query: when did austin become the capital of texas

pos: History of Austin, Texas History of Austin, Texas The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo-American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas. Austin's history has also been largely tied to state politics and in the late 19th century, the establishment of the University of Texas made Austin a regional center for higher education, as well as a hub for state government. In

pos: History of Austin, Texas History of Austin, Texas The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo-American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas. Austin's history has also been largely tied to state politics and in the late 19th century, the establishment of the University of Texas made Austin a regional center for higher education, as well as a hub for state government. In

pos: Waterloo, Texas Waterloo, Texas Waterloo was the original name for the city of Austin, Texas, located in Travis County in the central part of the state. After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed that the republic's capital, then located in Houston, be relocated to an area situated on the north bank of the Colorado River near the present-day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge in what is now central Austin. In 1839, the site was officially chosen as the seventh and final location for the capital of

pos: Republic of Texas republic's secretary of state. Due mainly to the ongoing war for independence, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas in 1836: (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia). The capital was moved to the new city of Houston in 1837. In 1839, a small pioneer settlement situated on the Colorado River in central Texas was chosen as the republic's seventh and final capital. Incorporated under the name Waterloo, the town was renamed Austin shortly thereafter in honor of Stephen F. Austin. The court system inaugurated by Congress included a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice appointed by the president

neg: Music of Austin, Texas country;" and Austin had a national reputation thanks largely to the reporting of Rolling Stone stringer Chet Flippo, who seemed to get a dispatch from the Armadillo into every issue."" Austin became renowned for nurturing talented musicians who did not fit the mold anywhere else, and were drawn in by the creative vibe, liberal politics, and the low cost-of-living in what was then a laid back Capital city whose largest employers were the University of Texas and State government. Austin's reputation continued to grow and become celebrated for its folk, blues, jazz, bluegrass, tejano, zydeco, new wave, punk, and indie

neg: Travis County, Texas new capital and given the name Waterloo, Texas; shortly thereafter the city's name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin. A new county was also established the following year, of which Austin would be the seat; the county was named Travis County, after William B. Travis. Though the Republic's capital moved briefly back to Houston during the events surrounding the Texas Archive War, by 1845 Austin was again the capital, and it became the capital of the new State of Texas when Texas was annexed by the United States later that year. In 1861 Travis County was

neg: Francis W. Moore Jr. out Cruger. Under Moore's leadership, the newspaper became "the most influential news organ of the Republic of Texas". Although the capital moved to Austin in 1840, the newspaper remained in Houston. When the capital was relocated, Moore and Cruger established another newspaper, "The Texas Sentinel", in Austin. His reporting did not necessarily please politicians. Governor Sam Houston once referred to Moore as that "'lying scribbler of the Telegraph, whose one arm could write more malicious falsehoods than any man with two arms'". Many of the paper's articles were aimed at attracting immigrants to Texas, or retaining those who had recently

neg: Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin with him at Wolseley in Birmingham. Austin raised capital of £37,000 (£4,369,468.69 adjusted for inflation in 2018) and embarked on a search for a factory that could accommodate his idea for a new car manufacturer. He took over an old print works, still outside Birmingham, in Longbridge, which was then in the County of Worcestershire; Longbridge did not become a suburb of Birmingham until 1911 when the city's boundaries were expanded. The Austin car works at Longbridge was later to become one of the greatest car manufacturers in the world. Austin was producing seventeen different models by 1908. During the

neg: History of Galveston, Texas 1825, establishing the Port of Galveston, and, in 1830, erected a customs house. During the Texas Revolution, Galveston served as the main port for the Texas Navy. Galveston also served as the capital of the Republic of Texas when, in 1836, interim president David G. Burnet relocated his government there. In 1836, Michel Branamour Menard, a native of Canada, along with several associates, purchased of land for $50,000 from the Austin Colony to found the town that would become the modern city of Galveston. The Congress of the Republic of Texas hired Robert C. Trimble and William Lindsey to survey

neg: The Domain (Austin, Texas) The Domain (Austin, Texas) The Domain is a high-density office, retail, and residential center owned and operated by Endeavor Real Estate Group, TIER REIT, Inc., Simon Property Group, and Stonelake Capital Partners and is located in the high-tech corridor of northwest Austin, Texas, United States. It is bordered on the west by Union Pacific Railroad, on the west and north by Loop 1, on the south by Braker Lane, and on the east by Burnet Road. The initial phase of the project was completed in March 2007. The property for what would eventually become The Domain was purchased from IBM

neg: Capital of Texas Capital of Texas Capital of Texas usually refers to the present capital of Austin, Texas; however several other locations have previously served as the capital of Texas: April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, Texas then became the Republic of Texas During the period of the Republic of Texas (1836–1845) the capital of Texas moved from city to city. The Republic had an ad interim government from March 14 to September 1836, when the new nation's voters elected a government. In 1836, five sites served as

neg: Austin, Texas refer to the olden days of the capital city of Texas. Although Austin is also known internationally as the live music capital of the world and its catch phrase/slogan Keep Austin Weird can be heard echoed in places as far as Buffalo, NY and Santa Monica, CA - the term "Old Austin" refers to a time when the city was smaller and more bohemian with a considerably lower cost of living and better known for its lack of traffic, hipsters, and urban sprawl. It is often employed by longtime residents expressing displeasure at the rapidly changing culture. The growth and

neg: Silicon Hills in Round Rock, a suburb of Austin. Austin was one of the top areas for venture capital with investors investing $621 million in 2013 (43% of that went to software and semiconductor firms). Some venture capital investors include Austin Ventures, Central Texas Angels Network, and Tritium Partners. There are at least 15 startup incubators as well, including: Capital Factory, Austin Technology Incubator, and the IC Institute (the incubator for the University of Texas at Austin). Silicon Hills Silicon Hills is a nickname for the cluster of high-tech companies in the Austin metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas. The

neg: Texas Archive War group took custody of the records and transported them. The Texas House of Representatives formed a committee to investigate the attempted transferral of the archives. The committee admonished President Houston for his actions in trying to move the capital from Austin without the approval of Congress. A Senate committee reported that they did not agree that Austin should be the capital, but without an immediate threat to the city, Houston had no legal reason to move the records. In 1843, the Senate voted that the archives should be moved if there was not peace with Mexico. The vote was again

