query: when was the first looping roller coaster and what was wrong with it

pos: Roller coaster inversion the modern age of steel roller coasters. Since then, the element have evolved from simple corkscrews and vertical loops to more complex inversions such Immelmann loops and cobra rolls. Featuring fourteen inversions, The Smiler at Alton Towers holds the world record for the number of inversions on a roller coaster. The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris, France, built in 1848. It consisted of a 43-foot (13-meter) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet (3.9 m) in diameter. During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared

pos: Roller coaster inversion Roller coaster inversion A roller coaster inversion is a roller coaster element in which the track turns riders upside-down and then returns them to an upright position. Early forms of inversions, dating as far back as 1848 on the Centrifugal Railway in Paris, were vertical loops that were circular in nature. They produced massive g-force that was often dangerous to riders, and as a result, the element eventually became non-existent with the last rides to feature the looping inversions being dismantled during the Great Depression. In 1975, designers from Arrow Development created the corkscrew, reviving interest in the inversion during

pos: Roller coaster inversion not typically considered inversions. Roller coaster inversion A roller coaster inversion is a roller coaster element in which the track turns riders upside-down and then returns them to an upright position. Early forms of inversions, dating as far back as 1848 on the Centrifugal Railway in Paris, were vertical loops that were circular in nature. They produced massive g-force that was often dangerous to riders, and as a result, the element eventually became non-existent with the last rides to feature the looping inversions being dismantled during the Great Depression. In 1975, designers from Arrow Development created the corkscrew, reviving interest

neg: Suspended Looping Coaster BSA models. HZM has tried to smooth out the transitions but have made the rides experience much worse. These new models cannot open when the wind speed is greater than 15 mph. Suspended Looping Coaster The Suspended Looping Coaster (or SLC) is a model of steel inverted roller coaster built by Vekoma. There are at least 39 different installations across the world. The minimum rider height requirement is . The first Suspended Looping Coaster installation was El Condor at Walibi Holland in the Netherlands. It was initially designed to run with ten cars in each train. Trouble with this configuration

neg: Roller Coaster Corporation of America Roller Coaster Corporation of America Roller Coaster Corporation of America (abbreviated RCCA) was an amusement ride manufacturer based in the United States. The company's first major project was the Rattler at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in 1992, while their most famous coaster was the Son of Beast at Kings Island, the world's tallest and first looping wooden coaster when it opened in 2000. The Roller Coaster Corporation of America was established in 1979, but the president Michael Black had worked on wooden coaster construction projects before, like the Great American Scream Machine at Six Flags Over Georgia in 1973, with

neg: Loop the Loop (Coney Island) Loop the Loop (Coney Island) Loop the Loop was a dual-tracked steel roller coaster which operated on Coney Island, New York from 1901 to 1910. The coaster was one of the first looping roller coasters in North America. Loop the Loop was the second looping roller coaster ever to be built on Coney Island and was one of a handful of early looping roller coasters built in the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It was designed by Edward Green and manufactured by Edwin Prescott. The coaster was operated independently, and was not part of one of

neg: Suspended Looping Coaster Suspended Looping Coaster The Suspended Looping Coaster (or SLC) is a model of steel inverted roller coaster built by Vekoma. There are at least 39 different installations across the world. The minimum rider height requirement is . The first Suspended Looping Coaster installation was El Condor at Walibi Holland in the Netherlands. It was initially designed to run with ten cars in each train. Trouble with this configuration lead to the trains being shortened to eight cars to a train. T3 at Kentucky Kingdom was the second prototype model Suspended Looping Coaster and the first in the United States. Like

neg: Lina Beecher in Buffalo, New York. The coaster was considered so dangerous, however, that it was not allowed on the exposition grounds. Lina Beecher Lina Beecher (January 2, 1841 – October 5, 1915) was an American inventor and roller coaster engineer. Beecher is best known for building the first looping roller coaster in North America, which was known as the Flip Flap Railway, and a later looping roller coaster known as Loop the Loop. He is also known for designing a number of other inventions and patents with a variety of applications. Born in 1841 in Byron, New York, Beecher was the

neg: Olympia Looping the ride, stranding over 20 Oktoberfest attendees at the top of the first hill. They were freed with the help of the Munich Fire Department. The ride was ranked in the Steel Roller Coasters Poll 11 Year Results Table awards from 1999 to 2010. Below is the table of the rankings of the traveling roller coaster. Olympia Looping Olympia Looping, also known as Munich Looping, is a portable steel roller coaster owned and operated by R. Barth und Sohn Schaustellerbetriebe KG. The ride was designed by Anton Schwarzkopf and Werner Stengel, and built by BHS. It is the largest portable

neg: Lina Beecher he worked at the American Railway Company where he was the general superintendent and designed roller coasters. Beecher was a prolific inventor. His inventions include a type of monorail, a portable telephone purposed for the army, and a flangeless system for railways. He was, however, best known for his roller coaster design—particularly his innovations in looping roller coasters. The Flip Flap Railway was the first commercial looping roller coaster to be built in North America. Beecher built the coaster out of wood and first tested the design in 1888. The coaster was tested in Toledo, Ohio with sandbags, monkeys, and

neg: Flip Flap Railway Flip Flap Railway Flip Flap Railway was the name of a looping wooden roller coaster which operated for a number of years at Paul Boyton's Sea Lion Park on Coney Island, New York. The coaster, which opened in 1895, was notable for being the first looping roller coaster to operate in North America. It was also notable for its engineering as well as the extreme G-forces that this engineering inflicted on riders. The first looping roller coasters were built in Europe in the mid-1800s. These rides, known as "centrifugal railways", were initially designed to be temporary installations and they achieved

neg: Infusion (roller coaster) Infusion (roller coaster) Infusion, previously known as Traumatizer, is an inverted steel roller coaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Lancashire, England. It is a 689m standard "Mark 3" model Vekoma Suspended Looping Coaster (SLC) and the first to be suspended entirely over water. "Infusion" was relocated from Pleasureland Southport, Blackpool Pleasure Beach's sister park where it was known as "Traumatizer". When Pleasureland closed in 2005, the ride was dismantled and moved to its current location where it has operated since. The original ride featured a red track with teal supports, however the track has since been repainted Persian Blue and the

neg: Full Throttle (roller coaster) roller coaster. In January 2016 the record was conceded to Mack-manufactured Flash at Lewa Adventure amusement park located in China. However, Full Throttle's loop remains the tallest loop in North America. It has the first top hat attached directly on top of the vertical loop. As of 2019 no other looping roller-coaster has this type of top hat. Full Throttle (roller coaster) Full Throttle is a steel launched roller coaster at the Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia, California. The ride is designed by Premier Rides and featured the world's tallest vertical loop at when it opened (this

