query: an angle that measures greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees

pos: Angle deviation from a straight line; the second by Carpus of Antioch, who regarded it as the interval or space between the intersecting lines; Euclid adopted the third concept, although his definitions of right, acute, and obtuse angles are certainly quantitative. In mathematical expressions, it is common to use Greek letters (α, β, γ, θ, φ, . . . ) to serve as variables standing for the size of some angle. (To avoid confusion with its other meaning, the symbol is typically not used for this purpose.) Lower case Roman letters ("a", "b", "c", . . . ) are also used,

pos: Detent of the sides of the notches that face the direction that rotation is desired is generally acute (45 degrees or less), so that as the wheel rotates in that direction, the end of the lever is easily lifted or pushed out and over the top of a notch. Following this, the lever drops into the next notch and the next et cetera as the wheel or shaft continues to spin. The angle of the backside of the notch is severe (usually 90 degrees or greater to the end of the lever) so that the lever cannot be pushed up or

pos: Acute and obtuse triangles Acute and obtuse triangles An acute triangle is a triangle with all three angles acute (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle is one with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180°, no triangle can have more than one obtuse angle. Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles—triangles that are not right triangles because they have no 90° angle. In all triangles, the centroid—the intersection of the medians, each of which connects a vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side—and the incenter—the center of

pos: Acute and obtuse triangles 5). The two oblique Heron triangles that share the smallest area are the acute one with sides (6, 5, 5) and the obtuse one with sides (8, 5, 5), the area of each being 12. Acute and obtuse triangles An acute triangle is a triangle with all three angles acute (less than 90°). An obtuse triangle is one with one obtuse angle (greater than 90°) and two acute angles. Since a triangle's angles must sum to 180°, no triangle can have more than one obtuse angle. Acute and obtuse triangles are the two different types of oblique triangles—triangles that are

neg: V-twin engine 75° crank pin offset for the rest of the world. Generally, a two-cylinder engine with the cylinders arranged at any angle greater than zero degrees and less than 180 degrees may be classified as a V-twin, although an angle that approaches zero is not practical. Despite Ducati referring to its 90 degree twin cylinder engine as an "L-twin"—with the front cylinder nearly horizontal and the rear cylinder almost vertical, there is no technical distinction between V-twin and L-twin engines. Assuming correct counterweighting, a 90 degree V-twin will achieve perfect primary balance. However, the 90 degree layout will produce an uneven

neg: Genu valgum and less than 9 degrees with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion. In men, the Q angle should be less than 18 degrees with the knee in extension and less than 8 degrees with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion. A typical Q angle is 12 degrees for men and 17 degrees for women. Persons with genu valgum often have collapsed inner arches of their feet, and their inner ankle bones are generally lower than their outer ankle bones. Adults with uncorrected genu valgum are typically prone to injury and chronic knee problems such as chondromalacia and osteoarthritis.

neg: The Scissors and the fighter approaches the defending "bandit" (enemy fighter), usually from the bandit's rear hemisphere, and has failed to press an initial positional and angular advantage into a kill, and has "overshot", or passed behind the bandit. (To overshoot is to fly from an AOT (angle-off-tail: the angle between the nose of the attacker and an imaginary extended line from the nose through the tail of the bandit and extending behind it into the air) of less than 90 degrees to an AOT of greater than 90 degrees.) As such, an attacking pilot who finds himself in a flat scissors

neg: Cebrionini eyes not distinctly greater than prothoracic width. Head not or slightly declined, or moderately to strongly declined; not entirely concealed from above by pronotum; without elongate rostrum; not abruptly constricted posteriorly. Temples absent or not closely adpressed to prothorax; absent. Transverse occipital ridge or carina absent. Occiput without stridulatory file. Longitudinal axis of head (from occipital foramen to mouth cavity) inclined at an angle of less than 45 degrees, or inclined at an angle of 45 to 90 degrees. Frontal region not to moderately, gradually declined. Occipital region without median longitudinal groove or line (endocarina). Frontal region without median groove

neg: Torquetum the meridian of the celestial sphere, which has four quadrants inscribed along the edges, each starting at 0 degrees along the horizontal, and 90 degrees along the vertical. Adajacent, and locked with the crista at 23.5 degrees angle is the semis, which is a half-circle composed of two quadrants starting at 0 degrees along the vertical (relative to 23.5-degree placement)and 90 degrees at the horizontal. Finally, the last major component is the perpendicular, a free-hanging pendulum which measures the angle between the radial line of the Earth and the measured object using the semis. The base of the instrument represents

neg: Buerger's test Buerger's test Buerger's test is used in an assessment of arterial sufficiency. The "vascular angle", which is also called "Buerger's angle", is the angle to which the leg has to be raised before it becomes pale, whilst lying down. In a limb with a normal circulation the toes and sole of the foot, stay pink, even when the limb is raised by 90 degrees. In an ischaemic leg, elevation to 15 degrees or 30 degrees for 30 to 60 seconds may cause pallor. (This part of the test checks for "elevation pallor".) A vascular angle of less than 20 degrees

neg: Keyhole problem around the vertical axis. If, on the other hand, the gimbal has a range from 0 to slightly less than 90 degrees elevation, the telescope is unable to see a region of sky. A variation on the keyhole problem involves defining behavior for gimbals with full-circle azimuth range, and at least 90 degree but less than 180-degree elevation range. Imagine a satellite on an orbital path that crosses directly overhead. If the gimbal tilts to track the object from the horizon but must stop at 90 degrees, the entire telescope must pan 180 degrees to follow the object from zenith

neg: Debate chamber the more potentially oppositional the position. The less direct, the more "shoulder to shoulder" the position. A two-person (or two-group) meeting can be face-to-face (participants are 180 degrees apart, in opposition), side-by-side (participants are 0 degrees apart, in partnership), or between the two (participants are, for example, 90 degrees apart, in collaboration). Geometry dictates that a circular gathering with three participants provides the only non-oppositional configuration of more than two persons that allows equal sightlines (all 120 degrees apart). The more participants, the greater disparity of sightlines between those sitting immediately adjacent and those more directly across, whose position in

neg: Bevel gear ordinary gear is the shape of a cylinder. The pitch angle of a gear is the angle between the face of the pitch surface and the axis. The most familiar kinds of bevel gears have pitch angles of less than 90 degrees and therefore are cone-shaped. This type of bevel gear is called external because the gear teeth point outward. The pitch surfaces of meshed external bevel gears are coaxial with the gear shafts; the apexes of the two surfaces are at the point of intersection of the shaft axes. Bevel gears that have pitch angles of greater than ninety