neg: Hedwig Gorski returning to the United States. She coined the term "Performance Poetry" in the early 1980s after initiating and writing the "Litera" column for the "Austin Chronicle" in an effort to distinguish her performed poetry from performance art. She was also one of the founding writers on the "Austin Chronicle", which helped to promote the vibrant "music capital of the world" that Austin, the capital of Texas, had become. Along with the growth of the music scene, a multi-ethnic theater, literature, and art community began to coalesce during the 1970s. This is the environment from which Gorski's work grew from its

neg: Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas is the Level I pediatric trauma center serving the Central Texas region, including the state capital of Austin and a 43 county surrounding area. It is a member hospital of the Seton Healthcare Family, a Roman Catholic-affiliated network of hospitals in the Greater Austin area. Dell Children's Medical Center is the successor of the Children's Hospital of Austin (CHOA), a facility operated since 1988 within the University Medical Center Brackenridge campus until the opening of the present building in 2007, when the Austin area obtained its

neg: Austin, Texas Austin, Texas Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties. It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States and the 4th-most populous city in Texas. It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States, the second most populous state capital after Phoenix, Arizona, and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States. As of the U.S. Census Bureau's July 1, 2017 estimate, Austin had a population of 950,715 up from 790,491 at the 2010 census. The city is

neg: History of Austin, Texas in an incident known as the Texas Archive War. Deprived of its political function, Austin languished. Between 1842 and 1845 its population dropped below 200 and its buildings deteriorated. During the summer of 1845, Anson Jones, Houston's successor as president, called a constitutional convention meeting in Austin, approved the annexation of Texas to the United States and named Austin the state capital until 1850, at which time the voters of Texas were to express their preference in a general election. After resuming its role as the seat of government in 1845, Austin officially became the state capital on February 19,

neg: Austin City Limits Austin City Limits Austin City Limits (ACL) is an American public television music program recorded live in Austin, Texas, by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member television station KLRU, and broadcast on many PBS stations around the United States. The show helped Austin to become widely known as the "Live Music Capital of the World", and is the only television show to receive the National Medal of Arts, which it was awarded in 2003. It also won a rare institutional Peabody Award in 2011 "for its more than three decades of presenting and preserving eclectic American musical genres." For the first

neg: South River City, Austin, Texas in 1876, South Austinites were dependent on ferry service and pontoon bridges to get to and from Downtown Austin. The bridge made South Austin more accessible than ever before, and in 1877 John Milton Swisher (James' son) subdivided 23 acres of the family farm along the San Antonio Road. It was to become Austin's first urban addition south of the Colorado River. Platted in 1877, it was noted as an addition to "South Austin" rather than Austin, perhaps acknowledging South Austin's separate identity from the capital city. Swisher allotted a very generous 120 foot right-of-way through the center of his

neg: Far West Capital Far West Capital Far West Capital is a privately held custom financing company. The company has offices in Austin, Houston, Dallas, El Paso, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona. Far West Capital provides factoring of accounts receivable, asset-based lending, purchase order financing, inventory financing and transportation financing. The company services clients from various industries, including manufacturing, construction, wholesalers/distributors, B2B services providers, high-tech, bio-technology, staffing and transportation. Far West Capital was founded in 2007 by Don Stricklin and Cole Harmonson in Austin, Texas. Since its inception, the company has grown and expanded its offices to Houston, Texas, Dallas, Texas, El Paso, Texas and

neg: Austin Ventures recapitalizations. Austin Ventures Austin Ventures (AV) is a private equity firm focused on venture capital and growth equity investments in business services and supply chain, financial services, new media, Internet, and information services companies nationally with a focus on Texas. The firm, which is based in Austin, Texas, was founded in 1984. AV has raised approximately $3.9 billion since inception across ten private equity funds. In September 2008, the firm announced the closing of Austin Ventures X with $900 million of investor commitments which will be used to fund start-up capital for emerging companies and growth capital for expansion rounds

neg: Austin Ventures Austin Ventures Austin Ventures (AV) is a private equity firm focused on venture capital and growth equity investments in business services and supply chain, financial services, new media, Internet, and information services companies nationally with a focus on Texas. The firm, which is based in Austin, Texas, was founded in 1984. AV has raised approximately $3.9 billion since inception across ten private equity funds. In September 2008, the firm announced the closing of Austin Ventures X with $900 million of investor commitments which will be used to fund start-up capital for emerging companies and growth capital for expansion rounds and

neg: Fort Tenoxtitlán to be a failed attempt at stopping Anglo immigration, after Stephen F. Austin successfully appealed directly to Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante, receiving exemptions for his colony and that of Green DeWitt. Having failed to stop Anglo immigration and suffering from poor health, Mier y Terán committed suicide on July 3, 1832, in Padilla, Tamaulipas. Ruiz evacuated the fort on July 13. The site was once in competition with Austin to become the capital of the Republic of Texas. It was abandoned in 1841. Fort Tenoxtitlán Fort Tenoxtitlán was established by Mexico in 1830 in what later became Burleson County, Texas.

neg: Angelina Eberly by Pat Oliphant, stands near the place where Eberly helped preserve Austin as Texas' capital city. Angelina Eberly Angelina Belle Peyton Eberly (July 2, 1798 – August 15, 1860) was an innkeeper and a hero of Austin, Texas in the Texas Archive War. Angelina was born to John and Margaret (Hamilton) Peyton in Sumner County, Tennessee. In 1818 she married her first cousin, Jonathan C. Peyton, and moved with him to New Orleans, Louisiana. They opened an inn and tavern in San Felipe de Austin from 1825 until 1834, when Jonathan Peyton died. Angelina continued to operate the inn and

neg: Stephen F. Austin the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States. Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston. Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic, and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836. Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor, including the capital of Texas, Austin in Travis County, Austin County, Austin Bayou, Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Austin College in Sherman, and a number

neg: Frydek, Texas Frydek, Texas Frydek ( ) is an unincorporated community in southeastern Austin County, Texas, United States. It is located on FM 1458 south of the town of San Felipe. The area was first settled by Anglo-Americans in the 1820s but it did not become a community until a number of Czechs made homes there in 1895. Frydek is situated on the west bank of the Brazos River on FM 1458 about south of San Felipe and east of Sealy. The elevation is . The area was first settled when some members of the Old Three Hundred received land grants in

neg: Austin County, Texas Austin County, Texas Austin County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,417. Its seat is Bellville. The county is named for Stephen F. Austin, who facilitated the Anglo-American colonization of Texas and is known as the "Father of Texas". Austin County is included in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. Austin County is not to be confused with the city of Austin, the state capital city that lies in Travis County, about 110 miles to the northwest. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a

neg: Texas Moratorium Network Texas Moratorium Network Texas Moratorium Network (TMN) is a grassroots non-profit organization with the primary goal of mobilizing statewide support for a moratorium on executions in Texas. It has about 20,000 members, about 85 percent of whom reside in Texas. The Texas Moratorium Network was founded in 2000 by several people who had been involved in organizing a march held in Austin on October 15, 2000 to protest capital punishment in Texas under then-Governor George W. Bush. The march has since become an annual event regularly attended by anti death penalty activists from across Texas and other states, and Europe.