neg: Typhoon (Bobbejaanland) Typhoon (Bobbejaanland) Typhoon is a steel roller coaster at the Bobbejaanland amusement park in Lichtaart, Belgium. Typhoon is a Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter model roller coaster, and the second installation of this model line. At 97 degrees, the coaster's first drop is steeper-than-vertical and it has the steepest drop of any roller coaster in Belgium. Constructed by the German roller coaster manufacturer Gerstlauer, Typhoon opened on 10 April 2004 and was built to replace the Looping Star roller coaster at Bobbejaanland. Typhoon was the most popular roller coaster in the park as of 2010. Typhoon is a relatively compact roller coaster with

neg: Vertical loop Vertical loop The generic roller coaster vertical loop, where a section of track causes the riders to complete a 360 degree turn, is the most basic of roller coaster inversions. At the top of the loop, riders are completely inverted. The vertical loop is not a recent roller coaster innovation. Its origins can be traced back to the 1850s when "centrifugal railways" were built in France and Great Britain. The rides relied on centripetal forces to hold the car in the loop. One early looping coaster was shut down after an accident. Later attempts to build a looping roller coaster

neg: Roller coaster inversion a tubular steel track, first pioneered by Arrow to create Disneyland's Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959, could execute inversions both safely and reliably. The full model of the prototype, aptly named Corkscrew, was then installed in Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, United States, making history as the world's first modern inverting roller coaster (it was relocated to Silverwood Park of Idaho in 1990). In 1976, the previously disastrous vertical loop was successfully revived when Anton Schwarzkopf constructed the Great American Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain of Valencia, United States, which became the world's first complete circuit looping roller coaster.

neg: Arkham Asylum – Shock Therapy Arkham Asylum – Shock Therapy Arkham Asylum is a Vekoma SLC roller coaster located at Warner Bros. Movie World in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. When the ride was introduced in 1995, it was themed to the Lethal Weapon film series and was named Lethal Weapon – The Ride. In 2012, the ride was rethemed to and renamed Arkham Asylum. The ride was the first steel inverted roller coaster at an Australian theme park. On 26 December 1995, "Lethal Weapon – The Ride" officially opened to the public. It was the first Suspended Looping Coaster to feature an extended layout with

neg: Suspended Looping Coaster El Condor, it was designed to run with ten cars in a train, though T3's trains were shortened to seven cars for similar reasons. The roller coaster is considered to still be in production as the latest new installation (i.e. not relocated) was Roller Coaster Mayan in 2015 at Energylandia. There are several different layouts of Suspended Looping Coasters although most feature a similar pattern. The ride starts by taking riders up a chain hill. Once at the top, the train goes down a steep, banked turn to the right where it enters the first inversion element - a roll

neg: Eurostar (roller coaster) Eurostar (roller coaster) Eurostar was a unique portable inverted roller coaster. From 1995 to 2008, it traveled on the fairground circuit in Germany. From 2008 until 2011 it was operating at Gorky Park, Moscow, in Russia. In 2011 it was closed and dismantled. It was the first and largest portable inverted roller coaster. "Eurostar" was the brain child of Oscar Bruch. Bruch had created and/or operated many portable coasters including, Alpina Bahn, Looping Star and Thriller. The Inverted coaster was becoming increasingly popular in the mid ‘90s, having been introduced to the theme park market by Bolliger & Mabillard. However,

neg: Lina Beecher Lina Beecher Lina Beecher (January 2, 1841 – October 5, 1915) was an American inventor and roller coaster engineer. Beecher is best known for building the first looping roller coaster in North America, which was known as the Flip Flap Railway, and a later looping roller coaster known as Loop the Loop. He is also known for designing a number of other inventions and patents with a variety of applications. Born in 1841 in Byron, New York, Beecher was the son of Julius Beecher and Orpha Taggart. As a young man, Beecher was an exceptional athlete and won running competitions.

neg: Pleasureland Southport tokens remain on their card to use. The park opened on 28 March with The Crazy Mouse roller coaster amid many other minor additions. In October 2015, The Crazy Mouse was dismantled to make way for a new yellow looping roller coaster which is the first looping roller coaster on the park in 17 years. Construction for the ride was completed in 2016 with the ride's name being "Speed Loop" While under the ownership of the Thompson family, two incidents occurred. In April 2004, four people were stranded on the ride due to an electrical fault. On 25 August 2004,

neg: Mindbender (Galaxyland) Mindbender (Galaxyland) "Not to be confused with the Mind Bender at Six Flags Over Georgia". The Mindbender is an Anton Schwarzkopf looping roller coaster at Galaxyland Amusement Park, a major attraction inside West Edmonton Mall, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is the largest indoor triple-looping roller coaster in the world. Mindbender was designed by Germany's Werner Stengel and built by Anton Schwarzkopf. It was inspired by this team's previous design, Dreier Looping, a portable coaster that travelled the German funfair circuit, before being sold to a succession of amusement parks in Malaysia, Great Britain, and most recently, Mexico. Mindbender is

neg: Looping Star (Codona's Amusement Park) Looping Star (Codona's Amusement Park) Looping Star is a steel roller coaster located at Codonas Amusement Park in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was built by Pinfari and is the only ride at the park with an inversion. It is built on top of the mini-golf and restaurant. It replaced the Galaxi roller coaster, which was moved to Loudoun Castle amusement park (now defunct). The ride used to have three trains, but after 2010 the ride operated 2 trains, then some point in 2017 The coaster operated just 1 train (the other two are sitting on the transfer track). They use the

neg: Looping Star (Codona's Amusement Park) newer Pinfari trains, which can be seen on rides built from the mid 1990s onwards. Looping Star (Codona's Amusement Park) Looping Star is a steel roller coaster located at Codonas Amusement Park in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was built by Pinfari and is the only ride at the park with an inversion. It is built on top of the mini-golf and restaurant. It replaced the Galaxi roller coaster, which was moved to Loudoun Castle amusement park (now defunct). The ride used to have three trains, but after 2010 the ride operated 2 trains, then some point in 2017 The coaster operated

neg: Hersheypark coaster in 1923, the Wild Cat, for the town of Hershey's twentieth anniversary, which operated until 1945. It was replaced by the park's second wooden roller coaster, Comet, in 1946. Between then and 1996, the park added six roller coasters, including SooperdooperLooper, the first complete-circuit, modern-day looping steel roller coaster on the East Coast of the United States, which opened in 1977. In 1996, Hersheypark added its third wooden roller coaster (Wild Cat and Comet being the first two) naming it Wildcat (initially The Wildcat), after the original Wild Cat. Between then and 2015, the park added nine roller coasters.

