query: a statement that tests a value is called a -- -- -- -- statement

pos: Conditional (computer programming) Conditional (computer programming) In computer science, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs are features of a programming language, which perform different computations or actions depending on whether a programmer-specified boolean "condition" evaluates to true or false. Apart from the case of branch predication, this is always achieved by selectively altering the control flow based on some condition. In imperative programming languages, the term "conditional statement" is usually used, whereas in functional programming, the terms "conditional expression" or "conditional construct" are preferred, because these terms all have distinct meanings. A conditional is sometimes colloquially referred to as an "if-check," especially

pos: Shakespeare Programming Language statement begins "Let us", "We shall", or "We must", continues "return to" or "proceed to", and then gives an act or scene. A scene will be parsed as that scene in the current act; a goto statement cannot call a scene in a different act. A conditional statement to call a goto would look like this: Each variable is a stack. A variable will have an integer pushed onto its stack if a line tells the character to "remember" an appropriate value, such as "Remember me", or "Remember yourself". The topmost value in the stack is popped (i.e., the variable

pos: Argument informal logic this is called a counter argument. The form of argument can be shown by the use of symbols. For each argument form, there is a corresponding statement form, called a corresponding conditional, and an argument form is valid if and only if its corresponding conditional is a logical truth. A statement form which is logically true is also said to be a valid statement form. A statement form is a logical truth if it is true under all interpretations. A statement form can be shown to be a logical truth by either (a) showing that it is a

pos: Deductive language and outputs either one of two Boolean values: true or false. For example, consider the sentences "Barack Obama is the 44th president" and "If it rains today, I will bring an umbrella". The first is a statement with an associated truth value. The second is a conditional statement relying on the value of some other statement. Either of these sentences can be broken down into predicates which can be compared and form the knowledge base of a deductive language. Moreover, variables such as 'Barack Obama' or 'president' can be quantified over. For example, take 'Barack Obama' as variable 'x'. In

pos: FOCAL (programming language) The line numbers are the targets of the GOTO and the IF statements. The ASK statement prompts on the attached teleprinter for input, while the TYPE statement outputs text on the teleprinter. Multiple items can be output to the teleprinter by appending each item after a comma. An exclamation mark (!) causes a linefeed and carriage return to be sent. The SET statement assigns a value to a variable. This value can be the result of an expression. The conditional IF statement can receive up to three line numbers as parameters (Arithmetic IF). The program branches to the first linenumber

neg: Truth function Truth function In logic, a truth function is a function that accepts truth values as input and produces a truth value as output, i.e., the input and output are all truth values. The typical example is in propositional logic, wherein a compound statement is constructed by one or two statements connected by a logical connective; if the truth value of the compound statement is determined by the truth value(s) of the constituent statement(s), the compound statement is called a truth function, and the logical connective is said to be truth functional. Classical propositional logic is a truth-functional propositional logic, in

neg: Truth function functions can be expressed with NOR alone is demonstrated by the Apollo guidance computer. Truth function In logic, a truth function is a function that accepts truth values as input and produces a truth value as output, i.e., the input and output are all truth values. The typical example is in propositional logic, wherein a compound statement is constructed by one or two statements connected by a logical connective; if the truth value of the compound statement is determined by the truth value(s) of the constituent statement(s), the compound statement is called a truth function, and the logical connective is

neg: Hearsay in United States law the time they are given. Furthermore, someone testifying in court regarding another's out-of-court statement may have misheard or misremembered that statement, in addition to possibly having misinterpreted the speaker's sincerity, etc. The law therefore finds it necessary to subject this form of evidence to "scrutiny or analysis calculated to discover and expose in detail its possible weaknesses, and thus to enable the tribunal (judge or jury) to estimate it at no more than its actual value". Three tests are calculated to expose possible weaknesses in a statement: Assertions not subject to these three tests are (with some exceptions) prohibited insofar

neg: ISO 26000 be a misrepresentation of the intent and purpose and a misuse of this International Standard. As this International Standard does not contain requirements, any such certification would not be a demonstration of conformity with this International Standard." This statement includes that ISO 26000 cannot be used as basis for audits, conformity tests and certificates, or for any other kind of compliance statements. It can however be used as a statement of intention by the CEO and this is seen as its main value. The practical value of ISO 26000 has been debated. It might be limited if it merely provided

neg: Return statement languages. Return statement In computer programming, a return statement causes execution to leave the current subroutine and resume at the point in the code immediately after where the subroutine was called, known as its return address. The return address is saved, usually on the process's call stack, as part of the operation of making the subroutine call. Return statements in many languages allow a function to specify a return value to be passed back to the code that called the function. In C++, codice_1 (where codice_2 is an expression) is a statement that tells a function to return execution of

neg: Return statement Return statement In computer programming, a return statement causes execution to leave the current subroutine and resume at the point in the code immediately after where the subroutine was called, known as its return address. The return address is saved, usually on the process's call stack, as part of the operation of making the subroutine call. Return statements in many languages allow a function to specify a return value to be passed back to the code that called the function. In C++, codice_1 (where codice_2 is an expression) is a statement that tells a function to return execution of the

neg: Conditional (computer programming) is the switch statement, also called case-statement or select-statement. Conversely, in languages that do not have a switch statement, these can be produced by a sequence of codice_24 statements. Many languages support "if expressions", which are similar to if statements, but return a value as a result. Thus, they are true expressions (which evaluate to a value), not statements (which changes the program state or perform some kind of action). ALGOL 60 and some other members of the ALGOL family allow codice_2 as an expression: In dialects of Lisp– Scheme, Racket and Common Lisp– the first of which was inspired

neg: Truth-value link a paper for her philosophy seminar," and call it statement A. Suppose that, a year later, someone claims, "On 22 May 2006, Student X was writing a paper for her philosophy seminar," and call it statement B. According to Michael Dummett’s explication of the truth-value link, "since the statement A is now true, the statement B, made in one year’s time, is likewise true." It is in understanding the truth-value link that one is able to understand what it is for a statement in the past-tense to be true. The truth-value persists in the tense shift – hence the "link."

