query: who was the first government of the united states

pos: Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The central government

neg: United States Digital Service Department of Education, and Health and Human Services. The United States Digital Service was the brainchild of Jennifer Pahlka, who took the job of US Deputy CTO in 2013 with the goal of creating an elite government technology unit at the White House that would be equivalent to the UK Government Digital Service. The first head of the US Digital Service was Mikey Dickerson, a former Google engineer who was involved in the 2013-2014 rescue of HealthCare.gov website. He was succeeded by Matt Cutts. United States Digital Service The United States Digital Service is a part of the Executive Office

neg: Juan Davis Bradburn its terms. The new federalist government officially authorized immigration from the United States to Mexican Texas in 1824. The resulting mass influx of settlers, combined with failed attempts by the United States government to purchase the territory, concerned Mexican authorities, who feared that the United States wished to forcibly take Texas. In response, on April 6, 1830 the Mexican government enacted a series of laws restricting immigration from the United States. The laws also called for the establishment of customs houses within Texas to begin enforcing customs duties. On October 4, 1830, Bradburn was ordered to create the first customs

neg: 1788–89 United States elections those policies. Opposing them was the Anti-Administration faction, which sought a smaller role for the federal government. In these elections, the Pro-Administration faction won majorities in both houses of Congress. Meanwhile, General George Washington was elected as the country's first president, while John Adams, who finished with the second largest number of electoral votes, was elected as the first vice president. The presidential election of 1788–1789 was the first election of a federal head of state or head of government in United States history. Prior to the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788, the U.S. had been governed

neg: Immigration Act of 1903 immigrants to the United States to two dollars ($2.00). This was the first legislation in the U.S. since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 that called for questioning potential immigrants about their political beliefs. The Act barred anyone "who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized government, or who is a member of or affiliated with any organization entertaining or teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government." The law also limited the deportation of non-citizen anarchists to the first three years of their residency in the United States. The impact of the law was

neg: Charles W. Blackwell Charles W. Blackwell Charles W. Blackwell (July 30, 1942 – January 2, 2013) was an American Chickasaw Nation diplomat and lawyer, who served as the first Ambassador of the Chickasaw Nation to the United States of America from 1995 until his death in 2013. Blackwell, who represented the Chickasaw Nation of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, was the first Ambassador of any Native American tribal government to the government of the United States. Blackwell was born at Concho Indian Hospital in El Reno, Oklahoma, on July 30, 1942. He was raised in Tishomingo, Oklahoma. His ancestry included Choctaw as well

neg: First Family of the United States First Family of the United States The First Family of the United States (FFOTUS) is the official title for the family of the President of the United States, who is both head of state and head of government of the United States. Members of the First Family consist of the President, the First Lady of the United States, and any of their children. However, other close relatives of the President and First Lady, such as parents, grandchildren, stepchildren, and in-laws, may be classified as members of the First Family if they reside in the Executive Residence of the White House

neg: United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution was varied and seemingly contradictory, first supporting and then repudiating Mexican regimes during the period 1910-1920. For both economic and political reasons, the U.S. government generally supported those who occupied the seats of power, whether they held that power legitimately or not. A clear exception was the French Intervention in Mexico, when the U.S. supported the beleaguered liberal government of Benito Juárez at the time of the American Civil War (1861-1865). Prior to Woodrow Wilson's inauguration on March 4, 1913, the U.S. Government focused on

neg: Albanian Americans Albanian Americans Albanian Americans () are Americans who have full or partial Albanian ancestry. In 2012, there were 203,600 American citizens of Albanian descent living in the United States. The figure includes all people affiliated with United States who claim Albanian ancestry, both those born in the country and naturalized citizens, as well as those with dual citizenship who affiliate themselves with both cultures. According to data from a 2008 survey by the United States government, there are 201,118 Americans of full or partial Albanian descent. The first Albanian documented to have emigrated to the United States was Kolë Kristofori

neg: Williams v. Lee Williams v. Lee Williams v. Lee, 358 U.S. 217 (1959), was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the State of Arizona does not have jurisdiction to try a civil case between a non-Indian doing business on a reservation with tribal members who reside on the reservation, the proper forum for such cases being the tribal court. The Navajo tribe has lived in the southwestern United States and first came into contact with the United States government in 1846, signing a treaty with the government in 1849. In the early 1860s, the government

neg: United States Government Manual United States Government Manual The United States Government Manual is the official handbook of the federal government, published annually by the Office of the Federal Register and printed and distributed by the United States Government Printing Office. The first edition was issued in 1935; before the 1973/74 edition it was known as the United States Government Organization Manual. The "Manual" provides comprehensive information on the agencies of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. It also includes information on quasi-official agencies; international organizations in which the United States participates; and boards, commissions, and committees. Appendices include a list of agency acronyms

neg: Somalia–United States relations 20, 2012, concurrent with the end of the TFG's interim mandate. It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war. On September 10, 2012, the new Federal Parliament also elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the incumbent President of Somalia. The election was welcomed by the U.S. authorities, who re-affirmed United States' continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty. In January 2013, the U.S. announced that it was set to exchange diplomatic notes with the new central government of Somalia, re-establishing official ties with the country for the first time

neg: Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union First, maps of the United States territories and its states have been drawn since its colonisation in the 16th and 17th century. Second, the use of organizational charts to picture public and private organizations has become into use in the first part of the 20th century. It has become common use to chart governmental organizations in multiple (partly) overlapping organizational charts. For example, here shown the 2011 Organizational chart of the Government of the United States from "The United States Government Manual 2011," was the first of a series of over 70 charts of the Government of the United States.

