become part of the League of Nations Union). Later she would work as Hon. Treasurer of the Women's National Liberal Federation. In 1924 Spring Rice became involved with the issues of poverty and access to birth control within the borough of North Kensington through the instigation of a friend

neg: Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth and Finland over the latter's independence gained after WW1, Drummond was one of the first to think about a possible solution. Another important factor of his time as Secretary-General was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in that position. During the crisis over the Chaco War (near the very end of Drummond's career at the League of Nations, 1932–35), he was praised for being a helpful mediator and doing more than his position allowed. One of the less successful moments for the Secretariat was one where Drummond's powers as Secretary-General became most pronounced. Such was the

neg: League of Nations and the Soviet Union joined late and only briefly. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain and others. The onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years; the United Nations (UN) replaced it after the end of the Second World War and inherited several agencies and organisations founded by the League. The concept of a peaceful community of nations had been proposed as far back as 1795, when Immanuel Kant's "" outlined the idea of a

neg: History of broadcasting in Australia July 1913. After the commencement of WW1, a brigade of 20 men was despatched to Esperance for the purpose of guarding the wireless station. The Albany Advertiser reported: "On Wednesday morning 20 men of the 88th Infantry Brigade arrived at Albany by train, en route for Esperance. Upon arrival Lieut. Morris, who is in charge, formed the men up outside the station. After being inspected by Major Meeks they were marched to the steamer Eucla, lying at the Town Jetty. The squad are going to Esperance for the purpose of guarding the wireless station." In early 1916, Charles Albert Sandell

neg: Second Italo-Ethiopian War These claims are disputed by Captain Meade, the US observer with Ethiopian forces who wrote Major General JFC Fuller, assigned to the Italian army, concluded US military analysis concluded Haile Selassie in his report to the League of Nations described it Historian Del Boca condemned the use of gas, according to P. Tripodi, but noted that it was minimal on the results of the war the effects of the Italian gas (the most used was "iprite", a gas that was not mortal like others used during WW1 in Europe: that is why the Italian troops had no antigas masks, as

neg: Jewish military history Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948. The predecessor of Haganah was Ha-Shomer (השומר, The Guild of Watchman) established in 1909 (formed out of Bar-Giora which started two years before). It was a small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. At no time did the group have more than 100 members. After the 1920 Arab riots and 1921 Jaffa riots, the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British (whom the League of Nations had given a mandate over Palestine in 1920 for the purpose of

neg: League of Nations make shipowners liable for accidents involving seamen. After the demise of the League, the ILO became an agency of the United Nations in 1946. The League's health organisation had three bodies: the Health Bureau, containing permanent officials of the League; the General Advisory Council or Conference, an executive section consisting of medical experts; and the Health Committee. The Committee's purpose was to conduct inquiries, oversee the operation of the League's health work, and prepare work to be presented to the Council. This body focused on ending leprosy, malaria, and yellow fever, the latter two by starting an international campaign to

neg: Border United States and Canada. However, only a handful of nations have deregulated open borders with other nations, an example of this being all European Union members under the Schengen Agreement. Open borders used to be very common amongst all nations. However post WW1 lead to the regulation of open borders, making them less common and no longer feasible for most industrialized nations. Regulated Borders have varying degrees of control on the movement of persons and trade between nations and jurisdictions. Most Industrialized nations have regulations on entry and require one or more of the following procedures: visa check, passport check

neg: League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930 League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930 The League of Nations Codification Conference was a conference that was held in The Hague from 13 March to 12 April 1930, for the purpose of formulating accepted rules in international law to subjects that until then were not addressed thoroughly. The conference's main achievement was the conclusion of the first international convention on the conflict of nationality laws. On 22 September 1924 the General Assembly of the League of Nations passed a resolution providing for the establishment of a 17-member committee for formulating a comprehensive system of international law on all outstanding issues.

neg: Te Puea Herangi roundly abused by all the elders of the kingitanga. Te Puea's support base was mainly with the lower Waikato tribes initially-she was a minor figure for up river iwi such as Maniapoto. Because of Waikato's anti government stance on conscription during WW1 and Te Puea's personal involvement in hiding conscripts, she was not a popular figure with government or local pakeha after WW1. Because of the German background of her father Te Puea was often accused of being a traitor. After WW1, farmers were reluctant to offer Kingites work and during the Royal visit of the Prince of Wales the

neg: League of Nations Delegates from 34 nations attended the assembly. This session concerned itself with liquidating the League: it transferred assets worth approximately $22,000,000 (U.S.) in 1946 (including the Palace of Nations and the League's archives) to the UN, returned reserve funds to the nations that had supplied them, and settled the debts of the League. Robert Cecil, addressing the final session, said: The Assembly passed a resolution that "With effect from the day following the close of the present session of the Assembly [i.e., April 19], the League of Nations shall cease to exist except for the sole purpose of the liquidation

neg: Codification (law) September 1924, the General Assembly of the League established a committee of experts for the purpose of codification of international law, which was defined by the Assembly as consisting of two aspects: In 1930 the League of Nations held at the Hague a conference for the purpose of codification of rules on general matters, but very little progress was made. Following the Second World War, the International Law Commission was established within the United Nations as a permanent body for the formulation of principles in international law. Recodification refers to a process where existing codified statutes are reformatted and rewritten

neg: The League of Nations (professional wrestling) Raw Tag Team Championship four times. Critics panned WWE's handling of The League of Nations, as "Wrestling Observer" writer Steve Khan wrote on the League's purpose for existence in December 2015, stating that "You can rightfully complain about the League of Nations losing to one guy on their second night as a team, but we all know they don't really matter. They exist to get Roman Reigns over". In March 2016, "Pro Wrestling Dot Net" writer Haydn Gleed criticized how WWE wasted the four men's combined potential and still never explained in storyline why The League of Nations had formed,