neg: Gödel's incompleteness theorems the term independent is sometimes used instead of undecidable for the "neither provable nor refutable" sense. Undecidability of a statement in a particular deductive system does not, in and of itself, address the question of whether the truth value of the statement is well-defined, or whether it can be determined by other means. Undecidability only implies that the particular deductive system being considered does not prove the truth or falsity of the statement. Whether there exist so-called "absolutely undecidable" statements, whose truth value can never be known or is ill-specified, is a controversial point in the philosophy of mathematics. The

neg: Undecidable problem a statement in a particular deductive system does not, in and of itself, address the question of whether the truth value of the statement is well-defined, or whether it can be determined by other means. Undecidability only implies that the particular deductive system being considered does not prove the truth or falsity of the statement. Whether there exist so-called "absolutely undecidable" statements, whose truth value can never be known or is ill-specified, is a controversial point among various philosophical schools. One of the first problems suspected to be undecidable, in the second sense of the term, was the word problem

neg: Pokhran-II Ban Treaty. "It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a ""China threat"". On 24 November 1998, the Chinese Embassy, New Delhi issued a formal statement: The most vehement and strong reaction to India's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country, Pakistan. Great ire was raised in Pakistan, which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India. The day after the first tests, Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan

neg: Stock Statement Stock Statement A stock statement is a business statement that provides information on the value and quantity of stock related transactions. This statement describes how much stock was purchased at what value and when, and is a matter of accounts and finance supplied by the cash credit account holder (e.g. a private limited company) to banks providing loans at a regular interval. It details opening and closing balances for transacted items as well. Loan providing banks are curious to know what its customers stock values are at a certain date. To ascertain this value, an accountant first needs to know

neg: Return statement as Lisp, Perl and Ruby, allow the programmer to omit an explicit return statement, specifying instead that the last evaluated expression is the return value of the subroutine. In other cases a Null value is returned if there is no explicit return statement: in Python, the value codice_5 is returned when the return statement is omitted, while in JavaScript the value codice_6 is returned. In Windows PowerShell all evaluated expressions which are not captured (e.g., assigned to a variable, cast to void or piped to $null) are returned from the subroutine as elements in an array, or as a single

neg: Rudolf Carnap the degree of confirmation of a hypothesis is thus a problem of meaning analysis. Clearly, the probability of a statement about relative frequency can be unknown; because it depends on the observation of certain phenomena, one may not possess the information needed to establish the value of that probability. Consequently, the value of that statement can be confirmed only if it is corroborated with facts. In contrast, the probability of a statement about the degree of confirmation could be unknown, in the sense that one may miss the correct logical method to evaluate its exact value. But, such a statement

neg: Normative economics not depend on such knowledge, from "nonbasic" judgments, which do. He finds it interesting to note that "no judgments are demonstrably basic" while some value judgments may be shown to be nonbasic. This leaves open the possibility of fruitful scientific discussion of value judgments. Positive and normative economics are often synthesized in the style of practical idealism. In this discipline, sometimes called the "art of economics," positive economics is utilized as a practical tool for achieving normative objectives. An example of a normative economic statement is as follows: This is a normative statement, because it reflects value judgments. This specific

neg: Heteroscedasticity matrix for an otherwise inconsistent estimator does not give it redemption. Consequently, the virtue of a robust covariance matrix in this setting is unclear.” There are several methods to test for the presence of heteroscedasticity. Although tests for heteroscedasticity between groups can formally be considered as a special case of testing within regression models, some tests have structures specific to this case. These tests consist of a test statistic (a mathematical expression yielding a numerical value as a function of the data), a hypothesis that is going to be tested (the null hypothesis), an alternative hypothesis, and a statement about

neg: Intension lazy ___'s back." An instance of the form is a statement obtained by filling the blanks in. An "intensional statement-form" is a statement-form with at least one instance such that substituting co-extensive expressions into it does not always preserve logical value. An "intensional statement" is a statement that is an instance of an intensional statement-form. Here co-extensive expressions are expressions with the same extension. That is, a statement-form is intensional if it has, as one of its instances, a statement for which there are two co-extensive expressions (in the relevant language) such that one of them occurs in the statement,

neg: Intension given "had a sister" → "had a female sibling." It will be noted that the intensional statements above feature expressions like "knows", "possible", and "pleased". Such expressions always, or nearly always, produce intensional statements when added (in some intelligible manner) to an extensional statement, and thus they (or more complex expressions like "It is possible that") are sometimes called "intensional operators". A large class of intensional statements, but by no means all, can be spotted from the fact that they contain intensional operators. An "extensional" statement is a non-intensional statement. Substitution of co-extensive expressions into it always preserves logical value.

neg: SAT Subject Test in Chemistry 'relationship analysis questions'. The SAT Subject Test in Chemistry is currently the only SAT that incorporates the relationship analysis questions. Relationship Analysis Questions require the student to identify the truth value of two statements. If both statements are true, the student will then have to analyze the relationship between the two statements to see if the second statement correctly explains the first statement. The last 47 questions numbered 24-70 are standard multiple choice questions. The Metric System of measurement is used, rather than United States customary units. This is widely because students across the world take SAT Subject Tests, not

neg: Security Assertion Markup Language are provided by SAML: "Authentication statements" assert to the service provider that the principal did indeed authenticate with the identity provider at a particular time using a particular method of authentication. Other information about the authenticated principal (called the "authentication context") may be disclosed in an authentication statement. An "attribute statement" asserts that a principal is associated with certain attributes. An "attribute" is simply a name-value pair. Relying parties use attributes to make access-control decisions. An "authorization decision statement" asserts that a principal is permitted to perform action "A" on resource "R" given evidence "E". The expressiveness of authorization decision

