query: what is the voltage supplied to most homes in australia

pos: Mains electricity of Africa, most of Asia, much of South America and Australia. In North America, the most common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz. Other voltages exist, and some countries may have, for example, 230 V but 60 Hz. This is a concern to travellers, since portable appliances designed for one voltage and frequency combination may not operate with, or may even be destroyed by another. The use of different and incompatible plugs and sockets in different regions and countries provides some protection from accidental use of appliances with incompatible voltage and frequency requirements. In the US,

pos: Buck–boost transformer the amount of buck or boost is fixed. For example, a fixed boost would be used when connecting equipment rated for 230 V AC to a 208 V power source. Units are rated in volt-amperes (most commonly, kilo-volt amperes KVA) (or more rarely, amperes) and are rated for a percent of voltage drop or rise. For example, a buck–boost transformer rated at 10% boost will raise a supplied voltage of 208 V AC to 229 V AC. A rating of 10% buck will yield the result of 209 V AC if the actual incoming supplied voltage is 230 V AC.

pos: Mains electricity wires (like the ground wire or a person). When a ground fault is detected, the device quickly cuts off the circuit. Most of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and most of South America use a supply that is within 6% of 230 V. In the UK and Australia the nominal supply voltage is 230 V +10%/−6% to accommodate the fact that most supplies are in fact still 240 V. The United States uses a supply voltage of 120 volts +/- 6%. Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, North America, Central America and some parts of northern South America use a voltage

pos: Tanning lamp ballasts, which is why choke ballasts are still used in the majority of new tanning systems. Another disadvantage of the older style choke ballast is they are designed for European electricity, and require incoming voltage in the range of 220 V AC and 230 V AC. Most US homes have 110 V service and businesses use 208 V three-phase service that requires these beds to use a buck-boost transformer in order to receive the proper voltage. Too low a voltage will result in the lamp starter not letting the lamp ignite (or at the least, very slowly) whereas too high

pos: Mains electricity variations. In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator. The choice of supply voltage is due more to historical reasons than optimization of the electric power distribution system—once a voltage is in use and equipment using this voltage is widespread, changing voltage is a drastic and expensive measure. A 230 V distribution system will use less conductor material than a 120 V system to deliver a given amount of power because the current, and consequently the resistive loss, is lower. While

pos: Mains electricity Mains electricity Mains electricity (as it is known in the UK and Canada; US terms include grid power, wall power, and domestic power) is the general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. It is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses, and it is the form of electrical power that consumers use when they plug domestic appliances, televisions and electric lamps into wall outlets. The two principal properties of the electric power supply, voltage and frequency, differ between regions. A voltage of (nominally) 230 V and a frequency of 50 Hz is used in Europe, most

pos: Voltage optimisation a VO of the correct size and not one that's for all supplies. Installing a VO unit to 'optimise' all supplies would give a longer return on investment, a higher capital outlay and makes little commercial sense. The declared low voltage electricity supply in the United Kingdom as per the Electrical Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002, is now 230 V with a tolerance of +10% to -6%. This means that supply voltage can theoretically be anywhere between 216V and 253V depending on local conditions. However, the average voltage supplied from the national grid (in mainland UK) is 242V, compared

neg: Electricity sector in New Zealand loads. Local pole-mounted or ground-mounted distribution transformers step-down the electricity from distribution voltage to the New Zealand mains voltage of 230/400 volts (phase-to-earth/phase-to-phase) for distribution into local homes and businesses. New Zealand's national electricity network covers the majority of both the North and South Islands. Waiheke Island, New Zealand's most populous offshore island, is supplied electricity from Vector's Auckland sub-transmission network via submarine cables between Maraetai and the island. However, many offshore islands and some parts of the South Island are not connected to the national grid and operate independent generation systems, mainly due to the difficulty of building lines

neg: DC-to-DC converter in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes higher or lower than the supply voltage). Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its stored energy is drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a method to increase voltage from a partially lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using multiple batteries to accomplish the same thing. Most DC to DC converter circuits also

neg: Power supply unit (computer) such as 3.3 or 3.45 V. Motherboards had linear voltage regulators, supplied by the 5 V rail. Jumpers or dip switches set the output voltages to the installed CPU' s specification. When newer CPUs required higher currents, switching mode voltage regulators like buck converters replaced linear regulators for efficiency. Since the first revision of the ATX standard, PSUs were required to have a 3.3 V output voltage rail. Rarely, a linear regulator generated these 3.3 V, supplied from the 5 V and converting the product of voltage drop and current to heat. In the most common design this voltage is

neg: Electricity by an electric current "I" consisting of a charge of "Q" coulombs every "t" seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage) difference of "V" is where Electricity generation is often done with electric generators, but can also be supplied by chemical sources such as electric batteries or by other means from a wide variety of sources of energy. Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry. Electricity is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3.6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure power

neg: Rectifier voltage. When input voltage rises, the diode dumps current to maintain the set output voltage. This kind of regulator is usually employed only in low voltage, low current circuits because Zener diodes have both voltage and current limitations. It is also very inefficient, because it dumps excess current, which is not available to the load. A more efficient alternative to a shunt voltage regulator is an active voltage regulator circuit. An active regulator employs reactive components to store and discharge energy, so that most or all current supplied by the rectifier is passed to the load. It may also use

neg: Padmount transformer Padmount transformer A padmount or pad-mounted transformer is a ground mounted electric power distribution transformer in a locked steel cabinet mounted on a concrete pad. Since all energized connection points are securely enclosed in a grounded metal housing, a padmount transformer can be installed in places that do not have room for a fenced enclosure. Padmount transformers are used with underground electric power distribution lines at service drops, to step down the primary voltage on the line to the lower secondary voltage supplied to utility customers. A single transformer may serve one large building, or many homes. Pad-mounted transformers are

neg: Immunity-aware programming the time and power required to burn out the microcontroller. The power supply design should be well-grounded and decoupled using capacitors and inductors close to the microcontroller; some typical values are 100uF and 0.1uF in parallel. Low power can cause serious malfunctions in most microcontrollers. For the CPU to successfully decode and execute instructions, the supplied voltage must not drop below the minimum voltage level. When the supplied voltage drops below this level, the CPU may start to execute some instructions incorrectly. The result is unexpected activity on the internal data and control lines. This activity may cause: Brownout detection

