query: what is a group of 4 bits called

pos: Nibble example, codice_3 and codice_4. In Common Lisp: Nibble In computing, a nibble (occasionally nybble or nyble to match the spelling of byte) is a four-bit aggregation, or half an octet. It is also known as half-byte or tetrade. In a networking or telecommunication context, the nibble is often called a semi-octet, quadbit, or quartet. A nibble has sixteen (2) possible values. A nibble can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit and called a hex digit. A full byte (octet) is represented by two hexadecimal digits; therefore, it is common to display a byte of information as two nibbles. Sometimes

pos: Units of information English, which is what is actually being used). Bytes, or multiples thereof, are almost always used to specify the sizes of computer files and the capacity of storage units. Most modern computers and peripheral devices are designed to manipulate data in whole bytes or groups of bytes, rather than individual bits. A group of four bits, or half a byte, is sometimes called a nibble or nybble. This unit is most often used in the context of hexadecimal number representations, since a nibble has the same amount of information as one hexadecimal digit. Computers usually manipulate bits in groups of

neg: ILLIAC words of storage on magnetic drums. The core memory access time was 1.8 to 2 µs. The magnetic drum access time was 7 µs. A "fast buffer" was also provided for storage of short loops and intermediate results (similar in concept to what is now called cache). The "fast buffer" access time was 0.25 µs The word size was 52 bits. Floating-point numbers used a format with 7 bits of exponent (power of 4) and 45 bits of mantissa. Instructions were either 26 bits or 13 bits long, allowing packing of up to 4 instructions per memory word. The pipelined

neg: Remote error indication terminating that end picks up the errors, and transmits a 'FEBE errors' message on the outgoing side. This specific setup of error reporting is what causes the confusion between many technicians trying to perform repairs. Technical jargon: An error detected by extracting the 4-bit FEBE field from the path status byte (G1). The legal range for the 4-bit field is between 0000 and 1000, representing zero to eight errors. Any other value is interpreted as zero errors. The DS-3 M-frame uses P bits to check the line parity. The M-subframe uses C bits in a format called C-bit parity, which

neg: 8b/10b encoding where the design may focus on specific parameters such as hardware requirements, DC-balance, etc. One implementation was designed by K. Odaka for the DAT digital audio recorder. Kees Schouhamer Immink designed an 8b/10b code for the DCC audio recorder. The IBM implementation was described in 1983 by Al Widmer and Peter Franaszek. As the scheme name suggests, eight bits of data are transmitted as a 10-bit entity called a "symbol", or "character". The low five bits of data are encoded into a 6-bit group (the 5b/6b portion) and the top three bits are encoded into a 4-bit group (the 3b/4b

neg: Run-length limited elaborate encodings, but the original frequency modulation code, also called differential Manchester encoding, can be seen as a simple rate-1/2 RLL code. The added 1 bits are referred to as clock bits. Example: By extending the maximum run length to 2 adjacent 0 bits, the data rate can be improved to 4/5. This is the original IBM group coded recording variant. Where possible (eleven out of 16 codes), the bit pattern codice_1 is encoded by prefixing it with the complement of "a": codice_1. In the five cases where this would violate one of the rules (codice_3 or codice_4), a code

neg: 8-bit color 8 green, 8 blue). But in the original VGA card's 320x200 mode, 256 on-screen colors could be chosen from a palette of 262,144 colors (18 bits: 6 red, 6 green, 6 blue). Some older cards prior to the VGA (like the Professional Graphics Controller) can only choose the 256-color palette from 4,096 colors (12 bits: 4 red, 4 green, 4 blue). The other form is where the 8 bits directly describe red, green, and blue values, typically with three bits for red, three bits for green and two bits for blue. This second form is often called 8-bit truecolor, as

neg: Au file format representations of PCM, and arguably lossy as they pack what would otherwise be almost 16 bits of dynamic range into 8 bits of encoded data, even though this is achieved by an altered dynamic response and no data is actually "thrown away". Formats 23 through 26 are ADPCM, which is an early form of lossy compression, usually but not always with 4 bits of encoded data per audio sample (for 4:1 efficiency with 16-bit input, or 2:1 with 8-bit; equivalent to e.g. encoding CD quality MP3 at a 352kbit rate using a low quality encoder). Several of the others are

neg: BassOmatic old Dan Aykroyd "Saturday Night Live" skit involving a blender and a whole fish. The BassOmatic algorithm does to data what the original BassOmatic did to the fish." The algorithm operates on blocks of 256 bytes (or 2048 bits). The actual key size can be anywhere from 8 to 2048 bits. The 6 least-significant bits of the key are "control bits", used to choose between several possible variations. The number of rounds is 1 to 8, depending on the 3 lowest control bits. Bit 4 selects between two possible key schedules: one using the key to seed a pseudorandom number

neg: IPv6 address IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits (two octets, a group sometimes also called a hextet). The groups are separated by colons (:). An example of an IPv6 address is: The hexadecimal digits are case-insensitive, but IETF recommendations suggest the use of lower case letters. The full representation of eight 4-digit groups may be simplified by several techniques, eliminating parts of the representation. Leading zeroes in a group may be omitted, but each group must retain at least one hexadecimal digit. Thus, the example address may be written as: One or

neg: Group coded recording used, or more specifically a (0, 2) block code. This code requires five bits to be written for every four bits of data. The code is structured so that no more than two zero bits (which are represented by lack of a flux reversal) can occur in a row, either within a code or between codes, no matter what the data was. This RLL code is applied independently to the data going to each of the nine tracks. Of the 32 five-bit patterns, eight begin with two consecutive zero bits, six others end with two consecutive zero bits, and one

neg: Interactive proof system prover all the random bits it uses in its computation. The result is that the verifier cannot "hide" anything from the prover, because the prover is powerful enough to simulate everything the verifier does if it knows what random bits it used. This is called a "public coin" protocol, because the random bits ("coin flips") are visible to both machines. The IP approach is called a "private coin" protocol by contrast. The essential problem with public coins is that if the prover wishes to maliciously convince the verifier to accept a string which is not in the language, it seems

neg: Classic RISC pipeline directly from the instruction bits. As a result, very little decoding is done in the stage traditionally called the decode stage. A consequence of this lack of decoding meant however that more instruction bits had to be used specifying what the instruction should do (and also, what it should not), and that leaves fewer bits for things like register indices. All MIPS, SPARC, and DLX instructions have at most two register inputs. During the decode stage, these two register names are identified within the instruction, and the two registers named are read from the register file. In the MIPS design,