neg: SQL injection that such a large company would be vulnerable to it. With most development platforms, parameterized statements that work with parameters can be used (sometimes called placeholders or bind variables) instead of embedding user input in the statement. A placeholder can only store a value of the given type and not an arbitrary SQL fragment. Hence the SQL injection would simply be treated as a strange (and probably invalid) parameter value. In many cases, the SQL statement is fixed, and each parameter is a scalar, not a table. The user input is then assigned (bound) to a parameter. Using object-relational mapping

neg: C syntax labeled statement. A continue statement may appear only within an iteration statement and causes control to pass to the loop-continuation portion of the innermost enclosing iteration statement. That is, within each of the statements a continue not contained within a nested iteration statement is the same as goto cont. The break statement is used to end a for loop, while loop, do loop, or switch statement. Control passes to the statement following the terminated statement. A function returns to its caller by the return statement. When return is followed by an expression, the value is returned to the caller as

neg: Contraposition it has four sides."" Since the statement and the converse are both true, it is called a biconditional, and can be expressed as "A polygon is a quadrilateral "if, and only if," it has four sides." (The phrase "if and only if" is sometimes abbreviated "iff".) That is, having four sides is both necessary to be a quadrilateral, and alone sufficient to deem it a quadrilateral. Because the contrapositive of a statement always has the same truth value (truth or falsity) as the statement itself, it can be a powerful tool for proving mathematical theorems. A proof by contraposition (contrapositive)

neg: Stock Statement 22,00,000 then the bank may take the stocks from his debtor company. Stock Statement A stock statement is a business statement that provides information on the value and quantity of stock related transactions. This statement describes how much stock was purchased at what value and when, and is a matter of accounts and finance supplied by the cash credit account holder (e.g. a private limited company) to banks providing loans at a regular interval. It details opening and closing balances for transacted items as well. Loan providing banks are curious to know what its customers stock values are at a

neg: Program slicing statement x for any possible input. Static slices are computed by backtracking dependencies between statements. More specifically, to compute the static slice for (x,v), we first find all statements that can a directly affect the value of v before statement x is encountered. Recursively, for each statement y which can affect the value of v in statement x, we compute the slices for all variables z in y that affect the value of v. The union of all those slices is the static slice for (x,v). For example, consider the C program below. Let's compute the slice for ( write(sum),

neg: Return statement program to the calling function, and report the value of codice_2. If a function has the return type void, the return statement can be used without a value, in which case the program just breaks out of the current function and returns to the calling one. In Pascal there is no return statement. (However, in newer Pascals, the codice_4 can be used to return a value immediately. Without parameters, it just breaks out the procedure.) A subroutine automatically returns when execution reaches its last executable statement. Values may be returned by assigning to an identifier that has the same name

neg: Label (computer science) reached, program execution continues with the statement after the case label with value that matches the value in the parentheses of the switch. If there is no such case label, but there is a default label, program execution continues with the statement after the default label. If there is no default label, program execution continues after the switch. Within a single switch statement, the integer constant associated with each case label must be unique. There may or may not be a default statement. There is no restriction on the order of the labels within a switch. The requirement that case

neg: Intension and if the other one is put in its place (uniformly, so that it replaces the former expression wherever it occurs in the statement), the result is a (different) statement with a different logical value. An intensional statement, then, is an instance of such a form; it has the same form as a statement in which substitution of co-extensive terms fails to preserve logical value. To see that these are intensional, make the following substitutions: (1) "Mark Twain" → "The author of 'Corn-pone Opinions'"; (2) "Aristotle" → "the tutor of Alexander the Great"; (3) can be seen to be intensional

neg: Modified condition/decision coverage using either a switch statement or by using a table with an enumeration value as an index. The number of tests required based on the source code could be considerably different depending upon the coverage required, although semantically we would want to test both approaches with a minimum number of tests. Modified condition/decision coverage In software testing, the modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC) is a code coverage criterion that requires all of the below during testing: Independence of a condition is shown by proving that only one condition changes at a time. MC/DC is used in avionics software development guidance DO-178B

neg: Logical truth truths, given a re-evaluation of the truth-values of every other statement in one's complete theory. Considering different interpretations of the same statement leads to the notion of truth value. The simplest approach to truth values means that the statement may be "true" in one case, but "false" in another. In one sense of the term "tautology", it is any type of formula or proposition which turns out to be true under any possible interpretation of its terms (may also be called a valuation or assignment depending upon the context). This is synonymous to logical truth. However, the term "tautology" is

neg: Consolidated financial statement add together all uncancelled items. There are two main type of items that cancel each other out from the consolidated statement of financial position. Goodwill is treated as an intangible asset in the consolidated statement of financial position. It arises in cases, where the cost of purchase of shares is not equal to their par value. For example, if a company buys shares of another company worth $40,000 for $60,000, we conclude that there is a goodwill worth or $20,000. Proforma for calculating goodwill is as follows : Goodwill Fair value of consideration transferred Plus fair value of non-controlled interest

neg: Accessibility relation in modal logic, because it is a statement about possibility. "It is necessary that it rains tomorrow" also counts as a statement in modal logic, because it is a statement about "necessity". There are at least six logical axioms or principles that show what people mean whenever they make statements about necessity or possibility (described below). As described in greater detail below: Necessarily means that is true at every 'possible world' such that Possibly means that is true at some possible world such that . Truth-value is whether a statement is true or false. Whether or not a statement is

neg: Java syntax characters by calling codice_55, skipping the statements in the body of the loop if the characters are spaces: Labels can be specified in codice_47 statements and codice_37 statements: The codice_58 statement is used to end method execution and to return a value. A value returned by the method is written after the codice_58 keyword. If the method returns anything but codice_14, it must use the codice_58 statement to return some value. codice_58 statement ends execution immediately, except for one case: if the statement is encountered within a codice_64 block and it is complemented by a codice_65, control is passed to