neg: Voltage converter at 50 Hz even if the voltage supplied is correct. Most mains-powered electrical equipment, though it may specify a single nominal voltage, actually has a range of tolerance above and below that point. Thus, devices usually can be used on either any voltage from approx. 100 to 120 V, or any voltage from approx. 210 to 240 V. In such cases, voltage converters need only be specified to convert any voltage within one range, to a voltage within the other, rather than separate converters being needed for all possible pairs of nominal voltages (110–220, 117–220, 110–230, etc.) Another requirement is

neg: High Voltage (1975 album) self-discovery is what makes the original version of "High Voltage" both the most inconsistent and unique of all the Bon Scott albums." • Album artwork by Richard Ford High Voltage (1975 album) High Voltage is the debut studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, released only in Australia, on 17 February 1975. In November 1973, guitarists Malcolm Young and Angus Young formed AC/DC and recruited bassist Larry Van Kriedt, vocalist Dave Evans, and Colin Burgess, ex-Masters Apprentices drummer. Soon the Young brothers decided that Evans was not a suitable frontman for the group; they felt he was more of

neg: Linear actuator referred to as the amount of force the linear actuator is capable of providing during operation. This force will vary with screw type (amount of friction restricting movement) and the motor driving the movement. Dynamic load is the figure which most actuators are classified by, and is a good indication of what applications it would suit best. In most cases when using an electro-mechanical actuator, it is preferred to have some type of speed control. Such controllers vary the voltage supplied to the motor, which in turn changes the speed at which the lead screw turns. Adjusting the gear ratio

neg: Surge protector A transient surge protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an electric device by either blocking or shorting current to reduce the voltage below a safe threshold. Blocking is done by using inductors which inhibit a sudden change in current. Shorting is done by spark gaps, discharge tubes, zener-type semiconductors, and MOVs (Metal Oxide Varistors), all of which begin to conduct current once a certain voltage threshold is reached, or by capacitors which inhibit a sudden change in voltage. Some surge protectors use multiple elements. The most common and effective way is the shorting method in which the electrical

neg: Voltage drop Voltage drop Voltage drop describes how the energy supplied by a voltage source is reduced as electric current moves through the passive elements (elements that do not supply voltage) of an electrical circuit. The voltage drop across the internal resistance of the source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors is undesirable because some of the energy supplied is lost (dissipated). The voltage drop across the electrical load and across other active circuit elements is essential for supply of energy and so is not undesirable. For example, an electric space heater may have a resistance of ten ohms, and the

neg: Clamper (electronics) the output voltage to a different value. The voltage supplied to the potentiometer will be equal to the offset from zero (assuming an ideal diode) in the case of either a positive or negative clamper (the clamper type will determine the direction of the offset). If a negative voltage is supplied to either positive or negative, the waveform will cross the x-axis and be bound to a value of this magnitude on the opposite side. Zener diodes can also be used in place of a voltage source and potentiometer, hence setting the offset at the Zener voltage. Clamping circuits were

neg: Electricity Substation No. 167 internal and external modification but the building is fundamentally intact. Auburn Zone Substation No. 167 is significant at state level as the main high voltage electricity distribution point for this part of Sydney when constructed in 1924 by the Municipal Council of Sydney. It is representative of the Municipal Council's extension of its role as a regional electricity supplier to what were then outlying areas of Sydney. Auburn marks the western extent of the Council's network, with power further west being supplied from a private company based in Parramatta. Auburn Zone Substation No. 167 was the most substantial piece of

neg: Chopper (electronics) encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load. The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that

neg: Undergrounding in their prices to consumers. The undergrounding must be in National Parks or designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) to qualify. The most visually intrusive overhead cables of the core transmission network are excluded from the scheme. Some undergrounding projects are funded by the proceeds of national lottery. All low and medium voltage electrical power (<50 kV) in the Netherlands is now supplied underground. In Germany, 73% of the medium voltage cables are underground and 87% of low voltage cables are underground. The high fraction of underground cables contributes to the very high grid reliability (SAIDI < 20). .

neg: Voltage doubler a peak detector or envelope detector stage. The peak detector cell has the effect of removing most of the ripple while preserving the peak voltage at the output. The Greinacher circuit is also commonly known as the half-wave voltage doubler. This circuit was first invented by Heinrich Greinacher in 1913 (published 1914) to provide the 200–300 V he needed for his newly invented ionometer, the 110 V AC supplied by the Zurich power stations of the time being insufficient. He later extended this idea into a cascade of multipliers in 1920. This cascade of Greinacher cells is often inaccurately referred

neg: Microbial electrolysis cell systems. Electrogenic microorganisms consuming an energy source (such as acetic acid) release electrons and protons, creating an electrical potential of up to 0.3 volts. In a conventional MFC, this voltage is used to generate electrical power. In a MEC, an additional voltage is supplied to the cell from an outside source. The combined voltage is sufficient to reduce protons, producing hydrogen gas. As part of the energy for this reduction is derived from bacterial activity, the total electrical energy that has to be supplied is less than for electrolysis of water in the absence of microbes. Hydrogen production has reached

neg: High-leg delta that that leg is higher voltage), excess voltage is supplied to that load. This can easily cause failure of the load. Commonly there is a high-leg to neutral load limit when only two transformers are used. One transformer manufacturer's page suggests that High-leg to neutral loading to not exceed 5% of transformer capacity. It is often found in older and rural installations. This type of service is usually supplied using 240 V line-to-line and 120 V line-to-neutral. In some ways, the high leg delta service provides the best of both worlds: a line-to-line voltage that is higher than the usual

neg: Second Industrial Revolution in New York City. The first modern power station in the world was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti at Deptford. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000V) alternating current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in 1891 it supplied high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production. Electrification was called "the most important engineering achievement of