neg: History of Austin, Texas in 1881 set the stage for Austin to become an educational and cultural hub as well, when it was chosen as the site for a new state university in a hotly contested election. A state constitution adopted in 1876 mandated that Texas establish a "university of the first class" to be located by vote of the people and styled the University of Texas. On September 6, 1881, Austin was chosen for the site of the main university and Galveston for the location of the medical department. In 1882 construction began on the Austin campus with the placement of the cornerstone

neg: Texas Moratorium Network in 2004. He convinced the party to endorse a moratorium on executions in the party platform. Texas Moratorium Network Texas Moratorium Network (TMN) is a grassroots non-profit organization with the primary goal of mobilizing statewide support for a moratorium on executions in Texas. It has about 20,000 members, about 85 percent of whom reside in Texas. The Texas Moratorium Network was founded in 2000 by several people who had been involved in organizing a march held in Austin on October 15, 2000 to protest capital punishment in Texas under then-Governor George W. Bush. The march has since become an annual

neg: Music of Austin, Texas Music of Austin, Texas Music of Austin, Texas: Austin's official motto is the "Live Music Capital of the World" because on any given night, one can find over one hundred venues showcasing a wide variety of free - live music performances. Austin is also famed for the SXSW and the Austin City Limits (ACL) Music Festivals which showcase an eclectic array of live musical talent from across the globe. The greatest concentration of music venues in Austin are located around 6th Street, the Warehouse District, Downtown, Central East Austin, South Congress, the Red River District, the University of Texas, South

neg: History of Austin, Texas 1846, the date of the formal transfer of authority from the republic to the state. Austin's status as capital city of the new U.S. state of Texas remained in doubt until 1872, when the city prevailed in a statewide election to choose once and for all the state capital, turning back challenges from Houston and Waco. Austin recovered gradually, population reaching 854 by 1850, 225 of whom were slaves and one a free black. Forty-eight percent of Austin's family heads owned slaves. The city entered a period of accelerated growth following its decisive triumph in the 1850 election to determine

neg: EFF-Austin formed a Texas corporation for EFF-Austin, and became active in discussions of potential chapters for the national organization. In January 1992, leaders of several potential chapters met with EFF in Atlanta, and learned that EFF had decided not to become a chapters organization. EFF-Austin continued as a separate organization and was active from 1991 through 1997, when it ceased operations following the Supreme Court "Reno v. ACLU" decision. The organization re-formed in 2001. EFF-Austin EFF-Austin was formed in Austin, Texas by Steve Jackson of Steve Jackson Games shortly after the Electronic Frontier Foundation or EFF was formed. Jackson was pursuing

neg: Kirk Watson Kirk Watson Kirk Preston Watson (born March 18, 1958) is an American attorney and Democratic politician from the capital city of Austin, Texas. He served as Austin mayor from 1997 to 2001. He ran unsuccessfully for Texas Attorney General in the 2002 election, when he was defeated by the Republican Greg Abbott, later governor of Texas. In 2006, Watson was elected to the Texas State Senate from District 14. From 2011 to 2015, Watson was the Senate Democratic Leader. In October 2015, he announced that he would step down from the leadership post but reman a senator. José R. Rodríguez

neg: Austin American-Statesman in 2016. Austin American-Statesman The Austin American-Statesman is the major daily newspaper for Austin, the capital city of Texas. It is owned by GateHouse Media. The paper prints "Associated Press", "New York Times", "The Washington Post" and "Los Angeles Times" international and national news, but has strong Central Texas coverage, especially in political reporting. The "Statesman" benefits from the culture and writing heritage of Austin. It extensively covers the music scene, especially the annual South by Southwest Music Festival. The newspaper co-sponsors Austin events such as the Capital 10K, one of the largest 10K runs in the U.S., and the

neg: Austin American-Statesman Austin American-Statesman The Austin American-Statesman is the major daily newspaper for Austin, the capital city of Texas. It is owned by GateHouse Media. The paper prints "Associated Press", "New York Times", "The Washington Post" and "Los Angeles Times" international and national news, but has strong Central Texas coverage, especially in political reporting. The "Statesman" benefits from the culture and writing heritage of Austin. It extensively covers the music scene, especially the annual South by Southwest Music Festival. The newspaper co-sponsors Austin events such as the Capital 10K, one of the largest 10K runs in the U.S., and the Season for

neg: Texas Capital Bank treasury management services, including online banking and debit and credit card services; and letters of credit. In addition, it offers personal wealth management and trust services; certificates of deposit and IRAs; interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing checking accounts; traditional money market and savings accounts; secured and unsecured loans; and online and mobile banking facilities. It primarily serves clients in Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio metropolitan areas of Texas. The company operates full-service locations in Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio. Texas Capital Bank Texas Capital Bank is a commercial bank headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The bank has

neg: San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site there. On January 1, 2008, the site was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission. Today, the site features a statue of Stephen F. Austin, a replica log cabin, and the 1847 Josey Store. San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site is a historic site located in San Felipe, Austin County, Texas. The site preserves the location of the first provisional capital and Anglo-American colony in Mexican-owned Texas. San Felipe de Austin was established in 1823 by Stephen F. Austin, who initially brought 297 families, the Old

neg: Montopolis, Austin, Texas the rest of the city, as the median age for males is 25.1 and for 26.4 for females (compared with 29.6 and 30.2, respectively). The average estimated value of detached houses in 2009 (52.6% of all units) was $110,949, lower than Austin average of $286,025. Montopolis was settled in the 1830s as a separate community southeast of Downtown Austin in south central Travis County when Jessie C. Tannehill built a cabin and laid out a townsite to be called Montopolis for its location on top of a hill. Montopolis was almost made the capital of the fledgling Republic of Texas,

