query: who designed the first truly modern skyscraper using steel framework covered in masonry

pos: Monadnock Building Heavy internal walls at the quarter and halfway points, the arches of which manifest Root's innovative wind bracing, mark the boundaries of the four original buildings. The Monadnock belongs to the Printing House Row District, a National Historic Landmark which includes the Manhattan Building, the Old Colony Building, and the Fisher Building, some of Chicago's seminal early skyscrapers. The Manhattan Building, built by William LeBaron Jenney in 1890, was the first building in Chicago with a complete steel skeleton or "Chicago" construction, an innovation Jenney had introduced in the Home Insurance Building in 1884. The first 16-story building in America,

pos: Tacoma Building (Chicago) structure went beyond William LeBaron Jenney's solution for his Home Insurance Building. After investigating the lost Chicago landmark, the National Association of Building Owners and Managers diagnosed the cause of its obsolescence to be the building's inefficient layout. Tacoma Building (Chicago) The Tacoma Building is an early skyscraper in Chicago. Completed in 1889, it was the first major building designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche. The Tacoma Building was demolished in 1929 to be replaced by One North LaSalle. A pioneering building of the Chicago School, it uses a framework of iron and steel constructed by George A.

pos: Great Lakes region the industrial engineering of steel in revolutionizing the modern era of mass production manufacturing. Chicago-based Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck companies complemented mass manufactures with mass retail distribution. Chicago and Detroit carry important roles in the field of architecture. Chicago pioneered the world's first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building designed by William LeBaron Jenney. Engineering innovation established Chicago from that time on to become one of the world's most influential epicenters of contemporary urban and commercial architecture. Equally influential was the 1832 invention of balloon-framing in Chicago which replaced heavy timber construction requiring massive beams and great woodworking skill with

neg: Prudential, Warsaw Prudential, Warsaw Prudential is a notable skyscraper in Warsaw, Poland. Built between 1931 and 1933 in the Art Deco style, it served as a base for the British Prudential Insurance Company. It is located on Warsaw Uprising Square along Świętokrzyska Street. At the time of construction it was the second tallest European skyscraper with eighteen stories (66 m). Built using a steel framework it was the tallest building in Warsaw until the Palace of Culture and Science was constructed. The building, designed by Marcin Weinfeld, included office space on lower stories and luxurious apartments further up. The steel framework, innovative

neg: Alaska Building completed in 1904, following eleven months of construction. It was designed by Eames and Young, a St. Louis architectural firm, under the supervision of local architects Saunders and Lawton. The contractor was James Black Masonry Construction. The building was the first steel frame building of any height in the Northwest and Seattle's first skyscraper. It remained Seattle's tallest building for ten years after it was built. It was designed using terra cotta and in a style inspired by the Beaux Arts, which is somewhat rare for Seattle (although the Frye Hotel is another major Beaux Arts example in the Pioneer

neg: Skyscraper or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers' walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by large surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames and curtain walls. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a small surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a tubular structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic,

neg: History of Chicago architectural style contributed to a revival of "Beaux Arts" architecture that borrowed from historical styles, although Chicago was also developing the original skyscraper and organic forms based in new technologies. The fair featured the first, and until recently, largest Ferris wheel ever built. The soft, swampy ground near the lake proved unstable ground for tall masonry buildings. While this was an early constraint, builders developed the innovative use of steel framing for support and invented the skyscraper in Chicago. The city became a leader in modern architecture and set the model nationwide for achieving vertical city densities. Developers and citizens

neg: Architecture of Chicago designed by John Wellborn Root Sr. and Daniel Burnham, was built from 1882 to 1883 using structural steel. Daniel Burnham and his partners, John Welborn Root and Charles Atwood, designed technically advanced steel frames with glass and terra cotta skins in the mid-1890s, in particular the Reliance Building; these were made possible by professional engineers, in particular E. C. Shankland, and modern contractors, in particular George A. Fuller. Louis Sullivan was perhaps the city's most philosophical architect. Realizing that the skyscraper represented a new form of architecture, he discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This

neg: Pullman Flatiron Building architecture that embraces such a limitation. A building of this style in Pullman is surprising and deserves recognition. This style of architecture is directly related to the birth of the skyscraper and the advancing technology of steel construction and the ability to build higher and higher. Prior to this time, buildings had not been very many stories high. Using steel, buildings could be built taller without the bulky structure of masonry. Around the turn of the century, this school of thought dominated architecture in major cities. The Flatiron Building in New York City, built in 1902, was constructed using the

neg: Crane Company Building (Chicago) Crane Company Building (Chicago) The Crane Company Building is a skyscraper located at 836 S. Michigan Ave. in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The twelve-story building was designed by Holabird & Roche and built in 1912. The steel frame skyscraper was designed in the Classical Revival style, and its exterior design is split into three sections. The first and second floors are faced in limestone and feature piers supporting a cornice; the third floor is also covered in limestone. The fourth through eleventh floors are constructed in red brick; windows on these floors feature terra cotta keystones and

neg: Skyscraper Skyscraper A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately . Historically, the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s. The definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th Century. Skyscrapers may host commercial offices or residential space, or both. For buildings above a height of , the term "supertall" can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond are classified as "megatall". One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls. These curtain walls either bear on the framework below

neg: Leo Burnett Building Leo Burnett Building The Leo Burnett Building, located on 35 West Wacker Drive at North Dearborn Street in the Chicago Loop, is a 50 story, 635 foot (193 m) tall skyscraper above the Chicago River's Main Stem on the southern bank. When built in 1989, it was the 12th tallest structure in Chicago. It was designed by Kevin Roche-John Dinkeloo and Associates and Shaw & Associates. It is a postmodern design made with granite, masonry, glass, steel and concrete. The windows are divided by stainless steel bars, which is typical of "Chicago windows." It houses advertising agency Leo Burnett Worldwide,

neg: Hybrid masonry steel plates can be designed in two manners. If the design engineer wishes the steel plate to be the weak point, the plate can be designed as a fuse. The fuse would dissipate energy after yielding and be easily replaced after an extreme event. Alternatively, the plate can be designed so it does not yield before the masonry panel experiences significant damage. A strong plate would localize the damage to the masonry. Type II hybrid masonry is constrained vertically by the steel frame; however, the sides of the panel still have a gap between the steel and the masonry. The