neg: LOOP (programming language) as the value of the variable formula_8. Negative numbers aren't allowed, and are replaced by zeros. Variables are allowed to be simultaneously on the left and right side of an assignment. A statement of the form: for example, adds the value of the constant formula_12 to the variable formula_5. A statement of the form represents the sequential execution of sub-programs formula_21 and formula_22, in that order. A statement of the form means the repeated execution of the partial program formula_23 a total of formula_24 times, where the value that formula_24 has at the beginning of the execution of the statement

neg: Stock Statement the existing quantity of his company's stock on that day. This quantity will then be multiplied by the rate of its market value and the result becomes the stock value. Making a statement of all kinds of stocks in a company's store on that particular time becomes a "bank stock statement" and also known as "inventory statement". To know the existing quantity of stocks, an owner may count the materials in his store(s). If the amount of stocks is very large, the accountant can opt for the following formula: Closing Stock = (Opening stock in cost+Purchase-sales) Say, Opening stock in

neg: Return type A method returns to the code that invoked it when it completes all the statements in the method, reaches a return statement, or throws an exception, whichever occurs first. You declare a method's return type in its method declaration. Within the body of the method, you use the return statement to return the value. Any method declared void doesn't return a value. It does not need to contain a return statement, but it may do so. In such a case, a return statement can be used to branch out of a control flow block and exit the method and is

neg: Value proposition simply that by building a value proposition you will provide profitable and superior customer value. The Value Proposition Builder Model states six stages to the analysis: Neil Rackham believes that a value proposition statement should consist of four main parts: capability, impact, proof, and cost [that is, the price a customer is expected to pay]. Organizations do not directly communicate the outputs of the value proposition creation process (i.e., the value proposition statement and template) to external audiences; value proposition statements are internal documents, used by organizations as a blueprint to ensure that all the messages they communicate, inside and

neg: Halting problem it demonstrates there is no "polynomial time" solution, assuming P ≠ NP). For example, one such consequence of the halting problem's undecidability is that there cannot be a general algorithm that decides whether a given statement about natural numbers is true or not. The reason for this is that the proposition stating that a certain program will halt given a certain input can be converted into an equivalent statement about natural numbers. If we had an algorithm that could find the truth value of every statement about natural numbers, it could certainly find the truth value of this one; but

neg: Liar paradox is self-referential it is possible to give the condition by an equation. If some statement, B, is assumed to be false, one writes, "B = false". The statement (C) that the statement B is false would be written as "C = "B = false"". Now, the liar paradox can be expressed as the statement A, that A is false: "A = "A = false"" This is an equation from which the truth value of A = "this statement is false" could hopefully be obtained. In the boolean domain "A = false" is equivalent to "not A" and therefore the equation

neg: Label (computer science) can have variables and functions with the same name as a label. Here "error" is the label. The statement goto can be used to jump to a labeled statement in the code. After a codice_4, program execution continues with the statement after the label. Two types of labels can be put in a switch statement. A case label consists of the keyword codice_5, followed by an expression that evaluates to integer constant. A default label consists of the keyword codice_6. Case labels are used to associate an integer value with a statement in the code. When a switch statement is

neg: Temporal logic is used to state requirements of hardware or software systems. For instance, one may wish to say that "whenever" a request is made, access to a resource is "eventually" granted, but it is "never" granted to two requestors simultaneously. Such a statement can conveniently be expressed in a temporal logic. Consider the statement "I am hungry". Though its meaning is constant in time, the statement's truth value can vary in time. Sometimes it is true, and sometimes false, but never simultaneously true "and" false. In a temporal logic, a statement can have a truth value that varies in time—in contrast

neg: DatabaseObjects of the predefined DatabaseObjects functions: DatabaseObjects.ObjectsCount. This function creates an SQL statement using the value returned from DatabaseObjects.TableName (in this case "Products") to generate the following: The SQL statement is then executed and the result returned. If the DatabaseObjects.ObjectsCount function was called by passing a Customers class which had implemented DatabaseObjects.TableName to return "Customers" then the DatabaseObjects.ObjectsCount function would generate and execute the statement: This technique is used by the DatabaseObjects library and it's set of generic functions to provide the mapping between a relational database and an object-oriented structure. DatabaseObjects The DatabaseObjects library is an open source tool for

neg: LOOP (programming language) initial value zero. The variable formula_8 corresponds to the value that formula_7 takes when given the argument values from formula_5 through formula_6. A statement of the form means the value of the constant formula_12 is added to the value of the variable formula_5, and the result is set as the value of the variable formula_8. formula_12 can have the value zero, which allows the value of one variable to be assigned to another variable: A statement of the form means the value of the constant formula_12 is subtracted from the value of the variable formula_5, and the result is set

neg: Relativism the statement "all is relative" classes either as a relative statement or as an absolute one. If it is relative, then this statement does not rule out absolutes. If the statement is absolute, on the other hand, then it provides an example of an absolute statement, proving that not all truths are relative. However, this argument against relativism only applies to relativism that positions truth as relative–i.e. epistemological/truth-value relativism. More specifically, it is only extreme forms of epistemological relativism that can come in for this criticism as there are many epistemological relativists who posit that some aspects of what is

neg: COBOL name of the subprogram/method is contained in a string which may be a literal or a data item. Parameters can be passed by reference, by content (where a copy is passed by reference) or by value (but only if a prototype is available). The statement is a return statement and the statement stops the program. The statement has six different formats: it can be used as a return statement, a break statement, a continue statement, an end marker or to leave a procedure. Exceptions are raised by a statement and caught with a handler, or ", defined in the portion

neg: Harbour (software) a called procedure/function, may issue a BREAK statement, or a Break() expression, to force unfolding of any nested procedure/functions, all the way back to the first outer BEGIN SEQUENCE structure, either after its respective END statement, or a RECOVER clause if present. The Break statement may optionally pass any type of expression, which may be accepted by the RECOVER statement to allow further recovery handing. Additionally the Harbour "Error Object" supports "canDefault", "canRetry" and "canSubstitute" properties, which allows error handlers to perform some preparations, and then request a "Retry Operation", a "Resume", or return a Value to replace the expression