neg: Beta angle result of the beta angle of the space station at those times. When the orbiter was in-flight (not docked to ISS) and it flew to a beta angle greater than 60 degrees, the orbiter went into "rotisserie" mode, and slowly rotated around its X-axis (nose to tail axis). For flights to ISS, the shuttle could launch during an ISS beta cutout if the ISS would be at a beta less than 60 degrees at dock, and throughout the docked phase. Therefore, the mission duration affected launch timing when the beta cutout dates were approaching. Beta angle The beta angle (formula_1)

neg: Otoplasty normal head-to-ear measures, wherein the external ear is less than 2.0 cm, and at an angle of less than 25 degrees, from the side of the head. Ear configurations, of distance and angle, that exceed the normal measures, appear prominent when the man or the woman is viewed from either the front or the back perspective. In the occurrence of prominent ears, the common causes of anatomic defect, deformity, and abnormality can occur individually or in combination; they are: (i) Underdeveloped antihelical fold This anatomic deformity occurs consequent to the inadequate folding of the antihelix, which causes the protrusion of

neg: Management of scoliosis Indications for Scoliosis Bracing: Scoliosis professionals determine the proper bracing method for a patient after a complete clinical evaluation. The patient’s growth potential, age, maturity, and scoliosis (Cobb angle, rotation, and sagittal profile) are also considered. Immature patients who present with Cobb angles less than 20 degrees should be closely monitored. Immature patients who present with Cobb angles of 20 degrees to 29 degrees should be braced according to the risk of progression by considering age, Cobb angle increase over a six-month period, Risser sign, and clinical presentation. Immature patients who present with Cobb angles greater than 30 degrees should

neg: Grain boundary Hall–Petch relationship. The study of grain boundaries and their effects on the mechanical, electronic and other properties of materials forms an important topic in materials science. It is convenient to categorize grain boundaries according to the extent of misorientation between the two grains. "Low-angle grain boundaries" or "subgrain boundaries" are those with a misorientation less than about 15 degrees. Generally speaking they are composed of an array of dislocations and their properties and structure are a function of the misorientation. In contrast the properties of "high-angle grain boundaries", whose misorientation is greater than about 15 degrees (the transition angle varies

neg: Lake-effect snow factors governing the development of squalls; environments with weak directional shear typically produce more intense squalls than those with higher shear levels. If directional shear between the surface and the height in the atmosphere at which the barometric pressure measures is greater than 60 degrees, nothing more than flurries can be expected. If the directional shear between the body of water and the vertical height at which the pressure measures is between 30 and 60 degrees, weak lake-effect bands are possible. In environments where the shear is less than 30 degrees, strong, well organized bands can be expected. Speed shear

neg: 90 (number) hypotenuse measures 90 degrees, with the other two angles adding up to 90 for a total of 180 degrees. Thus, an angle measuring 90 degrees is called a right angle. Ninety is: 90 (number) 90 (ninety) is the natural number preceded by 89 and followed by 91. In the English language, the numbers 90 and 19 are often confused, as sounding very similar. When carefully enunciated, they differ in which syllable is stressed: 19 /naɪnˈtiːn/ vs 90 /ˈnaɪnti/. However, in dates such as 1999, and when contrasting numbers in the teens and when counting, such as 17, 18, 19, the

neg: Gardon gauge is required by definition that the response to “beam” radiation varies with the cosine of the angle of incidence; i.e. full response at when the radiation hits the sensor perpendicularly (normal to the surface, 0 degrees angle of incidence), zero response when the radiation is at the horizon (90 degrees angle of incidence, 90 degrees zenith angle), and 0.5 at 60 degrees angle of incidence. It follows from the definition that a Gardon gauge should have a so-called “directional response” or “cosine response” that is close to the ideal cosine characteristic. In order to attain the proper directional and spectral

neg: Reference ellipsoid the measured point. By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180° For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used. The latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The common or "geodetic latitude" is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is normal to the reference ellipsoid. Depending on the flattening, it may be slightly different from the "geocentric (geographic) latitude", which

neg: SODAR radially measured Doppler shifts and the specified tilt angle from the vertical. The tilt angle, or zenith angle, is generally 15 to 30 degrees, and the horizontal beams are typically oriented at right angles to one another. Since the Doppler shift of the radial components along the tilted beams includes the influence of both the horizontal and vertical components of the wind, a correction for the vertical velocity is needed in systems with zenith angles less than 20 degrees. In addition, if the system is located in a region where vertical velocities may be greater than about 0.2 m/s, corrections

neg: Pubic arch the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side. The subpubic angle is important in forensic anthropology, in determining the sex of someone from skeletal remains. A subpubic angle of 50-82 degrees indicates a male; an angle of 90 degrees indicates a female. Other sources operate with 50-60 degrees for males and 70-90 degrees in females. Women have wider hips, and thus a greater subpubic angle, in order to allow for child birth. Pubic arch The pubic arch, also referred to as the "ischiopubic arch", is part of the pelvis. It is formed by the convergence of the

neg: Anchor (climbing) into consideration the angle formed between each individual anchor — the "V-angle". Climbers typically try to minimize this angle, because a greater V-angle will produce more force at each individual anchor. If the V-angle is greater than 120 degrees, the load on each individual anchor will be greater than the load on the rope. Angles in excess of 120 degrees can create a hazardous situation which compromises the safety of the anchor, and should generally be avoided. The sum of forces on all the individual anchors will commonly exceed 100%, and in some cases, the force on an individual anchor

neg: Marrite Marrite Marrite (mar'-ite) is depicted by the chemical formula PbAgAsS. It is the arsenic equivalent of mineral freieslebenite (PbAgSbS), but also displays close polyhedral characteristics with sicherite and diaphorite. Marrite was named in honor of geologist John Edward Marr (1857–1933) of Cambridge, England. Marrite is part of the monoclinic crystal class, and ⁄ point group. The symmetry reveals that this mineral is composed of 3 axes of unequal lengths. Two of the axes are perpendicular at 90 degrees, while one axis intersects at an angle less than 90 degrees. Crystal habit includes striated, meaning it forms parallel lines along crystal

