query: when did the first american steam-powered fire engine come into service

pos: Fire engine engine was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged the device and its use of the first engine was discontinued. However, the need and the utility of power equipment ensured the success of the steam pumper well into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world bought the steam fire engines. Motorized fire engines did not become commonplace until the early 20th century. By 1905, the idea of combining gas engine motor trucks into fire engines was attracting great attention; according to a "Popular Mechanics" article in that year, such trucks were

pos: Firefighting apparatus engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine. John Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam-driven fire engine was built in New York in 1841. It was the target of sabotage by firefighters and its use was discontinued, and motorized fire engines did not become commonplace until the early 20th century. By 1905, the

neg: Fire engine intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine. The earliest engines were small and were either carried by four men, or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine. John Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam pumper fire

neg: Shand Mason operated from premises at 75 Upper Ground, Blackfriars, just south of the River Thames in London, and having initially manufactured manually operated pumps, secured various patents to improve the design and construction of steam fire engines. While the first steam-powered fire engine had been developed by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson in 1829, the first commercially successful fire-engine was a water-borne version developed by Shand Mason & Co, which went into service in 1855. From this point and particularly from the 1860s, the company worked with the chief of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, Eyre Massey Shaw and with competitor Merryweather

neg: Houston Fire Museum highlight the evolution of firefighting technology as well as local fire service history and features interactive elements including a fire pole which visitors can slide down and a fire engine cab. The collection comprises both antique and modern firefighter uniforms, uniform emblems, and equipment; historic fire marks; and photographs from local and national fire service events including the 1947 Texas City disaster. The collection also features firefighting vehicles such as a hand-drawn and hand-powered pumper, a horse-drawn steam engine, and a 1912 American Automatic ware tower with an American LaFrance engine, the only vehicle of its type ever used by

neg: History of the Belfast Fire Brigade was soon introduced into the Belfast Fire Brigade, and in 1911 they were to become the first Fire Brigade within the United Kingdom to become fully motorised. This advance in mechanisation saw the demise of the horse drawn steam powered fire engine. Due to the deteriorating political situation in Europe in the late 1930s, preparation was made in Belfast to protect the city against potential aerial attack from the German Luftwaffe. The Belfast Corporation then introduced the Auxiliary Fire Service (AFS). The equipment and training available to the AFS, though considerably limited, proved to be an essential service to augment

neg: Winans Steam Gun Winans Steam Gun The Winans Steam Gun was a steam-powered centrifugal gun used during the American Civil War, which used centrifugal forces (rather than gunpowder) to propel projectiles. Similar in size to a steam-powered fire engine of the day, the gun had a menacing appearance thanks to a large curved shield covering its inner workings. Its mechanism involved a shielded barrel that rotated up to 250 times per minute. Shot dumped into the top of the barrel rolled down into it, and were held back by a spring-loaded gate that opened to allow one shot to be flung out per

neg: Alexander Bonner Latta the inner chamber firebox. Latta invented the first successful steam fire engine in the world that was practical and used by a city fire department as part of their equipment. The steam fire engine was named "Uncle Joe Ross" for Joseph Ross, after the councilman that promoted it. Latta designed his steam fire engine in 1852. The steam fire engine was put into full service at the Cincinnati fire department on January 1, 1853, and used as a regular part of their equipment for putting out fires. The Cincinnati volunteer fire department was reorganized in April 1853, because of Latta's

neg: Electric fire engine smoke extractors, and electronic equipment. In 2017, Rosenbauer introduced a concept electric fire truck. It would be powered by four electric motors, one at each wheel of the all-wheel-drive fire engine. It would also have a diesel-powered auxiliary engine that can recharge the batteries in 15 minutes. Electric fire engine The electric fire engine was proposed to replace the steam pumper fire engines used for fighting and extinguishing fires in the 19th century. The fire engine's water pump, used to distribute water to put out a fire, would be operated by an electric motor instead of steam. The electric motor

neg: American LaFrance partners, including Alexander S. Diven as the LaFrance Manufacturing Company selling hand powered equipment. The International Fire Engine Company, corporate predecessor of American LaFrance, built some steam power fire engines between 1903 and 1907. Apparatus built by International included horse drawn steamers, hose wagons, and hook & ladders to chemical engines, water towers and combinations. The American LaFrance Fire Engine Company was formed in 1903. Its corporate offices and manufacturing plant were in Elmira, New York. It also operated a Canadian plant in Toronto, Ontario, where it sold apparatus under the name Lafrance-Foamite, until 1971. ALF delivered its first motorized

neg: Alternative fuel vehicle A steam engine uses external combustion, as opposed to internal combustion. Gasoline-powered cars are more efficient at about 25–28% efficiency. In theory, a combined cycle steam engine in which the burning material is first used to drive a gas turbine can produce 50% to 60% efficiency. However, practical examples of steam engined cars work at only around 5–8% efficiency. The best known and best selling steam-powered car was the Stanley Steamer. It used a compact fire-tube boiler under the hood to power a simple two-piston engine which was connected directly to the rear axle. Before Henry Ford introduced monthly payment

neg: Steamboat the first use of marine steam propulsion in scheduled regular passenger transport service. Oliver Evans (1755–1819) was a Philadelphian inventor born in Newport, Delaware to a family of Welsh settlers. He designed an improved high-pressure steam engine in 1801 but did not build it (patented 1804). The Philadelphia Board of Health was concerned with the problem of dredging and cleaning the city's dockyards, and in 1805 Evans convinced them to contract with him for a steam-powered dredge, which he called the "Oruktor Amphibolos". It was built but was only marginally successful. Evans's high-pressure steam engine had a much higher power

neg: Steam pumper decades, European cities invested in steam powered fire equipment. The vertical fast firing boilers, while heavy, was an effective fire fighting equipment. For a few years, c. 1910-20, the horses were retired and the steam pumper was hauled by a gas tractor. Small two wheel units for hand movement were built in England to help fight incendiary fires during the Luftwaffe Blitz. A few builders were American: Waterous, Amoskeag; Merryweather and Shand Mason were London-based fire engine manufacturers. Steam pumper Steam pumper fire engines were used roughly from 1840 to 1920 to pump water on city fires. Large urban fire