neg: Tacoma Building (Chicago) Tacoma Building (Chicago) The Tacoma Building is an early skyscraper in Chicago. Completed in 1889, it was the first major building designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche. The Tacoma Building was demolished in 1929 to be replaced by One North LaSalle. A pioneering building of the Chicago School, it uses a framework of iron and steel constructed by George A. Fuller with, for the first time, all its members fixed together by rivets. While internally still supported by load-bearing walls, the two facades towards LaSalle Street and Madison Street are true curtain walls. With this, Holabird & Roche's

neg: George A. Fuller wary of using steel and unsure of its long-term properties. Very little is really known today of the properties of steel ... and though events point strongly to [it] becoming the metal of the future, there exists among many reasonable conservative men, a wide and well-grounded distrust of its use in the higher engineer or architectural structures, on account of its mysterious behavior, and frequent erratic and inexplicable failures. Fuller's firm built the Tacoma Building in Chicago designed by Holabird & Roche and completed in 1889, which was the first skyscraper with non load bearing curtain walls. By using Bessemer

neg: Karl Schwanzer fine materials adds to the intimacy of place. The steel-framed building was originally designed as the Austrian Pavilion at the Brussels World Fair of 1958. The rectangular structure includes a courtyard between the pylons. The ground floor was constructed as a covered space. Initially the building was designed as a temporary structure. However it was later transferred to the Swiss Garden in Vienna, where it was adapted for use as a museum of modern art. The framework of the information pavilion was used for the entrance hall, office and staff rooms, a small exhibition space and a lecture theatre. The

neg: Prudential, Warsaw closed down for refurbishment. The façade is to be returned to its pre-war art deco form, while the interior is to house a luxurious four-star hotel. Prudential, Warsaw Prudential is a notable skyscraper in Warsaw, Poland. Built between 1931 and 1933 in the Art Deco style, it served as a base for the British Prudential Insurance Company. It is located on Warsaw Uprising Square along Świętokrzyska Street. At the time of construction it was the second tallest European skyscraper with eighteen stories (66 m). Built using a steel framework it was the tallest building in Warsaw until the Palace of

neg: George Washington Bridge of the bare steel towers were favorable. Several groups, such as the American Institute of Steel Construction, believed that covering the steel framework with masonry would be both misleading and "fundamentally ugly". The masonry facades were ultimately never built; the exposed steel towers, with their distinctive criss-crossed bracing, became one of the George Washington Bridge's most identifiable characteristics. The Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier wrote of the towers: "The structure is so pure, so resolute, so regular that here, finally, steel architecture seems to laugh." After the George Washington Bridge was successfully constructed without masonry towers, Ammann did not incorporate any

neg: Early skyscrapers structural advances in metal frame design. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, opened in 1885, is, however, most often labelled the first skyscraper because of its innovative use of structural steel in a metal frame design. The Home Insurance Building was a tall, 10-story skyscraper designed by William Le Baron Jenney, who had been trained as an engineer in France and was a leading architect in Chicago. Jenney's design was unusual in that it incorporated structural steel into the building's internal metal frame alongside the traditional wrought iron. This frame took the weight of the floors of the building and

neg: Manhattan Building (Chicago, Illinois) the upper stories helps lighten the load placed on the internal steel framework. The north and south walls of tile are supported on steel cantilevers that carry the load back to the internal supporting structure. The versatility and strength of metal frame construction made the skyscraper possible, as evidenced by this structure, which reached the then-astounding height of 16 stories in 1891. Its architect was a pioneer in the development of tall buildings. Manhattan Building (Chicago, Illinois) The Manhattan Building is a 16-story building at 431 South Dearborn Street in Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by architect William Le Baron

neg: Neoclassicism the style were produced by Zholtovsky school that remained an isolated phenomena. The political intervention was a disaster for constructivist leaders yet was sincerely welcomed by architects of the classical schools. Neoclassicism was an easy choice for the USSR since it did not rely on modern construction technologies (steel frame or reinforced concrete) and could be reproduced in traditional masonry. Thus the designs of Zholtovsky, Fomin and other old masters were easily replicated in remote towns under strict material rationing. Improvement of construction technology after World War II permitted Stalinist architects to venture into skyscraper construction, although stylistically these skyscrapers

neg: Moment-resisting frame the earliest use of structural steel in building construction. Steel building construction with the frame carrying the vertical loads initiated with the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, a 10-story structure constructed in 1884 with a height of 138 ft, often credited with being the first skyscraper. This and other tall buildings in Chicago spawned an entire generation of tall buildings, constructed with load bearing steel frames supporting concrete floors and non-load bearing, unreinforced masonry infill walls at their perimeters. Framing in these early structures typically utilized "H" shapes built up from plates, and "L" and "Z" sections. Moment-resisting frame Moment-resisting

neg: Continental Bank Building from May 5 to July 13. The 15-story structure had exterior masonry that bore walls composed of granite (some pieces weighing as much as 10 tons) that were up to three feet thick at the lower walls. The exterior was ashlar granite while the interior was common brick backup laid in cement mortar. The steel structure was only designed to carry the floor loads, because the exterior was self-supporting. Continental Bank Building The Continental Bank Building is a skyscraper located at 30 Broad Street in New York City that was completed in 1932. It is next to the New York

neg: Modern architecture States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in the center of the fast-growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in 1852. The first steel-framed "skyscraper", The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world. Louis Sullivan built another monumental new structure, the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, in the heart of Chicago in 1904-06.

neg: Bradford Gilbert Bradford Gilbert Bradford Lee Gilbert (March 24, 1853–September 1, 1911 in Watertown, New York) was an American architect based in New York City. Gilbert is known for designing the first steel-framed curtain wall building in New York, the Tower Building, which opened at 50 Broadway in 1889. The Tower Building is considered New York City's first skyscraper. There is some dispute as to whether the Tower Building had eleven or thirteen floors, depending on which floors were counted and which side of the building was considered. It had to have the steel-frame construction because on its narrow lot, masonry-supporting walls

neg: Chicago including railroads and stockyards, survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. The city has grown significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson

neg: Skyscraper 1885. Some point to Philadelphia's 10-story Jayne Building (1849–50) as a proto-skyscraper, or to New York's seven-floor Equitable Life Building (New York City), built in 1870, for its innovative use of a kind of skeletal frame, but such designation depends largely on what factors are chosen. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic. The structural definition of the word "skyscraper" was refined later by architectural historians, based on engineering developments of the 1880s that had enabled construction of tall multi-story buildings. This definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry,