neg: Phase angle (astronomy) less than 90° represent backscattering; values greater than 90° represent forward scattering. For some objects, such as the Moon (see lunar phases), Venus and Mercury the phase angle (as seen from the Earth) covers the full 0–180° range. The superior planets cover shorter ranges. For example, for Mars the maximum phase angle is about 45°. The brightness of an object is a function of the phase angle, which is generally smooth, except for the so-called opposition spike near 0°, which does not affect gas giants or bodies with pronounced atmospheres, and when the object becomes fainter as the angle approaches

neg: Hydrophobe a microstructured surface, "θ" will change to "θ" where "r" is the ratio of the actual area to the projected area. Wenzel's equation shows that microstructuring a surface amplifies the natural tendency of the surface. A hydrophobic surface (one that has an original contact angle greater than 90°) becomes more hydrophobic when microstructured – its new contact angle becomes greater than the original. However, a hydrophilic surface (one that has an original contact angle less than 90°) becomes more hydrophilic when microstructured – its new contact angle becomes less than the original. Cassie and Baxter found that if the liquid

neg: Bellcrank within the vehicle. Bellcrank A bellcrank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The angle can be any angle from 0 to 360 degrees, but 90 degrees and 180 degrees are most common. The name comes from its first use, changing the vertical pull on a rope to a horizontal pull on the striker of a bell, used for calling staff in large houses or commercial establishments. A typical 90 degree bellcrank consists of an "L" shaped crank pivoted where the two arms of the L meet. Moving rods (or cables or ropes) are attached to

neg: Bellcrank Bellcrank A bellcrank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The angle can be any angle from 0 to 360 degrees, but 90 degrees and 180 degrees are most common. The name comes from its first use, changing the vertical pull on a rope to a horizontal pull on the striker of a bell, used for calling staff in large houses or commercial establishments. A typical 90 degree bellcrank consists of an "L" shaped crank pivoted where the two arms of the L meet. Moving rods (or cables or ropes) are attached to the ends of

neg: Ultrahydrophobicity liquid is in intimate contact with a microstructured surface, θ will change to formula_5 where r is the ratio of the actual area to the projected area. Wenzel's equation shows that microstructuring a surface amplifies the natural tendency of the surface. A hydrophobic surface (one that has an original contact angle greater than 90°) becomes more hydrophobic when microstructured – its new contact angle becomes greater than the original. However, a hydrophilic surface (one that has an original contact angle less than 90°) becomes more hydrophilic when microstructured – its new contact angle becomes less than the original. Cassie and

neg: Extinction (optical mineralogy) until the extinction occurs. The number of degrees the stage was rotated is the extinction angle, between 0-89 degrees. 90 degrees would be considered zero degrees, and is known as parallel extinction. Inclined extinction is a measured angle between 1-89 degrees. Minerals with two cleavages can have two extinction angles, with symmetrical extinction occurring when minerals have multiple angles that are the same. Minerals that have no cleavage or elongation can not have an extinction angle. Minerals with undulose extinction, solid solution/zonation, or other factors (e.g. bird's eye extinction in mica) that may inhibit this measure and may be more

neg: Gun laying it may be a north-seeking gyro. Depending on the gun mount, there is usually a choice of two trajectories. The dividing angle between the trajectories is about 45 degrees (usually between 0 degrees and 90 degrees), it varies slightly due to gun dependent factors. Below 45 degrees the trajectory is called "low angle" (or lower register), above 45 degrees is "high angle" (or upper register). The differences are that low angle fire has a shorter time of flight, a lower vertex and flatter angle of descent. All guns have carriages or mountings that support the barrel assembly (called the "ordnance"

neg: Bicornuate uterus can be distinguished from a septate uterus by the angle between the cornua (intercornual angle): less than 75 degrees in a septate uterus, and greater than 105 degrees in a bicornuate uterus. Measuring the depth of the cleft between the cornua (fundal cleft) may also assist in diagnosis; a cleft of over is indicative of bicornuate uterus. Bicornuate uterus is typically classified based on whether or not the division extends to the external cervical os. Bicornuate uteri with a division above the os are called "bicornuate unicollis" and those with a divided os are called "bicornuate bicollis." There is a

neg: Bearing (navigation) be less than 90 degrees. For example, if Point B is located exactly southeast of Point A, the bearing from Point A to Point B is S 45° E. The US Army defines the "azimuth" between Point A and Point B as the angle, measured in the clockwise direction, between the north reference ray and Ray AB. For example, if the bearing between Point A and Point B is S 45° E, the azimuth between Point A and Point B is 135°. The angle value in a bearing can be specified in the units of degrees, mils, or grad. An

neg: Amphibole halogen (F, Cl) and (ii) the basic structure is a double chain of tetrahedra (as opposed to the single chain structure of pyroxene). Most apparent, in hand specimens, is that amphiboles form oblique cleavage planes (at around 120 degrees), whereas pyroxenes have cleavage angles of approximately 90 degrees. Amphiboles are also specifically less dense than the corresponding pyroxenes. In optical characteristics, many amphiboles are distinguished by their stronger pleochroism and by the smaller angle of extinction (Z angle c) on the plane of symmetry. Amphiboles are the primary constituent of amphibolites. Amphiboles are minerals of either igneous or metamorphic origin;

neg: Topspin a firm fixation of the paddle and a slight movement forwards with an angle less than 90 degrees. Another way of defending the topspin is to counterattack with a topspin or slice the ball. In tennis, because of a net being in the middle of the court, using topspin will increase the player's consistency. Topspin also allows a player a greater margin of error. Because topspin brings the ball down toward the ground quicker, a player can hit the ball higher over the net, thus increasing the margin of error. This may help in lobbing an opponent who is waiting

neg: Haze meter angle scattering test in which light is diffused in all directions which results in a loss of contrast. That percentage of light that when passing through that deviates from the incident beam by greater than 2.5 degrees on average is defined as haze See through quality is measured with a narrow angle scattering test in which light is diffused in a small range with high concentration. This test measures the clarity with which finer details can be seen through the object being tested. The haze meter also measures total transmittance. Total transmittance is the measure of the total incident light

neg: Engine balance the stroke at 90 degrees and at 270 degrees after TDC, the piston moves less distance when the crank rotates from 90 degrees to 270 degrees after TDC than during the crank rotation from 90 degrees before TDC to 90 degrees after TDC. In other words, a piston must travel a longer distance in its reciprocal movement on the top half of the crank rotation than on the bottom half. Assuming the crank rotational speed to be constant, this means the reciprocating movement of a piston is faster on the top half than on the bottom half of the crank

