query: when did the video game rating system start

pos: Entertainment Software Rating Board and, in Nintendo's case, some Asian countries. Entertainment Software Rating Board The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is an American self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings to consumer video games. The ESRB was established in 1994 by the Entertainment Software Association (formerly the Interactive Digital Software Association), in response to criticism of controversial video games with excessively violent or sexual content. The board assigns ratings to games based on their content, using judgment similar to the motion picture rating systems used in many countries, using a combination of six age-based levels intended to aid consumers in determining a

pos: Entertainment Software Rating Board systems were sufficient, and in February 1994, threatened to propose the creation of a federal commission for regulating and rating video games. With the threat of federal regulations, a group of major video game developers and publishers, including Acclaim Entertainment and Electronic Arts along with Nintendo and Sega, formed a political trade group known as the Interactive Digital Software Association in April 1994, with a goal to create a self-regulatory framework for assessing and rating video games. While Sega had proposed that the industry use its VRC rating system, Nintendo representatives objected to the idea because they did not want

pos: Video game content rating system classifiers usually work within the media industry. In January 2014, Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Media was merged with National Audiovisual Archive to form National Audiovisual Institute. Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK) ("Entertainment Software Self-control"), is Germany's software rating organization founded in 1994. Indonesian Game Rating System (IGRS) is an official video game content rating system founded and set by the Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Informatics in 2016. IGRS rates games that are developed and/or published in Indonesia. There are 5 classifications of ratings based on the game content, which includes the use of alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, violence, blood,

pos: Disney's Aladdin (1994 video game) 9/10 rating and the other three (Danyon Carpenter, Al Manuel, Sushi-X) giving it a 7/10 rating. In 2013, "Complex" listed the game as one of the 25 best handheld video games made, arguing that it combines elements of two other "Disney's Aladdin" video games: the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game and the Genesis game. Disney's Aladdin (1994 video game) Disney's Aladdin is a 1994 video game developed by SIMS Co., Ltd. for the Game Gear and Master System. Based on the film of the same name, "Disney's Aladdin" is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player character is Aladdin.

pos: 1993 congressional hearings on video games between Nintendo and Sega was formed, referred as the "Console Wars", which continued through the next decade and into the fifth generation of consoles, after which Sega dropped out of the hardware market and became principally a game developer and publisher, and at times working collaborative with Nintendo. Prior to 1994, the video game industry did not have a unified content rating system. Sega had developed its Videogame Rating Council in June 1993, just prior to releasing "Mortal Kombat", which used three principle ratings for games released on its platform: GA for General Audiences, MA-13 for games intended for those

pos: History of Sega rating video games. At the end of the hearing, Senator Joe Lieberman called for another hearing in February 1994 to check on progress toward a rating system for video game violence. Although experiencing increased sales, Sega decided to recall "Night Trap"and re-release it with revisions in 1994 due to the Congressional hearings. After the close of these hearings, video game manufacturers came together to establish the rating system that Lieberman had called for. Initially, Sega proposed the universal adoption of its system, but after objections by Nintendo and others, Sega took a role in forming a new one. This became

pos: Video game censorship and Lori Bergen reiterated these claims in a 2008 book examining sociological effects on the production of media effects research. Voluntary rating systems adopted by the video game industry, such as the ESRB rating system in the United States and Canada (established in 1994), and the Pan European Game Information (PEGI) rating system in Europe (established in 2003), are aimed at informing parents about the types of games their children are playing (or are asking to play). Some ratings of controversial games indicate they are not targeted at young children ("Mature" (M) or "Adults Only" (AO) in the US, or

pos: Video game controversies ban was finally lifted in January 2014. However, the Chinese would still police video games which would be "hostile to China or not in conformity with the outlook of China's government". Reported by Bloomberg, metaphorically speaking, Cai Wu, head of China's Ministry of Culture, said "We want to open the window a crack to get some fresh air, but we still need a screen to block the flies and mosquitoes.". Voluntary rating systems adopted by the video game industry, such as the ESRB rating system in the United States and Canada (established in 1994), and the Pan European Game Information

pos: 1993 congressional hearings on video games was putting into its games by having them implement the ratings system, but felt that "The rating system has not stopped game producers from putting out some very violent games." "Mortal Kombat II" was released to arcades in its final form by January 1994, and to home consoles later that year. Among other changes, the game added a variation on the "fatalities", called "Friendships", which would occur if the player did not complete the actions of the finishing move correctly; in such a case, the winning fighter would do a non-hostile action, such as giving the defeated fighter a virtual

pos: Controversies surrounding Mortal Kombat of the Entertainment Software Rating Board and other ratings boards for video games. Various "Mortal Kombat" games have been censored or banned in several countries, and the franchise was the subject of several court cases. The "Mortal Kombat" series' violence, particularly its "Fatalities", was a source of major controversy during the early 1990s. A moral panic over the series, fueled by outrage from the mass media, resulted in a Congressional hearing and helped to pave the way for the creation of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) game rating system in 1994. During the U.S. Congressional hearing on video game

pos: Entertainment Software Rating Board Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) having cited "fundamental differences between the coin-operated and consumer segments of the video game industry" as reasoning. The AAMA, the Amusement & Music Operators Association, and the International Association for the Leisure and Entertainment Industry, adopted their own three-tier "Parental Advisory System" in 1994, which uses three color-coded levels of content intensity (designated by green, yellow, and red stickers affixed to arcade cabinet artwork). Alongside its efforts to classify video games, the ESRB also formed a division known as Entertainment Software Rating Board Interactive (ESRBi), which rated internet content using a similar system to its video

pos: No Escape (video game) gameplay, repetitive soundtrack, and frustrating control is to not get caught buying this game!" No Escape (video game) No Escape is a video game developed by Bits Corporation and published by Sony Imagesoft for the Sega Genesis, based on the 1994 film of the same name. "No Escape" is a game in which the player is Robbins, an inmate on the penal colony island of Absolom. A video game based on the film "No Escape" was released in 1994 for Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and PC. "Next Generation" reviewed the Genesis version of the game, rating it 1

