query: what work written by calvin became the textbook for reformed theology

pos: John Calvin bibliography it apart from the Word of God." At the age of twenty-six, Calvin published the first edition of his "Institutes of the Christian Religion" (Latin title: "Institutio Christianae Religionis"), a seminal work in Christian theology that is still read by theological students today. It was published in Latin in 1536 and in his native French in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some learning already and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church

pos: John Calvin bibliography it apart from the Word of God." At the age of twenty-six, Calvin published the first edition of his "Institutes of the Christian Religion" (Latin title: "Institutio Christianae Religionis"), a seminal work in Christian theology that is still read by theological students today. It was published in Latin in 1536 and in his native French in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some learning already and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church

pos: Theology of John Calvin work of the Holy Spirit in producing the obedience of faith in the regenerate (the "tertius usus legis", or so-called third use of the law), he elaborated the orthodoxy that would have a lasting impact on Reformed theology. Calvin developed his theology in his biblical commentaries as well as his sermons and treatises, but the most concise expression of his views is found in his magnum opus, the "Institutes of the Christian Religion". He intended that the book be used as a summary of his views on Christian theology and that it be read in conjunction with his commentaries. The

pos: National Presbyterian Church in Mexico which are: The latest Synod Guerrero Synod was formed on November 12, 2012. The Synod consists of 3 Presbyteries: The theology of the church is conservative and Creeds and Confessions represent its Reformed and Presbyterian heritage. The liturgy is a hybrid – traditional and indigenous hymns are sung, and may be accompanied by organ or piano. The guitar is frequently used, as are metrical psalms. The Institutes of the Christian Religion by John Calvin is widely used in the churches. The National Presbyterian Church in Mexico is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the World Reformed

pos: Institutes of the Christian Religion Institutes of the Christian Religion Institutes of the Christian Religion () is John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology. Regarded as one of the most influential works of Protestant theology, it was published in Latin in 1536 (at the same time as Henry VIII of England's Dissolution of the Monasteries) and in his native French language in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant creed for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from

neg: Swiss Reformed Church coming from France. The Zwingli and Calvin branches had each their theological distinctions, but in 1549 under the lead of Bullinger and Calvin they came to a common agreement in the Consensus Tigurinus (Zürich Consent), and 1566 in the Second Helvetic Confession. The German Reformed ideological center was Zurich, the French speaking Reformed movement bastion was Geneva. A distinctive feature of the Swiss Reformed churches in the Zwinglian tradition is their historically almost symbiotic link to the state (cantons), which is only loosening gradually in the present. In cities where the Reformed faith became leading theology, several confessions were written,

neg: Princeton Theology 19th century, and not a distinctive of the Princeton theologians. Princeton was, however, distinguished by the academic rigor with which it approached the Bible. Alexander and his successors sought to defend the doctrines they found in the Bible against rival claims from learned scholars. Charles Hodge saw faithfulness to the Bible as the best defense against higher criticism as well as the overly experiential focus of Friedrich Schleiermacher. Princeton theologians saw themselves in the line of Reformed Protestantism stretching back to John Calvin. The dogmatics of Francis Turretin, a Reformed scholastic of the 17th century, was the primary textbook of

neg: History of Calvinism History of Calvinism Calvinism originated with the Reformation in Switzerland when Huldrych Zwingli began preaching what would become the first form of the Reformed doctrine in Zürich in 1519. Zwingli and John Oecolampadius became embroiled in conflict over the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist with Martin Luther, leading to a division between Lutheran and Reformed Protestants. Several theologians succeeded Zwingli, the best known of which is John Calvin in Geneva, but other reformers like John Oecolampadius, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Wolfgang Musculus were also very influential in the development of Reformed theology. Reformed faith spread throughout

neg: Theologia Germanica and Introduction to the German Theology" (1571). The mystic Johann Arndt reedited an earlier printing based on Luther in 1597; this version was endorsed by Philipp Jakob Spener and had over sixty later printings. In total, about two hundred editions were published between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. John Calvin and the Reformed tradition rejected the work. In a letter to the Reformed Congregation in Frankfurt, Calvin says it is "conceived by Satan's cunning... it contains a hidden poison which can poison the church." The support for the "Theologia Germanica" among Protestants led to Catholic suspicion of the work. In

neg: Mark Driscoll to Reformed or Calvinist theology, although he characterizes his position specifically as New Calvinism to differentiate himself from the more cessationist and non-missional aspects associated historically with Calvinism. Driscoll denies the orthodox Calvinist view of limited atonement and believes instead that Jesus died for "all people" in some sense, and for "some people" (the elect) in another sense. He thinks this position was what John Calvin believed, saying in a humorous tone: 'Calvinism came after Calvin ... I will argue that the Calvinists are not very Calvin. I will argue against Calvinism with Calvin ... What kind of Calvinist are

neg: Peter Lombard epitaph survives. Peter Lombard wrote commentaries on the Psalms and the Pauline epistles; however, his most famous work by far was "Libri Quatuor Sententiarum", or the "Four Books of Sentences", which became the standard textbook of theology at the medieval universities. From the 1220s until the 16th century, no work of Christian literature, except for the Bible itself, was commented upon more frequently. All the major medieval thinkers, from Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas to William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel, were influenced by it. Even the young Martin Luther still wrote glosses on the "Sentences", and John Calvin

neg: Anthony A. Hoekema Anthony A. Hoekema Anthony Andrew Hoekema (1913, in Drachten – 17 October 1988) was a Calvinist minister and theologian who served as professor of Systematic theology at Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, for twenty-one years. Hoekema was born in the Netherlands but immigrated to the United States in 1923. He attended Calvin College (A.B.), the University of Michigan (M.A.), Calvin Theological Seminary (Th.B.) and Princeton Theological Seminary (Th.D., 1953). After pastoring several Christian Reformed churches (1944–56) he became Associate Professor of Bible at Calvin College (1956–58). From 1958 to 1979, when he retired, he was Professor of Systematic Theology at

neg: Reformed scholasticism organize and explicate exegetical theology. Medieval schools of theology used methods of instruction known as "lectio-meditatio-quaestio" and "disputationes". In the first method, teachers would first read an authoritative text with some commentary ("lectio"), allow students to consider the text silently ("meditatio"), and finally the students would ask questions of the teacher to get at the meaning ("quaestio"). Scholasticism was used by Protestant theologians primarily from 1560 to 1790, which is known as the period of orthodoxy because of the importance of adherence to and defense of the newly written Reformed confessions of faith for these theologians. John Calvin, unlike other

neg: James K. A. Smith in the theology of the Reformed and Pentecostal traditions, his intellectual interests are a natural fit. Smith's research topics range from the continental philosophy of religion to urban altruism to the relationship between science and theology. James K. A. Smith James K. A. Smith (born 1970) is a Canadian philosopher who is currently Professor of Philosophy at Calvin College, holding the Gary & Henrietta Byker Chair in Applied Reformed Theology & Worldview. He is a notable figure associated with radical orthodoxy, a theo-philosophical movement within postmodern Christianity. His work is undertaken at the borderlands between philosophy, theology, ethics, aesthetics, science,