neg: ILLIAC II now called cache). The "fast buffer" access time was 0.25 µs. The word size was 52 bits. Floating point numbers used a format with 7 bits of exponent (power of 4) and 45 bits of mantissa. Instructions were either 26 bits or 13 bits long, allowing packing of up to 4 instructions per memory word. Rather than naming the pipeline stages, "Fetch, Decode, and Execute" (as on Stretch), the pipelined stages were named, "Advanced Control, Delayed Control, and Interplay". During check-out of the ILLIAC II, before it became fully operational, faculty member Donald B. Gillies programmed ILLIAC II to search

neg: Color depth data stored this way for display. BMP files define this as one of its formats, and it is called "HiColor" by Microsoft. Image editing software such as Photoshop started using 16 bits per channel fairly early. The primary reason this was done was to reduce the quantization on intermediate results (if an operation divided by 4 and then multiplied by 4, it would lose the bottom 2 bits of 8-bit data, but if 16 bits were used it would lose none of the 8-bit data). Digital cameras were able to produce 10 or 12 bits per channel in their raw

neg: Data type languages such as ALGOL and Pascal, while the definition in terms of a value space and behaviour was used in higher-level languages such as Simula and CLU. Primitive data types are typically types that are built-in or basic to a language implementation. All data in computers based on digital electronics is represented as bits (alternatives 0 and 1) on the lowest level. The smallest addressable unit of data is usually a group of bits called a byte (usually an octet, which is 8 bits). The unit processed by machine code instructions is called a word (, typically 32 or 64

neg: Subnetwork the network. The most common network addressing architecture is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), but its successor, IPv6, has been increasingly deployed since approximately 2006. An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits, for readability written in a form consisting of four decimal octets separated by dots, called dot-decimal notation. An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits written in a hexadecimal notation and groupings of 16 bits, called hextets, separated by colons. An IP address is divided into two logical parts, the "network prefix" and the "host identifier". All hosts on a subnetwork have the same network prefix. This prefix occupies

neg: Code point vast majority of computer users at the time), since those extra bits would always be zeroed out for such users. The code point avoids this problem by breaking the old idea of a direct one-to-one correspondence between characters and particular sequences of bits. For Unicode, the particular sequence of bits is called a "code unit" – for the UCS-4 encoding, any code point is encoded as 4-byte (octet) binary numbers, while in the UTF-8 encoding, different code points are encoded as sequences from one to four bytes long, forming a self-synchronizing code. See comparison of Unicode encodings for details. Code

neg: RTP-MIDI of sessions that can be opened simultaneously on the set of UDP ports with AppleMIDI protocol. It is possible to either create one port group per session manager, or use only one group for multiple sessions, which limits the memory footprint in the system. In this last case, the IP stack provides resources to identify partners from their IP address and ports numbers. This functionality is called "socket reuse" and is available in most modern IP implementations. All AppleMIDI protocol messages use a common structure of 4 words of 32 bits, with a header containing two bytes with value 255,

neg: Radio Data System subcarrier signal to extract a Biphase encoded signal which contains both the bitrate clock and the differentially encoded bitstream. This allows for retrieving the RDS bitstream via a differential decoder, which requires a synchronised clock and a differentially encoded bit-stream. The data-link layer describes the baseband coding of which the largest element in the structure is called a "group" sized 104 bits wide. Within each group are 4 blocks sized 26bits wide. Each block contains a 16bit data word and a 10 bit checkword. In the case of the FM Tuner RDA5807M IC, it displays a group in separate 16bits

neg: Radio Data System group, will always be the program identification code. The second block dedicates the first 4 bits for Application/Group Type. Meaning of Block 2 Bits Block 3 is used for repeating program identification code. This allows for quick identification of radio program type, based on country, coverage area, and program reference number. While the country code is specified by the standard, bit 11 to bit 0 is specified by each country local authorities. This is a short list of the full group type. Each group type may have a secondary version available These are non comprehensive examples that covers just the

neg: Steiner system differs from some earlier one in fewer than 8 positions is discarded. The result looks like this: The list contains 4096 items, which are each code words of the extended binary Golay code. They form a group under the XOR operation. One of them has zero 1-bits, 759 of them have eight 1-bits, 2576 of them have twelve 1-bits, 759 of them have sixteen 1-bits, and one has twenty-four 1-bits. The 759 8-element blocks of the S(5,8,24) (called octads) are given by the patterns of 1's in the code words with eight 1-bits. Steiner system In combinatorial mathematics, a Steiner

neg: FLEX (protocol) FLEX (protocol) FLEX is a communications protocol developed by Motorola and used in many pagers. FLEX provides one-way communication only (from the provider to the pager device), but a related protocol called ReFLEX provides two-way messaging. Transmission of message data occurs in one of four modes: 1600/2, 3200/2, 3200/4, or 6400/4. All modes use FSK modulation. At 1600/2 this is on a 2 level FSK signal transmitted at 1600 bits per second. At 3200/2, this is a 2 level FSK signal transmitted at 3200 bits per second. At 3200/4, this is a 4 level FSK signal transmitted at 1600 symbols

neg: Subnetwork address, i.e. the last address within a network, for broadcast transmission to all hosts on the link. The first subnet obtained from subnetting has all bits in the subnet bit group set to zero (0). It is therefore called "subnet zero". The last subnet obtained from subnetting has all bits in the subnet bit group set to one (1). It is therefore called the "all-ones subnet". The IETF originally discouraged the production use of these two subnets. When the prefix length is not available, the network and the first subnet have the same address, which may lead to confusion. Therefore,

neg: ILBM always 0) are control flags which indicate how to use the first 4 (or 6) bitplanes. If the first pixel of a scanline is a modification pixel, then modify and use the image border colour. Note that when using 4 bits to modify a colour component you should use the 4 bits in the upper 4 bits of the component AND in the lower 4 bits (to avoid reducing the overall colour gamut). When using 6 bits this is less important, but you can still put the 2 most significant bits of the modification bits into the least significant two

neg: Color depth bit depth of 8-bits per color in YCbCr with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. YCbCr can be losslessly converted to RGB. Macintosh systems refer to 24-bit color as "millions of colors". The term "True color" is sometime used to mean what this article is calling "Direct color". It is also often used to refer to all color depths greater or equal to 24. "Deep color" consists of a billion or more colors, 2 is 1.073 billion. Color depths of 30, 36, and 48 bits per pixel are in use, also referred to as 10, 12, or 16 bits per RGB channel/sample/component. Often

