query: when was the first gastric bypass surgery performed

pos: Gastric bypass surgery formed much closer to the lower (distal) end of the small intestine, usually from the lower end, causing reduced absorption (malabsorption) of food: primarily of fats and starches, but also of various minerals and the fat-soluble vitamins. The unabsorbed fats and starches pass into the large intestine, where bacterial actions may act on them to produce irritants and malodorous gases. These larger effects on nutrition are traded for a relatively modest increase in total weight loss. The mini gastric bypass procedure was first developed by Robert Rutledge from the US in 1997, as a modification of the standard Billroth II

pos: Ron Lester movie "Good Burger" in 1997. In 1999 Lester played the role of Billy Bob in the film Varsity Blues, which would become the role he is most known for. That year he also recurring roles on two TV drama comedies, "Freaks and Geeks" and "￼￼Popular". ￼He also appeared in "Not Another Teen Movie", which parodied his role in "Varsity Blues". In 2001, Lester underwent gastric bypass surgery, losing . Obese since childhood, at his heaviest, he weighed . According to interviews, he flatlined during the operation. After the gastric bypass, he had 18 plastic surgeries to remove excess skin. In

neg: Bariatric surgery is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, designed to reduce the amount of food a person is able to eat by cutting away a part of the stomach. Gastric bypass is a permanent procedure that helps patients by changing how the stomach and small intestine handle the food that is eaten to achieve and maintain weight loss goals. After the surgery, the stomach will be smaller. A patient will feel full with less food. The gastric bypass had been the most commonly performed operation for weight loss in the United States, and approximately 140,000 gastric bypass procedures were performed in 2005. Its

neg: Gastric bypass surgery the American Society for Bariatric Surgery (ASBS) sponsored a consensus conference which updated the evidence and the conclusions of the NIH panel. This conference, composed of physicians and scientists of both surgical and non-surgical disciplines, reached several conclusions, including: The gastric bypass, in its various forms, accounts for a large majority of the bariatric surgical procedures performed. It is estimated that 200,000 such operations were performed in the United States in 2008. An increasing number of these operations are now performed by limited access techniques, termed "laparoscopy". Laparoscopic surgery is performed using several small incisions, or "ports": one to insert

neg: Management of obesity treatment. Weight loss surgery relies on various principles: the two most common approaches are reducing the volume of the stomach (e.g. by adjustable gastric banding and vertical banded gastroplasty), which produces an earlier sense of satiation, and reducing the length of bowel that comes into contact with food (e.g. by gastric bypass surgery or endoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery), which directly reduces absorption. Band surgery is reversible, while bowel shortening operations are not. Some procedures can be performed laparoscopically. Complications from weight loss surgery are frequent. Surgery for severe obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality. One

neg: Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery stapling is more effective when combined with a malabsorptive technique, in which part of the digestive tract is bypassed, reducing the absorption of calories and nutrients. Combined restrictive and malabsorptive techniques are called gastric bypass techniques, of which Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RGB) is the most common. In this technique, staples are used to form a pouch that is connected to the small intestine, bypassing the lower stomach, the duodenum, and the first portion of the jejunum. This type of weight loss surgery is losing favor as more doctors begin using the adjustable gastric band. The newer adjustable band does

neg: Bariatric surgery Edward E. Mason (b.1920) and Dr. Chikashi Ito (1930–2013) at the University of Iowa developed the original gastric bypass for weight reduction which led to fewer complications than the intestinal bypass and for this reason Mason is known as the "father of obesity surgery". Bariatric surgery Bariatric surgery (or weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing

neg: Gastric bypass surgery a surgical telescope connected to a video camera, and others to permit access of specialized operating instruments. The surgeon views the operation on a video screen. Laparoscopy is also called limited access surgery, reflecting the limitation on handling and feeling tissues and also the limited resolution and two-dimensionality of the video image. With experience, a skilled laparoscopic surgeon can perform most procedures as expeditiously as with an open incision—with the option of using an incision should the need arise. The Roux-en-Y laparoscopic gastric bypass, first performed in 1993, is regarded as one of the most difficult procedures to perform by

neg: Gastric bypass surgery Surgery Center Network. For listings of surgeons and centers in other countries, the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders lists medical associations by country. Gastric bypass surgery Gastric bypass surgery refers to a surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both. Surgeons have developed several different ways to reconnect the intestine, thus leading to several different gastric bypass (GBP) procedures. Any GBP leads to a marked reduction in the functional volume of the

neg: Gastric bypass surgery connection by inflating a balloon inside it. Sometimes this manipulation may have to be performed more than once to achieve lasting correction. Ulceration of the anastomosis occurs in 1–16% of patients. Possible causes of such ulcers are: This condition can be treated with: Normally, the pyloric valve at the lower end of the stomach regulates the release of food into the bowel. When the gastric bypass patient eats a sugary food, the sugar passes rapidly into the intestine, where it gives rise to a physiological reaction called dumping syndrome. The body will flood the intestines with gastric content in an

neg: Gastric bypass surgery social activities. The patient's out of pocket cost for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery varies widely depending on method of payment, region, surgical practice and hospital in which the procedure is performed. Methods of payment in the United States include private insurance (Individual & Family coverage, Small Group coverage through an employer (Under 50 full-time employees) and Large Group coverage through an employer (50 or more full-time employees), public insurance (Medicare and Medicaid) and self-pay. Out of pocket costs for a patient with private or public insurance that specifically list bariatric surgery as a covered benefit include several insurance-policy-specific parameters such

neg: Gastric bypass surgery Gastric bypass surgery Gastric bypass surgery refers to a surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both. Surgeons have developed several different ways to reconnect the intestine, thus leading to several different gastric bypass (GBP) procedures. Any GBP leads to a marked reduction in the functional volume of the stomach, accompanied by an altered physiological and physical response to food. The operation is prescribed to treat morbid obesity (defined as a body mass index greater than 40),

neg: Madeline Davis events. In 1995, Davis was married to Smiley at Temple Beth Zion in the first same-sex marriage performed in the Buffalo Jewish Community. After undergoing gastric bypass surgery, Davis founded a GBS support group for the practice of gastrointestinal surgeon, Dr. Joseph Caruana. Over a period of 6½ years, she facilitated the group and expanded its mission to include the founding of 13 GBS support groups throughout Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus and Niagara counties. She continues to do individual counseling with gastric bypass patients. She is also an avid quilter and gardener. An archival collection originally compiled by Davis containing materials