neg: League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930 establishment of the International Law Commission. The failure of the 1930 conference served the members of the new commission as a reminder to proceed cautiously with the codification of international law through a longer process and more gradual process. League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930 The League of Nations Codification Conference was a conference that was held in The Hague from 13 March to 12 April 1930, for the purpose of formulating accepted rules in international law to subjects that until then were not addressed thoroughly. The conference's main achievement was the conclusion of the first international convention on the

neg: History of international law international law as a law that can justify war does not serve the purpose of peace anymore, and therefore argues in "" ("Zum Ewigen Frieden", 1795) and the "Metaphysics of Morals" ("Metaphysik der Sitten", 1797) for creating a new kind of international law. After World War I, an attempt was made to establish such a new international law of peace, of which the League of Nations was considered to be one of the cornerstones, but this attempt failed. The Charter of the United Nations (1945) in fact reflects the fact that the traditional notion of state sovereignty remains the key

neg: Island of Ireland Peace Park the Island of Ireland Peace Park, no Irish government dignitary had ever attended any WW1 Remembrance Service either in Ireland or at the Menin Gate. At an official ceremony on 11th November 1998 the Irish President apologised on behalf of the Republic of Ireland to the families of the fallen for what she called the 'national amnesia' in remembering the soldiers of WW1 from the Island of Ireland. The tower is in the traditional design of an Irish round tower and is partially built with stone from a former British Army barracks in Tipperary, the remainder of the stone from

neg: Iroquois Five Nations (as the British knew them), occupied large areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River, and south into northwestern Pennsylvania. From east to west, the League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. In or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League, having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement. Also an Iroquoian-speaking people, the Tuscarora were accepted into what became the Six Nations. Other independent Iroquoian-speaking peoples, such as the Erie, Susquehannock, Huron (Wendat) and Wyandot, lived at various

neg: Lawrence Yates Sherman to retire from politics not to run for reelection in 1920, due to his failing hearing, which prevented him from hearing what was said on the Senate floor. He served as chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia during the Sixty-sixth Congress. As one of the group of senators known as the "irreconcilables" or the "bitter-enders", Sherman opposed the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and of U.S. involvement in the League of Nations, and according to Historian Aaron Chandler, played a key role in its defeat. He characterized the treaty as "humanitarian in purpose, but impracticable in

neg: Boy Scouts of the United Nations when the war is won. The Boy Scouts of America, celebrating its 35th anniversary from February 8th to 14th, with its theme "Scouts of the World-Brothers Together" is encouraging its members to establish contacts with other Scout Troops in war-torn lands, and if possible, help them restore Scouting. The term "United Nations" was used at the time to refer to the Allies of World War II, having been originally coined for that purpose by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942. When what we know of today as the United Nations took up residence in first at what is now the campus

neg: Jack Mahon (footballer, born 1886) to join Doncaster Rovers where he played in their first game in their return to football following WW1, in the 2–1 defeat to Rotherham Town in the Midland League. He scored 3 goals during that season, 2 of them as penalties. His son, also called Jack Mahon, played professionally, notably for Leeds United and West Bromwich Albion in the 1930s. Jack Mahon (footballer, born 1886) John Mahon (born 1886) was an English professional footballer who played as a half back. After playing for minor teams Clowne White Star and Worksop Town he joined Football League club Gainsborough Trinity in 1908.

neg: United States non-interventionism labeled the Fourteen Points. While this American proclamation was less triumphalist than the aims of some of its allies, it did propose in the final point, that a "general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." After the war, Wilson traveled to Europe and stayed for months to labor on the post-war treaty; no president had previously enjoined such sojourn outside of the country. In that Treaty of Versailles, Wilson's "association" was formulated as the League of Nations. In

neg: Declaration of Facts League of Nations had been identified as a further cause for prohibition of preaching and literature distribution. It said, "Let us remind the government and the people of Germany that it was the League of Nations compact that laid upon the shoulders of the German people the great unjust and unbearable burdens." It added that Watch Tower Society publications had been critical of the League—which had been hailed by churches as part of God's purpose—because the Society considered the League to be oppressive and unfair, and unable to bring about the relief promised by the Bible. The Declaration further stated

neg: CONCACAF Nations League The tournament will also determine which national teams qualify for the CONCACAF Gold Cup and will feature promotion and relegation between the leagues. The format proposals were first formally investigated at the XXXII CONCACAF Ordinary Congress in Oranjestad, Aruba on 8 April 2017. CONCACAF President Victor Montagliani stated that the purpose of the competition is to have a regular schedule of international fixtures for CONCACAF's national teams noting that some teams play fewer than 10 games in a four year period and needed more competitive games to assist the sport's development in those nations. CONCACAF Nations League The CONCACAF Nations

neg: Apes, Pigs & Spacemen what we now call humanity...we're now growing organs in pigs for the purpose of being transplanted into humans and eat pigs, one of our closest genetic relatives," although this was not a theory that band believed. The band signed to the Music for Nations label and released their debut EP, "Antiseptic", in November 1994. After a second EP the band released their debut album, "Transfusion", in October 1995. All of their recordings for Music For Nations were produced by Simon Efemey. During 1994-96, Apes, Pigs & Spacemen (AP&S) toured extensively across the UK and Europe, playing with numerous bands, including

neg: Dikwa 1916, Dikwa was the capital of what the Europeans called German Borno. After the First World War until 1961, the town and the Dikwa Emirate were administered by the British under a League of Nations Mandate and a United Nations Trusteeship agreement. In 1942, Dikwa ceased to be the capital of the Dikwa Emirate. Bama became the capital of the Emirate which kept its name as Dikwa Emirate. In 1961, after a United Nations plebiscite, the town and the Dikwa Emirate became officially Nigerian. Dikwa is a Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town

neg: Clinton Rickard a farmer, and was described as "plain-spoken." In 1926, Chief Clinton Rickards founded the Indian Defense League with Chief David Hill, Jr. and Sophie Martin. The purpose of the League is "to promote unrestricted travel across the international border between the United States and Canada." "Chief Rickard always preached the sovereignty of Indian nations as national entities apart from the United States or Canada. Focused on defending the border rights guaranteed by the Jay Treaty, Rickard always stood firm on the principle that all Six Nations Indians were citizens of their own nations." "Chief Rickard started the annual border-crossing ceremony