neg: Time from NPL (MSF) years, 4 bits of years, 1 bit of tens of months, 4 bits of months, 2 bits of tens of days, 4 bits of days, 3 bits of day of week (0=Sunday), 2 bits of tens of hours, 4 bits of hours, 3 bits of tens of minutes, and 4 bits of minutes. Bits 52A–59A provide another way to identify minute boundaries. This sequence codice_5 never appears elsewhere in the A bits; due to BCD encoding, at most five consecutive 1 bits can appear elsewhere in the A bits (bits 27A–31A, on July 30 or 31, or bits 33A–37A, if

neg: MPEG-7 designed to standardize: The combination of MPEG-4 and MPEG-7 has been sometimes referred to as MPEG-47. MPEG-7 is intended to provide complementary functionality to the previous MPEG standards, representing information about the content, not the content itself ("the bits about the bits"). This functionality is the standardization of multimedia content descriptions. MPEG-7 can be used independently of the other MPEG standards - the description might even be attached to an analog movie. The representation that is defined within MPEG-4, i.e. the representation of audio-visual data in terms of objects, is however very well suited to what will be built on

neg: Central processing unit instruction to be returned. This issue is largely addressed in modern processors by caches and pipeline architectures (see below). The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory determines what the CPU will do. In the decode step, performed by the circuitry known as the "instruction decoder", the instruction is converted into signals that control other parts of the CPU. The way in which the instruction is interpreted is defined by the CPU's instruction set architecture (ISA). Often, one group of bits (that is, a "field") within the instruction, called the opcode, indicates which operation is to be performed, while the

neg: Lucas–Lehmer primality test this sequence are 4, 14, 194, 37634, ... . Then "M" is prime if and only if The number "s" mod "M" is called the Lucas–Lehmer residue of "p". (Some authors equivalently set "s" = 4 and test "s" mod "M"). In pseudocode, the test might be written as Performing the codice_1 at each iteration ensures that all intermediate results are at most "p" bits (otherwise the number of bits would double each iteration). The same strategy is used in modular exponentiation. Starting values "s" other than 4 are possible, for instance 10, 52, and others . The Lucas-Lehmer residue

neg: AptX higher bands compared to lower bands, thus ADPCM is employed to allocate bits optimally. Each band is coded with ADPCM using bit allocation of: 8 bits for band 1 (0-5.5 kHz spectrum), 4 bits for band 2 (5.5–11 kHz), 2 bits each for bands 3 and 4 (11-16.5 kHz and 16.5–22 kHz). A future modification is considered with adaptive bit reallocation based on variance analysis of each subband, for example 9, 2, 3, 2 etc. As a result, for mono channel, 16 bits @ 44.1 kHz=705.6 kbit/s input is converted into (4×16) 64 bits@11.025 kHz=705.6 kbit/s and then to (8+4+2+2)

neg: Knack (video game) any other part of the game as they did animating the bits and bobs, maybe "Knack" would've contained something worth caring about." James Marshall of "The Digital Fix" likewise gave it 5 out of 10 and said it was "something constructed of relics – from the basic gameplay to the poor characterisation, nearly everything feels like something from two console generations ago." David Jenkins of "Metro" gave it 3 out of 10 and called it "A poor quality video game by any measure, but what this joyless throwback is doing being a key launch title for the PlayStation 4 Sony

neg: Single-precision floating-point format 41460000 Note: consider converting 68.123 into IEEE 754 binary32 format: Using the above procedure you expect to get 42883EF9 with the last 4 bits being 1001. However, due to the default rounding behaviour of IEEE 754 format, what you get is 42883EFA, whose last 4 bits are 1010. "Ex 1:" Consider decimal 1. We can see that: formula_16 From which we deduce: From these we can form the resulting 32 bit IEEE 754 binary32 format representation of real number 1 as: 0-01111111-00000000000000000000000 = 3f800000 "Ex 2:" Consider a value 0.25. We can see that: formula_17 From which we deduce: From

neg: FLEX (protocol) per second. Each 4 level symbol represents two bits for a bit rate of 3200 bits per second. At 6400/4, this is a 4 level FSK signal transmitted at 3200 symbols per second or 6400 bits per second. Data is transmitted in a set of 128 frames that takes 4 minutes to complete. Each frame contains a sync followed by 11 data blocks. The data blocks contain 256, 512 or 1024 bits for 1600, 3200 or 6400 bits per second respectively. A BCH type ECC is used to improve the integrity of the data. The standard has been designed to

neg: HDMI sRGB color space at 8 bits per component. Ability to use the color space and higher color depths ("deep color") is optional. HDMI permits sRGB 4:4:4 chroma subsampling (8–16 bits per component), xvYCC 4:4:4 chroma subsampling (8–16 bits per component), 4:4:4 chroma subsampling (8–16 bits per component), or 4:2:2 chroma subsampling (8–12 bits per component). The color spaces that can be used by HDMI are ITU-R BT.601, ITU-R BT.709-5 and IEC 61966-2-4. For digital audio, if an HDMI device has audio, it is required to implement the baseline format: stereo (uncompressed) PCM. Other formats are optional, with HDMI allowing up

neg: E-carrier E-bit of frame 13 refers to the submultiframe I (block I) received at the far end, and the E-bit of frame 15 refers to the submultiframe II (block II). The bits that are in position 2 of the TS0 in the frame that does not contain the FAS are called supervision bits and are set to “1,” to avoid simulations of the FAS signal. The bits of the TS0 that do not contain the FAS in positions 3–8 make up what is known as the non-frame alignment signal or NFAS. This signal is sent in alternate frames (frame 1, frame

neg: U interface the ISDN U interface: MMS43, 2B1Q, TCM, and SU32. All line systems except TCM use echo cancellation for duplex operation. The American standard ANSI T1.601 specifies the 2B1Q line system, the European ETSI TR 080 recommendation specifies 2B1Q and MMS43. The Modified Monitoring State Code mapping 4 bits into 3 ternary symbols (MMS43), which is also referred to as 4B3T (four binary, three ternary) is a line system used in Europe and elsewhere in the world. 4B3T is a "block code" that uses Return-to-Zero states on the line. 4B3T converts each group of 4 data bits into 3 "ternary" line