neg: Snowplow (di Suvero) steel bolts. The artwork is supported by a pink-colored concrete pad, which is covered by a wide circle of gravel surrounding the artwork. In the late 1960s and 1970s, di Suvero began working in a truly monumental scale, using I-beams as a consistent aesthetic and structural element in his work, as displayed in "Snowplow". He drew upon the dynamism of an urban environment for inspiration, as opposed to many Minimalists of the time whose artwork reflected the alienation of modern cities and machinery. Di Suvero believed art to be an integral part of city life, considering both the artwork's surroundings

neg: FSO Syrena and a self-supporting chassis. Due to a lack of deep-drawn metal parts and cost reductions, the first Syrena 100 cars were supposed to have a wooden bodywork covered with leather-like material. The cars were powered by 2-stroke engines designed by engineer Fryderyk Bluemke. The first two preprototypes of Syrena were made in December 1953. One – with a wooden framework, was constructed by Stanislaw Panczakiewicz, while the second, steel-bodied car was made by Stanislaw Lukaszewicz. They met halfway by combining the first car's design with the steel bodywork of the second one (with one exception – the roof remained wooden).

neg: Konak Pier explained with stone masonry and rough plaster cover. Later on second floor was added with concrete slabs and brick walls. The later addition part was constructed with cast iron columns and steel profiled points on top of it. Konak Pier The Konak Pier is a pier in the Turkish city of İzmir. It was designed in 1890 by the famous French architect and construction engineer Gustave Eiffel, to function as a customs building. It was built close to historical Konak Square and adds significant value to the area even now. The building was constructed with stone masonry and covered with

neg: Yakovlev AIR-11 Yakovlev AIR-11 The Yakovlev AIR-11, also known as Yakovlev LT-1, was a 3-seat low-wing touring cabin monoplane designed by A.S. Yakovlev in the USSR, circa 1936. Reportedly inspired by the Percival Gull, Yakovlev designed and built a similar aircraft using his tried and tested structural formulae of wooden wings, fabric covered steel tube fuselage with fabric covered D1 (Duralumin) tail section and control surfaces. The fixed tail-wheel undercarriage was spatted and fitted with trousers, with a spring steel tail-skid, or, alternatively, on skis. Pilot and first passenger sat side by side under an upward-folding hood with the second passenger in

neg: Skyscraper and construction of skyscrapers involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall buildings. The buildings must support their weight, resist wind and earthquakes, and protect occupants from fire. Yet they must also be conveniently accessible, even on the upper floors, and provide utilities and a comfortable climate for the occupants. The problems posed in skyscraper design are considered among the most complex encountered given the balances required between economics, engineering, and construction management. One common feature of skyscrapers is a steel framework from which curtain walls are suspended, rather than load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Most skyscrapers have a steel

neg: McLean County Courthouse and Square in 1941 to give the building a more modern feeling. At one time there were plans to replace the terra cotta panels on the east facade with stainless steel panels. The WWII steel shortage stopped those plans and the terra cotta panels remain one of the building's most prominent features. This steel structured "skyscraper" was designed by Bloomington architect George Miller and is an example of Chicago Style architecture. The design incorporates many elements which would later be connected to what is now called the Sullivanesque Style, after Louis Sullivan. Sullivan concentrated on many of design elements seen in the

neg: Husky Ballpark Ground was broken in late July 2011 on the first phase of a $20 million project that included a 2,200-seat covered concrete, steel, and masonry grandstand. A press box, concession stands, restrooms, suites, team locker room, equipment and medical training rooms, coaches and umpires locker facilities, and a video training area is included. The donors building provides a dual use team classroom/players' lounge and donor gathering space with a kitchen and viewing deck. The deck connects to a special external donor seating section. The new stadium was designed by SRG Partnership, and built by Bayley Construction. The first stage of

neg: Chrysler Building modern tenants include: Chrysler Building The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco–style skyscraper located on the East Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan. At , the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is the tallest brick building in the world with a steel framework. , the Chrysler is the eighth-tallest building in the city, tied with The New York Times Building. Originally a project of real estate

neg: VL Tuisku VL Tuisku The VL Tuisku (English: Blizzard or Snowstorm) was a Finnish trainer aircraft designed in the 1930s. It was a two-seat, single-engined biplane with a welded steel framework, covered with fabric. 30 were produced for the Finnish Air Force and served from 1935 to 1949. Arvo Ylinen, who was the chief designer at the State Aircraft Factory ("Valtion lentokonetehdas", abbreviated VL) led a project to create a new trainer aircraft for the Finnish Air Force. A prototype was built in 1933 and it was first flown on January 10, 1934 by lieutenant U.E. Mäkelä. Series production began one year

neg: Broad Street Station (Philadelphia) its President Street Station which had just been purchased by the Pennsylvania Railroad assuming control) in the same year of completion in 1881. It was one of the first steel-framed buildings in the United States to use masonry not as structure, but as a curtain wall (as modern-designed skyscrapers do). Initially, trains arrived via elevated tracks built above Filbert Street. By 1885 the land between the station and the Schuylkill River had been purchased and cleared, and a 9-block viaduct constructed. Broad Street Station was dramatically expanded by renowned Philadelphia architect Frank Furness, 1892-93. Wilson Brothers designed a new train

neg: River Terrace (Washington, D.C.) National Park devoted to aquatic plants. George Thomas Santmyers, Jr., one of Washington, DC's most prolific architects of the 20th century, designed the houses in River Terrace. The initial two-story brick and masonry row houses were 15-feet wide on 100-feet-deep lots, and each home had two or three bedrooms. All the houses had steel casement windows and hardwood floors on the first and second floors, and many houses included a full concrete basement. A 1937 newspaper advertisement boasted that River Terrace is a "community of modern homes specifically designed for the two- to five-member family of average means." The same

neg: Mercedes Simplex the achievements at the races, he contrasted these with car's name, commenting: "A truly beautiful engine you have here! But it's not as simple as that, you know." In 1903, Maybach designed a second version of the "Mercedes Simplex", of 60 hp. "Mercedes Simplex" framework was long, wide and with a low center of gravity, giving an improved stability at high speeds. The wheelbase was extended to 2.45 meters (8'1"). Its carefully designed frame was made of pressed steel. The engine was welded onto it directly, keeping it at a low height. Other general modifications reduced the overall Simplex weight