neg: Mosul Question able to balance what the British wanted and the true needs of his people into a very complex system. However, one of the things he wanted most was the unification and strong status of Iraq and he did not believe that was possible without having control of the Mosul Vilayet. Prior to the League of Nations decision, Faysal had continually petitioned the British government to give control of Mosul to him so that he could succeed in his aim of unification. Finally, after the League of Nations decision, the British agree to let Faysal have control over Mosul in return

neg: Israel Jacob Kligler present location. Professor Nocht, President of the League of Nations Commission, while in Palestine, concluded after Dr Kligler's report the following: "... It was not the custom of the commission to make comparisons but we would on this occasion, say that the interest Palestine had provided was unsurpassed by that of any of their other visits, ... the Commission would greatly profit by its visit to Palestine, and the world would surely benefit by what they have seen there, through the medium of the League of Nations". (Figure 7) Dr Kligler's efforts to eliminate malaria in Palestine came notwithstanding the

neg: Dawes Plan classes, of which only 50 billion gold marks was required to be paid). Meanwhile, the industrialists of Germany's Ruhr Valley, who had lost their factories in Lorraine (Germany had seized Lorraine in 1870 and it went back to France after WW1), demanded hundreds of millions of marks as compensation from the German government. Despite having large obligations under the Versailles Treaty, the German government paid the Ruhr Valley industrialists for their losses. This contributed significantly to the hyperinflation that followed. During the first five years after WW1, coal was scarce in Europe. France sought coal for its steelmakers from Germany.

neg: Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence doing so". Macdonald, a member of Beadle's ruling panel, argued that since UDI, the British government had acted unconstitutionally and illegally regarding Rhodesia by involving the United Nations in what should have been legally considered a domestic problem, and had concurrently abdicated its right to the allegiance of the Rhodesian people by waging economic war against the country and encouraging other nations to do the same. To support this argument, Macdonald referred to the assertion by the 17th-century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius that "the purpose of governing and the purpose of destroying cannot subsist together". Since Britain was in a

neg: Abyssinia Crisis 1935, Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations for arbitration of the dispute arising from the Walwal incident. But the league's response was inconclusive. A subsequent analysis by an arbitration committee of the League of Nations absolved both parties of any culpability for what had happened. Shortly after Ethiopia's initial appeal, Minister of Foreign Affairs Pierre Laval of France and Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare of the United Kingdom met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome. On 7 January 1935, a meeting between Laval and Mussolini resulted in the "Franco–Italian Agreement". This treaty gave Italy parts of French Somaliland (now

neg: Manisaspor the clubs foundation year (1965). The club has a loyal following in the city. Their ultras are known as ‘Tarzanlar’, named after a local hero known as ‘Manisa Tarzanı’ (Tarzan of Manisa). He was a veteran of WW1 decorated with military honors who gave up his privileges, giving all his money to the poor, to commit his life to the reforrestation of Manisa after most of the city's trees and green areas were burned down during WW1. Manisaspor Manisaspor is a professional Turkish football club located in the city of Manisa. Originally formed in 1931 as Sakaryaspor, the club changed

neg: Merbein settlement blocks were established in Birdwoodton and Merbein West during and after WW1 and many streets were named after local soldiers who died in WW1. The district's horticulture and viticultural industries also attracted many European immigrants to the area. Kenny, known as the 'Father of Merbein', died suddenly in 1925 and his contribution to the success of the settlement was acknowledged with the naming of Kenny Park. Today, Merbein continues to be an irrigation district, diversifying from the growing of dried grapes and citrus to a wide variety of wine and table grapes, asparagus, almonds, mushrooms and vegetables. As well

neg: Austria war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before

neg: Mick Mannock gunshot wounds, and Mannock had vowed to shoot himself if shot down in flames. The BBC "Timewatch" programme "WW1 Aces Falling" details the search to prove whether or not that this body was that of Mannock. Inglis described what happened: The exact cause of Mannock's death remains uncertain. A year later, after intensive lobbying by Ira Jones and many of Mannock's former comrades, he was awarded the Victoria Cross. Mannock's body was not subsequently recovered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC), so officially he has no known grave. His name is commemorated on the Royal Flying Corps Memorial to

neg: Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance by the League of Nations for the purpose of considering questions relating to the welfare and status of women; the conference to be held at the seat of the League, if possible, and the expenses paid by the League. The Board instructed Margery Corbett Ashby to arrange a deputation to the League of Nations to present resolutions and to ask for the calling of the conference as soon as possible. On the last day of the Congress, the State Council of the Canton and the Municipal Council of Geneva gave an official reception and tea to the delegates and visitors.

neg: World War II in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords. In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia, used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo. Too weak to resist Japan, China appealed to the League of Nations for help. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion

neg: Four-Power Pact was the wish for closer Franco-Italian relations. If Mussolini’s purpose of the pact was to calm Europe’s nerves, he achieved the opposite result. The treaty reaffirmed each country's adherence to the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Locarno Treaties, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. The Pact was intended to be the solution to the issue of how sovereign powers could come together and operate in an orderly way. Premier Mussolini's goal was to reduce the power of the small states in the League of Nations with a block of major powers. The Four-Power Pact had little significance but is not

neg: Archaeological looting in Iraq of WW1, British-occupied Mesopotamia had created protections for archeological sites where looting was beginning to become a problem. They established an absolute prohibition on exporting antiquities. The British Museum was responsible for the sites and museums across Iraq during this time period. Gertrude Bell, well known for drawing the Iraq borders, excavated many sites around Iraq and created what is now the National Museum of Iraq. By the mid 1920s the black market for antiquities was growing and looting began in all sites where antiquities could be found. After Iraq was independent of Britain the absolute ban on antiquity exports

