query: who owns most of the world oil supply

pos: Oil reserves reservoir characteristics and limitations in petroleum extraction technologies, only a fraction of this oil can be brought to the surface, and it is only this producible fraction that is considered to be "reserves". The ratio of reserves to the total amount of oil in a particular reservoir is called the "recovery factor". Determining a recovery factor for a given field depends on several features of the operation, including method of oil recovery used and technological developments. Based on data from OPEC at the beginning of 2013 the highest proved oil reserves including non-conventional oil deposits are in Venezuela (20% of

pos: Oil sands the world. There are numerous deposits of oil sands in the world, but the biggest and most important are in Canada and Venezuela, with lesser deposits in Kazakhstan and Russia. The total volume of non-conventional oil in the oil sands of these countries exceeds the reserves of conventional oil in all other countries combined. Vast deposits of bitumen – over 350 billion cubic metres (2.2 trillion barrels) of oil in place – exist in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. If only 30% of this oil could be extracted, it could supply the entire needs of North America for

neg: Oil shale in Estonia increasing the use of other energy sources such as renewable energy and natural gas. In 2016, 73% of oil shale mined in Estonia was used for power generation, and about 90% of Estonia's electricity was generated from oil shale. About 15% of produced electricity was exported to Finland and Latvia. Eesti Energia owns the largest oil shale-fuelled power stations (Narva Power Stations) in the world. In addition, a new 300 MW station, which will use circulating fluidised bed boiler technology, is under construction in Auvere. In 2010, 11.4% of the heat supply in Estonia was generated by direct combustion of

neg: Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation complex among Commonwealth of Independent States countries. Hence, during the construction of the system, special standards and norms were adopted. Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation The Georgian Oil & Gas Corporation (GOGC) is the enterprise established by LLC Oil and Gas Corporations, that owns the high pressure gas pipeline system of Georgia, with the total length of 1940 km. GOGC is responsible for the gas supply network of the country, security of gas supply and diversification of such supply routes. The north-south gas corridor is spread from Georgian–Russian border to Georgian–Armenian and Georgian–Azerbaijan borders with total length of 235 km.

neg: Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation The Georgian Oil & Gas Corporation (GOGC) is the enterprise established by LLC Oil and Gas Corporations, that owns the high pressure gas pipeline system of Georgia, with the total length of 1940 km. GOGC is responsible for the gas supply network of the country, security of gas supply and diversification of such supply routes. The north-south gas corridor is spread from Georgian–Russian border to Georgian–Armenian and Georgian–Azerbaijan borders with total length of 235 km. The highest point of the system is 2420metres at the Caucasus Mountains and the lowest point at 290metres above the

neg: John Fredriksen John Fredriksen John Fredriksen (born 10 May 1944) is a Norwegian-born oil tanker and shipping magnate, who owns the world's largest oil tanker fleet. He also has major interests in the offshore driller Seadrill, the fish farming company Marine Harvest, the dry bulk company Golden Ocean Group, and the supply vessel company Deep Sea Supply. Through his investment companies Hemen Holdings and Meisha, Fredriksen controls the companies Frontline and Golar LNG. In 2010–2011, Frontline owned 9.6 percent of another large tanker company, Overseas Shipholding Group. North Atlantic Drilling, Sevan Drilling, and Asia Offshore Drilling are partly owned by Seadrill. Born

neg: Hydrocarbon exploration (OGM) are owned by private individuals, in which case oil companies must negotiate terms for a lease of these rights with the individual who owns the OGM. Sometimes this is not the same person who owns the land surface. In most nations the government issues licences to explore, develop and produce its oil and gas resources, which are typically administered by the oil ministry. There are several different types of licence. Oil companies often operate in joint ventures to spread the risk; one of the companies in the partnership is designated the operator who actually supervises the work. Resources are

neg: Musim Mas with PT Pati Sari, stating that they will remain committed to sustainability and smallholders, and will work together to address this risk in their supply chain and engage RAN on how best to address the concerns. In Central Kalimantan, 188 hotspots on three concessions of Musim Mas were detected. Musim Mas Headquartered in Singapore, Musim Mas (Musim Mas Group) operates globally across the palm oil business spectrum with an operational presence in 13 countries across Asia-Pacific, Europe, North and South America. The group owns one of the largest palm oil refinery networks in the world and is among the biggest

neg: North West England North West is on Birchwood Park near the HQ of GB Oils, the UK's leading fuel oil supplier (owned by DCC), and the operator of Gulf Oil petrol stations in the UK. Electricity North West (the North West's distribution network operator) is near by, with ESR Technology, who did work for the Philae space probe and owns the National Centre of Tribology at Whittle House in Risley, with TalkTalk Business to the west, near International Nuclear Services and Sellafield Ltd at Hinton House. Terberg Matec UK (Dutch) supply lifts for bin wagons next to M62 junction 11. Also west of

neg: Central oil storage Each household was obliged to use their oil from their tank, unlike the situation where a consumer owns their own tank obtains their own oil. The book "Introduction to Architectural Science" states about liquid fuel storage tanks, "often in a housing development a central storage tank is installed (usually underground) which will be filled by an oil company", and that a supply of liquid fuel is piped to individual apartments or houses from the central storage tank. Oil would be delivered by road tanker and discharged into a tank capable of holding, for example, 5000 gallons. This oil would then

neg: Oil shale in China in the world. At the same year, China National Oil Shale Association was established in Fushun. The major oil shale industry in China is the Fushun Mining Group. Several other coal and oil companies have expanded their activities into oil shale extraction. , there were seven shale retorting plants with a total production of 650,000 tonnes of shale oil. These plants located in Fushun, Huadian, Wangqing, Beipiao, Longkou, Yaojie, and Dongning. Most of them use Fushun retorts or modified Fushun retorts. Fushun Mining Group owns geological reserve for high grade oil shale about 3.6 billion tonnes, of which exploitable reserve

neg: Imperial Oil Imperial Oil Imperial Oil Limited "(French: L'Impériale)" is a Canadian petroleum company. It is Canada's second-biggest integrated oil company. Exxon Mobil Corp. has a 69.6 percent ownership stake in the company. It is a significant producer of crude oil, diluted bitumen and natural gas, Canada’s major petroleum refiner, a key petrochemical producer and a national marketer with coast-to-coast supply and retail networks. Its retail operations include Esso-brand service stations and On the Run/Marché Express and Tiger Express-brand convenience stores. It is also known for its holdings in the Alberta Oil Sands. Imperial owns 25 percent of Syncrude, which is one