neg: Marine steam engine in the later half of the 18th century greatly improved steam engine efficiency and allowed more compact engine arrangements. Successful adaptation of the steam engine to marine applications in England would have to wait until almost a century later after Newcomen, when Scottish engineer William Symington built the world's "first practical steamboat", the "Charlotte Dundas", in 1802. In 1807, the American Robert Fulton built the world's first commercially successful steamboat, simply known as the "North River Steamboat", and powered by a Watt engine. Following Fulton's success, steamboat technology developed rapidly on both sides of the Atlantic. Steamboats initially had a

neg: The Racecourse Colliery the top of the head frame and lifts the cage. This drum is rotated by a Steam engine inside the engine house. The steam to power the engine would have come from the Egg-ended boiler in front of the engine house. Heating all the water in the boiler to convert it to steam took a long time so the fire beneath the boiler was kept lit all the time. The engine operator kept the fire stoked during the day, but at about 3pm when the shift ended the fire would be banked up and left overnight. The Museum does not

neg: Echo (steam tug) Echo (steam tug) The steam tug Echo operated in the early 1900s on Puget Sound. "Echo" was built at Tacoma in 1906 by Crawford and Reid for Captain O. G. Olson. "Echo" was propeller-driven and 66.5' long. On August 16, 1906, the Foss gasoline-powered launch "Lion" caught fire in Commencement Bay, when a fuel valve mistakenly left open had spilled 30 gallons of gasoline into her bilges, which was ignited by the engine backfiring. "Echo" pumped water on board "Lion" until the fire was out, while a boat from the cutter "Grant" took off her crew and passengers. In 1916,

neg: Steam car recorded and has since been ratified by the FIA. On 6 September 2014, Chuk Williams of Steam Speed America attempted to break the current world record in their steam-powered streamliner. The car reached 147 mph on its first run, but flipped and crashed when its braking chutes failed to open; Williams was injured in the accident, and the car severely damaged. Steam car A steam car is a car (automobile) powered by a steam engine. A steam engine is an external combustion engine (ECE) where the fuel is combusted away from the engine, as opposed to an internal combustion engine

neg: Thomas W. O'Brien down the tracks on Front Street to Dawson City. When it was chartered, the K.M.R. was expected to make its revenue by passenger service, but the shrinking population of Dawson could not support this. The main contract the company fulfilled was the delivery of cord wood, which powered the steam thawing of permafrost to aid the miners. The first profits made by the company did not come until K.M.R. received a contract to haul the first dredges up to the creeks. Cord wood contracts kept the company running, but when stockpiles developed up on Bonanza, the K.M.R. did not have

neg: Caroline Shawk Brooks Caroline Shawk Brooks Caroline Shawk Brooks (April 28, 1840 – 1913) was an American sculptor. Well known for her work sculpting in the medium of butter, she also worked with more traditional materials such as marble. Caroline Shawk was born on April 28, 1840 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her father, Abel Shawk, manufactured fire engines and steam locomotives, and invented a fire engine – the first successful one which was powered by steam. She showed her artistic talents as a young child, enjoying painting and drawing. Her first sculpting project, modeled in clay from a creek, was Dante's head. At the

neg: Steam engine powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Denis Papin, a Huguenot refugee, did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690. The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which raised water from below and then used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They had a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions. Savery's engine was used in mines, pumping

neg: Augusta-class corvette did not handle well under sail. They suffered from severe weather helm, they pitched badly, and they shipped water over the bow. They also maneuvered poorly under sail, though this improved considerably under steam power. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. The "Augusta"-class ships were powered by a single horizontal, 2-cylinder marine steam engine that drove a pair of 2-bladed screw propellers that were in diameter. Steam was provided by four coal-fired fire-tube boilers that were manufactured by Mazeline of Le Havre. The boilers were ducted into a single retractable funnel amidships. As built, "Augusta" and "Victoria" were equipped

neg: Powered aircraft duct, as "ducted fans". Many kinds of power plant have been used to drive propellers. The earliest designs used man power to give dirigible balloons some degree of control, and go back to Jean-Pierre Blanchard in 1784. Attempts to achieve heavier-than-air man-powered flight did not succeed fully until Paul MacCready's Gossamer Condor in 1977. The first powered flight of an aircraft was made in a steam-powered dirigible by Henri Giffard in 1852. Attempts to marry a practical lightweight steam engine to a practical fixed-wing airframe did not succeed until much later, by which time the internal combustion engine was already

neg: Electric fire engine would supply the necessary current to the fire-engine's electric motor. The vehicle itself was to be hauled by horses and would consist of a carriage wagon with an electric motor-powered water pump permanently mounted atop. There would be cables from the motor that would connect to the outlet post to obtain the required supply of electrical current. The electric fire engine would have several advantages over the steam fire engine. One was that an electric fire engine could be brought eto full power immediately, whereas a steam fire engine took time. It was necessary to keep the fire going all

neg: Alexander Bonner Latta practical steam fire engine that they were using successfully to put out fires. The Cincinnati fire department officially became the first paid company of firemen. The city ordered another of Latta's practical steam fire engines in 1854 and it was named "Citizen's Gift", since the money to purchase it came from the citizens of Cincinnati. Boston was the next to adopt Latta's practical steam fire engine, followed by New York City, and then other cities. The steam fire engine "Uncle Joe Ross" was demonstrated in a test in 1855 when it exploded. This was the first steam fire engine explosion.

neg: Shand Mason & Sons, to perfect designs for land-based use by the London brigade and other municipalities. Its first land-based engine used by the Brigade was produced in 1860. Its engines were initially horse-drawn, but later installed on fireboats (Europe's first, the "Fire Queen" was built by Shand Mason for service in Bristol's docks in the 1880s), and mounted on motor vehicles. The business was eventually taken over by Merryweather & Sons in 1928. Shand Mason Shand Mason was a British company which designed and manufactured steam powered fire engines and other fire-fighting equipment during the 19th century and early 20th centuries.