neg: History of Zionism WZO was presided by Nahum Sokolow (who had also spent the First World War in Britain). Weizmann resumed presidency of the WZO in 1935 and led it until 1946. After the defeat and dismantling of the Ottoman Empire by European colonial powers in 1918, the League of Nations endorsed the full text of the Balfour Declaration and established the British Mandate for Palestine (Full text:). In addition to accepting the Balfour Declaration policy statement, the League included that "[a]n appropriate Jewish agency shall be recognised as a public body for the purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of

neg: Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan after independence in 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined on 5 May 1945. Since its formation the Arab League has promoted the Palestinian Arab cause in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, including the imposition of the Arab League boycott of Israel. The Arab League opposed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. On 15 May 1948, the then seven Arab League members coordinated an invasion of what was by then the former British

neg: 2006 Euro Beach Soccer League – Last chance bracket the Superfinal These nations finished in 5th and 6th in the Superfinal These nations had not yet competed in this year's EBSL until this point (bar Russia) The success of teams in this season's EBSL also affected what round the nations began their last chance bracket campaign's in as follows: The following table shows the five nations qualified to the 2006 World Cup and their qualification route. 2006 Euro Beach Soccer League – Last chance bracket The 2006 Euro Beach Soccer League – Last chance bracket, simply known as the "Last chance bracket" was an additional round of the 2006

neg: Margaret Lindsay Holton (25 minutes), "The Frozen Goose", was based on her published short story of the same name, included as the end story in the WW1 anthology, "Engraved: Canadian Stories of WW1," was published by Seriphim Editions in 2014. Shot in February 2016, with a cast of five, at Westfield Heritage Centre in Rockton and other rural historic locations, the world premier of this period film was held at the Art Gallery of Burlington, on September 11, 2016. It screened twice during the 11th Annual Hamilton Film Festival. After a brief local theatrical release, it was broadcast on COGECO Halton during Remembrance

neg: Dmitry Shcherbachev during WW1, who had arrievd at the Don, where the enemy of the Bolsheviks flocked. As a result, the Romanian Front had the idea of creating a Corps of Russian Volunteers for its subsequent dispatch to the Don. In early November 1917, an organization was formed in Iași, the purpose of which was the formation of a reliable detachment capable of becoming the basis for the creation of the White Army. The organization not only unified officers, but also soldiers. this work was all supervised by General Shcherbachev. In December 1917, with the consent of Shcherbachev, Romania invaded Bessarabia. Under

neg: Italians in Albania Serbian kings of the Rascia. The battle of Kosovo (1389) brought in Albania the Turks, who, first contained by the League of Albanian peoples created in 1444 by Giorgio Castriota, known as Skanderbeg, after his death (1467) conquered all Albania and maintained their rule on the country until the early XX century. During these ottoman centuries there were few Italians in Albania. With WW1 started the tentative of "assimilation" of Albania by the kingdom of Italy, that was characterized by the arrival of many thousands of colonists (mostly with Albanian roots) from Italy during the Mussolini fascism. In 1919 the

neg: UEFA Nations League total). The Nations League may also be linked with UEFA's future World Cup qualifications for the same purpose. UEFA devised the tournament as a means to eliminate international friendlies – an aim that has been shared by many football clubs and supporters with the regular football season being interrupted with non-competitive international matches as part of the FIFA International Match Calendar. In February 2012, it was agreed between UEFA and the European Club Association (ECA) that the international friendly schedule would be reduced from 12 to 9 matches a year with the August round of international friendlies in the UEFA

neg: Iwane Matsui the work of renegade army officers, but he was equally stung by what he believed were unfair denunciations of Japan itself by Chinese delegates to the League of Nations. Matsui suspected that the Western powers and the League of Nations were deliberately attempting to provoke conflict between Japan and China. Matsui believed that the 30 million Manchurians had been relieved by the Japanese invasion and conquest, which he called 'the Empire's sympathy and good faith' and that the solution to the larger regional problem was for the nations of Asia to create their own "Asian League", which would "extend to

neg: Transvaal Scottish Regiment and the Democratic Republic of Congo. "A" company of the Transvaal Scottish was deployed in 2010 to take part in the United Nations Mission in Sudan, while "B" Company was deployed to defend the country's borders. Building on the hard work and success of the past few years the Regiment is currently in the process of raising and training "C" Company. The Regimental headquarters are now in The View, Parktown, originally the house of Sir Thomas Cullinan. During WW1 the Union Defence Force established the 4th Infantry Regiment which was unique in that it was the South African Scottish, raised

neg: International Law Commission International Law Commission The International Law Commission was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 for the "promotion of the progressive development of international law and its codification." It holds an annual session at the United Nations Office at Geneva. Several attempts have been made in the effort to codify international law. The work that led to the International Law Commission was begun in the Resolution of the Assembly of the League of Nations of 22 September 1924, which established the Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, consisting of 17 members, for the purpose

neg: Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946 Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946 Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946 is an International Labour Organization Convention. It was established in 1946 with the preamble stating: Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the partial revision of the Conventions adopted by the Conference at its first twenty-eight sessions for the purpose of making provision for the future discharge of certain chancery functions entrusted by the said Conventions to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations and introducing therein certain further amendments consequential upon the dissolution of the League of Nations and the amendment of the Constitution of

neg: Tevfik Rüştü Aras the president of League of Nations during the Special Session of the Assembly Convened for the Purpose of Considering the Request of the Kingdom of Egypt for Admission to the League of Nations in Geneva, on May 26–May 27, 1937. He was appointed as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1939 and stayed in London for three and a half years. He retired in 1943 and published some stories in the Istanbul press (especially in the newspaper Tan). He supported the establishment of the Democratic Party. He took office as chairman of the board of Turkiye Is Bankasi, a Turkish