neg: History of the oil industry in India to western companies. For the ONGC this meant being reorganised into a public limited company (it is now called for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) and around 2% of government held stocks were sold off. Despite this however the government still plays a pivotal role and ONGC is still responsible for 77% of oil and 81% of gas production while the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) owns most of the refineries putting it within the top 20 oil companies in the world. The government also maintains subsidised prices. As a net importer of oil however India faces the problem of meeting

neg: Lucas Oil nearly all of the segment’s recent growth and is one of leading brands in the oil additives segment. The company continues to expand internationally. Current markets include Canada, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and most recently, the Middle East. Lucas Oil owns or sponsors motorsports race teams, events and series at all levels, including NASCAR, INDYCAR, NHRA, IHRA, ASCS, WAR and MLRA. Lucas Oil also owns and operates many high profile racing series, including Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series, Lucas Oil Drag Boat Series, Lucas Oil Pro Pulling League, Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series, Lucas Oil Modified Series

neg: Energy policy of Canada most promising oilsands projects. Canada has oil sands deposits greater than the world's total supply of conventional oil at to . Of these, are extractable at current prices using current technology, which makes Canada's proven oil reserves second only to Saudi Arabia. Production costs are considerably higher than in the Middle East, but this is offset by the fact that the geological and political risks are much lower than in most major oil-producing areas. Almost all of the Canadian oil sands are located in Alberta. The Athabasca oil sands are the only major oil sands deposits in the world which

neg: Peak oil of 5.1% in 800 of the world's largest oil fields weighted for production over their whole lives was reported by the International Energy Agency in their World Energy Outlook 2008. The 2013 study of 733 giant fields mentioned previously had an average decline rate 3.83% which was described as "conservative." Entities such as governments or cartels can reduce supply to the world market by limiting access to the supply through nationalizing oil, cutting back on production, limiting drilling rights, imposing taxes, etc. International sanctions, corruption, and military conflicts can also reduce supply. Another factor affecting global oil supply is the

neg: War in Darfur has a close relationship with Sudan and increased its military co-operation with the government in early 2007. Because of Sudan's plentiful supply of oil, China considers good relations with Sudan to be a strategic necessity. China has direct commercial interests in Sudan's oil. China’s state-owned company CNPC controls between 60 and 70 percent of Sudan’s total oil production. Additionally, it owns the largest single share (40 percent) of Sudan's national oil company, Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. China consistently opposed economic and non-military sanctions on Sudan. In March 2007, threats of boycotting the Olympic games came from French presidential candidate

neg: Suncor Energy and conventional, land-based efforts in Libya, Syria, and Trinidad and Tobago. Suncor operates refineries in Edmonton, Alberta; Sarnia, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec and Commerce City, Colorado. These refineries supply industrial, retail and commercial consumers. The company is also one of the largest Canadian retailers of petroleum products. Suncor is the world's largest producer of bitumen, and owns and operates an oil sands upgrading plant near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. Originally developed by Great Canadian Oil Sands, a majority-owned subsidiary of Sun Oil, it is now wholly owned by the independent Suncor. It was the first commercial development on the Athabasca oil

neg: TechnipFMC Buzios) and two Brazilian (Skandi Olinda and Skandi Recife). Another ship who entered operations was the Deep Explorer, one of the most advanced diving support vessels (DSV) in the world. Technip was certified as one of the first five companies in the world as a Global Top Employer 2015 which recognizes first-class employee offerings globally and equally, so TechnipFMC holds those credentials. TechnipFMC has capability to execute following types of projects: TechnipFMC owns and operates 21 vessels and 4 are under construction. These large vessels are used for installation of subsea oil extraction systems on the seabed. They are of

neg: District heating used in most of the following systems all over the world. This generation is also called the “Scandinavian district heating technology”, because a lot of the district heating component manufacturers are based in Scandinavia. The third generation uses prefabricated, pre-insulated pipes, which are directly buried into the ground and operates with lower temperatures, usually below 100°C. A primary motivation for building these systems was security of supply by improving the energy efficiency after the two oil crises led to disruption of the oil supply. Therefore those systems usually used coal, biomass and waste as energy sources, while oil was mostly

neg: India–South Sudan relations of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and Angola." An article in ""The Telegraph"" noted that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of the erstwhile united Sudan's oil fields." Bilateral trade between the two countries is limited, and precise statistics are not available as most of the trade is conducted through third countries such as Kenya and the United Arab Emirates. The main

neg: Buncefield oil depot terminal operator is Total, which owns 60% of the depot, with Texaco owning the remaining 40%, though BP and Shell also make use of its facilities. As the fifth largest oil depot in the UK, it had a capacity of approximately 60 million gallons (273 million litres) of fuel, although it was not always at capacity. It previously filled 400 tanker lorries every day and handled around 2.37 million tonnes of oil products every year. In March 2008 BP announced it will soon be restarting some operations at the site with the storage and supply of aviation fuel to Heathrow.

neg: Bumitama Agri another 50,000 hectares had been planted. As of March 2012, Bumitama had 118,000 hectares in cultivation; for comparison, Singapore (where Bumitama is publicly traded) covers about 69,300 hectares (693 km). In 2007, IOI Corporation bought 33 percent of PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro as part of its plan for strategic investment in Indonesia. Bumitama would benefit from IOI's technical expertise and management support, since IOI has operations throughout the palm-oil supply chain and markets in more than 65 countries. Bumitama's primary business is cultivating oil palm trees, harvesting FFB and processing it into crude palm oil, and the company owns 190,000

neg: Dhahran Aramco. The company is the largest oil company in the world with the largest oil reserves in the world, and it produces about 10 million barrels of oil per day. Most of the oil is exported, since local Saudi needs require about 12% of the total production. (See: Saudi Aramco) Eighty-seven years on, Dhahran is still Saudi Aramco's worldwide headquarters and the center of the company's finance, exploration, engineering, drilling services, medical services, materials supply and other company organisations. The population of Dhahran is mainly Saudi, but also includes many expatriates from Asian countries, such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal,

neg: Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation sea level. The increase of gas consumption in Georgia during the 1980s reached 6 billion cubic metres. Such drastic growth was encouraged by intense development of gas pipeline system. Design capacity of the system was enough to ensure proper and secure gas supply of Georgian and Armenian gas markets. GOGC owns and maintains gas pipeline system that accounts for more than 40 years of operations. Yet, the duty doubles in the northern part of the country where the unique nature of Georgian landscape has shaped the gas pipeline system accordingly. The transportation system remains to be one of the most