pos: No Escape (video game) No Escape (video game) No Escape is a video game developed by Bits Corporation and published by Sony Imagesoft for the Sega Genesis, based on the 1994 film of the same name. "No Escape" is a game in which the player is Robbins, an inmate on the penal colony island of Absolom. A video game based on the film "No Escape" was released in 1994 for Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and PC. "Next Generation" reviewed the Genesis version of the game, rating it 1 star out of five, and stated that "the only way to escape the annoying

pos: Sega Genesis Although experiencing increased sales, Sega decided to recall "Night Trap" and re-release it with revisions in 1994 due to the Congressional hearings. After the close of these hearings, video game manufacturers came together to establish the rating system that Lieberman had called for. Initially, Sega proposed the universal adoption of its system, but after objections by Nintendo and others, Sega took a role in forming a new one. This became the Entertainment Software Rating Board, an independent organization that received praise from Lieberman. With this new rating system in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed, and

neg: Video game content rating system rating system in countries and territories that are not represented by a participating rating authority. The image below presents outdated usage of various video game content rating systems around the world. Countries filled with gradients are using several rating systems. Video game content rating system A video game content rating system is a system used for the classification of video games into suitability-related groups. Most of these systems are associated with and/or sponsored by a government, and are sometimes part of the local motion picture rating system. The utility of such ratings has been called into question by studies that

neg: Video game content rating system Video game content rating system A video game content rating system is a system used for the classification of video games into suitability-related groups. Most of these systems are associated with and/or sponsored by a government, and are sometimes part of the local motion picture rating system. The utility of such ratings has been called into question by studies that publish findings such as 90% of teenagers claim that their parents "never" check the ratings before allowing them to rent or buy video games, and as such calls have been made to "fix" the existing rating systems. Video game content

neg: Manhunt (video game series) the game was structured in such a way that the player had the choice as to whether or not to kill these characters. If they didn't, they got the "Good Ending", if they did, they got the "Bad Ending". Rockstar also removed the rating system. Originally, the game had a rating system similar to the first game, where the player was rated based on speed and severity of execution types. To achieve a maximum rating, one had to perform a set number of gruesome executions in each level. This rating system was completely removed from the edited version. On 8

neg: Video game content rating system rating systems can be used as the basis for laws that cover the sales of video games to minors, such as in Australia. Rating checking and approval is part of the game localization when they are being prepared for their distribution in other countries or locales. These rating systems have also been used to voluntarily restrict sales of certain video games by stores, such as the German retailer Galeria Kaufhof's removal of all video games rated 18+ by the USK following the Winnenden school shooting. A comparison of current video game rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis. Note

neg: Electronic Arts that the game was designed to manipulate store ratings. The game would prompt users to rate it, with 5-star ratings claiming it would support the game with free updates. When the user selected ratings less than 5, the game did not actually register the rating with the store front, instead sending an email. This led to accusations of EA fraudulently manipulating the game's rating system and its subsequent score on mobile storefronts. Electronic Arts Electronic Arts Inc. (EA) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Founded and incorporated on May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins, the

neg: Video game content rating system games in Singapore. The Game Rating Board (게임물등급위원회 "Geimmul Deung-Geub-Wiwonhoe") (GRB) is the South Korean video game content rating board. A governmental organization, the GRB rates video and computer games to inform customers of the nature of game contents. Game Software Rating Regulations (遊戲軟體分級辦法), also translated as Game Software Rating Management Regulations, is the video game content rating system used in Taiwan. The National Media Council () (NMC) is a body of the federal U.A.E. government which regulates all aspects of media production, publication, and media trade in the United Arab Emirates. The body was established under Federal Law (1)

neg: Pan European Game Information Pan European Game Information Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European video game content rating system established to help European consumers make informed decisions when buying video games or apps through the use of age recommendations and content descriptors. It was developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE) and came into use in April 2003; it replaced many national age rating systems with a single European system. The PEGI system is now used in 39 countries and is based on a code of conduct, a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is

neg: Pan European Game Information specific regulation, other countries have officially acknowledged PEGI as the sole system for age ratings, while yet another number of countries have incorporated the PEGI rating system into laws governing the age classification of media, making the labels enforceable in retail. Pan European Game Information Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European video game content rating system established to help European consumers make informed decisions when buying video games or apps through the use of age recommendations and content descriptors. It was developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE) and came into use in April 2003; it

neg: Video game censorship are also blocked. Attempts to access these sites are automatically redirected to the warning page showing "This site is legally blocked by the government regulations." Search engines are required to verify age for some keywords deemed "inappropriate" for minors. Mexico voluntarily adopt the ESRB rating system for rating video games. The United States, Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands all voluntarily comply with the ESRB rating system. The first major controversy over video games in the United States was in the early 1990s, when games such as Mortal Kombat and Night Trap released, which were known

neg: Video game content rating system language, sexual content, etc. These are the following classifications: Entertainment Software Rating Association () (ESRA) is a governmental video game content rating system that is used in Iran. Games that have been exempt from the rating are "de facto" banned from sale in Iran. In practise, the rating applies largely to PC and mobile games, as none of the console games are officially released for the Irani market. The (CERO) is an organization that rates video games and PC games (except dating sims, visual novels, and eroge) in Japan with levels of rating that informs the customer of the nature

neg: Heileen points, which leads to different outcomes and one out of three possible endings. The player can also start a relationship with one of the other characters, including lesbian relationships. The game offers a quest system and gives you a score rating at the end of the game. The second game features 15 unique endings and an enhanced version of the original quest system in Heileen with 20 quests. The third game does not feature a quest system any more and offers a new stat raising system instead. "Heileen: A Trip To Bavaria" tells the story of a trip Heileen did

neg: Major League Baseball (video game) "Major League Baseball" was featured in the first issue of "Nintendo Power" and compared to "R.B.I. Baseball" and "Bases Loaded", although the magazine did not pass any judgment on which game was superior. Allgame's review of "Major League Baseball" rated it three stars out of five, the same rating it gave to "R.B.I. Baseball" and half a star lower than it awarded to "Bases Loaded". Major League Baseball (video game) Major League Baseball is a sports video game released in 1988 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It is notable for being one of the first video games licensed by Major