neg: Gastric bypass surgery limited access techniques, but use of this method has greatly popularized the operation due to associated benefits such as a shortened hospital stay, reduced discomfort, shorter recovery time, less scarring, and minimal risk of incisional hernia. The gastric bypass procedure consists of: This variant is the most commonly employed gastric bypass technique, and is by far the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the United States. The small intestine is divided approximately below the lower stomach outlet and is re-arranged into a Y-configuration, enabling outflow of food from the small upper stomach pouch via a "Roux limb". In the proximal

neg: Gastric bypass surgery type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and other comorbid conditions. "Bariatric surgery" is the term encompassing "all" of the surgical treatments for morbid obesity, not just gastric bypasses, which make up only one class of such operations. The resulting weight loss, typically dramatic, markedly reduces comorbidities. The long-term mortality rate of gastric bypass patients has been shown to be reduced by up to 40%. As with all surgery, complications may occur. A study from 2005 to 2006 revealed that 15% of patients experience complications as a result of gastric bypass, and 0.5% of patients died within six months of surgery

neg: Anne Rice was later diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus type 1, and is now insulin-dependent. In 2003, following the recommendation of her husband and shortly after his death, Rice underwent gastric bypass surgery and shed 103 pounds. In 2004, Rice nearly died again from an intestinal blockage or bowel obstruction, a common complication of gastric bypass surgery. In 2005, "Newsweek" reported, "[Rice] came close to death last year, when she had surgery for an intestinal blockage, and also back in 1998, when she went into a sudden diabetic coma; that same year she returned to the Roman Catholic Church, which she'd left at

neg: Gastric bypass surgery however, the psychological effects are not well understood. Even if physical activity is increased, patients may still harbor long term psychological effects due to excess skin and fat. Often bypass surgery is followed up with "body lifts" of skin and liposuction of fatty deposits. These extra surgeries have their own inherent risks but are even more dangerous when coupled with the typical nutritional deficiences that accompany convalescing gastric bypass patients. The American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery lists bariatric programs and surgeons in its "Centers of Excellence" network, while the American College of Surgeons accredits providers through its Bariatric

neg: Gastric bypass surgery small intestine from the stomach) and the mid-jejunum (the secondary stage of the small intestine). This prevents the partially digested food from entering the first and initial part of the secondary stage of the small intestine, mimicking the effects of the biliopancreatic portion of Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Despite a handful of serious adverse events such as gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, and device migration — all resolved with device removal — initial clinical trials have produced promising results in the treatment's ability to improve weight loss and glucose homeostasis outcomes. The gastric bypass reduces the size of the

neg: Gastric bypass surgery bypass uses the low set loop reconstruction and thus has rare chances of bile reflux. The MGB has been suggested as an alternative to the Roux en-Y procedure due to the simplicity of its construction, and is becoming more and more popular because of low risk of complications and good sustained weight loss. It has been estimated that 15.4% of weight loss surgery in Asia is now performed via the MGB technique. This technique has been clinically researched since the mid-2000s. It involves the implantation of a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner between the beginning of the duodenum (first portion of the

neg: Gastric bypass surgery the vitamin and nutrition deficiencies common in post-operative gastric bypass patients. Proteins are essential food substances, contained in foods such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, meat, fish, poultry, dairy products and eggs. With reduced ability to eat a large volume of food, gastric bypass patients must focus on eating their protein requirements first, and with each meal. In some cases, surgeons may recommend use of a liquid protein supplement. Powdered protein supplements added to smoothies or any food can be an important part of the post-op diet. The profound weight loss which occurs after bariatric surgery is due to taking

neg: Bariatric surgery market share has decreased since then and by 2011, the frequency of gastric bypass was thought to be less than 50% of the weight loss surgery market. A factor in the success of any bariatric surgery is strict post-surgical adherence to a healthy pattern of eating. There are certain patients who cannot tolerate the malabsorption and dumping syndrome associated with gastric bypass. In such patients, although earlier considered to be an irreversible procedure, there are instances where gastric bypass procedure can be partially reversed. A variation of the biliopancreatic diversion includes a duodenal switch. The part of the stomach along

neg: Bariatric surgery As the rate of complications appears to be reduced when the procedure is performed by an experienced surgeon, guidelines recommend that surgery be performed in dedicated or experienced units. It has been observed that the rate of leaks was greater in low volume centres whereas high volume centres showed a lesser leak rate. Leak rates have now globally decreased to a mean of 1-5%. Metabolic bone disease manifesting as osteopenia and secondary hyperparathyroidism have been reported after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery due to reduced calcium absorption. The highest concentration of calcium transporters is in the duodenum. Since the ingested food

neg: Jose F. Caro insulin receptor kinase in the human liver. Also, in collaboration with Walter Pories, that gastric bypass surgery induced a long lasting remission of the disease in about 80% of obese people with diabetes. Moreover, in people with pre-diabetes the gastric bypass surgery prevents the development of diabetes by about 40 fold. At the time of such work the gastric bypass surgery was an experimental procedure, which is now well accepted in standard clinical practice. For the sum of this work Caro was elected a member of The American Society for Clinical Investigation (Young Turk). In 1991 Caro was recruited by

neg: Sleeve gastrectomy two-stage gastric bypass operation on extremely obese patients for whom the risk of performing gastric bypass surgery was deemed too large. The initial weight loss in these patients was so successful it began to be investigated as a stand-alone procedure. Today sleeve gastrectomy is the fastest-growing weight loss surgery option in North America and Asia. In many cases, but not all, sleeve gastrectomy is as effective as gastric bypass surgery, including weight-independent benefits on glucose homeostasis. The precise mechanism that produces these benefits is not known. The procedure involves a longitudinal resection of the stomach starting from the antrum at

neg: Gastric bypass surgery intake and body weight in obese patients. However, these findings remain controversial, and the exact mechanisms by which gastric bypass surgery reduces food intake and body weight have yet to be elucidated. For example, it is still widely perceived that gastric bypass works by mechanical means, i.e. food restriction and/or malabsorption. Recent clinical and animal studies, however, have indicated that these long-held inferences about the mechanisms of Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may not be correct. A growing body of evidence suggests that profound changes in body weight and metabolism resulting from RYGB cannot be explained by simple mechanical restriction

neg: Bariatric surgery Bariatric surgery Bariatric surgery (or weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouch (gastric bypass surgery). Long-term studies show the procedures cause significant long-term loss of weight, recovery from diabetes, improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, and a mortality reduction from 40% to 23%. The U.S. National Institutes of Health