neg: E-carrier of data received in the previous block of eight frames known as submultiframe. The aim of this system is to avoid loss of synchronization due to the coincidental appearance of the sequence "0011011" in a time slot other than the TS0 of a frame with FAS. To implement the CRC code in the transmission of 2 Mbit/s frames, a CRC-4 multiframe is built, made up of 16 frames. These are then grouped in two blocks of eight frames called submultiframes, over which a CRC checksum or word of four bits (CRC-4) is put in the positions Ci (bits #1, frames

neg: Group coded recording two constraints: The simplest scheme to ensure compliance with these limits is to record an extra "clock" transition before each data bit according to differential Manchester encoding or (digital) FM (Frequency Modulation). Known as 4-and-4 encoding, the resulting Apple implementation allowed only ten 256-byte sectors per track to be recorded on a single-density 5¼-inch floppy. Close to a month prior to the shipment of the disk drive in spring 1978, Wozniak realized that a more complex encoding scheme would allow each eight-bit byte on disk to hold five bits of useful data rather than four bits. This is because there

neg: Interrupt descriptor table or 00-1F) of which are reserved for processor exceptions. In the 8086 processor, the interrupt table is called IVT (interrupt vector table). The IVT always resides at the same location in memory, ranging from codice_1 to codice_2, and consists of 256 four-byte real mode far pointers (256 × 4 = 1024 bytes of memory). A real mode pointer is defined as a 16-bit segment and a 16-bit offset into that segment. The segment is expanded internally by the processor to 20 bits by shifting it 4 bits to the left, thus limiting real mode interrupt handlers to the first 1

neg: Memory management unit the other lookup is halted and ignored. The other lookup, not directly supported by all processors in this family, is via a so-called "inverted page table," which acts as a hashed off-chip extension of the TLB. First, the top four bits of the address are used to select one of 16 segment registers. Then 24 bits from the segment register replace those four bits, producing a 52-bit address. The use of segment registers allows multiple processes to share the same hash table. The 52-bit address is hashed, then used as an index into the off-chip table. There, a group of

neg: Wired Equivalent Privacy produces the complete 128-bit WEP key (4 bits × 26 + 24 bits IV = 128 bits of WEP key). Most devices also allow the user to enter it as 13 ASCII characters (8 bits × 13 + 24 bits IV = 128 bits of WEP key). A 152-bit and a 256-bit WEP systems are available from some vendors. As with the other WEP variants, 24 bits of that is for the IV, leaving 128 or 232 bits for actual protection. These 128 or 232 bits are typically entered as 32 or 58 hexadecimal characters (4 bits × 32 +

neg: Elias omega coding values. To code a number "N": To decode an Elias omega-coded integer: Omega codes can be thought of as a number of "groups". A group is either a single 0 bit, which terminates the code, or two or more bits beginning with 1, which is followed by another group. The first few codes are shown below. Included is the so-called "implied distribution", describing the distribution of values for which this coding yields a minimum-size code; see Relationship of universal codes to practical compression for details. The encoding for 1 googol, 10, is 11 1000 101001100 (15 bits of length header)

neg: ICE (cipher) input. (If subkey bit "i" is 1, then bits "i" and "i"+20 are swapped.) Third, the 40-bit value is exclusive-ORed with 40 more subkey bits. Fourth, the value is fed through 4 10-bit S-boxes, each of which produces 8 bits of output. (These are much larger than DES's 8 6→4 bit S-boxes.) Fifth, the S-box output bits are permuted so that each S-box's outputs are routed to each 4-bit field of 32-bit word, including 2 of the 8 "overlap" bits duplicated during the next round's expansion. Like DES, a software implementation would typically store the S-boxes pre-permuted, in 4 1024×32

neg: 6b/8b encoding identifies the symbol boundaries precisely. Those 6 bits straddle the inter-symbol boundary with exactly 3 of those identical bits at the end of one symbol, and 3 of those identical bits at the start of the following next symbol. 6b/8b encoding In telecommunications, 6b/8b is a line code that expands 6-bit codes to 8-bit symbols for the purposes of maintaining DC-balance in a communications system. Each 8-bit output symbol contains 4 zero bits and 4 one bits, so the code can, like a parity bit, detect all single-bit errors. The number of 8-bit patterns with 4 bits set is the

neg: SC2000 SC2000 In cryptography, SC2000 is a block cipher invented by a research group at Fujitsu Labs. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013. The algorithm uses a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on blocks of 128 bits using 6.5 or 7.5 rounds of encryption. Each round consists of S-box lookups, key additions, and an unkeyed two-round Feistel network. There are 3 S-boxes: a 4×4-bit one

neg: Variable-length quantity is also used in the WAP environment, where it is called variable length unsigned integer or uintvar. The DWARF debugging format defines a variant called LEB128 (or ULEB128 for unsigned numbers), where the least significant group of 7 bits are encoded in the first byte and the most significant bits are in the last byte (so effectively it is the little-endian analog of a variable-length quantity). Google Protocol Buffers use a similar format to have compact representation of integer values, as does Oracle Portable Object Format (POF) and the Microsoft .NET Framework "7-bit encoded int" in the BinaryReader and BinaryWriter

neg: Packetized elementary stream For example, PTS (and DTS) is expanded from 33 bits to 5 bytes (40 bits). If only PTS is present, this is done by catenating 0010b, most significant 3 bits from PTS, 1, following next 15 bits, 1, rest 15 bits and 1. If both PTS and DTS are present, first 4 bits are 0011 and first 4 bits for DTS are 0001. Other appended bytes have similar but different encoding. Packetized elementary stream Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) is a specification in the MPEG-2 Part 1 (Systems) (ISO/IEC 13818-1) and ITU-T H.222.0 that defines carrying of elementary streams (usually the

neg: Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer into a 4-bit opcode field (least-significant bits) and a 9-bit operand address field (most-significant bits). This left it with sixteen possible opcode values when there were eighteen different instructions: consequently, three of the instructions used the same opcode value, and used two bits of the address value to determine which instruction was executed. Memory was broken into 256-word "sectors". 8 bits of the address specified a word within a sector, and the 9th bit selected between the software-selectable "current sector" or a global sector called "residual memory". The eighteen possible LVDC instructions were: In flight the LVDC ran a major

neg: E-carrier Both bits (called E-bits) have "1" as their default value. When the far end of the communication receives a 2 Mbit/s frame and detects an erroneous block, it puts a "0" in the E-bit that corresponds to the block in the frame being sent along the return path to the transmitter. This way, the near end of the communication is informed that an erroneous block has been detected, and both ends have the same information: one from the CRC-4 procedure and the other from the E bits. If we number the frames in the multiframe from 0 to 15, the