neg: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n the violence in the video game "Mortal Kombat" and lack of consistent content ratings between publishers, with Congress threatening to pass legislation that would mandate a ratings system if the industry did not take its own steps. The industry reacted by forming the Interactive Digital Software Association, which would become the ESA, and establishing the ESRB. The ESRB, like the Motion Picture Association of America's rating system, is a voluntary and self-regulated body that examines the content of video games as provided by the publisher before distribution, and given a rating describing the content within, generally classified from being all

neg: Video gaming in Indonesia game rating system, the Indonesia Game Rating System which was launched by the Ministry of Communication and Informatics in 2016. It categorizes video games into the following classifications: Video game piracy is common in Indonesia, with BSA estimating 84% of all software installed in Indonesia throughout 2013 being unlicensed. Many stores in Indonesia offer illegally downloaded video games burned into DVDs for significantly less than its normal retail price, with Wii games being sold for IDR 20,000 (USD 2) or less. Due to the nature of Indonesian copyright laws, video game companies are required to bring the lawsuits against the

neg: King of Kings (1988 video game) set level; which is increased by killing enemy units. Levels range from 1 to 9 (with the ninth level character wearing a crown). It is very important to have a higher attack rating than the opponent. On the other hand, having a higher defense rating also helps to win battles and to create a balanced game system. Some units can use "magic" that turns directly attack enemy units with various special effects. The campaign mode is limited to the type of units than can be produced. These types start off as being less productive. However, more types of units will

neg: Cool World (SNES video game) of candy. Allgame gave "Cool World" an overall rating of 2 stars out of an overall 5. Nintendo Power gave this game a rating of 3.25 out of 5 while Power Unlimited gave this game a 75% rating in their July 1993 issue. Cool World (SNES video game) Cool World is an action game video game released in 1993 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It is loosely based on the 1992 movie of the same name. Both the European version and the North American version are in English. In contrast to the computer/Game Boy and NES versions, this version

neg: Video game censorship 15 or 18 in the UK). The packaging warns such games should not be sold to children. In the US, ESRB ratings are not legally binding, but many retailers take it upon themselves to refuse the sale of these games to minors. In the United Kingdom (UK), the BBFC ratings are legally binding. UK retailers also enforce the PEGI ratings, which are not legally binding. All of the provinces and territories in Canada voluntarily adopt the ESRB rating system for rating video games. Saint Pierre and Miquelon don't have a formal video game rating system, but receive games from Canada,

neg: National Institute on Media and the Family with the report's characterization of ESRB and its rating system." In 2005 the NIMF made the controversial claim that the video game industry was promoting cannibalism after analyzing stills and video clips from a zombie-themed game titled "Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse". Dr. Walsh was asked about this in a podcast interview with Dennis McCauley, owner of gamepolitics.com. During the interview Dr. Walsh did not acknowledge the NIMF's apparent error, instead claiming that video gamers tricked him into thinking there was cannibalism in the game. In late 2003 Walsh proposed the coining of a neologism to fill

neg: Video game content rating system the Board and is overseen by the Minister for Communications & the Arts. Decisions made by the Board may be reviewed by the Australian Classification Review Board. The advisory rating (ClassInd) ("Classificação Indicativa" in Portuguese) rates films, games and television shows in Brazil. It is controlled by the Ministry of Justice ("Ministério da Justiça"). Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European video game content rating system established to help European parents make informed decisions on buying computer games with logos on games boxes. It was developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE) and came into use in

neg: A Nightmare on Elm Street to be an ongoing franchise, did not work on the first sequel, "" (1985). Production wrapped in late July, and the film was rushed to get ready for its November release. When the film was submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system (MPAA), they required two cuts to grant it an R rating. The theatrical version was released with an R rating and thirteen seconds of cuts. In the U.K. the film was released theatrically and on home video uncut. The Australian theatrical release was edited to an M rating, but the VHS home video was

neg: Batman (1986 video game) implementing an early example of a save game system that allows players to restart from an intermediate point in the game on the loss of all lives rather than returning all the way to the start (in this case the point at which Batman collects a "Batstone"). "Batman" was received well by the computer game press at the time. Crash gave it a rating of 93%, Your Sinclair scored it 9/10 and Sinclair User gave it five stars and rated it as a "classic". The game went to number 2 in the UK sales charts, behind "World Cup Carnival". A

neg: DC Comics rating system DC Comics rating system The DC Comics rating system is a system for rating the content of comic books used by DC Comics. In 2011, DC Comics decided to withdraw from the Comics Code Authority and implement their own rating system for their comics. Rather than replicating the system used by Marvel Comics, DC Comics' system is more similar to video game ratings, specifically the ESRB. A few months later, Image Comics implemented a similar rating system to their own comics that followed the same system as DC. The DC Comics Rating System assigns each comic book one of the

neg: DC Comics rating system following ratings: DC Comics rating system The DC Comics rating system is a system for rating the content of comic books used by DC Comics. In 2011, DC Comics decided to withdraw from the Comics Code Authority and implement their own rating system for their comics. Rather than replicating the system used by Marvel Comics, DC Comics' system is more similar to video game ratings, specifically the ESRB. A few months later, Image Comics implemented a similar rating system to their own comics that followed the same system as DC. The DC Comics Rating System assigns each comic book one

neg: 1993 congressional hearings on video games five levels. The following year, the RSAC system was also developed for Internet cites under the "RSACi" system. By 1999, RSAC and RSACi were transitioned to the Internet Content Rating Association dedicated specifically for rating Internet content, while software developers adopted the ESRB system for their games. Senator Lieberman continued to monitor the video game industry following the hearings, a general part of his own position related to violent content from entertainment industries. In 1997, he stated that one of his intentions of the 1993 hearings was to have the industry regulate how much violence that the video game industry

neg: The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment unchanged when a merger proposal was raised once again in 2013. UKIE's primary goal is to represent the UK's video game industry, and as of December 2017, represented over 395 video game companies worldwide. The association provides strategy and advice for developers and publishers, collects and publishes retail date for UK video game sales, and lobbies and meets with members of the government to help establish policy related to video games. One of its more notable activities was to help petition the UK government to use the Pan European Game Information (PEGI) rating system rather than the British Board of

