query: when was the albany plan of union proposed

pos: Albany Plan Albany Plan The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York. More than twenty representatives of several Northern Atlantic colonies had gathered to plan their defense related to the French and Indian War, the front in North America of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, spurred on by Washington's recent defeat in the Ohio valley. The Plan represented one of multiple early

pos: Albany Plan favor of more radical proposals. In the aftermath of the Revolutionary War, the Albany Plan of Union served as a precursor to the draft Articles of Confederation. Albany Plan The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York. More than twenty representatives of several Northern Atlantic colonies had gathered to plan their defense related to the French and Indian War, the front in North America

pos: Albany Plan Albany Plan The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York. More than twenty representatives of several Northern Atlantic colonies had gathered to plan their defense related to the French and Indian War, the front in North America of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, spurred on by Washington's recent defeat in the Ohio valley. The Plan represented one of multiple early

neg: Eilardus Westerlo Church in Albany. Westerlo also led his large, politically divided congregation, with its powerful consistory and with many influential members, to a solution in the "Coetus-Conferentie" conflict, and later on the issue of whether the congregation in Albany should join the other North American congregations under the "Plan of Union" proposed by the Classis of Amsterdam. When Westerlo’s congregation finally joined the Union of Dutch Reformed Churches in 1785, he was immediately chosen to be president of the General Synod. Perhaps for this reason, but also to be celebrated for his efforts towards education, he was made an honorary doctor

neg: Benjamin Chew 1754, the Albany Conference was held in Albany, New York. Twenty-one representatives of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire attended the Congress. Secretaries of each colony represented also attended, including Benjamin Chew of the Pennsylvania delegation. These secretaries helped formulate the plan to unite the colonies as a unified force at the time of threat from France during the Seven Years' War, known in North America as the French and Indian War, which began that year. The Albany Plan of Union was one of the first attempts to unite the British colonies. Benjamin Franklin proposed

neg: Galloway's Plan of Union correspondent) Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in July 1754 to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies. The Albany Plan went beyond the original scope of the Albany Congress, which was to develop a plan of defense for the French and Indian War. Although as a delegate to the Continental Congress Galloway was a moderate, when his Plan of Union (despite its removal of British Parliamentary sovereignty) was rejected, Galloway moved increasingly towards Loyalism. After 1778 he lived in Britain, where he acted as a leader of the Loyalist movement and an advisor to the government. Once Britain's

neg: Galloway's Plan of Union for three year terms.. Galloway's plan would have kept the British Empire together, while allowing the colonies to have some say over their own affairs, including the inflammatory issue of taxation. Galloway's plan was not accepted by the Congress. The appearance of the Suffolk Resolves at the Congress led to a polarization of discussion, with the radicals swiftly gaining the upper hand. Galloway's Plan of Union was narrowly defeated by a vote of six to five on October 27, 1774. The proposed Galloway Plan bore striking resemblance to the Albany Plan, a proposal by Galloway's fellow Pennsylvania delegate (and active

neg: Albany Congress submitted to the British Board of Trade, which also rejected it. The Plan of Union proposed to include all the British North American colonies, although none of the colonies south of Maryland sent representatives to the Albany Congress. (Note that the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" were then administered by Pennsylvania, and Georgia Colony was slow to start.) The plan called for a single executive (President-General) to be appointed by the King, who would be responsible for relations with the Indians, military preparedness, and execution of laws regulating various trade and financial activities. It called for a Grand Council to

neg: Washington Park Historic District (Albany, New York) Associated with this extension Northern Boulevard was also widened and both Lancaster and State streets were turned into one-ways. Entrances to Washington Park from Thurlow Terrace and Englewood Place were closed in 1972 turning those into dead end streets from Western Avenue. In 1988 Washington Park Road was renamed "Albany Plan of Union Avenue" in honor of the colonial congress held in Albany by Benjamin Franklin that proposed closer ties and support among the Thirteen Colonies. In 1991 Northern Boulevard from its intersection with Madison Avenue and Willett Street north through the park and continuing to Livingston Avenue in Arbor

neg: Albany Convention Center portions of the proposed site of the Albany Convention Center to Capitalize Albany Corp.--a nonprofit economic development organization--for one dollar; Capitalize Albany reportedly expressed interest in redeveloping the property, which was described by the Times Union as a "commercial dead zone of parking lots, decrepit buildings and the former Adirondack Trailways bus station." Albany Convention Center The Albany Convention Center (ACC) was a proposed convention center to be located in downtown Albany, New York. The complex was initially proposed by Albany Mayor Gerald Jennings in 1994. In 2004, the Albany Convention Center Authority (ACCA) was established by the New York

neg: Albany Health and Human Services Corporation care plan authored by County Legislator Patrick Timmins. The Timmins plan also supports ideas from County Comptroller Conners’s original 2002 “Medicaid Waiver”. The Breslin Health Plan does not argue against the creation of a public benefit corporation for health in Albany County. The Breslin Health Plan argues against building a county long-term care facility in Albany County, New York. Albany Health and Human Services Corporation The Albany Health and Human Services Corporation (AHHSC) is a proposed public benefit corporation (PBC) of Albany County, New York, and New York State. On May 11, 2009, Albany County Comptroller Michael Conners in his

neg: Albany Congress Because of differences in threat, he attracted only the colonies as far south as Maryland. The Albany delegates spent most of their time debating Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of union to create a unified level of colonial government. The delegates voted approval of a plan that called for a union of 11 colonies, with a president appointed by the British Crown. Each colonial assembly would send 2 to 7 delegates to a "grand council" which would have legislative powers. The Union would have jurisdiction over Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by the colonies' legislatures, which were protective of their

neg: Albany Plan in the forthcoming military campaign. The Board of Trade never sought official approval for the Plan from the Crown. They proposed that colonial governors, along with some members of their respective councils, order the raising of troops and building of forts, to be funded by the Treasury of Great Britain. This amount would later have to be repaid, and Parliament imposed a tax on the colonies to pay for the defenses in North America. The Galloway Plan proposed at the First Continental Congress bore striking resemblance to the Albany Plan. It was submitted by conservative Loyalists and quickly rejected in