neg: Steamboat England for a Newcomen engine-powered steamboat (using a pulley instead of a beam, and a pawl and ratchet to obtain rotary motion), but it was the improvement in steam engines by James Watt that made the concept feasible. William Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, having learned of Watt's engine on a visit to England, made his own engine. In 1763 he put it in a boat. The boat sank, and while Henry made an improved model, he did not appear to have much success, though he may have inspired others. The first steam-powered ship "Pyroscaphe" was a paddle steamer powered by

neg: Firefighting in the United States printmaking firm Currier & Ives. Nathaniel Currier, of Currier & Ives, also surviving as a volunteer firefighter in New York City during the 1850s. In 1818 the first known female firefighter Molly Williams rose to prominence in New York, when she took her place with the men on the drag ropes and pulled the pumper to the fire through the deep snow. In 1853 the first practical, steam powered, fire engine was tested in Cincinnati (OH). It was created by Abel Shawk, Alexander Bonner Latta, and Miles Greenwood. The engine was then named "Uncle Joe Ross" after a city council

neg: Åbo Skeppswarf until Jørgensen left in 1868. In 1846–1849 the yard built three whalers "Sitka", "Atka" and "Fröja", which later operated in Russian Alaskan waters. The 1850 finished "Furst Menschikoff II" was the first ship to be powered by Turku-produced steam engine, made by Cowie & Eriksson. Another significant vessel was the 1851–1853 produced steam frigate "Rurik"; the long vessel was the largest ship built in Finland until then. A steam powered sawmill was built in 1857. A massive investment followed when Gamla Warfsbolaget made a new slipway which was ready to service in 1865. It was equipped with a Bergsund Engineering

neg: SY Gondola SY Gondola The steam yacht Gondola is a rebuilt Victorian, screw-propelled, steam-powered passenger vessel on Coniston Water, England. Originally launched in 1859, she was built for the steamer service carrying passengers from the Furness Railway and from the Coniston Railway. She was in commercial service until 1936 when she was retired, being converted to a houseboat in 1946. In 1979, by now derelict, she was given a new hull, engine, boiler and most of the superstructure. She is back in service as a passenger boat, still powered by steam and now operated by the National Trust. "Gondola" is one of

neg: Marine LNG Engine can lead to reduced emmisions, reduced fuel consumption, and better efficiency. Switching to LNG powered vessels is a complicated task for companies, but combines with modern Waste Heat Reduction systems (WHRs), LNG vessels can be more efficient than diesel or steam propelled vessels. Heat loss of standard combustion engine: Most propulsion systems in LNG carriers use the BOG and liquid fuels. In a steam plant, the BOG is used to fire the boilers and produce steam. The steam drives the turbines and propels the ship. The advantage to this type is that when the LNG cargo tank pressure is elevated

neg: SS South Steyne from service as a commuter ferry when the government took up the option to purchase only "Baragoola" and "North Head". Though still steam powered, "South Steyne's" boiler used three times the fuel of the diesel-electric powered ferries. On 25 August 1974, a week after the last run, a fire was deliberately lit in the forced draft fan room where three open drums of diesel were placed to accelerate the fire. The ferry's sprinkler system was sabotaged with a large screwdriver thrust into the little fuel tank supplying the diesel fire pump so it couldn't start. The fire severely damaged the

neg: Pulsejet and connectors were removed. The V-1, being a cruise missile, lacked landing gear, instead the Argus As 014 was launched on an inclined ramp powered by a piston-driven steam catapult. Steam power to fire the piston was generated by the violent exothermic chemical reaction created when hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate (termed T-Stoff and Z-Stoff) are combined. The principal military use of the pulsejet engine, with the volume production of the Argus As 014 unit (the first pulsejet engine ever in volume production), was for use with the V-1 flying bomb. The engine's characteristic droning noise earned it the nicknames

neg: Ariadne-class corvette so it had a significant braking effect under sail. Despite their characteristics under sail, they maneuvered quite well under steam. The ships were powered by a single 3-cylinder marine steam engine that drove one 4-bladed screw propeller. The first two ships' screws were in diameter, and "Freya"s was wide. Steam was provided by four coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which were ducted into a single, retractable funnel. As built, the "Ariadne"-class ships were equipped with a full ship rig, but this was later reduced to a barque rig in all three vessels. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. The first two

neg: SS Frank C. Ball self-unloading sand dredge, and repowered by a steam powered Turbo-electric engine at American Shipbuilding Company of Lorain, Ohio. She was the first commercial vessel on the lakes to use this form of propulsion. Her original engine was installed in the Ford Motor Company's former barge, the "Lake Frugality", when she was requisitioned for salt water service in World War II. In 1931 the "Ball" was transferred to the Sensibar Transportation Company of Chicago, Illinois and renamed "J.R. Sensibar". She was purchased to dredge the material for Chicago World's Fair. In 1936 the "Sensibar" was sold to the Midwest Vessel Corporation

neg: American LaFrance American LaFrance American LaFrance (ALF) was an American vehicle manufacturer which focused primarily on the production of fire engines, fire aerials, and emergency apparatus such as ambulance and rescue vehicles. The company was located in Summerville, South Carolina. It was announced Friday, January 17, 2014 they would cease operations. The American LaFrance Fire Engine Company was one of the oldest fire apparatus manufacturers in the United States. With roots that go back to approximately 1832, the companies that went on to become American LaFrance built hand-drawn, horse-drawn, and steam-powered fire engines. Founded in 1873 by Truxton Slocum LaFrance and his

neg: SMS Leipzig (1875) called for a total of twenty unarmored corvettes, twelve of which were already either in service or under construction. "Leipzig" was the first iron-hulled corvette of the German fleet; originally designed with a forecastle, the ship was completed with a flush deck instead. "Leipzig" was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced at full load. The ship's crew consisted of 39 officers and 386 enlisted men. She was powered by a single marine steam engine that drove one 2-bladed screw propeller, with steam provided by ten coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which gave her a top

neg: Richmond Mill Ruins the British Industries Exhibition in South Africa for sugar refining. Mr Blackmore was the designer of the mill buildings and engineer for the construction of the machinery which was imported from A & W Smith of Glasgow. The mill was made up of a simple set of rollers long and in diameter and was driven by a , horizontal steam powered engine with two boilers. It was the first mill in the Mackay district to be driven by steam rather than fire heated batteries when Aspinall steam heated evaporative batteries were installed. The machinery was housed in a cathedral shaped

neg: Mariazell Railway line") to Mariazell, a compound steam engine and a superheated steam engine were acquired as further developments of the U series. In 1906, the Mariazell extension was sufficiently complete for freight traffic to be worked through to the terminus. On 2 May 1907, passenger service to Mariazell began running. That same summer, the final main line extension to Gußwerk was brought into service. For the mountainous extension to Mariazell, an especially high-performance engine was needed. The Krauss locomotive works in Linz proposed to build a locomotive with four powered axles and a tender, four of which were built by 1906