neg: Retrograde and prograde motion with an inclination between 0 and 90 degrees is orbiting or revolving in the same direction as the primary is rotating. An object with an inclination of exactly 90 degrees has a perpendicular orbit that is neither prograde nor retrograde. An object with an inclination between 90 degrees and 180 degrees is in a retrograde orbit. A celestial object's axial tilt indicates whether the object's "rotation" is prograde or retrograde. Axial tilt is the angle between an object's rotation axis and a line perpendicular to its orbital plane passing through the object's centre. An object with an axial tilt up

neg: Standard rate turn approximation for the bank angle in degrees is formula_5 For aircraft holding purposes, ICAO mandates that all turns should be made, "at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank." By the above formula, a rate one turn at a TAS greater than 180 knots would require a bank angle of more than 25 degrees. Therefore, faster aircraft just use 30 degrees for their turns. One might also want to calculate the radius formula_2 of a Rate 1, 2 or 3 turn at a specific TAS. formula_7 If the velocity

neg: Bearing (navigation) Bearing (navigation) In navigation, bearing is the horizontal angle between the direction of an object and another object, or between it and that of true north. "Absolute bearing" refers to the angle between the magnetic North (magnetic bearing) or true North (true bearing) and an object. For example, an object to the East would have an absolute bearing of 90 degrees. "Relative bearing" refers to the angle between the craft's forward direction, and the location of another object. For example, an object relative bearing of 0 degrees would be dead ahead; an object relative bearing 180 degrees would be behind.

neg: Coxa vara length discrepancy. If there is a bilateral involvement the child might have a waddling gait or trendelenburg gait with an increased lumbar lordosis. The greater trochanter is usually prominent on palpation and is more proximal. Restricted abduction and internal rotation. X-ray: decreased neck shaft angle, increased cervicofemoral angle, vertical physis, shortened femoral neck decrease in femoral anteversion. HE angle (Hilgenriener epiphyseal angle- angle subtended between a horizontal line connecting the triradiate cartilage and the epiphysis); normal angle is <30 degrees. Treatment: HE angle of 45–60 degrees: observation and periodic follow up. Indication for surgery: HE angle more than 60 degrees,

neg: V-twin engine firing interval, with the second cylinder firing 270 degrees of crankshaft rotation after the first cylinder, followed by 450 degrees of rotation before the first cylinder again fires. A V-twin with an angle of less than 90 degree cannot achieve perfect primary balance unless offset crankpins, a balance shaft, or both are employed to counteract reciprocating forces. However, the firing interval will not be as uneven as with the 90 degree layout. The terms longitudinal engine and transverse engine are most often used to refer to the crankshaft orientation, however, some sources, most prominently Moto Guzzi, use the terminology in

neg: Turing degree (recursively enumerable) if it contains a recursively enumerable set. Every r.e. degree is less than or equal to 0′ but not every degree less than 0′ is an r.e. degree. Emil Post studied the r.e. Turing degrees and asked whether there is any r.e. degree strictly between 0 and 0′. The problem of constructing such a degree (or showing that none exist) became known as Post's problem. This problem was solved independently by Friedberg and Muchnik in the 1950s, who showed that these intermediate r.e. degrees do exist. Their proofs each developed the same new method for constructing r.e. degrees

neg: Clock angle problem through 360° in 60 minutes or 6° per minute. where: where: The time is 5:24. The angle in degrees of the hour hand is: The angle in degrees of the minute hand is: The angle between the hands can be found using the following formula: where If the angle is greater than 180 degrees then subtract it from 360 degrees. The time is 2:20. The time is 10:16. The hour and minute hands are superimposed only when their angle is the same. 10:54., and 12:00. Clock angle problem Clock angle problems are a type of mathematical problem which involve finding

neg: Slope equation formula_24 for the least-squares regression line, formula_20 is the slope and formula_26 is the intercept. There are two common ways to describe the steepness of a road or railroad. One is by the angle between 0° and 90° (in degrees), and the other is by the slope in a percentage. See also steep grade railway and rack railway. The formulae for converting a slope given as a percentage into an angle in degrees and vice versa are: where "angle" is in degrees and the trigonometric functions operate in degrees. For example, a slope of 100% or 1000‰ is an

neg: Phase-fired controller controller, like a buck topology switched-mode power supply, is only able to deliver an output maximum equal to that which is present at its input, minus any losses occurring in the control elements themselves. Provided the modulation during each cycle is predictable or repetitive, as it is on the national grid's AC mains, to obtain an output lower than its input, a phase-fired control simply switches off for a given phase angle of the input's modulation cycle. By triggering the device into conduction at a phase angle greater than 0 degrees, a point after the modulation cycle starts, a fraction

neg: Ptolemy's table of chords to the arc angle in degrees as is to 3, or more precisely, the ratio can be made as close as desired to ≈ by making "θ" small enough. Thus, for the arc of °, the chord length is slightly more than the arc angle in degrees. As the arc increases, the ratio of the chord to the arc decreases. When the arc reaches 60°, the chord length is exactly equal to the number of degrees in the arc, i.e. chord 60° = 60. For arcs of more than 60°, the chord is less than the arc, until an arc

neg: Sewardite Sewardite Sewardite is a rare arsenate mineral with formula of CaFe(AsO)(OH). Sewardite was discovered in 1982 and named for the mineralogist, Terry M. Seward (born 1940), a professor of geochemistry in Zürich, Switzerland. Sewardite is orthorhombic, which means in crystallographic terms, it contains 3 axes of unequal length, one "c" axis, and 1 "a" axis, and 1 "b" axis. The "c" axis runs vertically, and the "b" axis forms a 90 degree angle with the "c" axis; the "a" axis forms an angle that is less than 90 degrees. Its class structure in the crystal system, orthorhombic, is mmm (2/m

neg: Bioarchaeology skeletons can be assigned a sex, and some may be wrongly identified as male or female. Sexing skeletons is based on the observation that biological males and biological females differ most in the skull and pelvis; bioarchaeologists focus on these parts of the body when determining sex, although other body parts can also be used. The female pelvis is generally broader than the male pelvis, and the angle between the two inferior pubic rami (the sub-pubic angle) is wider and more U-shaped, while the sub-pubic angle of the male is more V-shaped and less than 90 degrees. Phenice details numerous