neg: Gain (accounting) gain or the loss in question is reported in an income statement account. The gain (loss) is instead called “unrealized” when the market value of an investment is designated to be held for sale, and such investment value changes: in this case it is reported in the Other Comprehensive Income of the income statement. Gain (accounting) In financial accounting, a gain is the increase in net profit resulting from something other than the day to day earnings from recurrent operations, and are not associated with investments or withdrawals. Typical gains refer to nontypical and nonrecurring transactions, for instance, gain on

neg: Michigan State Police equipped with GPS, satellite television, a diesel electric generator, and a lavatory. The vehicle is also equipped with a variety of radio systems that allow those operating it to communicate effectively in the field. The vehicle was utilized during Hurricane Katrina relief in September 2005 and is also frequently used at large events throughout the state. The department's value statement is: "A PROUD tradition of SERVICE through EXCELLENCE, INTEGRITY, and COURTESY." The department requires that the emphasized words be shown in capitalized print when the statement is reproduced in any fashion. The department's work sites are called "Posts," much as

neg: CAL Actor Language in the order in which they appear in the program text, which means that any variable changes produced by a statement may affect the execution of subsequent statements. So in the same way that an expression can be characterized by describing the value that it evaluates to, a statement can be described by how it changes variables. The most fundamental statement is an assignment, and the simplest assignment looks like these: All of these simply change the old value of a variable to a new one. Often variables contain composite objects, for instance a list of things rather than, say,

neg: Switch statement the statement can be used to test for variable’s class: Ruby also returns a value that can be assigned to a variable, and doesn’t actually require the codice_3 to have any parameters (acting a bit like an codice_30 statement): A switch statement in Assembly language: A number of languages implement a form of switch statement in exception handling, where if an exception is raised in a block, a separate branch is chosen, depending on the exception. In some cases a default branch, if no exception is raised, is also present. An early example is Modula-3, which use the codice_31...codice_32 syntax,

neg: Statement (computer science) Statement (computer science) In computer programming, a statement is a syntactic unit of an imperative programming language that expresses some action to be carried out. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement may have internal components (e.g., expressions). Many imperative languages (e.g. C) make a distinction between statements and definitions, with a statement only containing executable code and a definition instantiating an identifier, while an expression evaluates to a value only. A distinction can also be made between simple and compound statements; the latter may contain statements as

neg: Value proposition The phrase “value proposition” (VP) is credited to Michael Lanning and Edward Michaels, who first used the term in a 1988 staff paper for the consulting firm McKinsey and co. In the paper, which was entitled “a business is a value delivery system”, the authors define value proposition as “a clear, simple statement of the benefits, both tangible and intangible, that the company will provide, along with the approximate price it will charge each customer segment for those benefits”. In a modern, clear cut definition, Labeaux defines a value proposition as a statement that clearly identifies what benefits a customer

neg: Famous Writers School 1960 and 1969, revenue from tuition increased from $7 million to $48 million, and the stock increased in value from $5 to $40. Radio spots featuring Guiding Faculty, including Faith Baldwin and Mignon Eberhardt, being interviewed by Bennett Cerf were aired. By 1964, they were offering four different programs: fiction, non-fiction, advertising, and business writing. To enter the program, the course required students to submit aptitude tests, which were almost uniformly accepted. The advertisements implied that the celebrity faculty would evaluate the student's tests, a statement that Bennett Cerf, a leader of the group, admitted was false. Once a student's

neg: SPICE statement. If a node is set to 5 V in a .IC statement, the value at that node for the first time point (time 0) is 5 V. You can use the .OP statement to store an estimate of the DC operating point during a transient analysis. codice_1 The .TRAN statement UIC parameter in the above example bypasses the initial DC operating point analysis. The .OP statement calculates transient operating point at t = 20 ns during the transient analysis. Although a transient analysis might provide a convergent DC solution, the transient analysis itself can still fail to converge. In

neg: Clarence Irving Lewis verifiability as an operational definition (or test) of the empirical meaning of a statement requires that the speaker know how to apply the statement, and when not to apply it, and be able to trace the consequences of the statement in situations both real and hypothetical. Lewis firmly objected to the positivist conception of value statements as devoid of cognitive content, as merely expressive. For a pragmatist, all judgements are implicitly value judgements. Lewis (1946) sets out both his conception of sense meaning, and his thesis that valuation is a form of empirical cognition. In his essay "Logical Positivism and

neg: Defamation damages in a libel case, the plaintiff must first show that the statements were "statements of fact or mixed statements of opinion and fact" and second that these statements were false. Conversely, a typical defense to defamation is that the statements are opinion, relying on opinion privilege. One of the major tests to distinguish whether a statement is fact or opinion is whether the statement can be proved true or false in a court of law. If the statement can be proved true or false, then, on that basis, the case will be heard by a jury to determine whether

neg: United States free speech exceptions based on the employee's speech if either the speech is on a matter of public concern, the speech is "not" said as part of that employee's job duties, or the damage caused by the speech is outweighed by the value of the speech to the employee and public. Specifically, speech is "treated as a matter of public concern" by reference to the "content, form, and context of a given statement". The exception with regards to balancing the harm of a statement and the value of the statement (the "Pickering" test) is done by considering the degree to which the speech

neg: Comparison of C Sharp and Java Java, this may result in unexpected behavior, if the try block is left by a return statement with some value, and then the finally block that is executed afterward is also left by a return statement with a different value. C# resolves this problem by prohibiting any control-passing statements like return or break in the finally block. A common reason for using try-finally blocks is to guard resource managing code, thus guaranteeing the release of precious resources in the finally block. C# features the using statement as a syntactic shorthand for this common scenario, in which the Dispose() method of