neg: Rectifier filter components, if the DC load requires very low ripple voltage, is to follow the input filter with a voltage regulator. A voltage regulator operates on a different principle than a filter, which is essentially a voltage divider that shunts voltage at the ripple frequency away from the load. Rather, a regulator increases or decreases current supplied to the load in order to maintain a constant output voltage. A simple passive shunt voltage regulator may consist of a series resistor to drop source voltage to the required level and a Zener diode shunt with reverse voltage equal to the set

neg: Voltage amplifying the voltage and using it to deflect an electron beam from a straight path, so that the deflection of the beam is proportional to the voltage. A common voltage for flashlight batteries is 1.5 volts (DC). A common voltage for automobile batteries is 12 volts (DC). Common voltages supplied by power companies to consumers are 110 to 120 volts (AC) and 220 to 240 volts (AC). The voltage in electric power transmission lines used to distribute electricity from power stations can be several hundred times greater than consumer voltages, typically 110 to 1200 kV (AC). The voltage used in

neg: Ward Leonard control hence the output voltage of a DC generator. As the speed of a DC motor is dictated by the supplied voltage, this gives simple speed control. The DC generator could be driven by any means, provided that also supplied a voltage source for the field windings. This 'prime mover' could be an AC motor, or it could be an internal combustion engine (its application to vehicles was patented by H.W. Leonard in 1903). A Ward Leonard drive can be viewed as a high-power amplifier in the multi-kilowatt range, built from rotating electrical machinery. Where the 'prime mover' is electrical, a

neg: HVDC DolWin3 HVDC DolWin3 HVDC DolWin3 is a high voltage direct current (HVDC) link under construction to transmit Offshore wind power to the power grid of the German mainland. The project differs from most HVDC systems in that one of the two converter stations is built on a platform in the sea. Voltage-Sourced Converters with DC ratings of 900 MW, ±320 kV are used and the total cable length is 160 km. The overall project is being built by Alstom with the cables supplied by Prysmian and offshore platform by Nordic Yards. Construction commenced on the onshore converter station at Dörpen West

neg: Type 45 destroyer is fitted with an advanced and innovative integrated electric propulsion system. Historically, electric-drive ships (like USS "Langley") have supplied power to their electric motors using DC, and ship's electrical load, where necessary at all, was either separately supplied or was supplied as DC with a large range of acceptable voltage. Integrated electric propulsion seeks to supply all propulsion and ship's electrical load using alternating current at a high quality of voltage and frequency. This is achieved by computerised control, high quality transformation, and electrical filtering. Two Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbine alternators and two Wärtsilä 12V200 diesel generators provide electrical power

neg: Excitation (magnetic) any case, it is important to be able to control the field since this will maintain the system voltage. Except for permanent magnet generators, a generator produces output voltage proportional to the magnetic field, which is proportional to the excitation current; if there is no excitation current there is no voltage. A small amount of power supplied as field current may thus control a large amount of generated power and can be used to modulate it. This principle is very useful for voltage control: If the output voltage of the system is less than desired, the excitation voltage can be

neg: Electric power transmission transmission was slowly being combined with the ability to link it up with all of the existing systems that needed to be supplied. These included single phase AC systems, poly-phase AC systems, low voltage incandescent lighting, high voltage arc lighting, and existing DC motors in factories and street cars. In what was becoming a "universal system", these technological differences were temporarily being bridged via the development of rotary converters and motor-generators that would allow the large number of legacy systems to be connected to the AC grid. These stopgaps would slowly be replaced as older systems were retired or upgraded.

neg: CPU core voltage A VRT processor has a 3.3 V I/O and 2.9 V core voltage, to save power compared to a typical Pentium processor which had both I/O and core voltage at 3.3V. All Pentium MMX and later processors adopted this so-called split rail power supply. CPU core voltage The CPU core voltage (V) is the power supply voltage supplied to the CPU (which is a digital circuit), GPU, or other device containing a processing core. The amount of power a CPU uses, and thus the amount of heat it dissipates, is the product of this voltage and the current it draws.

neg: Thermocouple Thermocouple A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor. Commercial thermocouples are inexpensive, interchangeable, are supplied with standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. In contrast to most other methods of temperature measurement, thermocouples are self powered and require no external form of excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is accuracy; system errors of less than

neg: Voltage drop to the first resistor; as this occurs, some of the supplied energy is "lost" (unavailable to the load), due to the resistance of the conductor. Voltage drop exists in both the supply and return wires of a circuit. If the voltage across each resistor is measured, the measurement will be a significant number. That represents the energy used by the resistor. The larger the resistor, the more energy used by that resistor, and the bigger the voltage drop across that resistor. Ohm's Law can be used to verify voltage drop. In a DC circuit, voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.

neg: Three-phase electric power voltage conversions in the transmission network, the voltage is finally transformed to the standard utilization before power is supplied to customers. Most automotive alternators generate three-phase AC and rectify it to DC with a diode bridge. A "delta" connected transformer winding is connected between phases of a three-phase system. A "wye" transformer connects each winding from a phase wire to a common neutral point. A single three-phase transformer can be used, or three single-phase transformers. In an "open delta" or "V" system, only two transformers are used. A closed delta made of three single-phase transformers can operate as an open

neg: Mains electricity by country "Type O". Mains electricity by country Mains electricity by country includes a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they commonly use for providing electrical power to appliances, equipment, and lighting typically found in homes and offices. (For industrial machinery, see Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets.) Some countries have more than one voltage available. For example, in North America most sockets are attached to a 120 V supply, but there is a 240 V supply available for large appliances. Often different sockets are mandated for different voltage or current levels. Voltage, frequency, and plug

neg: Mains electricity by country Mains electricity by country Mains electricity by country includes a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they commonly use for providing electrical power to appliances, equipment, and lighting typically found in homes and offices. (For industrial machinery, see Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets.) Some countries have more than one voltage available. For example, in North America most sockets are attached to a 120 V supply, but there is a 240 V supply available for large appliances. Often different sockets are mandated for different voltage or current levels. Voltage, frequency, and plug type vary,