neg: Trial balloon English is figurative. In politics trial balloons often take the form of an intentional news "leak" to assess public opinion. An example was when the "New York Times" reported in mid-June 2012 that Governor Andrew Cuomo and his staff were deliberating on a plan to restrict hydrofracking to five counties in the Southern Tier of New York where the Marcellus shale is deepest and drilling is least likely to pollute well water supplies in those aquifers. Because the proposed change in New York energy law was highly controversial, the "Albany Times Union" the next day filed a front-page, above the

neg: Albany Health and Human Services Corporation Albany Health and Human Services Corporation The Albany Health and Human Services Corporation (AHHSC) is a proposed public benefit corporation (PBC) of Albany County, New York, and New York State. On May 11, 2009, Albany County Comptroller Michael Conners in his "2009 State of Fisc" proposed a PBC for health in Albany County. On June 9, 2009, the Albany County, Legislature adopted Resolution 205, which directs the County Executive to develop a plan for the long-term care of the elderly in Albany County. The Albany Health and Human Services Corporation (AHHSC) will merge the following county agencies: AHHSC will contain

neg: American nationalism liberal and individualist principles, although forms of ethnic nationalism were sometimes promoted until the civil rights movement. The United States traces its origins to the Thirteen Colonies founded by Britain in the 17th and early 18th century. Residents identified with Britain until the mid-18th century when the first sense of being "American" emerged. The Albany Plan proposed a union between the colonies in 1754. Although unsuccessful, it served as a reference for future discussions of independence. Soon afterward, the colonies faced several common grievances over acts passed by the British Parliament, including taxation without representation. Americans were in general agreement

neg: New Albany-Union County Airport New Albany-Union County Airport New Albany-Union County Airport is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of New Albany, a city in Union County, Mississippi, United States. It is owned by New Albany City and Union County. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a "general aviation" facility. New Albany-Union County Airport covers an area of 100 acres (40 ha) at an elevation of 413 feet (126 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an

neg: Benjamin Franklin the "Declaration of Independence" between September 4, 1774, and July 4, 1776, were affiliated with the College. In 1753, both Harvard and Yale awarded him honorary degrees. In 1754, he headed the Pennsylvania delegation to the Albany Congress. This meeting of several colonies had been requested by the Board of Trade in England to improve relations with the Indians and defense against the French. Franklin proposed a broad Plan of Union for the colonies. While the plan was not adopted, elements of it found their way into the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. In 1756, Franklin received an honorary

neg: Tricentennial Park (Albany, New York) Tricentennial Park (Albany, New York) Tricentennial Park is an urban park in Albany, New York built to commemorate that city's three hundredth anniversary as an incorporated city and is the site of several statues and monuments. The park encompasses the entire block bounded by Broadway to the east, Columbia Street to the north, James Street to the west, and Steuben Street to the south. First proposed in 1914 it was built in 1986 as part of the tricentennial celebrations of Albany's incorporation as a city in association with the renovation of the Albany Union Station. A park was first proposed

neg: Albany Plan threats by France. The northern colonies were most concerned, as they shared a border with the French colony in Canada, but the mid-Atlantic colonies were also affected by differing loyalties of various Native American nations, usually related to their trading with France or Great Britain. The New England and northern tier colonies had long been subject to raiding from Canada during times of conflict. The Albany Plan was the first proposed unification of the colonies for the purposes of defense. The Plan called for a general government to be administered by a President General, to be appointed and supported by

neg: Albany City Hall least 160 years (meaning a replacement structure would not have been needed until 1795 at the earliest), which is in disagreement with the idea that a new "Stadt Huys" was built in the 1740s. In 1754, the "Stadt Huys" was the site of the Albany Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there. This was the first formal proposal to unite the British American colonies. The Plan of Union's original intention was to unite the colonies in defense against aggressions of the French to the north; it was not an attempt to become independent from the

neg: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758). By this point the war in North America had reached a stalemate, with France broadly holding the territorial advantage. It held possession of the disputed Ohio territory but lacked the strength to launch an attack on the more populous British coastal colonies. One of the most significant geopolitical actions of the time was the slow movement towards Imperial unity in North America started by the Albany Congress, although a Plan of Union proposed by Benjamin Franklin was rejected by delegates. Britain had been

neg: Join, or Die fight for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. At that time, the colonists were divided on whether to fight the French and their Native-American allies for control of the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. It became a symbol for the need of organized action against an outside threat posed by the French and Native-Americans in the mid 18th century. Writer Philip Davidson states that Franklin was a propagandist influential in seeing the potential in political cartoons. Franklin had proposed the Albany Plan and his cartoon suggested that such a union was necessary to avoid destruction. As Franklin wrote:

neg: Albany Plan attempts to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes." The Albany Congress discussed the plan. After a committee reviewed different plans offered by delegates, its members chose Franklin's plan with some small modifications. Benjamin Chew, then a young lawyer from Dover, Pennsylvania, served as secretary, and Richard Peters and Isaac Norris, both from Philadelphia, were among the members of this committee and the Pennsylvania delegation. It went beyond the original scope of the Congress, which was to develop a plan of defense related to near-term

neg: Knickerbocker and Arnink Garages administration building for the State University of New York. One was later converted into a warehouse and used for that purpose until its demolition. That came about as part of a plan for two large office towers proposed for the neighborhood as redevelopment. Nothing has been built on the space since; it is used as part of a parking lot that serves another nearby redevelopment project, the Times Union Center. The two garages were located on the south side of downtown Albany, in a three-quarter acre () lot on the south side of Hudson midway between South Pearl (New York

neg: Albany Congress be selected by the colonial legislatures, with the number of delegates to be apportioned according to the taxes paid by each colony. The colonial assemblies rejected the plan, although delegates forming the government after the Revolution incorporated some features in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. Twenty-one representatives attended the Congress from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. New York Governor James DeLancey was host governor and Chairman. Peter Wraxall served as Secretary to the Congress. Delegates included: ‡ Indicates Members of the committee of the Plan of Union Albany Congress The Albany Congress