neg: Where (SQL) with SQL DML statements, and takes the following general form: all rows for which the predicate in the codice_1 clause is True are affected (or returned) by the SQL DML statement or query. Rows for which the predicate evaluates to False or Unknown (NULL) are unaffected by the DML statement or query. The following query returns only those rows from table "mytable" where the value in column "mycol" is greater than 100. The following codice_6 statement removes only those rows from table "mytable" where the column "mycol" is either NULL or has a value that is equal to 100. Simple

neg: Test stub test runs per day. Secondly, tests may include values outside those currently in the database. The method (or call) used to perform this is "get_total()". For testing purposes, the source code in "get_total()" can be temporarily replaced with a simple statement that returns a specific value. This would be a test stub. Several testing frameworks are available, as is software that generates test stubs based on existing source code and testing requirements. Stubs and Drivers are two types of test harness. Test harnesses are the collection of software and test data which is configured so that one can test a

neg: Theodor Geiger Geiger was very concerned with Value Freedom, or the difference between value and fact, and the belief that Science cannot be valid when making Value-judgements. A Value-judgement is an ideological statement because it disguises a value as a statement of fact, claiming to be valid and objective. Geiger was led to these beliefs by the Uppsala school and Hägerstrom. Geiger's Value Nihilism refers to his advocacy for the illegitimacy of social norms made by moral claims. Here, he stands in opposition to structural-functionalism. Value nihilism allows for value-judgements but does not allow them to become theories. In his last work,

neg: C syntax sub-statement is executed repeatedly so long as the value of the expression remains non-zero (equivalent to true). With while, the test, including all side effects from <expression>, occurs before each iteration (execution of <statement>); with do, the test occurs after each iteration. Thus, a do statement always executes its sub-statement at least once, whereas while may not execute the sub-statement at all. The statement: is equivalent to: except for the behaviour of a continue; statement (which in the for loop jumps to e3 instead of e2). If e2 is blank, it would have to be replaced with a 1. Any

neg: Assignment (computer science) codice_21, in which the assignment statement codice_22 returns the value of codice_7, which is then assigned to codice_10. In a statement such as codice_25, the return value of a function is used to control a loop while assigning that same value to a variable. In other programming languages, Scheme for example, the return value of an assignment is undefined and such idioms are invalid. In Haskell, there is no variable assignment; but operations similar to assignment (like assigning to a field of an array or a field of a mutable data structure) usually evaluate to the unit type, which is

neg: Financial statement analysis time and across competitors in an industry. DuPont analysis uses several financial ratios that multiplied together equal return on equity, a measure of how much income the firm earns divided by the amount of funds invested (equity). A Dividend discount model (DDM) may also be used to value a company's stock price based on the theory that its stock is worth the sum of all of its future dividend payments, discounted back to their present value. In other words, it is used to value stocks based on the net present value of the future dividends. Financial statement analyses are typically

neg: Liar paradox really is a big spender but is "not" soft on crime, then both Smith's remark about Jones and Jones's last remark about Smith are paradoxical. Kripke proposes a solution in the following manner. If a statement's truth value is ultimately tied up in some evaluable fact about the world, that statement is "grounded". If not, that statement is "ungrounded". Ungrounded statements do not have a truth value. Liar statements and liar-like statements are ungrounded, and therefore have no truth value. Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy propose that the liar sentence (which they interpret as synonymous with the Strengthened Liar) is

neg: Fact–value distinction predicting future (empirical) states of affairs. Far from being value-free, the pragmatists' conception of truth or facts directly relates to an end (namely, empirical predictability) that human beings regard as "normatively" desirable. Other thinkers reject an absolutist fact–value distinction by contending that our senses are imbued with prior conceptualizations, making it impossible to have any observation that is totally value-free, which is how Hume and the later positivists conceived of facts. Several counterexamples have been offered by philosophers claiming to show that there are cases when an evaluative statement does indeed logically follow from a factual statement. A. N. Prior

neg: Commitment scheme unveiled or the protocol is cancelled, in which case it is not binding anymore. Commitment scheme A commitment scheme is a cryptographic primitive that allows one to commit to a chosen value (or chosen statement) while keeping it hidden to others, with the ability to reveal the committed value later. Commitment schemes are designed so that a party cannot change the value or statement after they have committed to it: that is, commitment schemes are "binding". Commitment schemes have important applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize

neg: Commitment scheme Commitment scheme A commitment scheme is a cryptographic primitive that allows one to commit to a chosen value (or chosen statement) while keeping it hidden to others, with the ability to reveal the committed value later. Commitment schemes are designed so that a party cannot change the value or statement after they have committed to it: that is, commitment schemes are "binding". Commitment schemes have important applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize a commitment scheme is to think of a sender as putting a message in

neg: Smallville Roleplaying Game PCs value them. Each value and each relationship (with another player character or NPC is given a replacement statement whenever the value is changed, as well as a value - two characters with equal values on Power are very different if one has the statement "Power is a means to my ends" and the other has "I need Power to keep myself safe". The gamemaster (known as "Watchtower") is encouraged to create sessions through a process of "Wedging"; creating adversaries that will put characters at odds with each other through their values or relationships. Smallville was the first iteration of

neg: Dying declaration declaration exception. An original statement made by a dead person may now be admissible under the statutory "unavailability" exception (ss.114 & 116) subject to the courts' judicial discretion (preserved by s.126) to exclude unrealiable evidence (i.e. the prejudicial value outweighs the probative value). Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, a dying declaration is admissible if the proponent of the statement can establish all of the following: Other general rules of admissibility also apply, such as the requirement that the declaration must be based on the declarant's actual knowledge. The statement must relate to the circumstances or the cause of the

neg: Criticism of the Food and Drug Administration This is the same policy used for any sexual partner of someone in a high-risk group. The intent of these policies is to ensure that blood is collected from a population that is at low risk for disease, since the tests are not perfect and human error may lead to infected units not being properly discarded. The policy was first put in place in 1985. In April 2005, the FDA issued a statement asserting that cannabis had no medical value and should not be accepted as a medicine, despite a great deal of research suggesting the opposite. The supporters of