neg: Olympia Looping Olympia Looping Olympia Looping, also known as Munich Looping, is a portable steel roller coaster owned and operated by R. Barth und Sohn Schaustellerbetriebe KG. The ride was designed by Anton Schwarzkopf and Werner Stengel, and built by BHS. It is the largest portable roller coaster in the world, and the only one with five inversions. It appears at many carnivals in Germany, most notably Oktoberfest, where it made its debut in 1989. It is named for its five vertical loops, which resemble the Olympic rings. Although they are clothoid-shaped, their shape is closer to circular than the ones on

neg: Anton Schwarzkopf attractions, with a few notable examples following soon after: "King Kobra" at Kings Dominion in Virginia in 1977, both the world's first Shuttle Loop and launched roller coaster, "Shockwave" at Six Flags Over Texas in 1978, Schwarzkopf's first double loop roller coaster, and the "Looping Star" in Germany, the first traveling looping roller coaster, which also opened in 1978. Schwarzkopf Industries grew rapidly with the vast support of various customers praising the company's creations. Throughout the 1970s and notably the 80s, the company became quite a popular name at carnivals, particularly those in Western Europe, producing a number of extremely

neg: Double Loop (Geauga Lake) Double Loop (Geauga Lake) Double Loop was a steel roller coaster located at Geauga Lake amusement park in Bainbridge Township and Aurora, Ohio. Built by Arrow Dynamics, it opened in 1977 as the first roller coaster in the world to feature two consecutive vertical loops. The roller coaster operated until the park closed permanently in 2007, and it was later sold for scrap at an auction a year later. Riding on the heels of successful innovations like Corkscrew at Knott's Berry Farm, which in 1975 was the first modern looping roller coaster in the world, Utah-based Arrow Dynamics was hired

neg: The Bat (Kings Island; opened 1981) of the original. Vortex, an Arrow Dynamics looping coaster (first one in the world with six inversions), now occupies The Bat's former location and uses the same station building. Several trace remnants of The Bat are still visible, such as: The Bat (Kings Island; opened 1981) The Bat was a suspended roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason, Ohio. Designed by Arrow Development, the ride was billed as the first and only suspended roller coaster in the world when it opened to the public on April 26, 1981. The model took several years to develop and was

neg: History of Dreamworld guests and was predicted to be the biggest tourist attraction in the Southern Hemisphere by the mid-1980s. In the months following Dreamworld's opening the park set about constructing more rides, shows and attractions. In April 1982, Dreamworld opened a new themed area titled "Country Fair". The flagship attraction was the Thunderbolt roller coaster. This steel roller coaster was designed by Japanese firm Sanoyas Hishino Meisho and was Australia's first looping roller coaster. At the time of opening it also earned the title of Australia's longest roller coaster with a length of .<ref name="RCDB Thunderbolt" / Other attractions in the area

neg: Anton Schwarzkopf company, leading to the creation of his first full scale steel roller coaster, "The Wildcat", in 1964. In 1970, the first "Jet Star II" was built for German showman Rick. This ride was the first of many built by the company to feature an electric spiral lift hill. But 1976, Schwarzkopf, along with ride engineer Werner Stengel, created one of their most ground breaking attractions, the famous "Revolution" roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in California, the first steel roller coaster ever fitted with a vertical loop. This led to the looping roller coaster becoming one of Schwarzkopf's signature

neg: Anaconda (roller coaster) Anaconda (roller coaster) Anaconda is a steel roller coaster located at Kings Dominion. Built by Arrow Dynamics and designed by Ron Toomer, Anaconda opened in 1991 as the first looping roller coaster to feature an underwater tunnel and the first at Kings Dominion with more than one inversion. Kings Dominion's Lake Charles was chosen as the site for Anaconda. Arrow Dynamics would design the coaster to incorporate an underwater tunnel as well as keeping the majority of the ride over water. Construction began towards the end of the 1990 park season with elements of the lift hill constructed over the

neg: Kanonen Kanonen Kanonen ("the cannon") was a steel roller coaster located at Liseberg amusement park in Gothenburg, Sweden. Built by Intamin, the ride featured a hydraulic launch and opened in 2005. The tightly packed layout is the result of a limited area to house the ride. On 30 December 2016, Kanonen closed permanently and was replaced by Valkyria, a Bolliger & Mabillard dive coaster. In 2002, Liseberg's only looping roller coaster HangOver, a Vekoma Invertigo model, was removed. The park contacted several roller coaster manufacturers with the aim of introducing a new looping ride, with the winning bid coming from Swiss

neg: Demon (roller coaster) Demon (roller coaster) Demon is a multi-looping roller coaster at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois and California's Great America in Santa Clara, California. Both coasters opened in 1976 as Turn of the Century, when each Great America park was owned by Marriott Corporation. Following the 1979 season, they were slightly modified and renamed Demon, which introduced a new theme. The "Turn of the Century" coasters opened with both Marriott's Great America parks in 1976 and were designed by Arrow Dynamics. Both were painted blue and were among some of the first roller coasters to feature a double corkscrew.

neg: Loop the Loop (Young's Million Dollar Pier) Loop the Loop (Young's Million Dollar Pier) Loop the Loop (occasionally referred to as the Flip Flap Railway) was a steel, dual-tracked roller coaster located at Young's Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The roller coaster opened in 1901 and operated until 1912. It was one of the earliest looping roller coasters in the United States. Loop the Loop was designed and built in 1901 by Edward A. Green and Edwin Prescott on Young's Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey. It was the goal of Green and Prescott to create a looping coaster which would not

neg: Werner Stengel He has also built the world's largest portable roller coaster, Olympia Looping and the first double launch roller coaster in the UK, Icon (roller coaster), at Blackpool Pleasure Beach. In 2002, he designed a Roller Coaster Element named after himself: "the Stengel Dive" on Goliath at Walibi Holland, Netherlands. He is currently semi-retired and working as a consultant in the amusement park ride industry. Stengel celebrated his 500th roller coaster with the opening of Maverick, located at Cedar Point. The roller coaster no. 600 started to operate in 2012. Werner Stengel Werner Stengel (born 22 August 1936 in Bochum) is

neg: T3 (roller coaster) T3 (roller coaster) T3 (pronounced "T-three", "T-cubed", or "Terror to the third power") is an inverted roller coaster at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky. Previously named T2, the Suspended Looping Coaster model manufactured by Vekoma opened in 1995. The amusement park closed in 2010 due to financial difficulties, but later reopened under new ownership in 2014. The roller coaster was refurbished and renamed T3, which reopened to the public on July 3, 2015. The concept to add inversions to the inverted roller coaster was first developed by Jim Wintrode, general manager of Six Flags Great America, in the 1990s. Wintrode

neg: Thunderbolt Express Thunderbolt Express The Thunderbolt Express was a looping shuttle roller coaster located at Camden Park. Originally named Screamin' Demon (and later just Demon) when it operated at Kings Island from 1977 to 1987, the roller coaster was built and designed by Arrow Dynamics. It was sold to Camden Park following the 1987 season, and reopened at its new location in 1988. Following an electrical issue in 1999, the ride was closed indefinitely for a period of time. An announcement surfaced that the ride would reopen in 2002, but the roller coaster would eventually be dismantled following the 2004 season and