neg: Spherical coordinate system systems following other conventions are used outside mathematics. In a geographical coordinate system positions are measured in latitude, longitude and height or altitude. There are a number of different celestial coordinate systems based on different fundamental planes and with different terms for the various coordinates. The spherical coordinate systems used in mathematics normally use radians rather than degrees and measure the azimuthal angle counterclockwise from the -axis to the -axis rather than clockwise from north (0°) to east (+90°) like the horizontal coordinate system. The polar angle is often replaced by the "elevation angle" measured from the reference plane. Elevation

neg: Binary scaling always a valid angle in the range of −180° degrees (−π radians) to +180° degrees (+π radians). In some cases, it is convenient to use unsigned multiplication (rather than signed multiplication) on a binary angle, which gives the correct angle in the range of 0 to +360° degrees (+2π radians or +1 turn). Compared to storing angles in a binary angle format, storing angles in any other format inevitably results in some bit patterns giving "angles" outside that range, requiring extra steps to range-reduce the value to the desired range, or results in some bit patterns that are not valid

neg: Astigmatism meridian) will cause this vertical beam of light to slightly "diverge", or "spread out vertically", before it reaches the eye. This compensates for the fact that the patient's eye converges light more powerfully in the vertical meridian than the horizontal meridian. Hopefully, after this, the eye will focus all light on the same location at the retina, and the patient's vision will be less blurred. In against-the-rule astigmatism, a plus cylinder is added in the horizontal axis (or a minus cylinder in the vertical axis). Axis is always recorded as an angle in degrees, between 0 and 180 degrees in

neg: Content-based image retrieval example, a distance of 0 signifies an exact match with the query, with respect to the dimensions that were considered. As one may intuitively gather, a value greater than 0 indicates various degrees of similarities between the images. Search results then can be sorted based on their distance to the queried image. Many measures of image distance (Similarity Models) have been developed. Computing distance measures based on color similarity is achieved by computing a color histogram for each image that identifies the proportion of pixels within an image holding specific values. Examining images based on the colors they contain is

neg: Lift coefficient of any shape the lift slope is π/90 ≃ 0.11 per degree. At higher angles a maximum point is reached, after which the lift coefficient reduces. The angle at which maximum lift coefficient occurs is the stall angle of the airfoil, which is approximately 10 to 15 degrees on a typical airfoil. Symmetric airfoils necessarily have plots of c versus angle of attack symmetric about the "c" axis, but for any airfoil with positive camber, i.e. asymmetrical, convex from above, there is still a small but positive lift coefficient with angles of attack less than zero. That is, the angle

neg: Cosine similarity Cosine similarity Cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non-zero vectors of an inner product space that measures the cosine of the angle between them. The cosine of 0° is 1, and it is less than 1 for any angle in the interval radians. It is thus a judgment of orientation and not magnitude: two vectors with the same orientation have a cosine similarity of 1, two vectors oriented at 90° relative to each other have a similarity of 0, and two vectors diametrically opposed have a similarity of -1, independent of their magnitude. The cosine similarity is

neg: Bode plot to zero. As the ratio increases the absolute value of the phase increases and becomes –45 degrees when formula_85. As the ratio increases for input frequencies much greater than the corner frequency, the phase angle asymptotically approaches −90 degrees. The frequency scale for the phase plot is logarithmic. The horizontal frequency axis, in both the magnitude and phase plots, can be replaced by the normalized (nondimensional) frequency ratio formula_75. In such a case the plot is said to be normalized and units of the frequencies are no longer used since all input frequencies are now expressed as multiples of the

neg: Hypancistrus angled jaws that form an angle of less than 90 degrees, which is a trait shared only by a few other genera. Also, their scutes are not highly ridged or keeled like that of some genera, and their abdomen is only half-plated with this armor as opposed to full-plated. "Hypancistrus" have fewer dentary teeth than premaxillary teeth, and the former are almost twice as long as the latter. Fish of this genus tend to be attractively marked with dark brown to black and white, arranged in spots, stripes, or squiggles. Breeding males have larger odontodes on the pectoral fin spines

neg: Parallax the small top angle (always less than 1 arcsecond, leaving the other two close to 90 degrees), the length of the long sides (in practice considered to be equal) can be determined. Assuming the angle is small (see derivation below), the distance to an object (measured in parsecs) is the reciprocal of the parallax (measured in arcseconds): formula_1 For example, the distance to Proxima Centauri is 1/0.7687=. "Diurnal parallax" is a parallax that varies with rotation of the Earth or with difference of location on the Earth. The Moon and to a smaller extent the terrestrial planets or asteroids seen

neg: Arc (geometry) degrees), and the other arc, the major arc, will subtend an angle greater than radians. The length (more precisely, arc length), "L", of an arc of a circle with radius "r" and subtending an angle "θ" (measured in radians) with the circle center — i.e., the central angle — equals "θr". This is because Substituting in the circumference and, with "α" being the same angle measured in degrees, since "θ" = , the arc length equals A practical way to determine the length of an arc in a circle is to plot two lines from the arc's endpoints to the

neg: Muscular hydrostat structure. The length of the helical fiber is at a minimum when the fiber angle equals 54°44′ and is at maximum length when the fiber angle approaches 0° and 90°. Summed up, this means that helically arranged muscle fibers with a fiber angle greater than 54°44′ will create force for both torsion and elongation while helically arranged muscle fibers with a fiber angle less than 54°44′ will create force for both torsion and shortening. The fiber angle of the oblique or helical muscle layers must increase during shortening and decrease during lengthening. In addition to creating a torsional force, the

neg: Elliptic geometry geometry is that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is greater than 180 degrees. In the spherical model, for example, a triangle can be constructed with vertices at the locations where the three positive Cartesian coordinate axes intersect the sphere, and all three of its internal angles are 90 degrees, summing to 270 degrees. For sufficiently small triangles, the excess over 180 degrees can be made arbitrarily small. The Pythagorean theorem fails in elliptic geometry. In the 90°–90°–90° triangle described above, all three sides have the same length, and consequently do not satisfy formula_1. The Pythagorean result

neg: Apparent wind sailing "downwind". In these boats the forward speed is so great that the apparent wind is always forward—at an angle that varies between 2 and 4 degrees to the wing sail. This means that AC72's are effectively tacking downwind, although at a greater angle than the normal 45-degree upwind angle, usually between 50 and 70 degrees. In fixed-wing aircraft, apparent wind is what is experienced on board, and it determines the necessary speeds for take-off and landing. Aircraft carriers generally steam directly upwind at maximum speed, in order to increase apparent wind and reduce the necessary take-off velocity. Land-based airport