neg: Zenith Motorcycles the word "Barred" to their advertising and logo. The Gradua system was replaced by the now-standard gearbox and chain transmission in 1924. In 1914, the factory moved to larger premises, close to the Brooklands race track, at the old East Moseley Mill near Weybridge, Surrey. As WW1 rapidly approached, the factory turned its attention to commercial sidecar outfits, ostensibly to replace the horses commandeered by the military. After WW1, racing and endurance trials occupied much of Freddie Barnes' interest. Zenith motorcycles used engines from various suppliers including Precision, Villiers, Bradshaw, Martlett, British Anzani, Fafnir, and JAP. Zenith was a relatively

neg: 2007 Euro Beach Soccer League – Last chance bracket were eliminated from the EBSL in the preliminary round These nations competed in Division A but failed to qualify for the Superfinal These nations finished in 5th and 6th in the Superfinal These nations had not yet competed in this year's EBSL until this point The success of teams in this season's EBSL also affected what round the nations began their last chance bracket campaign's in as follows: The following table shows the five nations qualified to the 2007 World Cup and their qualification route. 2007 Euro Beach Soccer League – Last chance bracket The 2007 Euro Beach Soccer League

neg: Dybbøl visible at the Dybbøl Museum to this day. In 1914, right before the advent of WW1, the German Empire celebrated the anniversary of their victory at Als. The celebrations were held at the newly constructed trench system at Dybbøl, where about 2.000 war veterans from both Germany and Austria-Hungary attended, along with the Emperors brother, Prince Heinrich. This would be the last German celebration in Dybbøl, as WW1 would break out shortly after. After the end of World War I, populations in the former Duchy of Schleswig were given the opportunity through the Versailles Treaty to vote for which country

neg: Bob McLean (Scottish footballer) Bob McLean (Scottish footballer) Robert "Bob" McLean (9 June 1902 – 1970) was a Scottish footballer, born in Glasgow, who played as a left half for Alloa Athletic and Doncaster Rovers. After the end of WW1, he played for Alloa Athletic, winning the Scottish Second Division Championship with them in the 1921–22 season. He moved to Doncaster Rovers, then in the Midland League, from Alloa in 1922. He was a constant feature in the line up for his first four seasons, but then his presence tailed off. For a time he wore the skippers armband. In all competitions he made

neg: 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League The 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League was the 2010 edition of the secondary international team Grand Prix show jumping competition run by the FEI. Italy and Belgium having been relegated from the 2009 Meydan FEI Nations Cup. After the 2009 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League season have been promoted to the 2010 Meydan FEI Nations Cup. waived its right to participate in the 2010 Meydan FEI Nations Cup, so also have been promoted to the 2010 Meydan FEI Nations Cup. The final of the 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League was held at

neg: Ray Malavasi 1983. Malavasi served as a consultant and unofficial spokesman for the proposed International Football League, a league that served the dual purpose of introducing professional football abroad as well as serving as an antagonist to the United States Football League (Malavasi vowed that the league would hold its draft and opening kickoff one week before the USFL's respective dates, no matter what the USFL did). The IFL folded without any teams organizing; after the league's failure, Malavasi resurfaced as an assistant with the USFL's Oakland Invaders in early 1984. He left that position just after the start of the season

neg: History of rugby league in South Africa History of rugby league in South Africa The History of rugby league in South Africa goes back as far as the 1950s. The 1990s brought about the establishment of the South African Rugby Football League to promote amateur rugby league. In 1953, a committee was formed, headed by Mr. Ludwig Japhet, for the sole purpose of promotion of rugby league. No doubt, the decision to form such a committee was the lure of potential sponsorship and gate takings that playing rugby league in new areas or against other nations would undoubtedly bring to the game. Mr. Ludwig Japhet held a

neg: Gunwharf Quays Berkeley Homes (Hampshire) Ltd, part of the Berkeley Group, who then moved the project into a Single Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company, Berkeley Gunwharf Ltd, and the architectural and planning support was provided by the local firm HGP Architects. Following the announcement of a new Aircraft Carrier being built, workers dredged the channel of water between Gunwharf Quays and Gosport in order for the water to be deep enough for the carrier to safely pass through. The dredgers found several WW2 and WW1 sea mines and unexploded German bombs. The naval bomb disposal safely brought the bombs out to sea and

neg: Tiger II US designs and was put into production in the WW1 Saint-Chamond tank and the post-WW1 FCM Char 2C. The Porsche suspension components were later used on a few of the later "Jagdtiger" tank destroyers. Another proposal was to use hydraulic drives. Dr. Porsche's unorthodox designs gathered little favour. Henschel won the design contract, and all Tiger IIs were produced by the firm. Two turret designs were used in production vehicles. The initial design is often misleadingly called the Tiger II (P), after the "Porsche" turret due to the belief that it was designed by Porsche for their prototype; in fact

neg: Fred Keays Fred Keays Frederick William Keays (12 July 1898 – 24 June 1983) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy (1919-1921) and Collingwood (in the 1922 VFL season) in the Victorian Football League (VFL). After his playing career Fred competed in the 1927 Stawell Gift won by his rival at that time, Tom Miles. He was a trainer and committee member for Fitzroy spanning 2 decades until the Second World War. He served for a second time in WW2 having previously served and twice been wounded as a 16-year-old ANZAC in WW1. Keays eldest son, Desmond Charles Keays enlisted

neg: Purpose trusts in English law facts, where the court decided that the trust was valid as a gift to every member of the order individually, with the Mother Superior acting as a trustee. There are a variety of objections to the idea of purpose trusts being valid. Firstly, English trusts law requires there be certainty of what the trust's goal is; most purpose trusts are for vaguely worded requests, such as the "maintenance of good relations between nations [and] the preservation of the independence of newspapers" found in "Re Astor". Secondly, there is a general principle that there must be ascertainable beneficiaries. This is because,