neg: United States biofuel policies 2010, the United States imported about of crude oil. Add to this about produced in the United States, and the total consumption in the United States is of crude for 2010. Imported oil accounted for 2/3 of the oil supply in the US, with about 42% of imported oil coming from OPEC countries. According to the British Petroleum Statistical Review, world oil reserves are considered to be . Of this, , or close to 60% of the world's oil supply, are located in the Middle East. The United States contains about 2.1% of the world's oil supply, about . About

neg: Baku which 2,000 were producing oil at industrial levels. Baku ranked as one of the largest centres for the production of oil industry equipment before World War II. The World War II Battle of Stalingrad was fought to determine who would have control of Baku oil fields. Fifty years before the battle, Baku produced half of the world's oil supply. Currently the oil economy of Baku is undergoing a resurgence, with the development of the massive Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field (Shallow water Gunashli by SOCAR, deeper areas by a consortium led by BP), development of the Shah Deniz gas field, the expansion of

neg: Mitigation of peak oil the Hirsch report showed that while the shape of the oil production curve can be affected by mitigation efforts, mitigation efforts are also affected by the shape of Hubbert curve. For the most part, mitigation involves fuel conservation, and the use of alternative and renewable energy sources. The development of unconventional oil resources can extend the supply of petroleum, but does not reduce consumption. Historically, world oil consumption data show that mitigation efforts during the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks lowered oil consumption, while general recessions since the 1970s have had no effect on curbing the oil consumption until 2007.

neg: State-owned enterprise government liabilities. In most OPEC countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi Arabian national oil company, Saudi Aramco, which the Saudi government bought in 1988, changing its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates Saudi Arabian Airlines, and owns 70% of SABIC as well as many other companies. They are, however, being privatized gradually. In some countries, the governments own the electricity companies operating on their land. A notable example is the Sri Lanka Ceylon Electricity Board Lanka Electricity

neg: Haw Par Corporation Its produces medicated oil, more specially , literally oil that expel headache. Haw Par Corporation Haw Par Corporation Limited is a Singapore-based company involved in healthcare, leisure products, property and investment. It is the company responsible for Tiger Balm branded liniment (ointment). Its brands also included Kwan Loong and it also owns and operates weekend and leisure time destinations such as oceanariums. The Haw Par Group owns two oceanariums: the now defunct Underwater World oceanarium attraction at Sentosa, Singapore, and Underwater World Pattaya in Thailand. The predecessor of Haw Par Corporation, Eng Aun Tong, was founded by Aw Chu Kin,

neg: Norm Beaudin Norm Beaudin Norman Joseph Andrew Beaudin (born November 28, 1941) is a retired professional ice hockey forward who played 25 games in the National Hockey League and 335 in the World Hockey Association, most notably for the Winnipeg Jets. He also played for the Minnesota North Stars and St. Louis Blues. He currently owns two hockey stores in Florida. After a four-year junior career, principally with the Regina Pats of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, that saw him play for the Memorial Cup in 1961 (with the Pats) and 1962 (with the Edmonton Oil Kings), Beaudin signed with the Montreal

neg: Treasure of Khan Inner Mongolia with Mongolia, has stolen a machine which can create an earthquake. He has also found significant oil deposits buried at unusual depths in Inner Mongolia. He uses the machine to destroy major oil production facilities through the world, crippling China's and the rest of the world's oil supply in a matter of weeks. He then uses this shortage to make an offer to supply China all the oil it needs. He demands that Inner Mongolia be ceded to Mongolia, and China pay market price for the oil he will supply them, which he guarantees will meet the colossal

neg: Edison Chouest Offshore (now part of LaShip), Estaleiro NavShip, in Brazil, in 2005, Gulf Ship, in Gulfport MS, in 2007, Tampa Ship, the former Tampa Bay Shipbuilding, in 2008, and La Ship, in Houma, in 2011. ECO's offshore vessels range from 109 feet to 525 feet. Edison Chouest Offshore Edison Chouest Offshore (ECO), started as Edison Chouest Boat Rentals in 1960, is family of companies in the marine transportation business based in Cut Off, Louisiana. ECO owns and operates a fleet of Platform supply vessels, Subsea Construction / IMR vessels, a Riserless Light Well Intervention vessel, Anchor handling tug supply vessels, Oil Spill

neg: Edison Chouest Offshore Edison Chouest Offshore Edison Chouest Offshore (ECO), started as Edison Chouest Boat Rentals in 1960, is family of companies in the marine transportation business based in Cut Off, Louisiana. ECO owns and operates a fleet of Platform supply vessels, Subsea Construction / IMR vessels, a Riserless Light Well Intervention vessel, Anchor handling tug supply vessels, Oil Spill Response Vessels, and Well Stimulation Vessels, as well as an independently owned fleet of Research Vessels and Ice Breakers. ECO operates five shipyards: North American Shipbuilding (NAS) in Larose was started in 1974. Chouest added North American Fabricators, (NAF), in Houma, in 1996

neg: Peak oil supply and demand is also a concern for growing cities in developing countries (where urban areas are expected to absorb most of the world's projected 2.3 billion population increase by 2050). Stressing the energy component of future development plans is seen as an important goal. Rising oil prices, if they occur, would also affect the cost of food, heating, and electricity. A high amount of stress would then be put on current middle to low income families as economies contract from the decline in excess funds, decreasing employment rates. The Hirsch/US DoE Report concludes that "without timely mitigation, world supply/demand

neg: Liquefied petroleum gas natural gas and the oil-refining industry, Europe is almost self-sufficient in LPG. Europe's security of supply is further safeguarded by: According to 2010–12 estimates, proven world reserves of natural gas, from which most LPG is derived, stand at 300 trillion cubic meters (10,600 trillion cubic feet). Added to the LPG derived from cracking crude oil, this amounts to a major energy source that is virtually untapped and has massive potential. Production continues to grow at an average annual rate of 2.2%, virtually assuring that there is no risk of demand outstripping supply in the foreseeable future. LPG is composed mainly

neg: Characters of Final Fantasy IX carelessness and the Black Waltz not paying attention). It is unknown if the other two Black Waltzes have similar skills. Artemicion was a purple and black Moogle who is in charge of the Mognet mail delivery syndicate. He relies on Zidane and his friends to deliver mail after he uses up all of Mognet Central's supply of Superslick to oil his fur, depleting it and causing the machinery to break down. Artemicion makes a second Final Fantasy appearance as a member of a group of bandits in Final Fantasy's spinoff game Crystal Chronicles, and also owns a shop in the

