query: what form of measurement does the uk use

pos: Imperial units now defines each imperial unit in terms of the metric equivalent. The metric system is in official use within the United Kingdom for most official applications with Imperial units remaining in widespread use amongst the public. All UK roads use the imperial system except for weight limits, and newer height or width restriction signs give metric alongside imperial. Units of measurement regulations require all measuring devices used in trade or retail to display measurements in metric quantities. Almost all traders in the UK will accept requests from customers specified in imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems

pos: Metrication but are still in the process toward full conversion. In the United Kingdom the metric system is the official system for most regulated trading by weight or measure purposes, but some imperial units remain the primary official unit of measurement. the UK has only partially metricated. According to the US Central Intelligence Agency's online "The World Factbook" (2016), the metric system has not been adopted by Myanmar (also known as Burma), Liberia or the US. The United States (and its associated states; the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands and Palau)) officially use US customary units as does Liberia. Myanmar

pos: International System of Units and blood pressure were developed or propagated, some of which incorporated standard gravity in their definitions. At the end of the Second World War, a number of different systems of measurement were in use throughout the world. Some of these systems were metric system variations; others were based on customary systems of measure, like the U.S customary system and Imperial system of the UK and British Empire. In 1948, the 9th CGPM commissioned a study to assess the measurement needs of the scientific, technical, and educational communities and "to make recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement,

pos: Czech units of measurement One korec (or one strych) was equal to 93.592 l. Czech units of measurement A number of locally-specific units of measurement were used in the territory of what is now the Czech Republic to measure length, area, capacity and so on. In 1876, the metric system was made compulsory; however, local measurements and old Viennese measurements were still in use. 1 "latro" was equal to 1.917 m. There were units specific to Bohemia. 1 "stopa" (strevic) = 0.296 m 1 "sah" = 1.778 m 1 mile = 7.003 km. In Prague, one "loket" was equal to 0.593 m. The "stopa"

pos: Czech units of measurement Czech units of measurement A number of locally-specific units of measurement were used in the territory of what is now the Czech Republic to measure length, area, capacity and so on. In 1876, the metric system was made compulsory; however, local measurements and old Viennese measurements were still in use. 1 "latro" was equal to 1.917 m. There were units specific to Bohemia. 1 "stopa" (strevic) = 0.296 m 1 "sah" = 1.778 m 1 mile = 7.003 km. In Prague, one "loket" was equal to 0.593 m. The "stopa" was equal to 0.2965 m. As in Bohemia and Prague,

pos: UK Metric Association "Traffic Signs 2.0", which recommends changes to UK road signs to improve clarity, legibility and safety by using universally understood symbols and units of measurement. The aims of UKMA contrast with those of the British Weights and Measures Association (BWMA), which campaigns against compulsory Metrication in the United Kingdom and advocates the continued use of imperial measures. UK Metric Association The UK Metric Association, or UKMA, is an advocacy group in the United Kingdom that argues for Metrication in the United Kingdom and aims to persuade the general public into its way of thinking about the metric system. UKMA argues

neg: Social accounting and audit using the actual values of the items and processes that are measured as the form of measurement; instead of converting social and environmental benefits and responsibility into financial values. Financial audit provide information relevant for shareholders, while social accounting and audit provides information relevant for society. During the 1970/80s co-operatives and social enterprise in the UK, Europe and USA started to use the term ‘Social Audit’ as a way of describing none financial measurement systems for commercial businesses. Social Audit Ltd, in the UK, undertook environmental assessments of companies who it considered to be high polluters. In Switzerland the co-operative

neg: Validity (statistics) constructs in question. Validity of an assessment is the degree to which it measures what it is supposed to measure. This is not the same as reliability, which is the extent to which a measurement gives results that are very consistent. Within validity, the measurement does not always have to be similar, as it does in reliability. However, just because a measure is reliable, it is not necessarily valid. E.g. a scale that is 5 pounds off is reliable but not valid. A test cannot be valid unless it is reliable. Validity is also dependent on the measurement measuring what

neg: Form and document creation a form or document if the purpose was professional, the document was being read in any format, and reader readability was required. David Sless, director and co-founder of the Communication Research Institute talks about what he calls: "a crucial aspect of public communication: the demonstration, through testing and measurement, that an [organization’s] communication with its public does indeed work; that evidence can be produced to show that the information design is of the highest quality". He is calling attention to the fact that documented evaluation is an important part of form and document design. Evaluation will show where a form

neg: Binary scaling angles are added using normal two's complement mathematics, the rotation of the angles is correct, even when crossing the sign boundary (this of course does away with checks for angle ≥ 360° when handling normal degrees). The terms binary angular measurement (BAM) and binary angular measurement system (BAMS) as well as brads (binary radians or binary degree) refer to implementations of binary angles. They find use in robotics, navigation, computer games, and digital sensors. No matter what bit-pattern is stored in a binary angle, when it is multiplied by 180° (or π) using standard signed fixed-point arithmetic, the result is

neg: Shoe several different shoe-size systems that are used worldwide. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take the width of the feet into account. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g., men's, women's, children's, sport, or safety shoes). Units for shoe sizes vary widely around the world. European sizes are measured in "Paris Points", which are worth two-thirds of a centimeter. The UK and American units are approximately one-quarter of an inch, starting at 8¼ inches.