neg: Steam bus Steam bus A steam bus is a bus powered by a steam engine. Early steam-powered vehicles designed for carrying passengers were more usually known as steam carriages, although this term was sometimes used to describe other early experimental vehicles too. Regular intercity bus services by steam-powered buses were pioneered in England in the 1830s by Walter Hancock and by associates of Sir Goldsworthy Gurney among others, running reliable services over road conditions which were too hazardous for horse-drawn transportation. Steam carriages were much less likely to overturn, and did not "run away with" the customer as horses sometimes did. They

neg: USCGC Seneca (1908) States was the first nation providing such specialized vessels. As the ship entered service hopes were expressed that her success would inspire other nations to join with such vessels. She was powered by a triple-expansion steam engine with two Scotch boilers rated at . "Seneca" was fit with four 6-pounder rapid fire guns and an unusually large ammunition magazine for the express purpose of destroying floating shipwrecks. "Seneca" was accepted by the government on 26 June 1908 and was commissioned by the Revenue Cutter Service at the Revenue Cutter Service Depot at Baltimore, Maryland, on 6 November of that year.

neg: History of the motorcycle et Cie' ("Michaux and company"), the first company to construct bicycles with pedals called a velocipede at the time, or "Michauline". The first steam powered motorcycle, the Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede, can be traced to 1867, when Pierre's son Ernest Michaux fitted a small steam engine to one of the 'velocipedes'. The design went to America when Pierre Lallement, a Michaux employee who also claimed to have developed the prototype in 1863, filed for the first bicycle patent with the US patent office in 1866. In 1868 an American, Sylvester H. Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts developed a twin-cylinder steam velocipede, with

neg: Frederiksberg Fire Station town hall on the corner with Falkoner Allé. Many new technologies were also introduced in the 1880s and 1890s, reducing the typical response time to approximately 10 minutes. The first steam-powered fire engine was acquired in 1898. From 1905, Frederiksberg Fire Brigade also operated a horse-drawn ambulance. It was owned by the organisation "lægevagtsstationer" but the staff came from the fire brigade's ladder team. The horse-drawn vehicles were replaced by automobiles in 1911-25. A 26 metre tall electric tower ladder was acquired in 1911 to avoid having to park petrol-powered vehicles too close to fire scenes. The first smoke protection

neg: USRC Mohawk (1904) USRC Mohawk (1904) USRC "Mohawk", was a steel steam powered revenue cutter built for the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service by William R. Trigg Company at Richmond, Virginia. Her primary duties in the Revenue Cutter Service and Coast Guard were assisting vessels in distress and enforcing navigational laws as well as a derelict destroyer. "Mohawk" was sunk after a collision with another vessel in October 1917. "Mohawk" was steel-hulled cutter constructed by William R. Trigg Company of Richmond, Virginia. She was powered by a triple-expansion steam engine propelling a single screw. She was commissioned into the United States Revenue Cutter Service

neg: History of the Belfast Fire Brigade new fire engine from Tilley and Company of Blackfriars Road in London." During the early 1800s several approaches were made by the Belfast Corporation to insurance companies for financial assistance in the support of the Belfast Fire Brigade, but very limited investment was made. Such financial support was commonplace throughout larger towns and cities in England and Scotland. In 1840 Belfast purchased its first steam powered fire engine; manufacturer Merryweather & Sons supplied the engine the following year; this greatly reduced the time taken for the brigade to attend fire incidents and also increased the area served by the brigade.

neg: Union Pacific 4014 oil. This process will include replacing the coal burning grates with a fire pan and using an oil burner to "flow and atomize the fuel oil into a fine mist." This mist will mix with combustion air, resulting in a fireball that will generate power for the steam engine. When 4014's restoration is completed, the engine will join the railroad's never-retired 4-8-4 #844 and the 4-6-6-4 Challenger #3985 in excursion service, and will officially be "the world's largest operational steam locomotive," displacing the 3985. Union Pacific hopes to return the Big Boy 4014 to active excursion service between 2018 and

neg: Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal the H. K. Porter locomotives survive to this day, after being purchased by various private individuals and preservation groups. As of right now, the only BEDT steam engine under operation is #15, which was rebuilt into a replica of Thomas the Tank Engine by the Strasburg Rail Road between 1998 and 1999. The first steam powered tugboats were coal fired as well, and the first two were of wood hull construction. Hull construction for the vessels built after the turn of the century, were of steel construction. As with the steam locomotives, coal fired tugboats fell out of favor when

neg: Traction engine Limits of technical knowledge and manufacturing technology meant that practicable road vehicles, powered by steam, did not start to appear until the early years of the 19th century. The traction engine, in the form recognisable today, was developed from an experiment in 1859 when Thomas Aveling modified a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine, which had to be hauled from job to job by horses, into a self-propelled one. The alteration was made by fitting a long driving chain between the crankshaft and the rear axle. Thomas Aveling is regarded as "the father of the traction engine". Other influences were existing

neg: Traction engine only alternative prime mover was the draught horse. They became popular in industrialised countries from around 1850, when the first self-propelled portable steam engines for agricultural use were developed. Production continued well into the early part of the 20th century, when competition from internal combustion engine-powered tractors saw them fall out of favour, although some continued in commercial use in the United Kingdom well into the 1950s and later. All types of traction engines have now been superseded in commercial use. However, several thousand examples have been preserved worldwide, many in working order. Steam fairs are held throughout the year

neg: Wagonway the locomotive "Locomotion" for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England's northeast, which became the world's first public steam railway in 1825, via both horse power and steam power on different runs. stationary steam engines for mining were generally available around the middle of the 18th century. Wagonways and steam-powered railways had steep uphill sections and would employ a cable powered by a stationary steam engine to work the inclined sections. British troops in Lewiston, New York used a cable wagonway to move supplies to bases before the American Revolutionary War. The Stockton and Darlington had two inclined sections powered

neg: Boston Fire Department 1859, Engine Co. 8 began service as the first steam engine in the department. The reorganization of 1859-60 replaced the department's 14 hand engines with 11 new steam engines, forming the departmental hierarchy still used today. The department was the first in the world to utilize the telegraph to alert fire fighters of an emergency, installing the system in 1851. The first fire alarm was transmitted via the Fire Alarm Telegraph system on April 29, 1852. The famous Boston fire of 1872 led to the appointment of a board of fire commissioners. The Boston Fire Department also provided assistance in