neg: History of infrastructure development in Bathurst new 66,000 volt transmission line was completed connecting the new railway owned and operated power station at Lithgow with the town of Bathurst, a distance of approximately 60 kilometres. In the twenty years since the Bathurst electric lighting network was built it had been upgraded three times to cater for demand. In 1945 the system was upgraded to cater for the growth in demand for power, the upgrade involved the increase in distribution voltage from 2,200 volts to 11,000 volt network. Initially the electricity to homes largely supplied lights but increasingly appliances such as washing machines, refrigerators, and electric heaters

neg: Induction coil For this reason, induction coils were called spark coils. An induction coil may be characterised by the length of spark it can produce; a '4 inch' (10 cm) induction coil is one that could produce a 4 inch spark. This form of specification was, though imprecise, until the advent of the cathode ray oscilloscope the most reliable measure of peak voltage of such asymmetric waveforms. The relationship between spark length and voltage is linear within a wide range, though not proportional: Curves supplied by a modern reference agree closely with those values. To operate the coil continually, the DC supply

neg: Variable-frequency drive in some situations, but generally three-phase induction motors are preferred as the most economical. Motors that are designed for fixed-speed operation are often used. Elevated-voltage stresses imposed on induction motors that are supplied by VFDs require that such motors be designed for definite-purpose inverter-fed duty in accordance with such requirements as Part 31 of NEMA Standard MG-1. The VFD controller is a solid-state power electronics conversion system consisting of three distinct sub-systems: a rectifier bridge converter, a direct current (DC) link, and an inverter. Voltage-source inverter (VSI) drives (see 'Generic topologies' sub-section below) are by far the most common type

neg: Battery indicator and logged in operation to assist in determining remaining charge. A real battery can be modeled as an ideal battery with a specified EMF, in series with an internal resistance. As a battery discharges, the EMF may drop or the internal resistance increase; in many cases the EMF remains more or less constant during most of the discharge, with the voltage drop across the internal resistance determining the voltage supplied. Determining the charge remaining in many battery types not connected to a system that monitors battery use is not reliably possible with a voltmeter. In battery types where EMF remains

neg: Cigarette lighter receptacle the 12 volt systems, the "contact point", which is the center part of the plug when viewed end-on, carries the positive voltage, whereas the "can" part, which is the outer part of the connector, carries the negative voltage (which is the "ground" connection for most automobiles, which have a negative ground electrical system). 12 volt auto connectors are made to comply with a standard by Underwriters Laboratories for safety. UL2089 was developed to cover the requirements for portable adapters rated 24 V DC or less that are intended to be supplied from the battery powered electrical system of a vehicle.

neg: CPU core voltage CPU core voltage The CPU core voltage (V) is the power supply voltage supplied to the CPU (which is a digital circuit), GPU, or other device containing a processing core. The amount of power a CPU uses, and thus the amount of heat it dissipates, is the product of this voltage and the current it draws. In modern CPUs, which are made using CMOS, the current is almost proportional to the clock speed, the CPU drawing almost no current between clock cycles. (See, however, subthreshold leakage.) In order to help conserve power and manage heat, many laptop and desktop processors

neg: CPU core voltage says that the current formula_2 supplied by the FET is proportional to the gate-source voltage reduced by a threshold voltage formula_3 which is dependent on the geometrical shape of the FET's channel and gate and their physical properties, especially capacitance. In order to reduce formula_3 (necessary both in order to reduce the supply voltage and to increase current) one must increase capacitance. But, the load being driven is in fact another FET gate. The current needed to drive it is proportional to capacitance, which thus requires the designer to keep it low. The trend towards lower supply voltage therefore works

neg: Dynamic voltage scaling capabilities). Dynamic frequency scaling is another power conservation technique that works on the same principles as dynamic voltage scaling. Both dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling can be used to prevent computer system overheating, which can result in program or operating system crashes, and possibly hardware damage. Reducing the voltage supplied to the CPU below the manufacturer's recommended minimum setting can result in system instability. The efficiency of some electrical components, such as voltage regulators, decreases with increasing temperature, so the power used may increase with temperature causing thermal runaway. Increases in voltage or frequency may increase system power

neg: Nickel–cadmium battery used to replace 9 V batteries usually only have six cells, for a terminal voltage of 7.2 volts. While most pocket radios will operate satisfactorily at this voltage, some manufacturers such as Varta made 8.4 volt batteries with seven cells for more critical applications. Ni–Cd batteries can be charged at several different rates, depending on how the cell was manufactured. The charge rate is measured based on the percentage of the amp-hour capacity the battery is fed as a steady current over the duration of the charge. Regardless of the charge speed, more energy must be supplied to the battery

neg: Dynamic voltage restoration Dynamic voltage restoration Dynamic voltage restoration (DVR) is a method of overcoming voltage sags that occur in electrical power distribution. These are a problem because spikes consume power and sags reduce efficiency of some devices. DVR saves energy through voltage injections that can affect the phase and wave-shape of the power being supplied. Devices used for DVR include static var devices, which are series compensation devices that use voltage source converters (VSC). The first such system in North America was installed in 1996 - a 12.47 kV system located in Anderson, South Carolina. The basic principle of dynamic voltage restoration

neg: John McHale (artist) was awarded a scholarship to study with Josef Albers at the Design Department of Yale University in August 1955, and returned to London in June 1956. He then participated in the 1956 exhibition "This Is Tomorrow" at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, where he supplied a good deal of the Pop Art visual material (projectors, gramophone motors, film posters and probably the juke box were supplied by Frank Cordell). Jeremy Hunt states in his article on 'This Is Tomorrow' that the exhibition Pop Art poster "Just What Is It that Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?" is attributed to "Richard

neg: DC-to-DC converter by a voltage step-up transformer feeding a vacuum tube or semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on the vibrator. Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in only one direction, from dedicated input to output. However, all switching regulator topologies can be made bidirectional and able to move power in either direction by replacing all diodes with independently controlled active rectification. A bidirectional converter is useful, for example, in applications requiring regenerative braking of vehicles, where power is supplied "to" the wheels while driving, but supplied "by" the wheels when braking. Although they require few components, switching converters are