neg: Montaña Infinitum Chapultepec Magico, as Montaña Triple Loop. Montaña Infinitum Montaña Infinitum is a roller coaster at La Feria Chapultepec Magico in Mexico City, Mexico. It was the World's first roller coaster with 3 vertical loops. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf, it was originally purchased by showman Rudolf Barth in 1984 who operated it as "Dreier Looping" for 12 years on the German fair circuit. After this, it was the main attraction in three major theme parks: first spending 2 years in Sunway Lagoon as Triple Loop Coaster, next it spent 5 years in Flamingo Land resort as Magnum Force, and finally at

neg: Montaña Infinitum Montaña Infinitum Montaña Infinitum is a roller coaster at La Feria Chapultepec Magico in Mexico City, Mexico. It was the World's first roller coaster with 3 vertical loops. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf, it was originally purchased by showman Rudolf Barth in 1984 who operated it as "Dreier Looping" for 12 years on the German fair circuit. After this, it was the main attraction in three major theme parks: first spending 2 years in Sunway Lagoon as Triple Loop Coaster, next it spent 5 years in Flamingo Land resort as Magnum Force, and finally at its current location at La Feria

neg: Incredicoaster where the roller coaster is located. California Screamin' was designed by Ingenieur Büro Stengel GmbH and was built by Intamin. It is the eighth-longest rollercoaster in the world (and third-longest steel coaster in the United States), at long. It took of steel to build the ride. It is also the longest ride with an inversion (since Son of Beast became defunct). When the loop for Son of Beast at Kings Island was removed in 2006, California Screamin' became the longest looping coaster in the world. The coaster uses Linear Induction Motors (LIMs) to launch the train up the first hill

neg: Viper (Darien Lake) Viper (Darien Lake) Viper is a steel looping roller coaster located at Darien Lake Amusement Park near Buffalo, New York. This was the first large ride at the park and the first roller coaster of its type anywhere in the world to have five inversions. The ride was built by the newly merged Arrow Huss. It opened in 1982, and still operates to this day. The coaster opened with the potential of running three trains at once, but only one or two trains are necessary for maintaining a steady operation of the coaster. The coaster's trains include seven cars; riders

neg: Great Bear (roller coaster) then enters a short brake run; after the brake-run, riders return to the station. Great Bear was the first inverted looping coaster in Pennsylvania. Great Bear (roller coaster) Great Bear is an inverted roller coaster located at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster was built by Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) and opened in 1998 in the Kissing Tower Hill section of the park. Due to surrounding terrain and proximity to other attractions, the coaster was one of B&M's most difficult installations. The supports weren't permitted to be built in nearby Spring Creek, and the limitation

neg: The New Revolution (roller coaster) the ride's name was changed to La Revolución in honor of the Mexican Revolution. In 1988, the ride's name was changed once more to simply Revolution. In June 2002, a Coaster Landmark plaque awarded by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) was placed near the line queue in front of the ride. The award was presented in recognition of its accomplishment as the world's first modern vertical-looping roller coaster. In 2005, parts of Revolution had to be dismantled to make way for the park's new Tatsu roller coaster that was being constructed. Revolution reopened with Tatsu on the new coaster's media day

neg: Looping Star (Nagashima Spa Land) Looping Star (Nagashima Spa Land) Looping Star is a roller coaster which is located at Nagashima Spa Land in Mie, Japan. It was built by Anton Schwarzkopf in 1982. It is identical to other Looping Star roller coasters in different Amusement Parks. It was built two years after the Shuttle Loop rollercoaster and the same park was built. The trains on Looping Star use a single lap bar to hold riders in the seat. This design works because the forces from the loop and helices press riders in their seats, and are a common feature with Schwarzkopf looping coasters. However,

neg: Maurer AG BHS constructed four Schwarzkopf-designed roller coasters, working with Sansei Yusoki and Zierer in the process. Maurer's first ride was a custom looping roller coaster called Venus GP that opened at Space World in 1996. Since then they have produced almost 50 roller coasters including spinning, launched, racing and wild mouse roller coasters. One of the first types of roller coaster that Maurer manufactured was a wild mouse. The design, known as Wilde Maus Classic, was first installed as Kopermijn at Drievliet Family Park in 1996. At the end of 2010, the Wilde Maus Classic design has been replicated at 13

neg: Six Flags Great Adventure this attraction. For several years, it operated as SpongeBob the ride and then as "Fly Me To The Moon". For the 2010 season, the attraction did not run and that building remained vacant for future use. 1995 saw the addition of Viper, a steel spiral looping roller coaster similar to Ultra Twister and in Ultra Twister's old spot, bringing the coaster count to five again. 1996 saw the addition of an indoor themed junior roller coaster called Skull Mountain. In 1997, a multiple looping dual track shuttle coaster called was built but only opened for a day and encountered more

neg: Jubilee Odyssey Swarm at Thorpe Park, which was completed in 2012 at a cost of £20,000,000. Odyssey is the largest SLC (Suspended Looping Coaster) in the world. Its 38-metre vertical loop is the highest in the United Kingdom and the fourth highest in the world. With a maximum height of 51 metres, it is the third tallest UK roller coaster. Its 43-metre drop is also the third highest in England. Its top speed of 63 mph makes it the fourth fastest roller coaster in the UK. It was ranked 209th in Mitch Hawker's Roller Coaster Poll in 2007 and 177th in 2008.

neg: Pinfari popular children's coaster called Big Apple, nearly identical in design to Wacky Worms and Brucomela coasters by Preston and Fabbri. In the late 1990s Pinfari introduced a new model to eventually replace the Zyklon, although the Zyklon was still offered in the ride catalog. Known simply as Roller Coaster or Thriller Roller Coaster, these models were designated RC48, RC50 or RC70, with the larger RC70 having two loops and a corkscrew. The company also introduced a large non-looping family coaster designated FC80. The first RC70 was installed at M&D's Theme Park in Scotland. The first and only FC80 was built

neg: Roller coaster inversion feature, as the only other coasters containing interlocking loops are now defunct: Lightnin' Loops, built by Arrow in Six Flags Great Adventure, was sold in 1992, and Orient Express of Worlds of Fun was demolished in 2003. The first Schwarzkopf shuttle loops with a flywheel launch also first appeared in 1978. Arrow's Revolution, Europe's first looping coaster, was built in 1979 at Blackpool Pleasure Beach of England. In 1980, Carolina Cyclone opened at Carowinds as the first roller coaster with four inversions. The Orient Express opened at Worlds of Fun of Kansas City, United States, in 1980, with the newly