neg: Capital of Texas temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia), before President Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837. Capital of Texas Capital of Texas usually refers to the present capital of Austin, Texas; however several other locations have previously served as the capital of Texas: April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, Texas then became the Republic of Texas During the period of the Republic of Texas (1836–1845) the capital of Texas moved from city to city. The Republic had an ad interim

neg: Austin Western Railroad Texas, Cedar Park, Texas, and Burnet, Texas. Austin Western Railroad The Austin Western Railroad is a short-line railroad headquartered in Round Rock, Texas. AWRR operates a line from Llano, Texas, to an interchange with Union Pacific Railroad at Giddings, Texas, with a branch from Fairland, Texas, to Marble Falls, Texas. The line is owned by Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, with whom AWRR has the contract to operate the railroad from September 2007. AWRR traffic includes aggregates, crushed limestone, calcium bicarbonate, lumber, beer, chemicals, plastics, and paper. AWRR is a subsidiary of the Watco Companies. In addition, the Austin Steam Train

neg: History of African Americans in Texas until June 19, 1865, when officials announced that slavery had been formally abolished. This is celebrated in Texas as "Juneteenth." The long-term effects of slavery can be seen to this day in the state's demographics. The eastern quarter of the state, where cotton production depended on thousands of slaves, is considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. It contains a very significant number of Texas' African-American population. A 2014 University of Texas at Austin study stated that the state's capital city of Austin was the only U.S. city with a fast growth rate that was losing African Americans due

neg: Music of Austin, Texas venues listed above, Austin offers live music in unexpected places as well. These unique venues include: Austin Musicians: Musicians who previously contributed to the Austin music scene (including those who died, have broken up, or moved from the city): Deceased Austin musicians include: The Austin Music Memorial at the Joe and Teresa Long Center honors those who have contributed to the development of the Austin music community. Music of Austin, Texas Music of Austin, Texas: Austin's official motto is the "Live Music Capital of the World" because on any given night, one can find over one hundred venues showcasing a

neg: Austin Western Railroad Austin Western Railroad The Austin Western Railroad is a short-line railroad headquartered in Round Rock, Texas. AWRR operates a line from Llano, Texas, to an interchange with Union Pacific Railroad at Giddings, Texas, with a branch from Fairland, Texas, to Marble Falls, Texas. The line is owned by Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, with whom AWRR has the contract to operate the railroad from September 2007. AWRR traffic includes aggregates, crushed limestone, calcium bicarbonate, lumber, beer, chemicals, plastics, and paper. AWRR is a subsidiary of the Watco Companies. In addition, the Austin Steam Train Association operates an excursion train between Austin,

neg: Las Cimas moving its offices to other locations in Greater Austin. Las Cimas Las Cimas (Spanish: "Summit" or "Top") is an office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills. The buildings, southwest of Downtown Austin, are about south of the southwest corner of Las Cimas Parkway and Texas State Highway Loop 360 (Capital of Texas Highway). It previously housed the headquarters of Dell and American Campus Communities. Las Cimas II and III are owned by Spear Street Capital. Lincoln Property Company developed Las Cimas II and III in 2000 and 2001. In 2000 Dell announced that it

neg: James E.B. Austin Eagle Nest and Manor lakes; a labor in west Brazoria County; and another labor in Waller County. He went back to Missouri in May 1824 to bring his mother Maria Brown Austin and sister Emily down to Texas but returned the next year without them. James entered into a partnership with John Austin to participate in the coasting trade and retail, opening a store together in Brazoria, Texas. He lobbied in Saltillo, the capital of Coahuila and Texas, for the continuance of slavery and succeeded in protecting the ownership of settlers already established. He returned from the capital with 300

neg: Stephen F. Austin weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820, Austin declared his candidacy for Congress. His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties, but he still placed second in the field of six candidates. Later, he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court. Over the next few months, Little Rock did become the territorial capital. But Austin's claim to land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin's judgeship. Austin left the territory, moving to

neg: Austin, Texas remote wilderness. The men and women who traveled mainly from Houston to conduct government business were intensely disappointed as well. By 1840, the population had risen to 856, of whom nearly half fled from Austin when Congress recessed. The resident African American population listed in January of this same year was 176. The fear of Austin's proximity to the Indians and Mexico, which still considered Texas a part of their land, created an immense motive for Sam Houston, the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, to relocate the capital once again in 1841. Upon threats of Mexican

neg: History of Texas later retreat from the city of San Antonio. Mexico's attacks on Texas intensified the conflict between the political factions in an incident known as the Texas Archive War in 1842. To "protect" the Texas national archives, President Sam Houston ordered them out of Austin. Austin residents, suspicious of the president's motives because of his avowed disdain of the capital, forced the archives back to Austin at gunpoint. The Texas Congress admonished Houston for the incident, and the incident would solidify Austin as Texas's seat of government for the Republic and the future state. On February 28, 1845, the U.S. Congress

neg: Shoal Creek, Austin, Texas Mirabeau B. Lamar, later the second president of the Republic of Texas, arrived there. Lamar was looking for places that would be suitable for Texas’s new capital. He shot a buffalo and admiring the area’s scenic beauty, returned to Houston. The next year, when Lamar was president, a commission appointed by him recommended Waterloo as the capital of Texas. Lamar wanted the capital to be on the “frontier” and have room to expand. He considered Shoal Creek to be the frontier and the land west of it to be Comanche territory. Shoal Creek was named by Edwin Waller and was

neg: San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site San Felipe de Austin State Historic Site is a historic site located in San Felipe, Austin County, Texas. The site preserves the location of the first provisional capital and Anglo-American colony in Mexican-owned Texas. San Felipe de Austin was established in 1823 by Stephen F. Austin, who initially brought 297 families, the Old Three Hundred, under a contract with the Mexican Government. San Felipe de Austin played an important role in the events of the Texas Revolution. The Texian conventions of 1832 and 1833 and the Consultation assembly of 1835 were all held

neg: Austin, Texas and Development and many more. Austin's main daily newspaper is the "Austin American-Statesman". "The Austin Chronicle" is Austin's alternative weekly, while "The Daily Texan" is the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin. Austin's business newspaper is the weekly "Austin Business Journal". "The Austin Monitor" is an online outlet that specializes in insider reporting on City Hall, Travis County Commissioners Court, AISD, and other related local civics beats. The "Monitor" is backed by the nonprofit Capital of Texas Media Foundation. Austin also has numerous smaller special interest or sub-regional newspapers such as the "Oak Hill Gazette", "Westlake Picayune",