neg: Price of oil rate of production enters terminal decline. It relates to a long-term decline in the available supply of petroleum. This, combined with increasing demand, will significantly increase the worldwide prices of petroleum derived products. Most significant will be the availability and price of liquid fuel for transportation. The US Department of Energy in the Hirsch report indicates that "The problems associated with world oil production peaking will not be temporary, and past "energy crisis" experience will provide relatively little guidance." According to the United Nations, world oil demand is projected to reach over 99 million barrels per day in 2018. A

neg: Puma Energy Puma Energy Puma Energy is a mid- and downstream oil company, majority-owned by the Singaporean Trafigura and the Angolan Sonangol Group. Its operations span over 47 countries across five continents and encompass the supply, storage, refining, distribution, and retail of a range of petroleum products. The firm owns and operates more than 2,500 service stations and of oil storage facilities. The company employs over 7,600 staff and is headquartered in Singapore with regional hubs in Geneva, Johannesburg, San Juan, Brisbane, and Tallinn. The Puma brand was created in Argentina in 1929 by Compañía General de Combustibles (CGC). CGC was founded

neg: Texaco build for Mercedes-Benz's planned hybrid SUV. Cobasys was sold in 2009 to SB Li Motive, which is a joint venture formed by Bosch and Samsung to develop lithium ion batteries for automotive applications. The sale price was not disclosed. The German-Korean company will integrate Cobasys as the North American branch of the company. Cobasys will supply batteries to the new Mercedes ML450 hybrid. Texaco Texaco, Inc. (""The Texas Company"") is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also owns the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until

neg: Greenergy included its co-owned refinery in Foynes (through partnership with East Cork Oil and Atlantic Fuel Supply company), the largest refinery in Ireland at 82,000 m3. It acquired a refinery from Texaco in Cardiff from 2006 which was expanded in 2010 in UK which it owns 100% of which Greenergy also acquired. Inver Energy started as local oil and fuel distributor, had begun its expansion with into Marine Fuels acquiring that business from Maxol and since 2012 is developing from the South and West gradually building its national network of forecourt retailers both company owned and business people's branded supplier stations

neg: CHS Inc. of commodity subsidies. CHS activities include grain merchandising and transportation, sunflower and soybean processing, wholesale fertilizer, animal feed production and sale, and various farm supply. It is also the manufacturer of Cenex brand gasoline and diesel products from refineries in Laurel, Montana and McPherson, Kansas. Through wholly owned subsidiaries, it sells property/casualty insurance, group health benefits, agricultural financing and commodity brokerage services. CHS also has a joint venture with Mitsui & Co. called Ventura Foods, LLC, that manufactures and distributes vegetable-oil based products such as margarine and cooking oil. Ventura Foods owns and distributes the consumer brands Homade Chili Sauce,

neg: Ethanol fuel by country the largest and most successful bio-fuel programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugarcane, and it is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy. In 2006 Brazilian ethanol provided 18% of the country's road transport sector fuel consumption needs, and by April 2008, more than 50% of fuel consumption for the gasoline market. As a result of the increasing use of ethanol, together with the exploitation of domestic deep water oil sources, Brazil reached in 2006 a volumetric self-sufficiency in oil supply, but is not effectively self-sufficient, since most of its locally extracted oil is

neg: International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism was started by Egypt and Syria to take back land won by Israel in 1967, the "real victors" of the war were the Arab "oil-exporting countries", (according to Gilles Kepel), whose embargo against Israel's western allies stopped Israel's counter offensive. The embargo's political success enhanced the prestige of the embargo-ers and the reduction in the global supply of oil sent oil prices soaring (from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12) and with them, oil exporter revenues. This put Muslim oil exporting states in a "clear position of dominance within the Muslim world". The most dominant was Saudi Arabia, the largest

neg: Price of oil in the Midwest and Gulf Coast regions. WTI has an API gravity of around 39.6 (specific gravity approx. 0.827) per barrel (159 liters) of either WTI/light crude as traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for delivery at Cushing, Oklahoma. Cushing, Oklahoma, a major oil supply hub connecting oil suppliers to the Gulf Coast, has become the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America. In Europe and some other parts of the world, the oil price benchmark is Brent as traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE, into which the International Petroleum Exchange has been incorporated) for

neg: Filling station oil companies which supply the gasoline, and their prices are largely determined by the world markets for oil. Individual gas stations are unlikely to sell gasoline at a loss, and the profit margin—typically between 7 and 11 cents a U.S. gallon—that they make from gasoline sales is limited by competitive pressures: a gas station which charges more than others will lose customers to them. Most gas stations try to compensate by selling higher-margin food products in their convenience stores. Even with oil market fluctuations, prices for gasoline in the United States are among the lowest in the industrialized world; this

neg: The Journal of Commerce oil shipments to the U.S. On Saturday, October 20, 1973, as the Yom Kippur War raged, the world learned that Arab nations would be suspending the supply of oil to the United States. The Journal of Commerce had the story of the notorious Arab oil embargo more than a week earlier. "It was a story that impacted the entire world", said Harold Gold, who was editor of the JoC at the time. Few thought the Arab nations would use oil as a weapon against the U.S. in response to its military support for Israel, which included a $2.2 billion military

neg: Petroleum industry in Kuwait Petroleum industry in Kuwait The petroleum industry in Kuwait is the largest industry in the country, accounting nearly half of the country's GDP. Kuwait has a proven crude oil reserves of 104 billion barrels (15 km³), estimated to be 9% of the world's reserves. Kuwait's oil reserves are the fourth largest in the world and the Burgan Field is the second largest oil field. Kuwait is the world's eleventh largest oil producer and seventh largest exporter. Kuwait's oil production accounts for 7% of world-wide oil production. Since the government of Kuwait owns the oil industry, it controls a lot of

neg: World oil market chronology from 2003 rose slightly to $36.14. Gas fell below $2 for the first time since 2009. On December 30 with U.S. supplies still high, light sweet crude fell to $36.60, while Brent crude reached $36.46. Oil ended the year down 30 percent. In early 2015, the US oil price fell below $50 per barrel dragging Brent oil to just below $50 as well. Steve Briese, a commodity analyst, who had forecasted in March 2014 a decline to world price to $75 from $100, based on 30 years of extra supply in early December 2014 projected a low of $35 a barrel. On