neg: Anaconda (roller coaster) the ride begins with a butterfly figure-eight element consisting of sharp twists and turns. The last turn to the right transitions the train into the a double corkscrew only above the water. Immediately following is a small bunny hill with a short dive under the lift hill that turns to the left into the final brake run. After a U-turn, the train returns to the station. Anaconda (roller coaster) Anaconda is a steel roller coaster located at Kings Dominion. Built by Arrow Dynamics and designed by Ron Toomer, Anaconda opened in 1991 as the first looping roller coaster to feature

neg: Goliath (Six Flags Over Georgia) roller coaster of that year and the 9th-best steel roller coaster. It was voted the 7th-best steel roller coaster in 2013. On September 1, 2005, the park officially announced Goliath, a $20,000,000 steel Hyper Coaster. By the end of the 2005 season, the rides Great Gasp and Looping Starship were closed and removed from the park to make room for the new roller coaster. Foundations for Goliath's supports began to be poured in September 2005. In early October, track began to arrive at the park; erection of the supports and track began soon after. In November and December, construction on

neg: Patriot (California's Great America) stands parallel to the footers of the former Tidal Wave looping shuttle coaster. </div> Patriot (California's Great America) Patriot is a floorless roller coaster located in Celebration Plaza at the California's Great America amusement park in Santa Clara, California, United States. The roller coaster originally opened as Vortex on March 9, 1991. It was a stand-up roller coaster designed by Werner Stengel and manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard. Vortex last operated as a stand-up coaster on September 5, 2016, and it reopened as Patriot on April 1, 2017. The ride was converted to a sit-down configuration featuring new floorless trains

neg: Roller coaster inversion of any track elements. This adds difficulty in delineating the number of inversions such rides have. As the riders physically rotate 360 degrees forward and backwards, proponents insist the number of inversions should not include only track elements. According to Guinness World Records, the roller coaster with the most inversions counted this way is Eejanaika (, Ain't it great?), essentially a clone of X, in Fuji-Q Highland of Fujiyoshida, Japan, which rotates riders 14 times. Counting only track elements, however, The Smiler at Alton Towers, Staffordshire, England has the world record for the world's first 14 looping roller coaster. Coincidentally,

neg: Scorpion (roller coaster) Scorpion (roller coaster) Scorpion is a steel looping roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. It opened in 1980 as a part of the newly added Timbuktu section that gave the park a complete circuit, linking the Congo section to the Nairobi section of the park. Scorpion, to this day, remains one of the most popular rides in the Pantopia section. In 2004, before it was Pantopia as a part of the park's Timbuktu renovation, Scorpion was repainted from its original paint scheme of orange track and black supports to red track with blue supports (a

neg: Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom Kingdom in 1985. It had separate admission and included a wave pool, family water raft ride, several body slides, several tube slides, and a children's water play area. That year, season passes began to be offered. That year it was also determined that the park needed a looping roller coaster, so in 1986, Laser, a Schwarzkopf-designed coaster with two loops was built, giving the park three adult coasters. This roller coaster was originally meant to be a ride that would be for fairs and carnivals, but Dorney Park kept it assembled. The coaster was named in a commercial tie-in with

neg: Alpine Bobsled The ride was quite popular. Its purpose was to commemorate the 1984 Olympics. The area of the park was becoming dull and needed an overhaul. In the spring of 1988, it was determined that this area would have an Airplane/Space/Boardwalk theme, and that the park needed a larger roller coaster, and that the coaster would occupy the land that Sarajevo Bobsleds was occupying. The Bobsled was then closed mid season and dismantled. The coaster was replaced with a multiple steel looping roller coaster that was then state of the art and would for a month be the tallest coaster in

neg: Werner Stengel Werner Stengel Werner Stengel (born 22 August 1936 in Bochum) is a German roller coaster designer and engineer. Stengel is the founder of Stengel Engineering, also known as Ingenieur Büro Stengel GmbH (or Ingenieur Buero Stengel GmbH). Stengel first worked on amusement park rides in collaboration with Anton Schwarzkopf in 1963. He established his own company, Stengel Engineering, in 1965. His collaboration with Schwarzkopf was responsible for many innovations in roller coaster design, including in 1976 the first modern "vertical" looping coaster, \ "Revolution", at Six Flags Magic Mountain (Arrow Dynamics had debuted the first modern "corkscrew" loop a year

neg: Kings Island and King Cobra (1984–2001), a stand-up looping roller coaster that was the first of its kind in the world. Early in its tenure after purchasing Kings Island, Paramount unveiled Top Gun, a suspended roller coaster from Arrow Dynamics, in 1993. Located next to the habitat attraction, it was titled after a film of the same name and was the first ride to be added to the park with a Paramount theme. The following year, the entire area was renamed Adventure Village coinciding with the removal of the animal habitat and monorail ride. In 1999, a two-year expansion initiative began with

neg: Centrifugal railway later. In 1843, designers Hutchinson and Higgins registered a design and exhibited a "Centrifugal Iron Railway" at theaters in various British cities including London, Manchester, and Liverpool. A more permanent outdoor version called the "Centrifugal Railway", the first permanent looping roller coaster, was installed at the Frascati Gardens in Paris in 1846. The coaster had a drop and a loop. Although installations were later placed in the cities of Bordeaux, Havre, and Lyons, the ride ultimately proved to be unpopular and more looping roller coasters were not built for nearly twenty years. The centrifugal railways built in the 1840s were

neg: Lightnin' Loops Lightnin' Loops The Lightnin' Loops were two interlocking track Arrow Development Shuttle Loop roller coasters at Six Flags Great Adventure. "Lightnin' Loops" was built in 1977 and opened in 1978 at Six Flags Great Adventure. Six Flags had acquired the park in 1977 and Lightnin' Loops was planned by the prior ownership as far back as 1976. It was the second looping roller coaster on the east coast, although several full circuit looping coasters were in operation as far back as 1975. The coaster was located on the west side of the park that is currently occupied by Movietown, ,

neg: Revolution (Blackpool Pleasure Beach) Revolution (Blackpool Pleasure Beach) Revolution, formerly Irn Bru Revolution, is an Arrow Development shuttle roller coaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach. It was Europe's first fully looping roller coaster. The ride consists of two raised sections of track with a vertical loop in the centre. The train is launched off the first raised platform, into the loop, and up onto the second platform, where it repeats the process in reverse. As a result of the design, riders are required to climb a series of stairs to get to the loading station. Until the introduction of Infusion, it was the park's only

neg: Shockwave (Six Flags Great America) Shockwave (Six Flags Great America) Shockwave (occasionally stylized as ShockWave or Shock Wave) was a roller coaster manufactured by Arrow Dynamics at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois. Standing tall and reaching speeds of , it opened in 1988 as the world's tallest and fastest looping roller coaster with a record-breaking seven inversions: three vertical loops, a boomerang (also known as a batwing), and two regular corkscrews. Shockwave was closed in 2002 and has been dismantled. Shockwave was designed by Ron Toomer at Arrow Dynamics and broke the world record for number of inversions when it opened. The previous