neg: Breath of Fire (video game) the game progresses, players may purchase or find items and equipment that can aid each character and make them stronger. Players advance the game by doing battle with enemy creatures. Combat in "Breath of Fire" takes place in hostile areas such as dungeons, with encounters occurring randomly every few steps. The game uses a turn-based system while in combat, where the player inputs commands for each character at the start of each round, which are then carried out by order of their "agility" rating. While each controllable character's health is indicated by numerical hit points, an enemy's vitality is represented

neg: Cyber Police ESWAT System 16 to JAMMA adaptor. Each player requires one start button, one joystick, and three action buttons (shoot, jump, special weapons). This game utilizes a standard resolution arcade monitor. "Computer and Video Games" called the game a cross between "NARC" and "RoboCop", but wrote that it "doesn't quite have the flair of either". Rating the game at 76% overall, they recommended only playing "Cyber Police" if they were bored with the two other games. Cyber Police ESWAT The gameplay is very similar to Sega's own Shinobi, as the player has the ability to jump up and down between planes where

neg: Jurassic Park (Sega video game) composed the game's music and sound effects. By June 1993, the development team had been working on the game for 15 months. The game's development had been kept secretive up until that month, when the game was publicly unveiled for the first time at Chicago's Summer Consumer Electronics Show. "Jurassic Park" was the first film-based video game to give players the option of playing as a protagonist or antagonist. "Jurassic Park" was released in the United States on August 10, 1993, and was the first video game to utilize Sega's new ratings system, receiving a GA (General Audiences) rating. Approximately

neg: Video game content rating system April 2003; it replaced many national age rating systems with a single European system. The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty-one countries and is based on a code of conduct, a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed. PEGI self-regulation is composed by five age categories and eight content descriptors that advise the suitability and content of a game for a certain age range based on the games content. The age rating does not indicate the difficulty of the game or the skill required to play it. Finnish Centre for

neg: Kung Fu Panda 2 (video game) Kung Fu Panda 2 video game received generally mixed to negative reviews from critics. Metacritic calculated a score of 50 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version based on 18 reviews. It did a little bit better in the reception department for the DS version, scoring a rating of 59. The game fared worse with a rating of 31/100 for the PS3 version from 7 critics. On GameSpot, the game received an even negative rating score, receiving only 3.5 out of 10 points. The game received a slightly more positive score on IGN, receiving 6.5 out 10 points. However,

neg: Elo rating system Elo rating system The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. The Elo system was originally invented as an improved chess rating system over the previously used Harkness system, but is also used as a rating system for multiplayer competition in a number of video games, association football, American football, basketball, Major League Baseball, table tennis, "Scrabble", board games such as "Diplomacy (game)" and other games. The difference in the ratings between two players serves

neg: Magic Boy (video game) enemies by forcing them into his magical bag and dumping them at key positions. If the monster is left in the bag for an extended period of time, Hewlett will lose a life. Losing too many lives with result in game over. GamePro gave the Super NES version of "Magic Boy" an overall rating of 4 out of 5. Nintendo Entertainment System UK gave the Super NES version of the game a rating of 73%. Magic Boy (video game) Magic Boy is a platform video game developed by Blue Turtle and published for the Amiga, Atari ST and MS-DOS by

neg: Paperboy (video game) stated that Mindscape did a good job of porting the game to the NES. Weiss praised the controls and sound effects of the NES version, but criticized the music. "Raze" considered the Game Boy version to be "Excellent", while "Mean Machines" criticized its controls, blurry scrolling, and the lack of colorful graphics, which could not be produced by the system. "ACE" noted slightly difficult controls and poor sound effects for the Game Boy version. "The One" gave the Amiga version 80% stating that "it's an almost flawless conversion" of the arcade game. "ACE" gave the Amiga version a rating of

neg: Super Nintendo Entertainment System did not, it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one. Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; U.S. Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993, to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children. While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games. With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were

neg: Entertainment Software Rating Board our kids", and that the bill would "[go] hand in hand with the mission of the industry’s own ratings system." Brownback proposed a bill known as the Truth in Video Game Rating Act, which would have also forced the ESRB to have full, hands-on access to games instead of just video footage, and have initiated a government study on the "effectiveness" of the organization and the possibility of forming a ratings organization independent from the video game industry. In October 2017, in response to growing criticism of the loot box model for video game microtransactions (which grant chances at earning

neg: Sega Genesis decided to replace the blood in the game with "sweat" and the arcade's gruesome "fatalities" with less violent finishing moves. Sega took a different approach, instituting America's first video game ratings system, the Videogame Rating Council (VRC), for all its current systems. Ratings ranged from the family friendly GA rating to the more mature rating of MA-13, and the adults-only rating of MA-17. With the rating system in place, Sega released its version of "Mortal Kombat", appearing to have removed all the blood and sweat effects and toning down the finishing moves even more than in the SNES version. However,

neg: History of Sega approach, instituting America's first video game ratings system, the Videogame Rating Council (VRC), for all its current systems. Ratings ranged from the family friendly GA rating to the more mature rating of MA-13, and the adults-only rating of MA-17. With the rating system in place, Sega released its version of "Mortal Kombat", appearing to have removed all the blood and sweat effects and toning down the finishing moves even more than in the SNES version. However, all the arcade's blood and uncensored finishing moves could be enabled by entering a "Blood Code". This technicality allowed Sega to release the game

neg: National Institute on Media and the Family to minors. The 2005 MediaWise Video Game Report Card criticized the Entertainment Software Rating Board's system of rating video games for age-appropriate conduct in its annual series of report cards, noting the scarcity of "Adults-Only" rated games and citing the perceived inadequacy in retailer enforcement. Several days after the report was released, the United States National Parent Teacher Association issued a press release condemning it, stating that "[the report card] contained erroneous statements about National PTA's position on the Entertainment Software Rating Board's (ESRB) rating system. In fact, National PTA does not endorse NIMF's report. Further, it does not agree