neg: Lincoln Park (Albany, New York) mayor was receptive to the plan and inquired to the state about use of parking facilities at the Empire State Plaza in conjunction with the civic center. The next year another group of investors proposed to the mayor regarding a civic center in Lincoln Park. The mayor, who would die four months later, responded with "Please discuss this with Jim Coyne", who was the Albany County executive. Later that year Coyne announced plans for a county-owned civic center facility, and though the Lincoln Park site was proposed at public hearings, the first site chosen was in Latham before finally settling

neg: Thirteen Colonies Washington, which benefited the American cause during the Revolution. Also, colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort. The relations were not always positive between the British military establishment and the colonists, setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops. At the 1754 Albany Congress, Pennsylvania colonist Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan which would have created a unified government of the Thirteen Colonies for coordination of defense and other matters, but the plan was rejected by the leaders of most colonies. In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France formally

neg: Albany Convention Center hotel that never happened." In April 2018, the Albany Times Union reported that the ACCA wished to sell the proposed site of the Albany Convention Center to a nonprofit economic development organization for $1. The ACCA board chair is Megan Daly, who was appointed to the board in 2013 by Governor Andrew Cuomo. As of 2018, there are six other members of the ACCA listed on its website, with members being appointed from the New York State Senate, the New York State Assembly, the Mayor of Albany, New York, and the Albany County, New York Executive. In 2017, the ACCA

neg: Downtown Albany Historic District to outlying areas and then the suburbs. Downtown remained a popular place for politicians and those who associated with them to patronize, but otherwise began to decline in a similar fashion as other old Northeastern cities. A 1969 redevelopment plan identified the "obsolete street plan" and lack of quality parking as a source of downtown's problems. It proposed reconfiguring the streets to coordinate better with the expressways proposed for the area at the time. A large pedestrian mall was proposed for the area between Chapel and Broadway, with the intervening blocks of Steuben, Pearl and Pine to be closed off

neg: History of Albany, New York identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier. "Dongan" created Albany as a strip of land wide and long. Over the years Albany would lose much of the land to the west and annex land to the north and south. At this point, Albany had a population of about 500 people. In 1754, representatives of seven British North American colonies met in the "Stadt Huys", Albany's city hall, for the Albany Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the

neg: History of Albany, New York (1664–1784) year all except Virginia and New Jersey attend, but Rhode Island and Connecticut attend in their stead. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented what is now known as the Albany Plan of Union. The meeting, which took place at the corner of Broadway and Hudson Avenue, became known as the Albany Congress. Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution. One month later, fears of a war with France came true and new stockades are erected at Albany. Johannes Hansen is appointed mayor. During the French and Indian War, Albany was the

neg: Albany City Hall hall was the "Stadt Huys", built by the Dutch at the intersection of Broadway and Hudson Avenue probably in the 1660s, though possibly earlier. It was probably replaced around 1740 with a larger building, which continued to be known as the "Stadt Huys". In 1754, the "Stadt Huys" was the location of the Albany Congress, where Benjamin Franklin presented the Albany Plan of Union, the first proposal to unite the British American colonies. In 1797 Albany was declared the state capital of New York and the New York Legislature made its home in Albany's city hall. In 1809 the Legislature

neg: History of Albany, New York (1664–1784) presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies. Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution. The same year, the French and Indian War, the fourth in a series of wars dating back to 1689, began; it ended in 1763 with French defeat, resolving a situation that had been a constant threat to Albany and held back its growth. In 1775, with the colonies in the midst of the Revolutionary War, the "Stadt Huys" became home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence

neg: Albany Congress unite the colonies exceeded the scope of the congress, which had been called to plan a defense against the French and Indian threat. The original plan was heavily debated by all who attended the conference, including the young Philadelphia lawyer Benjamin Chew. Numerous modifications were also proposed by Thomas Hutchinson, who later became Governor of Massachusetts. The delegates passed the plan unanimously. They submitted it with their recommendations, but the legislatures of the seven colonies rejected it, as it would have removed some of their existing powers. The plan was never sent to the Crown for approval, although it was

neg: New Albany, Mississippi to the Northeast, although when traveling from Oxford towards Booneville an alternate route must be taken within the city limits. New Albany is served by BNSF Railway (formerly St. Louis – San Francisco Railway) and the Ripley and New Albany Railroad (formerly Gulf, Mobile and Ohio). The two railroads cross downtown. New Albany was once a stop for Gulf, Mobile and Ohio's famous "Rebel" streamlined passenger train. New Albany, Mississippi New Albany is a city in Union County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 8,526 at the 2010 census. New Albany is the county seat of Union County. New Albany

neg: History of the Hudson River included officials from both the colonies and from the Iroquois. The subject of the meeting referred to tensions between the British and the French and the prelude to the French and Indian Wars. At the meeting, residents of the city of Albany were able to come into contact with people from the rest of the colonies, which was an interesting experience for many citizens of the city. The result of the Congress was the Albany Plan of Union, which was the first attempt to create a unified government. The plan included 7 of the English colonies in North America. The

neg: Albany City Hall auspices of the British crown. Although it was never adopted by the British Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution. A month prior to the meeting, Franklin published his "Join, or Die" political cartoon, an infamous graphical representation of the Plan of Union. During the Revolutionary War, city hall was home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence (the political arm of the local revolutionary movement), which took over operation of Albany's government in 1775 and eventually expanded its power to control all of Albany County (which at that time was the largest county in the colony,

neg: Fouchet Plan the Member States, mandating that they work towards the aims of the Union. The budget of the Union would be "drawn up by the Council each year", and would be funded by contributions from the Member States. Article 13 lays out the proportional contribution of each Member State at the time. Title V lays out how amendments should be made to the Plan, how they would be ratified, provisions for admission of new Member states, and other standard details. A second draft of the Fouchet plan was proposed when it appeared that the first would prove unsuccessful. Some concessions would