neg: Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis (HHV) is calculated assuming that all of the energy to drive the electrolysis reaction is supplied by the electrical component of the required energy which results in a higher reversible cell voltage. When using the HHV the voltage calculation is referred to as the thermoneutral voltage. The performance of electrolysis cells, like fuel cells, are typically compared by plotting their polarization curves, which is obtained by plotting the cell voltage against the current density. The primary sources of increased voltage in a PEM electrolyzer (the same also applies for PEM fuel cells) can be categorized into thee main areas, Ohmic

neg: Voltage controller Voltage controller A voltage controller, also called an AC voltage controller or AC regulator is an electronic module based on either thyristors, TRIACs, SCRs or IGBTs, which converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequency alternating current (AC) electrical input supply to obtain variable voltage in output delivered to a resistive load. This varied voltage output is used for dimming street lights, varying heating temperatures in homes or industry, speed control of fans and winding machines and many other applications, in a similar fashion to an autotransformer. Voltage controller modules come under the purview of power electronics. Because they are low-maintenance and

neg: Error amplifier (electronics) Error amplifier (electronics) An error amplifier is most commonly encountered in feedback unidirectional voltage control circuits, where the sampled output voltage of the circuit under control, is fed back and compared to a stable reference voltage. Any difference between the two generates a compensating error voltage which tends to move the output voltage towards the design specification. An error amplifier is essentially what its name says, that is, it amplifies an error signal. This error is based on the difference between a reference signal and the input signal. It can also be treated as the difference between the two inputs.

neg: Tip and ring the parts of the plug to which the wires were connected. The words are often abbreviated as "T" and "R". The telephone company maintains large battery systems that supply DC line voltage for the operation of analog telephone service at customer locations. The voltage supplied is a compromise between operational needs for reliable service and safety precautions for customers and service personnel. The length of the line to a customer telephone interface presents a resistance across which the central office voltage experiences a drop and therefore the voltage at the customer site may vary. The nominal battery ("system") voltage is

neg: Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis then becomes: The thermal and electrical inputs shown above represent the minimum amount of energy that can be supplied by electricity in order to obtain an electrolysis reaction. Assuming that the maximum amount of heat energy (48.6 kJ/mol) is supplied to the reaction, the reversible cell voltage formula_4 can be calculated. where formula_5 is the number of electrons and formula_6 is Faraday's constant. The calculation of cell voltage assuming no irreversibilities exist and all of the thermal energy is utilized by the reaction is referred to as the lower heating value (LHV). The alternative formulation, using the higher heating value

neg: Alternator (automotive) intervals. Automotive alternators require a voltage regulator which operates by modulating the small field current to produce a constant voltage at the battery terminals. Early designs (c.1960s–1970s) used a discrete device mounted elsewhere in the vehicle. Intermediate designs (c.1970s–1990s) incorporated the voltage regulator into the alternator housing. Modern designs do away with the voltage regulator altogether; voltage regulation is now a function of the engine control unit (ECU). The field current is much smaller than the output current of the alternator; for example, a 70 A alternator may need only 7 A of field current. The field current is supplied

neg: Scanning electron microscope Magnification is therefore controlled by the current supplied to the x, y scanning coils, or the voltage supplied to the x, y deflector plates, and not by objective lens power. The most common imaging mode collects low-energy (<50 eV) secondary electrons that are ejected from the k-shell of the specimen atoms by inelastic scattering interactions with beam electrons. Due to their low energy, these electrons originate within a few nanometers from the sample surface. The electrons are detected by an Everhart-Thornley detector, which is a type of scintillator-photomultiplier system. The secondary electrons are first collected by attracting them towards an

neg: Error amplifier (electronics) These are usually used in unison with feedback loops, owing to their self-correcting mechanism. They have an inverting and a non-inverting input pin set, which is what is responsible for the output to be the difference of the inputs. Error amplifier (electronics) An error amplifier is most commonly encountered in feedback unidirectional voltage control circuits, where the sampled output voltage of the circuit under control, is fed back and compared to a stable reference voltage. Any difference between the two generates a compensating error voltage which tends to move the output voltage towards the design specification. An error amplifier is

neg: Power factor is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like a variable capacitor. Unlike capacitors, the amount of reactive power supplied is proportional to voltage, not the square of voltage; this improves voltage stability on large networks. Synchronous condensers are often used in connection with high-voltage direct-current transmission projects or in large industrial plants such as steel mills. For power factor correction of high-voltage power systems or large, fluctuating industrial loads, power electronic devices such as the Static VAR compensator or STATCOM are increasingly used. These systems are able to compensate sudden changes of power

neg: Electric power distribution Electric power distribution Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. "Primary" distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment or household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through "secondary" distribution lines. Commercial

neg: Voltage drop wires which supply it may have a resistance of 0.2 ohms, about 2% of the total circuit resistance. This means that approximately 2% of the supplied voltage is lost in the wire itself. An excessive voltage drop may result in unsatisfactory performance of the space heater, and overheating of the wires and connections. National and local electrical codes may set guidelines for the maximum voltage drop allowed in electrical wiring to ensure efficiency of distribution and proper operation of electrical equipment. The maximum permitted voltage drop varies from one country to another. In electronic design and power transmission, various techniques

neg: Darjeeling the municipality proposed a ban on plastic carrier bags and sachets in the town. Darjeeling got from 1897 up to the early 1990s hydroelectricity from the nearby Sidrapong Hydel Power Station, such being the first town in India supplied with hydropower. Today, electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board from other places. The town often suffers from power outages and the electrical supply voltage is unstable, making voltage stabilisers popular with many households. Almost all of the primary schools are now maintained by Darjeeling Gorkha Autonomous Hill Council. The total length of all types of roads within

neg: Electrical grid is a "radial" structure. This is a "tree" shape where power from a large supply radiates out into progressively lower voltage lines until the destination homes and businesses are reached. However, single failures can take out entire branches of the tree. Most transmission grids offer the reliability that more complex "mesh networks" provide. The expense of mesh topologies restrict their application to transmission and medium voltage distribution grids. Redundancy allows line failures to occur and power is simply rerouted while workmen repair the damaged and deactivated line. Other topologies used are "looped" systems found in Europe and "tied ring" networks.