neg: United States Attorney Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It was organized by Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals judge James R. Browning, who also served as its first chief. Note: Except as indicated parenthetically, the foregoing links are to the corresponding district court, rather than to the U.S. Attorney’s Office. United States Attorney United States attorneys (also known as chief federal prosecutors and, historically, as United States district attorneys) represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking

neg: United States v. Pink national government exclusively." The court ruled that rights to the property in question passed from the Soviet government to the United States by the Litvinov Assignment. United States v. Pink United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203 (1942), was a United States Supreme Court decision related to the Litvinov Assignment. The United States sued Louis H. Pink, the Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York for claims regarding the First Russian Insurance Company. According to the facts of the case, the First Russian Insurance Co. was organized under the former Russian government. The company opened an American branch

neg: United States v. Johnson (1863) was rightly granted and affirmed. Appellant United States challenged a decision from the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of California, which affirmed a decision from the Board of Commissioners in favor of respondents, several claimants to California land who claimed title under the Mexican government through a common grantor. The issue was whether the petition for confirmation of the claim was rightly granted and affirmed. The grantor's title, which was not disputed before the Commissioners or the district court, was first objected to on appeal to the court. The government contended that the governor and

neg: Venus with a Mirror and it entered the collection of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. In 1931, in order to earn foreign currency for the first of the Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin and the Soviet government secretly sold the painting, along with a number of other masterpieces, to a syndicate of art dealers, who sold it to the American collector Andrew Mellon, who wished to create a national art museum for the United States. Mellon donated it to the United States Government in 1937. It was one of the first masterpieces to be displayed in

neg: William G. T. Tuttle Jr. 2011 the First Annual General William G.T. Tuttle, Jr., USA (Ret.) Award for Business Acumen in Defense and Government (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-first-annual-general-william-gt-tuttle-jr-usa-ret-award-for-business-acumen-in-defense-and-government-115269869.html) was awarded in his honor and General Tuttle presided over the ceremony. William G. T. Tuttle Jr. General William Gilbert Townsend Tuttle Jr. (born November 26, 1935) is a retired United States Army four-star general who served as Commanding General, United States Army Materiel Command (CG AMC) from 1989 to 1992. Tuttle was born in Portsmouth, Virginia on November 26, 1935. Upon graduation from the United States Military Academy in 1958, he was commissioned a 2nd lieutenant of infantry and

neg: United States v. Robel is guaranteed by the First Amendment. United States v. Robel United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258 (1967), was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled that the United States government cannot deprive the people of constitutional rights, even in the interests of national security. Specifically, the right of free association. The petitioner, Eugene Frank Robel, who worked at Todd Shipyards in Seattle, was indicted in May 21, 1963 for being a member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and thus affiliated with it, without being registered with the Subversive

neg: Puerto Rican Campaign explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, and all parties were satisfied. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, ratified on December 10, 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States. Spain had lost its last colony in the Western Hemisphere and the United States gained imperial strength and global presence. The United States established a military government and appointed Miles the first head of the military government established on the island, acting as both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. Members of the Spanish forces and civilians who were loyal

neg: 1st United States Congress 1st United States Congress The First United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of of

neg: Greenbelt, Maryland Financial Report, the top employers in the city were: Source: data are taken from employers who made information available, and the list does not include the US Federal Government (NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center). Greenbelt, Maryland Greenbelt is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, and a suburb of Washington, D.C.. Greenbelt is notable for being the first and the largest of the three experimental and controversial New Deal Greenbelt Towns, planned and built by the Federal government of the United States. The cooperative community was conceived in 1935, by Undersecretary of Agriculture Rexford Guy Tugwell, who was

neg: First Dragoon Expedition First Dragoon Expedition The First Dragoon Expedition of 1834 (also known as the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition) was an exploratory mission of the United States Army into the southwestern Great Plains of the United States. It was the first official contact between the American government and the Southern Plains Indians. The United States Dragoon Regiment left Fort Gibson, Indian territory, on 20 June 1834, under the command of General Henry Leavenworth. In addition to the troops, there were 30 Cherokee, Delaware, Osage, and Seneca tribesmen who served as guides. The expedition entered the Cross Timbers region on July 10. The difficult terrain

neg: United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24) governments met at a convention and signed a treaty, on December 27, 1924, which gave the United States control over the country's custom revenues. In 1941, the treaty was officially repealed and control over the country's custom revenues was again returned to the government of the Dominican Republic. However this treaty created lasting resentment of the United States among the people of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Campaign Medal was an authorized U.S. service medal for those military members who had participated in the conflict. Links in Spanish United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24) The first United States

neg: Tax protester constitutional arguments been rejected in tax cases such as "United States v. Hart", "Risner v. Commissioner", "Maxwell v. Snow", "Rowe v. Internal Revenue Serv.", "Cobin v. Commissioner", and "Glavin v. United States". The argument that an individual who received Form W-2 wages or other compensation is not subject to federal income tax because the individual has "neither requested, obtained, nor exercised any privilege from an agency of government" was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in "Sullivan v. United States" and again in "Kelly v. United States". See also "United States v. Buras" (argument that

neg: United States involvement in regime change reforms, but the US government insisted that he impose a program of economic austerity. The United States government implemented a plan with the code name Operation Brother Sam for the destabilization of Brazil, by cutting off aid to the Brazilian government, providing aid to state governors of Brazil who opposed the new president, and encouraging senior Brazilian military officers to seize power and to back army chief of staff General Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco as coup leader. General Branco led the April 1964 overthrow of the constitutional government of President João Goulart and was installed as first president of