neg: Charles Corbin The proposed Declaration of Union was a desperate last-minute attempt to bolster French resistance in the face of defeatism among the ranks of the French cabinet to keep the Franco-British alliance alive. De Gaulle was staying at the Hyde Park Hotel and was shaving when Corbin and Monnet burst into his room, bringing their plan for an Anglo-French union in order to keep France in the war. Through de Gaulle was hostile to the plan for Anglo-French union, he was prepared to accept anything that might keep France in the war, knowing full well that Reynaud was losing the cabinet

neg: Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union (centered around Vladimir Groman). Stalin announced the start of the first five-year plan for industrialization on October 1, 1928, and it lasted until December 31, 1932. Stalin described it as a new revolution from above. When this plan began, the USSR was fifth in industrialization, and with the great success of the first five-year plan moved up to second, with only the United States in first. This plan was achieved with great success in less time than had been predicted. When the plan was initially proposed it was instantly rejected as being too modest. The target goals were then increased

neg: Albany, New York Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies. Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution. The same year, the French and Indian War, the fourth in a series of wars dating back to 1689, began; it ended in 1763 with French defeat, resolving a situation that had been a constant threat to Albany and held back its growth. In 1775, with the colonies in the midst of the Revolutionary War, the "Stadt Huys" became home to

neg: Hudson River 1647, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took over management of the colony, and surrendered it in 1664 to the British, who had invaded the largely-defenseless New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York, after the Duke of York. Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub. Manors were developed on the east side of the river, and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms. In 1754, the Albany Plan of Union was created at Albany City Hall on the Hudson. The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and

neg: Plan of Union of 1801 Union was initially agreed upon between the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church and the Connecticut General Association of Congregational Churches. The Plan was later approved by the Congregational associations in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. It enabled churches of either denomination to hire ministers from the other. Congregations were given the choice whether to be governed by congregational polity or by the Presbyterian model of a session of ruling elders. The Plan also made it possible for the Middle Association of Congregationalists in New York to become a subordinate jurisdiction of the Presbyterian Synod of Albany. As part of

neg: Consultation on Church Union a timetable for merger that called for "creation and ratification of a union plan within 13 years, followed by some 30 years of federation during which a constitution will be prepared." Among delegates from the eight churches then involved were Methodist theologian Albert Outler, Episcopal bishop Robert Gibson of Virginia, and United Church of Christ minister David Colwell. By 1967, ten churches (including two pairs, Presbyterian and Methodist, which later merged) were members of the Consultation: Despite intense negotiations, membership of the denominations overwhelmingly rejected the "Plan of Union" when it was proposed in 1970. Much agreement was reached on

neg: Albany Convention Center convention center has a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design status. The Chairman of the ACCA during the planning and construction of the built structure was Gavin J. Donohue, President and CEO of Independent Power Producers of New York, Inc. As of November 2016, there were no plans to develop the proposed site of the Albany Convention Center; the ACCA had reportedly "spent $8 million for the properties, and another $3.8 million on site costs for the $220 million-plus convention center and hotel that never happened." In April 2018, the Albany Times Union reported that the ACCA wished to sell

neg: Tricentennial Park (Albany, New York) on this site in 1914 as part of architect Arnold W. Brunner and landscape architect Charles Downing Lay's master plan for the city as published under the name of "Stvdies for Albany". It was intended to be a gateway for visitors to the city arriving by train at the Albany Union Station across the street. The park was built in 1986 on a 150–car surface parking lot as part of the celebrations of Albany's 300th anniversary of becoming a city incorporated under the Dongan Charter. Originally Corning Park behind City Hall was to carry the Tricentennial Park name, but that

neg: Upstate New York region. William Johnson, a Scottish trader, established an estate in the Mohawk Valley, living among the Mohawk, learning their language, and forging an alliance with them. He was appointed as the British Indian agent to the Iroquois. The British also encouraged settlement in the Mohawk Valley by other Europeans, including German Palatines beginning in the 1720s. In what became known as the Albany Congress in 1754, delegates from seven of the thirteen British North American colonies met at Albany to pursue a treaty with the powerful Mohawk. Benjamin Franklin, a Pennsylvania delegate, proposed a plan for uniting the seven colonies

neg: Albany Convention Center had operating expenses of $4.75 million, an outstanding debt of $980,000, and a level of staffing of 2 people. The plan originated with Albany Mayor Gerald Jennings and various supporters in 1994, though progress was not actually made until 2002 when the mayor put out a "request for expressions of interest", with which the mayor requested possible locations for the convention center as well as preliminary designs and cost estimates. The complex was initially expected to cost between $140 and $160 million. The incentive for such a plan was based mainly on the lack of significant convention space in Albany

neg: Articles of Confederation Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the Constitutional Convention. It was quickly realized that changes would not work, and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the President), courts, and taxing powers. The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. The

neg: History of the Massachusetts Turnpike the process of acquiring the 32-acre Boston and Albany Tremont St. rail yard for the purpose of constructing a brand new building and associated complex to house its Northeastern American operations at about the same time as the Commonwealth's plan to bypass the Turnpike Authority was being announced. This proposed development stood square in the middle of the Boston leg of Callahan's planned Turnpike extension, and could possibly kill his proposed extension. While many opponents within and out of the city looked upon the Prudential announcement as the possible final-nail-in-the-coffin for Callahan's proposed toll road, Boston Redevelopment Authority head Edward

neg: Arab–Israeli conflict make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented. After five weeks of in-country study, the Committee reported to the General Assembly on 3 September 1947. The Report contained a majority and a minority plan. The majority proposed a "Plan of Partition with Economic Union". The minority proposed "The Independent State of Palestine". With only slight modifications, the "Plan of Partition with Economic Union" was the one the adoption and implementation of which was recommended in resolution 181(II) of 29 November 1947. The Resolution was adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. All six Arab