neg: Gastric bypass surgery procedure. A mini gastric bypass creates a long narrow tube of the stomach along its right border (the lesser curvature). A loop of the small gut is brought up and hooked to this tube at about 180 cm from the start of the intestine Numerous studies show that the loop reconstruction (Billroth II gastrojejunostomy) works more safely when placed low on the stomach, but can be a disaster when placed adjacent to the esophagus. Today thousands of "loops" are used for surgical procedures to treat gastric problems such as ulcers, stomach cancer, and injury to the stomach. The mini gastric

neg: Gastric bypass surgery as deductible levels, coinsurance percentages, copay amounts and out of pocket limits. Patients without insurance must pay for surgery directly (or through a third party lender), and total out of pocket costs will depend on the surgical practice they choose and the hospital in which the surgical practice performs the procedure. On average, the total cost of gastric bypass surgery is about $24,000 in the United States, although on a state-specific level it ranges from an average of $15,000 (Arkansas) to an average of $57,000 (Alaska). In Germany a gastric bypass operation, if not covered by health insurance and therefore

neg: Bariatric surgery assessment of safety and weight loss were scheduled at regular intervals in the postoperative period. No major complications were reported among the 66 patients. Weight loss outcomes are comparable to gastric bypass. The study describes gastric sleeve plication (also referred to as gastric imbrication or laparoscopic greater curvature plication) as a restrictive technique that eliminates the complications associated with adjustable gastric banding and vertical sleeve gastrectomy—it does this by creating restriction without the use of implants and without gastric resection (cutting) and staples. Mixed procedures apply block and restrict at the same time. A common form of gastric bypass surgery

neg: Paul Jonathan Mason Paul Jonathan Mason Paul Jonathan Mason (born 1960) is an English man who is known for being one of the world's former heaviest men, weighing in at at his peak. Mason was given a gastric bypass surgery in 2010, and lost an estimated . When he was in his 20s, he started to eat food as a way to avoid dealing with emotional issues that began in his childhood such as child abuse. Several years earlier he had applied to the National Health Service for gastric bypass surgery, to help him get his weight down. Mason applied several times and

neg: Gastric bypass surgery (gastrointestinal hemorrhage). Transfusions may be needed, and re-operation is sometimes necessary. Use of blood thinners to prevent venous thromboembolic disease may actually increase the risk of hemorrhage slightly. A hernia is an abnormal opening, either within the abdomen or through the abdominal wall muscles. An internal hernia may result from surgery and re-arrangement of the bowel, and is a cause of bowel obstruction. Antecolic antegastric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery has been estimated to result in internal hernia in 0.2% of cases, mainly through Petersen's defect. An incisional hernia occurs when a surgical incision does not heal well; the muscles of

neg: Gastric bypass surgery group an average of 72 minutes. There have been reported cases in which pica recurs after gastric bypass in patients with a pre-operative history of the disorder, which are possibly due to iron deficiency. Pica is a compulsive tendency to eat substances other than normal food. Some examples would be people eating paper, clay, plaster, ashes, or ice. Low levels of iron and hemoglobin are common in patients who have undergone gastric bypass. One study reported on a female post-operative gastric bypass patient who was consuming eight to ten 32 oz. glasses of ice a day. The patient's blood test

neg: Gastric bypass surgery to reach sober levels after consuming alcohol. In a study conducted on 36 post-operative patients and a control group of 36 subjects (who had not undergone surgery), each subject drank a 5 oz. glass of red wine and had the alcohol in their breath measured to evaluate alcohol metabolism. The gastric bypass group had an average peak alcohol breath level at 0.08%, whereas the control group had an average peak alcohol breath level of 0.05%. It took on average 108 minutes for the gastric bypass patients group to return to an alcohol breath of zero, while it took the control

neg: SADI-S surgery SADI-S surgery SADI-S (Single anastomosis duodeno–ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy) is a bariatric surgical technique to lose weight. The SADI-S is a type of type of bariatric surgery with a single surgical anastomosis. It has a restrictive component when reducing the greater curvature of the stomach, but specially a malabsorptive component, as the common channel is also reduced. The objective of this surgical technique is to lessen the intestinal loop where nutrients are absorbed. It can be performed by laparotomy or laparoscopy. A small gastric sleeve is created by sectioning the greater curvature of the stomach, such as in the

neg: Muffazal Lakdawala sleeve gastrectomy surgeries in the world. He is the first surgeon to conduct laparoscopic gastric bypass in India. He also successfully operated on a 30-year-old woman with unexplained body aches, to find a live worm inside her bile duct. Dr Lakdawala has performed sleeve gastrectomy surgery on Jayesh Malukani, one of the youngest Indian patient who is a 17-year-old boy. He has performed Bariatric Surgery on the heaviest man in Asia who weighed all of 285 kg (627 pounds) in Tianjen, China. He also successfully operated on Eman Ahmed, an Egyptian woman considered to be the heaviest in the world.

neg: Alvarado Hospital of Surgeons Commission on Cancer. The hospital's surgical weight-loss program was nationally recognized in 1993 when surgeons there performed the first laparoscopic gastric bypass procedure in the United States. As part of its acute physical rehabilitation program, the hospital specializes in stroke care and is designated as an Advanced Primary Stroke Center by The Joint Commission (TJC). The hospital operates a nationally recognized sexual medicine program - one of the first hospital-based sexual medicine program to open in the country. Other services include a minimally invasive spine institute, which utilizes the O-Arm in back surgery; vascular services; traditional, minimally invasive

neg: Gastric bypass surgery and the patient reported that she did not have any further cravings for ice. Weight loss of 65–80% of excess body weight is typical of most large series of gastric bypass operations reported. The medically more significant effects include a dramatic reduction in comorbid conditions: A study in a large prospective study of 2010 obese patients showed a 29% reduction in mortality up to 15 years following surgery (hazard ratio 0.71 when adjusted for sex, age, and risk factors), compared to a non-surgically treated group of 2037 patients. Concurrently, most patients are able to enjoy greater participation in family and

neg: Renee Williams year. She was eventually given the surgery after doctors determined she had less than a year to live at her weight; her operation was performed on a specially widened operating table. However, she died 12 days later. Williams was featured in the American television program "Amazing Medical Stories": At 406kg, 29-year-old Renee Williams is the world's biggest woman. Confined to her bed, Renee begged doctors to perform an operation when she became so large that she couldn't hug her own children. She's waited 12 years for the gastric bypass surgery to help her get back on her feet... but it

neg: Mike McMahon (professor) calling upon the experience of his colleagues who were performing the operations by traditional surgery; helping him to carry them out laparoscopically. Alongside Professor David Johnston, McMahon performed the first laparoscopic M&M operation and this evolved into sleeve gastrectomy, which was first performed as a standalone operation in Leeds. It was carried out as the first stage of the operation of duodenal switch by Michel Gagnier, whom McMahon visited in New York. He then went on to perform the first laparoscopic gastric bypass in the UK, shortly followed by the first duodenal switch. McMahon worked with trainee, Simon Dexter, who