neg: United States Military Government in Cuba United States Military Government in Cuba The United States Military Government in Cuba (Spanish: "Gobierno militar estadounidense en Cuba" or "Gobierno militar americano en Cuba"), was a provisional military government in Cuba that was established in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War in 1898 when Spain ceded Cuba to the United States. This period was also referred to as the First Occupation of Cuba, to distinguish it from a second occupation from 1906 to 1909. United States Army forces involved in the garrisoning of the island during this time were honored with the Army of Cuban Occupation Medal after its

neg: United States federal government shutdown of 1980 United States federal government shutdown of 1980 The United States federal government shutdown of 1980 was the first federal government shutdown in the United States. It occurred on May 1, 1980, and affected only the Federal Trade Commission for one day. Congress had allowed its funding to lapse as part of an effort to pass an authorization bill that would limit its powers, but the Carter Administration for the first time enforced a shutdown of a federal agency based on a new interpretation of the 1884 Antideficiency Act, causing new funding to be approved that evening. The shutdown caused the

neg: United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute row. The federal government chose Terre Haute as the location of the men's death row due to its central location within the United States. Among those most recently executed at USP Terre Haute were Timothy McVeigh and Juan Raul Garza in 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr., in 2003. McVeigh, who was convicted for his responsibility for the Oklahoma City bombing, was the first prisoner executed by the U.S. Government since the moratorium on the death penalty was lifted in 1976. The method of execution used by the federal government is lethal injection. The following lists contain the names of current

neg: Félix Varela America, and also published an essay which argued for the abolition of slavery in Cuba. For such ideas, after the French invasion of Spain in 1823 overthrew the liberal government of Spain and restored King Ferdinand VII who then brutally suppressed all opposition, he was sentenced to death by the government. Before he could be arrested, however, he fled, first to Gibraltar, then to the United States, where he spent the rest of his life, settling in New York City. In New York, Varela founded "El Habanero", the first Spanish-language newspaper in the United States, though it produced only seven

neg: United States v. Pink United States v. Pink United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203 (1942), was a United States Supreme Court decision related to the Litvinov Assignment. The United States sued Louis H. Pink, the Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York for claims regarding the First Russian Insurance Company. According to the facts of the case, the First Russian Insurance Co. was organized under the former Russian government. The company opened an American branch in New York in 1907. After the Russian Revolution, the Russian government nationalized all insurance companies, including First Russian. The case concerned the return of over

neg: National Philatelic Collection (United States) the United States purchased the boyhood stamp album of John Lennon to add to the National Philatelic Collection. There have been eleven curators of the National Philatelic Collection. The first curator, at the time officially titled "government philatelist", was Joseph Britton Leavy who was retained in 1913 to help organize the collection which had rapidly expanded due to a large donation from the Post Office the preceding year. As of 2018, the curator is Daniel Piazza. The United States owns another stamp collection – the Postmaster General's Philatelic Collection, composed of United States stamps and stamp proofs – which was

neg: Federalist Era majorities in both houses and elected George Washington, who had taken part in the Philadelphia Convention, as president. The Washington administration and the 1st United States Congress established numerous precedents and much of the structure of the new government. Congress shaped the federal judiciary with the Judiciary Act of 1789 while Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's economic policies fostered a strong central government. The first Congress also passed the United States Bill of Rights to constitutionally limit the powers of the federal government. During the Federalist Era, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by concerns regarding Britain, France, and Spain. Washington and

neg: United States Military Government in Cuba rule ended. Since the Platt Amendment was successfully incorporated into the constitution in Cuba, influence was maintained without direct U.S. involvement in the country. United States Military Government in Cuba The United States Military Government in Cuba (Spanish: "Gobierno militar estadounidense en Cuba" or "Gobierno militar americano en Cuba"), was a provisional military government in Cuba that was established in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War in 1898 when Spain ceded Cuba to the United States. This period was also referred to as the First Occupation of Cuba, to distinguish it from a second occupation from 1906 to 1909. United

neg: Spanish–American War office, however, the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations. In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain, who again offered to negotiate a peace. In October 1897, the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans, but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy. However, with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November, Spain began to change their policies in Cuba. First, the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in

neg: Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States, in the context of the early twenty-first century War on Terrorism, refers to foreign nationals the United States detains outside of the legal process required within United States legal jurisdiction. In this context, the U.S. government is maintaining torture centers, called black sites, operated by both known and secret intelligence agencies. Such black sites were later confirmed by reports from journalists, investigations, and from men who had been imprisoned and tortured there, and later released after being tortured until the CIA was comfortable they had done nothing wrong,

neg: United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution carried at the Battle of Otumba in 1520, which carried a gold sun surrounded by the green plumes of the quetzal. The blue color alludes to the United States Army and refers to the Rio Grande separating Mexico from the United States. United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution was varied and seemingly contradictory, first supporting and then repudiating Mexican regimes during the period 1910-1920. For both economic and political reasons, the U.S. government generally supported those who occupied the seats of power, whether they held that power legitimately or not. A

neg: Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate names of people losing South Korean nationality in the government gazette. Prior to the 1990s, however, loss of United States citizenship was not a matter of public record; the State Department considered that routine disclosure of the names of people giving up U.S. citizenship might present legal issues. The United States government first released a list of former U.S. citizens in a State Department letter to Congress made public by a 1995 Joint Committee on Taxation report. That report contained the names of 978 people who had relinquished U.S. citizenship between January 1, 1994 and April 25, 1995. This action

neg: 1978 United States Senate election in Illinois 1978 United States Senate election in Illinois The 1978 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 7, 1978. Incumbent Republican United States Senator Charles H. Percy ran for re-election to a third term in the United States Senate. Percy was opposed by Democratic nominee Alex Seith, an attorney who had been appointed to several local government positions. Though Percy had been expected to coast to re-election over Seith, a first-time candidate, the election quickly became competitive. In the last few days of the campaign, a desperate Percy ran a television advertisement that featured him apologizing and acknowledging

neg: Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States) Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States) The Wesleyan Methodist Church was a Methodist denomination in the United States organized on May 13, 1841. It was composed of ministers and laypeople who withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church because of disagreements regarding slavery, church government, and the doctrine of holiness according to the Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection (1841), although later editions of the Discipline cite only the first two reasons. The first secessions in 1841 took place in Michigan although the new church group was formalized in Utica, New York. In November 1842, Orange Scott, La Roy Sunderland and J.