neg: Blockade Strategy Board April 19, President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of all ports in the states that had seceded from the Union at that time: South Carolina; Georgia; Florida; Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana; and Texas. Later, when the coastal states of Virginia and North Carolina also succeeded, the proclamation was modified to include their ports as well. The blockade, which existed only on paper at this time, became an integral part of the plan to persuade the seceded states to return to the Union that was proposed by General in Chief Winfield Scott. Although Scott's so-called Anaconda Plan was never formally adopted as a

neg: Operation Felix the war when the group was renamed the Joint Intelligence Centre. On Hitler's insistence, the OKW developed a revised plan for the capture of Gibraltar, which might have been implemented once the German invasion of the Soviet Union had been completed. Codenamed "Felix-Heinrich", the plan was submitted to General Franz Halder on 10 March 1941. It proposed that as soon as the invading forces in the Soviet Union reached a line between Kiev and Smolensk, hopefully by 15 July, units could then be withdrawn to prepare for the Gibraltar operation, which it was thought could begin on 15 October. "Felix-Heinrich"

neg: Palestine and the United Nations recorded vote, in favour of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" (reproduced in the Report). The Plan proposed "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem". On November 29, 1947, the General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of a Plan of Partition with Economic Union, General Assembly Resolution 181, a slightly modified version of that proposed by the majority in the Report of September 3, 1947, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote itself, which required a two-third majority, was a dramatic affair. It led to celebrations in the

neg: Union County Light Rail in its Capital Improvement Program, effectively ending the project. The first three were former CNJ station locations. The Union "go bus" expressway is a proposed bus rapid transit system between Garwood and the airport via Midtown Elizabeth which includes routing elements of the light rail plan. Union County Light Rail The Union County Light Rail was a proposed light rail system connecting Newark Airport to midtown Elizabeth, New Jersey. The Union County Light Rail was originally proposed as the third "minimum operating segment" (MOS-3) of the Newark-Elizabeth Rail Link (NERL). The first section of the NERL project became known as

neg: Tech Valley public's perception. In 2004, however, when Bill Gates was asked by an "Albany Times Union" reporter what he thought about Tech Valley, he responded that he had no idea where that was; two years later though, $400,000 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was used to fund the Tech Valley High School. The goal of luring a computer chip fabrication plant (chip fab) was one of the earliest goals of, and reasons underlying, the Tech Valley name. The plan to get a chip fab to the Capital District predates the Tech Valley slogan. In 1997, New York set out

neg: Anaconda Plan Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by a vociferous faction of Union generals who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The

neg: Albany Plan the Crown, and a Grand Council to consist of delegates nominated by (the lower houses of) the colonial assemblies. Under the plan, delegates from the colonies would be chosen roughly proportionate to colony size – from a minimum of two to a maximum of seven for Virginia - but each colony would have only one vote and decision making was by unanimous consensus. Proposed powers included treaty making, and raising army and naval forces; and, most significantly, included the right of taxation. After the larger group of delegates discussed their issues and objections, they resolved most of them and adopted

neg: Albany Convention Center Albany Convention Center The Albany Convention Center (ACC) was a proposed convention center to be located in downtown Albany, New York. The complex was initially proposed by Albany Mayor Gerald Jennings in 1994. In 2004, the Albany Convention Center Authority (ACCA) was established by the New York Legislature as a New York State public-benefit corporation to develop plans for the ACC. Supported by Governor George Pataki, the project was awarded a $75 million grant in 2006. The anticipated price tag of the project was approximately $220 million, and a site between Broadway, Hudson Avenue, and the South Mall Arterial was

neg: New York high-speed rail decision by Governor Andrew Cuomo to liquidate the remaining fleet for scrap metal. Notably, federal planners identified New York State's Empire Corridor (Buffalo-Albany-New York City) as one of the best-suited for high-speed rail service. In 2005, New York State Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno expressed renewed interest in high-speed rail proposed research into high-speed rail development in New York State as part of a plan to boost Upstate New York's economy. In addition, the Empire Limited Amtrak service between New York and Albany already has one of the highest levels of ridership outside the Northeast Corridor and Acela lines. In

neg: Eugene Field Park Park. The river reached 8.85 feet on April 18, 2013; Eugene Field Park typically begins to flood when water levels reach 6.0 feet. The 2013 floods led Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel to criticize a previous city plan to alleviate flooding by installing more marshland along the river. Several days after the high water record was set at the Albany Avenue river gauge, Emanuel, Congressman Mike Quigley, Illinois State Senator Ira Silverstein, and other officials gathered at Eugene Field Park to announce a new plan to address flooding in Albany Park. The plan involves sinking a one-mile tunnel beneath Foster Avenue

neg: Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature The Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature, also known as Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature, was proposed by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 1940s, for land development, agricultural practices and water projects to improve agriculture in the nation. Its propaganda motto and catchphrase was “the great transformation of nature” (, "velikoye preobrazovaniye prirody"). The plan was outlined in the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Central Committee of October 20, 1948: "On the plan for planting of

neg: Niagara Rainbow a bus connection. In 1978, several state governments proposed replacing the "Niagara Rainbow" and its Chicago—Cleveland—New York counterpart the "Lake Shore Limited" with a single train. The proposed service would have separate sections via Detroit and Cleveland west of Buffalo plus separate Boston and New York sections east of Albany. Than plan was not implemented and the two trains remained separate. In October 1978 the "Niagara Rainbow" finally began stopping in Niagara Falls. Unlike the modern "Maple Leaf" which uses the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge to cross into Canada, the "Niagara Rainbow" used the Michigan Central Railway Bridge. From Canada the

neg: Albany Convention Center connect the convention center to the Times Union Center. The back of the center would face the South Mall Arterial, and there would be loading docks on that side of the structure. A plaza near the center of the complex would face Broadway. The design allowed for future expansion of the convention space. The Van Ostrande-Radliff House, which is believed to be the oldest building in the city of Albany, is located within the proposed footprint of the ACC. The house was built by Johannes van Ostrande around 1728 and is a rare example of Dutch architecture from its time.