neg: Demon (roller coaster) The Illinois version still has the rock formation and lights in the second tunnel. The California version has a listed height restriction of but the Illinois version has a listed height restriction of . The 2010 season marked Demon's 30th anniversary at both amusement parks. Demon (roller coaster) Demon is a multi-looping roller coaster at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois and California's Great America in Santa Clara, California. Both coasters opened in 1976 as Turn of the Century, when each Great America park was owned by Marriott Corporation. Following the 1979 season, they were slightly modified and renamed

neg: Six Flags Great America new capital, but a chance for increased usage of Warner Bros. and Time Warner properties. The first of these came with the 1992 opening of , a first-of-its-kind B&M inverted roller coaster that replaced Tidal Wave. Batman was unlike any other roller coaster at the time; its outside-looping trains rode below the track and took riders upside-down five times. It was a very tightly squeezed ride but was so popular that lines stretched out of the ride area and across large parts of the park. The surrounding area of Yankee Harbor was re-themed after the Batman franchise, with The Lobster

neg: TOGO similar concept called the Pipeline, which failed to get past the protoytpe stage. TOGO went bankrupt in 2001 due to a lawsuit by Knott's Berry Farm for problems with their Windjammer Surf Racers roller coaster. TOGO created several unique coasters, including its combination of a looping sit-down coaster and a hypercoaster with its Manhattan Express coaster in Las Vegas (now known as "The Big Apple Coaster"). The looping wild mouse by TOGO was a style of ride with a drop into a vertical loop, followed by the hairpin turns and drops of a wild mouse coaster. The former Windjammer coaster

neg: Desert Storm (roller coaster) hill and lap bar restraint. Desert Storm (roller coaster) Desert Storm is a double looping roller coaster located at Castles N' Coasters, an amusement park in Phoenix, Arizona. It is one of the two roller coasters there, the other being the smaller Patriot roller coaster. Desert Storm passes over top of the Li'l Indy go-cart track and extremely close to Splashdown, the park's log flume. The track has a green and white color scheme and the queue line passes by the Flying Bugs and Spinning Tops kiddie rides, climbs stairs and enters the boarding area. After boarding the train, it

neg: Desert Storm (roller coaster) Desert Storm (roller coaster) Desert Storm is a double looping roller coaster located at Castles N' Coasters, an amusement park in Phoenix, Arizona. It is one of the two roller coasters there, the other being the smaller Patriot roller coaster. Desert Storm passes over top of the Li'l Indy go-cart track and extremely close to Splashdown, the park's log flume. The track has a green and white color scheme and the queue line passes by the Flying Bugs and Spinning Tops kiddie rides, climbs stairs and enters the boarding area. After boarding the train, it moves forward and begins going

neg: Loop the Loop (Olentangy Park) Olentangy Loop the Loop at once. Loop the Loop (Olentangy Park) Loop the Loop was an early looping steel roller coaster which operated at Olentangy Park in Columbus, Ohio during the first decade of the 1900s. It was one of the first looping roller coasters to operate in North America, and it was designed and built by noted inventor Lina Beecher. Loop the Loop was designed in 1904 by engineer and inventor Lina Beecher who was a supervisor at the American Railway Company. Beecher had previously designed the wooden Flip Flap Railway at Paul Boyton's Sea Lion Park on Coney

neg: Loop the Loop (Olentangy Park) Loop the Loop (Olentangy Park) Loop the Loop was an early looping steel roller coaster which operated at Olentangy Park in Columbus, Ohio during the first decade of the 1900s. It was one of the first looping roller coasters to operate in North America, and it was designed and built by noted inventor Lina Beecher. Loop the Loop was designed in 1904 by engineer and inventor Lina Beecher who was a supervisor at the American Railway Company. Beecher had previously designed the wooden Flip Flap Railway at Paul Boyton's Sea Lion Park on Coney Island, New York, but that coaster's

neg: Arkham Asylum – Shock Therapy Immelman loop), followed by a 270-degree turn to the right. Next comes two inline twists. Upon exiting this element riders experience a download 180-degree turn to the right. Unlike most Vekoma Suspended Looping Roller Coasters, Arkham Asylum features an additional helix just before the brake run. This element was referred to as the "bayern kurve" by Vekoma and was the first to be installed in any Suspended Looping Roller Coaster. After the ride, guests proceed past an observation deck for the ride and past the ride's former gift shop where they arrive back in Chinatown. When the ride was known

neg: Steel Curtain (roller coaster) Steel Curtain (roller coaster) Steel Curtain is an upcoming steel roller coaster to be constructed at Kennywood in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania. Themed to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the ride will be built on the former location of the Log Jammer, a flume ride which closed in 2017. The name "Steel Curtain" is historical to the city of Pittsburgh and is named after the Steelers’ defensive line from the 1970s. Previously known as project 412, the ride was revealed on July 19, 2018 to be a record breaking looping roller coaster scheduled to open in Summer 2019. The roller coaster, designed by

neg: Thunderbolt Express stop for a brief moment, the train is launched in reverse to repeat the course and return to the loading station. Thunderbolt Express The Thunderbolt Express was a looping shuttle roller coaster located at Camden Park. Originally named Screamin' Demon (and later just Demon) when it operated at Kings Island from 1977 to 1987, the roller coaster was built and designed by Arrow Dynamics. It was sold to Camden Park following the 1987 season, and reopened at its new location in 1988. Following an electrical issue in 1999, the ride was closed indefinitely for a period of time. An announcement

neg: Limit (roller coaster) Limit (roller coaster) Limit, Is a steel roller coaster located at Heide Park, Germany. It opened in 1999 and is a standard 689m layout Suspended Looping Coaster manufactured by Vekoma. The colour scheme of the ride is a white track and olive green supports. It is located in the 'Transilvania' section of the park. Limit, is a much used layout with many copies around the world. The ride starts with a 109.3ft to the top of the lift hill. Next the ride drops 91ft down a banked drop reaching speeds of 50 m.p.h. The train then immediately navigates a sea-serpent

neg: Roller coaster inversion a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes (48 people per hour, compared to 1800 riders per hour on Corkscrew, an early modern coaster that opened in 1976), and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway. As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing Great Depression, the early looping coasters faded and disappeared. The concept of inverting riders was not revisited until the 1970s. In 1968, Karl Bacon of Arrow Dynamics created a prototype steel roller coaster with a corkscrew, the first of its kind. The prototype proved that

neg: T3 (roller coaster) worked with Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard – from Swiss roller coaster manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard – along with engineer Robert Mampe to develop which opened at Six Flags Great America in 1992. Dutch amusement ride manufacturer Vekoma developed a similar concept shortly after, and the model became known as the Suspended Looping Coaster (SLC). Their first installation was El Condor at Six Flags Holland which debuted in 1994. In 1995, nine parks around the world announced plans to add Vekoma SLCs, including Kentucky Kingdom. The installation at Kentucky Kingdom was identical to the original prototype at Walibi Holland, but