neg: Christianity in the 16th century subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin and his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and theology. Calvin's system of theology and Christian life forms the basis of the Reformed tradition, a term roughly equivalent to "Calvinism". The Reformed tradition was originally advanced by stalwarts such as Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger and Peter Martyr Vermigli, and also influenced English reformers such as Thomas Cranmer and John Jewel. However, because of Calvin's great influence and role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 17th century, this Reformed movement generally became known as Calvinism. Today, this term

neg: Christopher Morse of God. Morse's work shows that he has been deeply shaped by the theology of Karl Barth. However, he is clearly no Barthian, and is additionally influenced by the classical theologies of Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, John Wesley, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli. Among recent theologians, Morse has been deeply influenced by the work of Reformed theologians Jurgen Moltmann, H. Richard Niebuhr, and Paul Lehmann. Morse's work could be categorized as an example of the so-called Yale School theology. Christopher Morse Christopher Morse (born 1935) is an American Christian theologian. He is Dietrich Bonhoeffer Professor of Theology and Ethics

neg: Reformed scholasticism examination of how doctrine has been historically defined throughout church history, and how doctrine is expounded in contemporary debate." In the past, scholars described the theology of Protestant scholastics following John Calvin as more rationalistic and philosophical than the more exegetical biblical theology of John Calvin and other early Reformers. This is commonly described as the "Calvin against the Calvinists" paradigm. Beginning in the 1980s, Richard Muller and other scholars in the field provided extensive evidence showing both that the early Reformers were deeply influenced by scholasticism and that later Reformed scholasticism was deeply exegetical, using the scholastic method to

neg: Calvin Christian Collegiate 12 were added. Calvin Christian School comes from a Reformed religious and philosophical tradition dating back to the 1800s. It originally had strong denominational connections with Reformed churches and remains strongly influenced by reformed theology. In the late 1950s, a group of Dutch immigrants worked together to establish a Christian school. All of these immigrants were from the Christian Reformed Churches in Winnipeg and that gave the school a Dutch Calvinist background. However, due to the Reformed traditions and philosophical perspectives regarding church connections, Calvin Christian School has been interdenominational since its founding. The founders associated themselves with The Greater

neg: Presbyterianism reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman and a Roman Catholic Priest, who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland. He brought back Reformed teachings to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the "Scots Confession" as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the "First Book of Discipline" was published, outlining

neg: History of Christian theology within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of scripture, and perspective on Christian life and theology. Calvin's system of theology and Christian life forms the basis of the reformed tradition, a term roughly equivalent to "Calvinism". The reformed tradition was originally advanced by stalwarts such as Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger and Peter Martyr Vermigli, and also influenced English reformers such as Thomas Cranmer and John Jewel. However, because of Calvin's great influence and role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates

neg: Theology of John Calvin the Lord's Supper. According to Brian Gerrish, there are three different interpretations of the Lord's Supper within non-Lutheran Protestant theology: Calvin's sacramental theology was criticized by later Reformed writers. Robert L. Dabney, for example, called it “not only incomprehensible but impossible.” Calvin's theology was not without controversy. Pierre Caroli, a Protestant minister in Lausanne accused Calvin, as well as Viret and Farel, of Arianism in 1536. Calvin defended his beliefs on the Trinity in "Confessio de Trinitate propter calumnias P. Caroli". In 1551 Jérôme-Hermès Bolsec, a physician in Geneva, attacked Calvin's doctrine of predestination and accused him of making God

neg: History of Christian theology throughout the 17th century, this reformed movement generally became known as Calvinism. Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches, of which Calvin was an early leader, and the system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of "predestination" and "election". Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology founded by the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius. Its acceptance stretches through much of mainstream Protestantism. Due to the influence of John Wesley, Arminianism is perhaps most prominent in the Methodist movement. Arminianism holds to the following tenets: Arminianism is most accurately used

neg: James K. A. Smith James K. A. Smith James K. A. Smith (born 1970) is a Canadian philosopher who is currently Professor of Philosophy at Calvin College, holding the Gary & Henrietta Byker Chair in Applied Reformed Theology & Worldview. He is a notable figure associated with radical orthodoxy, a theo-philosophical movement within postmodern Christianity. His work is undertaken at the borderlands between philosophy, theology, ethics, aesthetics, science, and politics. Drawing from continental philosophy and informed by a long Augustinian tradition of theological cultural critique—from Augustine of Hippo and John Calvin to Jonathan Edwards and Abraham Kuyper—his interests are in bringing critical thought to

neg: Presbyterian Church in the United States of America Church is the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. The writings of French theologian and lawyer John Calvin (1509–64) solidified much of the Reformed thinking that came before him in the form of the sermons and writings of Huldrych Zwingli. John Knox, a former Roman Catholic priest from Scotland who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland, took Calvin's teachings back to Scotland and led the Scottish Reformation of 1560. As a result, the Church of Scotland embraced Reformed theology and presbyterian polity. The Ulster Scots brought their Presbyterian faith with them to Ireland, where they laid the foundation of what

neg: Redemptive-historical preaching first professor of Biblical Theology, Geerhardus Vos. Vos was instrumental in taking the discipline of biblical theology in a more conservative direction, using it to vindicate the Reformed faith and historic Christianity over against theological liberalism. Today, at least in North America, the redemptive-Jesus reins of preaching has been carried forward through the work of Northwest Theological Seminary, Westminster Theological Seminary, Westminster Seminary California, Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary Calvin Theological Seminary and Canadian Reformed Theological Seminary. Opponents of redemptive historical preaching often fault this type of preaching as being weak when it comes to practical application of the Bible. They

neg: Reformed scholasticism especially Vermigli and to some degree Calvin, it became much more prevalent during the third and fourth generations of Reformed theologians as a tool to institutionalize the faith by codifying it in confessions and works of systematic theology, as well as to combat the growing sophistication of counter-Reformation polemicists. Reformed confessions of faith such as the Heidelberg Catechism of 1563 (commissioned by Elector Frederick III of the Palatinate), the Belgic Confession of 1561, and the French Gallican Confession of 1559 served as boundary markers for the new faith and as starting places for theological development. The formation of the Genevan

neg: Presbyterianism in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox. It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere. Historically, the driving principle in the development of the standards of Presbyterian worship is the Regulative principle of worship, which specifies that (in worship), what is not commanded is forbidden. Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However,