neg: Coherence (units of measurement) Coherence (units of measurement) A coherent system of units is a system of units based on a system of quantities in such a way that the equations between the numerical values expressed in the units of the system have exactly the same form, including numerical factors, as the corresponding equations between the quantities. Equivalently, it is a system in which every quantity has a unique unit, or one that does not use conversion factors. A coherent derived unit is a derived unit that, for a given system of quantities and for a chosen set of base units, is a product

neg: Measurement and signature intelligence deployment of the dual-use Orfeo civilian and military satellite system. Orfeo is a dual-use (civilian and military) earth observation satellite network developed jointly between France and Italy. Italy is developing the Cosmo-Skymed X-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar, to fly on two of the satellites. Russia does have nonimaging infrared satellites to detect missile launches. Russia produces, of course, a wide range of antisubmarine warfare sensors. UK developed the first successful acoustic system, sound ranging to detect hostile artillery and anti-submarine acoustic detection in World War I. In the 1990s, an improved acoustic system for artillery location acoustic artillery location system

neg: Z+F UK Register", "LFM Modeller", "LFM Server", "LFM NetView" and "LFM Viewer/ViewerLite". On 3 October 2011, AVEVA announced the acquisition of LFM (Light Form Modeller) software division of Z+F UK Limited. Their phase-based laser scanning systems were first used in the rail industry in the early to mid 1990s to capture the detail of rail infrastructure and tunnel information for route planning and design work. The use of high speed, phase-based laser measurement enabled the rapid data capture of rail infrastructure within a reasonable time period that had previously not been possible. Since that time the growth of its laser scanning systems

neg: Quantum entanglement quantum system considered here seems to acquire a probability distribution for the outcome of a measurement of the spin along any axis of the other particle upon measurement of the first particle. This probability distribution is in general different from what it would be without measurement of the first particle. This may certainly be perceived as surprising in the case of spatially separated entangled particles. The paradox is that a measurement made on either of the particles apparently collapses the state of the entire entangled system—and does so instantaneously, before any information about the measurement result could have been communicated

neg: Observer (quantum physics) peer-reviewed research that backs such claims. Observer (quantum physics) In quantum mechanics, "observation" is synonymous with quantum measurement and "observer" with a measurement apparatus and "observable" with what can be measured. Thus the quantum mechanical observer does not have to "necessarily" present or solve any problems over and above the issue of measurement in quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical observer is also intimately tied to the issue of observer effect. A number of new-age religious or philosophical interpretations of quantum mechanics, notably "consciousness causes collapse", give the observer a special role, or place constraints on who or what can be

neg: Observer (quantum physics) Observer (quantum physics) In quantum mechanics, "observation" is synonymous with quantum measurement and "observer" with a measurement apparatus and "observable" with what can be measured. Thus the quantum mechanical observer does not have to "necessarily" present or solve any problems over and above the issue of measurement in quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical observer is also intimately tied to the issue of observer effect. A number of new-age religious or philosophical interpretations of quantum mechanics, notably "consciousness causes collapse", give the observer a special role, or place constraints on who or what can be an observer. There is no credible

neg: Dynamic vapor sorption Dynamic vapor sorption Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a gravimetric technique that measures how quickly and how much of a solvent is absorbed by a sample: such as a dry powder absorbing water. It does this by varying the vapor concentration surrounding the sample and measuring the change in mass which this produces. Water vapor is most commonly used, but it is also possible to use a wide range of organic solvents. Dr Daryl Williams, founder of Surface Measurement Systems Ltd, invented Dynamic Vapor Sorption in 1991 and the first instrument was delivered to Pfizer UK in 1992. DVS was

neg: Orthodontics to produce a score which can be interpreted by score ranges that give need for treatment, complexity and degree of improvement. This system claims to be more efficient than the PAR and IOTN indices as it only requires a single measurement protocol but this has still to be validated to be used in the UK and the issue that It does not suitably predict appearance, function, speech or treatment need for individuals attending general dental practice for routine dental treatment, so for these reasons is it generally never used. This was established in 2014 by Grippaudo "et al" for use

neg: Implicit learning is important to differentiate between measurement of conscious and unconscious processes in order to make valid assessments. In experiments of implicit learning, it is necessary to use a measure that is pure and sensitive. The tool must be able to filter out only what has been learned in the experiment process and to collect and display all of what has been learned throughout the process. These factors are especially important in implicit learning experiments as the resulting in percentages that are only slightly above statistical significance. This is due to the fact that testing is usually in the form of

neg: AFIB Technology 92%. One study noted that the WatchBP device was better for detecting atrial fibrillation than single-lead ECGs because of its higher specificity level (90 vs 76%, respectively), which would prevent many unnecessary refers for a 12-lead ECG and therefore safes labor and healthcare costs. In addition, it does not require clinical interpretation. In virtually every study, researchers have concluded that Microlife's AFIB Technology is suitable for use as an atrial fibrillation detection system for in-home and/or clinical purposes. In 2013, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended the WatchBP Home A device for routine blood pressure measurement

neg: Impact evaluation program effects (Rossi et al., 2004). Biases are normally visible in two situations: when the measurement of the outcome with program exposure or the estimate of what the outcome would have been without the program exposure is higher or lower than the corresponding "true" value (p267). Unfortunately, not all forms of bias that may compromise impact assessment are obvious (Rossi et al., 2004). The most common form of impact evaluation design is comparing two groups of individuals or other units, an intervention group that receives the program and a control group that does not. The estimate of program effect is

neg: Survey meter on the Choice, Use and Maintenance ofHand-held Radiation Monitoring Equipment." - National Radiation Protection Board - UK, May 2001. Survey meter Survey meters in radiation protection are hand-held ionising radiation measurement instruments used to check such as personnel, equipment and the environment for radioactive contamination and ambient radiation. The hand-held survey meter is probably the most familiar radiation measuring device owing to its wide and visible use. The most commonly used hand-held survey meters are the scintillation counter, which is used in the measurement of alpha, beta and neutron particles; the Geiger counter, widely used for the measurement of alpha,

neg: Ensemble Kalman filter to a simpler formula where ensemble observations are directly used without explicitly specifying the matrix formula_11. More specifically, define a function formula_69 of the form The function formula_71 is called the "observation function" or, in the inverse problems context, the "forward operator". The value of formula_69 is what the value of the data would be for the state formula_1 assuming the measurement is exact. Then the posterior ensemble can be rewritten as where and with Consequently, the ensemble update can be computed by evaluating the observation function formula_71 on each ensemble member once and the matrix formula_11 does not need

neg: WPP plc 59.52% shareholder vote to reject the resolution. It has been reported that WPP goes to great lengths to lower its own corporate tax bill. "The Guardian" reported that between 2003 and 2009 the company paid £27m in UK corporation tax, compared to what the newspaper "might expect" based on reports of the firm making 15% of its profit in the UK, of around £126m. In 2012 the Indian broadcasting NDTV filed a lawsuit against Television Audience Measurement (TAM), a joint venture of the former competitors Nielsen and Kantar Media Research which for years has provided the only TV audience measurement