neg: Theresia (video game) Theresia (video game) , known in Japan as Theresia: Dear Emile, is a psychological horror visual novel adventure game developed by WorkJam and published by Aksys Games, released exclusively for the Nintendo DS. It is one of the few DS games to receive an ESRB rating of M for "Mature" and a CERO rating of C or "ages 15 and older". The game was released on September 11, 2008 in Japan and on October 30, 2008 in North America. Arc System Works acquired the rights to the series in 2017. The game is a part of the mobile phone game

neg: Toonami a sequel to Countdown or not is unknown. Infrequently, Toonami has aired reviews of video games. These reviews, delivered TOM and occasionally Sara, are relatively short and air during commercial breaks. The reviews score games on a 1-10 system: 10 signifying an excellent game, 1 signifying a very poor game. (The scoring system was originally 1-5 until 2000.) So far, three games have been given a rating not based on the 1-10 rating system. "" for PlayStation 2 was given a "?" rating because of many failed attempts to get past Level 6, and "" by Marc "Parsec" Hadley of

neg: Entertainment Software Rating Board M rating and sales; a 2007 study by Electronic Entertainment Design and Research found that M-rated games "have both the highest average Metacritic scores and the highest average gross sales in the United States", and NPD Group found that 7 of the top 20 video games of 2010 (including the #1 game, "") were M-rated, even though only 5% of games released that year carried the rating. In 2005, the National Institute on Media and the Family criticized the ESRB for seldom-using the Adults Only rating, arguing because it has a vested interest in the video game industry, it did

neg: Canadian Home Video Rating System the provinces did not use a rating similar to the 18A (or in some cases, the R category). This results in numerous inconsistencies and misprints. Home video ratings in Canada do not necessarily correspond with similar ratings in the US or elsewhere. For example, sexually explicit series such as "Girls", "Orange is the New Black" and "Shameless", all TV-MA rated under the US system, are only rated 14A under the Canadian system. Other series with sexual and violent content, such as "Bitten" and "Black Sails" have been released to DVD and Blu-ray in Canada with no content rating at all.

neg: NFL (video game) options, either Interconference, AFC and NFC game or the Super Bowl (specifically Super Bowl XXIII). Along with the option to choose a package to play during the game, players can directly control the entire team at once. This game was one of the first NFL video games on a gaming system. The game employs a side-scrolling system for the actual gameplay and allows players to assign handicaps to a human opponent that is not equally skilled as they are. Allgame gave the game a 2.5 out of 5 rating in their overview. NFL (video game) NFL is a 1989 football

neg: Knightmare (1991 video game) beat Lord Fear, the antagonist in the game. When developing the game, the developers travelled to Anglia Television studios to make use of the audio equipment when producing the sound for the game. Generally "Knightmare" was received well. Amiga Action and CU Amiga gave the game scores of 91% and 90%, but the game did not escape lower reviews, with Amiga Power rating the game at 75%. Critics drew attention to how similar "Knightmare" is to "Captive". Amiga Action indicates that the quality of the game makes this less of an issue, while Amiga Power said the Captive game engine

neg: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n including the British Board of Film Classification, the Australian Classification Board, and Japan's Computer Entertainment Rating Organization. In 2005, the California State Legislature passed AB 1179, sponsored by then-California State Senator Leland Yee, which banned the sale of violent video games to anyone under age 18 and required clear labeling beyond the existing ESRB rating system. The law would have a maximum $1000 fine for each infraction. The definition of "violent video game" used a variation of the Miller test, a three-pronged test used previously by the United States Supreme Court to define when obscene speech is not protected under

neg: Theresia (video game) two sevens, and one six, for a total of 28 out of 40. Theresia (video game) , known in Japan as Theresia: Dear Emile, is a psychological horror visual novel adventure game developed by WorkJam and published by Aksys Games, released exclusively for the Nintendo DS. It is one of the few DS games to receive an ESRB rating of M for "Mature" and a CERO rating of C or "ages 15 and older". The game was released on September 11, 2008 in Japan and on October 30, 2008 in North America. Arc System Works acquired the rights to the

neg: Elo rating system which are two-team fights. The initial K-value was 30, but was changed to 5 in January 2007, then changed to 15 in July 2009. "World of Warcraft" formerly used the Elo rating system when teaming up and comparing Arena players, but now uses a system similar to Microsoft's TrueSkill. The MOBA game League of Legends used an Elo rating system prior to the second season of competitive play. The game "Puzzle Pirates" uses the Elo rating system to determine the standings in the various puzzles. "Roblox" introduced the Elo rating in 2010. The browser game "Quidditch Manager" uses the Elo

neg: Concursion (video game) runner. The game’s enemies, furthermore, will change form and behavior when crossing the border from one game dimension to another. There is a shared health system for all hero types, and the player will die when the health pool is reduced to zero by taking damage, or when they fall into a pit. The goal of Concursion is to rescue Princess Honeybluff, a stereotypical video game princess, who is kidnapped by a similarly stereotypical bad guy, Darklord Biganbad, at the game’s start. Throughout the game, there are “gem shards” to collect, which impact the player’s ability to find the princess

neg: Video game content rating system Council now known as the VSC Rating Board). In July 2012, the VSC Rating Board became the sole UK statutory video games regulator for the UK. The VSC Rating Board has been a PEGI Administrator since 2003 and subsequently uses the PEGI criteria to classify video games. The UK Interactive Entertainment Association, a UK industry trade group, works with the VSC to help properly label such games and provide informational material to parents. Games featuring strong pornographic content or ancillary mini-games to be included with a DVD feature will still be rated by the BBFC. The IARC adopted its own

neg: Game Rating and Administration Committee the only rating organization for rating video games in South Korea. The GRAC has been criticized as one of the elements of the Internet censorship in South Korea. The GRB currently uses five different rating systems. Most video games can be of any rating, though only 'All' and 'Teenager restricted' are permitted for arcade games. The descriptors are: Game Rating and Administration Committee The Game Rating and Administration Committee (; GRAC) is the South Korean video game content rating board. A governmental organization, the GRAC rates video games to inform customers of the nature of game contents. Initially, the Korea