neg: Seymour, Connecticut DeForest Street with its primary response area being the downtown and east side of the town. Citizens Engine was organized in 1884 when the town purchased a Button steam powered fire engine. The original fire company, which was organized in 1882, was later disbanded and the present fire company was organized and named in honor of the town's citizens (the company adopted the number 2 since it was the second fire company to exist in town). The current firehouse was erected in the 1890s and a few years later the hose / bell tower was struck by lightning, which severely

neg: Du Temple Monoplane and returned safely to the ground, making it the first successful powered flight in history though not the first self-powered one. It was displayed at the 1878 "Exposition Universelle" ("World Fair") in Paris. The aircraft used a very compact, high-speed circulation steam engine for which Félix du Temple applied for a patent on 28 April 1876. The engine used very small pipes packed together "to obtain the highest possible contact surface for the smallest possible volume" This type of boiler, which boils the water instantly, has come to be known as a flash boiler. The engine design was later adopted

neg: Steam car Steam car A steam car is a car (automobile) powered by a steam engine. A steam engine is an external combustion engine (ECE) where the fuel is combusted away from the engine, as opposed to an internal combustion engine (ICE) where the fuel is combusted within the engine. ECEs have a lower thermal efficiency, but it is easier to regulate carbon monoxide production. The first steam powered vehicle was supposedly built in 1672 by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish Jesuit in China. The vehicle was a toy for the Chinese Emperor. While not intended to carry passengers, and therefore not exactly

neg: Johnston's Sawmill Steam Plant closer to the boiler. The chimney appears to have been in its current position by 1954. The Marshall steam engine was the main driving engine for the saws in the mill, running a flat belt from its flywheel. It, along with the other steam engines in the mill, was powered by the Stirling boiler, which was fed with timber off cuts. The Stirling boiler was a water- tube boiler, in which the water to be heated was contained within tubes, with fire passing around the outside-in contrast to fire-tube boilers, which had fire passing through tubes which were surrounded by

neg: History of Fall River, Massachusetts the Marshall Hat Company and was greatly added onto with a large brick mill. By 1845, the Quequechan's available power had been all but maximized. The Massasoit Mill, located near what is now Heritage State Park, was established in 1846 as the first mill in the city to be powered by steam engine. However, it was another decade or so when the improvements in the steam engine by George Corliss enabled the construction of the first large steam-powered mill in the city, the Union Mills in 1859 on Pleasant Street. It was the first mill to be built "above the

neg: Fire room the event of damage to its associated engine room, steam could be transmitted to another engine room. In turn, an engine room could still operate though its associated fire room had become inoperative. Two engineering advances resulted in the disappearance of the fire room in the early 1990s. The first was the movement by naval shipbuilding to nuclear-powered vessels. If a room containing nuclear material was subjected to damage, it was assumed that the event would likely result in abandonment of the ship regardless of the separation of rooms. The second was the adoption of gas turbines in place of

neg: SMS Nixe yawls, and two (later one) dinghies. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. The vessel was a very poor sea boat, and yawed badly when running before the wind; without her sails, the rudder had to be kept at 5–10 degrees to the leeward side to keep the ship on a straight course. She also lost significant speed in a head sea. The ship was powered by a 2-cylinder marine steam engine that drove a single shaft with one 2-bladed screw propeller. Steam was provided by two coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which were ducted into a retractable funnel. The ship was

neg: Olympian (sidewheeler) condensing walking beam steam engine, with a cylinder in diameter and a piston stroke of . A small auxiliary steam engine assisted in starting the main engine. The main plant developed 2,100 indicated horsepower on the steamer’s formal trial trip, riving the vessel at on 45 pounds steam. There were two large main coal-fired boilers which generated steam at 45 pounds working pressure for the main engine. Each boiler was about long, in diameter, and weighed about . Auxiliary machinery and an auxiliary boiler powered the fire pump and the dynamo. The vessel was illuminated throughout by electricity, 250 lights

neg: Hampton Gay hand until 1812, when Hampton Gay mill was re-equipped with a modern Fourdrinier machine that made paper mechanically and continuously. In 1863–73 the paper mill was rebuilt with a gasworks, steam engine and other machinery. In 1875 it was destroyed by fire but from 1876 it was restored to production. In 1880 it had both a water wheel powered by the river and a steam engine fed by a Cornish boiler, and could produce about a ton of paper per day. The tenants running the mill were J. and B. New, and when the manor house was divided they became

neg: Abner Doble was a consultant on the Keen steam car in 1957 and a monotube boiler for Charles W Tadlock of St Louis in 1957. For the remainder of his life, he maintained that steam-powered automobiles were at least equal to gasoline cars, if not superior. He died on 17 July 1961 of a heart attack, in Santa Rosa, California. He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1972. Abner Doble Abner Doble (March 26, 1890 – July 17, 1961) was an American mechanical engineer who built and sold steam-powered automobiles as Doble Steam Cars. His steam engine design was

neg: Marine steam engine time. A triple-expansion engine is a compound engine that expands the steam in three stages—i.e. an engine with three cylinders at three different pressures. A quadruple-expansion engine expands the steam in four stages, and so on. The first successful commercial use was an engine built at Govan in Scotland by Alexander C. Kirk for the SS "Aberdeen" in 1881. Multiple-expansion engine manufacture continued well into the 20th century. All 2,700 Liberty ships built by the United States during World War II were powered by triple-expansion engines, because the capacity of the US to manufacture marine steam turbines was entirely directed

neg: RFA Plumleaf (A78) from 2× Allen diesel engines and a 90 kW 2 cylinder steam reciprocating engine. All main engineroom pumps were duplicated, one powered by a DC electric motor, the other by a steam reciprocating engine. With the boilers being steamed using the main engine exhaust gas and supplying all the steam pumps and dynamo, the diesel powered dynamos could be shut down making the engineroom a very pleasant working environment. She saw service during the Falklands War. "Plumleaf" was decommissioned in 1986, arriving at Kaohsiung for demolition on 17 December 1986. Prior to being sent for demolition, RFA "Plumleaf" spent time