neg: SUNY System Administration Building halls sat, along with the New York State Legislature in the 18th century. The Albany Plan of Union in 1754, presided over by Ben Franklin, was held here. This land was once along the Hudson River's banks, over time being infilled, including in 1911 as part of the construction of the Plaza. The city of Albany purchased and consolidated the land ownership that allowed the D&H to build the building and the city to have a park in front surrounded by a street that acted as a loop for the trolleys running on State Street. Public access was allowed to

neg: Albany Convention Center million. After this sale, the ACCA had acquired about 75% of the land necessary for the project. The proposed design of the Albany Convention Center called for a brick and glass structure with an exhibition hall, two ballrooms and other various meeting spaces totaling about . In early 2008, it was announced that the site would include a 400-room Sheraton Hotel, to be run by Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Inc., of White Plains; a convention center, to be operated by SMG Management (the company that operates the Times Union Center), and an 1,100-car parking garage. A bridge would also

neg: Glossary of European Union concepts, acronyms, & jargon the European Union itself, including countries with no ties to NATO. The European Defence Community (EDC) was a plan proposed in 1950 by René Pleven, the French Prime Minister, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. The intention was to form a pan-European defence force as an alternative to Germany's proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc. The EDC was to include West Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries. A treaty was signed on 27 May 1952, but the plan never went into

neg: Union Station (Albany, New York) Union Station (Albany, New York) Union Station, also known as Albany Union Station, is a building in Albany, New York on the corner of Broadway and Steuben Street. Built during 1899–1900, it served originally as the city's railroad station but now houses credit union offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) during 1971. Its NRHP application asserted: Perhaps no other building has been so important to the growth of Albany during the twentieth century as Union Station. It was designed in 1899 by Shepl[e]y, Rutan and Coolidge, the successors to the firm of H.H. Richardson

neg: Albany Medical College Albany Medical College Albany Medical College (AMC) is a medical school located in Albany, New York, United States. It was founded in 1839 by Alden March and James H. Armsby and is one of the oldest medical schools in the nation. The college is part of the Albany Medical Center, which includes the Albany Medical Center Hospital. Along with Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, the Dudley Observatory, the Graduate College of Union University, and Union College, it is one of the constituent entities of Union University. The college, alongside the Albany Medical Center, established a radio station that

neg: Union Station (Albany, New York) relocating them to a State Street building also owned by Gramercy, with no job losses. Union Station (Albany, New York) Union Station, also known as Albany Union Station, is a building in Albany, New York on the corner of Broadway and Steuben Street. Built during 1899–1900, it served originally as the city's railroad station but now houses credit union offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) during 1971. Its NRHP application asserted: Perhaps no other building has been so important to the growth of Albany during the twentieth century as Union Station. It was designed

neg: Israel and the United Nations the representatives of Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, India, Iran, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, Uruguay and Yugoslavia. In the final report of September 3, 1947, seven members of the Committee in Chapter VI "expressed themselves, by recorded vote, in favour of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" (reproduced in the Report). The Plan proposed "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem". On November 29, 1947, the General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of a Plan of Partition with Economic Union, General Assembly Resolution 181, a slightly modified version of that proposed by the majority

neg: Anaconda Plan Confederate government was already strained financially as early as 1862. As its economy steadily degenerated, it suffered from a general loss of confidence on the part of its citizens. Abbreviations used in these notes: Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a U.S. Union Army outline strategy for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union general-in-chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive,

neg: Fouchet Plan Plan was an attempt to keep the balance of power in France's favor. The success of the European Communities and the lack of enthusiasm of other states for the idea stopped the implementation of the Fouchet Plan. The first draft of The Fouchet Plan was proposed in 1961. The plan called for a "Union of the European peoples" "without supranational institutions." It is divided into five sections ("Titles I – V"), summarized below. Title I outlines the "aims" of the Union. Title II describes the institutions, their composition, and their various powers and relationships to one another. Title III describes

neg: 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 European Union stimulus plan On 26 November 2008, the European Commission proposed a European stimulus plan (also referred to as the European Economic Recovery Plan) amounting to 200 billion euros to cope with the effects of the global financial crisis on the economies of the members countries. It aims at limiting the economic slowdown of the economies through national economic policies, with measures extended over a period of two years. The European Commission presented on 26 November a plan to cope with the current economic crisis in the 27 member countries of the Union. The plan combines short-term measures

neg: Commissioners' Plan of 1811 Mountains and on the Oneida Reservation, mapped the Albany Turnpike between Albany and Schenectady and the Great Western Turnpike from Albany to Cooperstown, and surveyed property lots in Albany and in Central New York, particularly Oneida County When he was hired by the commissionon De Witt's suggestion and with Morris' approvalhe was still a relatively inexperienced 20-year-old. Randel's surveying in 1808 had nothing to do with laying out the grid, which had not yet been determined as the final result of the Commission's work. Instead, he was determining the topography and ground cover of the land and the placement of

neg: Relief Line (Toronto) continued into 1985, with downtown alignments following King Street, Queen Street, Front Street and the railways to and from Union Station. The TTC released the Network 2011 plan in 1985, and a Relief Line was one of the three routes proposed. As part of the 2011 Network plan, the Relief Line was proposed to run between Pape station on the Bloor–Danforth line, south to Eastern Avenue, and then west to Union Station, the Rogers Centre (then known as the SkyDome) and Spadina Avenue. Three possible alignments were considered for the westward extension. The least expensive would follow the railway right-of-way

neg: First Congregational Church of Albany Midwest, Congregationalists coming from New England had found themselves living next to Presbyterians originating primarily in the Middle Atlantic states such as New York and Pennsylvania. To form churches, the two groups had often combined their numbers, and at the beginning the century both denominations had agreed on a Plan of Union to facilitate this. However, doctrinal differences between the two, particularly in light of a widening schism among the Presbyterians themselves, had resulted in charges of heresy and revocations of support for some newer synods in Western New York and Ohio. The implementation of the Plan of Union had