neg: Form 990 providing sufficient information about what a charity does or where it operates. However GiveWell does still use Form 990 to answer some questions when investigating charities. Data from Form 990 was used by Sarah Reckhow as an information source for her book "Follow the Money: How Foundation Dollars Change Public School Politics". Reckhow expressed concern about the lack of corresponding public data available if philanthropic funders moved away from nonprofits to LLCs such as the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. There was a website called "Quality 990" that advocated for higher quality Form 990s. Form 990 Form 990 (officially, the "Return of

neg: Performance measurement Performance measurement Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. Performance measurement is not a new concept, some of the earliest records of human activity relate to the counting or recording of activities. Definitions of performance measurement tend to be predicated upon an assumption about why the performance is being measured. Beyond a simple agreement about it being linked to some kind of measurement of performance there is little consensus about how to define or use performance measures. In the light of this what has happened

neg: BCIS BCIS The Building Cost Information Service, known as BCIS, is a provider of cost and price information for the UK construction industry. It is a part of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. BCIS was set up in 1961 to provide the profession with cost information in elemental format and to promote the use of elements and of elemental cost planning. The BCIS "Standard Form of Cost Analysis" (SFCA) remained an industry staple, largely unchanged, until the late 2000s. In 2012 the "New Rules of Measurement" for cost management throughout the construction process was accompanied by a modernised version of

neg: Mass–energy equivalence the same regardless of this motion, even for the extreme speeds or gravity considered in special and general relativity. The mass–energy formula also serves to convert to (and vice versa), no matter what system of measurement units is used. The formula was initially written in many different notations, and its interpretation and justification was further developed in several steps. In "Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy content?" (1905), Einstein used to mean the speed of light in a vacuum and to mean the energy lost by a body in the form of radiation. Consequently, the equation

neg: Rasch model equal discrimination is an assumption of invariant measurement, so differing item discriminations are not forbidden, but rather indicate that measurement quality does not equal a theoretical ideal. Just as in physical measurement, real world datasets will never perfectly match theoretical models, so the relevant question is whether a particular dataset provides sufficient quality of measurement for the purpose at hand, not whether it perfectly matches an unattainable standard of perfection. A criticism specific to the use of multiple choice items in educational assessment is that there is no provision in the model for guessing because the left asymptote always approaches

neg: Shoe size and the shoe last would be 2 size points larger than the foot, but this varies between different types of shoes and the shoe size system used. The typical range lies between for the UK/US size system and for the European size system, but may extend to and . Sizing systems also differ in what units of measurement they use. This also results in different increments between shoe sizes, because usually only "full" or "half" sizes are made. The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe-size systems: The sizing systems also place size 0 (or 1) at

neg: Time 1847 in Britain, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was first created for use by the British railways, the British navy, and the British shipping industry. Using telescopes, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. As international commerce continued to increase throughout Europe, in order to achieve a more efficiently functioning modern society, an agreed upon, and highly accurate international standard of time measurement became necessary. In order to find or determine such a time-standard, three steps had to be followed: The development of what is now known as UTC time came about

neg: Orthogonality make a measurement or identification in completely different ways, thus increasing the reliability of the measurement. This is often required as a part of a new drug application. In the field of system reliability orthogonal redundancy is that form of redundancy where the form of backup device or method is completely different from the prone to error device or method. The failure mode of an orthogonally redundant back-up device or method does not intersect with and is completely different from the failure mode of the device or method in need of redundancy to safeguard the total system against catastrophic failure.

neg: Liberature Liberature Liberature is literature in which the material form is considered an important part of the whole and essential to understanding the work. Liberature refers to a new kind of literature, a trans-genre, in which the text and the material form of a book constitute an inseparable whole. The term itself is derived from the word ‘literature’, but draws from the Latin "liber", meaning "a book" and "the free one", as well as libra meaning "measurement" or "writing as a measurement of words." In a work of liberature, text does not serve as the sole source of meaning; the shape

neg: Level of measurement include gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, genre, style, biological species, and form. In a university one could also use hall of affiliation as an example. Other concrete examples are Nominal scales were often called qualitative scales, and measurements made on qualitative scales were called qualitative data. However, the rise of qualitative research has made this usage confusing. The numbers in nominal measurement are assigned as labels and have no specific numerical value or meaning. No form of arithmetic computation (+, −, ×, etc.) may be performed on nominal measures. The nominal level is the lowest measurement level used from a statistical

neg: Murphy's law form of Murphy's law goes back as far as 1952, as an epigraph to a mountaineering book by John Sack, who described it as an "ancient mountaineering adage": Anything that can possibly go wrong, does. According to the book "A History of Murphy's Law" by author Nick T. Spark, differing recollections years later by various participants make it impossible to pinpoint who first coined the saying "Murphy's law". The law's name supposedly stems from an attempt to use new measurement devices developed by Edward Murphy. The phrase was coined in adverse reaction to something Murphy said when his devices failed

neg: Standing wave ratio analyzers use various measuring methods and can display SWR and other parameters plotted against frequency. By using directional couplers and a bridge in combination, it is possible to make an in line instrument that reads directly in complex impedance or in SWR. Stand alone antenna analyzers also are available that measure multiple parameters. The term "power standing wave ratio" (PSWR) is sometimes referred to, and defined as, the square of the voltage standing wave ratio. The term is widely cited as "misleading." In the words of Gridley: However it does correspond to one type of measurement of SWR using what

neg: Russian Mennonite zwieback where toasted, dried buns were used to provision ships. Mennonite immigrants from the Netherlands, who settled in around Danzig in West Prussia continued this practice and brought it to Russia, when they migrated to new colonies in what is today Ukraine. Traditionally, zwieback are made using lard instead of butter or a mixture of the two. As such, zwieback is very rich and does not need butter when being eaten, although jelly or jam both go quite well. Many zwieback recipes do not use modern units of measurement, instead relying on anecdotal measurements handed down through the generations. The following

neg: Thermodynamic instruments Thermodynamic instruments A thermodynamic instrument is any device which facilitates the quantitative measurement of thermodynamic systems. In order for a thermodynamic parameter to be truly defined, a technique for its measurement must be specified. For example, the ultimate definition of temperature is "what a thermometer reads". The question follows - what is a thermometer? There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that it does not appreciably alter its state parameters when