neg: Gastric bypass surgery be eaten very slowly and carefully, to avoid increasing discomfort or vomiting. Food is first churned in the stomach before passing into the small intestine. When the lumen of the small intestine comes into contact with nutrients, a number of hormones are released, including cholecystokinin from the duodenum and PYY and GLP-1 from the ileum. These hormones inhibit further food intake and have thus been dubbed "satiety factors". "Ghrelin" is a hormone that is released in the stomach that stimulates hunger and food intake. Changes in circulating hormone levels after gastric bypass have been hypothesized to produce reductions in food

neg: Gastric bypass surgery paid privately, costs up to €15,000; in Switzerland CHF 20,000-25,000. Gastric bypass surgery has an emotional and physiological impact on the individual. Many who have undergone the surgery suffer from depression in the following months as a result of a change in the role food plays in their emotional well-being. Strict limitations on the diet can place great emotional strain on the patient. Energy levels in the period following the surgery can be low, both due to the restriction of food intake and negative changes in emotional state. It may take as long as three months for emotional levels to

neg: East Carolina University performed the first minimally invasive robotic-assisted mitral-valve heart surgery in the United States. East Carolina researchers also developed an electronic fluency device called SpeechEasy; the device is designed to improve the fluency of a person who stutters by changing the sound of the user's voice in his or her ear. Walter Pories, a faculty member at The Brody School of Medicine developed the standard procedure for gastric bypass surgery. Researchers here also first discovered that 80% of obese/type 2 diabetic patients who underwent this surgical procedure had a reversal of the disease. The Biofeedback Lab is currently developing techniques to

neg: Management of obesity prevention. When the two main techniques are compared, gastric bypass procedures are found to lead to 30% more weight loss than banding procedures one year after surgery. Ileojejunal bypass, in which the digestive tract is rerouted to bypass the small intestine, was an experimental surgery designed as a remedy for morbid obesity. The effects of liposuction on obesity are less well determined. Some small studies show benefits while others show none. A treatment involving the placement of an intragastric balloon via gastroscopy has shown promise. One type of balloon led to a weight loss of 5.7 BMI units over 6

neg: Gastric bypass surgery following criteria for consideration of bariatric surgery, including gastric bypass procedures: The Consensus Panel also emphasized the necessity of multidisciplinary care of the bariatric surgical patient by a team of physicians and therapists to manage associated comorbidities and nutrition, physical activity, behavior, and psychological needs. The surgical procedure is best regarded as a "tool" which enables the patient to alter lifestyle and eating habits, and to achieve effective and permanent management of obesity and eating behavior. Since 1991, major developments in the field of bariatric surgery, particularly laparoscopy, have outdated some of the conclusions of the NIH panel. In 2004

neg: Gastric bypass surgery Due to the reduced size of the newly created stomach pouch, and reduced food intake, adequate nutrition demands that the patient follow the surgeon's instructions for food consumption, including the number of meals to be taken daily, adequate protein intake, and the use of vitamin and mineral supplements. Calcium supplements, iron supplements, protein supplements, multi-vitamins (sometimes pre-natal vitamins are best), and vitamin B (cyanocobalamin) supplements are all very important to the post-operative bypass patient. Total food intake and absorbance rate of food will rapidly decline after gastric bypass surgery, and the number of acid-producing cells lining the stomach increases. Doctors

neg: Dumping syndrome the type of gastric surgery performed previously. However, surgery to correct dumping syndrome often has unsuccessful results. Dumping syndrome Dumping syndrome occurs when food, especially sugar, moves too quickly from the stomach to the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine—in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This condition is also called rapid gastric emptying. It is mostly associated with conditions following gastric or esophageal surgery, though it can also arise secondary to diabetes or to the use of certain medications; it is caused by an absent or insufficiently functioning pyloric sphincter, the valve between the stomach and the duodenum. Dumping

neg: Renee Williams may just be too late. She was also the subject of a British television program called "Half Ton Mum" broadcast on Channel 4 after her death as part of the "BodyShock" series. The program stated that she also held the world record for being the heaviest person ever to have gastric bypass surgery on her stomach at 63 stone, or around 880 lb. When Williams went to the hospital for her gastric bypass, her Body Mass Index was calculated by the doctors to be 113 kg/m², where a BMI of 50+ is considered "super-morbidly obese". She was treated by the

neg: Gastric bypass surgery attempt to dilute the sugars. An affected person may feel their heart beating rapidly and forcefully, break into a cold sweat, get a feeling of butterflies in the stomach, and may have an anxiety attack. The person usually has to lie down, and could be very uncomfortable for 30–45 minutes. Diarrhea may then follow. Nutritional deficiencies are common after gastric bypass surgery, and are often not recognized. They include: After surgery, patients feel fullness after ingesting only a small volume of food, followed soon thereafter by a sense of satiety and loss of appetite. Total food intake is markedly reduced.

neg: Gastric bypass surgery due to complications. Gastric bypass is indicated for the surgical treatment of morbid obesity, a diagnosis which is made when the patient is seriously obese, has been unable to achieve satisfactory and sustained weight loss by dietary efforts, and suffers from comorbid conditions which are either life-threatening or a serious impairment to the quality of life. Prior to 1991, clinicians interpreted serious obesity as weighing at least more than the "ideal body weight", an actuarially-determined body-weight at which one was estimated to be likely to live the longest, as determined by the life-insurance industry. This criterion failed for persons of

neg: Gastric bypass surgery stomach by well over 90%. A normal stomach can stretch, sometimes to over 1000 mL, while the pouch of the gastric bypass may be 15 mL in size. The gastric bypass pouch is usually formed from the part of the stomach which is least susceptible to stretching. That, and its small original size, prevents any significant long-term change in pouch volume. What does change, over time, is the size of the connection between the stomach and intestine and the ability of the small intestine to hold a greater volume of food. Over time, the functional capacity of the pouch increases;

neg: Gastric bypass surgery occur in about 2% of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and less than 1% in mini gastric bypass. Leaks usually occur at the stomach-intestine connection (gastro-jejunostomy). As the anastomosis heals, it forms scar tissue, which naturally tends to shrink ("contract") over time, making the opening smaller. This is called a "stricture". Usually, the passage of food through an anastomosis will keep it stretched open, but if the inflammation and healing process outpaces the stretching process, scarring may make the opening so small that even liquids can no longer pass through it. The solution is a procedure called gastroendoscopy, and stretching of the