neg: Albany Street (Manhattan) built. The pier was used as the dock for the ferry between New York and Albany, hence the street leading to the pier was named "Albany Street". In the early 1850s, it was proposed that the street be extended through the yard next to Trinity Church in order to connect the street to Broadway. The proposition became the center of a heated debate between the Municipal Corporation of New York and the Religious Corporation of Trinity Church. When Battery Park City was built on landfill in the Hudson River in the 1980s, the street was extended west of West Street

neg: Bellinzona railway workers strike of 2008 the Swiss rail network. At the time of the strike, approximately 430 people worked at the Bellinzona plant. Today (2012) it employs more than 500 workers. The workers at Bellinzona are represented by three labour unions: the SEV (Transport Workers' Union), UNIA (a service sector union), and Transfair (a Christian trade union). On 6 March 2008, FFS Cargo proposed a company restructuring program which was intended to improve efficiency and profitability. More than 400 jobs were to be eliminated by the restructure, including 126 in Bellinzona. When the restructuring plan was announced, workers at the Bellinzona downed tools and held

neg: History of the United States (1776–1789) boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging, and have become iconic images of the war. In early 1777, a grand British strategic plan, the Saratoga Campaign, was drafted in London. The plan called for two British armies to converge on Albany, New York from the north and south, dividing the colonies in two and separating New England from the rest. Failed communications and poor planning resulted in the army descending from Canada, commanded by General John Burgoyne, bogging down in dense forest north of Albany. Meanwhile, the British Army that was supposed to advance up the Hudson

neg: Congregationalism in the United States from the union, but the New School Presbyterians remained. The union was further damaged by tensions over slavery. In 1852, a national convention of Congregational churches met in Albany, New York, and ended the Plan of Union. Since the 17th century, Congregationalists had managed to maintain unity despite disagreements over the role of man and God in salvation and the adoption by liberals of nontrinitarian theological ideas. By the start of the 19th century, however, there was less willingness to tolerate theological liberalism. The Second Great Awakening had initiated a new wave of revivalism and a more aggressive stance from

neg: Albany Meadows Meadows is part of a plan for commercial development by UC Berkeley Capital Projects. The plan includes 175-units of senior housing, a large-scale grocery retailer, space for two additional retailers, and a parking lot. A series of protests and occupations occurred at Albany Meadows as part of an ongoing resistance to the plan for development known as Occupy the Farm. Albany Meadows Albany Meadows is approximately four acres of land at the Gill Tract in Albany, CA. It is bounded by San Pablo Avenue to the east, Monroe Street to the north, 10th Street to the west, and Codornices Creek

neg: Interstate 185 (Georgia) in Southwest Georgia began a campaign to have the interstate extended to Monticello, Florida, and connect with I-10. The proposed route of the highway would travel parallel to SR 520 (known as "Corridor Z") to Albany, and then parallel to US 19. Local opposition to the plan soon emerged. Critics argued that the proposed interstate would siphon business from small towns that the new road bypassed. In 2009, Georgia's Department of Transportation concluded a two-year study of the proposal, which found that extending I-185 would "be inconsistent with existing comprehensive land use plans; would have a negative impact on prime

neg: Fouchet Plan the "Obligations of Member States". Title IV describes the Finances of the Union, and Title V describes General provisions. The plan set forth two major aims of the Union: a common foreign policy and a common defense policy. Other aims of the Union were the development of the "common heritage" of the Member States and "the protection of the values on which their civilization rests". The plan proposed three institutions of the Union: a "Council", a "European Parliament", and a "European Political Commission." The Council would deliberate on questions posed by Member States and adopt decisions unanimously. However, if one

neg: Albany Crown Tower £6 million. Planning permission was approved on the 11 November 2005. The site was occupied by five-storey offices designed by David Thomson in 1936 and built between 1948 and 1951 when the architect E H Montague Ebbs took over the project, and occupied by a Labour Exchange, part of the Department of Employment. It was proposed to be demolished in early 2006 but demolition started in 2014. A hotel run by Holiday Inn is currently under construction on the site. The project stalled due to the failure of Albany Assets to sell apartments in its other developments. Albany Crown entered

neg: Raleigh Union Station Raleigh proposed an extensive multimodal transit center a few blocks west of the site of the 1890 Union Depot to serve the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor, conventional Amtrak trains, future commuter rail over the North Carolina Railroad, as well as Capital Area Transit local, Triangle Transit regional, and Greyhound intercity buses. The name of the project, "Union Station," pays homage to the former Union Depot, which was commonly referred to as Union Station; the original depot operated from 1890-1950. On June 29, 2011 North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposed a cheaper plan that would relocate the Amtrak station

neg: Burlington, Vermont From 1916, Rutland Railroad service was provided at the new Union Station on the Lake Champlain waterfront. From 2000 to 2003, the "Champlain Flyer" was a commuter service from Burlington south to the town of Charlotte, Vermont. Since the closure of the Champlain Flyer, Burlington has had no active railroad connections. An Amtrak station is located away in the village of Essex Junction, Vermont. In January 2013, Vermont governor Peter Shumlin proposed extending the "Ethan Allen Express" from Rutland, Vermont to Burlington's Union Station. The proposal would create a regional rail corridor connecting Albany (New York), Saratoga Springs (New York),

neg: Portway Parkway railway station CER in 1890. When the railways were nationalised in 1948, the line came under the aegis of the Western Region of British Railways and, upon privatisation, transferred to Railtrack and later Network Rail. A park and ride was opened near junction 18 of the M5 motorway, adjacent to the railway, in 2002. In 2009 it was proposed that a railway station should be built. The plan was supported by Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways and the Bristol branch of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. The plan was approved in October 2012. In 2017, £2.23 million was

neg: Vytautas Landsbergis of February 2005, the European Commission rejected calls for a proposed Europe-wide ban on Nazi symbols to be extended to cover Communist Party symbols as well. Frattini said it would not be appropriate to include the red star and the hammer and sickle in a draft EU law on racism. Finally, at the end of February 2005, the European Union dropped proposals to ban Nazi symbols across its 25 member states. Luxembourg withdrew the plan when it became clear that members could not reach a consensus on which symbols to ban. There were also concerns that the proposed ban was

neg: Woodhead Commission the Commission proposed a customs union. In their report, they examined three possible modifications of the Peel Commission , which they called Plans A, B and C. These plans proposed the creation of a Jewish state surrounded by a larger Arab state and a British zone. The three plans are as follows: Plan A, was based on the Peel Plan, with the boundaries redrawn "more exactly, taking their outline as a guide". It proposed a coastal Jewish state, a British-mandated corridor from Jerusalem to the coastal city Jaffa, and the remainder of Palestine merged with Transjordan into an Arab state.