neg: Colossus the Fire Dragon and through the second loop. After that the train passes just over the station's roof, then down and around, turning diagonally between the two loops into the G-inducing helix back to the station. This helix is what some people call the 'slanted spiral' or the 'upward-downward helix,' because it turns downward, upward, then downward again at equal angles into a large turn that leads back to the station, giving the entire element a 'slanted' look. It is a one-of-a kind double looping Anton Schwarzkopf roller coaster for two reasons. There were two double looping Anton Schwarzkopf roller coasters in the

neg: Bobbejaanland fourfold loop and a free fall) and a Splash Battle, "Banana Battle", (2007) made by Preston & Barbieri. The giant Sledgehammer (a Giant Frisbee) reaches a speed of 110 km/h). In 1995 'Kinderland' (English: Kids' Country) was opened as an area for young children. In 1979 Bobbejaanland opened the Looping Star roller coaster (Schwarzkopf GmbH). Although the ride had a security bar placed over the hip, it was more the centrifugal force which held the passengers in the vehicle when it looped the loop. The coaster was dismantled in 2003. Bobbejaanland also has Revolution: a fully enclosed tubular steel roller

neg: Tennessee Tornado Tennessee Tornado The Tennessee Tornado is a roller coaster at Dollywood, in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee in the United States. It debuted April 17, 1999, and was Dollywood's first major coaster expansion as well as one of Arrow Dynamics' last major coasters. The ride opened in a valley location previously occupied by Thunder Express, an Arrow Dynamics Runaway Mine Train roller coaster relocated from Six Flags St. Louis in 1989 and opened in 2002 at Magic Springs and Crystal Falls. Tennessee Tornado has several unique features not found on other Arrow Dynamics looping coasters. At the time of the coaster's construction

neg: Arrow Dynamics at Six Flags Over Texas in 1963. In the 1970s, the company perfected and brought back the looping roller coaster. In 1975, Arrow installed one of the most important rides of its time, Corkscrew, which made its debut at Knott's Berry Farm as the world's first modern inverting coaster. Arrow made hundreds of coasters throughout the decades, including 17 Corkscrew-style coasters, 16 "runaway mine train" coasters like Cedar Creek Mine Ride and Adventure Express, custom-designed coasters like Loch Ness Monster, and Carolina Cyclone. Some of Arrow Development's later projects included what were at the time the world's tallest roller coasters,

neg: Suspended roller coaster looping coaster "Vortex". The suspended coaster would return to Kings Island in 1993 with the addition of "Top Gun" which after a period of being called "Flight Deck" was renamed "The Bat" in 2014, a reference to the original 1981 coaster. Arrow-Huss refined its suspended roller coaster designs, culminating in the debut of "The Big Bad Wolf" at Busch Gardens Williamsburg and "XLR-8" at Six Flags Astroworld in 1984. After 1984, as Arrow Dynamics, they manufactured ten suspended roller coasters, including "Iron Dragon" at Cedar Point, "Ninja" at Six Flags Magic Mountain, "Vampire" at Chessington World of Adventures, and Vortex

neg: Suspended Looping Coaster SLCs at Morey's Piers and Isla Magica. The Suspended Looping Coaster is similar in design to other inverted roller coasters, however unlike the four-across seating found on Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) inverted roller coasters, Vekoma SLC's use two-across seating. There are at least 41 different installations across the world which have been located at 47 different theme parks. Yet-to-be-named 689m Standards are set to open in Al Zawra'a Dream Park in Iraq and Energylandia in Poland in 2015. The Mind Eraser is a steel inverted roller coaster at three different Six Flags and EPR theme parks. Built by Vekoma, they

neg: Inverted roller coaster Inverted roller coaster An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage. This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster, which runs under the track, but "swings" via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage. The coaster type's inverted orientation distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster, where the passengers' legs rather than arms are exposed. The inverted coaster was pioneered by the Swiss roller coaster designers Bolliger & Mabillard in the early 1990s. The first installation came

neg: Six Flags Magic Mountain and looting quickly followed. Police were called to the scene in full riot gear. The Park was evacuated and closed down for the night. In 1994, Magic Mountain added what two other Six Flags parks already had, a Bolliger & Mabillard inverted looping roller coaster called (which other Six Flags parks also added in the coming years). Batman: the Ride (BTR) is an inverted coaster, meaning the usual coaster protocol is reversed; the track is overhead and the cars are below it. The trains travel on the outside of the loops, and rider's legs hang freely, as on a ski

neg: Sea Serpent (Morey's Piers) Morey Organization, the accident was thought to have been due to a wheel coming off a rear axle, causing the coaster train to jerk to a stop midway through the ride, as it was looping backwards. Sea Serpent (Morey's Piers) Sea Serpent is a steel roller coaster at Morey's Piers in Wildwood, New Jersey. Opened in 1984, it was built by Vekoma, and was the first boomerang-style coaster to be built in the US. The Coaster is all white, giving it a resemblance to Fly – The Great Nor'easter, another all white coaster in the park. The coaster's installation was

neg: Lightwater Valley ride attracted much attention, nearly doubling gate figures and setting the stone for future developments in the ride offering including, the following year (1988), the park's first looping coaster, the Soopa Loopa, featuring two vertical loops and a backward facing ride car. Robert Staveley used the success of the Rat Ride to persuade his wife that a 'proper' roller coaster be built. He had liked the idea of having a roller coaster coming down the valley at the top of the park but was faced with the challenge of getting people to the top of the valley to board the

neg: Centrifugal railway in modern roller coaster inversions—producing lower g-forces and less rider discomfort. Centrifugal railway Centrifugal Railway was the name of a number of early looping roller coasters that were built in Western Europe in the middle of the 19th century. These rides were very similar in their basic design to many modern day shuttle roller coasters (i.e., they did not make a complete circuit), but with only one lift hill and no launch. A single roller coaster car would ascend to the peak on the coaster before descending rapidly down the same hill and then passing through the central loop with

neg: Vertical loop were carried out during the late 19th century with the "Flip Flap Railway" at Sea Lion Park. The ride was designed with a completely circular loop (rather than the teardrop shape used by many modern looping roller coasters), and caused neck injuries due to the intense G-forces pulled with the tight radius of the loop. The next attempt at building a looping roller coaster was in 1901 when Edwin Prescott built the "Loop the Loop" at Coney Island. This ride used the modern teardrop-shaped loop and a steel structure, however more people wanted to watch the attraction, rather than ride.