neg: China National Aviation Fuel were Sinopec and PetroChina, the listed subsidiaries of fellow oil giant State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. The corporation had a controversial net loss in 2004, which resulted by the arrest of Chen Jiulin, president of Singapore-listed subsidiary China Aviation Oil. China National Aviation Fuel China National Aviation Fuel Group Corporation (CNAF) is a Chinese state-owned enterprise. The company owns a 51% stake in China National Aviation Fuel Supply Co., Ltd. (), one of the largest jet fuel suppliers in China. China National Aviation Fuel Group was ranked 484th in 2016 Fortune Global 500 list. China

neg: PetroKazakhstan plunged. In 1999 the company was forced into receivership and almost broken up. The company was saved by Bernard Isautier, a board member who had long been involved in the Canadian oil industry and in Central Asia. He became CEO and negotiated a merger with Central Asian Industrial Holdings N.V. From mid-October 1999 to 2000 Hurricane acquired 88.4% of OJSC Shymkentnefteorgsintez (now PetroKazakhstan Oil Products LLP) which owns the 160,000 bpd Shymkent Oil Refinery, the most modern of the country's three refineries (commissioned 1985). In doing so Isautier put 30% of Hurricane's stock in CAIH's hands. This eventually made the

neg: Royal Golden Eagle producer in Asia, with a 240,000-tonne capacity mill located in Pangkalan Kerinci. Pacific Oil & Gas is an independent energy resources development company. It develops, builds, owns and operates cost-competitive projects throughout the energy supply chain. Concentrated on the exploration and production of oil & gas in Indonesia. Its midstream and downstream operations include an LNG receiving terminal and a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power plant in China. In addition, it is currently developing gas-fired power plants in China, coal-fired power plants in Indonesia and an LNG export facility in Canada. In 2014, Royal Golden Eagle was under considerable pressure

neg: Air warfare of World War II strategic effect. Captured examples of these weapons, and especially of their designers, contributed to Allied and Soviet military technologies of the Cold War, and also of the space race. Besides knocking out the Luftwaffe, the second most striking achievement of the strategic bombing campaign was the destruction of the German oil supply. Oil was essential for U-boats and tanks, while very high-quality aviation gasoline was essential for piston-engined aircraft. Germany had few wells and depended on imports from Russia (before 1941) and Nazi ally Romania, and on synthetic oil plants that used chemical processes to turn coal into oil. Heedless

neg: State capitalism and operates the country's largest non-listed companies including Statoil and Statkraft. The government also operates a sovereign wealth fund, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, whose partial objective is to prepare Norway for a post-oil future. Modern Norwegian state capitalism has its origins in public ownership of the country's oil reserves and in the country's post-World War II social democratic reforms. Singapore's government owns controlling shares in many government-linked companies and directs investment through sovereign wealth funds, an arrangement commonly cited as state capitalism. Singapore has attracted some of the world's most powerful corporations through business friendly legislation and through

neg: Resource depletion concluded that the decreased supply combined with increasing demand will significantly increase the worldwide prices of petroleum derived products, and that most significant will be the availability and price of liquid fuel for transportation. The Hirsch report, funded by United States Department of Energy, concluded that “The peaking of world oil production presents the U. S. and the world with an unprecedented risk management problem. As peaking is approached, liquid fuel prices and price volatility will increase dramatically, and, without timely mitigation, the economic, social, and political costs will be unprecedented. Viable mitigation options exist on both the supply and

neg: World energy resources reserves as shale fracking methods were developed. At present usage rates, natural gas could supply most of the world's energy needs for between 100 and 250 years, depending on increase in consumption over time. It is estimated that there may be 57 ZJ of oil reserves on Earth (although estimates vary from a low of 8 ZJ, consisting of currently proven and recoverable reserves, to a maximum of 110 ZJ) consisting of available, but not necessarily recoverable reserves, and including optimistic estimates for unconventional sources such as oil sands and oil shale. Current consensus among the 18 recognized estimates of

neg: Asphalt most of the world's supply of natural bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands are the largest bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by "in situ" methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude bitumen production averaged about per day

neg: Elaeis Egypt. "Elaeis guineensis" is now extensively cultivated in tropical countries outside Africa, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia which together produce most of the world supply. Palm oil plantations are under increasing scrutiny for social and environmental harm, particularly because rainforests with high biodiversity are destroyed, greenhouse gas output is increased, and because people are displaced by unscrupulous palm-oil enterprises and traditional livelihoods are negatively impacted. Especially in Indonesia, there is also growing pressure for palm oil producers to prove that they are not harming rare animals in the cultivation process. Elaeis Elaeis () is a genus of palms containing two species,

neg: Kuwait Oil Company the status of employees and conditions of employment within the company. When the Royal Navy converted their warships to oil burners instead of coal, the British Government depended on a secure supply of Middle Eastern oil. Figures such as Dame Violet Dickson who lived among the Kuwaitis for 40 years were influential in fostering an excellent relationship with the Kuwaitis. For the meanwhile, KwIDF is one of the most strategic projects the company participated in to support the oil and gas production in Kuwait. BP and Gulf were able to obtain the Kuwaiti oil at very favourable terms for sale

neg: Saif Group Saif Group Saif Group is a Pakistani conglomerate company largely focused on textile industry and is owned by Saifullah Khan family. It is based in Islamabad and is involved in power, health care, textiles, real estate and telecommunications. Saif Group of Companies manages and owns 11 companies. Its textile division owns and manages three companies: Pakistan depends on natural gas to meet nearly half of its energy needs. Oil takes care of nearly 30% of its requirements. As a country, Pakistan remains underexplored for oil compared to the rest of the world largely because power generated from river resources (hydel

neg: Wasfi Tolaymat Wasfi Tolaymat Wasfi Tolaymat (born May 21, 1954, in Syria) is a Chicago businessman and boxing manager who owns and operates the Chicago Fight Club Boxing Gym. He works with his wife, Chicago boxing promoter Cynthia Tolaymat [who owns Chicago Fight Clubs Promotion LLC and specializes in the promotion of boxing and mixed martial arts] to put on amateur and professional boxing shows in Chicago. A Jordanian immigrant, Wasfi Tolaymat is the owner of Sibley Supply, a store fixtures and restaurant equipment supply company in the Chicago area. He resides with his wife and five children in Chicago. Before immigrating

neg: Oil campaign targets of World War II supply of oil. The annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland (and the breakup of Czechoslovakia); the "campaigns in Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France…and imports from the Soviet Union provided significant wartime POL imports to Nazi Germany. Firms that operated oil facilities included Deutsche Erdöl-Aktiengesellschaft, Brabag (e.g., Böhlen, Magdeburg/Rothensee, Zeitz), Fanto (Pardubice, Budapest), and I.G. Farbenindustrie (Blechhammer, Ludwigshafen/Oppau, Oświęcim). Oil campaign targets of World War II Allied bombing of the oil campaign targets of World War II included attacks on Nazi Germany oil refineries, synthetic oil plants, storage depots, and other chemical works. Natural oil was available in Northwestern Germany at