neg: Flow conditioning help of hot wire, pitot tube and laser-based computerized measurement systems which allow detailed measurement of velocity profile and turbulence intensity; we know that the tube bundle does not provide fully developed flow. Therefore, this device is causing biased orifice flow measurement. As a result of these recent findings, few tube bundles are specified for flow measurement and reduce the use of such device. Numerous references are available providing performance results indicating less than acceptable meter performance when using the conventional 19-tube test bundle. The individual results should be reviewed to ascertain details such as beta ratio, meter tube lengths,

neg: Electrical capacitance tomography Electrical capacitance tomography Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the interior of an object from external capacitance measurements. It is a close relative of electrical impedance tomography and is proposed as a method for industrial process monitoring, although it has yet to see widespread use. Potential applications include the measurement of flow of fluids in pipes and measurement of the concentration of one fluid in another, or the distribution of a solid in a fluid. Although capacitance sensing methods were in widespread use the idea of using capacitance measurement to form

neg: Market portfolio whether what is used for the market portfolio really matters. Some authors say that it does not make a big difference; you can use any old index and get similar results. Roll gave an example where different indexes produce much different results, and that by choosing the index you can get any ranking you want. Brown and Brown examine this, using different indexes such as stocks only, stocks and bonds, and stocks plus bonds plus real estate. They find that using a market that includes real estate produces much different results. For example, with one measurement most mutual funds have

neg: Weak measurement examined in the context of what is called the "gentle-measurement lemma". Since the early days it has been clear that the primary use of weak measurement would be for feedback control or adaptive measurements of quantum systems. Indeed, this motivated much of Belavkin's work, and an explicit example was given by Caves and Milburn. An early application of an adaptive weak measurements was that of Dolinar's receiver, which has been realized experimentally Another interesting application of weak measurements is to use weak measurements followed by a unitary to synthesize other generalized measurements. Wiseman and Milburn's book is a good reference

neg: Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems They also manufactured milling machines and twist drills. What remains of the original Pratt & Whitney is now Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems, located in Bloomfield, Connecticut. Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems is an American manufacturer of precision length measuring metrology instruments. Main product lines include universal comparators, bench micrometers, and inspection gaging systems. These instruments primarily use laser interferometers, encoders and LVDT's and are primarily used in quality departments, calibration laboratories, and in manufacturing environments. Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems is an American multinational corporation that specializes in producing high-precision measuring instruments and systems.

neg: PID controller controllers are fairly common, since derivative action is sensitive to measurement noise, whereas the absence of an integral term may prevent the system from reaching its target value. The use of the PID algorithm does not guarantee optimal control of the system or its control stability . Situations may occur where there are excessive delays: the measurement of the process value is delayed, or the control action does not apply quickly enough. In these cases lead–lag compensation is required to be effective. The response of the controller can be described in terms of its responsiveness to an error, the degree

neg: Accuracy and precision use the terms "bias" and "variability" instead of accuracy and precision: bias is the amount of inaccuracy and variability is the amount of imprecision. A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision. A measurement system is considered "valid" if it is both "accurate" and

neg: Haptic technology that will provide the most effective air vortex ring that will impart haptic feedback onto the user. Microsoft concluded that in order to get the best experience from the air vortex rings, the aperture size that produces the rings does not constrain the design. However, the L/D Ratio is the most useful measurement. The optimal L/D ratio for an air vortex ring generator is between 5 and 6. Ultrasound is a form of sound wave that has a high frequency. The most popular use of ultrasound is the visualization of a baby in the mother's womb. These sound waves are

neg: ISO/IEEE 11073 Personal Health Data (PHD) Standards manager may be able to maintain its own copy of the transmitted agent's objects (data), however a layered server architecture provides for legally secure archiving. The IEEE 11073 PHD standards define messages that travel between agent and manager but not how those messages should be moved. Three transports were defined: Others may be defined in the future. The IEEE 11073 family of standards use the object-oriented systems management paradigm. Data (measurement, state, and so on) are modeled in the form of information objects that are accessed and manipulated using an object access service protocol. Note that this "does not" mean

neg: Legalism (Chinese philosophy) others of the Fa-Jia, but emphasized its use in secrecy for purposes of investigation and personnel control, concerning himself with methods (Fa) of (impersonal bureaucratic) administration (namely methods of appointment and performance measurement) or the ruler's role in the control thereof. He is famous for the dictum "The Sage ruler relies on standards and does not rely on wisdom; he relies on technique, not on persuasions." What Shen appears to have realized is that the "methods for the control of a bureaucracy" could not be mixed with the survivals of feudal government, or staffed merely by "getting together a group

neg: Albert Spaulding simply "counting and ranking" types was not a reliable measurement, nor was it scientific. The lack of any goodness of fit testing left Ford's seriation of types questionable in the absence of mathematical precision and sophistication— a virtue that Spaulding constantly sought to refine. Therefore, Ford's ordinal scales of measurement were not scientifically valid; "[He] simply does not know what the word 'measurement' denotes." Cluster analysis strictly served to locate clusters of attributes—not automatic emic types, as Ford understood—which were then left to the archaeologist to interpret their meaning. These clusters were more "functional types" in the sense that they

neg: Biblical criticism Canonical criticism is associated with Brevard S. Childs (1923–2007), though he declined to use the term. James Muilenburg (1896–1974) is often referred to as "the prophet of rhetorical criticism". A product of the 1960s, rhetorical criticism seeks to understand text type, as does form criticism, but moves beyond form criticism by looking into the inner theological meaning the author was trying to communicate. The rhetorical scholar Sonja K. Foss says there are ten methods of practicing rhetorical criticism, but each focuses on three dimensions of rhetoric: the authors, what they use to communicate, and what they are trying to communicate.