neg: Pinfari at Wiener Prater in Austria. Pinfari continued to expand its product line offering a junior inverted coaster in 1999 and a suspended looping coaster, with the first two suspended looping models going to Nigloland in France and Moreno's Park, a traveling show in Brazil. As of 2018, Pinfari has built 181 roller coasters around the world. Pinfari F.lli Pinfari S.r.l was an Italian ride manufacturing company based in Suzzara, Italy. Pinfari was liquidated on 15 July 2004, due to the early 2000s recession and the weakness of the United States dollar. In 2007, its brand and intellectual property was acquired

neg: Scorpion (roller coaster) the loop, the train goes through a pretzel turnaround and threads the vertical loop. The train circles around a 900° helix and enters the brake run. This roller coaster's height restriction is only 42 in. (107 cm) because it only has a lap bar. Scorpion (roller coaster) Scorpion is a steel looping roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. It opened in 1980 as a part of the newly added Timbuktu section that gave the park a complete circuit, linking the Congo section to the Nairobi section of the park. Scorpion, to this day, remains one

neg: Lagoon (amusement park) Lagoon (amusement park) Lagoon is a privately owned amusement park in Farmington, Utah, United States, located about 18 miles north of Salt Lake City. It has ten roller coasters, five of which are unique; "Colossus the Fire Dragon", the last Schwarzkopf Double Looping coaster still in operation in the United States (Laser at Dorney Park closed at the end of the 2008 season and was moved to Germany to become the Teststrecke traveling roller coaster in 2009); Roller Coaster, one of the oldest coasters in the world operating since 1921; Wicked, designed by Lagoon's engineering department and Werner Stengel in

neg: Giant Dipper the last "classic roller coaster" between Vancouver, British Columbia and San Diego, California. It is only one of three Church rides to still operate. The other two are Dragon Coaster at Playland Park and Giant Dipper at Belmont Park. It is one of the only roller coasters that are still operating from what ACE calls the "golden age of roller coasters." Other than being the oldest roller coaster in California, the ride is also one of the oldest roller coasters in the world. Since the Giant Dipper was one of the first roller coasters in existence when it opened, many

neg: Sandusky, Ohio a wooden roller coaster, was built and named for the local high school's mascot. It is currently the park's oldest operating roller coaster. In the latter half of the twentieth century, Cedar Point shattered countless roller coaster records with rides like Corkscrew (first coaster with three or more inversions), Gemini (tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when constructed in 1978), Magnum XL-200 (tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world when constructed in 1989), Mean Streak (tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world when constructed in 1991), Raptor (tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster in the

neg: Six Flags New Orleans and withstand hurricane-force winds. Mega Zeph was inspired by the old Zephyr roller coaster at the closed Pontchartrain Beach Amusement Park that was located next to Lake Pontchartrain by the University of New Orleans. The intent was to rebuild the Zephyr, but it was a smaller roller coaster, so that idea was scrapped in favor of the current larger Mega Zeph. Other rides included a junior steel coaster called Rex's Rail Runner, a wild mouse steel coaster and a common steel shuttle looping Vekoma boomerang rollercoaster called a Zydeco Scream (there are well over a dozen of these identical coasters

neg: History of the roller coaster the concept came into fruition with the "Flip Flap Railway", located at Sea Lion Park in Brooklyn, and shortly afterward with "Loop the Loop" at Olentangy Park near Columbus, Ohio as well as similar coasters in Atlantic City and Coney Island. The rides were incredibly dangerous, and many passengers suffered whiplash. Both were soon dismantled, and looping coasters had to wait for over a half century before making a reappearance. By 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller. Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world. Perhaps the best known historical roller

neg: Blue Tornado Blue Tornado Blue Tornado is a steel inverted roller coaster at Gardaland, Castelnuovo del Garda, outside Verona, Italy. It is an extended standard model, with additional helix, of the Suspended Looping Coaster manufactured by Vekoma. The ride's highest force is at 4.5G's during the sidewinder inversion. A model Panavia Tornado fighter jet is seen on top of the station for decorative purposes. In August 1999, a 17-year-old boy from Treviso, Italy died of a heart attack while riding the roller coaster. It was later proven that the boy suffered a life heart disease. On May 10, 2001, a 15-year-old boy

neg: Jubilee Odyssey Jubilee Odyssey Odyssey (formerly Jubilee Odyssey) is a roller coaster at Fantasy Island in Ingoldmells, England. Built by Vekoma of the Netherlands in 2002, it was named to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. It is Vekoma's tallest example of their Suspended Looping Coaster (SLC) design in the world. Standing at 167 feet (51 metres), it is the third tallest roller coaster in the UK, after the Pepsi Max Big One (213 feet) and Stealth (205 feet). It has a maximum speed of 63 mph and is capable of forces up to 4.8g. Original plans for the ride

neg: Jubilee Odyssey five inversions: Jubilee Odyssey Odyssey (formerly Jubilee Odyssey) is a roller coaster at Fantasy Island in Ingoldmells, England. Built by Vekoma of the Netherlands in 2002, it was named to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. It is Vekoma's tallest example of their Suspended Looping Coaster (SLC) design in the world. Standing at 167 feet (51 metres), it is the third tallest roller coaster in the UK, after the Pepsi Max Big One (213 feet) and Stealth (205 feet). It has a maximum speed of 63 mph and is capable of forces up to 4.8g. Original plans for

neg: Moonsault Scramble coaster was removed from the park to make way for the construction of Dodonpa in 2001. Moonsault Scramble was known for producing extremely high g-forces on its riders. As of 1998, it was cited by some to exert up to 6.5 gs on its riders. It was one of only three roller coasters outside the United States to exert such extreme forces on its riders (the others being Mindbender and Dreier Looping Coaster). The pretzel knot element (compromising two inversions) that produced these high g-forces was the only such pretzel knot inversion ever implemented in a roller coaster until the

neg: Firebird (roller coaster) Firebird (roller coaster) Firebird is an upcoming floorless roller coaster located at Six Flags America in Prince George's County, Maryland. The roller coaster had originally debuted in 1990 as a stand-up roller coaster named Iron Wolf at Six Flags Great America. It was later relocated to Six Flags America in 2012 and renamed Apocalypse, under which it operated until 2018. It will reemerge as Firebird when it reopens in 2019. The roller coaster was the first to be built by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard. When known as Iron Wolf, the roller coaster briefly held world records among stand-up roller

neg: Firebird (roller coaster) as a backdrop to the ride. Firebird (roller coaster) Firebird is an upcoming floorless roller coaster located at Six Flags America in Prince George's County, Maryland. The roller coaster had originally debuted in 1990 as a stand-up roller coaster named Iron Wolf at Six Flags Great America. It was later relocated to Six Flags America in 2012 and renamed Apocalypse, under which it operated until 2018. It will reemerge as Firebird when it reopens in 2019. The roller coaster was the first to be built by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard. When known as Iron Wolf, the roller coaster briefly