neg: Steam bus to construct a steam engine for buses. Four were built in 1931, but plans were shelved as the depression deepened and the Auckland bus was too heavy for the roads. However, two 1932 reports described progress with construction. The Canadian company Brooks Steam Motors of Toronto, Ontario produced steam city buses in the 1920s. More recently, in 1972, the American inventor Bill Lear introduced a steam bus intended for trials in San Francisco. A steam bus, Elizabeth operates in the English seaside town of Whitby. Steam bus A steam bus is a bus powered by a steam engine. Early steam-powered

neg: History of firefighting when the Edinburgh Fire Engine Establishment was formed in 1824, led by James Braidwood. London followed in 1832 with the London Fire Engine Establishment. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first full-time paid professional fire department in the United States, and the first in the world to use steam fire engines. The first horse-drawn steam engine for fighting fires was invented in 1829, but not accepted in structural firefighting until 1860, and ignored for another two years afterwards. Internal combustion engine fire engines arrived in 1907, built in the United States, leading to the decline and

neg: USS Monitor two horizontal fire-tube boilers at a maximum pressure of . The engine was designed to give the ship a top speed of , but "Monitor" was slower in service. The engine had a bore of and a stroke of . The ship carried of coal. Ventilation for the vessel was supplied by two centrifugal blowers near the stern, each of which was powered by steam engine. One fan circulated air throughout the ship, but the other one forced air through the boilers, which depended on this forced draught. Leather belts connected the blowers to their engines and they would stretch

neg: Electric fire engine advantages of using an electric fire engine were that it would not produce loud noises, smoke, dust, cinders and ashes, as steam fire engines did. Also, the cost of an electric fire engine would be about one-third that of a steam boiler fire engine. A typical electric fire engine weighed sixty percent less than a steam boiler of the same capacity. There were experimental test operations set up to see if the idea was feasible; however, the technology of electrical systems and power grid infrastructures were inadequate in the nineteenth-century to operate such a system. Another disadvantage was the possibility

neg: Coldharbour Mill Working Wool Museum runs regularly at steam up weekends. It drives the shafting on all five floors of the mill via an operational rope drive. In 1993 a salvaged 1867 Kittoe and Brotherhood beam engine was painstakingly restored and installed at the mill, in one of the disused beam engine sheds. The mill contains a number of other steam powered exhibits, including a working Ashworth fire pump, already at Coldharbour, but repaired in 1984 with components from Bliss Mill; a very rare example of a low pressure wagon boiler dating from the late 1700s; and a (non-operational) steam powered flue fan. Coldharbour Mill

neg: Claims to the first powered flight for $50,000 and an additional $20,000 from the Smithsonian, to attempt development of a piloted version. The 1901 Drachenflieger of Wilhelm Kress did not even achieve a hop. A floatplane, it is notable as the first heavier-than-air craft to be powered by an internal combustion engine rather than steam. It demonstrated good control when taxiing, but was too underpowered to take off. Few of the claims to powered flight were widely accepted, or even made, at the time the events took place. Both the Wrights and Whitehead suffered in their early years from a lack of general recognition, while neither

neg: Johanna Smith (ship) California. She burned on 22 July 1932. The cause of the fire was never determined. Johanna Smith (ship) Johanna Smith was a wooden-hulled schooner that transported lumber along the United States West Coast. She was built near North Bend, Oregon in 1917. She was sold to the Coos Bay Lumber company in 1918, and transported lumber until 1928. "Built during First World War, shortages prohibited the installation of an engine in the Johanna Smith ... she was used as a barge until 1921, when she became one of only two Pacific Coast steam schooners to be powered by steam turbines."

neg: Steam-powered vessels Steam-powered vessels Steam-powered vessels include steamboats and steamships. Smaller steamboats were developed first. They were replaced by larger steamships which were often ocean-going. Steamships required a change in propulsion technology from sail to paddlewheel to screw to steam turbines. The latter innovation changed the design of vessels to one that could move faster through the water. Engine propulsion changed to steam turbine in the early 20th century. In the latter part of the 20th century, these, in turn, were replaced by gas turbines. Steamship generally refers to larger steam-powered ships, usually ocean-going, capable of carrying a (ship's) boat. The engine

neg: Dartmouth Higher Ferry suspended in 1855 but reinstated the following year with a new ferry. It was steam powered from 1831 to 1835 but then worked by hand or horses until 1867 when a steam engine again powered the ferry. It was closed again in 1874 and reopened in 1876 with a new ferry. On 13 February 2005 the weather and other conditions caused the guide cables on No.7 to come loose, and the ferry, loaded with 15 cars and 34 passengers, to drift towards the sea. The crew managed to moor it to a buoy before it could collide with other vessels

neg: SS City of Brussels making her almost the first "long boat". Another innovation was her steam steering gear, which was the first installed on a liner after . She was powered by a steam trunk engine of 600 nhp, also made by Tod & Macgregor. In her first year of service, "City of Brussels" took the eastbound record with a New York - Queenstown passage of 7 days, 20 hours, 33 minutes with a speed of . However, in 1870 she illustrated the problem with single screw liners of this power when she lost her propeller and returned to Queenstown by sail. Three years

neg: Sentetsu Nakeha class railcars the first 3rd class petrol-powered railcars entered service in 1928 on the narrow-gauge Donghae Jungbu Line (Daegu-Gyeongju, now part of the Daegu and Jungang lines). These were the Nageha1 class railcars. These small, 30-passenger railcars, the Nakeha1 class, were made in Japan by Nippon Sharyō and were powered by a Ford engine. A total of seven were built in 1928 and 1929, and they quickly proved well suited to frequent suburban service due to their low operational costs when compared with locomotive-hauled passenger trains. Drawing on their experiences with the Nakeha1 class and with the British-made Shiki2 class steam railcars,

neg: Charles H. Black on his own account as a blacksmith and then as a carriage maker, with premises at 44 Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, gaining a reputation as a craftsman and design innovator. In 1891, as he later reported in the "Indianapolis News" (1913) and the "American Chauffeur" (1916), he completed and tested his first steam-powered "chug buggy". However, he rejected the steam engine for use in an automobile as being "too cumbersome and hard to manage" and continued to search for a more suitable engine. Later the same year, 1891, he states that he imported a Karl Benz gasoline-powered engine from Germany and