neg: Spyglass-Barton's Bluff, Austin, Texas Spyglass-Barton's Bluff, Austin, Texas Spyglass-Barton's Bluff is a neighborhood in Austin, Texas. It is located southwest of the city's urban core, and encompasses ZIP codes 78746 and 78704. Sometimes known as Barton's Bluff-Spylgass, the neighborhood is a narrow strip of land that runs between Mopac Expressway and Barton Creek in southwest Austin. The neighborhood is bounded to the south by the Capital of Texas Highway, the Barton Hills neighborhood and the Barton Creek Greenbelt to the east and the Zilker neighborhood to the north. Across MoPac lie the Barton Creek Square Mall and the Austin suburb of Rollingwood. Most structures

neg: Austin, Texas tech center for semiconductors and software. The University of Texas at Austin emerged as a major university. The 1970s saw Austin's emergence in the national music scene, with local artists such as Willie Nelson, Asleep at the Wheel, and Stevie Ray Vaughan and iconic music venues such as the Armadillo World Headquarters. Over time, the long-running television program "Austin City Limits", its namesake Austin City Limits Festival, and the South by Southwest music festival solidified the city's place in the music industry. Austin, the southernmost state capital of the contiguous 48 states, is located in Central Texas. Austin is northwest

neg: Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority staff of both the University of Texas and Austin Community College, as well as City of Austin employees, may ride all Capital Metro services for no charge with valid identification. Capital MetroAccess, the paratransit system operated by Capital Metro, operates on a separate fare scale: Persons eligible to use MetroAccess services may ride on Capital Metro buses and trains at the reduced rate. Holders of the MetroAccess monthly pass may use their pass as a Capital Metro 31-Day Commuter pass. In 2010 the total number of board members was increased from seven to eight. The Texas Legislature also reduced the

neg: History of Texas (1865–99) flag in Austin, the state capital. U.S. President Andrew Johnson appointed Union General Andrew J. Hamilton, a prominent politician before the war, as the provisional governor on June 17. He granted amnesty to ex-Conre, appointing some to office. Angry returning veterans seized state property and Texas went through a period of extensive violence and disorder. Most outrages took place in northern Texas and were committed by outlaws who had their headquarters in the Indian Territory and plundered and murdered without distinction of party. On March 30, 1870, the United States Congress readmitted Texas into the Union, although Texas did not

neg: Austin, Texas the largest outdoor restaurant in Texas, which promotes itself as the "Sunset Capital of Texas" with its terraced views looking West over Lake Travis. P. Terry's, a Austin-based fast food burger chain, has a loyal following among Austinites. Some other Austin-based chain restaurants include Amy's Ice Creams, Bush's Chicken, Chuy's, DoubleDave's Pizzaworks, and Schlotzky's. Austin is also home to a large number of food trucks, with 1,256 food trucks operating in 2016. The city of Austin has the second-largest number of food trucks per capita in the United States. Austin's first food hall, "Fareground", features a number of Austin-based food

neg: Clifford Antone Antone's Record Shop, a record store specializing in blues and roots music. Antone served time in federal prisons for drug charges in the early 1980s and in 2000. He lectured on social change and the history of the blues at The University of Texas, Austin Community College, and Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas. On hearing of Antone's death, Austin Mayor Will Wynn was quoted as saying, "One of the primary reasons Austin is known as the "Live Music Capital of the World" is because of Clifford Antone." He died in Austin, Texas. Clifford Antone Clifford Antone (October 27,

neg: Arboretum (Austin, Texas) Fifth Avenue (now Trader Joe's) along with smaller specialty shops. The Saks space was previously a Simon David specialty grocer, which closed in December 1996 and was subsequently converted into Saks. As of June 20, 2014 the former Saks store was converted to Trader Joe's. Arboretum (Austin, Texas) The Arboretum is an upmarket retail trade area in the northwest portion of Austin, Texas, centered roughly on the convergence of U.S. Route 183 (which, as it travels through Austin, is a freeway known as Research Boulevard), Capital of Texas Highway and Mopac Expressway. The Arboretum at Great Hills was developed by

neg: Austin, Texas the tracks' current owner, ended the project in 2016. The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority ("Capital Metro") provides public transportation to the city, primarily by bus. Some heavily utilized routes feature bus rapid transit, with long, train-like, high-tech buses. Capital Metro opened a commuter rail system known as Capital MetroRail on March 22, 2010. The system operates on existing freight rail lines and serves downtown Austin, East Austin, North Central Austin, Northwest Austin, and Leander in its first phase. Future expansion could include a line to Manor and another to Round Rock. The MetroRail system has struggled to build ridership and

neg: Roy Butler Roy Butler Roy Anderson Butler, Sr. (March 31, 1926 – November 13, 2009), was an American politician and businessman who served as the mayor of the capital city of Austin, Texas, from 1971 until 1975. Butler was the first Austin mayor directly elected by city voters. Prior to his 1971 election, Austin mayors had been appointed by the Austin City Council. Roy Butler was a native of Greenville, Texas. Butler served in the United States Navy during World War II. Following his departure from the Navy, Butler earned his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Texas at Austin

neg: Waterloo, Texas the Republic of Texas. It was incorporated under the name "Waterloo". Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas" and the republic's first secretary of state. Waterloo, Texas Waterloo was the original name for the city of Austin, Texas, located in Travis County in the central part of the state. After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed that the republic's capital, then located in Houston, be relocated to an area situated on the north bank

neg: Texas Archive War in Washington-on-the-Brazos were transferred to Austin, creating a single archive. A statue of Angelina Eberly was erected in 2004 in downtown Austin. Texas Archive War The Texas Archive War was an 1842 dispute over an attempted move of the Republic of Texas national archives from Austin to Houston and, more broadly, over then-president Sam Houston's efforts to make Houston the capital of Texas. The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836. As the Texas Revolution continued, the papers that documented the workings of the interim government accompanied government officials as they evacuated to various towns to stay in front of