neg: The Addams Family (video game) and bosses (for the purpose of increasing Gomez's health). Gomez dispatches enemies by simply jumping on their heads (similar to the Super Mario games). He can also find objects to throw at them, such as golf balls. The game did not have a save system but, instead, bore a password system. Through progression of the game, the player would receive passwords, enabling him or her to start where they left off. Reviews are mixed for the game with the Amiga and the SNES versions reaching scores of up to 95%, while the versions for the NES and Game Boy received

neg: Elo rating system rating to measure a team's performance. Another recent game to start using the Elo rating system is "AirMech", using Elo ratings for 1v1, 2v2, and 3v3 random/team matchmaking. "RuneScape 3" was to use the Elo system for the rerelease of bounty hunter in 2016. "Mechwarrior Online" instituted an Elo system for its new "Comp Queue" mode, effective with the Jun 20, 2017 patch. In 1998 an online gaming ladder called Clanbase was launched, who used the Elo scoring system to rank teams. The site later went offline in 2013. A similar alternative site was launched in 2016 under the name

neg: Manhunt (video game series) it is time to review the robustness, reliability and repeatability of your ratings process, particularly for this genre of 'ultraviolent' video games and the advances in game controllers. We have consistently urged parents to pay attention to the ESRB rating system. We must ensure that parents can rely on the consistency and accuracy of those ratings." The ESRB again refused to re-rate the game, and stuck with the M rating. On 31 October 2009, Rockstar started taking pre-orders for a PC port of the original unedited version of the game through Direct2Drive. It was released in the US on 6

neg: Pro Wrestling (Master System video game) at imitating the spectacle of American pro wrestling was lauded, but overall the game received largely mixed reviews. "Sega Pro" gave it a positive review, with an 81% rating, describing it as "great fun", particularly with two players. "Computer and Video Games" gave the game a 46% overall rating; in its "Complete Guide to Sega", they criticized the game's graphics and sound and called the control scheme "awkward." Allgame offered a positive review, complimenting its visual style and calling the graphics "bright and cartoonish." Reviewer Jonathan Sutyak said that while the game got repetitive after a while and was not

neg: Tony Meola's Sidekicks Soccer similar to that of Sculptured Software's previous "NCAA Basketball". There are various options and features; including a variety of soccer formations, corner kicks, and the ability to alter each team's roster. In their November 1993 issue of Game Players, the magazine assigned this video game a rating of 72%. Allgame would assign this game a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5. Tony Meola's Sidekicks Soccer Tony Meola's Sidekicks Soccer is a traditional soccer (football) simulation video game released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1993. It is named after US goalkeeper Tony Meola. It went under several names

neg: Video game content rating system of 2006. By 2013, the NMC has sustained full authority over the media market in the country. In 2018, the NMC introduced local age rating systems for various media, including video games available in retail. The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), originally British Board of Film Censors, is a non-governmental organisation, funded by the film industry and responsible for the national classification of films within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos and DVDs. It no longer has responsibility for rating video games in the UK. This role has been passed to the Video Standards

neg: AFL Live retailers on 12 July 2012. "AFL Live" has received mostly average reviews, with a 64% aggregate rating on GameRankings. IGN rated it 6 out of 10. MMGN and also GameSpot rating it 6.5/10, with MMGN summing up, "The best AFL game to date, and while full of issues, a positive start". The Good Game talk show's two reviewers gave the game a 6/10 and 6.5/10. While Game Arena gave it a lower score of 4/10. AFL Live AFL Live is a sports game in the AFL series of Australian rules football video games. It was developed by Big Ant Studios

neg: SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis (video game) method of having to return to the start of the level to switch characters. It was also called "too short" and "too easy" for older gamers. A review of the Wii version called the game "second-rate", "sloppy", "tedious", and "really boring". The graphics were criticized for being "bland". The PlayStation 2 version was criticized for the same reasons but was given a slightly lower rating because IGN says that Wiimote controls spice up the shooting games. SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis (video game) SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis is a "SpongeBob SquarePants" video game based on the television series and the Atlantis SquarePantis TV

neg: Entertainment Software Rating Board system of "content descriptors" which detail specific types of content present in a particular game. The ESRB maintains a code of ethics for the advertising and promotion of video games—ensuring that marketing materials for games are targeted to appropriate audiences. In 2011, the ESRB began offering a system to automatically assign ratings for digitally-distributed games and mobile apps, which utilizes a survey answered by the product's publisher as opposed to a manual assessment by ESRB staff. Through the International Age Rating Coalition (IARC), this method can generate equivalent ratings for other territories. Alongside its game rating operation, the ESRB also

neg: Elo rating system Overwatch League professional sports organization, uses a derivative of the Elo system to rank competitive players with various adjustments made between competitive seasons. Leagues and match-makers for the skill-based game "" use Elo ratings such as ESEA League and Faceit; however, the game's own matchmaking system uses Glicko-2. Various online games use Elo ratings for player-versus-player rankings. Since 2005, "Golden Tee Live" has rated players based on the Elo system. New players start at 2100, with top players rating over 3000. In "Guild Wars", Elo ratings are used to record guild rating gained and lost through guild versus guild battles,

neg: Monsters, Inc. (video game) IGN gave the game a 2.9/10 rating, called the gameplay, "formulaic, obvious, and occasionally cute." "Game Informer" magazine gave the PlayStation 2 version of the game a score of 5 out of 10, saying "It's tough to be impressed by a game based on a Pixar movie, when it's a given Pixar's CG is 2,000 times better than anything a current game system could offer." GameSpy's review of the game was scathing, saying "It’s also not an overly difficult game, nor an overly long game, nor an overly attractive game, nor an overly fun game" before giving the game a

neg: Combat Elite: WWII Paratroopers a rating of 5.5/10 citing its poor targeting system and primitive controls. It was given a 5.4/10 rating by GameSpot again citing primitive controls, poor aiming mechanism, and an imbalanced skill system. The game maintains a Metascore of 54 on Metacritic. Combat Elite: WWII Paratroopers Combat Elite: WWII Paratroopers is a single player based top down action role-playing video game set in World War II. The game was released on November 21, 2005 in the US. It was published by SouthPeak Games and was developed by American studio BattleBorne Entertainment. The game was originally going to be published by Acclaim