neg: History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand the Tri Nations competition was renamed The Rugby Championship, and now includes Argentina. The professional era in rugby union began in 1995, marked by creation of the SANZAR group (a combination of South Africa, New Zealand and Australia) which was formed with the purpose of selling TV rights for two new competitions, the domestic Super 12 competition and the Tri-Nations. The first Tri-Nations was contested in 1996, with New Zealand winning all four of their Tests to take the trophy. In 2000 in Sydney, a record crowd of 109,874 witnessed what some have called 'The Greatest Ever Rugby Match' when

neg: UNESCO UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. It is the successor of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. UNESCO has 195 member states and ten associate members. Most of its field offices are "cluster" offices covering

neg: Special Night Squads commandos. Given British opposition to the formal creation of Jewish military units, it is not clear to what degree the authorities were aware of the exact details of Wingate's operations in this regard. The origins of night squads has been discerned in the creation of specialized units in both the northern frontier of India, where Gurkhas were trained to control indigenous insurgents after WW1, and to similar military structures, such as the Black and Tans deployed in Ireland to repress the Irish War of Independence. Wingate, an intelligence officer of the British army's General Headquarters (GHQ) in Jerusalem, examined sabotage

neg: League of Empire Loyalists League of Empire Loyalists The League of Empire Loyalists (LEL) was a British pressure group (also called a "ginger group" in Britain and the Commonwealth of Nations), established in 1954. Its ostensible purpose was to stop the dissolution of the British Empire. The League was a small group of current or former members of the Conservative Party led by Arthur K. Chesterton, a former leading figure in the BUF, who had served under Sir Oswald Mosley. The League found support from some Conservative Party members, although it was disliked very much by the leadership. Chesterton established the group in 1954

neg: Republic Day (Armenia) Republic Day (Armenia) Republic Day () is a national holiday in Armenia marking the anniversary of the First Armenian Republic in 1918. It is commonly celebrated with fireworks, concerts, torchlight marches, parades, and parties. It is considered to be the national day of Armenia. Shortly after the start of WW1 the Ottoman Empire began forcible expulsion of Armenians from the empire. Women, children and elderly people were forced to leave Armenia and go to Syria and Russia. 1 to 1.5 million people were killed in what is now known as the Armenian Genocide. Following the genocide, the Armenian National Council

neg: Bury St Edmunds Bury St Edmunds Rugby Football Club, has extensive history, including the devastating plane crash that killed several members who had attended the 1974 Five Nations Championship match. Eastgate Amateur Boxing club was established in 1981. The club has been headquartered at various locations in and around the town, but are now training in an old WW1 gym in Rougham. West Suffolk Swimming Club formed in 1998 from the merger of two local swimming clubs and operates from pools in Bury St Edmunds, Haverhill and Culford. West Suffolk Athletics Club are based at the West Suffolk College sports ground. The local

neg: History of the United Kingdom The League of Nations was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully, but these hopes were unfulfilled. The harsh peace settlement imposed on Germany would leave it embittered and seeking revenge. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Lloyd George, American President Woodrow Wilson and French premier Georges Clemenceau made all the major decisions. They formed the League of Nations as a mechanism to prevent future wars. They sliced up the losers to form new nations in Europe, and divided up the German colonies and Ottoman holdings outside Turkey. They imposed what appeared to be heavy

neg: Clifford Copland Paterson end of WW1, with him being asked to establish a research facility to serve the whole of GEC. The Laboratories came into existence at the start of 1919, initially housed at the Osram Lamp and Valve Works at Hammersmith. Planning for new purpose-built laboratories began almost immediately with a site being found at Wembley. The new buildings came into use in 1922. Paterson would remain as director of the Laboratories until his death in 1948. Paterson was the recipient of several honours, including an Honorary Doctorate in Science from the University of Birmingham in 1937, the Faraday Medal in 1945,

neg: North Coast railway line, Queensland a gauge line from Innisfail to Mourilyan Harbour, and the QR purchase of the tramway lines was to enable transportation of construction materials for the NCL to a major works site established at Innisfail, a 1.5 km extension of the tramline to the QR station site being built for that purpose, with an engine shed that serviced both and QR locos. WW1 meant that construction of the NCL north and south from Innisfail did not start until 1920, and in the meantime QR operated the 'Innisfail Tramway' with 11 mixed services per week plus additional trains to haul sugar cane

neg: Confederation Six—Nations, is the country of Native Americans (in what is now the United States) and First Nations (in what is now Canada) that consists of six nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, the Seneca and the Tuscarora. The Six Nations have a representative government known as the Grand Council which is the oldest governmental institution still maintaining its original form in North America. Each clan from the five nations sends chiefs to act as representatives and make decisions for the whole confederation. The League has been operating since its foundation in 1142 CE despite limited international recognition

neg: Jezreel Valley railway hands. By the end of the war, the British controlled all of the Jezreel Valley railway. On October 1, 1920, the British company Palestine Railways (P.R.) was founded, which oversaw all the railways within the British Mandate of Palestine. It was a commercial company, but answered to the British High Commissioner in the mandate. The Hejaz railway's ownership was transferred by the Turks to the Waqf, out of fear of a French takeover (the French petitioned the International Court of Justice for this purpose). After the division of the Ottoman Empire into League of Nations mandates, causing the Hejaz railway

neg: Greece After winning two elections and becoming Prime Minister, Venizelos initiated wide-ranging fiscal, social, and constitutional reforms, reorganised the military, made Greece a member of the Balkan League, and led the country through the Balkan Wars. By 1913, Greece's territory and population had almost doubled, annexing Crete, Epirus, and Macedonia. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of First World War dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the WW1, Greece had two governments: A royalist pro-German one

neg: 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League months. Because of this decision the six-placed team of Egypt move up to the fifth place. The best-placed team of the 2010 Promotional League Final move into the 2011 Meydan FEI Nations Cup. 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League The 2010 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League was the 2010 edition of the secondary international team Grand Prix show jumping competition run by the FEI. Italy and Belgium having been relegated from the 2009 Meydan FEI Nations Cup. After the 2009 FEI Nations Cup Promotional League season have been promoted to the 2010 Meydan FEI Nations Cup. waived its right to