neg: Seneca Falls (CDP), New York pumps was continued by Seabury S. Gould Sr. who cast the first all-metal (cast iron) pump and founded Goulds Pumps, a worldwide pump manufacturer, which was the world's largest company dedicated to producing only pumps when it was taken over by ITT Technology in 1997. While working for the Silsby Company, Holly also developed the rotary steam engine. This technology was married to the pump technology and was utilized in making the first successful steam fire engine. The Silsby Company eventually moved to Elmira, New York and became American LaFrance, famous for its fire engines. Seneca Falls played a prominent

neg: Naphtha launch simply as a cheaper fuel. The naphthalene was melted and vaporised by a water jacket, heated by the engine. Naphtha launch A naphtha launch, sometimes called a "vapor launch", was a small motor launch, powered by a naphtha engine. They were a particularly American design, brought into being by a local law that made it impractical to use a steam launch for private use. By the 1880s, the small steam engine was well established as a power unit for small steam launches, as well as for large boats. However US law, prompted by some past boiler explosions, required that "all"

neg: Hot-bulb engine demand. The engines were also used in areas where the fire of a steam engine would be an unacceptable fire risk. Akroyd-Stuart developed the world's first locomotive powered by a hot bulb oil engine, the "Lachesis", for the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, where the use of locomotives had previously been impossible due to the risk. Hot bulb engines proved very popular for industrial engines in the early 20th century, but lacked the power to be used in anything larger. Herbert Akroyd Stuart was always keen to improve the efficiency of his engine. The obvious way to do this was to raise

neg: Alexander Bonner Latta of Cincinnati to incorporate as part of its fire department equipment. His first manufactured steam fire engines could be drawn by both men and horses. In 1855 he was granted a patent on a self-propelled steam engine. It consisted of three steel wheels and designed like a tricycle. The front wheel was for steering and the back wheels not only propelled the machine down the streets, but powered the pumps to push the water through the hoses. The boiler was of two square chambers, one within the other. The space between them contained water that was heated to steam by

neg: Traction engine self-propelled. However, it is included in this list because the traction engine is a direct descendant. A steam wagon is a steam-powered road vehicle for carrying freight. It was the earliest form of lorry (truck) and came in two basic forms: "overtype" and "undertype" – the distinction being the position of the engine relative to the boiler. Among the firms that specialized in them in the 1900s was the short-lived Invicta Works of Maidstone, owned by Jesse Ellis. The overtype had a steam engine mounted on top of a fire-tube boiler, in a similar manner to a traction engine. The

neg: Powerhouse Museum power. Together with the Boulton and Watt engine, and the Museum's locomotives, steam truck and traction engines, they are a unique working collection tracing the development of steam power from the 1770s to the 1930s. Engines on display include an 1830s Maudslay engine, a Ransom and Jeffries agricultural engine and the Broken Hill Fire Brigade's horse-drawn pump-engine. The museum owns a collection of mechanical musical instruments, of which the fairground barrel organ is located in the steam exhibition, where it is powered by a small fairground engine. The Space exhibition looks at space and discoveries relating to it. It includes

neg: HMCS Galiano HMCS Galiano HMCS "Galiano" was a Canadian government fisheries patrol vessel pressed into service with the Royal Canadian Navy in 1917 during the First World War. Used for patrol and assessment duties on the West Coast of Canada, "Galiano" disappeared in a storm in October 1918, making her Canada's only warship lost during the First World War. "Galiano" was long between perpendiculars with a beam of and a draught of . The vessel had a gross register tonnage (GRT) of 393. The vessel was powered by a single steam-powered triple expansion engine driving one shaft creating . This gave the

neg: Steam car steam engine conversions for existing production cars. When air pollution became a significant issue for California in the mid-1960s the state encouraged investigation into the use of steam-powered cars. The fuel crises of the early 1970s prompted further work. None of this resulted in renewed steam car manufacturing. Steam cars remain the domain of enthusiasts, occasional experimentation by manufacturers, and those wishing to establish steam-powered land speed records. In 1967, California established the California Air Resources Board and began to implement legislation to dramatically reduce exhaust emissions. This prompted renewed interest in alternative fuels for motor vehicles and a resurgence

neg: Western culture modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants and fire. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories. Some cultural

neg: Denis Papin a second steam engine with the help of Gottfried Leibniz, based on an invention by Thomas Savery, but this used steam pressure rather than atmospheric pressure. Details of the engine were published in 1707. During his stay in Kassel in Hesse, in 1704, he constructed a ship powered by his steam engine, mechanically linked to paddles. This made him the first to construct a steam-powered boat (or vehicle of any kind). Later, at the iron foundry in Veckerhagen (now Reinhardshagen), he cast the world's first steam cylinder. Papin returned to London in 1707, leaving his wife in Germany. Several of

neg: Engine Company 27 (Washington, D.C.) Engine Company 27 (Washington, D.C.) Engine Company 27 also known as the Deanwood Firehouse is a historic firehouse located at 4201 Minnesota Ave., NE, Washington, D.C. It was designed by Leon Dessez and completed in 1908. It originally housed Chemical Company 1, which served areas not yet connected to fire hydrants. On June 15, 1914 this company was replaced by Engine Company 27 which went in service with a 1906 American LaFrance Metropolitan 500 GPM steam fire engine and a 1903 American LaFrance 70 gallon double tank combination chemical/hose wagon. At 6:00 PM on May 4, 1945, Engine Company 27

neg: William Wright (engineer) Steam Engine Works" in Newburgh, NY. He built engines that powered the pumps of the Brooklyn Water Works. During the American Civil War he built engines that powered warships of the North. After bankruptcy in the early 1890s, Wright failed to raise the $10,000 needed to satisfy his creditors and keep his engine works. The buildings of Wright's Engine Works, in the northern waterfront area of Newburgh known as Sherman Dock, still survive today as warehouses. William Wright (engineer) William Wright was an American engineer who contributed to the development of the Corliss steam engine in the mid 19th century.