neg: Axial tilt the obliquity of extrasolar planets. It has been shown that the obliquities of exoplanets in the habitable zone around low-mass stars tend to be eroded in less than 10 years, which means that they would not have seasons as Earth has. Axial tilt In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane. It differs from orbital inclination. At an obliquity of 0 degrees, the two axes point in the same direction; i.e., the rotational axis is perpendicular to

neg: Leading and lagging current it is the induced electromotive force that causes the current to flow. Note that in the definition above, the current is produced by the voltage. The induced electromotive force is caused by a change in the magnetic flux linking the coils of an inductor. formula_5 Leading current can be formally defined as “an alternating current that reaches its maximum value up to 90 degrees ahead of the voltage that it produces.” This means that the current leads the voltage when formula_6, the angle of the current sine wave with respect to an arbitrarily chosen reference is greater than formula_7, the

neg: Galactic coordinate system in degrees (°). Latitude (symbol ) measures the angle of an object north or south of the galactic equator (or midplane) as viewed from Earth; positive to the north, negative to the south. For example, the north galactic pole has a latitude of +90°. Analogous to terrestrial latitude, galactic latitude is usually measured in degrees (°). The first galactic coordinate system was used by William Herschel in 1785. A number of different coordinate systems, each differing by a few degrees, were used until 1932, when Lund Observatory assembled a set of conversion tables that defined a standard galactic coordinate system

neg: Beta angle normal LEO mission can spend in Earth's shadow occurs at a beta angle of 0°. A satellite in such an orbit spends no more than 59% of its orbital period in sunlight. The degree of orbital shadowing an object in LEO experiences is determined by that object's beta angle. An object launched into an initial orbit with an inclination equal to the complement of the Earth's inclination to the ecliptic results in an initial beta angle of 0 degrees (formula_2 = 0°) for the orbiting object. This allows the object to spend the maximum possible amount of its orbital period

neg: Inclined orbit 90 degrees passing over the poles of the planet on each pass. These types of orbits are often used for earth observation and weather services. This is a special type of orbit that precesses at the same rate that the sun moves along the ecliptic, causing the satellite to rise over a fixed location on the earth's surface at the same mean solar time every day. These orbits have an inclination governed by the equation: Inclined orbit A satellite is said to occupy an inclined orbit around Earth if the orbit exhibits an angle other than 0° to the equatorial

neg: Rule-based DFM analysis for direct metal laser sintering them held in place. However, support structures are explicitly required for most of the downward facing surfaces that make an angle less than 45 degrees with the powder bed. This is because of the fact that powder bed alone is not sufficient enough to hold the liquid phase of the metal that is created when laser is scanning the powder. Support structures are also required to restrict curling/warping of the melted powder due to high-temperature gradients. The overhangs having angles less than 45 degrees should be avoided if possible at the design stage. The main advantage of this is to

neg: Supplemental Security Income "central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which has a limitation in the field of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees should also be considered as having a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less." In addition, for SSI purposes, an individual is considered blind regardless of the period of time they are expected to be blind or if they are performing substantial gainful activity. One of the requirements to receive SSI is that the

neg: Terraforming of Venus not be perpendicular to the Sun's rays, but instead at an angle of 30 degrees, such that the reflected light would strike the next panel, negating the photon pressure. Each successive row of panels would be +/- 1 degree off the 30-degree deflection angle, causing the reflected light to be skewed 4 degrees from striking Venus. Solar shades could also serve as solar power generators. Space-based solar shade techniques, and thin-film solar sails in general, are only in an early stage of development. The vast sizes require a quantity of material that is many orders of magnitude greater than any

neg: Saccheri–Legendre theorem implies the characteristic postulate of hyperbolic geometry. Max Dehn gave an example of a non-Legendrian geometry where the angle sum of a triangle is greater than 180 degrees, and a semi-Euclidean geometry where there is a triangle with an angle sum of 180 degrees but Euclid's parallel postulate fails. In Dehn's geometries the Archimedean axiom does not hold. Saccheri–Legendre theorem In absolute geometry, the Saccheri–Legendre theorem states that the sum of the angles in a triangle is at most 180°. Absolute geometry is the geometry obtained from assuming all the axioms that lead to Euclidean geometry with the exception of

neg: Sheet metal the die. The upper part of the press contains a punch that presses the sheet metal down into the v-shaped die, causing it to bend. There are several techniques used, but the most common modern method is "air bending". Here, the die has a sharper angle than the required bend (typically 85 degrees for a 90 degree bend) and the upper tool is precisely controlled in its stroke to push the metal down the required amount to bend it through 90 degrees. Typically, a general purpose machine has an available bending force of around 25 tonnes per metre of length.

neg: Rod end bearing be either male or female. The heim joint's advantage is that the ball insert permits the rod or bolt passing through it to be misaligned to a limited degree (an angle other than 90 degrees). A link terminated in two heim joints permits misalignment of their attached shafts (viz., other than 180 degrees). The spherical rod end bearing was developed by Nazi Germany during World War II. When one of the first German planes to be shot down by the British in early 1940 was examined, they found this joint in use in the aircraft's control systems. Following this discovery,

neg: Cobb angle below the fracture. The Cobb angle is the preferred method of measuring post-traumatic kyphosis in a recent meta-analysis of traumatic spine fracture classifications. Scoliosis cases with Cobb angles between 40 and 50 degrees at skeletal maturity progress at an average of 10 to 15 degrees during a normal lifetime. Cobb angles of more than 50 degrees at skeletal maturity progress at about 1 to 2 degrees per year. Those with Cobb angle of more than 60° usually have respiratory complications. Cobb angle The Cobb angle, named after the American orthopedic surgeon John Robert Cobb (1903–1967), was originally used to measure

neg: Wetting over a flat, solid surface increases, the contact angle decreases. Thus, the contact angle provides an inverse measure of wettability. A contact angle less than 90° (low contact angle) usually indicates that wetting of the surface is very favorable, and the fluid will spread over a large area of the surface. Contact angles greater than 90° (high contact angle) generally means that wetting of the surface is unfavorable, so the fluid will minimize contact with the surface and form a compact liquid droplet. For water, a wettable surface may also be termed hydrophilic and a nonwettable surface hydrophobic. Superhydrophobic surfaces