neg: John Berry (administrator) Margaret's Episcopal Church in Washington. List of LGBT Ambassadors of the United States John Berry (administrator) Morrell John Berry (born February 10, 1959) is an American former government official who was named President of the American Australian Association in 2016. Berry was director of the United States Office of Personnel Management from 2009 to 2013 and United States Ambassador to Australia from 2013 to 2016. Berry was born in Montgomery County, Maryland, to parents who worked for the federal government. He completed degrees at the University of Maryland, College Park and Syracuse University and worked in local government and as

neg: Law enforcement and society property. In the United Kingdom in the late 18th century: In the United States in the 19th century: In 1690 John Locke wrote that: Similarly, Adam Smith described how: This close link between property and government (and thus police function) was also noted by John Jay, who repeatedly said that: According to Monaghan, this: and by US Founding Father James Madison. who declared that government: Considering the state of law enforcement and society in 2013, Dr. Gary Potter states, Law enforcement and society The first modern police force, commonly said to be the London Metropolitan Police, established in 1829, promoted

neg: Lau Ow Bew v. United States Section 6 states that persons “who shall be about to come to the United States” must obtain the certificate of permission from the Chinese government, or in other words, “those who are about to come into the United States for the first time” ("Lau Ow Bew"). As Bew had been living in the United States for seventeen years, the language of the Act does not apply to Bew’s case. Additionally, Fuller holds that immigrants should not have to fear that travel abroad means the potential loss of house and home ("Lau Ow Bew") Lastly, Lau Ow Bew’s status as a

neg: Consulate General of the United States, Florence established in Livorno (then known in English as Leghorn), with consular agent Phillip Felicchi being appointed on 29 May 1794. As Tuscany did not recognize consulates posted in Florence, the first U.S. Consular Agent to serve Florence was Vice Consular Agent James Ombrosi, who was under mandate from the U.S. Consulate at Leghorn (Livorno). Ombrosi was accredited on May 15, 1819. Consulate General of the United States, Florence The Consulate General of the United States in Florence belongs to the U.S. Mission to Italy and represents the interests of the government of the United States in Florence and the surrounding

neg: Halifax Fisheries Commission British representative on the Commission. The United States appointed Ensign H. Kellogg as the American representative. The third member and chair of the Commission was M. Maurice Delfosse, the Belgian Minister to the United States, who was appointed by the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Sir Francis Clare Ford was the Agent representing the British Government. Dwight Foster was the Agent representing the Government of the United States. Counsel for the British government were: William Henry Trescot and Richard Henry Dana, Jr. served as counsel for the United States before the Commission. On 23 November 1877, the Commission gave

neg: United States Civil Service Commission United States Civil Service Commission The United States Civil Service Commission was a government agency of the federal government of the United States and was created to select employees of federal government on merit rather than relationships. In 1979, it was dissolved as part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978; the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board are the successor agencies. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant and Congress passed Civil Service reform law that created the first United States Civil Service Commission, that was implemented by President Grant and funded for two years

neg: Schönborn Palace (Prague) Schönborn Palace (Prague) The Schönborn Palace () in the Malá Strana district of Prague is the current home of the United States Embassy to the Czech Republic. The first United States Minister to Czechoslovakia was Richard Crane, the grandson of a Chicago plumbing millionaire. Crane, who had acquired the palace at the end of the First World War, sold the building in 1925 to the United States Government for $117,000. Rudolf von Colloredo built the present palace between 1643 and 1656 on the site of an earlier building that had been destroyed during the Thirty Years War. Having lost a

neg: Florence T. Nakakuni Florence T. Nakakuni Florence T. Nakakuni (born 1952) is the former United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii. She was appointed in 2009 by President Barack Obama, replacing Edward H. Kubo Jr. who left to become a Judge on the Hawaii First Circuit Court. She is the first female United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii. As one of 93 U.S. Attorneys nationwide, she represented the United States government in all civil and criminal cases within the district. Nakakuni is a career public servant. After graduating from the University of Hawaii and the William S. Richardson School of

neg: Nayot Knesset are located today, which was outside the boundaries of Jerusalem at the time. Of the first 62 semi-detached homes built in 1960, fifty were purchased by families who immigrated to Israel from the United States and Canada. Many of the first tenants were diplomats, among them Simcha Dinitz. The architect was David Resnick, who won the Israel Prize for architecture in 1995. The committee also set up a mortgage fund, which was unknown in Israel in those days. Fundraising in the United States brought in $100,000, and the Israeli government matched the sum, creating a fund of $200,000. The

neg: Jones Law (Philippines) 64th United States Congress on August 29, 1916 and contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States Federal Government's commitment to grant independence to the Philippines. It was a framework for a "more autonomous government", with certain privileges reserved to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests, in preparation for the grant of independence by the United States. The law provides that the grant of independence would come only "as soon as a stable government can be established", which was to be determined by the United States Government itself. The law also changed the