neg: British Tanker Company including the "Scandinavia", the only sailing ship ever operated by BTC. Over the next decade, the demand for oil grew throughout the industrialised world, and BTC expanded its fleet accordingly. By 1924 the fleet numbered 60 vessels. The 60th ship was the new flagship, the 6,998 grt "British Aviator". She was the BTC's first diesel engined oil tanker, and was at that time the most powerful single-screw motor ship in the world. A significant event was the signing of a contract with P&O in 1923 to supply bunkering facilities for the latter's ships. The cargoes carried by BTC ships consisted

neg: Energy policy of China coal than any other country. Its share of the world coal production was 48% in 2009 and 28% in 2000. Coal use in the world increased 48% from 2000 to 2009. In practice, the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other parts of Asia. In China, coal usage doubled between 2003 and 2007. Analysis in 2016 shows that China's coal consumption appears to have peaked in 2014. China's oil supply was 4,855 TWh in 2009 which represented 10% of the world's supply. Although China is still a major crude oil producer, it became an oil

neg: Express Oil Change & Tire Engineers also owns and operates 78 traditional tire stores that do not feature fast lube bays, which are all operated under TE, LLC, most of which are branded Tire Engineers. The tire store acquisitions began in 2013 when Express Oil Change purchase Birmingham-based Tire Engineers. While the company's 300 stores operate in 15 different states, stores are most heavily concentrated in the southeast. Express Oil Change & Tire Engineers Express Oil Change & Tire Engineers is an American brand of automotive oil change, tire, and general service centers founded in Alabama, United States, in 1979. It was purchased by the private

neg: German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin whale oil and 800 tons of fuel. It had a crew of 210. The captain of "Pelagos" was instructed to recall his catchers - "Star XIV", "Star XIX", "Star XX", "Star XXI", "Star XXII", "Star XXIII" and "Star XXIV". "Pinguin"s operation against the Norwegian whaling fleet was the single most successful performance by a German auxiliary cruiser in World War II. More than 36,000 tons of shipping, a supply-ship, two factory ships, 11 whalers, 20,000 tons of whale oil with a value of over four million US dollars, and 10,000 tons of fuel oil were captured. This was all done

neg: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War and made 303 million artillery shells, shell components, fuzes, and airplane parts, as well as grenades, rifle parts, and 361,000 horseshoes. Its labour force of 14,000 was about 70 percent female at war's end. Energy was a critical factor for the British war effort. Most of the energy supplies came from coal mines in Britain, where the issue was labour supply. Critical however was the flow of oil for ships, lorries and industrial use. There were no oil wells in Britain so everything was imported. The U.S. pumped two-thirds of the world's oil. In 1917, total British consumption was 827

neg: Dutch East Indies campaign Indies was one of Japan's primary targets if and when it went to war because the colony possessed abundant valuable resources, the most important of which were its rubber plantations and oil fields; the colony was the fourth-largest exporter of oil in the world, behind the U.S., Iran, and Romania. The oil made the islands enormously important to the Japanese (see below), so they sought to secure the supply for themselves. They sent four fleet carriers and a light carrier along with the four fast battleships of the , 13 heavy cruisers and many light cruisers and destroyers to support

neg: Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini Dr. Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini is a leading Saudi oil and gas industry expert. He is most widely known for his achievements during his tenure at Saudi Aramco as the Senior and Executive Vice President for Exploration and Producing, and his current work on supply side risk; referred to by the New York Times as “one of the most respected and accomplished oilmen in the world”. He is credited with launching the field modernization and state of art reservoir management and development of Saudi Arabia’s giant oil fields, the upgrading of the company’s drilling, environmental, and

neg: Walter C. Teagle Force, Standard Oil, through its subsidiaries, continued to supply Germany with oil. Faced with a United States Department of Justice investigation, Teagle convinced President Franklin D. Roosevelt that a suit would hurt the war effort, instead choosing to pay an out-of-court fine. The result was a fall in public favor for Standard Oil and the resignation of Teagle in 1942, one year short of the mandatory retirement age. He was replaced by Ralph W. Gallagher. Despite the settlement, for the duration of the Second World War, Standard Oil, under deals Teagle had overseen, continued to supply Nazi Germany with oil.

neg: Platform supply vessel Platform supply vessel A platform supply vessel (often abbreviated as PSV) is a ship specially designed to supply offshore oil and gas platforms. These ships range from 50 to 100 meters in length and accomplish a variety of tasks. The primary function for most of these vessels is logistic support and transportation of goods, tools, equipment and personnel to and from offshore oil platforms and other offshore structures. In the recent years a new generation of Platform Supply Vessel entered the market, usually equipped with Class 1 or Class 2 Dynamic Positioning System. They belong to the broad category of

neg: Tight oil oil" for oil produced from shales or other very low permeability formations, while the World Energy Resources 2013 report by the World Energy Council uses the terms "tight oil" and "shale-hosted oil". In May 2013 the International Energy Agency in its "Medium-Term Oil Market Report" (MTOMR) said that the North American oil production surge led by unconventional oils - US light tight oil (LTO) and Canadian oil sands - had produced a global supply shock that would reshape the way oil is transported, stored, refined and marketed. Tight oil formations include the Bakken Shale, the Niobrara Formation, Barnett Shale, and

neg: Arab lobby in the United States that the subsidiary clause is that the Arab oil states will also purchase arms ($100 billion worth over the last 50 years) to keep themselves in power and able to produce oil. Bard also alleges "blackmail" . He claims that from time to time the United States criticized the oil states for denying human rights to their own citizens, sponsoring militants who attack Israel, spreading extremist forms of Islam around the world, and supporting terrorism in many countries, but this criticism in rapidly reined in by threatening to cut off the oil supply. The National Association of Arab-Americans ("NAAA"), founded

neg: Rezart Taçi Rezart Taçi Rezart Taçi (born in Tirana) is an Albanian businessman who is most known for being the creator and CEO of Taçi Oil. Rezart Taci was born and raised in Tirana, Albania. In 1998, he began a career in the trading industry of finished oil products where he worked to establish his name. Mr. Taci has established a portfolio of companies in Energy and Media. In 2003 Taci established Taçi Oil International Trading and Supply Company Sh.A (Taci Oil). At its inception the company had only six employees and leased storage facilities in Shengjin-Lezhe, a port on the northern