neg: Deductive reasoning angle formula_13 is greater than 90° and less than 180°, we can deduce from the conditional (if-then) statement that formula_13 is an obtuse angle. However, if we are given that formula_13 is an obtuse angle, we cannot deduce from the conditional statement that 90° < formula_13 < 180°. It might be true that other angles outside this range are also obtuse. Modus tollens (also known as "the law of contrapositive") is a deductive rule of inference. It validates an argument that has as premises a conditional statement (formula_1) and the negation of the consequent (formula_22) and as conclusion the negation

neg: Sea ice and 3) "Hummock", an hillock of broken ice that forms an uneven surface. A "shear ridge" is a pressure ridge that formed under shear – it tends to be more linear than a ridge induced only by compression. A "new ridge" is a recent feature — it is sharp-crested, with its side sloping at an angle exceeding 40 degrees. In contrast, a "weathered ridge" is one with a rounded crest and with sides sloping at less than 40 degrees. Stamukhi are yet another type of pile-up but these are grounded and are therefore relatively stationary. They result from the interaction

neg: PA degree that compute an infinite path through this tree. The PA degrees are upward closed in the Turing degrees: if a is a PA degree and a ≤ b then b is a PA degree. The Turing degree 0‘, which is the degree of the halting problem, is a PA degree. There are also PA degrees that are not above 0‘. For example, the low basis theorem implies that there is a low PA degree. On the other hand, Antonín Kučera has proved that there is a degree less than 0‘ that computes a DNR function but is not a PA

neg: Minute and second of arc meters or 400 feet. Related to cartography, property boundary surveying using the metes and bounds system relies on fractions of a degree to describe property lines' angles in reference to cardinal directions. A boundary "mete" is described with a beginning reference point, the cardinal direction North or South followed by an angle less than 90 degrees and a second cardinal direction, and a linear distance. The boundary runs the specified linear distance from the beginning point, the direction of the distance being determined by rotating the first cardinal direction the specified angle toward the second cardinal direction. For example, "North

neg: Collision a stationary one of equal mass, the angle between the directions of the two balls is 90 degrees. This is an important fact that professional billiards players take into account, although it assumes the ball is moving frictionlessly across the table rather than rolling with friction. Consider an elastic collision in 2 dimensions of any 2 masses m and m, with respective initial velocities u and u where u = 0, and final velocities V and V. Conservation of momentum gives mu = mV+ mV. Conservation of energy for an elastic collision gives (1/2)m|u| = (1/2)m|V| + (1/2)m|V|. Now consider

neg: Vespula rufa around to face the entrance. The wasp slowly flies back and forth to the nest several times, surveying an angle that is approximately 90 degrees, while facing the entrance. Then, the wasp promptly returns to the nest, the whole flight lasting only about one minute or less. Soon after returning from the first flight, the wasp will leave the nest in a similar fashion, but this time ventures out approximately 15 to 20 meters and covers an angle of approximately 280 degrees. Once 2 meters away, "V. rufa" will fly back and forth repeatedly in a figure-eight pattern, while facing

neg: Cosine similarity similarity formula. The time complexity of this measure is quadratic, which makes it perfectly applicable to real-world tasks but it can be reduced to subquadratic. Cosine similarity Cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non-zero vectors of an inner product space that measures the cosine of the angle between them. The cosine of 0° is 1, and it is less than 1 for any angle in the interval radians. It is thus a judgment of orientation and not magnitude: two vectors with the same orientation have a cosine similarity of 1, two vectors oriented at 90° relative to

neg: Permanent magnet synchronous generator the grid. Some designs of Wind turbines also use this generator type. In the majority of designs the rotating assembly in the center of the generator—the "rotor"—contains the magnet, and the "stator" is the stationary armature that is electrically connected to a load. As shown in the diagram, the perpendicular component of the stator field affects the torque while the parallel component affects the voltage. The load supplied by the generator determines the voltage. If the load is inductive, then the angle between the rotor and stator fields will be greater than 90 degrees which corresponds to an increased generator

neg: Mount Unzen volcano with a hole at an angle of 25 degrees from vertical. At greater depths, the direction of boring was tilted towards the conduit, reaching an angle of 75 degrees from vertical at a depth of . Drilling reached , the original target depth, without reaching the conduit, but in July 2004 at a depth of , the conduit was finally reached. The vertical depth below the summit was . The temperature at the conduit was about , much lower than pre-drill estimations of and over. This was attributed to hydrothermal circulation accelerating the cooling of the magma over the

neg: Ground track parameters which define the size, shape, and orientation of the satellite's orbit. (This article discusses closed orbits, or orbits with eccentricity less than one, and thus excludes parabolic and hyperbolic trajectories.) Typically, satellites have a roughly sinusoidal ground track. A satellite with an orbital inclination between zero and ninety degrees is said to be in what is called a "direct" or "prograde orbit", meaning that it orbits in the same direction as the Earth's rotation. A satellite with an orbital inclination between 90° and 180° (or, equivalently, between -90° and 0°) is said to be in a "retrograde orbit". (Direct

neg: Assured clear distance ahead Friction, and Centripetal force: Substituting formulas for Centripetal force, frictional force, and gravitational force: The normal force is equal and opposite to the sum of the gravitational and centripetal components: Isolate formula_5 terms: Then solve for formula_5: To obtain: This is the full solution, however most corners are banked at less than 15 degrees (≈28% grade), so in such conditions, a fieldable small angle approximation may be used. Substituting small-angle approximations sinθ≈θ, cos≈1-θ/2: Exploit that a small angle squared, in radians, is insignificant by substituting θ≈0 which obtains the formula used in case 5 (also tanθ≈e): The "seconds-of-distance-to-stop rule" is

neg: Twilight the Sun cannot rise above the horizon nor sink more than 18 degrees below it on the same day on any date, this example of twilight cannot occur because the angular difference between solar noon and solar midnight elevates less than 18 degrees. At latitudes greater than about 48.5 degrees North or South, on dates near the summer solstice, twilight can last from sunset to sunrise, since the Sun does not go more than 18 degrees below the horizon, so complete darkness does not occur even at solar midnight. These latitudes include many densely populated regions of the Earth, including

neg: Prior probability degrees, 90 degrees) with a small chance of being below -30 degrees or above 130 degrees. The purpose of a weakly informative prior is for regularization, that is, to keep inferences in a reasonable range. An uninformative prior or diffuse prior expresses vague or general information about a variable. The term "uninformative prior" is somewhat of a misnomer. Such a prior might also be called a "not very informative prior", or an "objective prior", i.e. one that's not subjectively elicited. Uninformative priors can express "objective" information such as "the variable is positive" or "the variable is less than some limit".