neg: John L. Stevens John L. Stevens John Leavitt Stevens (August 1, 1820 – February 8, 1895) was the United States Minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 when he was accused of conspiring to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani in association with the Committee of Safety, led by Lorrin A. Thurston and Sanford B. Dole – the first Americans attempting to overthrow a foreign government under the auspices of a United States government officer. John L. Stevens, journalist, author, minister, newspaper publisher and diplomat, was also a Maine State Senator who was a founder of the Republican Party in Maine. John Leavitt Stevens was

neg: Overthrow (book) Afghanistan, and Iraq. Some examples used in the book refer to American support for local rebels against the existing national governments that lead to a change in power. For example, in 1898, the United States helped to overthrow the government of Cuba by supporting local rebels who were already fighting their government. In other circumstances, such as in Iran, Guatemala, and Chile, Kinzer argues the United States initiated, planned and orchestrated the regime change. This book talks about things such as how the United States, during its first real coup, decided to Nicaragua President Zeyala out of power because they

neg: United States Civil Service Commission the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) and the Office of Special Counsel (OSC). United States Civil Service Commission The United States Civil Service Commission was a government agency of the federal government of the United States and was created to select employees of federal government on merit rather than relationships. In 1979, it was dissolved as part of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978; the Office of Personnel Management and the Merit Systems Protection Board are the successor agencies. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant and Congress passed Civil Service reform law that created the first United States Civil

neg: McCulloch v. Maryland as the first President of the United States in 1789, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, proposed creating a national bank to regulate American currency and deal with national economic problems. However, Washington's Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, strongly opposed the bank's creation, fearing that it would usurp the power of the various States and concentrate it to a dangerous degree in the central federal government. Although Congress created the First Bank of the United States in 1791 with a 20-year charter, the issue continued to provoke controversy. Those who supported Hamilton's vision of a stronger central government eventually

neg: Governor-General of the Philippines the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor. On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of "Civil Governor", a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a "Military Governor", Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil

neg: United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs, 402 U.S. 363 (1971), is a United States Supreme Court decision in an "in rem" case on procedures following the seizure of imported obscene material. A 6–3 court held that the federal statute governing the seizures was not in violation of the First Amendment as long as the government began forfeiture proceedings within 14 days of the seizure. The case began with the seizure of the photographs, depicting various sexual positions, from Milton Luros, a Southern California publisher who was returning from Europe. He had intended to use them to

neg: United States v. GlaxoSmithKline United States v. GlaxoSmithKline United States v. GlaxoSmithKline was a case before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Robert J. Merena was one of the first who filed claims against SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories on November 12, 1993. The complaints alleged that GlaxoSmithKline, which operated a system of clinical laboratories, adopted myriad complicated procedures for the purpose of defrauding state and federal healthcare programs, in particular Medicare and Medicaid. The U.S. Justice Department publicly praised Robert Merena for his "cooperation and support" in helping the government collect the largest settlement ever involving a whistle-blower lawsuit.

neg: Native Americans in the United States from scratch, many tribes hire outside consultants and vendors to help them launch these businesses and manage the regulatory issues involved. Similar to the tribal sovereignty debates that occurred when tribes first entered the gaming industry, the tribes, states, and federal government are currently in disagreement regarding who possesses the authority to regulate these e-commerce business entities. Prosecution of serious crime, historically endemic on reservations, was required by the 1885 Major Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. §§1153, 3242, and court decisions to be investigated by the federal government, usually the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and prosecuted by United States Attorneys of

neg: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States of these officers (hereditary members), and others who share the ideals of the Order (associate members), who collectively are considered "Companions". A female auxiliary, Dames of the Loyal Legion of the United States (DOLLUS), was formed in 1899 and accepted as an affiliate in 1915. Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, rumors spread that the act had been part of a wider conspiracy to overthrow the legally constituted government of the United States by assassinating its chief men. Many people at first gave credence to these rumors, including three of the officers assigned to the

neg: Office of Military Government, United States newspaper Die Neue Zeitung in 1945 in Munich, Bavaria. While initial US attitudes towards German press and media focused on denazification and the promotion of diversity, 1947 brought about a decidedly new focus on anti-Communism. Those who did not conform to the anti-Communist directives of OMGUS, "were either terminated or had their editors replaced." Office of Military Government, United States The Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS; ) was the United States military-established government created shortly after the end of hostilities in occupied Germany in World War II. Under General Lucius D. Clay, it administered the area of Germany

neg: Culture of honor (Southern United States) in Chapter Six of "Outliers" by Malcolm Gladwell. The "culture of honor" in the Southern United States is hypothesized by some social scientists to have its roots in the livelihoods of the early settlers who first inhabited the region. Unlike settlers with an agricultural heritage (mainly from the densely populated South East England and East Anglia) who settled in New England, the Southern United States was settled by herders from Scotland, Northern Ireland, Northern England and the West Country. Herds, unlike crops, are vulnerable to theft because they are mobile and there is little government wherewithal to enforce property rights

neg: North Carolina A&T State University master's degree in military arts and sciences from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College and also the first African-American nurse corps officer to graduate from the United States Army War College. N.C. A&T graduates have served in government on many levels including local, state, the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, such as North Carolina House of Representatives member Alma Adams; retired politician Edolphus Towns, who represented the state of New York in the United States House of Representatives; Pennsylvania House of Representatives member Jake Wheatley; and former politician Jesse Jackson Jr., who represented the