neg: Voltage drop of electrical resistance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance. The amount of impedance in an alternating-current circuit depends on the frequency of the alternating current and the magnetic permeability of electrical conductors and electrically isolated elements (including surrounding elements), which varies with their size and spacing. Analogous to Ohm's law for direct-current circuits, electrical impedance may be expressed by the formula formula_2. So, the voltage drop in an AC circuit is the product of the current and the impedance of the circuit. Voltage drop Voltage drop describes how the energy supplied by a voltage source is reduced as electric current moves

neg: Braemar Power Station Braemar Power Station Braemar Power Station is a complex of natural gas and coal seam gas fired combined-cycle power stations near Dalby in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. Braemar-1 is a 502 MW open-cycle natural gas turbine plant located south west of Dalby, adjacent to the Kogan Creek Power Station, Queensland – New South Wales high voltage transmission interconnector and Power Link 320/274 kV substation. It is supplied from the Tipton West coal seam gas fields, with the pipeline between Condamine and Braemar, which is used exclusively to supply the Braemar Power Station. The power station was developed

neg: Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis the anode to the cathode while insulating the electrodes electrically. Under standard conditions the enthalpy required for the formation of water is 285.9 kJ/mol. A portion of the required energy for a sustained electrolysis reaction is supplied by thermal energy and the remainder is supplied through electrical energy. The actual value for open circuit voltage of an operating electrolyzer will lie between the 1.23 V and 1.48 V depending how the cell/stack design utilizes the thermal energy inputs. This is however quite difficult to determine or measure because an operating electrolyzer also experiences other voltage losses from internal electrical resistances,

neg: Alternator This voltage is used to excite the field coils for the alternator to generate stronger voltage as part of its "build up" process. After the initial AC voltage buildup, the field is supplied with rectified voltage from the alternator. A brushless alternator is composed of two alternators built end-to-end on one shaft. Smaller brushless alternators may look like one unit but the two parts are readily identifiable on the large versions. The larger of the two sections is the main alternator and the smaller one is the exciter. The exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power coils).

neg: Braemar Power Station indicating it will proceed with its development when market conditions improve. Braemar Power Station Braemar Power Station is a complex of natural gas and coal seam gas fired combined-cycle power stations near Dalby in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. Braemar-1 is a 502 MW open-cycle natural gas turbine plant located south west of Dalby, adjacent to the Kogan Creek Power Station, Queensland – New South Wales high voltage transmission interconnector and Power Link 320/274 kV substation. It is supplied from the Tipton West coal seam gas fields, with the pipeline between Condamine and Braemar, which is used exclusively

neg: Westermost Rough Wind Farm 35 to 80 turbines of between 3 and 7 MW power output, in an area of , with a total installed capacity of up to 245 MW. The offshore substation design was subcontracted to Ramboll, with medium voltage turbine to offshore transformer submarine cables supplied by Nexans. High voltage 150 kV submarine export cables and 150/275 kV underground cables were contracted to be supplied from LS Cable & System of Korea. The cable landing point is to be near Tunstall, East Riding of Yorkshire, with a national grid connection made via the buried cables to new substation at Salt End.

neg: Four-terminal sensing Kelvin connection is used, current is supplied via a pair of source connections (current leads). These generate a voltage drop across the impedance to be measured according to Ohm's law "V"="IR". A pair of sense connections (voltage leads) are made immediately adjacent to the target impedance, so that they do not include the voltage drop in the force leads or contacts. Since almost no current flows to the measuring instrument, the voltage drop in the sense leads is negligible. It is usual to arrange the sense wires as the inside pair, while the force wires are the outside pair. If

neg: BC Transmission Corporation generating stations from the Peace and Columbia regions of British Columbia. Power is delivered throughout the province through high-voltage lines from its generation facilities to the local substations located throughout the mainland and Vancouver Island facilities where it is distributed and transmitted to local regional commercial businesses and private homes. Most of British Columbia's electricity supply comes from facilities in the Interior of BC, while 70 to 80 per cent of demand for electricity is in the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island. BCTC manages BC's publicly owned transmission system, which includes transmission towers, high-voltage lines, substations and rights-of-way across the

neg: Voltage regulation acceptable. In order to maintain voltage within tolerance under changing load conditions, various types of devices are traditionally employed: • a load tap changer (LTC) at the substation transformer, which changes the turns ratio in response to load current and thereby adjusts the voltage supplied at the sending end of the feeder; • voltage regulators, which are essentially transformers with tap changers to adjust the voltage along the feeder, so as to compensate for the voltage drop over distance; and • capacitors, which reduce the voltage drop along the feeder by reducing current flow to loads consuming reactive power. A

neg: Islanding electric current (the supply of electrons) and the applied load (resistance). In the case of a grid interruption, the current being supplied by the local source is unlikely to match the load so perfectly as to be able to maintain a constant voltage. A system that periodically samples voltage and looks for sudden changes can be used to detect a fault condition. Under/over voltage detection is normally trivial to implement in grid-interactive inverters, because the basic function of the inverter is to match the grid conditions, including voltage. That means that all grid-interactive inverters, by necessity, have the circuitry needed

neg: Mains electricity of the distribution line. These are autotransformers, again, with on-load tapchangers to adjust the ratio depending on the observed voltage changes. At each customer's service, the step-down transformer has up to five taps to allow some range of adjustment, usually ±5% of the nominal voltage. Since these taps are not automatically controlled, they are used only to adjust the long-term average voltage at the service and not to regulate the voltage seen by the utility customer. The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions. "Power quality" is a term describing the degree of

neg: Desorption a gold surface atom and e is an electron supplied by an external voltage source. Another application for reductive/oxidative desorption is to clean active carbon material through electrochemical regeneration. Electron-stimulated desorption occurs as a result of an electron beam incident upon a surface in vacuum, as is common in particle physics and industrial processes such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At atmospheric pressure, molecules may weakly bond to surfaces in what is known as adsorption. These molecules may form monolayers at a density of 10 atoms/(cm ) for a perfectly smooth surface. One monolayer or several may form, depending on