neg: Calvin Auditory Calvin Auditory The Calvin Auditorium or Calvin Auditory (French "Auditoire de Calvin"), originally the Notre-Dame-la-Neuve Chapel, is a chapel in Geneva, Switzerland, which played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation. It is associated with John Calvin, Theodore Beza and John Knox. The auditorium lies directly adjacent to St. Pierre Cathedral in the Place de la Taconnerie. The austere Gothic-style building was constructed in the 15th century, on the site of earlier 5th-century religious buildings, and was originally dedicated to Notre-Dame-la-Neuve. From 1536, the time of Geneva's Reformation, it became a lecture hall where Calvin actively expounded his reformed theology:

neg: Reformed scholasticism of scholastic theology is different in that, while medieval scholastic theology was solely employed by professional theologians in the schools, rather than by ordinary clergy in preaching, Calvin saw theological teaching as one of the primary objectives of the church and intended his theological works to be used by both preachers and common people. Many of his criticisms of purely speculative scholastic theology may be seen as a consequence of his desire to make theology accessible and useful for the church rather than solely for professional theologians in the schools. Though scholasticism can already be seen in early Reformed theologians,

neg: Reformed baptismal theology would have no effect in that case. Calvin carefully distinguished between the outward sign of the washing of water with the promises that baptism signifies while maintaining that they were inseparable. Calvin's baptismal theology is very similar to that of Luther. It differs in the way Calvin subordinated sacraments to the preaching of the word of God. While Luther placed preaching and sacraments on the same level, Calvin saw sacraments as confirmation which is added to the preaching of the word of God. From the end of the sixteenth century through the eighteenth century, a period known as Reformed orthodoxy,

neg: Huldrych Zwingli body and blood of Christ is in union with the elements. With this rapprochement, Calvin established his role in the Swiss Reformed Churches and eventually in the wider world. Outside of Switzerland, no church counts Zwingli as its founder. Scholars speculate as to why Zwinglianism has not diffused more widely, even though Zwingli's theology is considered the first expression of Reformed theology. Although his name is not widely recognised, Zwingli's legacy lives on in the basic confessions of the Reformed churches of today. He is often called, after Martin Luther and John Calvin, the "Third Man of the Reformation". Zwingli's

neg: Mortification (theology) personal struggle against sin. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "What it slays is the disease of the soul, and by slaying this it restores and invigorates the soul's true life." Mortification is also practiced by some Catholic subgroups for the purpose of saving sinners from hell, as devotees of Our Lady of Fátima believe the Virgin Mary asked her child visionaries to do. John Calvin observed that if believers died with Jesus then He destroys our sinful earthly members and their lust, "so that they may no longer perform their functions." Mortification in Reformed theology has been generally understood to

neg: J. Matthew Pinson Calvin and other reformed theologians on soteriology. Whereas reformed theology developed doctrines of unconditional election and limited atonement, Pinson notes that Arminius argued that the righteousness of Christ is imputed to any and all sinners so long as the condition of personal faith has been exercised since "faith is necessary for Christ's righteousness to be imputed." A historian by training, Pinson has also written much on early General Baptist thinkers, including Thomas Helwys and Thomas Grantham. (2011) "Four Views on Eternal Security" with Michael Horton, Norman Geisler, J. Stephen Harper, and Stephen Ashby. (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan). (2011) "Classical Arminianism",

neg: History of theology teaching, and the Priesthood of all believers, and. Important figures include Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Zwingli, Calvin, and the Anabaptists. Calvinist theology was developed by successors such as Beza, the English Puritans and Turretin. Lutheran theology entered a period of doctrinal unity with the adoption of the Book of Concord and preserved it through the work of theologians such as Chemnitz and Gerhard. The Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation spearheaded by the Jesuits under Ignatius Loyola took their theology from the decisions of the Council of Trent and developed Second Scholasticism, which they pitted against Lutheran and Reformed scholasticism. The overall result of

neg: Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes in Ohio, California, and Singapore. The Chester Fritz Library at the University of North Dakota preserves its copy of "Teaching with" Calvin and Hobbes in the library's Special Collections Department for rare publications and manuscripts. Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes "Teaching with" Calvin and Hobbes is an American children's textbook published in 1993. As a rare piece of officially licensed "Calvin and Hobbes" merchandise, it is a highly valued collectible. Written by a speech-language pathologist and a learning disabilities educator, "Teaching with" Calvin and Hobbes is a language textbook for elementary and intermediate-level students. Jan Roebken created the cover and

neg: History of Calvinism Zwingli he argued for a figurative significance of the Eucharist. Peter Martyr Vermigli, the most highly trained Reformed theologian of this era, taught a strong doctrine of double predestination, which teaches that God has chosen to save people for salvation and others for damnation, and held that Christ was really, though spiritually, present in the Eucharist, a position that Calvin would also take. Wolfgang Musculus's "Common Places of the Christian Religion" was the first Reformed systematic work of theology. Musculus taught a spiritual presence of Christ in the Eucharist and a cautious form of double predestination. While Reformed ideas and

neg: Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes Teaching with Calvin and Hobbes "Teaching with" Calvin and Hobbes is an American children's textbook published in 1993. As a rare piece of officially licensed "Calvin and Hobbes" merchandise, it is a highly valued collectible. Written by a speech-language pathologist and a learning disabilities educator, "Teaching with" Calvin and Hobbes is a language textbook for elementary and intermediate-level students. Jan Roebken created the cover and additional interior illustrations. The book reprints fifty-seven "Calvin and Hobbes" comic strips, organized into five lesson units. Each unit begins with a series of comic strips that form a story. The five units are: In

neg: Regeneration (theology) depravity. Before regeneration a sinner is dead and until the sinner is regenerated and given a new nature, the sinner cannot believe. Reformed theology characteristically views baptism as an outward sign of God's internal work, as John Calvin stated: “all who are clothed with the righteousness of Christ are at the same time regenerated by the Spirit, and that we have an earnest of this regeneration in baptism.” Regeneration is further described as the "secret operation of the Holy Spirit." In contrast to Semi-Pelagianism, Arminian theology teaches that the first steps are taken by God in the form of prevenient

neg: Richard Muller (theologian) of the thought of Calvin is a historical error, inasmuch as Calvin was one of several second generation codifiers of the tradition and inasmuch as the tradition itself was, early on, rather diverse and variegated. The "Calvin against the Calvinists" thesis tended to claim in a rather reductionistic way that Calvin was a "christocentric" theologian in contrast to later Reformed thinkers who had developed a radical predestinarian or deterministic metaphysics. By contrast Muller has argued that the later Reformed thinkers did not develop a predestinarian system but instead understood theology in terms of a series of biblically and traditionally based

neg: Franciscus Junius (the elder) Franciscus Junius (the elder) Franciscus Junius the Elder (born François du Jon, 1 May 1545 – 13 October 1602) was a Reformed scholar, Protestant reformer and theologian. Born in Bourges in central France, he initially studied law, but later decided to study theology in Geneva under John Calvin and Theodore Beza. He became a minister in Antwerp, but was forced to flee to Heidelberg in 1567. He wrote a translation of the Bible into Latin with Emmanuel Tremellius, and his Treatise on True Theology ("De Vera Theologia") was an often used text in Reformed scholasticism. Franciscus Junius was born in