neg: Asian Americans in government and politics 2010. She is the first Sikh American governor in the United States, first female governor of South Carolina, second elected Indian American governor in U.S. history, as well as the third Asian American governor to serve in the continental United States. Nikki Haley's election wasn't the only first for Asian Americans to occur during the 2010 election cycle. In California, Kamala Harris, who is half-Indian American, became the first female, first African American, and first Asian American state attorney general in the United States. Other Asian-Americans serving in statewide office in California include State Treasurer John Chiang and State Controller

neg: Thomas Minter in 1977, and was selected by President Jimmy Carter in 1980 as first assistant secretary of elementary and secondary education in the United States Department of Education. Thomas Minter Thomas Kendall Minter (June 28, 1924 – May 22, 2009) was an education official who served in the United States government and the government of New York City. Minter was born on June 28, 1924 in the Bronx. Raised in East Harlem, he attended New York University, where he earned his undergraduate and master's degree. He later earned a master's degree from the Union Theological Seminary. Minter earned a Ph.D. from

neg: Greenwood LeFlore Indian Territory. It also provided that Choctaw who chose to stay in Mississippi would have reserved lands, but the United States government failed to follow through on this provision. While many of the leaders realized removal was inevitable, others opposed the treaty and made death threats against LeFlore. He stayed in Mississippi, where he settled in Carroll County and accepted United States citizenship. He was elected to the state government as a legislator and senator in the 1840s. During the American Civil War, he sided with the Union. LeFlore was the first son of Rebecca Cravatt, a high-ranking Choctaw daughter

neg: State actor State actor In United States law, a state actor is a person who is acting on behalf of a governmental body, and is therefore subject to regulation under the United States Bill of Rights, including the First, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which prohibit the federal and state governments from violating certain rights and freedoms. Though the term would seem to include only persons who are directly employed by the state, the United States Supreme Court has interpreted these amendments and laws passed pursuant to them to cover many persons who have only an indirect relationship with the government. Controversies have

neg: Ellen Southard requirement for lifeboats to be powered. General Lucius Fairchild, the United States consul at Liverpool, wrote to his government recommending that the gallantry of the Englishmen who were involved in the rescue effort be recognised. The Secretary of State supported his recommendation and the United States Congress moved to award the newly instituted Lifesaving Medal to the lifeboat men. However, a delay of 17 months followed during which a change in legislation had to be enacted to allow the medals to be issued to non-US nationals. Finally in 1877, the United States government awarded first-class Gold Lifesaving Medals to the

neg: Evangelion (mecha) an even more animalistic appearance resembling a saber-toothed cat. However, Unit 02 is later self-destructed to defeat Mark 09. was built in the United States by Nerv First Branch in Massachusetts, United States, Evangelion Unit 03 is one of two Units built with the Second Production Model design. It is the brother Unit of Unit 04 (Unit 3 and Unit 4 were the only Evangelion who were addressed as males during the series). The United States government insisted on having the rights to build Unit 03 and Unit 04. A few minor changes were made between the first and second

neg: Criminal Antitrust Anti-Retaliation Act of 2013 Criminal Antitrust Anti-Retaliation Act of 2013 The Criminal Antitrust Anti-Retaliation Act of 2013 () is a bill that would protect whistleblowers who report violations of United States antitrust law. The bill would have whistleblowers first file a retaliation claim with the United States Department of Labor before going to federal court. The bill passed the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress. The bill was written in response to a July 2011 report from the Government Accountability Office on whistleblowing and price fixing. "This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a

neg: Greenlaw v. United States Greenlaw v. United States Greenlaw v. United States, 554 U.S. 237 (2008), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a federal appeals court may not "sua sponte" increase a defendant's sentence unless the government first files a notice of appeal. Greenlaw had been charged in federal district court in Minnesota with eight counts related to his participation in gang-related sales of crack cocaine in a neighborhood on the south side of Minneapolis. Two of these crimes were for violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), which provides for a mandatory consecutive sentence for those who use

neg: Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces the precursor to the Air Force, was formed in 1918, only whites were allowed. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces. During World War II, African Americans in southern states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws. The American military was racially segregated, as was much of the federal government. The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to racial discrimination, both within and outside the army. Despite these adversities, they trained and flew with distinction. All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Tuskegee, including five Haitians. Although the

neg: United States Government Publishing Office requiring the removal from GPO premises of individuals who violate such regulations. Officers have concurrent jurisdiction with the law enforcement agencies where the premises are located. United States Government Publishing Office The United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) (formerly the Government Printing Office) is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. The office produces and distributes information products and services for all three branches of the Federal Government, including U.S. passports for the Department of State as well as the official publications of the Supreme Court, the Congress, the Executive Office of the President, executive

neg: Immigration to long-run economic performance of migrants. It finds that "first generation migrants seem to be less likely to success the more culturally distant they are, but this effect vanishes as time spent in the US increases." A 2018 study found that Chines nationals in the United States who received permanent residency permits from the US government amid the Tianamen Square protests (and subsequent Chines government clampdown) experienced significant employment and earnings gains relative to similar immigrant groups who did not have the same residency rights. During the Age of Mass Migration, infant arrivals to the United States had greater economic

neg: United States v. National Treasury Employees Union of potential speakers" requiring an even greater burden than that put forward in "Pickering". United States v. National Treasury Employees Union United States v. National Treasury Employees Union, 513 U.S. 454 (1995), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Section 501(b) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 violates the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Congress amended the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 with the Ethics Reform Act of 1989 (). In section 501(b), Congress prohibited its members, federal officers, and other government employees from "accepting an honorarium for making