neg: Wired Equivalent Privacy the time that the original WEP standard was drafted, the U.S. Government's export restrictions on cryptographic technology limited the key size. Once the restrictions were lifted, manufacturers of access points implemented an extended 128-bit WEP protocol using a 104-bit key size (WEP-104). A 64-bit WEP key is usually entered as a string of 10 hexadecimal (base 16) characters (0–9 and A–F). Each character represents 4 bits, 10 digits of 4 bits each gives 40 bits; adding the 24-bit IV produces the complete 64-bit WEP key (4 bits × 10 + 24 bits IV = 64 bits of WEP key). Most

neg: IP address . Each part represents a group of 8 bits (an octet) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations. IP address are divided into two parts: the "network number" portion in the high-order bits and the remaining bits called the "rest field" or "host identifier" used for host numbering within a network. In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, the network number was always the highest order octet (most significant eight bits). Because this method allowed for only 256 networks, it soon proved inadequate

neg: Mask (computing) higher nibble (bits 4, 5, 6, 7) the lower nibble (bits 0, 1, 2, 3) unchanged. More often in practice bits are "masked "off"" (or masked to codice_8) than "masked "on"" (or masked to codice_1). When a bit is codice_12ed with a 0, the result is always 0, i.e. codice_13. To leave the other bits as they were originally, they can be codice_12ed with codice_1, since codice_16. Example: Masking "off" the higher nibble (bits 4, 5, 6, 7) the lower nibble (bits 0, 1, 2, 3) unchanged. It is possible to use bitmasks to easily check the state of individual

neg: SENT (protocol) constant amplitude voltage is evaluated. A SENT message is 32 bits long (8 nibbles) and consists of the following components: 24 bits of signal data (6 nibbles) that represents 2 measurement channels of 3 nibbles each (such as pressure and temperature), 4 bits (1 nibble) for CRC error detection, and 4 bits (1 nibble) of status/communication information. Optionally, data can be transferred in 20 bit messages (5 nibbles) composed of a single 12 bit (3 nibble) measurement, a 4 bit (1 nibble) CRC error checksum, and a 4 bit (1 nibble) status/communication field. The image below shows the SENT signal

neg: Saint Vincent dollar Before 1811, 1 dollar = 11 bits and the dollar equalled 8 Spanish reales. After 1811, 1 dollar = 12 bits and 1½ dollars equalled 8 reales. 4½, 6, 9 and 12 bits coins were produced. The 4½ and 9 bits were made from 2 and 4 reales coins. The 4½ bits was counterstamped with "S", "IV½" and "B", whilst the 9 bits was counterstamped with "S" and "IX". To produce the 6 and 12 bits, 8 reales coins were holed. The central plug was stamped with "S" and "VI" to produce the 6 bits, whilst the ring (or holey

neg: VIDC20 Archimedes Hardware. It can also read data from VRAM if installed in the machine, otherwise it reads from DRAM. Data from the video buffer is converted and processed, as follows: Data is serialised by the VIDC20 chip into either 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 bits per pixel, then passed through a colour look-up palette RAM. The palette has 256 28-bits wide registers; 8 Red bits, 8 Green bits, 8 Blue bits and 4 bits for external data. The output is then converted by three 8-bit DACs. One each for red, green and blue colour. Output is then used

neg: Mask (computing) bits off, but not both at once. Sometimes it does not really matter what the value is, but it must be made the opposite of what it currently is. This can be achieved using the codice_21 (exclusive or) operation. codice_21 returns codice_1 if and only if an odd number of bits are codice_1. Therefore, if two corresponding bits are codice_1, the result will be a codice_8, but if only one of them is codice_1, the result will be codice_1. Therefore inversion of the values of bits is done by codice_21ing them with a codice_1. If the original bit was codice_1,

neg: FPD-Link data rate will be 350 Mbit/s per channel, and the total data transfer rate will be 1,050 Mbit/s over the 3 channels. This same scheme scales to 24-bit and 30-bit color in the following manner. An FPD-Link interface with 4 data channels and 1 clock (4D+C) then reduces the 28-bit input down to 4 pairs plus the clock, which is perfect for 8-bits per RGB plus 4 video control bits. A 5D+C FPD-Link interface serializes 35-bits per clock cycle, which is 10-bits per RGB plus 5 video control bits. Automotive infotainment displays for navigation systems started using FPD-Link in 2001.

neg: G.711 has the 8 bit samples coded 0xFF instead of 0x00 in the octets. Adding 33 is necessary so that all values fall into a compression group and it is subtracted back when decoding. This addition means that an overflow would occur for values outside the ±8159 range, so such values are clipped during encoding to avoid it. Breaking the encoded value formatted as codice_3 into 4 bits of mantissa , 3 bits of exponent and 1 sign bit , the decoded linear value is given by formula which is a 14-bit signed integer in the range ±0 to ±8031. Note

neg: IP in IP should be included. The decapsulator will reassemble the packet. Outer IP header have the following fields: Version: 4 bitsThis field is the Protocol version number. It is always 4 as IP in IP is supported for IPv4 Header Length: 4 bits This field is the length of outer IP header Type of Service (TOS): 8 bits This field is copied from the inner IP header Total Length: 16 bits This field is the length of the encapsulated IP packet (including Outer IP header, Inner IP header, IP Payload) Identification: 16 bits This field is used to identify the fragments of

neg: High Efficiency Video Coding support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling. The Monochrome 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 12-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling. The Monochrome 16 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 16-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Monochrome 16 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: Monochrome, Monochrome 12, and Monochrome 16. The Main 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 12-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 and 4:2:0 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform

neg: Booth's multiplication algorithm when the multiplicand is the most negative number that can be represented (e.g. if the multiplicand has 4 bits then this value is −8). One possible correction to this problem is to add one more bit to the left of A, S and P. This then follows the implementation described above, with modifications in determining the bits of A and S; e.g., the value of m, originally assigned to the first "x" bits of A, will be assigned to the first "x"+1 bits of A. Below, the improved technique is demonstrated by multiplying −8 by 2 using 4 bits for

neg: Glass Spider Tour certainly not MTV dance, but something more influenced by people like Pina Bausch and a Montreal group called [La La La Human Steps]. There are some symbolist pieces, some minimalist pieces, and some vulgar pieces, too – some straightforward vaudeville bits." When Bowie was asked what he thought his audience expected of him on this tour, he said: Bowie reportedly coordinated aspects of the tour via email, a rarity in the late 1980s. Bowie elected to play less well-known songs on the tour and avoided some of his bigger hits. He was eager to not repeat the formula that made