neg: Covenant theology The concept of the covenant of works became commonly recognized in Reformed theology by 1590, though not by all; some members of the Westminster Assembly disagreed with the teaching in the 1640s. John Calvin writes of a probationary period for Adam, a promise of life for obedience, and the federal headship of Adam, but he does not write of a covenant of works. It is not referred to as a covenant in the opening chapters of Genesis. The covenant of grace promises eternal life for all people who have faith in Christ. He also promises the Holy Spirit to the

neg: Clarence Bouma After briefly serving as a pastor in the Summer Street Christian Reformed Church in Passaic, New Jersey, Bouma joined the faculty at Calvin Theological Seminary in 1924. His first role was as Chair of Dogmatics, but shortly thereafter moved to a new role as Chair of Apologetics and Ethics. He was succeeded in Dogmatics by Louis Berkhof, author of "Systematic Theology". In 1935, he became the editor of "The Calvin Forum", and continued to serve in that role the rest of his career. Bouma also served for one semester in 1940 as visiting professor at Gordon College and Divinity School.

neg: Christian Church the proclamation of the Word of God bears fruit, Lutheran theology accepts the appellation "Church" for other Christian denominations. Anglicans generally understand their tradition as a branch of the historical ""Catholic Church"" and as a "via media" ("middle way") between traditions, often Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity, or Roman Catholicism and Reformed Christianity. Reformed theology defines the Church as being invisible and visible--the former includes the entire communion of saints and the latter is the "institution that God provides as an agency for God's saving, justifying, and sustaining activity", which John Calvin referred to as "our mother". The Reformed confessions of

neg: Leanne Van Dyk new patterns of shared theological work, exploring ecclesiological issues from national, congregational, seminary and judicatory perspectives." Leanne Van Dyk Leanne Van Dyk (born 1955 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American reformed theologian and theological educator. She has focused much of her work on atonement theology and the development of theological education. She was recently named the tenth president of Columbia Theological Seminary. Van Dyk received a B.A. from Calvin College (1977), an M.A. from Western Michigan University (1982), an M.Div. from Calvin Theological Seminary (1987) from which she was recently given the Distinguished Alumni Award, and a Ph.D. from

neg: Puritan Sabbatarianism John Calvin believed Christians were commanded to avoid recreation as well as work on Sunday in order to devote the day to worship, and during the seventeenth century there was consensus among continental as well as British Reformed theologians that the entire Sabbath was to be set aside for worship. While John Calvin's theology of the fourth commandment differed from that of the Puritans, he believed that Christians were commanded to cease from labor and recreation in order to devote the entire day to worship. The Genevan Consistory during the time of Calvin regularly interviewed people for working or engaging

neg: Carolus Gallus Carolus Gallus Gallus, Carolus (or Karel de Haan) (16 August 1530 in Arnhem – 28 January 1616 in Nijbroek) was a Reformed minister and polemicist against the Anabaptists. Native to the Netherlands, Gallus was raised in a Roman Catholic family, and studied law and theology to become a priest. As a Roman Catholic preparing to study for the priesthood, and against the warnings of his friend Joannes Visser, Carolus Gallus chose to study theology under John Calvin and Theodore de Beze at the Genevan Academy. In early 1560, he became a priest at Deventer, though by February 1561, he was

neg: Peter Martyr Vermigli to have convinced Cranmer to adopt a Reformed view, which changed the course of the English Reformation since Cranmer was primarily responsible for revisions to the Book of Common Prayer and writing the Forty-two Articles. Vermigli had a direct role in the modifications of the "Book of Common Prayer" of 1552. He is also believed to have contributed to, if not written, the article on predestination found in the Forty-two Articles of Religion of 1553. In Elizabethan Oxford and Cambridge, Vermigli's theology was arguably more influential than that of Calvin. His political theology in particular shaped the Elizabethan religious settlement

neg: Lord's Supper in Reformed theology of the New England theology generally held a symbolic, memorial view of the Supper. Twentieth-century Reformed theologian Karl Barth did not follow the Reformed belief that sacraments are used by God as means of grace. Instead, he saw the Lord's Supper as purely symbolic and functioning to proclaim God's promises. His position has been called symbolic memorialism because he saw the sacraments function as memorializing Christ's death. Another twentieth-century Reformed theologian, Donald Baillie, took a position similar to that of John Calvin. Baillie argued that though God is omnipresent, he is present in a special way in the Lord's Supper

neg: Richard Muller (theologian) is P. J. Zondervan Professor of Historical Theology Emeritus and is Senior Fellow of the Junius Institute for Digital Reformation Research at Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Muller's research and writing has been largely focused on the reassessment of the development of Protestant thought after the Reformation, with emphasis on the nature and character of Protestant orthodoxy and Reformed scholasticism in the seventeenth century. Muller is one of the historians credited with setting aside the "Calvin against the Calvinists" theory of developing Reformed thought. His argument is that the attempt to define the entire Reformed tradition in terms

neg: Andreas Hyperius Andreas Hyperius Andreas Gerhard Hyperius (1511–1564), real name Andreas Gheeraerdts, was a Protestant theologian and Protestant reformer. He was Flemish, born at Ypres, which is signified by the name 'Hyperius'. He had a humanist education, and studied at Tournai and Paris. He was resident in England from 1536 to 1540, and in 1542 was appointed professor of theology at Marburg. Hyperius's theology lies between Lutheran and Reformed beliefs. Influenced by Martin Bucer, he was not a strict Lutheran. Jean Calvin endorsed his erudition. His work "De formandis concionibus sacris" (On the Making of Sacred Discourses) was the first Protestant text

neg: Louis Berkhof Kingdom of God". In addition to this, he worked on many papers for the Christian Reformed Church as well as collections of sermons. Berkhof was not known for being original or speculative but for being very good at organizing and explaining basic theological ideas following in the tradition of John Calvin, Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck. Theologian Wayne Grudem has called Berkhof's "Systematic Theology" "a great treasure-house of information and analysis [...] probably the most useful one-volume systematic theology available from any theological perspective." Berkhof's writings continue to serve as systematic presentations of Reformed theology. They are organized for use

neg: Louis Berkhof from Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids after which he was appointed pastor of the First Christian Reformed Church in Allendale Charter Township, Michigan. Two years later he attended Princeton Theological Seminary where he earned his B.D. in two years. He returned to Grand Rapids to pastor Oakdale Park Church. In 1906, he joined the faculty of Calvin Theological Seminary and taught there for almost four decades. For the first 20 years he taught Biblical Studies until in 1926 he moved into the systematic theology department. He became president of the seminary in 1931 and continued in that office until