neg: United States v. National Treasury Employees Union United States v. National Treasury Employees Union United States v. National Treasury Employees Union, 513 U.S. 454 (1995), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Section 501(b) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 violates the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Congress amended the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 with the Ethics Reform Act of 1989 (). In section 501(b), Congress prohibited its members, federal officers, and other government employees from "accepting an honorarium for making an appearance, speech, or writing an article." The National Treasury Employees Union challenged this

neg: United States Navy Regulations Navy Regulations began with the enactment by the Second Continental Congress of the "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies" on November 28, 1775. The first issuance by the United States Government which covered this subject matter was "An Act for the Government of the Navy of the United States," enacted on March 2, 1799. This was followed the next year by "An Act for the Better Government of the Navy of the United States." In the years preceding the American Civil War, twelve successor publications were promulgated under a number of titles by the President,

neg: Indian removal Indian removal Indian removal was a genocide in the 19th century whereby Native Americans were forced by the United States government to leave their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, specifically to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, modern Oklahoma). The Indian Removal Act was signed by Andrew Jackson, who took a hard line on Indian removal, but it was put into effect primarily under the Martin van Buren administration. Indian removal was a consequence of actions first by European settlers to North America in the colonial period, then by the United States

neg: Kenneth Juster Kenneth Juster Kenneth Ian Juster (born November 24, 1954) is an American government official who is the United States Ambassador to India. He previously served as the Deputy Assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs and Deputy Director of the National Economic Council in the United States Government from January 2017 to June 2017. Juster's career has spanned over 35 years in government, law, business, finance, and international affairs. He was a partner at the global investment firm Warburg Pincus. Prior to that, he served in senior positions in the United States Department of State and the United States

neg: United States federal government shutdowns of 2018 United States federal government shutdowns of 2018 The first United States federal government shutdown of 2018 began at midnight EST on Saturday, January 20, 2018, and ended on the evening of Monday, January 22. The shutdown began after a failure to pass legislation to fund government operations and agencies. This stemmed from disputes over the extension of status of persons affected by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration policy, and therefore whether those covered under the program should face deportation. There was also a dispute over whether funding should be allocated towards building a Mexico–United States border wall,

neg: Bahrain Thirteen popular heroes in Bahrain, and analysts speculated that the government was concerned that their release might re-energize the protest movement and frustrate government supporters who oppose any royal pardons. The trial, conviction and sentencing of the Bahrain Thirteen drew expressions of concern from European Union, Denmark, France, Ireland, United Kingdom and United States, and international organizations including the United Nations, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Reporters Without Borders, Committee to Protect Journalists and Human Rights First. The government of Bahrain maintained that trials were fair. The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI), an independent inquiry commissioned by the King of

neg: United States Postal Service United States Postal Service The United States Postal Service (USPS; also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States, including its insular areas and associated states. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution. The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin's operation, elevated to a cabinet-level department

neg: United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence incriminating links between members of the Russian government and Donald Trump's presidential campaign, and the security of election processes in the United States. Source: Member List United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (sometimes referred to as the Intelligence Committee or SSCI) is dedicated to overseeing the United States Intelligence Community—the agencies and bureaus of the federal government of the United States who provide information and analysis for leaders of the executive and legislative branches. The Committee was established in 1976 by the 94th Congress. The Committee is "select" in that membership

neg: Qui tam misconduct may be in the form of breaking the law, committing fraud, or corruption. In the United States, that type of fraud may be a violation of the False Claims Act, or similar state and local laws, and a whistleblower who exposes fraud on the government may bring a "qui tam" lawsuit on behalf of the government and potentially receive a share of the recovery recovered by the government as a reward for bringing that action. Whistleblower protections have existed in the United States in colonial times, and were embraced by the first U.S. Congress as a way to enforce

neg: Albania–United States relations the first official representative (his first office was located in the Mayflower Hotel in Washington D.C.) of the Albanian government to the United States. Then, when Ahmet Zogu became King of Albanians in 1928, the American government quietly recognized the political shift. King Zog's government was closely tied with the United States. King Zog opened an office for the Albanian consular general in New York, which was also the Albania representative in the World Fair Organization, as well as a consulate in Boston. From the late 1920s and early 1930s, there were four bilateral treaties and eleven multilateral agreements signed

neg: Laos Memorial 15, has since been viewed as an historical one, since it represents the first time that the United States government officially and publicly recognized the important and unique contributions of these soldiers who fought alongside the United States during the Vietnam War. A covert war, the contributions of the ethnic Laotians and Hmong to the U.S. war effort against the North Vietnamese Army and VietCong in Laos had been officially and repeatedly denied by the U.S. government during the Vietnam War and for over two decades following its end. Despite U.S. denials, however, the Secret War was actually the largest

neg: Military history of the Philippines revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo as president. The government included a Department of War and Public Works under which was placed the "Army of Liberation of the Philippines", a volunteer army to be organized as soon as possible. The Spanish–American War was formally concluded on December 10, 1898 by the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Spain. In that treaty, Spain ceded the Philippine Archipelago to the United States, and the United States agreed to pay US$20,000,000 to the Spanish government. The United States then exercised sovereignty over the Philippines. The insurgent First Philippine Republic was formally established

neg: Jimmy Gurulé Office; and Assistant Attorney General (appointed by President George H.W. Bush in charge of the Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs in Washington D.C. He is also the author of several books on terrorist financing and counter-terrorism strategy. Jimmy Gurulé Jimmy Gurulé is an American attorney, academic and government official, who is a Professor at Notre Dame Law School, teaching criminal law courses. He was the first Hispanic Assistant Attorney General in the United States. Gurulé was nominated by President George W. Bush and confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate as the United States Department of the Treasury's