neg: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) coatings. The dissolvable pill was invented in 1884 by William E. Upjohn. 1884 Skyscraper A skyscraper is a tall building that uses a steel-frame construction. After the Great Fire of 1871, Chicago had become a magnet for daring experiments in architecture as one of those was the birth of the skyscraper. The edifice known as the world's first skyscraper was the 10-story Home Insurance Company Building built in 1884. It was designed by the Massachusetts-born architect William Le Baron Jenney. 1885 Popcorn machine 1885 Photographic film 1885 Mixer (cooking) 1885 Fuel dispenser A fuel dispenser is used to pump gasoline,

neg: Verizon Building thick masonry exterior and use of masonry to protect steel columns and structural elements helped the building withstand the attacks. Restoration of the building and damaged communications infrastructure after the attacks took three years, at a cost of $1.4 billion. The building, which has been called "one of the most significant structures in skyscraper design", was the longtime corporate headquarters of Verizon Communications. The interior of the building includes . The lobby features veined marble walls, travertine floors with inlaid bronze medallions, and other ornate decor, including ceiling murals that depict how human communication has progressed, from Aztec runners to

neg: Wilder Building Wilder Building Wilder Building is a historic office building located in Rochester, New York. It is an eleven-story steel or iron framed brick clad structure built between 1887 and 1888 in a modified Romanesque style. It is considered Rochester's first modern skyscraper, and is considered to be among the oldest of the early skyscrapers. It was designed by noted Rochester architects Warner & Brockett. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The Wilder Building originally contained spires at each corner of its roof, but they have since been removed. James Goold Cutler received U.S. Patent

neg: Chaudière Bridge to the replacement of the main span. The Union Suspension Bridge, opened on September 17, 1843 (possibly September 17, 1844), was a iron bridge built by Alexander Christie, and designed by Samuel Keefer until 1889 when it was again rebuilt using steel truss construction. The current steel bridge was built by the Dominion Bridge Company in 1919. Several of the masonry arches dating from 1828 are still in use, just to the north of the current steel bridge. On December 3, 2008, Public Works and Government Services Canada closed the bridge for vehicular and pedestrian traffic after an inspection revealed

neg: Taylorcraft F-19 Sportsman Taylorcraft F-19 Sportsman The Taylorcraft Model F-19 Sportsman is a two-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by Taylorcraft Aircraft as the first new product of the reformed Taylorcraft Aviation Company. The F-19 fuselage is a fabric-covered 4130 steel tube framework; its wing was fabric-covered wood. It has conventional landing gear and a tractor configuration 100 hp (75 kW) Continental O-200 engine. C.G. Taylor and his brother formed the Taylor Brothers Aviation Corporation in 1929, which had produced several thousand light single-engines by the time it went bankrupt in 1946. It emerged in 1947 as Taylorcraft Inc. and produced light airplanes

neg: Citizens Building (Hot Springs, Arkansas) cornice. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Citizens Building (Hot Springs, Arkansas) The Citizens Building is a historic commercial building at 723 Central Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a narrow six-story steel and masonry structure, built in 1911-12. It was the first skyscraper to be built in Hot Springs, and was immediately noted for its dignified exterior. The first floor consists of a colonnade of stone arches, above which four identical floors rise, finished in white glazed brick manufactured by the Leon Tiffany Company. The top floor is set off from

neg: Citizens Building (Hot Springs, Arkansas) Citizens Building (Hot Springs, Arkansas) The Citizens Building is a historic commercial building at 723 Central Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a narrow six-story steel and masonry structure, built in 1911-12. It was the first skyscraper to be built in Hot Springs, and was immediately noted for its dignified exterior. The first floor consists of a colonnade of stone arches, above which four identical floors rise, finished in white glazed brick manufactured by the Leon Tiffany Company. The top floor is set off from the lower floors by a band of corbelling, and is topped by a dentillated

neg: Poughkeepsie Trust Company Poughkeepsie Trust Company The Poughkeepsie Trust Company building is located on Main Street in that city in the U.S. state of New York. It is immediately to the east of, and joined to, the Dutchess County Court House. Local architect Percival Lloyd designed the building, the bank's second on that site, as the Hudson Valley's first modern skyscraper at six stories in height. It cost $100,000 to build and included an ornately-carved stone facade. Brick, steel and stone were used in the interior framing. Inside, the ground floor was the site of a Mycenaean marble banking room, with intact mahogany

neg: One Rockwell West Tower One Rockwell West Tower One Rockwell West Tower is an condominium in Rockwell Center, Makati, Philippines. The building part is of the One Rockwell building complex. It is the tallest in the complex and it is one of the tallest skyscraper in the Philippines, rising from ground. The tower is elliptical in shape and is built using the usual steel and glaze. Balconies are built at the peak of the tower. The bulk of the tower is covered in a blue tinted glaze but clear glazing will be used to cover the roof. The facade overrun allows the using of

neg: Shanghai World Financial Center Willis, head of New York's Skyscraper Museum, stated: "The simplicity of its form as well as its size dramatizes the idea of the skyscraper." Architect Tim Johnson noted its innovative structural design: "Steel trusses guard against the forces of wind and earthquake and made the building lighter, made it use less steel, and contributed to its sustainability." Johnson described the SWFC's structure as "nothing short of genius." Shanghai World Financial Center The Shanghai World Financial Center (SWFC; ) is a supertall skyscraper located in the Pudong district of Shanghai. It was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and developed by the

neg: Cartesian skyscraper Cartesian skyscraper The Cartesian sky-scraper, designed by Le Corbusier in 1938, is a type of tower known for its modern and rational design. This type of modern administration building has its origin in the first sketches for the Pavillon de L'Esprit Nouveau in 1919, which proposed a cruciform shape for skyscrapers, radiating light and stability. In principle, the cruciform plan (with two axes) does not adapt itself to the path of the sun, which has only one axis. Studying further, it was seen that with this symmetrical form about two axes, the cruciform skyscraper does not receive sunlight on its

neg: One Bennett Park paints and interior coatings. At least 20% of raw materials, such as structural concrete and steel, drywall, masonry, and insulation, will be sourced regionally (within 500 miles of the project site). At least 10% of the materials will be recycled. This strategy aims to decrease pollution caused by transportation of materials over long distances as well as toxins released during raw material production (as opposed to recycling and reusing materials). One Bennett Park One Bennett Park is a skyscraper under construction at 451 East Grand Avenue, in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The project was first announced as the building