neg: Visual impairment to the Blind program and two others combined under Title XVI of the Social Security Act to form the Supplemental Security Income program which states: An individual shall be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he has central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees shall be considered for purposes of the first sentence of this

neg: Pinball remaining ball or balls. Once a player has successfully trapped a ball, they may then attempt to "juggle" the ball to the other flipper. This is done by tapping the flipper button quickly enough so that the trapped ball is knocked back at an angle of less than 90 degrees into the bottom of the nearest slingshot. The ball will then often bounce across the playfield to the other flipper, where the ball may then be hit (or trapped) by the opposite flipper. Occasionally a pinball machine will have a pin or post placed directly between the two bottom flippers.

neg: Trigonoconcha which meet at an angle of no more than sixty-five degrees. While this is similar to the related genera "Palaeoconcha" and "Similodonta", they are both noted for anterior-posterior angles of no less than ninety degrees. The presence of an auricle, a finger-like projection on the underside of the umbo, in "Palaeoconcha" also distinguishes specimens from "Trigonoconcha". "Similodonta" is distinguished from both other genera by an edentulous space, a region on the hinge that lacks teeth. The umbo of "Trigonoconcha" is located at the vertex formed by the anterior and posterior sides and the ventral margin forms a broad curving edge.

neg: Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources 3C 324. A further revision by Laing, Riley and Longair in 1983, called 3CRR or 3CR², included galaxies which were not detected in the original catalogue due to shortcomings of the original observations, but which otherwise meet the flux and declination limits. This new catalogue, which includes all extragalactic radio sources on the Northern Hemisphere with 178-MHz flux density > 10.9 Jy (on the scale of Baars et al.), declination greater than 10 degrees, and Galactic latitude greater than 10 degrees or less than -10 degrees, is formally a complete sample of radio galaxies and radio loud quasars. It excludes

neg: V6 PRV engine seen as a V8 with two missing cylinders, having a 90 degree angle between cylinder banks, rather than the customary 60, but with crankpins being 120 degrees apart. The Maserati V6 of the Citroën SM followed a remarkably similar pattern of development. The 1973 energy crisis, and taxes levied against engine displacement greater than 2.8 litres made large V8 engines somewhat undesirable, and expanded the market for smaller displacement engines. Additionally, Renault needed a V6 engine to fit in its new model, the Renault 30. Renault's internal designation for the PRV was Z-Type. Machinery for assembling the engines arrived at

neg: Apley grind test "positive Apley test" and damage to the meniscus is likely. Lateral rotation tests for medial implications (meniscal during compression and ligamentous when distracting the tibia) and medial rotation tests for lateral implications again (meniscal during compression and ligamentous when distracting the tibia). Greater than 90 degrees of knee flexion will impinge more of the posterior horn, 90 degrees of knee flexion the medial meniscus and the closer to knee extension the further the anterior horn is being tested (< 90 degrees of knee flexion). The Apley test is named for Alan Graham Apley (1914–1996), a British orthopedic surgeon. Apley grind

neg: Kase Run of less than 45 degrees, 12 have angles that are between 45 and 90 degrees, and 16 have angles of over 90 degrees. 9 of the stream's banks are made of small rocks and 25 are made of sand and clay. The width of Kase Run ranges from . The stream is a freestone stream. The elevation of Kase Run near its mouth is above sea level. The elevation of the stream at its source is approximately above sea level. There are 78 features on Kase Run that are classified as "disturbances". 34 of these are erosion sites (17 of

neg: Flight dynamics (spacecraft) is equal to: where "φ" is the flight path angle measured from the local horizontal (perpendicular to "r".) This allows the calculation of "φ" at any point in the orbit, knowing radius and velocity: Note that flight path angle is a constant 0 degrees (90 degrees from local vertical) for a circular orbit. It can be shown that the angular momentum equation given above also relates the rate of change in true anomaly to "r", "v", and "φ", thus the true anomaly can be found as a function of time since periapsis passage by integration: Conversely, the time required to

neg: Circumferentor south end of the needle point, such as 182°. Finally, subtract the lesser number, 182, from the greater, 296°; the remainder, 114°, is the number of degrees in the angle EKG. If the remainder is more than 180 degrees, it must be subtracted from 360 degrees. To take the plot of a field, forest, park, etc., with a circumferentor, consider region ABCDEFGHK in Figure 2, an area to be surveyed. Then move the instrument to C; turn the sights to measure D, and measure CD as before. In the same manner, proceed to D, E, F, G, H, and lastly

neg: Pyranometer nm to 2800 nm. Depending on the type of pyranometer used, irradiance measurements with different degrees of spectral sensitivity will be obtained. To make a measurement of irradiance, it is required by definition that the response to “beam” radiation varies with the cosine of the angle of incidence. This ensures a full response when the solar radiation hits the sensor perpendicularly (normal to the surface, sun at zenith, 0° angle of incidence), zero response when the sun is at the horizon (90° angle of incidence, 90° zenith angle), and 0.5 at a 60° angle of incidence. It follows that a

neg: MidSTAR Monterey CA (36.6 N, 121.89 W). Launch segment for MidSTAR is either the Delta IV or Atlas V EELV. The orbit is tailored to payload requirements; where no requirements exist, the orbit of the primary payload or one of the other secondary payloads is accepted. In order for the spacecraft to be seen from USNA SGS at an elevation greater than 30 degrees and range simultaneously less than 900 km, the orbit must be 500 ± 200 km with inclination greater than 35 degrees. MidSTAR MidSTAR is a general-purpose satellite bus capable of supporting a variety of space missions by

neg: Longline bycatch in Hawaii 23 degrees north, to utilize side-setting to reduce seabird interactions in lieu of the seabird mitigation already measures required. The implementation of the seabird measures caused a massive drop in seabird interactions by more than 90% in the Hawaii longline fishery. Despite low observer coverage, usually 5% or less, it was estimated that prior to 2001, a total of 666 turtles were caught annually in the Hawaii longline fishery: 418 loggerheads, 146 olive ridleys, 112 leatherbacks and 40 green turtles. Unlike the seabird issue, the solutions for sea turtles were propelled initially by litigation by environmental organizations which resulted in