neg: Arboretum (Austin, Texas) Arboretum (Austin, Texas) The Arboretum is an upmarket retail trade area in the northwest portion of Austin, Texas, centered roughly on the convergence of U.S. Route 183 (which, as it travels through Austin, is a freeway known as Research Boulevard), Capital of Texas Highway and Mopac Expressway. The Arboretum at Great Hills was developed by Trammell Crow Company, opened in 1985 and is managed by Simon Malls. It is the heavily wooded park-like atmosphere that gives the mall its arboreal name. The Arboretum's first anchor tenant, which opened on Sept 10, 1986, was a 492-room hotel with 65,000 sqft of

neg: Hospitality Financial and Technology Professionals the organization that would become HFTP was originally known as the National Association of Hotel Accountants (NAHA). As the scope of the organization and the nature of the industry changed, its name has also changed, next becoming the National Association of Hotel-Motel Accountants in 1965, then the International Association of Hospitality Accounts in 1973 and most recently, in 1997, when Frank I. Wolfe, who has been the CEO since 1994, changed it to HFTP. Based out of the Texas capital, Austin, HFTP opened, as of 2006, its European headquarters in Maastricht, the birthplace of the European Union and the central

neg: Texan sloop-of-war Austin Commodore Moore was ordered to confer with the rebel leaders, but not to commence hostilities against Mexico until a delegation of Texas diplomats had completed a mission to secure recognition of Texas' independence. Thus "Austin" spent her time cruising around the gulf coast of Mexico and Yucatán gathering intelligence and investigating ports and suitable anchorages. When a large storm blew up near Lobos Island on 14 October 1840, "Austin" came upon a Mexican ship in distress. "Austin" recovered all of the crew of the stricken ship "Fama", delivering them to Tampico to great local acclaim. This did not deter a

neg: St. Austin Catholic School St. Austin Catholic School St. Austin Catholic School is a private, Catholic elementary and middle school with a full-time and part-time 3 year olds class, a class for 4 year olds and Kinder - 8th. St. Austin is located in downtown Austin, Texas, one block from UT campus, Dell Medical School and four blocks from the Texas State Capital. St. Austin is located within the Diocese of Austin. St. Austin offers a diverse learning environment with a great deal of individualized attention. in 2005 St. Austin received the honorable distinction of being a Blue Ribbon School. The average class size

neg: Sheldon Ekland-Olson executive vice president and provost of UT-Austin, a position he held until 2006. He has also been the director of UT-Austin's School of Human Ecology. Steve J. Martin and Sheldon Ekland-Olson Texas Prisons: And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. Austin, Texas: Texas Monthly Press. 1993 Sheldon Ekland-Olson and William Kelly Justice Under Pressure: A Comparison of Recidivism Patterns Among Four Successive Parolee Cohorts. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1994 James Marquart, Sheldon Ekland-Olson and Jon Sorensen. The Rope, The Chair and The Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas 1923-1990. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 2011 Sheldon Ekland-Olson. Who Lives, Who Dies, Who

neg: Texas Farm Workers Union California counterpart the United Farm Workers, the TFWU pressed the state of Texas to establish a Texas Agricultural Board. This effort failed in Texas where no Agricultural Board was established. In late February 1977 union members began a 420-mile (670 km) march from San Juan, Texas to the capital at Austin just 11 years after the first Texas farm worker march on Austin. This second march ended on April 2 at the state capitol building. That same year, Orendain led forty union members on a well publicized 1,600-mile (2,560 km) march from Austin to Washington, DC. The journey started in

neg: Stephen F. Austin Austin became involved in Mexican politics, supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, proclaimed at the Convention of 1832—resumption of immigration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state government for Texas. Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed and tried his hardest to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18, 1833, and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías. Austin did gain certain important reforms; the immigration ban

neg: Austin, Texas a new capital to be named for Stephen F. Austin. Mirabeau B. Lamar, second president of the newly formed Republic of Texas, advised the commissioners to investigate the area named Waterloo, noting the area's hills, waterways, and pleasant surroundings. Waterloo was selected, and "Austin" was chosen as the town's new name. The location was seen as a convenient crossroads for trade routes between Santa Fe and Galveston Bay, as well as routes between northern Mexico and the Red River. Edwin Waller was picked by Lamar to survey the village and draft a plan laying out the new capital. The original

neg: South Congress transformed from a rural country road to the capital city gateway and, finally, to the vibrant shopping district that it is today. Many Austinites attribute its enduring popularity to the magnificent and unobstructed view of the Texas State Capitol. Edwin Waller designed Congress to be Austin's most prominent thoroughfare in the 1830s. However, Congress did not extend south of the Colorado River until 1852 when James Gibson Swisher donated land for a road that was both the postal route to Austin and the main highway to San Antonio. Growth along South Congress slowed during the 19th century; it was not

neg: Samuel Maverick this time there was much political unrest in Texas, as the colonists did not trust Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna to abide by the promises that had been made in the Mexican Constitution of 1824. The Mexican government believed that the colonists were preparing to revolt and hand Texas to the United States. After having been held in a Mexican prison for over 18 months, a newly released Austin returned to Texas with stories of what he had seen in the Mexican capital, and on September 19, 1835, he issued a call to arms. The first shot of

neg: World Class Capital Group in Austin, Texas in June 2016. The acquisition was made to replace the retail center with a self-storage facility under the Great Value Storage name. In September 2016, World Class was listed as the 16th largest self-storage operator in the country. A few months later, World Class purchased 13 office buildings in Austin, Texas. The buildings had a total of 546,984 square feet and were purchased from Westmount Realty Capital. In 2016-7, several acquisitions have been made to expand World Class’ storage portfolio under the Great Value storage name. World Class Capital Group World Class Capital Group (World Class) is

neg: Frances Newton the third woman executed in Texas since the resumption of capital punishment in the state in 1982. The first and second were Karla Faye Tucker and Betty Lou Beets. Like Beets before her, Newton made no final statement and did not have a last meal request. Over 30 protesters from the Texas Death Penalty Abolition Movement, the National Black United Front, and the New Black Panther Party had gathered outside the prison. In addition, about 75 people protested the execution outside the governor's mansion in Austin. According to the results of a Public Information Act request submitted by Texas Moratorium

neg: Ben Crawley Ben Crawley Ben Crawley (born May 6, 1971, in Austin, Texas) is a retired American soccer player. He was a member of the United States teams at both the 1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship and 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship but spent most of his professional career with lower division teams. He played five games in Major League Soccer with D.C. United in 1996. Crawley spent his early youth in Portland, Oregon, moving with his family to Austin, Texas when he was six. He spent his early years as a goalkeeper in the Capital Soccer Club, but was put on