neg: Radiometric calibration Radiometric calibration Radiometric calibration is a general term used in science and technology for any set of calibration techniques in support of the measurement of electromagnetic radiation and atomic particle radiation. These can be for instance, in the field of Radiometry or the measurement of ionising radiation radiated from a source. Ionising radiation is non-visible and requires the use of ionisation detectors such as the Geiger Muller counter or ion chamber for its detection and measurement. Instruments are calibrated using standards traceable to national laboratory radiation standards, such as those at The National Physical Laboratory in the UK. Count rate

neg: Boson sampling verification of the output of a boson sampler by computing the corresponding measurement probabilities represents a problem intractable for a classical computer. A first relevant question is whether it is possible or not to distinguish between uniform and boson-sampling distributions by performing a polynomial number of measurements. The initial argument introduced in Ref. stated that as long as one makes use of symmetric measurement settings the above is impossible (roughly speaking a symmetric measurement scheme does not allow for labeling the output modes of the optical circuit). However, within current technologies the assumption of a symmetric setting is not justified

neg: Michael Silverstein what we believe we can do with and in language, and by doing that we shape our language. Thus, language ideologies form the bridge between language patterns and social and cultural structure, as the socially grounded beliefs in what language is and does convert into particular patterns of use that are understandable, precisely because they fit these beliefs and the expectations they generate. The connections between usage and beliefs are empirically identifiable as 'metapragmatics' - the articulation of beliefs about language use in language use (as when we use polite formulae in addressing someone in a superior position). Silverstein's work

neg: Sextant permits the use of the sextant at night when a backstaff is difficult to use. For solar observations, filters allow direct observation of the sun. Since the measurement is relative to the horizon, the measuring pointer is a beam of light that reaches to the horizon. The measurement is thus limited by the angular accuracy of the instrument and not the sine error of the length of an alidade, as it is in a mariner's astrolabe or similar older instrument. A sextant does not require a completely steady aim, because it measures a relative angle. For example, when a sextant

neg: Linnik interferometer Linnik interferometer A Linnik interferometer is a two-beam interferometer used in microscopy and surface contour measurements or topography. The basic configuration is the same as a Michelson interferometer. What distinguishes the Linnik configuration is the use of measurement optics in the reference arm, which essentially duplicate the objective measurement optics in the measurement arm. The advantage of this design its ability to compensate for chromatic dispersion and other optical aberrations. In the image of a Linnik interferometer at right, 110 is the light source, 164 the detector. The beamsplitter 120 produces the two arms of the interferometer. The measurement arm

neg: Ethics (Scientology) and to build anew often requires a degree of destruction" and "to appreciate what Scientology ethics is all about, it must be understood that good can be considered to be a constructive survival action". In order to make ethical decisions that affect others around them, Scientologists are expected to use statistical measurement to assess the "measurement of survival potential". The Church's official website on ethics explains that "with an understanding of how to compile, graph and compare statistics, the Scientologist is amply equipped to determine exactly what condition an activity is in, and thus exactly what steps he must take

neg: Linnik interferometer 140 contains an objective lens 141 for imaging the surface to be studied 152. The reference arm 130 contains complementary optics to compensate for aberrations produced in the measurement arm. Linnik interferometer A Linnik interferometer is a two-beam interferometer used in microscopy and surface contour measurements or topography. The basic configuration is the same as a Michelson interferometer. What distinguishes the Linnik configuration is the use of measurement optics in the reference arm, which essentially duplicate the objective measurement optics in the measurement arm. The advantage of this design its ability to compensate for chromatic dispersion and other optical aberrations.

neg: National Measurement and Regulation Office of laboratories that are involved with the science and technology of measurement. It has responsibility for maintaining the national primary standards (mass, length, time, temperature etc.) and disseminating the associated measurements and technologies to the UK for trade and measurement purposes. The Agency was also responsible for examining and approving new measuring instruments and equipment which are ultimately intended for use in trade in order to establish their compliance with national legislation such as the Weights and Measures Act 1985 and relevant EU legislation. The Agency also made available to manufacturers of such equipment a consultancy service, intended to be

neg: Relational quantum mechanics of measuring apparatus. By extension, any physical interaction may be seen to be a form of quantum measurement, as all systems are seen as quantum systems in RQM. A physical interaction is seen as establishing a correlation between the system and the observer, and this correlation is what is described and predicted by the quantum formalism. But, Rovelli points out, this form of correlation is precisely the same as the definition of information in Shannon's theory. Specifically, an observer "O" observing a system "S" will, after measurement, have some degrees of freedom correlated with those of "S". The amount of

neg: Tree measurement growth forms. Since most of these trees are unique or unusual in their form and not amenable to easy measurement, the recommended approach is to write a detailed narrative description of the tree with what measurements that can be taken to amplify and better illuminate the descriptions. These trees should be documented even if the results are in the form of a written narrative rather than a collection of numerical measurements. There are some parameters that should be consistently measured whenever possible, height is one example. The cross-sectional areas occupied by the trunks and the crown are also parameters that

neg: Data acquisition (a.k.a. DAS or DAQ) convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The device we will be using utilizes this process. Once connected to the computer via the shielded cable, we will be able to either send analog signals into the device (using a Wavtek generator) which can then be viewed on the PC itself, or generate a signal from the device itself and manipulate the values through the use of the Measurement & Automation Explorer. DAQ hardware is what usually interfaces between the signal and a PC. It could be in the form of modules that can be connected

neg: Clock drift same as the previous example. But even if they both use the same clock crystal the process/program that does the clock drift measurement is "disturbed" by many more or less unpredictable events in the CPU such as interrupts and other processes and programs that runs at the same time. Thus the measurement will still produce fairly good random numbers. Some argue they are then not true random numbers but they seem to be good enough for most needs. Most hardware random number generators such as the ones described above are fairly slow. Therefore, most programs only use them to create

neg: Aspheric lens for the dispensing of prescription eyeglass lenses discourage the use of curvatures that deviate from definite focal lengths. Multiple focal lengths are accepted in the form of bifocals, trifocals, vari-focals, and cylindrical components for astigmatism. Measurement technology plays a decisive role in the manufacturing of aspherical lenses. Depending on the manufacturing process and processing status, various measurement tasks are distinguished: A distinction is made between tactile, i.e. touching, and non-contact measurement methods. The decision as to which method is used depends on accuracy but also on manufacturing state. Tactile measurement is mainly used between two grinding operations to control the

neg: Intraocular lens power calculation final measurement. The technique of partial coherence interferometry measures the time required for infrared light to travel to the retina. Because light travels at too high a speed to be measured directly, light interference methodology is used to determine the transit time and thus the AL. This technique does not require contact with the globe, so corneal compression artifacts are eliminated. Compared with ultrasonography, the partial coherence interferometry provides more accurate, reproducible AL measurement. However, it is difficult to obtain a measurement in the presence of a dense cataract or other media opacities, which limits the use of this technique.