neg: Canadian Home Video Rating System Canadian Home Video Rating System The Canadian Home Video Rating System (CHVRS) is a voluntary rating classification system applied to home video products such as VHS and DVDs. It is administered by the Motion Picture Classification Corporation of Canada, a subsidiary of the Motion Picture Association – Canada (MPA–C). Ratings are "averaged" from those assigned by participating provincial film boards: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Maritimes (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island), Ontario and Saskatchewan (whose ratings are determined by British Columbia) and applied by the distributor to home video packaging. Canada has no federal rating system for the

neg: Star Trek: 25th Anniversary (Game Boy video game) reaches the machine he must destroy it in progressively smaller segments while continuing to avoid fire balls. When the game is beaten, the player receives a final message from Admiral McQuilkin at Starfleet Base 4: "Congratulations, Kirk. You've destroyed the planet-killer, and saved the galaxy. The Federation owes you its thanks." Allgame gave this video a rating of 2.5 stars out of 5. In the June 1992 issue of "N-Force", the game was evaluated with a rating of 46% (the equivalent of an "F" letter grade). Star Trek: 25th Anniversary (Game Boy video game) Star Trek: 25th Anniversary is a

neg: Michael Makowski as the bullet proof rubber chicken rating system and gamers news. A segment that was in the first series - "Build Your Own Machine" with Dr Daneel was also created by Michael, although it did not continue after series one of the show. Michael Makowski was successul in being selected to be one of the presenters of the video game talk show "Good Game" alongside former presenter, and co-creator Jeremy Ray On 19 September 2006. The selection of two gamers, rather than two seasonsed television presenters was to coincide with the message - "the show for gamers, by gamers". He

neg: Manhunt 2 enemy over the head. The fourth change was the removal of innocent characters from certain levels. Originally, the game was structured in such a way that the player had the choice as to whether or not to kill these characters. If they didn't, they got the ending where Daniel defeats Leo, if they did, they got the alternate ending. The final change involved the rating system. Originally, the game had a rating system similar to the first game, whereby the player was rated based on speed and severity of execution types. To achieve a maximum rating, one had to perform

neg: Video game localization He stated "With PlayStation Store we could probably go in the UK almost day and date. But then what are the Germans and the French going to say to me? That I'm Anglo-centric" indicating that the reason that these countries also must wait is to avoid criticism from other large European gaming countries such as Germany and France. Oftentimes localization changes include adjusting a game to consider specific cultural sensitivities. These changes may be self-enforced by the developers themselves, or enacted by national or regional rating boards (Video game content rating system). However, games are still sometimes released with controversial

neg: Video gaming in South Korea students to better understand video game addiction. The researchers found only a 2.7% addiction rate when it was distinguished from another peripheral criteria. The results suggest that video game addiction may not have been a prevalent issue as previously believed in South Korea(Chulmo, Yulia, Choong, & Hea Young, 2011). Video games in Korea are rated by the Game Rating Board, a governmental organization established in 2006. Games were previously rated by the Korea Media Rating Board (KMRB), but the separate board was established in 2006 following a scandal where the KMRB was allegedly bribed to allow a video slot machine

neg: Movie and Television Review and Classification Board Movie and Television Review and Classification Board The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (; abbreviated as MTRCB) is a Philippine government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines that is responsible for the classification and review of television programs, movies and home videos. Unlike other organizations worldwide (such as the BBFC), the Board does not rate video games. Thus, the ESRB system used in the United States is the "de facto" rating system used in the Philippines, although there have been attempts at formulating an independent local rating system. Certain video game vendors ask for

neg: South Park: The Stick of Truth the use of Nazi and Hitler-related imagery, including swastikas and Nazi salutes, which are illegal in that country. A spokesman for the European video game content rating system Pan European Game Information (PEGI) confirmed that the uncensored version had been submitted and approved for release with an 18 rating, meaning the game would be acceptable for people over eighteen years of age. Ubisoft resubmitted the censored version without input from PEGI; this version was passed with an 18-rating. The scenes Ubisoft removed depict anal probing by aliens and the player-character performing an abortion. In their place, the game displays a

neg: School Days (visual novel) Rating Organization (CERO), Japan's primary video game content rating system, receiving a 15-years-or-older "C" rating for sexual themes and profanity. The third and final port was developed by PalaceGame for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). After postponing the game on May 11, it was released as four UMDs on June 30, 2010. 0verflow opened what would become the homepage for "School Days HQ" on May 21, 2010, a remastering of the original game initially scheduled for release in August. The site was finished June 3, and on July 16, the game was postponed to September 24. A trial was publicly released

neg: Game Rating and Administration Committee Game Rating and Administration Committee The Game Rating and Administration Committee (; GRAC) is the South Korean video game content rating board. A governmental organization, the GRAC rates video games to inform customers of the nature of game contents. Initially, the Korea Media Rating Board, a governmental organization, rated video games just like other entertainment media. However, a controversy occurred because the Korea Media Rating Board rated an arcade gambling game "Sea Story" as if it were suitable for everyone, with allegations of misconduct. The Korean government responded to the controversy by creating the GRB in 2006 and making it

neg: Surgical Strike (video game) from grainy, repetitive FMV which hampers the gameplay. They gave it an average score of 6 out of 10. "GamePro" gave it a mixed review, applauding the quality and intensity of the full motion video but criticizing the driving controls. "Next Generation" reviewed the Sega CD version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "while the pace is fast, the learning curve is steep, and you'll begin to tire of watching the same stuff blow up again and again and start wishing you'd actually get somewhere." Surgical Strike (video game) Surgical Strike is a

neg: International Age Rating Coalition Key: International Age Rating Coalition The International Age Rating Coalition (IARC) is an initiative aimed at streamlining acquisition of content ratings for video games, from authorities of different countries. Introduced in 2013, the IARC system simplifies the process of obtaining ratings by developers, through the use of questionnaires, which assess the content of the product. This new process reduces the costs of video game developers as they seek to obtain ratings for their products that are distributed digitally online. The effort was created through a coalition of rating authorities from around the world, including ESRB in North America, PEGI in