neg: Steel frame masonry, particularly for wind loads. In the United States, the first steel framed building was the Rand McNally Building in Chicago, erected in 1890. The Royal Insurance Building in Liverpool designed by James Francis Doyle in 1895 (erected 1896-1903) was the first to use a steel frame in the United Kingdom. Steel frame Steel frame is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal -beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. The development of this technique made the construction

neg: Masonry to form a bond beam. Bond beams are often a requirement of modern building codes and controls. Another type of steel reinforcement, referred to as ladder-reinforcement, can also be embedded in horizontal mortar joints of concrete block walls. The introduction of steel reinforcement generally results in a CMU wall having much greater lateral and tensile strength than unreinforced walls. "Architectural masonry is the evolvement of standard concrete masonry blocks into aesthetically pleasing concrete masonry units (CMUs)." CMUs can be manufactured to provide a variety of surface appearances. They can be colored during manufacturing or stained or painted after installation. They

neg: 456 Montgomery Plaza 456 Montgomery Plaza 456 Montgomery Plaza is a , 26-story class-A office skyscraper on Montgomery Street in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. 456 Montgomery was constructed in the mid-1980s on the site of the Italian American Bank (designed by Albert Pissis in 1907) and A. Borel and Company (designed by Howard and Galloway in 1908). The modern tower retains the classic temple facades at its base. The original bank facade architects are incorrectly attributed in the earlier comments. 456 Montgomery, completed in August 1985, is a 26-story steel frame high-rise office tower rising above two circa 1907 landmark

neg: Windway a roof deck over the living room. The house has a steel and concrete framework which supports the wood roof and floor decks. There are concrete-encased steel beams exposed above the roofline. One runs east-west above the second floor, two are above the section of the second floor that is above the drive-through, two run north-south above the first floor living room extension, and there are two each above the dining room and kitchen areas of the first floor. The exterior brick walls are primarily a veneer over the concrete except the north wall which is a load bearing masonry

neg: Cartesian skyscraper north-facing sides. Cartesian skyscraper The Cartesian sky-scraper, designed by Le Corbusier in 1938, is a type of tower known for its modern and rational design. This type of modern administration building has its origin in the first sketches for the Pavillon de L'Esprit Nouveau in 1919, which proposed a cruciform shape for skyscrapers, radiating light and stability. In principle, the cruciform plan (with two axes) does not adapt itself to the path of the sun, which has only one axis. Studying further, it was seen that with this symmetrical form about two axes, the cruciform skyscraper does not receive sunlight

neg: Porta Nuova (Milan) to Varese, has been desigend by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associated and occupies 85,000 square metres. The main building of this area is Torre Diamante, a 130 mentres high, diamond-shaped tower that is Italy's tallest skyscraper with a steel structure. The "Isola" area ("island" in Italian, owing its name to the fact that it was once encircled by railway lines), designed by Boeri Studio, extends over 31,500 square metres. Its most distinctive feature is Bosco Verticale, a pair of residential towers covered in trees and vegetation. Porta Nuova (Milan) Porta Nuova (; literally "New Door"; ) is one of the main

neg: 1902 Ibrox disaster was designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch, a boyhood Rangers fan who offered his services free of charge, and had a capacity of 35,913. However, Leitch himself had expressed concerns over the maximum capacity and visited the site prior to the match to inspect the stand but a surveyor passed the site fit for purpose. There had previously been reports of significant swaying in the structure. The stand had been built using a steel framework using vertical beams set in concrete at the foundations. Horizontal beams were then interlocked with wooden decking used to form a step like construction for

neg: St. Helen's (skyscraper) building. The construction of the Commercial Union building was undertaken by Taylor Woodrow Construction. The structure comprises a central concrete service core, surrounded by a steel framework suspended from projecting steel truss sections at the mid- and roof-level plant floors. The office floors are suspended from these steel frameworks; the roof section supports twelve floors while the midsection supports thirteen floors. The steel hangers are installed in alternate window mullions and vary in size: 0.23 m × 0.05–0.23 m. This suspended construction design was aimed at maximising floor space by largely eliminating the need for support columns. The new piazza

neg: Wainwright Building Historic Places. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright called the Wainwright Building "the very first human expression of a tall steel office-building as Architecture." The building is currently owned by the State of Missouri and houses state offices. In May 2013 it was listed by an episode of the PBS series 10 That Changed America as one of "10 Buildings That Changed America" because it was "the first skyscraper that truly looked the part" with Sullivan being dubbed the "Father of Skyscrapers." The Wainwright building was commissioned by Ellis Wainwright, a St. Louis brewer. Wainwright needed office space to manage the St

neg: Van Nuys Apartments Super Collection clothing are 2 of the current tenants. Van Nuys Apartments The Van Nuys Apartments were developed by their namesake – Isaac Newton Van Nuys – in 1913 as a financial center in the heart of Los Angeles. The building was designed by the architecture firm Morgan, Walls & Clements, who designed other notable landmarks such as the Mayan Theater, El Capitan Theater, and The Citadel. The building features an 11-story steel frame with masonry-clad walls; its primary facades facing Spring street and 7th street. Upon its opening, First National Bank occupied the entire first floor and basement of

neg: Van Nuys Apartments Van Nuys Apartments The Van Nuys Apartments were developed by their namesake – Isaac Newton Van Nuys – in 1913 as a financial center in the heart of Los Angeles. The building was designed by the architecture firm Morgan, Walls & Clements, who designed other notable landmarks such as the Mayan Theater, El Capitan Theater, and The Citadel. The building features an 11-story steel frame with masonry-clad walls; its primary facades facing Spring street and 7th street. Upon its opening, First National Bank occupied the entire first floor and basement of the building, while Dean Witter & Company, Merrill Lynch,

neg: Martin Tower in 1972. The skyscraper was named after then-Bethlehem Steel chairman Edmund F. Martin. Bethlehem Steel spared no expense in their new skyscraper headquarters. The building was built in the shape of a cross (or plus-sign) rather than a more conventional square, in order to create more corner- and window-offices. The original offices were designed by decorators from New York and included wooden furniture, doorknobs with the company logo, and handwoven carpets. The building was a testament to the economic heights the Lehigh Valley reached in the 1970s before the large economic turndown caused by the decline of the steel industry.