neg: Who Killed the Electric Car? As most of the lazy media, prodded by the shameless oil men in the White House, spin their wheels over false 'solutions' like hybrids and biodiesel and hydrogen and ethanol and ANWR, Korthof and his all-electric army continue to boost EV technology." Coker also interviewed EV activist Doug Korthof, who stated, "We don't deserve the catastrophe in Iraq, and the two madmen arguing over oil supply lines seem intent on martyrdom for Iraq in a widening war. With EV, we need not get involved in seizing and defending the oil supplies of the Mideast; nor need we maintain fleets, bomb

neg: Permian Basin Royalty Trust on the Waddell Ranch in Crane County, Texas, where it owns a 75% net overriding royalty interest in the fee mineral interests (in this case, oil and natural gas). Other properties of the trust are in 32 other Texas counties, most of which are in the western portion of the state, on the High Plains; the trust owns a 95% net overriding royalty interest in all of its properties outside of the Waddell Ranch. The principal productive zones for oil on the Waddell Ranch are in two geologic units, the Grayburg and the San Andreas, at a depth of from

neg: Privat Group oldest and most important part of the group is mostly located in and around Dnipro ("location specified in parenthesises below"). Apart from its ferroalloy-ore assets, Privat Group has stakes in all three of Ukraine's ferroalloy mills and controls two of them. According to the media, Privat Group owns significant shares in Ukrnafta and NPK Halychyna, controlling their business. Ukrnafta is the half-state-owned national oil company, dealing with extraction of petroleum and gas condensate, as well as retailing gasoline through its large gas station network. NPK Halychyna owns and operates an oil refinery in Drohobych, Lviv Oblast. The group also recently

neg: Great Britain and the Iraqi oil industry Great Britain and the Iraqi oil industry Iraq's large oil reserves have attracted attention from Great Britain, a country with a high demand for (and a low supply of) oil. British involvement in the Iraqi oil industry dates to World War I. Political influence in the region has given Great Britain the power to establish a number of oil companies in Iraq. In the early twentieth century, use of oil rapidly increased. This was first demonstrated during World War I, when the major powers relied on oil to power newly-built naval ships and vehicles. Oil was needed not only for

neg: Gulf Oil Chevron and began a nationwide expansion campaign. GOLP operates a distribution network reaching from Maine to Ohio. Most Gulf-branded filling stations in North America are owned by Cumberland Farms of Framingham, which owns a two-thirds interest in GOLP. In addition there are some independently owned franchises still operating under the Gulf brand within North America, such as the American Refining Group, which is licensed by Chevron to blend and distribute Gulf-branded lubricants. Gulf Oil International (GOI) owns the rights to the Gulf brand outside the United States, Spain & Portugal. It is now owned by the Hinduja Group. After they

neg: Fushun Mining Group retorting of oil shale in FMG started in 1991 with an oil shale retorting plant being established at that year. Fushun Mining Group owns geological reserve of high grade oil shale about 3.5 billion tons, of which exploitable reserve is 920 million tons. Among them, East Open Pit has oil shale reserve about(760 million tons) and West Open Pit has (160 million tons). At the end of 2008, the company operated the largest oil shale plant in the world consisting eleven retorting units with 20 retorts in each unit, total 220 sets of Fushun-type retort. Annual oil shale processing capacity

neg: Think Big 1977. Economist Brian Easton also used the term "think big" in describing economic strategies. In the late 1970s New Zealand's economy was suffering from the aftermath of the 1973 energy crisis, from the loss of its biggest export market upon Britain's joining the European Economic Community, and from rampant inflation. In 1978 New Zealand faced a further crisis in oil-supply. OPEC continued to raise the price of oil. Then in 1979 the Iranian Revolution paralysed that country's oil-industry and of oil per day were withdrawn from world supply. In 1978 Bill Birch became the Minister of Energy. He looked to

neg: Palm oil organization has established international standards for sustainable palm oil production. Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) can carry the RSPO trademark. Members of the RSPO include palm oil producers, environmental groups, and manufacturers who use palm oil in their products. The RSPO is applying different types of programmes to supply palm oil to producers. GreenPalm is one of the retailers executing the book and claim supply chain and trading programme. It guarantees that the palm oil producer is certified by the RSPO. Through GreenPalm the producer can certify a specified amount with the GreenPalm logo. The buyer of the

neg: 1970s energy crisis early 1970s. World oil production per capita began a long-term decline after 1979. The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply. Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world. The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged. Although there were genuine concerns with supply, part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis. The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage

neg: Platform supply vessel sinks, storage and counter space will be available for the persons doing the cooking. The eating area will have coffee makers, toasters, microwave ovens, cafeteria style seating, and other amenities needed to feed a hard working crew. Platform supply vessel A platform supply vessel (often abbreviated as PSV) is a ship specially designed to supply offshore oil and gas platforms. These ships range from 50 to 100 meters in length and accomplish a variety of tasks. The primary function for most of these vessels is logistic support and transportation of goods, tools, equipment and personnel to and from offshore oil

neg: Oil Shockwave Oil Shockwave The Oil Shockwave event was a policy wargaming scenario created by the joint effort of several energy policy think tanks, the National Commission on Energy Policy and Securing America's Future Energy. It outlined a series of hypothetical international events taking place in December 2005, all related to world supply and demand of petroleum. Participants in the scenario role-played Presidential Cabinet officials, who were asked to discuss and respond to the events. The hypothetical events included civil unrest in OPEC country Nigeria, and coordinated terrorist attacks on ports in Saudi Arabia and Alaska. In the original simulation, the participants

neg:
Santa Lucía de Tirajana There are nine water mills dating from the 19th century, built on the Riego de la Zarcilla river. Most of them kept working up to the 1970s. Since then, many fell into disrepair. Ownership may be public or private. On the municipality, the two mills of "El Valle" (olive oil for one and "gofio" for the other) were declared properties of cultural interest in 2003. D. Benjamín González Araña, who owns the olive oil mill, had its restoration completed in 2004. The council of Gran Canaria had the "gofio" mill repaired in 2003.