neg: Coordinate-measuring machine a human to use them). In addition, their overall accuracy can be somewhat less accurate than that of a bridge type CMM and is less suitable for some applications. Traditional CMM technology using touch probes is today often combined with other measurement technology. This includes laser, video or white light sensors to provide what is known as multisensor measurement. To verify the performance of a coordinate measurement machine, the ISO 10360 series is available. This series of standards define the characteristics of the probing system and the length measurement error: The ISO 10360 series consists of the following parts: Coordinate-measuring

neg: Units of measurement in France up one "toise", twelve "pouce" (inches) making up one "pied" and twelve "lignes" making up one "pouce". Likewise, the "livre" (pound) was defined as being 500 g, each "livre" comprising sixteen "once" and each "once" eight "gros" and the "aune" as 120 centimetres. "La loi du 4 juillet 1837" (the law of 4 July 1837) effectively revoked the use of "mesures usuelles" by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840. However, many units of measure, such as the "livre", remained in colloquial use for many years and the "livre" still does

neg: War Child (charity) able to escape the difficulties of their daily lives for a while. In 2005 War Child Netherlands introduced a new measurement system for the programmes in 14 countries. In the first results it was shown that the projects reach more than 650,000 children worldwide. War Child Netherlands currently works in Afghanistan, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Israel/the Palestinian territories, Lebanon. Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka. Sudan, and Uganda. It also has special projects for refugees in the Netherlands. Previous projects have included Chechnya/Ingushetia, Georgia, and Kosovo. War Child UK exists to: War Child UK does this by: War Child UK currently

neg: Subjective well-being is the Day Reconstruction Method. In this measure, participants fill out a diary of the previous days’ activities. The participant is then asked to describe each activity and provide a report of how they were feeling, what mood they were experiencing, and any emotions that surfaced. Thus to ensure valid results, a researcher may tend to use self-reports along with another form of measurement mentioned above. Someone with a high level of life satisfaction and a positive affective balance is said to have a high level of SWB. Theories of the causes of SWB tend to emphasise either top-down or

neg: Repent Replenish Repeat together to fortify what is nevertheless a competent return to form." UK edition does not include "Kickstarter". Repent Replenish Repeat Repent Replenish Repeat is the third studio album by Dan le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip, released on October 7th 2013. It peaked at number 22 on the UK Albums Chart. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 66% based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Peter Adkins of "Clash" gave the album a 6 out of 10, calling it "their most mixed work

neg: Facebook like button what websites. This form of functionality, a sort of web beacon, has been significantly criticized for privacy. Privacy activist organizations have urged Facebook to stop its data collection through the plug-in, and governments have launched investigations into the activity for possible privacy law violations. Facebook has stated that it anonymizes the information after three months, and that the data collected is not shared or sold to third parties. Additionally, the like button's potential use as a measurement of popularity has caused some companies to sell likes through fake Facebook accounts, which in turn have sparked complaints from some companies advertising

neg: Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. Circuit said, first, that there was no direct infringement under the new theory: The evidence presented to the district court indisputably shows that Medtronic does not condition the use of, or receipt of a benefit from, the CareLink System on the performance of all of Medgraph's method steps. For example, Medtronic does not deny users the ability to use CareLink Personal and CareLink Pro without performance of the claim step of ensuring detachment of the measuring device from the patient after each measurement. Nor does it offer an incentive for such detachment. Indeed, the evidence indicates that Medtronic benefits when

neg: Vital signs pressure would be 120 being the systolic over 80, the diastolic. Usually the blood pressure is read from the left arm unless there is some damage to the arm. The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the pulse pressure. The measurement of these pressures is now usually done with an aneroid or electronic sphygmomanometer. The classic measurement device is a mercury sphygmomanometer, using a column of mercury measured off in millimeters. In the United States and UK, the common form is millimeters of mercury, whilst elsewhere SI units of pressure are used. There is no natural 'normal'

neg: Attribute hierarchy method M. J. (Eds.). (2007). Cognitive diagnostic assessment for education: Theory and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Attribute hierarchy method The attribute hierarchy method (AHM), is a cognitively based psychometric procedure developed by Jacqueline Leighton, Mark Gierl, and Steve Hunka at the Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation (CRAME) at the University of Alberta. The AHM is one form of cognitive diagnostic assessment that aims to integrate cognitive psychology with educational measurement for the purposes of enhancing instruction and student learning. A cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA), is designed to measure specific knowledge states and cognitive processing skills in

neg: Risk-free interest rate is also the risk of the government 'printing more money' to meet the obligation, thus paying back in lesser valued currency. This may be perceived as a form of tax, rather than a form of default, a concept similar to that of seigniorage. But the result to the investor is the same, loss of value according to his measurement, so focusing strictly on default does not include all risk. The same consideration does not necessarily apply to a foreign holder of a government bond, since a foreign holder also requires compensation for potential foreign exchange movements in addition to the

neg: William Shield on the earlier tune, the opening bars are immediately recognisable. Probably the first printed appearances of the modern tune are first, Shield's use of it in "Rosina". In the final allegro, what is essentially the modern form of the tune appears on the oboe; as this section contains Scotch snap rhythms, with a drone accompaniment on bassoon 'in imitation of bagpipes', it may well be that the use of this melody by Shield is also a quotation. Shield does not claim it as his own, as he does with some of the song tunes in the opera. "Rosina" premiered at

neg: Eric Peters (painter) denies the objectivity of the quantum state and conceives it as an expression of a subjective belief of the observer" (because :)"a measurement reveales no pre-existing state of things' says Christopher Fuchs of the perimeter Institute in Waterloo Canada, one of the founders of the QBism,"(but:) "it is something that does an actor with the world and leading to the creation of a result, a new experience for this actor." What Eric Peters happens in the creative painting process with his work, is figuratively that what the quantum mechanical examiner does with himself and the world. The exhibition "Young Artists