neg: Hardy Bridge decade, the state began a program of road improvements and bridge building that constructed more than 400 masonry, iron, or steel bridges in the state by 1930. As a cost-saving measure, the State Highway Commission (now the Montana Department of Transportation) had already adopted a uniform riveted steel Warren through truss design in 1915. Throughout the 1920s, both steel and timber bridges were constructed. Almost 1,000 timber bridges, designed to bridge small creeks or coulees, were built. Roughly an additional 170 bridges were made of masonry, iron, or steel. With the onset of the Great Depression in October 1929, the

neg: Architecture of the United States Jenney solved the problem with a steel support frame in Chicago's 10-story Home Insurance Building, 1885. Arguably this is the first true skyscraper. The use of a thin curtain wall in place of a load-bearing wall reduced the building's overall weight by two thirds. Another feature that was to become familiar in 20th-century skyscrapers first appeared in Chicago's Reliance Building, designed by Charles B. Atwood and E.C. Shankland, Chicago, 1890 – 1895. Because outer walls no longer bore the weight of a building it was possible to increase window size. This became the first skyscraper to have plate glass windows

neg: Art Deco In 1937, the Steuben glass company began the practice of commissioning famous artists to produce glassware. Louis Majorelle, famous for his Art Nouveau furniture, designed a remarkable Art Deco stained glass window portraying steel workers for the offices of the Aciéries de Longwy, a steel mill in Longwy, France. Art Deco artists produced a wide variety of practical objects in the Art Deco style, made of industrial materials from traditional wrought iron to chrome-plated steel. The American artist Norman Bel Geddes designed a cocktail set resembling a skyscraper made of chrome-plated steel. Raymond Subes designed an elegant metal grille for

neg: Big 4 (sculpture) Big 4 (sculpture) The Big 4 is a sculpture made of steel bars located outside the headquarters of the Channel Four Television Corporation in London. It is designed to represent the logo of Channel 4 while providing a basis for a number of art installations. As of November 2012 seven installations have been made on the statue's steel framework, including those to coincide with the 2012 Summer Paralympics, covered with both newsprint and umbrellas, and a design to simulate the statue breathing. The design and construction of the "Big 4" was a collaboration between Mike Smith Studio, Freestate and Atelier

neg: Inland Steel Building Inland Steel Building The Inland Steel Building, located at 30 W. Monroe Street in Chicago, is one of the city's defining commercial high-rises of the post-World War II era of modern architecture. It was built in the years 1956–1957 and was the first skyscraper to be built in the Chicago Loop following the Great Depression of the 1930s. Its principal designers were Bruce Graham and Walter Netsch of the Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architecture firm. The use of brushed stainless steel cladding reflects the corporation that commissioned the building as its headquarters, the Inland Steel Company. The placement of all

neg: Jeppesen Gymnasium of a joint project between the Works Progress Administration and the Houston Independent School District. It was constructed simultaneously with nearby Robertson Stadium. Designed by Harry D. Payne using an art deco design style, Jeppesen Gymnasium's structure consisted of two stories and a basement. It was built of reinforced concrete and steel with masonry walls. Buttresses, columns, and steel trusses supported a sound-absorbing roof. On the south end of the structure were four entrances to a lobby that led to the basketball court itself. Jeppesen Gymnasium Jeppesen Gymnasium, also known as Jeppesen Fieldhouse, was a multi-purpose sports facility on the

neg: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis was added on top. The modern superstructure clashed with the granite Roman columns on the building's façade. After the Fed moved to its second building in 1973, the new owner, a partnership of New York developers, Peter V. Tishman and Jay Marc Schwamm, had the lower portion covered with something that was a better match to the skyscraper "hat" on top. The , windowless, lower floors were stripped of the granite and replaced with a "bird cage" limestone facade (designed by Minneapolis architect Robert Cerny) and a totally artificially sustained natural garden of ficus trees and pools of water (designed

neg: Carnegie Building (Pittsburgh) Fifth Avenue. It was torn down in 1952 for an expansion of Kaufmann's flagship store. The Carnegie Building was an early example of Chicago school architecture in Pittsburgh, and was designed by the architectural firm Longfellow, Alden & Harlow. It rose 13 floors in height, and stood as the first steel-framed skyscraper in Pittsburgh and one of the first steel-cage structured buildings in the world. Carnegie Building (Pittsburgh) The Carnegie Building, also known as the Carnegie Steel Building, was a high-rise building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The structure started construction in 1893 and was completed in 1895 as the city's tallest

neg: William Douglas Lee for the design and construction of Lee Tower located at 5455 Wilshire Boulevard. ""It was among the first skyscrapers built in Los Angeles after the height limit ordinance of 150 feet was relaxed in 1957"..." "Completed in 1961, The Lee Tower introduced the appearance of the modern skyscraper in Los Angeles". The Lee Tower was the first skyscraper to exceed the 150-foot height limit following the repeal of the height restriction by the Los Angeles City Council. Lee far surpassed the limit by constructing 280 feet up, with a total of 21 stories. The Lee Tower's steel-frame, glass-curtain wall design

neg: Sparta Masonic Temple which is the subject of this article. Sparta's new Masonic Temple was completed in 1923, with construction delayed because of the steel shortage due to WWI. The building was designed by Parkinson & Dockendorff of La Crosse, combining the proportions of Classical Revival style with the low-pitched hip roof and wide eaves of Prairie Style. The framework is reinforced concrete and steel, clad in cream brick. Two-story pilasters are formed from that brick. The roof is covered in red tile. The "Sparta Herald" gave a nice description of the inside when it opened in 1923: "Entering the marble wainscoted vestibule

neg: Baronda Robin Boyd's Black Dolphin Motel in Merimbula, for which Graeme Gunn was project architect in the late 1950s, provided a crucial precedent for this flowering of Modern Movement design in this region. The Baronda residence is a three-storey post and beam timber house over five levels, designed by Graeme Gunn, a Melbourne architect with a national reputation. Designs for Baronda were begun in 1968 and the house was completed in 1969. It has been described as "a complex but resolved spiral of spaces reaching out to the landscape from a firm masonry core". The timber pole framework, a horizontal and

neg: Ramped cargo lighter shore, around harbours, or in littoral or riverine environments. The overall dimensions of the RCL were bow to stern, and beam. The cargo well (or tank deck) was long. The bow ramp was lowered and raised by two hand winches. The ramp was built of plywood faced with steel and hinged to steel receiving plates on the bow. The framework of the RCL was constructed of appropriate Canadian timbers and covered with a seven-ply marine plywood, Sylvaply weather-board. The craft weighed 25 tons, and had a carrying capacity of 35 tons It was designed to carry ordnance and troops, as