neg: Reinhold Seeberg theologian between Lutheran and Reformed thought. His son, Erich Seeberg, became a significant theologian in his own right at the University of Berlin. Seeberg authored over two dozen books and many articles, covering a range of issues in historical theology, including early Christianity, Luther, the essence of Christianity, and Duns Scotus. His most famous text was the widely published and translated "Textbook of the History of Doctrines". in five volumes. The latter work offered an encyclopedic understanding of the development of Christian doctrine, from the New Testament period into the 17th century, according to modern historical-critical methods. In it, Seeberg

neg: Reformed baptismal theology community, and rejected the idea that baptism should be connected with Old Testament circumcision. Scottish nineteenth-century Reformed theologian William Cunningham also sought to articulate a distinctively Reformed theology of baptism in the modern world. Cunningham preferred the writings of Zwingli on the sacraments, writing that Calvin and later Reformed orthodox theologians overly elevated the value of the sacraments. He argued that the efficacy of baptism only applies to adults expressing faith in the act of baptism. In the twentieth century, Karl Barth, an influential Swiss Reformed theologian, argued that baptism should not be administered to infants because it represented a

neg: Willem Muurling Willem Muurling Willem Muurling (April 27, 1805, Bolsward – December 9, 1882, The Hague) was a Dutch theologian who was a native of Bolsward. He was father-in-law to theologian Abraham Kuenen (1828-1891). He studied theology at Utrecht, and from 1832 to 1837, served as a pastor in Stiens. Afterwards, he taught classes at the "Rijksatheneum" in Franeker, relocating to the University of Groningen in 1840, where he was as a professor of theology. Muurling was a prominent member of the so-called "Groningen School", a progressive movement within the Dutch Reformed Church. Among his better written efforts was a textbook on

neg: Geerhardus Vos Geerhardus Vos Geerhardus Johannes Vos (March 14, 1862 – August 13, 1949) was an American Calvinist theologian and one of the most distinguished representatives of the Princeton Theology. He is sometimes called the father of Reformed Biblical Theology. Vos was born to a Dutch Reformed pastor in Heerenveen in Friesland in the Netherlands. In 1881, when Geerhardus was 19 years old, his father accepted a call to be the pastor of the Christian Reformed Church congregation in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Geerhardus Vos began his education at the Christian Reformed Church's Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids, before moving to Princeton

neg: John Webster (theologian) on the German Lutheran systematic and philosophical theologian Eberhard Jüngel: "Distinguishing Between God and Man: Aspects of the Theology of Eberhard Jüngel" (1982). Subsequently, Webster's translations and theological interaction with Jüngel are largely responsible for introducing him to the English speaking academy. Through study of Jüngel, Webster became well acquainted with the theology of Karl Barth whom he has written on extensively and developed a unique account of, which stresses the significant role of biblical interpretation and the Reformed tradition in Barth’s work. Jüngel and Barth present important influences on Webster’s own constructive dogmatic work, which offers that the most

neg: Leanne Van Dyk Leanne Van Dyk Leanne Van Dyk (born 1955 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American reformed theologian and theological educator. She has focused much of her work on atonement theology and the development of theological education. She was recently named the tenth president of Columbia Theological Seminary. Van Dyk received a B.A. from Calvin College (1977), an M.A. from Western Michigan University (1982), an M.Div. from Calvin Theological Seminary (1987) from which she was recently given the Distinguished Alumni Award, and a Ph.D. from Princeton Theological Seminary (1992). She additionally spent a year studying at the Theologische Hogeschool van de

neg: Christianity in the 16th century the Reformed church in Geneva, which became an "unofficial capital" of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the 16th century. He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council, such that he has (rather ignominiously) been called a "Protestant pope." Calvin established an eldership together with a consistory, where pastors and the elders established matters of religious discipline for the Genevan population. Calvin's theology is best known for his doctrine of (double) predestination, which held that God had, from all eternity, providentially foreordained who would be saved (the elect) and likewise who would

neg: Calvin College and nursing. Calvin is a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities and as an institution in the Reformed tradition of Christianity, subscribes to a robust theology that produces a high regard for participating in and forming culture. Because Calvin is a liberal arts college, it has established a core curriculum with three parts: Gateway, Competencies and Studies, and Capstone. The average student takes 45 hours of core courses in the course of a four-year degree at Calvin. When students matriculate into Calvin, they begin their studies with a first-year, Core Gateway seminar which introduces students to issues

neg: World Alliance of Reformed Churches World Alliance of Reformed Churches The World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) was a fellowship of more than 200 churches with roots in the 16th-century Reformation, and particularly in the theology of John Calvin. Its headquarters was in Geneva, Switzerland. They are now merged into the World Communion of Reformed Churches. The World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) was created in 1970 by a merger of two bodies, the Alliance of the Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian System, representing Presbyterian and Reformed churches, and the International Congregational Council. The Alliance of the Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian System was formed

neg: Lord's Supper in Reformed theology present, rather than simply symbolize or represent, Christ's body and blood. Calvin spoke of the communication involved in the Lord's Supper as spiritual, meaning that it originates in the Holy Spirit. Calvin's teaching on the Lord's Supper was followed by many others in the Reformed tradition, including Martin Bucer and Peter Martyr Vermigli. Calvin, like Zwingli and against Luther, did not believe that Christ is bodily present in the elements of the Eucharist. He taught that Christ remains in heaven and that we commune with him in the Lord's Supper by being raised up to him rather than him descending

neg: Lord's Supper in Reformed theology Christ's death. John Calvin, a very influential early Reformed theologian, believed the Lord's Supper fed Christians with the spiritual food of union with Christ. He believed that in the Supper Christians feed on Christ's flesh, which he saw as an inexplicable miracle. Calvin taught that the Supper confirms the promises communicated to Christians in the preaching of the gospel. He also saw its purpose as provoking praise for God and love for other people. He believed it necessary for Christians to partake of Christ's humanity in the Supper as well as his Spirit, and that the bread and wine really

neg: World Reformed Fellowship and the International Reformed Fellowship united on October 24, 2000 to form the World Reformed Fellowship. The WRF is now an international body represented in seventy-nine countries. The WRF is a fellowship, not a council, and wants to fulfill the dream of John Calvin, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield and many others to unite evangelical Reformed Christians. Members have to agree with: World Reformed Fellowship wants to promote Reformed thinking, encourage churches and people to embrace Reformed thinking, and to promote evangelisation in the Reformed tradition and to provide forum for dialogue. It is similar in theology to the International Conference

neg: Intermediate state from suffering in purgatory, or the donors themselves. In the 16th century, Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged the doctrine of purgatory because it was not supported in the Bible. Both Calvin and Luther continued to believe in an intermediate state, but Calvin held to a more conscious existence for the souls of the dead than Luther did. For Calvin, believers in the intermediate state enjoyed a blessedness that was incomplete, in anticipation of the resurrection. Reformed theology largely followed Calvin's teaching on the intermediate state. Some theological traditions, including most Protestants, Anabaptists and Eastern Orthodox,