neg: Kirk Watson accomplishments. After Watson was unable to list one of Obama's accomplishments, Matthews responded, "You've supported him for president, you're on national television, name his legislative accomplishments, Barack Obama's, sir." After Watson was excused, Matthews commented, "He [Watson] is here to defend Barack Obama and he had nothing to say; that's a problem." Kirk Watson Kirk Preston Watson (born March 18, 1958) is an American attorney and Democratic politician from the capital city of Austin, Texas. He served as Austin mayor from 1997 to 2001. He ran unsuccessfully for Texas Attorney General in the 2002 election, when he was defeated by

neg: KLRU KLRU KLRU, virtual channel 18 (UHF digital channel 22), is a PBS member television station licensed to Austin, Texas, United States. The station is owned by the Capital of Texas Public Telecommunications Council. KLRU's studios are located on Guadalupe and Dean Keeton streets at the University of Texas at Austin, and its transmitter is located on the West Austin Antenna Farm in unincorporated Travis County. In addition to airing program content from PBS, it produces original programming including the national music series "Austin City Limits". On cable, KLRU can be seen on Charter Spectrum and Grande Communications channel 9. The

neg: KLRU channel as 18 on digital television receivers. KLRU KLRU, virtual channel 18 (UHF digital channel 22), is a PBS member television station licensed to Austin, Texas, United States. The station is owned by the Capital of Texas Public Telecommunications Council. KLRU's studios are located on Guadalupe and Dean Keeton streets at the University of Texas at Austin, and its transmitter is located on the West Austin Antenna Farm in unincorporated Travis County. In addition to airing program content from PBS, it produces original programming including the national music series "Austin City Limits". On cable, KLRU can be seen on Charter

neg: Las Cimas Las Cimas Las Cimas (Spanish: "Summit" or "Top") is an office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills. The buildings, southwest of Downtown Austin, are about south of the southwest corner of Las Cimas Parkway and Texas State Highway Loop 360 (Capital of Texas Highway). It previously housed the headquarters of Dell and American Campus Communities. Las Cimas II and III are owned by Spear Street Capital. Lincoln Property Company developed Las Cimas II and III in 2000 and 2001. In 2000 Dell announced that it would lease of space in the Las Cimas office

neg: Littig, Texas as 37 from the late 1960s through 2000. Littig, Texas Littig is a small unincorporated community in eastern Travis County, Texas, United States established in 1883. Littig is on the Southern Pacific line two miles (3 km) south of U.S. Highway 290 and eighteen miles (29 km) northeast of the state capital, Austin, in eastern Travis County. It began with one of the oldest black communities in the state, and now has a diverse population. The Littig Cemetery is located nearby. Littig is located east-northeast of the state capital, Austin, and west of Elgin. The community is in easternmost Travis

neg: Littig, Texas Littig, Texas Littig is a small unincorporated community in eastern Travis County, Texas, United States established in 1883. Littig is on the Southern Pacific line two miles (3 km) south of U.S. Highway 290 and eighteen miles (29 km) northeast of the state capital, Austin, in eastern Travis County. It began with one of the oldest black communities in the state, and now has a diverse population. The Littig Cemetery is located nearby. Littig is located east-northeast of the state capital, Austin, and west of Elgin. The community is in easternmost Travis County. Littig is on the Southern Pacific line,

neg: Austin–Bergstrom International Airport parallel with runway 17R/35L. This runway is dedicated to former Congressman J. J. "Jake" Pickle. This runway contains a Category IIIB instrument landing system, the first in Austin. The runways are watched over by a 227 foot tall air traffic control tower. The tower formerly used by the Air Force has been demolished. Austin–Bergstrom International Airport Austin–Bergstrom International Airport or ABIA is a Class C international airport located in Austin, Texas, United States (the capital of Texas), and serving the Greater Austin metropolitan area, the 31st-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about southeast of Downtown Austin, it covers

neg: Austin, Texas by Thundercloud Subs, a local sandwich chain (who still sponsors the event), the event has grown to host over 20,000 runners. All proceeds are donated to Caritas of Austin, a local charity. The Austin-founded American Swimming Association hosts several swim races around town. Austin is also the hometown of several cycling groups and the disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong. Combining these three disciplines is a growing crop of triathlons, including the Capital of Texas Triathlon held every Memorial Day on and around Lady Bird Lake, Auditorium Shores, and Downtown Austin. Austin is home to the Circuit of the Americas (COTA), a

neg: Onion Creek, Austin, Texas Onion Creek, Austin, Texas Onion Creek is a neighborhood in Austin. Onion Creek is also the name of a creek that starts in Hays County, Texas and empties into the Colorado River (Texas). Onion Creek is located at (30.141145, -97.789188), 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Austin. In November 2013, AT&T announced that the Onion Creek neighborhood would become one of four Austin neighborhoods to get their new GigaPower high speed internet service. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.3 km²), all of it land. As of the

neg: History of Austin, Texas the 20th century, Austin's music scene had earned the city the nickname "Live Music Capital of the World." With a population of over 800,000 inhabitants in 2010, Austin is experiencing a population boom. During the 2000s (decade) Austin was the third fastest-growing large city in the nation. Evidence of habitation of the Balcones Escarpment region of Texas can be traced to at least 11,000 years ago. Two of the oldest Paleolithic archeological sites in Texas, the Levi Rock Shelter and Smith Rock Shelter, are located southwest and southeast of present-day Austin respectively. Several hundred years before the arrival of European

neg: Telegraph and Texas Register cursory treatment, as the editor did not want to anger any of his subscribers by appearing to pick a side in a local feud. The "Telegraph" participated in newspaper exchange. The Republic of Texas followed the example of the United States and allowed newspaper editors to exchange papers with each other without paying postage, allowing for the quicker dissemination of information. Texas also allowed each editor to send up to 30 newspapers to editors of papers in foreign countries, which included the United States. Until 1842, the United States mirrored this practice. Although the capital moved to Austin in 1840,

neg: Del Valle, Texas Austin–Bergstrom International Airport or ABIA (IATA: AUS, ICAO: KAUS, FAA LID: AUS, formerly BSM) is a Class C international airport located in Austin, Texas, United States (the capital of Texas), and serving the Greater Austin metropolitan area, the 34th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Downtown Austin, it covers 4,242 acres (1,717 ha) and has two runways and three helipads. It is on the site of what was Bergstrom Air Force Base. The airport and Air Force base were named after Captain John August Earl Bergstrom, an officer who served with the