neg: Hybrid masonry Hybrid masonry The system was first introduced by David Biggs, PE in 2007 at the 10th North American Masonry Conference and was based on historical masonry construction and the practice of anchoring masonry walls in steel frames for out of plane strength. There are five different configurations of hybrid masonry. They consist of three different main types with two subsets; however, the first type does not allow both subsets. The three types consist of different constraint conditions within the steel frame and the two subsets are based on the anchoring of the vertical reinforcement in the masonry panel. Type I

neg: Ashfork-Bainbridge Steel Dam quarrying and setting stone. Steel dams use relatively thin steel plates in contact with the water surface, with a framework of steel behind them transmitting the load to the ground. The plates are slanted upwards in the direction of water flow, so that the weight of the water puts compressive forces on the girders holding the plates up. This transmits force to the ground without the bending moment that a vertical wall of plates would engender. It was believed that these dams could be constructed faster and more cheaply than masonry dams. The dam lies about to the east of

neg: One Rockwell West Tower a rooftop pool and a decking area. The top of the tower also features two levels. One Rockwell West Tower One Rockwell West Tower is an condominium in Rockwell Center, Makati, Philippines. The building part is of the One Rockwell building complex. It is the tallest in the complex and it is one of the tallest skyscraper in the Philippines, rising from ground. The tower is elliptical in shape and is built using the usual steel and glaze. Balconies are built at the peak of the tower. The bulk of the tower is covered in a blue tinted glaze but

neg: Superleggera automobiles using Carozzeria Touring's superleggera construction technology. Notable examples include: Superleggera Superleggera (translation: "super light") is an automobile coachwork construction technology developed by Felice Bianchi Anderloni of Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. The company was located just north of Milan, near Alfa Romeo, Italian Citroën, and the former Isotta Fraschini plant. The first superleggera bodyworks were made for these companies. Touring licensed Charles Weymann's system of fabric-covered lightweight frames, which led to Touring’s own superleggera construction. Patented by Carrozzeria Touring in 1936, the superleggera system consists of a structural framework of small-diameter steel tubes that conform to an automobile body's

neg: Winthrop Building in the 1920s and the Boston offices of the Associated Press. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2016. Winthrop Building The Winthrop Building is an historic skyscraper at 7 Water Street (intersection with Washington Street) in Boston, Massachusetts. The nine story brick and terracotta building was designed by Clarence H. Blackall in the Renaissance Revival style, and has the distinction of being the first skyscraper in the city to have been constructed with a steel frame. Completed in 1894, it was

neg: Winthrop Building Winthrop Building The Winthrop Building is an historic skyscraper at 7 Water Street (intersection with Washington Street) in Boston, Massachusetts. The nine story brick and terracotta building was designed by Clarence H. Blackall in the Renaissance Revival style, and has the distinction of being the first skyscraper in the city to have been constructed with a steel frame. Completed in 1894, it was originally known as the Carter Building, but was renamed the Winthrop Building in 1899 after the Puritan Governor John Winthrop, whose second house was located adjacent to the site. Prominent past tenants include Landscape Architect Fletcher Steele

neg: M5 (Cape Town) of the "U" beams were designed to accommodate a thick Masonite type of shuttering board which would bear the weight of a man walking on them. The beams themselves provide a safe walk way for workers to access the section of road deck being constructed, during construction. When the steel reinforcing rod framework has been completed over the shuttering, a ready-mix concrete is pumped up from a mixer parked on the underlying roadways. This concrete is spread over the shuttering and reinforcing steel work and allowed to cure. Finally the deck is covered with a conventional asphalt macadamised tar and

neg: Park Row Building Park Row Building The Park Row Building is a building on Park Row bordering TriBeCa and the Financial District of the New York City borough of Manhattan also known as 15 Park Row. The building was designed by R. H. Robertson, a pioneer in steel skyscraper design, and engineered by the firm of Nathaniel Roberts. In 1999, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Park Row Building a landmark. One of the first structures to be called a skyscraper, the building was completed in 1899 after two years and nine months of construction, one of several new office

neg: Architecture of Houston the forty-eighth-tallest skyscraper in the world. Pennzoil Place, designed by Philip Johnson and built in 1976, is Houston's most award-winning skyscraper and is known for its innovative design. The 46-story One Houston Center, which was built in 1978, is 207 m (678 ft) tall and was designed by S.I. Morris Associates, Caudill Rowlett Scott, and 3D/International. The Fulbright Tower, built in 1982 and designed by Caudill Rowlett & Scott Architects, is a 52-story tower constructed of steel with suspended concrete on metal deck floor slabs. The exterior wall consists of a ribbon window wall with granite spandrel panels and aluminum

neg: SR Leader class meant that ash and embers were ejected into the atmosphere, creating a potential lineside fire hazard. For ease of maintenance, the boiler, firebox and smokebox were encased in steel sheeting, which meant that the engine's shape resembled that of a modern diesel locomotive. That was a major departure from traditional steam locomotive design, allowing the engine to be cleaned using a carriage-washing plant. The locomotive was designed to carry 4 tons (4.06 tonnes) of coal and of water, and the coal bunker was covered by a tarpaulin to prevent water ingress into the fireman's cab. Entry into the locomotive was

neg: Skyscraper frame that made modern skyscrapers possible. In 2013 funding was confirmed to convert the derelict building into offices. In 1857 Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, allowing convenient and safe passenger movement to upper floors. Another crucial development was the use of a steel frame instead of stone or brick, otherwise the walls on the lower floors on a tall building would be too thick to be practical. An early development in this area was Oriel Chambers in Liverpool, England. It was only five floors high. Further developments led to the world's first skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in

neg: Sope Creek cross over the creek. At the crossing, circa 1960, lay one of Cobb County's two remaining covered bridges; the other crossed Nickajack Creek near Smyrna. The Sope Creek Bridge was a state-declared historic structure and only had a weight capacity of 2000 pounds (one U.S. ton). In 1963, a grossly overweight truck crossed the bridge and damaged the support structure. That summer, the structure was reinforced with steel shanks. On March 29, 1964, the covered bridge burned to the ground, leaving behind only the steel shanks and masonry. Arson was suspected, as the Nickajack Covered Bridge (now known as Concord

neg: A. Mendelson and Son Company Building structural load is carried by the steel beams and iron columns inside. The exterior walls are self-supporting; corbeled pilasters on their interiors support the beams, and the iron columns are within the masonry of the building's two interior north-south firewalls. Secondary support is provided by eight-inch–thick () iron columns throughout. The first floor is concrete. On the upper two stories, timber joists rest across the steel beams, supporting wood planking several inches thick. This is covered by steel plate in many areas to make moving barrels around easier. The firewalls have two entries with relieving arches and iron sliding doors