neg: Sustainable living homes may be linked to a grid supplied by a power plant that is using sustainable power sources, buying power as is normal convention. Additionally, sustainable homes may be connected to a grid, but generate their own electricity through renewable means and sell any excess to a utility. There are two common methods to approaching this option: net metering and double metering. Net metering uses the common meter that is installed in most homes, running forward when power is used from the grid, and running backward when power is put into the grid (which allows them to “net“ out their

neg: Series and parallel circuits are connected in parallel, the battery voltage will be the same as the cell voltage, but the current supplied by each cell will be a fraction of the total current. For example, if a battery comprises four identical cells connected in parallel and delivers a current of 1 ampere, the current supplied by each cell will be 0.25 ampere. Parallel-connected batteries were widely used to power the valve filaments in portable radios, but they are now rare. Some solar electric systems have batteries in parallel to increase the storage capacity; a close approximation of total amp-hours is the sum of

neg: Electric spark and vapors. Even inadvertent static-discharges, or small sparks that occur when switching on lights or other circuits, can be enough to ignite flammable vapors from sources like gasoline, acetone, propane, or dust concentrations in the air, such as those found in flour mills. Sparks often indicate the presence of a high voltage, or "potential field". The higher the voltage; the farther a spark can jump across a gap, and with enough energy supplied can lead to greater discharges such as a glow or an arc. When a person is charged with high-voltage static-charges, or is in the presence of high-voltage

neg: Voltage reduction consumption. Even some resistive loads provide only short-term benefits. A phenomenon known as load diversity plays a role in voltage reduction and can counteract its effects on occasion. The concept of load diversity can most easily be explained with an example. In your neighborhood, it is unlikely that all of the homes' water heaters are on at the same time. Particularly during non-hot water usage hours (morning and evening showers), when your hot water heater is on, your neighbor's may be off. Due to the distributed and noncoincident nature of these loads, the aggregate peak can remain relatively constant. However,

neg: War of the currents stations could be larger, more efficient, and the distribution wires were relatively less costly. The lower cost of AC power distribution prevailed, though DC systems persisted in some urban areas throughout the 20th century. While DC power is not used generally for the transmission of energy from power plants into homes as Edison and others intended, it is still common when distances are small or when isolation between different AC systems is needed, known as High-Voltage DC (HVDC). Low voltage DC is used widely in modern electronic devices, including computers, telephones, and automotive systems; in contrast, most electric motors are

neg: Battery regenerator as "absorption". In this mode the charger holds a steady voltage slightly above that of a filled battery, in order to push current into the cells. As the battery fills, its internal voltage rises towards the fixed voltage being supplied to it, and the rate of current flow slows. Eventually the charger will turn off when the current drops below a pre-set threshold. A sulfated battery has higher electrical resistance than an unsulfated battery of identical construction. As related by Ohm's law, current is the ratio of voltage to resistance, so a sulfated battery will have lower current flow. As

neg: Delco ignition system supplied by the battery (itself supplied, once the engine starts, by the alternator or dynamo in older vehicles). When the points close, current flows through the primary (input) side of the coil, which has a few hundred turns of wire, creating a magnetic field. When the points open, interrupting the current, this field collapses and as it does the lines of flux cut across the secondary (output) coil which has several thousand turns of very fine wire, inducing an open-circuit voltage in the range of 15 to 30 thousand volts at the coil output terminal. This high voltage pulse is

neg: Adaptive voltage scaling and cross coupling capacitances which are hard to duplicate. This delay line adapts to environmental and process variations. As the actual performance of the core and the speed of the delay line are directly related, a closed-loop adaptive voltage scaling system is obtained to automatically adjust the supply voltage such that the minimum needed voltage is supplied so as to perform the target task. The delay chain consists of inverters, NAND gates, wire segments,etc., and the output can be tapped from one of the points, thus allowing tuning of the delay to match chips critical path. A reconfigurable delay chain

neg: Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors the reaction of silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) has a fixed redox potential and is the measuring point for the redox potential of the interrogating electrode. The counter electrode (or auxillary electrode) acts as a cathode or anode to the interrogating electrode. The applied voltage is not passed through the reference electrode due to an impedance supplied by the potentiostat. Therefore, the potential generated within the electrochemical cell is attributed to the interrogating electrode. Current is measured as potential of the interrogating electrode vs. the fixed potential of the reference electrode. The difference in potential is what produces the current in the

neg: Low-voltage network as fuses and residual current devices, must ultimately ensure that a person must not come into touch with a metallic object whose potential relative to the person's potential (which is, in turn, equal to the ground potential unless insulating mats are used) exceeds a "safe" threshold, typically set at about 50 V. Radial operation is the most widespread and most economic design of both MV and LV networks.It provides a sufficiently high degree of reliability and service continuity for most customers. In American (120 V) systems, the customers are commonly supplied directly from the distribution transformers via relatively short service

neg: Extra-low voltage voltage systems, for example SELV, PELV, FELV. These can be supplied using sources including motor / fossil fuel generator sets, transformers, switched PSU's or rechargeable battery. SELV, PELV, FELV, are distinguished by various safety properties, supply characteristics and design voltages. Some types of landscape lighting use SELV / PELV (extra-low voltage) systems. Modern battery operated hand tools fall in the SELV category. In more arduous conditions 25 volts RMS alternating current / 60 volts (ripple-free) direct current can be specified to further reduce hazard. Lower voltage can apply in wet or conductive conditions where there is even greater potential for

neg: Trionic T5.5 houses four ignition coils/transformers whose secondary coil is direct connected to the spark plugs. The cassette is electrically supplied with battery voltage from the main relay (B+) and is grounded in an earth point. When the main relay is activated the battery voltage is reformed to 400 V DC which is stored in a capacitor. 400 V voltage is connected to one of the poles of the primary coil in the four spark coils. To the ignition cassette there are four triggering lines connected from the Trionic ECU, pin 9 (cyl. 1), pin 10 (cyl. 2), pin 11 (cyl. 3)