neg: Rugby League International Federation game in Fiji was launched solely because of [the] World Sevens." Some nations were introduced to international rugby league through the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA). The RFL would often feel embarrassment at meetings when they "could claim to have done so little" while BARLA was praised by other attendees. Maurice Lindsay has been credited with ensuring the 10-team 1995 World Cup was accompanied by an Emerging Nations tournament of seven teams, supporting international growth. The 1995 World Cup was the "swansong of the original Board". With the Super League war started, the Board held what would be their

neg: Arabs for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces. After World War I, when the Ottoman Empire was overthrown by the British Empire, former Ottoman colonies were divided up between the British and French as League of Nations mandates. Arabs in

neg: Military history of Ethiopia negligible at best, it added infamy to the Italian invasion. The Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Spanish Civil War, and the Mukden Incident are often seen as precursors to World War II, and a demonstration of the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations. In 1941, after years of occupation, Emperor Haile Selassie I returned to what was now called Italian East Africa. With the help of the British, the Emperor led an uprising to drive the Italian Army from his country. In 1941, after years of occupation, Emperor Haile Selassie I returned to what was now called Italian East Africa. With

neg: Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 of 'Iraq will automatically terminate upon the admission of 'Iraq to the League of Nations; and Whereas His Britannic Majesty and His Majesty the King of 'Iraq consider that the relations which will subsist between them as independent sovereigns should be defined by the conclusion of a Treaty of Alliance and Amity: Have agreed to conclude a new Treaty for this purpose on terms of complete freedom, equality and independence which will become operative upon the entry of 'Iraq into the League of Nations, and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries: His MAJESTY THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND, AND THE

neg: Georges Bonnet meeting of the League Council of the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. During the meeting, Bonnet met with the Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov, who offered vague and evasive answers to Bonnet's questions about what the Soviet Union proposed to do in the event of a German attack on Czechoslovakia. At the same time, Bonnet was informed by the Polish and Romanian delegations that if Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, they would refuse the Red Army transit rights to Czechoslovakia's aid and that any Soviet violation of their neutrality would be resisted with force. After the League meeting, Bonnet met with

neg: Collective security in joining League of Nations and the rise of USSR outside the League as one of major reasons why it was failed under enforcement of collective security. Moreover, an example of the failure of the League of Nations' collective security is the Manchurian Crisis, when Japan occupied part of China (which was a League member). After the invasion, members of the League passed a resolution calling for Japan to withdraw or face severe penalties. Given that every nation on the League of Nations council had veto power, Japan promptly vetoed the resolution, severely limiting the LN's ability to respond. After

neg: 2005 Euro Beach Soccer League and earn a place in the season-finale event, the Superfinal, in which the league title was then contested directly. Italy were ultimately crowned champions, coming back from 5–1 down in the last period of the final to win their first European title. France entered the league as defending champions but lost in the Superfinal semi-finals, finishing the league in third place. This season 16 nations took part in the Euro Beach Soccer League whom were and were distributed as follows: There were eight berths available in this season's Superfinal. The table summarises in what positions nations needed to finish in

neg: Maritime and Colonial League Maritime and Colonial League The Maritime and Colonial League (Polish: "Liga Morska i Kolonialna") was a mass Polish social organization, created in 1930 out of the Maritime and River League (Liga Morska i Rzeczna). In the late 1930s it was directed by general Mariusz Zaruski and its purpose was to educate the Polish nation about maritime issues. It also actively supported the development of both a merchant fleet and navy, as well as the creation of Polish colonies and overseas possessions. Among countries regarded as suitable for Polish overseas settlements, there were such nations as Brazil (Paraná), Peru, Liberia, Portuguese

neg: League of Nations primary purpose, the prevention of another world war. There were a variety of reasons for this failure, many connected to general weaknesses within the organisation. Additionally, the power of the League was limited by the United States' refusal to join. The origins of the League as an organisation created by the Allied powers as part of the peace settlement to end the First World War led to it being viewed as a "League of Victors". The League's neutrality tended to manifest itself as indecision. It required a unanimous vote of nine, later fifteen, Council members to enact a resolution; hence,

neg: Headquarters of the United Nations scheme 23–32, which was built and is what can be seen today. Along with suggestions from the other members of the Board of Design Consultants, this was developed into project 42G. This late project was built with some reductions and other modifications. Many cities vied for the honor of hosting the UN Headquarters site, prior to the selection of New York City. The selection of the East River site came after over a year of protracted study and consideration of many sites in the United States. A powerful faction among the delegates advocated returning to the former League of Nations

neg: John Grier Hibben Lafayette Memorial Fund, which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife Beatrice Ashley Chanler. When peace came he joined the League of Nations non-partisan organization, worked for disarmament and conciliation, and was one of the first signers of a petition advocating the canceling of all war debts. He was awarded the French "Légion d'honneur" in 1919. He had supported the Eighteenth Amendment but changed his attitude, recognizing that it was unenforceable and in his own observation had effects the very opposite of its purpose. His friendship with Col. Charles Lindbergh, with whom he was in daily contact after the tragic kidnaping at

neg: Australia national rugby league team He believes Australia should've put much more points on a 'weakened' New Zealand team missing many regular players through various reasons. Meninga hit back saying 'That was a real test-match. That's what test footy is. People who have never played it don't know what it is.' At the conclusion of the 2016 domestic season, Australia took on New Zealand in Perth in what was the first ever test-match in Western Australia. Meninga's men then began their 2016 Four Nations campaign with comfortable 42-point win over Scotland, in the first ever meeting between the two countries. After a tough encounter with

neg: Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 independence for Iraq two years later at the termination of the mandate and upon the entry of Iraq itself as a member of the League of Nations. The main purpose of the treaty was to give the British a variety of commercial and military rights within the country after independence. Critics point out that the treaty was not negotiated but dictated to the British-controlled government to avoid any possibility of real negotiations with a post-independence government. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was to write that the 1930 treaty provided that the British could maintain air bases near Basra and Habbaniya