neg: Generation loss Coding. More generally, transcoding between different parameters of a particular encoding will ideally yield the greatest common shared quality – for instance, converting from an image with 4 bits of red and 8 bits of green to one with 8 bits of red and 4 bits of green would ideally yield simply an image with 4 bits of red color depth and 4 bits of green color depth without further degradation. Some lossy compression algorithms are much worse than others in this regard, being neither idempotent nor scalable, and introducing further degradation if parameters are changed. For example, with JPEG,

neg: Mask (computing) bits regardless of the other bits. To do this, turning off all the other bits using the bitwise codice_12 is done as discussed above and the value is compared with codice_1. If it is equal to codice_8, then the bit was off, but if the value is any other value, then the bit was on. What makes this convenient is that it is not necessary to figure out what the value actually is, just that it is not codice_8. Example: Querying the status of the 4th bit So far the article has covered how to turn bits on and turn

neg: Unix security of 12 bits. These permissions apply almost equally to all filesystem objects such as files, directories and devices. The 9 permission bits are divided into three groups of three bits each. The first group describes the permissions of the file owner, the second group describes the permissions of a group associated with the file owner or the directory containing the file, and the third group describes the permissions associated with any process which does not have the same user ID as the file. Each group of three bits contains a bit indicating the read, write or execute access is granted.

neg: Bits of What I Have Bits of What I Have Bits of What I Have is a Bahraini movie shot in Turkey, The film is produced by Ibrahem AlRabeh and Zeeshan Jawed Shah, and is written and directed by Saleh Sharif. The film is about two days in the life of an ageing writer who is in the brink of extinction and a youthful soul who is in utter need of inspiration and happens to seek it in the arms of an anguished writer. The two days in the life of an aging writer who is in the brink of extinction and a youthful soul

neg: Zoltán Meszlényi some information managed to get out from the detention camp. From these bits of information we can construe what type of treatment this Servant of God was subject to, and what could have possibly caused his death. On 4 March 1951 he died. 10 March 2004 began the process of beatification. 31 October 2009 was his beatification in Esztergom. His holiday is 4 March. Zoltán Meszlényi Zoltán Lajos Meszlényi the second child of five was born on 2 January 1892 in Hatvan near Budapest. His parents were Zoltán Meszlényi and Etel Burszky. The father at first was a teacher in

neg: Chmod when 4 digits are given, specifies the special setuid, setgid, and sticky flags. Each digit of the three rightmost digits represent a binary value, which it's bits control the read, write and execute respectively, where 1 means allow and 0 means don't. This is similar to the octal notation, but represented in decimal numbers. For example, 754 would allow: read, write, and execute for the user, as the binary value of 7 is 111, meaning all bits are on. read and execute for the Group, as the binary value of 5 is 101, meaning read and execute are on but

neg: Decimal64 floating-point format digit is between 0 and 9 (3 or 4 binary bits), and the rest of the significand uses the densely packed decimal (DPD) encoding. Unlike the binary integer significand version, where the exponent changed position and came before the significand, this encoding, combines the leading 2 bits of the exponent and the leading digit (3 or 4 bits) of the significand into the five bits that follow the sign bit. This eight bits after that are the exponent continuation field, providing the less-significant bits of the exponent. The last 50 bits are the significand continuation field, consisting of five 10-bit

neg: Drill bit year. Both styles of auger bits were manufactured by several companies throughout the early- and mid-20th century, and are still available new from select sources today. The diameter of auger bits for hand braces is commonly expressed by a single number, indicating the size in 16ths of an inch. For example, #4 is 4/16 or 1/4 in (6 mm), #6 is 6/16 or 3/8 in (9 mm), #9 is 9/16 in (14 mm), and #16 is 16/16 or 1 in (25 mm). Sets commonly consist of #4-16 or #4-10 bits. The bit shown in the picture is a modern design

neg: Philosophical Fragments meant by "Philosophical Fragments". He referred to a quote by Plato in his "Postscript to Philosophical Fragments": "But I must ask you Socrates, what do you suppose is the upshot of all this? As I said a little while ago, it is the scrapings and shavings of argument, cut up into little bits." – "Greater Hippias", 304a. He could have been thinking about this quote when he wrote this book. Plato was asking "What is beauty?" Kierkegaard asks, "What is Truth?" Kierkegaard had already asked about truth 9 days earlier when he published "Three Upbuilding Discourses". A mere 4 days

neg: Bits of What I Have apart from each other. Though they have lived in a different time and era but their outlook towards the decaying world and humanity remains the same. The meaning of existence and one’s right to their own free will are reflected in the film. And the question that “is one truly the master of his own craft?” is touched during the course of the film. Bits of What I Have Bits of What I Have is a Bahraini movie shot in Turkey, The film is produced by Ibrahem AlRabeh and Zeeshan Jawed Shah, and is written and directed by Saleh Sharif.

neg: Orthogonal instruction set the opcode a value in the range 0–255, and each operand consisting of two nibbles, the upper 4 bits specifying an addressing mode, and the lower 4 bits (usually) specifying a register number (R0–R15). Unlike the octal-oriented PDP-11, the VAX-11 was a hexadecimal-oriented machine (4-bit sub-byte). This resulted in 16 logical addressing modes (0–15), however, addressing modes 0–3 were "short immediate" for immediate data of 6 bits or less (the 2 low-order bits of the addressing mode being the 2 high-order bits of the immediate data, when prepended to the remaining 4 bits in that data-addressing byte). Since addressing modes

neg: Group code Group code In coding theory, group codes are a type of code. Group codes consist of formula_1 linear block codes which are subgroups of formula_2, where formula_3 is a finite Abelian group. A systematic group code formula_4 is a code over formula_2 of order formula_6 defined by formula_7 homomorphisms which determine the parity check bits. The remaining formula_8 bits are the information bits themselves. Group codes can be constructed by special generator matrices which resemble generator matrices of linear block codes except that the elements of those matrices are endomorphisms of the group instead of symbols from the code's alphabet.