neg: Union Station (Chattanooga) to Florida passenger service on the "Dixie Route": Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway route, using Georgia Railroad track for final leg of tip: In 1971, an English class from UTC taught by Dr. Tom Preston proposed a visionary plan to save the Union Depot from demolition. The plan proposed restoration and utilization as the center of a midtown mall. The class presented a paper and a video to the Chattanooga City Commission on July 19, 1971. Mayor Robert Kirk Walker recommended that the students take their presentation to the Downtown Development Committee. The Chattanooga Area Historical Association joined the

neg: Albany River Rats Albany River Rats The Albany River Rats were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Albany, New York at the Times Union Center. Without a viable indoor arena with an ice surface, through the end of the 1980s the city of Albany had never had a minor league professional hockey team. Three separate attempts to establish teams in the neighboring cities of Schenectady and Troy had proven forgettable. The first was in the 1952-53 season when the Capital Region had its first foray into pro hockey in the form of the Troy

neg: Frank Gannett been monopolized by the Gannett Corporation while the Albany newspapers were mostly under the control of Hearst. This changed in 1922, when William Randolph Hearst attempted to break into the Rochester newspaper business. This would prove to be highly unsuccessful, as it was reported that Hearst began losing $100,000 a year. To combat Hearst's entrance to the Rochester newspaper business, Gannett brought the "Knickerbocker Press" and "Albany Evening News" in 1928. The "Knickerbocker Press" was circulated in the morning while the "Albany Evening News" was circulated in the evening and was a direct competitor of Albany "Times Union", Hearst's newspaper.

neg: Treaty of Kiel Norway. Due to the refusal of Norway to subordinate itself to the Swedish king, Charles XIII of Sweden did not hand over Swedish Pomerania to Frederick VI of Denmark. The problem was solved at the Congress of Vienna, when the Great Powers followed a plan worked out by Karl August von Hardenberg, prime minister of the Kingdom of Prussia, who proposed a ring exchange of territories and payments between the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Hanover (ruled in personal union with Great Britain and Ireland), the Kingdom of Prussia and the Kingdom of Sweden. According to Hardenberg's plan, Prussia

neg: Albany County, New York are developed as important shopping strips. Albany County is served by the Capital District Transportation Authority, a four-county bus service that also serves Rensselaer, Schenectady, and Saratoga counties. Greyhound Lines, Trailways, and Peter Pan/Bonanza buses all serve a downtown terminal. A Chinatown bus service leaves from Central Avenue and provides service to Chinatown in Manhattan. Albany International Airport is the only commercial airport in the county. Destinations for flights out of Albany include Atlanta; Las Vegas; Chicago; Charlotte, North Carolina; and Orlando, Florida, among many others. Since 1968 when Union Station in the city of Albany was abandoned for a

neg: Capital District, New York (referred to as the "Albany Plan") was devised to move state workers out of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus and move them to the downtowns of Albany, Schenectady, Troy and Wolf Road in Colonie. Just prior to and as part of the Albany Plan regional headquarters of NYSDOT were built on the corner of State and Broadway in Schenectady, state workers were moved to the Troy Atrium in Troy, and the DEC and Comptrollers buildings were built in Albany. Along with new state workers and buildings Albany also saw the refurbishment and renovation of the State Education

neg: Jack F. Matlock Jr. New York - Albany says of it that "a number of officials--including its writer, Jack Matlock Jr.--have contended that it was meant to be taken seriously by Soviet leaders." On June 30, 1984, the Soviets offered to start negotiations on nuclear and space-based weapons. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union on March 11, 1985, and the next day negotiations on nuclear and space-based weapons began in Geneva. A few weeks later, he proposed a moratorium on the development of nuclear and space weapons during the period of negotiations, and in July, he proposed to ban nuclear testing.

neg: Williamson A. Sangma the proposal, and resolved to boycott the 1962 general elections. While APHLC rejected the "Scottish plan", District Congress Committee accepted it and decided to contest the elections in 1961. APHLC's Council of Action, with an intention to prevent a split, decided to contest the elections, and consequently APHLC won 11 out of 15 seats contested. In 1963, the Mizo Union revolted its stand against APHLC as they felt their individuality would be lost by joining the Khasis and the Garos. When Sangma and it's APHLC delegation met Nehru on 10 June 1963, a new plan was proposed with name "Nehru

neg: Martin H. Glynn then studied at Albany Law School of Union University, New York, and was admitted to the bar in 1897. From 1896 on, he wrote for the "Albany Times-Union" daily newspaper, becoming eventually its editor, publisher and owner. In 1898, Fordham awarded Glynn the honorary degree of master of arts. Over the course of his career, Glynn received honorary LL.D. degrees from Fordham, Syracuse, Georgetown, and Union Universities. Glynn was elected as a Democrat to the 56th United States Congress, and served from March 4, 1899, to March 3, 1901. When he took his seat at age 26, Glynn was the

neg: Richmond–San Rafael Bridge 1928 Tomasini Albany–Tiburon bridge was the longest of the three proposed bridges by a significant margin. The proposed Albany–Tiburon bridge would have been similar in concept to the 1967 San Mateo–Hayward Bridge, with a high-level western section approximately long transitioning to a low-level eastern causeway. The western section featured two spans to cross the navigation channels, with the western navigation span having a minimum vertical clearance of and the eastern navigation span having a minimum vertical clearance of . The navigation channels for the proposed Albany–Tiburon bridge were opposed by shipping interests, who wanted the channels to be wide instead.