neg: Duodenal switch patients. However, the loop duodenal switch reduces this risk because it bypasses a smaller portion of the small intestine, but there is no long term information for the loop duodenal switch to fully and accurately compare. Malnutrition is an uncommon and preventable risk after duodenal switch. The National Institutes of Health state that for patients who meet the following guidelines, weight loss surgery may be an appropriate measure for permanent weight loss: Compared with the other three generally accepted bariatric surgery procedures (gastric bypass, gastric banding and gastric sleeve), duodenal switch surgery is the most expensive procedure to perform due

neg: Bariatric surgery become pregnant but increases the risk of preterm birth. Some studies have suggested that psychological health can improve after bariatric surgery. Weight loss surgery in adults is associated with relatively large risks and complications, compared to other treatments for obesity. The likelihood of major complications from weight-loss surgery is 4%. “Sleeve gastrectomy had the lowest complication and reoperation rates of the three (main weight-loss surgery) procedures...The percentage of procedures requiring reoperations due to complications was 15.3 percent for the gastric band, 7.7 percent for gastric bypass and 1.5 percent for sleeve gastrectomy” - American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

neg: SIPS surgery SIPS surgery Stomach Intestinal Pylorus-Sparing (SIPS) surgery is a type of weight-loss surgery. It was developed in 2013 by two U.S. surgeons, Dr. Daniel Cottam from Utah and Dr. Mitchell S Roslin from New York. The SIPS is a modified version of duodenal switch (DS) surgery. The SIPS involves the creation of a 300-cm common channel with a single-anastomosis duodenal enterostomy. SIPS Surgery Image 1. Greater weight loss than sleeve gastrectomy (SG). 2. Greater weight loss than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). 3. Weight loss is similar to DS. 4. One of the best revision surgeries after failed RYGB, adjustable gastric

neg: Calcium citrate for supplementation. According to recent research into calcium absorption after gastric bypass surgery, calcium citrate may have improved bioavailability over calcium carbonate in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients who are taking calcium citrate as a dietary supplement after surgery. This is mainly due to the changes related to where calcium absorption occurs in the digestive tract of these individuals. Calcium citrate Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also found

neg: Gastric bypass surgery of iron (fumarate, gluconate, chelates) are less irritating and probably better absorbed. Calcium "carbonate" preparations should also be avoided; calcium as citrate or gluconate (with 1200 mg as calcium) has greater bioavailability independent of acid in the stomach, and will likely be better absorbed. Chewable calcium supplements that include vitamin K are sometimes recommended by doctors as a good way to get calcium. Post-operative gastric bypass patients develop a lowered tolerance for alcoholic beverages because their altered digestive tract absorbs alcohol at a faster rate than people who have not undergone the surgery. It also takes a post-operative patient longer

neg: Gastric dilatation volvulus dogs that had surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus, 4.3 percent of those that did have gastropexies had a recurrence, while 54.5 percent of those without the additional surgery recurred. Gastropexies are also performed prophylactically in dogs considered to be at high risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus, including dogs with previous episodes of gastric dilatation-volvulus or with gastrointestinal disease predisposing to gastric dilatation-volvulus, and dogs with a first-order relative (parent or sibling) with a history of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Precautions that are likely to help prevent gastric dilatation-volvulus include feeding small meals throughout the day instead of one big meal and not exercising immediately

neg: Bariatric surgery experiencing severe depression or other psychological disorders related to their obesity that make understanding the information very difficult. Open weight loss surgery began slowly in the 1950s with the intestinal bypass. It involved anastomosis of the upper and lower intestine, which bypasses a large amount of the absorptive circuit, which caused weight loss purely by the malabsorption of food. Later Drs. J. Howard Payne, Lorent T. DeWind and Robert R. Commons developed in 1963 the Jejuno-colic Shunt, which connected the upper small intestine to the colon. The laboratory research leading to gastric bypass did not begin until 1965 when Dr.

neg: Saint Thomas - Rutherford Hospital Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band (LAP-BAND) System, Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Open or Laparoscopic Duodenal Switch and Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. Saint Thomas Rutherford Hospital provides a number of orthopedic services at its own facility and through its family of Saint Thomas Health Services hospitals. In 2008, the program was ranked in the top 5% in the nation for spine surgery by HealthGrades. Saint Thomas Orthopedics also received five-star ratings for overall orthopedic services, spine surgery, joint replacement, total knee replacement, back and neck surgery, and spinal fusion. A specialized extension of its orthopedic program, Baptist Sports Medicine combines several services under

neg: Bariatric surgery The four established procedure types (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (gastric sleeve) and duodenal switch) carry an average cost in the United States of $24,000, $15,000, $19,000 and $27,000 respectively. However, costs can vary significantly by location. Quoted costs generally include fees for the hospital, surgeon, surgical assistant, anesthesia and implanted devices (if applicable). Depending on the surgical practice, costs may include or omit pre-op, post-op or longer-term follow-up office visits. As childhood obesity has more than doubled over recent years and more than tripled in adolescents (according to the CDC), bariatric surgery for youth has become

neg: Adjustable gastric band to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Two factors have been pointed out by experts that may help explain this increase in fertility: reversal of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and reduction in the excess of estrogen, which is produced by fat cells. Unlike more open forms of weight loss surgery (e.g. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RNY), Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and Duodenal Switch (DS)), gastric banding does not require cutting or removing any part of the digestive system. It is removable, requiring only a laparoscopic procedure to remove the band, after which the stomach usually returns to its normal pre-banded size so it is

neg: Vagus nerve average of nearly 15 percent of their excess weight. a year-long 300-participant double-blind, phase II trial had begun. Vagotomy (cutting of the vagus nerve) is a now-obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease. Vagotomy is currently being researched as a less invasive alternative weight-loss procedure to gastric bypass surgery. The procedure curbs the feeling of hunger and is sometimes performed in conjunction with putting bands on patients' stomachs, resulting in an average of 43% of excess weight lost at six months with diet and exercise. One serious side effect of a vagotomy is a vitamin B deficiency later

neg: Charlie Weis football game to be played at the new Yankee Stadium in November 2010. Weis was born in Trenton, New Jersey, and grew up in Middlesex, New Jersey, where he graduated from Middlesex High School. He has one older sister and three younger brothers, one of whom attended West Point. In 2002, Weis underwent gastric bypass surgery, after which he lost from his top weight of . When asked why he underwent surgery, Weis stated he was afraid he would "drop dead" from obesity. Because of complications from the surgery, Weis spent two weeks in a coma and nearly died. Weis