neg: Microcom Networking Protocol sent by a user typing on a keyboard. By turning off these framing bits when operating on an error-corrected link, that 20% overhead can be eliminated. This is precisely what MNP 3 did. After negotiating and realizing that both modems supported MNP 3, the framing bits were turned off, improving overall efficiency. When using MNP 3, a user can expect to get very close to the ideal 2400 bit/s throughput (versus 1900 bit/s) by eliminating the overhead. MNP 4 was a further improvement on MNP 3, adding a variable packet size system they referred to as Adaptive Packet Assembly. In

neg: KW-26 of bits that were xored with the five bit Baudot teleprinter code to produce ciphertext on the transmitting end and plaintext on the receiving end. In NSA terminology, this stream of bits is called the key. The information needed to initialize the algorithm, what most cryptographers today would call the key, NSA calls a cryptovariable. Typically each KW-26 was given a new cryptovariable once a day. NSA designed a common fill device (CFD), for loading the cryptovariable. It used a Remington Rand (UNIVAC) format punched card (45 columns, round holes). The operator inserted the daily key card into the CFD

neg: Paleontology in Mississippi local trees was preserved through petrifaction. Amber was preserved in Tishomingo County. The amber is especially common at a location roughly 1.6 miles east of Iuka. Specimens vary significantly in size from small bits to chunks the size of marbles. Some of the amber specimens contain bits of leaf inside them, but these inclusions are uncommon and often poorly preserved. Fossil leaves of this age were preserved in the area northeast of Fulton. Both of Mississippi's pre-Mesozoic and Cretaceous deposits formed in what is now the southern region of the state, in a physiographic province called the Gulf Coastal Plain.

neg: The Beta Band (album) the band is "still lost in sound, but oriented enough here to make tunes out of it." Writing several months after the release of "The Beta Band", Tom Ewing of "Freaky Trigger" called it "the most troublesome album of 1999:" "its makers disown it, its few disciples adore it, a whole lot of people hate it, and a whole lot more like me just don't know what to make of it, but keep playing it anyway. While there are certainly good bits and bad bits on "The Beta Band", it’s not always possible to work out which is which, let

neg: Superframe 24), and is terminated with a 193rd bit, the framing bit, which is used to find the end of the frame. In order for the framing bit to be located by receiving equipment, a predictable pattern is sent on this bit. Equipment will search for a bit which has the correct pattern, and will align its framing based on that bit. The pattern sent is 12 bits long, so every group of 12 frames is called a superframe. The pattern used in the 193rd bit is 100011 011100. Each channel sends two bits of call supervision data during each superframe

neg: Serial Peripheral Interface MOSI line becomes SIO0 (serial I/O 0) and carries even bits, while the MISO line becomes SIO1 and carries odd bits. Data is still transmitted msbit-first, but SIO1 carries bits 7, 5, 3 and 1 of each byte, while SIO0 carries bits 6, 4, 2 and 0. This is particularly popular among SPI ROMs, which have to send a large amount of data, and comes in two variants: While dual SPI re-uses the existing serial I/O lines, quad SPI adds two more I/O lines (SIO2 and SIO3) and sends 4 data bits per clock cycle. Again, it is requested by

neg: 4B3T disparity (e.g. ++− and −−+). When transmitting, the DC bias is tracked and a combination chosen that has a DC component of the opposite sign to the running total. This mapping from 4 bits to three ternary states is given in a table known as Modified Monitoring State 43 (MMS43). A competing encoding technique, used for the ISDN basic rate interface where 4B3T is not used, is 2B1Q. The sync sequence used is the 11-symbol Barker code, +++−−−+−−+− or its reverse, −+−−+−−−+++. Each 4-bit input group is encoded as a 3-symbol group (transmitted left to right) from the following table.

neg: Group code For example, considering the generator matrix the elements of this matrix are formula_10 matrices which are endomorphisms. In this scenario, each codeword can be represented as formula_11 where formula_12 are the generators of formula_3. Group code In coding theory, group codes are a type of code. Group codes consist of formula_1 linear block codes which are subgroups of formula_2, where formula_3 is a finite Abelian group. A systematic group code formula_4 is a code over formula_2 of order formula_6 defined by formula_7 homomorphisms which determine the parity check bits. The remaining formula_8 bits are the information bits themselves. Group codes

neg: S-box ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key (e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms). One good example of a fixed table is the S-box from DES (S), mapping 6-bit input into a 4-bit output: Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits (the first and last bits), and the column using the inner four bits. For example, an input "011011" has outer bits "01" and inner bits "1101"; the corresponding output would be "1001". The 8 S-boxes of DES were the subject of intense study for many

neg: BUFR middle bits and "Y" to the least significant (rightmost) 8 bits. The "F" value (0 to 3) determines the type of descriptor. The data structure established in the Section 3 template may be re-used multiple times within a single BUFR message. In such a case, Section 4 will contain a succession of so-called "subsets". For instance, subsets could be used to convey observations from several locations in a single message. BUFR The Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) is a binary data format maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The latest version is BUFR Edition

neg: IPv6 address IPv6 addresses in text: An IPv6 network uses an address block that is a contiguous group of IPv6 addresses of a size that is a power of two. The leading set of bits of the addresses are identical for all hosts in a given network, and are called the network's address or routing "prefix". Network address ranges are written in CIDR notation. A network is denoted by the first address in the block (ending in all zeroes), a slash (/), and a decimal value equal to the size in bits of the prefix. For example, the network written as starts

neg: Nibble BCD value of represents a decimal value of . Historically, there are cases where nybble was used for a group of bits greater than 4. In the Apple II microcomputer line, much of the disk drive control and group-coded recording was implemented in software. Writing data to a disk was done by converting 256-byte pages into sets of 5-bit (later, 6-bit) nibbles and loading disk data required the reverse. Moreover, 1982 documentation for the Integrated Woz Machine refers consistently to an "8 bit nibble". The term "byte" once had the same ambiguity and meant a set of bits but not

neg: LEB128 signed LEB128. To encode an unsigned number using unsigned LEB128 first represent the number in binary. Then zero extend the number up to a multiple of 7 bits (such that if the number is non-zero, the most significant 7 bits are not all 0). Break the number up into groups of 7 bits. Output one encoded byte for each 7 bit group, from least significant to most significant group. Each byte will have the group in its 7 least significant bits. Set the most significant bit on each byte except the last byte. The number zero is encoded as a

neg: IPv6 only unique within the subnet to which a host is connected. IPv6 has a mechanism for automatic address detection, so that address autoconfiguration always produces unique assignments. The 128 bits of an IPv6 address are represented in 8 groups of 16 bits each. Each group is written as four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called hextets or more formally a hexadectets and informally a quibble or quad-nibble ) and the groups are separated by colons (:). An example of this representation is . For convenience, an IPv6 address may be abbreviated to shorter notations by application of the following rules. An example

neg: SLIMbus Bandwidth allocation for various data organizations, from 4-bits to 32-bits or more, can be done by grouping 4-bit Slots. A Frame is defined as 192 (0 through 191) contiguous Slots and are transmitted as S0, followed by S1, S2 … S191 in that order. The first Slot (Slot 0) of each Frame is a Control Space slot which contains the four (4) bit Frame Sync symbol. Slot S96 of each Frame is also a Control Space slot which contains four (4) bits of Framing Information. The active Framer writes all Framing Information to the Data line at the appropriate time.