neg: Gerardo L. Munck and is a specialist on political regimes and democracy, methodology (with an emphasis on measurement), and politics in Latin America. He also does research on the intellectual history of the field of comparative politics and on the conditions for the production of knowledge about the social world. Munck proposes a comprehensive framework for the construction and assessment of data on political concepts that distinguished between three tasks: conceptualization, measurement, and aggregation. Furthermore, consistent with Giovanni Sartori’s work on concepts, Munck emphasizes the need (1) to form a concept before seeking to measure it and, relatedly, (2) to theorize the relationship

neg: International Political Sociology (security studies) a sub-discipline of international relations and the association of security with survival. IPS challenges the Copenhagen School's understanding of the securitization process arguing that securitization is not the result of a successful speech act but mundane bureaucratic decisions, use of technologies and Weberian routines of rationalization. The International Political Sociology approach to security is particularly influenced by a Foucaultian reading of policing as a form of governmentality. Sociology of security is the scientific study of the relationships between community and security. It addresses the questions what understanding of security does society create and conversely, what society does security establish. In

neg: Photometry (astronomy) one must use de-blending techniques, such as PSF fitting to determine the individual flux values of the overlapping sources. After determining the flux of an object in counts, the flux is normally converted into instrumental magnitude. Then, the measurement is calibrated in some way. Which calibrations are used will depend in part on what type of photometry is being done. Typically, observations are processed for relative or differential photometry. Relative photometry is the measurement of the apparent brightness of multiple objects relative to each other. Absolute photometry is the measurement of the apparent brightness of an object on a standard

neg: Ecolabel emissions rather than direct energy use. Non-Government Links Ecolabel Eco-labels and Green Stickers are labeling systems for food and consumer products. Ecolabels are voluntary, but green stickers are mandated by law; for example, in North America major appliances and automobiles use Energy Star. They are a form of sustainability measurement directed at consumers, intended to make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping. Some labels quantify pollution or energy consumption by way of index scores or units of measurement, while others assert compliance with a set of practices or minimum requirements for sustainability or reduction of harm

neg: Ultrasound computer tomography Ultrasound computer tomography Ultrasound computer tomography (USCT), sometimes also "Ultrasound computed tomography", "Ultrasound computerized tomography" or just "Ultrasound tomography", is a form of medical ultrasound tomography utilizing ultrasound waves as physical phenomenon for imaging. It is mostly in use for soft tissue medical imaging, especially breast imaging. "Ultrasound computer tomographs" use ultrasound waves for creating images. In the first measurement step a defined ultrasound wave is generated with typically Piezoelectric ultrasound transducers, transmitted in direction of the measurement object and received with other or the same ultrasound transducers. While traversing and interacting with the object the ultrasound wave is changed

neg: Pennyweight Act of 1878; only the Troy ounce and its decimal subdivisions remained official. The Troy ounce enjoys a specific legal exemption from metrication in the UK. The pennyweight is the common weight used in the valuation and measurement of precious metals. Jewellers use the pennyweight in calculating the amount and cost of precious metals used in fabricating or casting jewellery. Similarly, dentists and dental labs still use the pennyweight as the measure of precious metals in dental crowns and inlays. Pennyweight and grains are still used to weigh gooseberries in competitions in Cheshire, northwest UK. Over the Pennines in Yorkshire

neg: Inter-rater reliability for reliability in ambiguous or challenging measurement scenarios. Without scoring guidelines, ratings are increasingly affected by experimenter's bias, that is, a tendency of rating values to drift towards what is expected by the rater. During processes involving repeated measurements, correction of "rater drift" can be addressed through periodic retraining to ensure that raters understand guidelines and measurement goals. There are several operational definitions of "inter-rater reliability" in use by Examination Boards, reflecting different viewpoints about what is reliable agreement between raters. There are three operational definitions of agreement: These combine with two operational definitions of behavior: The joint-probability of agreement

neg: Gender neutrality in genderless languages form is somewhat insufficient because ' traditionally means "man, male", but does not really show any male lexeme or morpheme, ' meaning "woman". This is discussed about, some people prefer ' for "man, male" as opposed to "". Concerning pronouns there is much discussion: "ŝi" is clearly female, like English "she". For male persons "li" is used and for (not personified) animals as well as for inanimate objects "ĝi". It is not clear however what form to use when a person of unknown sex is spoken of. It is officially accepted, though very rarely practiced, to use "ĝi" in this

neg: Plain text to represent characters, does not change the meaning (so long as you know what encoding is in use), but for binary files such a conversion "does" change the meaning of at least some parts of the file. Files that contain markup or other meta-data are generally considered plain-text, so long as the markup is also in directly human-readable form (as in HTML, XML, and so on (as Coombs, Renear, and DeRose argue, punctuation is itself markup; and no one considers punctuation to disqualify a file from being plain text). The use of plain text rather than binary files, enables files

neg: Performance-based building design solution concept. Building performance evaluation is the process of systematically comparing and matching the performance in use of building assets with explicitly documented or implicitly criteria for their expected performance. In the PBB approach is essential matching and comparing demand and supply. It can be done by using a validation method, by measurement, calculation, or testing. Tools and methods are used to permit some form of measurement of testing of the requirements, and the relating measurement of the capability of assets to perform. There are many types of in-depth specialized technical evaluations and audits. These validations generally require time, a

neg: Shock and vibration data logger form of tables or graphs and provides functions for the evaluation of the measurement data. The shock and vibration data is either recorded continuously over a defined time period or on an event-driven basis where the recording of data is determined by certain criteria. Employing such an event-based measurement method allows the recording of specific shocks that exceed a critical length of time or strength. Some have wireless capability such as Bluetooth transmissions to smart phones. Acceleration loggers usually use non-volatile storage media for recording the measurement data. These may be hard disc drives or EEPROMs for instance. Such devices