neg: Gastric bypass surgery rebound. Muscular weakness in the months following surgery is also common. This is caused by a number of factors, including a restriction on protein intake, a resulting loss in muscle mass and decline in energy levels. Muscle weakness may result in balance problems, difficulty climbing stairs or lifting heavy objects, and increased fatigue following simple physical tasks. Many of these issues pass over time as food intake gradually increases. However, the first months following the surgery can be very difficult, an issue not often mentioned by physicians suggesting the surgery. The benefits and risks of this surgery are well established;

neg: All of Me (2014 film) having met through the Size Acceptance movement and the BBW community. They’ve unsuccessfully tried every diet and pill in an effort to lose weight. Getting older and facing more health and mobility challenges, they choose gastric band or gastric bypass surgery as a last resort. With searing honesty, the girls take viewers through their struggles before and after surgery, including a host of issues and consequences, some they expected, some they feared, and some they never could have imagined. They have varied post-op experiences, but one reality is true for all of them -- the surgery means the loss of

neg: K. M. Cherian (doctor) K. M. Cherian (doctor) Kotturathu Mammen "K.M." Cherian (born 8 March 1942) is an Indian heart surgeon. He performed India's first coronary artery bypass surgery and is considered a pioneer of pediatric cardiac surgery in the country. He is also a former honorary surgeon to the President of India and a Padma Shri awardee. He attended Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. He performed India's first coronary artery bypass surgery in 1975. He is the founder of Frontier Lifeline Hospital, where he performed India's second heart transplant surgery in 1995. He also performed the country's first heart-lung transplant and the country's first

neg: Angry Grandpa 1955 Chevrolet by Michael for Christmas in 2016, in a video which received 1.5 million views in its first two days and was picked up by several news outlets. In the 1990s, Green underwent gastric bypass surgery. The surgery was not completed until several years later. As a complication of the surgery, Green developed dumping syndrome, which he lived with for fifteen years. This condition became so severe that Green became addicted to painkillers. In 2014, Green got this condition under control by using methylscopolamine bromide. In February 2017, it was announced that Green had skin cancer and pneumonia. His

neg: Wellspring camps that are on staff at every Wellspring camp are clinical psychologists that are personally groomed by Dr. Kirschenbaum. Another Wellspring success story Jahcobie Cosom is now looking at gastric bypass after gaining weight post Wellspring. "Jahcobie Cosom tried the usual diet plans. He lost weight -- for a time -- at a school focused on weight loss. But now, he weighs more than 500 pounds. His next planned stop is gastric bypass surgery." Source: The Washington Post Wellspring Camps are based on the Wellspring Plan, a fitness and weight loss plan designed by experts in the fields of fitness, weight

neg: Karnak (band) under the name "Os Piratas do Karnak" (The pirates of Karnak). Although Abujamra confirmed that Karnak was finished, it has performed at least once a year since 2003, usually in SESC Pompéia, a culture complex located in São Paulo. In one of these seasonal performances, in 2006, Abujamra announced that the band was resuming its activities. He attributed their pause, humorously or not, to his uncertainty on whether or not he would survive gastric bypass surgery. He promised that the band would record a new album with new original songs. Karnak can be seen now giving concerts in the city

neg: Saint Thomas Health acid reflux, infertility and high cholesterol. These bariatric procedures include the Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band (LAP-BAND) System, Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Open or Laparoscopic Duodenal Switch and Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. STH provides a number of orthopedic services through its family of hospitals. In 2015, the joint replacement services at Saint Thomas Health were consolidated into the Saint Thomas Joint Replacement Institute. In 2008, the program was ranked in the top 5% in the nation for spine surgery by HealthGrades. Saint Thomas Orthopedics also received five-star ratings for overall orthopedic services, spine surgery, joint replacement, total knee replacement, back and neck

neg: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery make multivessel MICS CABG safe, effective and more widely available." The Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery was invented by Dr Joseph T McGinn, Jr. The first minimally invasive heart cardiac surgery was performed in the United States on January 21, 2005 at The Heart Institute at Staten Island University Hospital in Staten Island, New York by a team led by Dr. Joseph T. McGinn. This technique is an off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. The procedure is much less invasive than traditional bypass surgery because it is performed through three small incisions rather than the traditional sternotomy. Since its first procedure, over

neg: Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia system can be cross-reactive and may bind to both "H. pylori" antigens and those found in the gastric mucosa. The antibodies are produced by activated B cells that recognise both pathogen and self-derived peptides. The autoantigens believed to cause the autoreactivity are the alpha and beta subunits of the H/K-ATPase. Less commonly, "H. pylori" and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may also cause a form of nonautoimmune gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia. Impaired B absorption can also occur following gastric removal (gastrectomy) or gastric bypass surgery. In these surgeries, either the parts of the stomach that produce gastric secretions are removed

neg: Duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (the semifluid mass of partially digested food that exits the stomach) completely enters into the liner. This prevents the partially digested food from entering the first and initial part of the secondary stage of the small intestine, mimicking the effects of the biliopancreatic portion of Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. This reduces the amount of calories absorbed and causes bile and pancreatic fluids to be redistributed later in the mid-jejunum for reduced breakdown and absorption of the chyme. Initial clinical research by Rubino "et al." in 2006 produced two hypotheses for why duodenal-jejunal bypass is effective in improving glucose

neg: Gastric bypass surgery the abdomen separate and allow protrusion of a sac-like membrane, which may contain bowel or other abdominal contents, and which can be painful and unsightly. The risk of abdominal-wall hernia is markedly decreased in laparoscopic surgery. Abdominal surgery always results in some scarring of the bowel, called adhesions. A hernia, either internal or through the abdominal wall, may also result. When the bowel becomes trapped by adhesions or a hernia, it may become kinked and obstructed, sometimes many years after the original procedure. An operation is usually necessary to correct this problem. An anastomosis is a surgical connection between the

neg: Jenny Shipley perfumed steamroller," when she first became Prime Minister an indication of how people viewed her as strong and tough, but at the same time still a woman. Shipley suffered a heart attack in 2000, leading to an emergency angioplasty procedure. She made modifications to her lifestyle and lost weight, though she was diagnosed with diabetes in 2004. She underwent gastric bypass surgery in late 2007. Since leaving politics, Shipley has involved herself with various business and charitable interests. In 2007, she joined the financial services firm Source Sentinel, and in 2009, she was appointed chair of the Genesis Energy Limited

neg: Deborah Voigt well-known diets, such as Jenny Craig and Weight Watchers, unsuccessfully over the years. Maestro Georg Solti, "who never minced words", had once expressed concern about her weight. She underwent three-hour gastric bypass surgery in June 2004, which she has discussed publicly. It is highly risky for any person, but especially for a singer, who depends on a strong thoracic diaphragm "to support the column of sound". The operation, performed at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, was successful. She lost over 100 pounds (7 stone), and went from a size 30 to size 14. She has refused to reveal