neg: Succinct data structure Suppose that formula_1 is the information-theoretical optimal number of bits needed to store some data. A representation of this data is called: For example, a data structure that uses formula_5 bits of storage is compact, formula_6 bits is succinct, formula_7 bits is also succinct, and formula_8 bits is implicit. Implicit structures are thus usually reduced to storing information using some permutation of the input data; the most well-known example of this is the heap. Succinct indexable dictionaries, also called "rank/select" dictionaries, form the basis of a number of succinct representation techniques, including binary trees, formula_9-ary trees and multisets, as well

neg: Dominican dollar and the 1½ bits the plugs from producing the 11 bits coins. The second series was issued in 1813 and consisted of 3, 4, 6, 12 and 16 bits. The 12 and 16 bits were holed 8 reales coins, with the plugs from the 12 bits used to make the other coins. Whole plugs made the 6 bits, halved plugs made the 3 bits and the plugs were themselves holed to make the 4 bits. The third series was issued between 1816 and 1818 and consisted of 2 bits and 2 shillings 6 pence (marked 26, equal to 3⅓ bits).

neg: Adjust flag bits) to the high nibble (upper four bits), or a borrow from the high nibble to the low nibble, in the low-order 8-bit portion, during a subtraction. Otherwise, if no such carry or borrow occurs, the flag is cleared or "reset" (set to 0). Adjust flag The Adjust flag is a CPU flag in the FLAGS register of all x86-compatible CPUs, and the preceding 8080-family; it is also called the Auxiliary flag and the Auxiliary Carry flag (AC). The flag bit is located at position 4 in the CPU flag register. It indicates when an arithmetic carry or borrow has

neg: RGB color model several different binary digital representations are in use. The main characteristic of all of them is the quantization of the possible values per component (technically a "sample" ) by using only integer numbers within some range, usually from 0 to some power of two minus one (2 − 1) to fit them into some bit groupings. Encodings of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 and 16 bits per color are commonly found; the total number of bits used for an RGB color is typically called the color depth. Since colors are usually defined by three components, not only in the RGB

neg: ANTIC below: Instruction Bits: Bits 7:4 are modifiers for Playfield Mode instructions in bits 3:0. Bit value 1 Enables the modifier, and 0 disables the modifier. When Mode bits are all zero ANTIC performs no playfield DMA and displays one or more blank scan line(s) of the background color. For normal color interpretation modes the "background" is color register COLBK ($D01A/53274) OS Shadow COLOR4 ($02C8/712), though this differs for the GTIA color interpretation modes. See discussion of COLBK on the GTIA page for more information. The number of blank scan lines are specified by the value of Bits 4 through Bits

neg: Elan Graphics MFLOPS and one RE3 Raster Engine. Together, they are capable of rendering 180K Z-buffered, lit, Gouraud-shaded triangles per second. The framebuffer has 56 bits per pixel, causing 12-bits per pixel (dithered RGB 4/4/4) to be used for a double-buffered, depth buffered, RGB layout. When double-buffering isn't required, it is possible to run in full 24-bit color. Similarly, when Z-buffering is not required, a double-buffered 24-bit RGB framebuffer configuration is possible. The Elan Graphics system also implemented hardware stencil buffering by allocating 4 bits from the Z-buffer to produce a combined 20-bit Z, 4-bit stencil buffer. Elan Graphics consists of five

neg: Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus the admitted students are given an opportunity to take up a Dual Degree based on their performance in the first year of the programme. BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus offers 4-year Integrated First Degree programs at the undergraduate level in the following seven fields: Higher degree evening programs offered are: BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus has entered into research collaboration with the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), Dubai, UAE The institute is located in Dubai International Academic City. AOEE - Association of Electronic Engineers CIIED - Centre for Innovation, Incubation & Entrepreneurship Dubai. Official Website IORTA is a robotics group formed

neg: 4B5B 5 bits of output code regardless of input data. When NRZI-encoded, the transitions provide necessary clock transitions for the receiver. For example, a run of 4 bits such as 0000 contains no transitions and that causes clocking problems for the receiver. 4B5B solves this problem by assigning the 4-bit block a 5-bit code, in this case 11110. The following codes are sometimes referred to as command characters. 4B5B In telecommunication, 4B5B is a form of data communications line code. 4B5B maps groups of 4 bits of data onto groups of 5 bits for transmission. These 5 bit words are pre-determined

neg: Advanced Encryption Standard and is efficient in both software and hardware. Unlike its predecessor DES, AES does not use a Feistel network. AES is a variant of Rijndael which has a fixed block size of 128 bits, and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. By contrast, Rijndael "per se" is specified with block and key sizes that may be any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of 128 and a maximum of 256 bits. AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order array of bytes, termed the "state". Most AES calculations are done in a particular finite field.

neg: IBM 1401 floor typical of the mainframe era (and modern data centers), used to hide cabling and distribute cooled air. Each alphanumeric character in the 1401 was encoded by six bits, called "B,A,8,4,2,1". The "B,A" bits were called "zone" bits and the "8,4,2,1" bits were called "numeric" bits, terms taken from the IBM 80 column punched card. IBM called the 1401's character code BCD, even though that term describes only the decimal digit encoding. The 1401's alphanumeric collating sequence was compatible with the punched card collating sequence. Associated with each memory location were two other bits, called "C" for odd parity check

neg: Agrippa (A Book of the Dead) ciphertext (in memory) through the re-purposed bit-scrambling decryption algorithm, and then abandoning the text in memory. Only the fake genetic code is written back to disk. The encryption resembles the RSA algorithm. This algorithm encodes data in 3-byte blocks. First, the each byte is permuted through an 8-position permutation, then the bits are split into two 12-bit integers (by taking the low 4 bits of the second byte and the 8 bits of the first byte as the first 12-bit integer, and the 8 bits of the third byte and the 4 high bits of the second integer as the