neg: International Law Commission of making recommendations as to which issues required to be addressed in international law and the steps desirable to that end. The committee's work led to the League of Nations Codification Conference of 1930, which dealt mainly with the issues of nationality laws, territorial waters and state responsibility to damage caused to foreign nationals. The United Nations adopted many concepts of the League's resolution in Article 13, Paragraph 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, which stated: "1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: a. ... encouraging the progressive development of international

neg: Armageddon believe that Armageddon is the means by which God will fulfill his purpose for the Earth to be populated with happy healthy humans free of sin and death. They teach that the armies of heaven will eradicate all who oppose the Kingdom of God, wiping out all wicked humans on Earth, leaving only righteous mankind. They believe that the gathering of all the nations of the earth refers to the uniting of the world's political powers, as a gradual process beginning in 1914 and seen later in manifestations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations following the

neg: Abyssinia Crisis the Italians had captured his capital, Emperor Haile Selassie entered Addis Ababa. There were also major impacts on the League of Nations: Abyssinia Crisis The Abyssinia Crisis was a crisis in 1935 originating in what was called the Walwal incident in the then-ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia" in Europe). The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were not fully applied. Italy ignored the sanctions, quit the League, made special deals with Britain and France and ultimately established control of Ethiopia. The

neg: 2009 Rugby League Four Nations 2009 Rugby League Four Nations The 2009 Rugby League Four Nations tournament (officially known as the Gillette Four Nations due to sponsorship) was the first Rugby League Four Nations since its expansion from the Tri-Nations tournament. Played in England and France over three weeks from Friday, 23 October until Saturday, 14 November, France and England competed for the first time, with Great Britain's permanent split into the home nations' national teams following the 2007 New Zealand All Golds Tour. The tournament culminated in a final between world number 1 side Australia and hosts England. After 60 minutes of highly competitive

neg: Kosovo Vilayet in 1877. During and after the Serbian–Ottoman War of 1876–78, between 30,000 and 70,000 Muslims, mostly Albanians, were expelled by the Serb army from the Sanjak of Niș and fled to the Kosovo Vilayet. In 1878, the League of Prizren was created by Albanians from four vilayets including the Vilayet of Kosovo. The League's purpose was to resist Ottoman rule and incursions by the newly emerging Balkan nations. The Kumanovo Uprising took place in early 1878 organized by an assembly of chiefs of the districts (Ottoman "kaza") of Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka and Kratovo in the Vilayet of Kosovo (in modern-day

neg: History of the Arabs autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces. After World War I, when the Ottoman Empire was overthrown by the British Empire, former Ottoman colonies were divided up between the British and French as League of Nations mandates. Arabs in modern times

neg: Ottoman Kosovo During and after the Serbian–Ottoman War of 1876–78, between 30,000 and 70,000 Muslims, mostly Albanians, were expelled by the Serb army from the Sanjak of Niš and fled to the Kosovo Vilayet. In 1878, the League of Prizren was created by Albanians from four vilayets including the Vilayet of Kosovo. The League's purpose was to resist Ottoman rule and incursions by the newly emerging Balkan nations. By 1878 Kosovo (in whole or in part) had become the subject of Albanian, Serbian and Montenegrin irredentism (all alongside other regions relevant to each nation). Kosovo's population from these three groups had begun

neg: United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority who were to deploy into Gaza and Jericho. The day after the treaty was signed, the U.S. announced a $5 million grant for the PLO police and they worked to encourage other nations to donate flexible funds for the same purpose. Early U.S. concerns about the use of PA security sector funds stemming from what they perceived to be the forces' military orientation rather than civilian police and from their wariness of troop loyalty—the forces mostly consisted of Arafat's personal security detail and members of the Palestinian Liberation Army)—influenced the U.S. policy decision to mitigate early international efforts to finance

neg: David Jenkins (rugby league) on the tour. The team and officials returned to the UK on RMS ‘Rangitiki' ‘Jenkins would tackle anything from a charging elephant to a whippet tank (a small, fast tank of WW1) Dai Jenkins said "his greatest football thrill was at Huddersfield in the 1947 Cup semi-final v Wakefield, when Leeds won through to Wembley" Dai was the son of Richard Jenkins and wife Rachel (nee Howells) who married 1909 (Q3) in Pontypridd Registration district. David’s siblings included sisters Margaret (b1910) Deilwen (b1920) and brothers Elwyn (b 1925) and Venner (b 1927). His father, Richard, played Rugby League for Hull

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1755 impede its implementation. Explaining his position prior to the adoption of the text, the representative of Qatar said that the Sudan had taken many positive steps in partnership with the United Nations and the African Union. All that was needed now was assistance based on encouragement and mutual respect, in order to preserve what had been achieved, build on it and protect it from any negative impact. The purpose of the text, he continued, was to renew the mandate of UNMIS. His delegation had expressed its comments during the consideration of the first version of the text, which exceeded its

neg: Italian entry into World War I of the nationalists. Freemasonry had historically promoted cosmopolitan universal values, and by 1917 onwards they reverted back to their internationalist stance and pressed for the creation of a League of Nations to promote a new post-war universal order based upon the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations. A major hindrance to Italy's decision on what to do about the war was the political instability throughout Italy in 1914. After the formation of the government of Prime Minister Salandra in March 1914, the government attempted to win the support of nationalists and moved to the political right. At the same

neg: Northwestern University Graduate School voted to establish the school in 1910. James Alton James, a member of the history department, became the first graduate school dean in 1917. The Graduate School saw an increasing number of applicants in the decade after its founding. With the exception of the years of 1917-18 and 1918–19, where many college students were enlisted in the army during WW1, attendance increased every year between 1910 and 1922: from 91 students in 1910-11 to 300 in 1922. The post-WW1 years in particular saw a growing focus, in American universities, on graduate studies and research, in part due to the increase