neg: Obesity rejected the latter two drugs in part because of associations of heart valve problems with lorcaserin and more general heart and blood vessel problems with phentermine–topiramate. Orlistat use is associated with high rates of gastrointestinal side effects and concerns have been raised about negative effects on the kidneys. There is no information on how these drugs affect longer-term complications of obesity such as cardiovascular disease or death. The most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. The types of procedures include laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical-sleeve gastrectomy, and biliopancreatic diversion. Surgery for severe obesity is associated with

neg: Off-pump coronary artery bypass Off-pump coronary artery bypass Off-pump coronary artery bypass or "beating heart" surgery is a form of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery performed without cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine) as a treatment for coronary heart disease. It was primarily developed in the early 1990s by Dr. Amano Atsushi. During most bypass surgeries, the heart is stopped and a heart-lung machine takes over the work of the heart and lungs. When a cardiac surgeon chooses to perform the CABG procedure off-pump, also known as OPCAB (Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass), the heart is still beating while the graft attachments are made to bypass

neg: Lymphadenectomy differentiated thyroid cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Famed British surgeon Berkeley Moynihan once remarked that "the surgery of cancer is not the surgery of organs; it is the surgery of the lymphatic system". The better-known examples of lymphadenectomy are "axillary lymph node dissection" for breast cancer; "radical neck dissection" for head and neck cancer and thyroid cancer; "D2 lymphadenectomy" for gastric cancer; and "total mesorectal excision" for rectal cancer. For clinical stages I and II breast cancer, axillary lymph node dissection should only be performed after first attempting sentinel node biopsy. Sentinel node biopsy can

neg: Roseanne Barr performed, such as a breast reduction, tummy tuck, and a nose job. During the late 1990s she had gastric bypass surgery. In 2002, Barr met Johnny Argent online after running a writing competition on her blog and began dating him in 2003, after a year of phone conversations. They live on a macadamia nut farm located on the Big Island of Hawaii. Barr purchased the property in 2007 for $1.78 million. Barr has studied Kabbalah at the Kabbalah Centre and frequently comments on the discipline. In 2015, Barr revealed she had been diagnosed with both macular degeneration and glaucoma, and

neg: SILS gastric banding able to locate a single incision in the umbilicus – trans-umbilical gastric banding – which leaves no visible scar on the external abdominal wall. On February 14, 2009, the UK’s first SILS implantation of a gastric band was performed by the pioneering surgeon Professor Franco Favretti and his Healthier Weight team. The patient, a 50-year-old female, received a gastric band (LAP-BAND) implanted through the umbilicus. The patient made an excellent recovery and was discharged the following day. Post-operative review at 8-weeks confirmed excellent weight loss with no visible evidence of the previous surgery. While the technique is in the early

neg: 2nd Chance (Karen Clark Sheard album) the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Charts, and #82 on the Billboard 200. In 2001, Clark-Sheard was faced with a life-threatening crisis when a blood vessel burst during a scheduled hernia surgery. Her doctors only gave her a 2% chance of survival due to her complications. After the blood clot was surgically removed, Clark-Sheard fell into a coma. The coma lasted three and a half weeks, but Clark-Sheard says she made a miraculous recovery. Despite citing hernia surgery, fans continue to speculate Clark-Sheard underwent a gastric bypass operation which led to complications of hernia and brain aneurysm since after the ordeal Sheard returned

neg: Bariatric surgery sleeve, is a surgical weight-loss procedure in which the stomach is reduced to about 15% of its original size, by surgical removal of a large portion of the stomach, following the major curve. The open edges are then attached together (typically with surgical staples, sutures, or both) to leave the stomach shaped more like a tube, or a sleeve, with a banana shape. The procedure permanently reduces the size of the stomach. The procedure is performed laparoscopically and is not reversible. It has been found to be comparable in effectiveness to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Intragastric balloon involves placing a deflated

neg: Henry Ford Hospital Conrad Lam performed the first successful open heart surgery in Michigan using the heart-lung machine on 15 month old Kathleen McQuillen. That same year, Henry Ford's Dr. James Barron developed the Barron Food Pump, a device used to deliver pureed food through a small nasal gastric tube. In 1967, doctor George Mikhail performed Detroit's first Mohs Micrographic Surgery, a procedure to remove skin cancers. In 1968, the first allogenic kidney transplant in Detroit was done by doctors D. Emerick Szilagyi, Joseph P. Elliott and Roger F. Smith. In 1973, Michigan's first renal transplant to a diabetic patient was performed by

neg: Rosie O'Donnell weight loss, alluding that it must have been through gastric bypass surgery, rather than dieting and exercise alone as Jones had insisted, which also fed speculation about certain tension between the two. (Jones later confirmed that surgery was involved.) O'Donnell is credited with keeping the show's "buzz factor up". She is also credited with making it more news-focused, though it still embraced the "fluff" of daytime TV talk shows (celebrities, fashion, and food). Despite an overall downward trend for most daytime broadcast shows, ratings rose by 27% during O'Donnell's first year on "The View". The show was the fourth-most-watched in

neg: Gastric bypass surgery than patients who did not take probiotics after surgery. After a distal GBP, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E may not be well-absorbed, particularly if fat intake is large. Water-dispersed forms of these vitamins may be indicated on specific physician recommendation. For some patients, sublingual B is not enough, and patients may require B injections. All versions of the GBP bypass the duodenum, which is the primary site of absorption of both iron and calcium. Iron replacement is essential in menstruating females, and supplementation of iron and calcium is preferable in all patients. Ferrous sulfate is poorly tolerated. Alternative forms

neg: Cardiothoracic surgery smaller "hands" to get through. Pediatric cardiovascular surgery is surgery of the heart of children.The first operations to repair heart defects in children were performed by Clarence Crafoord in Sweden when he repaired coarctation of the aorta in a 12-year-old boy. The first attempts to palliate congenital heart disease were performed by Alfred Blalock with the assistance of William Longmire, Denton Cooley, and Blalock's experienced technician, Vivien Thomas in 1944 at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Techniques for repair of congenital heart defects without the use of a bypass machine were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Among them was