 Santa Lucía

neg: Atmospheric methane that is entrained in the oil at high reservoir pressures. When oil is removed from the reservoir, associated gas is produced. However, a review of methane emissions studies reveals that the EPA "Inventory of" "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2015" report likely significantly underestimated 2015 methane emissions from the oil and natural gas supply chain. The review concluded that in 2015 the oil and natural gas supply chain emitted 13 Tg per year of methane, which is about 60% more than the EPA report for the same time period. The authors write that the most likely cause for the discrepancy

neg: History of the oil tanker 204 vessels, many of them tankers, was the largest shipping company in the world with a tonnage of 20.5 million, but in the five years after that he sold some 140 vessels to manage the crisis. In 1980, Daniel K. Ludwig had the largest fleet after Y. K. Pao and C. Y. Tung and was regarded the richest man of the United States. John Fredriksen owns the largest tanker operator in the world, Frontline. He also owns almost ten percent of the largest shipping company in the world, Overseas Shipholding Group. In 1976, the "Intervention Convention" was used for the

neg: Energy security at ensuring an efficient environmental protection but also at ensuring security of energy supply". Renewable resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. The modern world relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Perhaps most alarmingly, peak oil expert Michael Ruppert has claimed that for every

neg: Foreign relations of India of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and Angola.'" An article in ""The Telegraph"" read that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of the erstwhile united Sudan's oil fields." In return for the oil resources that can be provided by South Sudan, India said it was willing to assist in developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education and rural development. "We have compiled

neg: Economy of Paraguay since France, the Number one exporter in the World with 67 TWh, also imports 10 TWh, while Paraguay does not import any). Paraguay has no oil reserves; it relies on imported oil to meet its limited need for oil-produced energy. The Paraguayan government owns Petróleos Paraguayos, which is responsible for all distribution of oil products. The state accepts bids from international oil companies, selecting a few companies annually to meet the country's demand. Presently, Paraguay does not produce or consume natural gas, but consumes LPG imported mainly from Argentina. The services sector made up nearly 50 percent of Paraguay's gross

neg: SS Ohio SS Ohio The SS "Ohio" was an oil tanker built for the Texas Oil Company (now Texaco). The ship was launched on 20 April 1940 at the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. in Chester, Pennsylvania. She was requisitioned by the Allied forces to re-supply the island fortress of Malta during the Second World War. The tanker played a fundamental role in Operation "Pedestal", which was one of the fiercest and most heavily contested of the Malta convoys, in August 1942. Although "Ohio" reached Malta successfully, she was so badly damaged that she had to be effectively scuttled in order to

neg: Petroleum Development Oman They reached the jebel in October 1954 and began to survey the surrounding terrain. Supplies had to be transported from Duqm. In January 1956 the company started drilling its first well at Fahud but did not find any oil. Later, when the supply line was switched to the Sumail Gap, warring tribes were able to disrupt convoys and bring operations to a halt. Further dry wells were drilled and this lack of success, combined with worsening logistical problems and a glut of oil on the world market, led most of the partners to withdraw from the venture in 1960. Only

neg: Libra oil field a consortium of five companies. Petrobras owns 40%, Royal Dutch Shell and Total each hold 20%, and CNPC and CNOOC both own 10%. Petrobras also acts as the operator. The region the reservoir is located in is wide and long. The oil lies under of water and further under sand, rock and shifting salt layer. According to consultancy firm Gaffney, Cline & Associates the field's reserves are "with the most probable estimate being ". Libra oil field Libra oil field is a large ultra-deepwater oil prospect located in the Santos Basin, about off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,

neg: Predicting the timing of peak oil on several points. It: The EIA estimates of future oil supply are disagreed with by Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini, a retired Vice President of Exploration of Aramco, who called it a 'dangerous over-estimate'. Husseini also pointed out that population growth and the emergence of China and India means oil prices are now going to be structurally higher than they have been. Colin Campbell argued that the 2000 United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates was a methodologically flawed study that has done incalculable damage by misleading international agencies and governments. Campbell dismisses the notion that the world can seamlessly move to

neg: Abu Dhabi highest GDP per capita in the world and Abu Dhabi owns the majority of these resources – 95% of the oil and 92% of gas. Abu Dhabi thus holds 9% of the world's proven oil reserves (98.2bn barrels) and almost 5% of the world's natural gas (). Oil production in the UAE was in the region of 2.3 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2010, and projects are in progress to boost production to 3 m bpd. In recent years the focus has turned to gas as increasing domestic consumption for power, desalination and reinjection of gas into oil fields

neg: Blue Ensign Technologies Blue Ensign Technologies Blue Ensign Technologies Limited () is an Australian oil shale company developing the Julia Creek oil shale project through its subsidiary Queensland Shale Oil Limited. It is an owner of the intellectual property of the Rendall Process, a patented hydrogen donor solvent process of shale oil extraction. JSG-A LP (John Rendall's family) owns 42.6% of shares and Colonial First State Investments owns 24.3%. Queensland Shale Oil Limited holds a tenement of near Julia Creek in Queensland. At the first stage, a pilot shale oil plant with processing capacity one tonne of oil shale per hour will be

neg: Eastern Range mine 1,324. The mine is jointly owned by Rio Tinto, who holds 54% and Chinese company Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation, who owns the remaining 46%. Shanghai Baosteel acquired its share in the mine in April 2004 in order to secure a long-term, stable supply of resources for the Chinese economy. Rio Tinto's share of the mine is owned through Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, a fully owned subsidiary, which owns six mines in the Pilbara, and partly owns two more mines in the region, including Eastern Range. While the Eastern Range deposit was known for two decades, it took China's emergence as

neg: German military administration in occupied France during World War II meat, 20 percent of the produce, and 80 percent of the Champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items. Faced with these difficulties in everyday life, the government answered by rationing, and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread, meat, butter and cooking oil. The rationing system was stringent but badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment, black markets, and hostility to state management of the food supply. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases. Hunger prevailed, especially

neg: Krikor Amirian oil fields. All the men who ran the oil refineries were against the Nazi Regime, including Amirian. They were forced to supply the armies of Nazi General's Erwin Rommel, Friedrich Paulus, Hans-Jürgen Bernhard Theodor von Arnim, and Albert Kesselring with basic supplies, such as oil, gas, food, and water. The oil refineries also supplied the armies of the infamous Romanian Dictator Ion Antonescu. They also had to supply the German and Romanian forces during the Battle of Stalingrad. German Chancellor Adolf Hitler had received over 80% of his oil and gas supplies from Ploiești. Because of the major importance the

neg: Petroleum industry East played a huge role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the allies. Cutting off the oil supply considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the war. After World War II ended, the countries of the Middle East took the lead in oil production from the United States. Important developments since World War II include deep-water drilling, the introduction of the Drillship, and the growth of a global shipping network for petroleum relying upon oil tankers and pipelines. In 1949, first offshore oil drilling at Oil Rocks (Neft Dashlari) in the Caspian Sea off