neg: Boston Fire Department the Great Chelsea Fire of 1908 and the Great Salem Fire of 1914. The department purchased its first steam fireboat in 1873, and installed fire poles in the stations in 1881. On July 29, 1910, the department purchased its first motorized apparatus. From 1914 until 1923, horse drawn engines as well as steam and motorized engine companies were in use in Boston. Ladder 24 was the last company to replace its horses in 1923 when it became motorized. In 1925, the last fire horses were retired. It wasn't until 1926 that the last steam engine was converted to a motorized

neg: Naphtha launch Naphtha launch A naphtha launch, sometimes called a "vapor launch", was a small motor launch, powered by a naphtha engine. They were a particularly American design, brought into being by a local law that made it impractical to use a steam launch for private use. By the 1880s, the small steam engine was well established as a power unit for small steam launches, as well as for large boats. However US law, prompted by some past boiler explosions, required that "all" steam boats carry a licensed engineer at all times. Although this was no difficulty for a commercial craft, it

neg: Boiler feedwater pump was often powered using a small steam engine that ran using the steam produced by the boiler. A means had to be provided, of course, to put the initial charge of water into the boiler (before steam power was available to operate the steam-powered feedwater pump). The pump was often a positive displacement pump that had steam valves and cylinders at one end and feedwater cylinders at the other end; no crankshaft was required. A duplex steam pump has two sets of steam and water cylinders. They are not physically connected but the steam valves on the first pump are

neg: USS Tecumseh (1863) in 1967 with the intent of raising it, but ultimately decided against the project when proffered funding was withdrawn. Several other plans to raise the wreck have been made, but all have fallen through. The ship was long overall, had a beam of and had a maximum draft of . "Tecumseh" had a tonnage of 1,034 tons burthen and displaced . Her crew consisted of 100 officers and enlisted men. "Tecumseh" was powered by a two-cylinder horizontal vibrating-lever steam engine that drove one propeller using steam generated by two Stimers horizontal fire-tube boilers. The engine gave the ship a top

neg: Uniflow steam engine efficiencies approaching contemporary diesels. Many car ferries on the Great Lakes were so equipped, one of which is still operating, of 1952. The , the most prolific aircraft carrier design in history, used two 5-cylinder Skinner Unaflow engines, but these were not steeple compounds. A non-compound Skinner Uniflow remained in service until 2013 in the Great Lakes cement carrier , installed when the vessel was re-powered in 1950. In small sizes (less than about ), reciprocating steam engines are much more efficient than steam turbines. White Cliffs Solar Power Station used a three-cylinder uniflow engine with "Bash"-type admission valves to

neg: Fireman (steam engine) the famous wreck. KFC founder Colonel Sanders worked as a railroad stoker when he was 16 or 17. A 14-year old Martin Luther King Sr. worked as a fireman on the Atlanta railroad. Fireman (steam engine) Fireman or stoker is the job title for someone whose job is to tend the fire for the running of a boiler, to heat a building, power a steam engine, etc. On steam locomotives the term "fireman" is usually used, while on steamships and stationary steam engines, such as those driving saw mills, the term is usually "stoker" (although the British Merchant Navy did

neg: Swing-piston engine was uncovered that allowed the partially expanded steam to flow across the center of the device into the area on the other side of the vanes, which were now at their minimum distance. In this fashion the design was effectively a compound engine. Many variations followed, and a number of these saw limited use in the field. Notable among them was John Ericsson's design of 1843, which powered the USS "Princeton", the United States' first screw-powered steamship. Charles Parsons examined the concept and appears to have produced two swing-piston engine designs before moving on to the steam turbine. The Roots

neg: History of the steam engine History of the steam engine The first recorded rudimentary steam engine was the aeolipile described by Heron of Alexandria in 1st-century Roman Egypt. Several steam-powered devices were later experimented with or proposed, such as Taqi al-Din's steam jack, a steam turbine in 16th-century Ottoman Egypt, and Thomas Savery's steam pump in 17th-century England. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine became the first commercially successful engine using the principle of the piston and cylinder, which was the fundamental type steam engine used until the early 20th century. The steam engine was used to pump water out of coal mines During the

neg: Bradys Bend Iron Company Furnaces Bradys Bend Iron Company Furnaces Brady's Bend Iron Company Furnaces (also known as Brady's Bend Works) is a set of historic blast furnaces and rolling mill located in Brady's Bend Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. The furnaces are constructed of stone, with the first blown into production in 1840. A second furnace was added in 1845. They were hot blast furnaces powered by a 250-horsepower steam engine. The rolling mill was also powered by a 250-horsepower steam engine and went into production in January 1842. The furnaces and mill were established by the Great Western Iron Works in August 1839, and

neg: VR (company) of trains the locomotive was generally planned to haul: The second small letter indicated the weight of the locomotive: When diesel locomotives were taken into service in the 1950s, they were additionally differentiated by the steam locomotive classes by beginning their numbering from 11 instead of the next free number in running order. As a result, the last steam-powered heavy passenger locomotive class was designated Hr3, and its first diesel-powered counterpart Hr11. The current VR locomotive classification system was taken into use on 1 January 1976. The first (capital) letter was now used to differentiate between locomotive types: S ()

neg: Richard Trevithick the first demonstration of transportation powered by steam. It inspired the popular Cornish folk song "Camborne Hill". During further tests, Trevithick's locomotive broke down three days later after passing over a gully in the road. The vehicle was left under some shelter with the fire still burning whilst the operators retired to a nearby public house for a meal of roast goose and drinks. Meanwhile, the water boiled off, the engine overheated and the machine burned, destroying it. Trevithick did not consider this a serious setback, but rather operator error. In 1802, Trevithick took out a patent for his high-pressure

neg: J. Walter Christie hard to believe that the Christie vehicle was particularly dependable. Given the heavy steering resulting from the fwd lay-out and a published unit price in 1909 of $2,600, it is understandable that the denizens of the New York cab trade did not flock to buy the Christie taxi. In 1912 Christie began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which also utilized a front-wheel-drive system, and subsequently sold scores of them to fire departments around the country, most notably the New York City Fire Department. The tractors allowed the departments to keep their steam-powered pumps while ending the use

neg: Leipzig-class corvette were completed with a flush deck instead. "Leipzig" and "Prinz Adalbert" were stiff vessels, rolling and pitching badly, particularly when their fuel bunkers were full. They performed moderately under sail. The ship's crew consisted of 39 officers and 386 enlisted men. Each ship carried a number of smaller boats, including one picket boat, two launches, one pinnace, one cutter, two yawls, and one dinghy. The ships were powered by a single horizontal, 3-cylinder marine steam engine that drove one 2-bladed screw propeller that was in diameter. Steam was provided by ten coal-fired fire-tube boilers for "Leipzig" and six fire-tube boilers

neg: History of the automobile History of the automobile The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen. In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that