neg: Gastric bypass surgery 0.6% out of 955 open procedures (6 deaths). Similar mortality rates—30-day mortality of 0.11% (364 deaths), and 90-day mortality of 0.3%—have been recorded in the U.S. Centers of Excellence program, the results being from 33,117 operations at 106 centers. Mortality and complications are affected by pre-existing risk factors such as degree of obesity, heart disease, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus, and history of prior pulmonary embolism. It is also affected by the experience of the operating surgeon: the learning curve for laparoscopic bariatric surgery is estimated to be about 100 cases. Supervision and experience is important when selecting a surgeon,

neg: StomaphyX smaller. Early investigator-initiated uncontrolled clinical studies with small patient groups have demonstrated short-term weight loss in some patients. For example, a study of 27 patients found most achieved weight loss during the first six months after the procedure. However, a randomized sham-controlled study was terminated in 2011 because the device failed to achieve the study's 15% target reduction in body mass index (BMI) in 50% of patients treated with it. StomaphyX StomaphyX is an endoscopic suturing system designed to treat patients who have had previous Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Following this surgery, the stomach pouch and stomach outlet ("stoma") becomes

neg: Bruce Keogh myocardium in people with heart failure in the mid 1990s helped transform surgery for heart failure worldwide. He performed the first successful transabdominal, off pump gastroepiploic artery bypass graft to the heart in the UK and was among the first to adopt minimally invasive, direct coronary artery bypass surgery, thoracoscopic mitral valve surgery and warm blood cardioplegia for myocardial protection. Keogh has been active on many medical and professional committees. He has been secretary and president of the Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland, Secretary General of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and president of the

neg: Coronary artery bypass surgery two alternative techniques are also available, allowing CABG to be performed on a beating heart either without using the cardiopulmonary bypass, a procedure referred to as "off-pump" surgery, or performing beating surgery using partial assistance of the cardiopulmonary bypass, a procedure referred to as "on-pump beating" surgery. The latter procedure offers the advantages of the on-pump stopped and off-pump while minimizing their respective side-effects. CABG is often indicated when coronary arteries have a 50 to 99 percent obstruction. The obstruction being bypassed is typically due to arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, or both. Arteriosclerosis is characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification

neg: Gastric bypass surgery by that time, weight loss has occurred, and the increased capacity should serve to allow maintenance of a lower body weight. When the patient ingests just a small amount of food, the first response is a stretching of the wall of the stomach pouch, stimulating nerves which tell the brain that the stomach is full. The patient feels a sensation of fullness, as if they had just eaten a large meal—but with just a thimble-full of food. Most people do not stop eating simply in response to a feeling of fullness, but the patient rapidly learns that subsequent bites must

neg: Catrina Raiford lost half her body weight. She was inspired to do that in December, 2003 when she had to be “bulldozed out of [her] house,” when she called for help due to breathing difficulties. For five years until that point she had been bedridden. It took her three years to lose close to 300 pounds. Following that accomplishment in 2005 she became eligible for the gastric bypass surgery and has lost a total of close to 500 pounds. Catrina Raiford Catrina Raiford was once the fattest woman in the world, weighing on a 5 foot 2 inch frame. Sexually abused as

neg: Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery gastroplasty was developed in 1980 by Dr. Edward E. Mason at the University of Iowa. Dr. Mason also developed the original gastric bypass for weight reduction in 1966 and is known for his pioneering work as the "father of obesity surgery". Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), also known as stomach stapling, is a form of bariatric surgery for weight control. The VBG procedure involves using a band and staples to create a small stomach pouch. In the bottom of the pouch is an approximate one-centimeter hole through which the pouch contents can flow into the remainder of

neg: SILS gastric banding the modern LAP-BAND. The first laparoscopic implantation of the LAP-BAND was performed by Belachew and Favretti in September 1993 and since then, approximately 400,000 implants have been performed worldwide. Until now, the laparoscopic technique required 5 incisions (4 × 5 mm and 1 × 5 mm), with visible scars. SILS is the next logical step in the progression of laparoscopic surgery and offers the prospect of one incision with no visible scars. In the case of adjustable gastric banding, most SILS implants to date have utilized a 4 cm incision below the patient’s left rib. However, other surgeons have been

neg: Gastric bypass surgery eating between meals with high-caloric snack foods, though this has been debated. Others believe it is an unpredictable failure or limitation of the surgery for certain patients (e.g. reactive hypoglycemia). Any major surgery involves the potential for complications—adverse events which increase risk, hospital stay, and mortality. Some complications are common to all abdominal operations, while some are specific to bariatric surgery. The overall rate of complications during the 30 days following surgery ranges from 7% for laparoscopic procedures to 14.5% for operations through open incisions. One study on mortality revealed a 0% mortality rate out of 401 laparoscopic cases, and

neg: Star Jones when she claimed she had lost weight via diet and exercise. Barbara Walters told Oprah Winfrey in May 2008 that she had kept Jones' gastric bypass surgery a secret because Jones had asked her to, and that lying on the show turned the audience off. Additionally, when she married investment banker Al Reynolds in 2004, Jones reported her wedding plans on "The View" for months beforehand, including "plugs" (public mentions) for her suppliers, such as the wedding invitations, clothing, and airlines. It was later revealed that Jones had pushed product-placement in exchange for receiving those products and services for free.

neg: Carnie Wilson: Unstapled to Wilson's 1999 gastric bypass surgery. By 2001, Wilson had lost 150 pounds, though she had regained much of it back by 2010, when the show was being filmed. Wilson's diet program is featured on the show. She became a paid spokesperson for The Fresh Diet while on the show, and there was a controversy when Wilson gained weight while on that diet in 2010. The series was green-lit in a Game Show Network (GSN) press release delivered on October 21, 2009. Executive producers included Randy Barbato, Fenton Bailey and Tom Campbell, while World of Wonder was the show's production

neg: Jose Chacko Periappuram their surgeries done were helped by a very novel technique called awake bypass surgery. This was done for the first time in Kerala by Jose. Bypass surgery is conventionally done under general anaesthesia, obstructing natural breathing and the patient would require a breathing machine (ventilator). He has participated in more than 15,000 heart surgeries and has independently performed more than 10,000 surgeries. He has trained many surgeons who became senior consultants in many esteemed institutions in India and abroad. He has also performed a very large number of valvular heart surgeries and has performed the maximum number of tissue root

neg: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension cavity, respectively. Given the reduced need for revisions in ventricular shunts, it is possible that this procedure will become the first-line type of shunt treatment. It has been shown that in obese people, bariatric surgery (and especially gastric bypass surgery) can lead to resolution of the condition in over 95%. It is not known what percentage of people with IIH will remit spontaneously, and what percentage will develop chronic disease. IIH does not normally affect life expectancy. The major complications from IIH arise from untreated or treatment-resistant papilledema. In various case series, the long-term risk of ones vision being significantly