neg: Electrical network frequency analysis hailed as "the most significant development in audio forensics since Watergate." However, according to a paper by Huijbregtse and Geradts, the ENF technique, although powerful, has significant limitations caused by ambiguity based on fixed frequency offsets during recording, and self-similarity within the mains frequency database, particularly for recordings shorter than 10 minutes. More recently, researchers demonstrated that indoor lights such as fluorescent lights and incandescent bulbs vary their light intensity in accordance with the voltage supplied, which in turn depends on the voltage supply frequency. As a result, the light intensity can carry the frequency fluctuation information to the visual

neg: Voltage doubler resulting in C eventually being charged to twice the input voltage. It may take several cycles before the charge pump succeeds in fully charging C but after steady state has been reached it is only necessary for C to pump a small amount of charge equivalent to that being supplied to the load from C. While C is disconnected from the charge pump it partially discharges into the load resulting in ripple on the output voltage. This ripple is smaller for higher clock frequencies since the discharge time is shorter, and is also easier to filter. Alternatively, the capacitors can

neg: Railway electrification system by connecting the traction motors in various series-parallel combinations, by varying the traction motors' fields, and by inserting and removing starting resistances to limit motor current. Motors have very little room for electrical insulation so they generally have low voltage ratings. Because transformers (prior to the development of power electronics) cannot step down DC voltages, trains were supplied with a relatively low DC voltage that the motors can use directly. The most common DC voltages are listed in the previous section. Third (and fourth) rail systems almost always use voltages below 1 kV for safety reasons while overhead wires usually

neg: Decoupling capacitor storage. The capacitor is placed between power line and ground to the circuit that current is to be provided. According to capacitor equation, formula_1, voltage drop between power line and ground results in current draw out from the capacitor to the circuit and when capacitance "C" is large enough, sufficient current is supplied to maintain an acceptable range of voltage drop. To reduce the effective series inductance, small and large capacitors are often placed in parallel; commonly positioned adjacent to individual integrated circuits. The capacitor stores a small amount of energy that can compensate for the voltage drop in the

neg: Thyristor power controller Thyristor power controller Thyristor power controllers (SCR power controllers) control power or voltage supplied to a load. Typical applications are generally found where power needs to be varied and ultimately converted into thermal energy. For example, the controllers are used in industrial furnace construction or in plastic processing. Thyristor power controllers are operated with an alternating voltage in single-phase or three-phase. They are controlled by a controller and vary the activation time of the mains voltage for the load. Where the operating conditions do not require otherwise, the pulse group operation is recommended. Here, whole mains voltage shafts are switched

neg: Split-phase electric power conductor at all, but would be wildly impractical for varying loads; just connecting the groups in series would result in excessive voltage and brightness variation as lamps are switched on and off. By connecting the two lamp groups to a neutral, intermediate in potential between the two live legs, any imbalance of the load will be supplied by a current in the neutral, giving substantially constant voltage across both groups. The total current carried in all three wires (including the neutral) will always be twice the supply current of the most heavily loaded half. For short wiring runs limited by

neg: XD Group has supplied to national engineering projects, such as China’s first 330 kV and 550 kV High Voltage DC Transmission Engineering, the first 750 kV Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, the first ±100 kV High Voltage DC Transmission Engineering, the first ±500 kV Extra High Voltage DC Transmission Engineering, the first ±800 kV Extreme High Voltage DC Transmission Engineering, the first power supply network from the northwest to the North China back-to-back DC Transmission Engineering, Three Gorges Project, and West-East electricity transmission project. Among them, the products, like transformers of 750 kV, reactors, lightning arresters, capacitor voltage transformers and isolating

neg: Transformer voltage supply to a low voltage load was a series circuit. Open-core transformers with a ratio near 1:1 were connected with their primaries in series to allow use of a high voltage for transmission while presenting a low voltage to the lamps. The inherent flaw in this method was that turning off a single lamp (or other electric device) affected the voltage supplied to all others on the same circuit. Many adjustable transformer designs were introduced to compensate for this problematic characteristic of the series circuit, including those employing methods of adjusting the core or bypassing the magnetic flux around

neg: Picana incapacitating violent suspects, are sometimes used illegitimately for torture. Although working on the high voltage and low current principle, these devices are different from the picana. Picana The picana or picana electrica is a device used to give an electric shock during electrical torture. The picana is a wand or prod that delivers a high voltage but low current electric shock to a torture victim. It has a bronze tip and an insulated handle, and is connected by wire to a control box with a rheostat to raise or reduce the voltage. Power is supplied by a car battery or

neg: Bynum, North Carolina and each house was supplied with indoor plumbing for a kitchen and bathroom. The existing tenants, who had been paying less than $10 a month rent to the mill, were given the chance to buy their homes with favorable long-term mortgages. Many mill workers had lived all their lives in these homes. Most bought their homes. Other homes found eager buyers. Many of the mill workers, suddenly in possession of rapidly appreciating assets, sold to newcomers and bought more modern homes elsewhere. Many of the new owners were college educated younger people, musicians, craftspeople, and artists. Odell Manufacturing closed the

neg: Villa Rica, Georgia got a lot of interest from developers. One group proposed the creation of a Gone with the Wind theme park, while others considered more standard ideas such as building homes and businesses. What finally occurred was the creation of a subdivision named Mirror Lake which supplied the oft-named lake with a third name. At the time the subdivision was proposed, Villa Rica had approximately 1,500 homes. The Mirror Lake subdivision added over 2,000 homes in its original proposal, and subsequent changes and additions have increased that number so that there will be almost 3,000 residences by the time the project

neg: Characteristic impedance and can thus be ignored. The solutions to the long line transmission equations include incident and reflected portions of the voltage and current:formula_44formula_45When the line is terminated with its characteristic impedance, the reflected portions of these equations are reduced to 0 and the solutions to the voltage and current along the transmission line are wholly incident. Without a reflection of the wave, the load that is being supplied by the line effectively blends into the line making it appear to be an infinite line. In a lossless line this implies that the voltage and current remain the same everywhere along