neg: Switch statement more important than the performance overhead. For example, in PHP, a constant can be used as the "variable" to check against, and the first case statement which evaluates to that constant will be executed: This feature is also useful for checking multiple variables against one value rather than one variable against many values. COBOL also supports this form (and others forms) in the codice_25 statement. PL/I has an alternative form of the codice_26 statement where the control expression is omitted altogether and the first codice_27 that evaluates to "true" is executed. In Ruby, due to its handling of codice_28 equality,

neg: Rape myth an individual's level of belief in rape myths, and became the most widely used. Using Burt's method, rape myth acceptance is measured by asking subjects 19 questions. The first 10 questions each consist of a statement which suggests that rape victims are responsible for their own rape, and ask the subject to assess its truthfulness, rating each statement on a seven-point scale from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." The 11th statement tests for the inverse of this idea, asking whether or not it is true that any woman can be raped. The remaining questions ask test subjects to guess the

neg: Capital, Volume I form, the relative form of value, is the commodity that comes first in the statement (the 20 yards of linen in the example). The second form, the equivalent form of value, is the commodity that comes second in the statement (the 1 coat in the example). He adds that comparing 20 yards of linen to itself (20 yards of linen = 20 yards of linen, or 20 yards of linen are worth 20 yards of linen) is meaningless, because there is no expression of value. Linen is an object of utility whose value cannot be determined until it is compared

neg: Doxastic logic other metalogical results in terms of belief. To demonstrate the properties of sets of beliefs, Raymond Smullyan defines the following types of reasoners: Let us say an accurate reasoner is faced with the task of assigning a truth value to a statement. There exists a statement which the reasoner must either remain forever undecided about or lose his or her accuracy. One solution is the statement: If the reasoner ever believes the statement formula_61 it becomes falsified by that fact, making formula_62 an untrue belief and hence making the reasoner inaccurate in believing S. Therefore, since the reasoner is accurate,

neg: DOACROSS parallelism However, the entire statement is not dependent on the previous iteration, but only a portion of it. The statement is split into two blocks to illustrate this. post (0); for ( int i =0; i < N; i++) { The first statement has no loop carried dependence now, and the result of this statement is stored in the variable temp. The post () command is used to signal that the required result has been produced for utilization by other threads. The wait (i-2) command waits for the value a[i-2] before unblocking. The execution time of DOACROSS parallelism largely depends on

neg: Static single assignment form distinguishing subscripts to all the other variables yields: It is clear which definition each use is referring to, except for one case: both uses of y in the bottom block could be referring to either y or y, depending on which path the control flow took. To resolve this, a special statement is inserted in the last block, called a "Φ (Phi) function". This statement will generate a new definition of "y" called y by "choosing" either y or y, depending on the control flow in the past. Now, the last block can simply use y, and the correct value

neg: Cortex Plus characters and Values (Duty, Glory, Justice, Love, Power, Truth in Smallville) and each relationship and values having a statement attached and you can use the dice when acting in line with the statement. A character can also challenge a value statement and possibly reject it, allowing them to use it three times in the dice pool on that roll - but using a smaller die for the rest of the session every time they want to invoke that value or relationship. When a character loses a contest and doesn't give in Smallville they take stress (Insecure, Afraid, Angry, Exhausted, and

neg: Truth-value link Truth-value link The principle of truth-value links is a concept in metaphysics discussed in debates between philosophical realism and anti-realism. Philosophers who appeal to truth-value links in order to explain how individuals can come to understand parts of the world that are apparently cognitively inaccessible (the past, the feelings of others, etc.) are called truth-value link realists. Proponents of truth-value link realism argue that our understanding of past-tense statements allows us to grasp the truth-conditions of the statements, even if they are evidence-transcendent. They explain this by noting that it is unproblematic for us to conceptualize a present-tense true statement

neg: Code coverage of someone writing tests to make the coverage numbers happy, but not thinking about what they are doing". Some of the coverage criteria above are connected. For instance, path coverage implies decision, statement and entry/exit coverage. Decision coverage implies statement coverage, because every statement is part of a branch. Full path coverage, of the type described above, is usually impractical or impossible. Any module with a succession of formula_1 decisions in it can have up to formula_2 paths within it; loop constructs can result in an infinite number of paths. Many paths may also be infeasible, in that there is

neg: Assignment (computer science) can be considered "explicit" single-assignment, explicit in a sense that its (named) variables can be in explicitly unassigned state, or be set exactly once. In Haskell, by contrast, there can be no unassigned variables, and every variable can be thought of as being implicitly set to its value (or rather to a computational object that will produce its value "on demand") when it is created. In some programming languages, an assignment statement returns a value, while in others it does not. In most expression-oriented programming languages (for example, C), the assignment statement returns the assigned value, allowing such idioms as

neg: Clean surplus accounting dividends (net of capital changes). The theory is consistent with the measurement perspective. MV (market value) of the firm (hence security returns) can be expressed in terms of balance sheet (B/S) and income statement (I/S) components. The theory assumes ideal conditions. The market value of a firm = net book value of the firm’s net assets + present value of future abnormal earnings (goodwill). This allows reading the firm's value directly from the balance sheet. Key Points: 1 Actual earnings are based on “clean surplus” - ensures that all gains or losses go through the income statement. The impact of

neg: SFAS 157 SFAS 157 In September 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) of the United States issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 157: Fair Value Measurements), which “defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.” This statement is effective for financial reporting fiscal periods commencing after November 15, 2007 and the interim periods applicable. Paragraph 5 of SFAS No. 157 (now known as ASC 820 in the updated FASB Codification) defines fair value as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid

neg: Program slicing new program shown below. In fact, most static slicing techniques, including Weiser's own technique, will also remove the codice_1 statement. Since, at the statement codice_1, the value of codice_4 is not dependent on the statement itself. Often a slice for a particular statement x will include more than one variable. If V is a set of variables in a statement x, then the slice for (x, V) is the union of all slices with criteria (x, v) where v is a variable in the set V. A very fast and scalable, yet slightly less accurate, slicing approach is extremely useful

neg: Null (SQL) returns Unknown, even for those rows where "i" is Null. The Unknown result causes the codice_7 statement to summarily discard each and every row. (However, in practice, some SQL tools will retrieve rows using a comparison with Null.) Basic SQL comparison operators always return Unknown when comparing anything with Null, so the SQL standard provides for two special Null-specific comparison predicates. The codice_9 and codice_10 predicates (which use a postfix syntax) test whether data is, or is not, Null. The SQL standard contains the optional feature F571 "Truth value tests" that introduces three additional logical unary operators (six in fact,

neg: XTalk commands: This is the main assignment statement. Most xTalks also support or for prefixing/suffixing values to each other. They also support a 'get <value>' command that is equivalent to a put statement into a container named 'it'. Like in Pascal, this is how a handler passes data back to the message sender. This is also valid in command handlers, where the return value will be stored in the built-in variable . Change the property of an object (or a range of text in its text contents) to a given value. This is used both to modify instance variables of objects,

neg: XC (programming language) The timestamped statement: causes the value v to be output on the port p and for count to be set to the value of the port's counter (incremented by one each reference clock cycle). The timed output statement: causes the port to wait until its counter reaches the value of count before the value v is output. By default, each task maps to one core on a tile. Because the number of cores is limited (eight in current XCore devices), XC provides two ways to map multiple tasks to cores and better exploit the available cores. Server tasks that are

neg: Truth value negation becomes a bijection which permutes true and false. Conjunction and disjunction are dual with respect to negation, which is expressed by De Morgan's laws: Propositional variables become variables in the Boolean domain. Assigning values for propositional variables is referred to as valuation. In intuitionistic logic, and more generally, constructive mathematics, statements are assigned a truth value only if they can be given a constructive proof. It starts with a set of axioms, and a statement is true if one can build a proof of the statement from those axioms. A statement is false if one can deduce a contradiction

neg: Truth function that every statement has exactly one truth value which is either true or false, and every logical connective is truth functional (with a correspondent truth table), thus every compound statement is a truth function. On the contrary, modal logic is non-truth-functional. A logical connective is truth-functional if the truth-value of a compound sentence is a function of the truth-value of its sub-sentences. A class of connectives is truth-functional if each of its members is. For example, the connective ""and"" is truth-functional since a sentence like ""Apples are fruits and carrots are vegetables"" is true "if, and only if" each of

neg: Return statement object in the case that only one object has not been captured. In Perl, a return value or values of a subroutine can depend on the context in which it was called. The most fundamental distinction is a scalar context where the calling code expects one value, a list context where the calling code expects a list of values and a void context where the calling code doesn't expect any return value at all. A subroutine can check the context using the codice_7 function. A special syntax of return without arguments is used to return an undefined value in scalar

neg: Positive statement statement about what is, not what should be. Positive statements are distinct from normative statements. Positive statements are based on empirical evidence, can be tested, and involve no value judgements. Positive statements refer to what is and contain no indication of approval or disapproval. When values or opinions come into the analysis, then it is in the realm of normative economics. A normative statement expresses a judgment about whether a situation is desirable or undesirable, which can carry value judgements. These refer to what ought to be. Positive statements are widely used to describe something measurable, like the rate of

neg: Water contamination in Lawrence and Morgan Counties, Alabama statement saying that new tests of the water returned a value of 14 parts per trillion, which is below the EPA health advisory level. However, officials of the water authority are still slightly concerned and continue to push for an activated carbon filter. Perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) is commonly used as a degradation product with other perfluorinated compounds. PFOA is also used in the production of Teflon, also known as polytetrafluoroethylene, which is often used as a non-stick surface of many cooking items. The chemical often occurs in water systems in industrialized countries. Based on various animal data analysis, the compound

neg: Wikidata the scope of the statement. References can be provided per statement. A "property" describes the data value of a statement and can be thought of as a category of data, for example "color" for the data value "blue." Properties, when paired with values, form a statement in Wikidata. Properties are also used in qualifiers. Properties have their own pages on Wikidata and are connected to items, resulting in a linked data structure, where the property represents a triplet's predicate. Property pages also contain "constraints", which are rules about how a particular property should be used. For instance most identifiers should

neg: Singular value decomposition right-singular vectors for the corresponding singular values. Consequently, the above theorem implies that: A singular value for which we can find two left (or right) singular vectors that are linearly independent is called "degenerate". If formula_35 and formula_36 are two left-singular vectors which both correspond to the singular value σ, then any normalized linear combination of the two vectors is also a left-singular vector corresponding to the singular value σ. The similar statement is true for right-singular vectors. The number of independent left and right-singular vectors coincides, and these singular vectors appear in the same columns of and corresponding to

neg: MySQLi check the result set meta data column types and convert numeric SQL columns to PHP numbers, if the PHP data type value range allows for it. This way, for example, SQL INT columns are returned as integers. Example: Native data types with mysqlnd and connection option The above example will output: The MySQL database supports prepared statements. A prepared statement or a parameterized statement is used to execute the same statement repeatedly with high efficiency. Basic workflow The prepared statement execution consists of two stages: prepare and execute. At the prepare stage a statement template is sent to the database

neg: Anonymous function title of the current document (visible in its window's title bar) to its URL, the following bookmarklet may seem to work. However, as the assignment statement returns a value (the URL itself), many browsers actually create a new page to display this value. Instead, an anonymous function, that does not return a value, can be used: The function statement in the first (outer) pair of parentheses declares an anonymous function, which is then executed when used with the last pair of parentheses. This is almost equivalent to the following, which populates the environment with codice_47 unlike an anonymous function. Use