neg: Peter Martyr Vermigli and his authority was constantly invoked in the controversies of this period. Various of Vermigli's writings were printed about 110 times between 1550 and 1650. The 1562 "Loci Communes" became a standard textbook in Reformed theological education. He was popular especially with English readers of theology in the seventeenth century. John Milton probably consulted his commentary on Genesis when writing "Paradise Lost". The English edition of the "Loci Communes" was brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony where it was an important textbook at Harvard College. More of Vermigli's works were found in the libraries of seventeenth-century Harvard divinity students than

neg: Debrecen Reformed Theological University in the same year. Therefore, currently the university has two campuses, four institutes, eighteen departments and 1,200 students studying in its Bachelor, Master and Doctorate programs. The Main Building is built at the same location as the very original Reformed College's building from the 16th century. It is located on Calvin Square, in the very heart of the city of Debrecen, right behind the Great Church on Kossuth Square. This building is the home of two institutes: the Institute of Theology & the Institute of Applied Theology. Institute of Theology: The institute was found in 2011, as a result of

neg: Calvin Theological Seminary Calvin Theological Seminary Calvin Theological Seminary is a seminary affiliated with the Christian Reformed Church in North America, located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States, and closely tied to Calvin College, though each institution has its own board. Rev. Julius Medenblik is currently president of the school. The seminary primarily prepares students for ordained ministry within the denomination through the Master of Divinity degree, but also grants master's degrees (M.A., M.T.S.) in other subjects including worship, education, missions, and theological studies. The seminary also offers a Th.M. with concentrations in Old Ancient Near Eastern Languages and Literature, New Historical Theology,

neg: Mercersburg theology generations. The seminary continues to this day (under the name Lancaster Theological Seminary), and its theology and influence still continue today, albeit in moderation, in congregations of the United Church of Christ descended from Reformed congregations which carried out the party's platform. John Nevin summarized the Mercersburg Theology, or Movement, by saying, "Its cardinal principle is the fact of the Incarnation." He explained that by adding, "Christ saves the world, not ultimately by what He teaches or by what He does, but by what He is in the constitution of His own person." Nevin's most popular work was "The Mystical

neg: Federal Vision the Federal Vision label. Those who oppose Federal Vision theology include E. Calvin Beisner, R. Scott Clark, Ligon Duncan, David Engelsma, J. V. Fesko, Michael Horton, Joseph Pipa, John Robbins, Brian Schwertley, Morton H. Smith, David Van Drunen and Guy Waters. In addition to the RPCUS’s 2002 response, several other Reformed and Presbyterian denominations have ruled on the orthodoxy of Federal Vision or are currently in the process of doing so: In reply to these denominational criticisms, several Federal Vision proponents developed and signed a "Joint Federal Vision Profession," which briefly outlines what they affirm and what they deny in

neg: François Turrettini dismantle the theology his father promoted. His "Institutio Theologiae Elencticae" (3 parts, Geneva, 1679–1685) was the culmination of Reformed scholasticism. The "Institutes" uses the scholastic method to dispute a number of controversial issues. In it he defended the view that the Bible is God's verbally inspired word. He also argued for infralapsarianism and federal theology. The "Institutes" was widely used as a textbook, up to its use at Princeton Theological Seminary by the Princeton theologians only to be replaced by Charles Hodge's "Systematic Theology" in the late 19th century. Of his other disputations, his most important are "De Satisfactione Christi

neg: Free Presbyterian Church (Australia) was added, a weekly bible study and prayer meeting was established, and a Friday night youth work. In time the work extended northward to the small bush town of Lock, to Perth in Western Australia and to Tasmania. The church is Presbyterian in doctrine and government, though it departs from the usual Presbyterian policy by recognising that baptism is variously understood by others equally committed to Scripture. It is Protestant in its faith, identifying with the Protestant Reformation. In theology the church is reformed. It sees itself standing in the tradition of John Calvin, John Knox, the Puritans and many

neg: Anthony A. Hoekema Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Professor Hoekema spent two sabbatical years in Cambridge, England (1965–66, 1973–74). Among his best-known works are: Anthony A. Hoekema Anthony Andrew Hoekema (1913, in Drachten – 17 October 1988) was a Calvinist minister and theologian who served as professor of Systematic theology at Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, for twenty-one years. Hoekema was born in the Netherlands but immigrated to the United States in 1923. He attended Calvin College (A.B.), the University of Michigan (M.A.), Calvin Theological Seminary (Th.B.) and Princeton Theological Seminary (Th.D., 1953). After pastoring several Christian Reformed churches (1944–56) he

neg: Geert Egberts Boer its offshoot Calvin College. Boer is also noted for encouraging the growth of Christian primary education. In 1986, the Boer-Bennink residence hall was opened in Calvin College named after Boer because of his significant contributions to Christian education, the Christian Reformed Church, and Calvin College. Geert Egberts Boer Geert Egberts Boer was the docent of what became Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, from 1876 to 1902. Boer was born in Roderwolde, in the Netherlands and graduated in 1864 from the theological school in Kampen. Afterwards he joined the ministry. In 1873, Boer was called to Grand Rapids, Michigan and

neg: Divine providence soul that he has created is guided by his will, or providence. According to Calvin, the idea that man has free will and is able to make choices independently of what God has already determined is based on our limited understanding of God's perfection and the idea that God's purposes can be circumvented. In this mode of thought, providence is related to absolute free will. This concept remains prominent among many Protestant denominations that identify with Calvinism, the Reformed churches. In Lutheran theology, divine providence refers to God's preservation of creation, his cooperation with everything that happens, and his guiding

neg: David Steinmetz Early Anabaptist Theology, 1522-1530", (Duke, 1974). Richard A. Muller, "Predestination and Christology in Sixteenth Century Reformed Theology", (Duke, 1976) Revised thesis published by the Labyrinth Press, paperback by Baker. Dan L. Hendricks, "The Bern Reformation of 1528", (Duke,1977). John L. Farthing, "Post Thomam: Images of St. Thomas Aquinas in the Academic Theology of Gabriel Biel", (Duke, 1978). Revised thesis published by Duke University Press. Lyle D. Bierma, "The Covenant Theology of Caspar Olevian", (Duke, 1980). Revised thesis published by Baker, 1997. Susan E. Schreiner, "The Theater of His Glory: Nature and the Natural Order in the Thought of John Calvin",