neg: Metropolitan Building (Los Angeles) building is also significant for its association with noted, local architects, John Parkinson (1861–1945) and Edwin Bergstrom (1876–1955), who were in professional partnership together from 1905 to 1915. John Parkinson, one of the most important architects practicing in Los Angeles during the early twentieth century, opened his first architectural practice in the city in 1894. By 1896, he had designed the city's first Class "A" fireproof, steel-frame building, the Homer Laughlin Building. His design for the 14-story Braly Block/Continental Building (1904) was the first skyscraper built in Los Angeles. It held the distinction of being the tallest building in downtown

neg: The Blade, Reading covered with rainscreen panels. The Blade, Reading The Blade, also known as Abbey Mill House, is a skyscraper and the tallest building in Reading, Berkshire, England. Used for office space, it is tall and is visible from many places in the town. The first tenant to occupy the building was Kaplan Financial, who moved to the building from Thames Tower. The steel building has 14 floors above ground level; the floor-to-floor height is . The building's façade is a curtain wall system of aluminium and glass, and the building is strengthened with a pile foundation. The spire atop the building

neg: 8 West Third Street as the bank's headquarters until a new headquarters was built in 1966. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1984, as "Wachovia Bank and Trust Company Building". It was designed by Milburn, Heister & Company. 8 West Third Street 8 West Third Street is a 126 ft nine-story skyscraper in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, also known as the Wachovia Bank and Trust Company Building. It was built in 1911 as the headquarters of Wachovia Bank and Trust, with the ninth floor added in 1917. It was Winston-Salem's first steel frame skyscraper, built in the Renaissance

neg: Anchor plate or were simply fanciful designs." While most types of anchors are made of only steel, anchor plates might also contain malleable or cast iron. The exterior wall washer is most often made of a cast-iron star or a flat steel plate. In Roman technology, wooden tie-beams (or tie rods) were used between arches to negate the outward horizontal forces between them. In the modern era, tie-rods are made of iron or steel, and serve to reinforce vaults, arches, and in general masonry structures. Reinforced masonry walls are strengthened through a tie-rod that connects between parallel walls at the floor-level, which

neg: Architecture of New York City new breed of green design skyscrapers in New York City. Hearst Tower is a glass and steel construction skyscraper which rests on the base of the original 1920s Hearst Corporation Building. Hearst Tower is easily identified by the dramatic interlocking triangular glass panels designed by British architect Lord Norman Foster. Hearst Tower is also the first skyscraper in New York City to be awarded the coveted Gold LEED Certified rating by the United States Green Building Council. The 15 tallest standard structures, which include those with the 10 highest antennae or radio towers (pinnacles) As New York City grew, it

neg: Home Insurance Building Home Insurance Building The Home Insurance Building was a skyscraper in Chicago, United States, designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1884, for the Home Insurance Company in New York. Completed a year later, the building is generally noted as the first tall building to be supported both inside and outside by a fireproof structural steel and metal frame, which included reinforced concrete. The building opened in 1885 and was demolished 47 years later in 1931. The building was completed in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois, and was the first tall building to use structural steel in its frame, but the

neg: Dunmore Bridge much road and bridge work for as little cost as possible, using local materials. This condition effectively prohibited the use of iron and steel, as these, prior to the construction of the steel works at Newcastle in the early 20th century, had to be imported from England. Allan trusses were the first truly scientifically engineered timber truss bridges, and incorporate American design ideas for the first time. This is a reflection of the changing mindset of the NSW people, who were slowly accepting that American ideas could be as good as or better than European ones. The high quality and

neg: Industrial warfare automatic firearms were not yet developed. Early machine guns as invented by Gatling, were hand cranked but evolved into truly automatic machine guns by Maxim at the end of the era. Machine guns were valued for their ability to smash infantry formations, especially attacking enemy formations when they were dense. This, along with effective field artillery, changed tactics drastically. Static defenses evolved from the use of permanent fortifications that were direct descendants of medieval castles. As artillery improved in destructive power and penetrative ability, more modern fortifications were developed, using first thicker layers of stone, then concrete and steel. After

neg: Charters Towers Stock Exchange Arcade out the urgent work which saved the building and made it usable again. The Stock Exchange Arcade is a masonry arcade of small offices on both sides of a central court covered with a glazed vault which is supported by steel trusses with decorative inset webs. It is now glazed with modern wired glass. The arcade floor is tessellated tiles. It is entered through a two storey structure which has offices on the upper floor and shops at street level. The central entrance is protected by a barrel-vaulted portico which projects out from the second storey over the pavement and

neg: Bohlen, Meyer, Gibson and Associates fire in 1958. Oscar Bohlen's most notable commercial structure was the Majestic Building (1896), a commission from the Indiana Gas Company, at 47 South Pennsylvania Street. The ten-story, steel-skeleton building became the city's first skyscraper. Oscar also designed the Indiana National Bank building (1897), a Neoclassical structure at Three Virginia Avenue. Demolished in 1971, it was among the first fireproof building in Indiana. Oscar's son, August, designed a six-floor addition to the bank's adjacent building. August Bohlen designed the Stokely Brothers office building (1912) and the Indianapolis Star-News building (1924); however, August and Robert Bohlen's most notable design was the

neg: Tour Total Tour Total Tour Total (previously known as Tour Elf from 1985 to 1999, then Tour TotalFinaElf from 1999 to 2003) is an office skyscraper located in La Défense, Courbevoie, the high-rise business district west of and adjacent to the city of Paris, France, designed in the Modern architectural style. The building now serves as headquarters for Total S.A., one of the six "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Completed and opened in 1985, it is the third-tallest skyscraper in La Défense and the fourth-tallest skyscraper in the Paris area, after the Tour First and the Tour Montparnasse. Tour Total is

neg: South Ferry Plaza South Ferry Plaza The South Ferry Plaza, also called A Lighthouse At The Tip Of The Island, was a supertall skyscraper proposed in 1987 to rise right next to the East River on Manhattan Island in New York City. The building would have sat on top of the South Ferry terminal and tower above street level, with 60 stories of office space. It was designed by architect Fox & Fowle Architects and Leslie E. Robertson Associates. The architects designed the building for office use and the skyscraper incorporated recycled marble and steel with glass in its structure. The architectural plan