neg: International Age Rating Coalition International Age Rating Coalition The International Age Rating Coalition (IARC) is an initiative aimed at streamlining acquisition of content ratings for video games, from authorities of different countries. Introduced in 2013, the IARC system simplifies the process of obtaining ratings by developers, through the use of questionnaires, which assess the content of the product. This new process reduces the costs of video game developers as they seek to obtain ratings for their products that are distributed digitally online. The effort was created through a coalition of rating authorities from around the world, including ESRB in North America, PEGI in Europe,

neg: Manhunt 2 call upon Rockstar Games to allow the content of "Manhunt 2" to be reviewed by an independent review board with no ties to the video game industry. We ask the Federal Trade Commission to investigate the process by which "Manhunt 2"s rating was downgraded from AO to M. US Senator Leland Yee expressed similar sentiments: "Parents can't trust a rating system that doesn't even disclose how they come to a particular rating. The ESRB and Rockstar should end this game of secrecy by immediately unveiling what content has been changed to grant the new rating and what correspondence occurred between

neg: Mark Davis Pro Bass Challenge The Fishing Master" for Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The game received a rating of 6.5 out of 10 from IGN. Mark Davis Pro Bass Challenge Mark Davis Pro Bass Challenge is a bass fishing video game for the Nintendo GameCube and Sony PlayStation 2. It is an arcade-style bass fishing game that allows players to experience real world bass tournaments in a 3-D graphics format. The various tournaments follow the official rules, schedules and rating system of true American Bass Fishing tournaments. The gameplay is focused on winning matches and allowing the user to work their way up to the

neg: Little Busters! the game is played, Rin's statistics are weak compared to other characters. However, when the player completes several heroine's routes, Rin's and Riki's statistics will start out higher than before when the player starts a new game, allowing Rin and Riki to stand a better chance against opponents with higher statistics. The statistics of the Little Busters members are shown in a ranking system from highest to lowest in overall statistics. Despite "Little Busters!" having a rating for all ages, there is an ample amount of CG artwork featuring the female characters in situations, though never to the point to

neg: Don James (executive) the Interactive Digital Software Association (later renamed the Entertainment Software Association) and was a leader in the creation of the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade show for the video game industry, the largest event of its kind in the world. He still sits on the advisory committee of the ESA. He also helped to create the Entertainment Software Rating Board rating system and currently sits on the Advisory Committee for the ESRB. The ratings system was designed in response to concerns from the United States Congress about violence and other content in video games that was inappropriate for younger players. James

neg: Zach Collaros season, on August 29, 2017, after an 0–8 start to the 2017 season, Tiger-Cats head coach June Jones announced that Jeremiah Masoli would get the start at quarterback in Week 11 over Collaros. Collaros did not start another game for the Tiger-Cats in the 2017 season. By all accounts 2017, was Collaros' worst season of his career: not only did he not win a game, he also posted a career low quarterback efficiency rating of 88.1 and career low completion percentage (62.8%). His touchdown-to-interception ratio (8:7) was also the lowest of his career. On January 3, 2018, Collaros was traded

neg: Elo rating system had increased to 2703. In a pure Elo system, each game ends in an equal transaction of rating points. If the winner gains N rating points, the loser will drop by N rating points. This prevents points from entering or leaving the system when games are played and rated. However, players tend to enter the system as novices with a low rating and retire from the system as experienced players with a high rating. Therefore, in the long run a system with strictly equal transactions tends to result in rating deflation. In 1995, the USCF acknowledged that several young scholastic

neg: Canadian Home Video Rating System rating classifications. The eight participating provincial ratings are applied the appropriate numerical value and then an average is calculated. For example, if a film receives five 14As and three 18As, the numerical values would be 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, and 4 (the Maritimes count as three provinces, and Saskatchewan is counted separately from British Columbia) which gives an average of 3.4, which would equate to a 14A Canadian Home Video Rating. The rating symbols are embedded in the artwork or stickers applied to the packaging by the distributor. When the system was introduced in 1995, many of

neg: Assassin (video game) Brown, co-founder of Team17 considers "Assassin" to be Team17's least successful game. He attributes this to limited appeal. The "Assassin: Special Edition" re-release was seen as an unnecessary release and even a backwards step as various gameplay elements were removed. Amiga Power gave the game a lower rating of 79%, but still praised most of it. Assassin (video game) Assassin is a video game for the Commodore Amiga system. It was developed by Psionic Systems and published in by Team17, the company best known for developing the "Worms" franchise. The game is an action game that has platform and shoot

neg: Eternal Champions: Challenge from the Dark Side from the Dark Side" was the first game to carry Sega's internal Deep Water warning icon label, which was employed by Sega of America for games featuring adult content. In North America, the game earned an "M" (for Mature) rating from for its graphic violence and gore from the freshly-introduced IDSA system (later ESRB). In Europe, it earned both an 18+ ELSPA rating and a 15 BBFC rating. "GamePro" gave the game a mixed review. They highly approved of the stage designs and said the rendered cinematics "offer a nice alternative to the full-motion, live-action video prevalent on Sega CDs."

neg: Fist of the North Star (NES video game) by that point of the storyline). The NES version has some slight differences from its Famicom counterpart, which cuts the appearances of side characters at the end of certain stages (such as Bat and Rin at the end of the first stage), as well as the kanji that appear at the top of the screen when Kenshiro defeats a boss after striking its weak point at the start of the battle. Fist of the North Star (NES video game) Fist of the North Star is a side-scrolling action video game produced by Toei Animation and developed by Shouei System for

neg: Ninja Gaiden (Master System) The reviewer Cyril Lachel described it as "easily one of the best action games you can buy for your Master System" and gave it an overall A- rating. Ninja Gaiden (Master System) Ninja Gaiden is a side-scrolling, hack & slash, platform-action video game developed by SIMS and released by Sega for the Master System in 1992, with license from Tecmo. This video game stars Ryu Hayabusa and is part of the "Ninja Gaiden" series, although it features a plot not connected to any of the other Ninja Gaiden games. Due to the discontinued support of the console in Japan and