neg: Reformed worship other preachers also preached "lectio continua". There, catechetical preaching took place every Sunday afternoon, so that the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, and the sacraments were explained every year. This practice was also instituted in Wittenburg, Zurich, Basel, and Constance. Calvin preferred to conduct the entire service from the pulpit, and pulpits became prominent features in Reformed churches. Reformed worship in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries emphasized hearing the preached word. Catechesis for young and old ensured that what was heard was understood. Congregational prayers were long and theologically weighty. Music in worship was abolished altogether by Ulrich

neg: Reformed baptismal theology against Barth's views on baptism by appealing to Calvin, the idea that baptism is a promise rather than an accomplished reality, and the idea of baptism as a replacement of circumcision. Scottish Reformed theologian T.F. Torrance emphasized the idea that baptism is God's word establishing the church, and that the individual's response comes after rather than before God's act in baptism. German Reformed liberation theologian Jürgen Moltmann, on the other hand, saw infant baptism as inappropriately associated with the national church. He saw baptism as properly a free response God's call to discipleship. Reformed churches have generally maintained the practice

neg: Klaas Schilder a weekly Reformed journal. He became an editor for the publication in 1924 and its sole editor in 1935. As professor of theology Schilder published numerous books among which "Heaven, what is it? (1935), Christ and Culture" (1948) his uncompleted systematic theology, "De Heidelbergse Catechismus (1947-1953)." Schilder resisted the German invasion and opposed the Nazi conquest. He was arrested by the Germans in August 1940 and later released. Because he was so outspoken, Schilder spent much of the war in hiding. On 3 August 1944, Schilder was suspended for being schismatic, and the Reformed community was incensed that one of

neg: Peter Martyr Vermigli systematic theology, became a standard Reformed theological textbook. Born in Florence, Vermigli entered a religious order and was appointed to influential posts as abbot and prior. He came in contact with leaders of the Italian "spirituali" reform movement, and read Protestant theologians such as Martin Bucer and Ulrich Zwingli. Through reading these works and studying the Bible and the Church Fathers, he came to accept Protestant beliefs about salvation and the Eucharist. To satisfy his conscience and avoid persecution by the Roman Inquisition, he fled Italy for Protestant northern Europe. He ultimately arrived in Strasbourg where he taught on the

neg: Reformed Church in Hungary Reformed Church in Hungary The Reformed Church in Hungary (, MRE) is the largest Protestant church in Hungary, with parishes among the Hungarian diaspora abroad. Today, it is made up of 1,249 congregations in 27 Presbyteries and four Church districts and has a membership of over 1.6 million, making it second only to the Roman Catholic Church in terms of size. As a Continental Reformed church, its doctrines and practices reflect a Calvinist theology, for which the Hungarian term is "" (). The Reformation spread to Hungary during the 16th century from Geneva, Switzerland. John Calvin encouraged and trained thousands

neg: Liturgical book of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) harmony with the directory and is approved for voluntary use. Where both a directory and a service book coexist, as in those churches served by the "Book of Common Worship" (1993), the service book sets forth, in orders of services and in liturgical texts, the theology and norms described in the directory. Service books have a longer history in the Reformed tradition than directories, and most churches in the Reformed community do not have directories but do have service books. Reformed churches in the sixteenth century used service books. Ulrich Zwingli, Martin Bucer, and John Calvin all prepared worship forms

neg: Lord's Supper in Reformed theology theologians such as John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli rejected the medieval belief in transubstantiation, that the bread and wine of the Eucharist change into Christ's body and blood, but taught that Christ's person, including his body and blood, are presented to Christians who partake of it in faith. They also disagree with Martin Luther and the Lutheran tradition which taught that Christ's body is physically eaten with the mouth in the sacrament. Later Reformed orthodox theologians continued to teach views similar to that of Calvin and Zwingli. In the modern period, Karl Barth espoused a symbolic view that the sacrament

neg: Theology of John Calvin to defend the reformed cause against the charge that the reformers were creating new theology. In Calvin's view, sin began with the fall of Adam and propagated to all of humanity. The domination of sin is complete to the point that people are driven to evil. Thus fallen humanity is in need of the redemption that can be found in Christ. But before Calvin expounded on this doctrine, he described the special situation of the Jews who lived during the time of the Old Testament. God made a covenant with Abraham, promising the coming of Christ. Hence, the Old Covenant

neg: John McLeod Campbell John McLeod Campbell John McLeod Campbell (4 May 1800 – 27 February 1872) was a Scottish minister and Reformed theologian. In the opinion of one German church historian, contemporaneous with Campbell, his theology was a highpoint of British theology during the nineteenth century. James B. Torrance ranked him highly on the doctrine of the atonement, placing Campbell alongside Athanasius of Alexandria and Anselm of Canterbury. Campbell took his cue from his close reading of the early Church Fathers, the historic Reformed confessions and catechisms, John Calvin, Martin Luther's commentary on Galatians, and Jonathan Edwards' works. Campbell was born on 4

neg: Christian Reformed Church in North America adoption of Christian Reformed Church came in 1904, which became Christian Reformed Church in North America in 1974. In 1875, the denomination opened a theological school in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Preparatory Department of the school became Calvin College, while the Theological Department became Calvin Theological Seminary. By 1880 the denomination had grown to 42 congregations. Ten years later the number had grown to 100 located in 11 states. During the 1890s congregations from the True Protestant Dutch Reformed Church (located in New York and New Jersey) joined the CRC. During the 20th century a number of congregations from the

neg: Reformed epistemology Reformed theology of John Calvin, who postulated a "sensus divinitatis", an innate divine awareness of God's presence. More recent influences on reformed epistemology are found in philosopher Nicholas Wolterstorff's "Reason within the Bounds of Religion," published in 1976, and Plantinga's "Reason and Belief in God", published in 1983. Although Plantinga's Reformed epistemology developed over three decades, it was not fully articulated until 1993 with the publication of two books in an eventual trilogy: "Warrant: The Current Debate," and "Warrant and Proper Function". The third in the series was "Warranted Christian Belief," published in 2000. Other prominent defenders of Reformed epistemology

neg: Puritans God, human sinfulness, and the relationship between God and mankind. They believed that all of their beliefs should be based on the Bible, which they considered to be divinely inspired. The concept of covenant was extremely important to Puritans, and covenant theology was central to their beliefs. With roots in the writings of Reformed theologians John Calvin and Heinrich Bullinger, covenant theology was further developed by Puritan theologians Dudley Fenner, William Perkins, John Preston, Richard Sibbes, William Ames and, most fully by Ames's Dutch student, Johannes Cocceius. Covenant theology asserts that when God created Adam and Eve he promised them

neg: Oliver O'Donovan Theology at the School of Divinity, New College, Edinburgh (2006–2013), and was an associate director of the Centre for Theology and Public Issues. He is a past President of the Society for the Study of Christian Ethics. In 2001 he delivered the Stob Lectures at Calvin Theological Seminary, in 2007 he delivered the New College Lectures at New College, University of New South Wales, and in 2008 he delivered a lecture at Princeton Theological Seminary upon receiving the Abraham Kuyper Prize for Excellence in Reformed Theology and Public Life. O'Donovan has held distinguished visiting lectureships in the Universities of Durham