neg: Dell buyout which closed on October 30, 2013. In 2016, Dell acquired the enterprise technology firm EMC Corporation; following the completion of the purchase, Dell and EMC became divisions of Dell Technologies. Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as "PC's Limited", while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced

neg: 2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash 2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash On July 30, 2016, sixteen people were killed when the hot air balloon they were riding in struck power lines, crashed and caught fire in the unincorporated community of Maxwell, near Lockhart, Texas, south of the state capital Austin. It is the deadliest ballooning disaster to ever occur in the United States. The aircraft involved was a Kubicek BB85Z hot air balloon, registration N2469L. The balloon was operated by the Heart of Texas Balloon Ride company, which served people in the Greater Austin area. The balloon departed from Fentress Airpark at 06:58 (11:58 UTC)

neg: Tarrytown, Austin, Texas West. The neighborhood has two shopping outlets: Tarrytown Center and Casis Village, both of which feature local businesses. The neighborhood is also home to two schools, Casis Elementary and O. Henry Middle School. The neighborhood is serviced by two bus routes, No. 18 (Enfield/MLK Station) and Nos. 21-22 (Exposition/Chicon), both operated by the Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, or Cap Metro. It is three miles from downtown Austin. Tarrytown is surrounded by the lush foliage from old shade trees. Tarrytown caught the eye of the national media when Jeanne Daniels, a Houston, Texas resident and animal rights activist, inherited a shopping

neg: Austin, Texas has faced heavy criticism for its high per-rider cost to the public. Capital Metro has also explored building a light rail system to connect the MetroRail line to key destinations in Central Austin. On August 7, 2014, the Austin City Council unanimously voted to place a $600 million light rail bond proposal on the November 4, 2014 ballot; the ballot measure was voted down, and no further rail expansions have been put to voters since. Capital Area Rural Transportation System connects Austin with outlying suburbs. In Summer 2018, Capital Metro began testing autonomous electric shuttles on Downtown streets; the pilot

neg: Center for Transportation Research UT Austin Electromechanics, the Construction Industry Institute, the Construction Materials Research Group, and the Center for Research in Water Resources. Researchers also participate in joint studies with Texas Transportation Institute and other universities. Most of CTR's current research projects are sponsored by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Research and Technology Implementation Office. Other sponsors of research include the U.S. Department of Transportation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG), Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO), Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and the City of Austin. Each year, CTR holds an annual symposium where transportation professionals present research

neg: Austin–Bergstrom International Airport Austin–Bergstrom International Airport Austin–Bergstrom International Airport or ABIA is a Class C international airport located in Austin, Texas, United States (the capital of Texas), and serving the Greater Austin metropolitan area, the 31st-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about southeast of Downtown Austin, it covers and has two runways and three helipads. It is on the site of what was Bergstrom Air Force Base. The airport and Air Force base were named after Captain John August Earl Bergstrom, an officer who served with the 19th Bombardment Group. The airport replaced Robert Mueller Municipal Airport as Austin's main airport.

neg: Culture of Texas a vibrant live music scene in Austin boasting more music venues per capita than any other U.S. city, befitting the city's official slogan as "The Live Music Capital of the World". Austin's music revolves around the many nightclubs on 6th Street and an annual film, music, and multimedia festival known as South by Southwest. The longest-running concert music program on American television, "Austin City Limits", was videotaped at the University of Texas at Austin campus. "Austin City Limits" and Waterloo Records run the Austin City Limits Music Festival, an annual music and art festival held at Zilker Park in Austin.

neg: Landmarks (University of Texas at Austin) Landmarks (University of Texas at Austin) Landmarks is the public art program of The University of Texas at Austin. Its projects are exhibited throughout the university's main campus. Landmarks grew out of a 2005 policy statement, Art in Public Spaces, that was approved by The University of Texas System Office of the General Counsel and the Executive Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs. The policy set a goal of 1 to 2 percent of the capital cost of new construction and major renovations of main campus buildings be allocated for public art. Following the adoption of this policy, Landmarks was established

neg: Bruce Robison Bruce Robison Bruce Ben Robison (born June 11, 1966) is an American, Austin-based Texas country music singer-songwriter. Bruce and his brother, fellow singer-songwriter Charlie Robison, grew up in Bandera, Texas, near San Antonio, and he currently resides in Austin, Texas. His self-titled debut album was released in 1995. Robison has written several songs which have become hits when covered by well-known singers, including: "Travelin' Soldier," (recorded in 2003 by the Dixie Chicks, reached No. 1 on the Country charts); "Angry All the Time," (recorded by Tim McGraw and Faith Hill in 2001, also reached No. 1 on the country charts);

neg: Austin and Northwestern Railroad the line in 1934 and it was later absorbed into the Southern Pacific Company. In 1986, Southern Pacific elected to abandon the entire Giddings to Llano line. The City of Austin and Capital Metro purchased the railroad for $9.3 million, with the intent of using the right-of-way as a mass transit corridor. As of 2008 the railroad is owned by Capital Metro (Austin's transit authority) and freight service is currently operated by the Austin Western Railroad. Austin and Northwestern Railroad The Austin and Northwestern Railroad began construction on a rail line west of Austin, Texas, USA, toward Llano on April

neg: Jeffrey Anderson (game designer) join its Austin, Texas studio to oversee the Ultima Online franchise along with Raph Koster and Richard Garriott. Then, in 2001, Turbine Inc recruited him to be its President and CEO. The company had a software development agreement with Microsoft at the time to develop Asheron's Call 2, but wanted to expand the business and become the largest independent MMORPG company in the world. Anderson successfully raised capital from Highland Capital Partners and Polaris Venture Partners, and secured the rights to develop two new MMORPG games known as Dungeons & Dragons Online and The Lord of the Rings Online. After

neg: Roy Butler Austin as the "Ann and Roy Butler Hike and Bike Trail." Roy Butler Roy Anderson Butler, Sr. (March 31, 1926 – November 13, 2009), was an American politician and businessman who served as the mayor of the capital city of Austin, Texas, from 1971 until 1975. Butler was the first Austin mayor directly elected by city voters. Prior to his 1971 election, Austin mayors had been appointed by the Austin City Council. Roy Butler was a native of Greenville, Texas. Butler served in the United States Navy during World War II. Following his departure from the Navy, Butler earned his