neg: Jimmy Gurulé Jimmy Gurulé Jimmy Gurulé is an American attorney, academic and government official, who is a Professor at Notre Dame Law School, teaching criminal law courses. He was the first Hispanic Assistant Attorney General in the United States. Gurulé was nominated by President George W. Bush and confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate as the United States Department of the Treasury's Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, serving from 2001 until 2003. As Under Secretary for Enforcement, Gurulé provided oversight, policy guidance, and support to the Treasury law enforcement components: the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and

neg: Libya lobby in the United States In March 2011 Monitor announced that it had launched an internal investigation into its work for the Libyan government and in May 2011 registered past work in Libya. Libya lobby in the United States The Libya lobby in the United States is a collection of lawyers, public relation firms and professional lobbyists paid directly by the government of Libya to lobby the public and government of the United States on behalf of the interests of the government of Libya. The Libyan government has engaged a number of American firms who have disclosed their work under the Foreign Agents Registration Act,

neg: Sicario: Day of the Soldado United States on June 29, 2018, by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label, while it was distributed internationally by Lionsgate. The film is dedicated to the memory of Jóhann Jóhannsson, the composer of the first film, who died in February 2018. It received generally favorable reviews from critics, who called it a "brutal-but-worthy" follow-up to the first film, and praised Brolin and del Toro's performances, although some disliked the pacing and lack of reason for a sequel. A suicide bombing in a Kansas City grocery store kills fifteen people. The United States government responds by authorizing CIA agent

neg: Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership List of Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership recipients is a compilation of United States government executives who have received the Jones Award from the American University School of Public Affairs, an institution of higher education and research located in Washington, D.C. that grants academic degrees in fields such as political science, public administration, public policy, and justice, law and society. First awarded in 1978, the award has been presented every year since then to two United States federal career executives who have shown leadership in the training of federal government managers

neg: Federalist Era of the new republic. With this challenge in mind, the new national government needed to act with the idea that every act was being carried out for the first time and would therefore have great significance and be viewed along the lines of the symbolic as well as practical implications. The first elections to the new United States Congress returned heavy Federalist majorities. George Washington, who had presided over the Philadelphia Convention, was unanimously chosen as the first President of the United States by the Electoral College. The Anti-Federalist movement opposed the draft Constitution primarily because it lacked a bill

neg: Elijah Coleman Bridgman the world's first major journal of sinology, which he began and edited. Bridgman became America's first "China expert." Among his other works was the first Chinese language history of the United States: "Short Account of the United States of America" (or "Meilike Heshengguo Zhilüe") and "The East-West Monthly Examiner" (or "Dong Hsi Yang Kao Meiyue Tongji Zhuan"). As a translator he contributed greatly to the formulation of America’s first treaty with the Chinese government under the Qing Dynasty. Bridgman was born in Belchertown, Massachusetts to a Lieutenant Theodore Bridgman and his wife Lucretia (Warner) who owned a farm at Pond

neg: Dominican Americans origin. Also increasing is the Dominican American profile in government and politics. Milestones along the way have been marked, among others, by Guillermo Linares and Kay Palacios, the first Dominican Americans elected in the United States, as former New York City Council Member and former Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey city council respectively; Marcos Devers, the first Dominican American mayor in the U.S., who was appointed as Acting Mayor of Lawrence, Massachusetts; Passaic, New Jersey mayor Dr. Alex D. Blanco, the first Dominican American mayor ever elected in the United States; Also, the first person of Dominican descent elected anywhere in

neg: 41st United States Congress 41st United States Congress The Forty-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871, during the first two years of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this

neg: 91st United States Congress 91st United States Congress The Ninety-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1971, during the first two years of the first administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eighteenth Census of the United States in 1960. Both chambers had a Democratic majority. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the

neg: 21st United States Congress 21st United States Congress The Twenty-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1831, during the first two years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

neg: 1996 United States federal budget 1996 United States federal budget The 1996 United States federal budget is the United States federal budget to fund government operations for the fiscal year 1996, which was October 1995 – September 1996. This budget was the first to be submitted after the Republican Revolution in the 1994 midterm elections. Disagreements between Democratic President Bill Clinton and Republicans led by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich led to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996. The requested budget was submitted by President Clinton on February 6, 1995, just five weeks after the beginning of the 104th United

neg: Oregon Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale. This government was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States. It was succeeded by a Second Executive Committee, made up of Peter G. Stewart, Osborne Russell, and William J. Bailey, and this committee was itself succeeded by George Abernethy, who was the first and only Governor of Oregon under the provisional government. Also in 1841, Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, reversed the Hudson's Bay Company's long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade. He directed

neg: United States v. Lee (1882) language "ringing". Another legal scholar called the language "remarkable" and emphatic. United States v. Lee (1882) United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196 (1882), is a 5-to-4 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Constitution's prohibition on lawsuits against the federal government did not extend to officers of the government themselves. The case involved the heir of Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of Confederate States of America General Robert E. Lee, who sued to regain control of Arlington House and its grounds. Arlington had been seized by the United States government in 1861 and eventually converted

neg: United States v. Lee (1882) United States v. Lee (1882) United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196 (1882), is a 5-to-4 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Constitution's prohibition on lawsuits against the federal government did not extend to officers of the government themselves. The case involved the heir of Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of Confederate States of America General Robert E. Lee, who sued to regain control of Arlington House and its grounds. Arlington had been seized by the United States government in 1861 and eventually converted into Arlington National Cemetery. The estate had been sold to pay