neg: SIC-POVM SIC-POVM A symmetric, informationally complete, positive operator-valued measure (SIC-POVM) is a special case of a generalized measurement on a Hilbert space, used in the field of quantum mechanics. A measurement of the prescribed form satisfies certain defining qualities that makes it an interesting candidate for a "standard quantum measurement", utilized in the study of foundational quantum mechanics, most notably in QBism. Furthermore, it has been shown that applications exist in quantum state tomography and quantum cryptography, and a possible connection has been discovered with Hilbert's twelfth problem. Due to the use of SIC-POVMs primarily in quantum mechanics, Dirac notation will

neg: Stronger uncertainty relations unit vector orthogonal to formula_13. The form of formula_14 implies that the right-hand side of the new uncertainty relation is nonzero unless formula_15 is an eigenstate of formula_16. One can prove an improved version of the Heisenberg–Robertson uncertainty relation which reads as The Heisenberg–Robertson uncertainty relation follows from the above uncertainty relation. In quantum theory one should distinguish between the uncertainty relation and the uncertainty principle. The former refers solely to the preparation of the system which induces a spread in the measurement outcomes, and does not refer to the disturbance induced by the measurement. The uncertainty principle captures the

neg: Measurement in quantum mechanics with the environment formula_99, so that, in a measurement of the first kind, after the interaction the total wave function takes a form which is related to the phenomenon of decoherence. The above is completely described by the Schrödinger equation, and there are no interpretational problems with this. Now the problematic wave function collapse does not need to be understood as a process formula_101 on the level of the measured system, but can also be understood as a process formula_102 on the level of the measuring apparatus, or as a process formula_103 on the level of the environment. Studying these

neg: Canonical S-expressions csexp structure does not care what structure is being parsed. Once a wire-format expression has been parsed into an internal tree form (similar to XML's DOM), the consumer of that structure can examine it for conformance to what was expected. As noted above, an XML document without a schema works just like csexp in this respect, while an XML document with them can work more like ASN.1. Canonical S-expressions A Canonical S-expression (or csexp) is a binary encoding form of a subset of general S-expression (or sexp). It was designed for use in SPKI to retain the power of S-expressions

neg: As It Happens May Contain Nuts". A frequently cited example of the show's sometimes whimsical sense of humour relates to its frequent references to the UK town of Reading, Berkshire. After almost any lighter news story or interview that emanates from any location in the UK, the "As It Happens" host will conclude the piece by straight-facedly noting how far the UK location is from Reading, frequently giving the distance in both miles and some other form of strange, non-standard measurement (e.g., 733,000 garden gnomes, lined up hat to hat). This long-standing tradition on the show dates from the mid-1970s, when English-born segment

neg: LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation that the LXI standard complements other test and measurement control systems, such as GPIB and PXI systems. Proposed in 2005 by Keysight (formerly called Agilent Technologies) and VTI Instruments (formerly called VXI Technology and now part of Ametek), the LXI standard adapts the Ethernet and World Wide Web standards and applies them to test and measurement applications. The standard defines how existing standards should be used in instrumentation applications to provide a consistent feel and ensure compatibility between vendors equipment.The LXI standard does not define a mechanical format, allowing LXI solutions to take any physical form deemed suitable for products

neg: Quantum error correction error correction also employs syndrome measurements. We perform a multi-qubit measurement that does not disturb the quantum information in the encoded state but retrieves information about the error. A syndrome measurement can determine whether a qubit has been corrupted, and if so, which one. What is more, the outcome of this operation (the "syndrome") tells us not only which physical qubit was affected, but also, in which of several possible ways it was affected. The latter is counter-intuitive at first sight: Since noise is arbitrary, how can the effect of noise be one of only few distinct possibilities? In most

neg: Many-worlds interpretation the two branches have decohered. However, present day understanding of decoherence does not allow a completely precise, self-contained way to say when the two branches have decohered/"do not interact", and hence many-worlds interpretation remains arbitrary. This objection is saying that it is not clear what is precisely meant by branching, and point to the lack of self-contained criteria specifying branching. MWI states that there is no special role, or need for precise definition of measurement in MWI, yet Everett uses the word "measurement" repeatedly throughout its exposition. The splitting of worlds forward in time, but not backwards in time (i.e.,

neg: Metrication in the United Kingdom French continued alone and created the foundations of what is now called the "Système International d'Unités" and is the measurement system for most of the world. In 1799, the French created, and started to use, a new system with the metre and the kilogram as the units of length and mass. As use of this new system, originally called the "Decimal System", spread through Europe, there were some calls in the United Kingdom for "decimalisation". The issue of decimalisation of measurement was intertwined in the United Kingdom with decimalisation of currency. The idea was first discussed by a Royal Commission

neg: Galvanometer number of turns of the coil, and the radius of the coils. Unlike the tangent galvanometer, the astatic galvanometer does not use the Earth's magnetic field for measurement, so it does not need to be oriented with respect to the Earth's field, making it easier to use. It has two magnetized needles parallel to each other, but with the magnetic poles reversed. suspended by a silk thread. The lower needle is inside a vertical current sensing coil of wire and is deflected by the magnetic field created by the passing current, as in the tangent galvanometer above. The purpose of

neg: Avoiding Mass Extinctions Engine environmental impact in terms of annual carbon emissions relative to revenue, expressed as a 1-100 score. It helps enable direct comparison of the environmental efficiency of companies within the same industry sector, based on the UK 2007 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). AMEE was initially developed as a software project in 2005 by UK company d::gen and founder Gavin Starks. It enabled any climate campaign to use a common standard for Carbon-Footprint Profiling and Measurement. From 2007 AMEE was used for the UK Government's carbon calculator for its “Act on CO2” campaign against global warming. AMEE UK Limited was created in

neg: Exhaust gas analyzer Exhaust gas analyzer An exhaust gas analyser or exhaust CO analyser is an instrument for the measurement of carbon monoxide among other gases in the exhaust, caused by an incorrect combustion, the Lambda coefficient measurement is the most common. The principles used for CO sensors (and other types of gas) are infrared gas sensors (NDIR) and chemical gas sensors. "Carbon monoxide sensors are" used to assess the CO amount during an MOT test. In order to be used for such test it must be approved as suitable for use in the scheme. In UK a list of acceptable exhaust gas