neg: J. Matthew Pinson for his ardent Reformed Arminian theological stance - the Arminianism of Jacobus Arminius himself - that he argues is to be distinguished from others construals of Arminianism, such as Wesleyan-Holiness Arminianism and Finney-typed revivalistic thinking which is often viewed as mainstream Arminianism. Pinson argues that Reformed Arminianism is a development and variety of Reformed Theology and is not necessarily a departure from it. Despite common perceptions and caricatures today of Arminianism, Arminius followed Calvin in being an advocate of the penal substitutionary theory of atonement as well as arguing for the active and passive obedience of Christ while diverging with

neg: Calvin Theological Seminary Systematic Theology, Philosophical and Moral Theology, Pastoral Care, Church Polity and Administration, Preaching, Worship, Educational Ministry, and Missions, as well as the Ph.D. degree in historical, systematic, and philosophical theology, and in ethics. In addition to formal degrees, the seminary offers continuing education, including courses that are open to visitors, lectures, book discussion groups, and conferences for clergy and those in the community. The seminary was founded in 1876 with the purpose of preparing ministers for the Christian Reformed Church. Originally it met on Spring Street in Grand Rapids, but in 1892 it was moved to Madison Avenue and Franklin

neg: Eucharistic theology general, and specifically, that of Holy Communion, as the view embraced by John Calvin and leaders of the Church of Zurich who followed Zwingli. It demonstrates that at least the successors of Zwingli held to the real spiritual presence view most commonly attributed to Calvin and Reformed Protestantism. The Plymouth Brethren hold the Lord's Supper, or the Breaking of Bread, instituted in the upper room on Christ's betrayal night, to be the weekly remembrance feast enjoined on all true Christians. They celebrate the supper in utmost simplicity. Among "closed" Brethren assemblies usually any one of the brothers gives thanks for

neg: Johannes Piscator Johannes Piscator Johannes Piscator (; ; 27 March 1546 – 26 July 1625) was a German Reformed theologian, known as a Bible translator and textbook writer. He was a prolific writer, and initially moved around as he held a number of positions. Some scholarly confusion as to whether there was more than one person of the name was addressed in a paper by Walter Ong. Piscator was born at Strasbourg, and educated at the University of Tübingen. He became professor of theology at Strasbourg in 1573. Elector Frederick III experienced some resistance when he attempted to appoint him to the

neg: Presbyterian Church (USA) Catholic Priest from Scotland who studied with Calvin in Geneva, took Calvin's teachings back to Scotland and led the Scottish Reformation of 1560. Because of this reform movement, the Church of Scotland embraced Reformed theology and presbyterian polity. The Ulster Scots brought their Presbyterian faith with them to Ireland, where they laid the foundation of what would become the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. Immigrants from Scotland and Ireland brought Presbyterianism to America as early as 1640, and immigration would remain a large source of growth throughout the colonial era. Another source of growth were a number of New England Puritans

neg: C. J. Mahaney pastor of what had evolved into Covenant Life Church. He cites his reading of the works of 19th century Baptist leader Charles H. Spurgeon and the Reformed theology of John Calvin as influences. Mahaney met Carolyn Layman in the 1970s, while he was teaching at Take and Give and she was working as a secretary at a Christian conference ministry in Sarasota, and they soon married. Mahaney has one son and three daughters. Mahaney is the senior pastor of Sovereign Grace Church of Louisville, a church he planted in the fall of 2012 with Bob Kauflin, Brian Chesemore, Jeff Purswell,

neg: Martin Bucer denomination, however, emerged from his ministry, probably because he never developed a systematic theology as Melanchthon had for the Lutheran church and Calvin for the Reformed churches. Several groups, including Anglicans, Puritans, Lutherans, and Calvinists, claimed him as one of their own. The adaptability of his theology to each confessional point-of-view also led polemicists to criticise it as too accommodating. His theology could be best summarised as being practical and pastoral rather than theoretical. Bucer was not so concerned about staking a doctrinal claim "per se", but rather he took a standpoint in order to discuss and to win over

neg: Anglican doctrine secondary to the Scriptures themselves." Reformed doctrine and theology were developed into a distinctive English form by bishops and theologians led by Thomas Cranmer and Matthew Parker. Their doctrine was summarised in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion which were adopted by the Parliament of England and the Church of England in 1571. The early English Reformers, like contemporaries on the European continent such as John Calvin, John Knox and Martin Luther, rejected many Roman Catholic teachings. The Thirty-Nine Articles list core Reformed doctrines such as the sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for salvation, the execution of Jesus as "the perfect

neg: Marten Woudstra Doctor of Theology degree from the Westminister Theological Seminary. He later studied at the University of Hamburg (1969–70). In 1953, the Christian Reformed Church ordained Woudstra as a minister. He served as pastor of the Third Christian Reformed Church in Edmonton, Alberta for two years. During this time, Woudstra also edited "The Presbyterian Guardian", a journal published by the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. From 1955 until his retirement in 1985, Woudstra served as professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis at Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1957, Woudstra, along with Henry Schultze, Ralph Stob, and Martin Wyngaarden, formed

neg: Religious views on masturbation sexually, in the place of your wife. It arouses your greed for what you don’t have, greed for what God has not given for you to enjoy, greed that increases as you give in to it. The more you indulge it, the more dissatisfied and empty you become." John Calvin, the founder of the Reformed tradition (which includes the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and many Anglican Churches), taught that the Onan passage actually condemned coitus interruptus. In his Commentaries on Genesis (1554), Calvin teaches that "the voluntary spilling of semen outside of intercourse between a man and a woman is

neg: Reformed baptismal theology circumcision with baptism. Bullinger also emphasized that baptism indicates duties to the baptized in response to God's grace. John Calvin was influenced by Martin Luther's idea of baptism as God's promises to the baptized person attached to the outward sign of washing with water. Calvin maintained Zwingli's idea of baptism as a public pledge, but insisted that it was secondary to baptism's meaning as a sign of God's promise to forgive sin. He maintained that sacraments were effective instruments in bringing about the promises they represent, however he also maintained that the promises could be refused by the baptized, and

neg: Grace in Christianity categories do not comprise Calvinism in its entirety. They simply encapsulate its central, definitive doctrines. The notion that God has foreordained who will be saved is generally called predestination. The concept of predestination peculiar to Calvinism, "double-predestination", (in conjunction with limited atonement) is the most controversial expression of the doctrine. According to Reformed theology, the "good news" of the gospel of Christ is that God has freely granted the gift of salvation to those the Holy Spirit causes to believe; what he freely grants to some (the "elect" individuals), he withholds from others (the "reprobate" individuals). Calvin sought to provide