query: when was the third saudi state royal family established

pos: House of Saud alliance with the United States in 1945. He is still celebrated officially as the "Founder," and only his direct descendants may take on the title of "his or her Royal Highness." The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia's centennial in 1999 (according to the Islamic lunar calendar). Upon Ibn Saud's death, his son Saud assumed the throne without incident, but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with his brother, Crown Prince Faisal. In 1964, the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal, aided by an edict from

pos: King of Saudi Arabia Islamic declaration of faith: King of Saudi Arabia The King of Saudi Arabia is Saudi Arabia's absolute monarch who serves as head of state and head of government. He is the head of the Saudi royal family, the House of Saud. The King is called the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of Masjid al Haram in Mecca and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, replacing His Majesty in 1986. King Abdulaziz (known in the West as Ibn Saud) began conquering today's Saudi Arabia in 1902, by restoring his family as

pos: King of Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia The King of Saudi Arabia is Saudi Arabia's absolute monarch who serves as head of state and head of government. He is the head of the Saudi royal family, the House of Saud. The King is called the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of Masjid al Haram in Mecca and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, replacing His Majesty in 1986. King Abdulaziz (known in the West as Ibn Saud) began conquering today's Saudi Arabia in 1902, by restoring his family as emirs of Riyadh. He

pos: Flag of Saudi Arabia 1902 until 1921 a different Arabic inscription was used. One of the primary opponents to the Saudis was the Al Rashid family in the north of the peninsula, until their defeat in 1921. The civil ensign, for use by merchant vessels at sea, is a green flag with the state flag in the canton with a white border. The royal standard is the state flag with the palm tree and swords in the canton. Flag of Saudi Arabia The flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia () is the flag used by the government of Saudi Arabia since March 15,

pos: Unification of Saudi Arabia Unification of Saudi Arabia The unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or "Al Saud", between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of Ibn Saud, creating what is sometimes referred to as the "Third Saudi State", to differentiate it from the Emirate of Diriyah, the "First Saudi State" and the Emirate of Nejd, the "Second Saudi State", also House of Saud states. The Al-Saud had

pos: Saudi Arabian army Saudi Arabian army The Royal Saudi Land Forces (KSA) (), also called the Saudi Arabian army ( Al-Jaysh Al-Araby al-Saudi), are the largest branch of the Saudi Arabia Armed Forces. The Chief of the Saudi General Staff until 2011 was Field Marshal Saleh Al-Muhaya. The modern RSLF has its roots in the first Saudi State, which was formed as early as 1745, and is considered to be the birth year of the Saudi army. As of 13 January 1902 was founded as the Royal Saudi Land Forces, and is the oldest branch of the KSA's military. Other events that led

neg: Saudi Arabia weakness of the Empire's central authority. The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today. The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around Riyadh, rapidly expanded and briefly

neg: Ottoman Arabia punish the Najdi tribes who mounted raids on oases and tribes in the Hejaz. The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab who was from the Hanbali school of thought, This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today. The first Saudi state was established in 1744 in the area around

neg: Najd of the Empire's central authority. The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today. The first "Saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around Riyadh, rapidly expanded and briefly controlled

neg: Saudi Arabia The Saudi government and the royal family have often, over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is named for them, the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred. The extent of corruption has been described as systemic and endemic, and its existence was acknowledged and defended by Prince Bandar bin Sultan (a senior member of the royal family) in an interview in 2001. Although corruption allegations have often been limited to broad undocumented accusations, specific allegations were made in 2007, when

neg: Saudi Arabia–United States relations the Saudi-led coalition airstrike on a school bus in Yemen, which killed 51 people, including 40 children. Saudi Arabia–United States relations Saudi Arabia–United States relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America. It is a Special Relationship, which began in 1933 when full diplomatic relations were established. Despite the differences between the two countries—an ultraconservative Islamic absolute monarchy, and a secular, constitutional republic—the two countries have been allies. Former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama have close and strong relations with senior members of the Saudi Royal Family. Ever

neg: Emirate of Diriyah members of the Al Saud clan stayed committed to found a Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891, and later a third state, Saudi Arabia, which continues to rule till the present day. Emirate of Diriyah The Emirate of Diriyah was the first Saudi state. It was established in the year 1744 (1157 A.H.) when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Prince Muhammad bin Saud formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula and free it from Ottoman rule. In 1744, both Muhammed bin Abd Al Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud

neg: Saudi Arabia–United States relations Saudi Arabia–United States relations Saudi Arabia–United States relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America. It is a Special Relationship, which began in 1933 when full diplomatic relations were established. Despite the differences between the two countries—an ultraconservative Islamic absolute monarchy, and a secular, constitutional republic—the two countries have been allies. Former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama have close and strong relations with senior members of the Saudi Royal Family. Ever since the modern USSaudi relationship began in 1945, the United States has been willing to overlook many

neg: House of Saud not in the country. The list of King Abdulaziz's surviving sons, except for current Saudi monarch Salman, are as follows: House of Saud The House of Saud ( ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi state (1744–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia. The most influential position of the royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia. King

neg: House of Saud House of Saud The House of Saud ( ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi state (1744–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Ibn Saud, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia. The most influential position of the royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia. King Salman, who reigns currently, chose first his nephew and then his son as the crown prince without consulting the Allegiance

neg: Victoria College, Alexandria attended classes along with schoolmates such as King Hussein of Jordan, Zaid Al Rifai, the Kashoggi brothers (whose father was one of Saudi King Abdulaziz's physicians), Kamal Adham (who ran the Saudi external intelligence directorate under King Faisal), scholar Edward Said, present-day Saudi businessmen Mohammed Al Attas, the Shobokshi brothers and Ghassan Shaker —Internationally famous director Youssef Chahine, and actor Omar Sharif and many Princes from the Libyan Royal family and the Jordanian Royal Family. Until 1952 when the King of Egypt King Farouk of Egypt was overthrown many notable Egyptian families including members of the Egyptian Royal Family attended

neg: Al Arabiya Jazeera's criticism of the Saudi royal family throughout the 1990s, relatives of the Saudi royal family established Al Arabiya in Dubai in 2002. According to a 2008 profile in "The New York Times" of Al Arabiya director Abdul Rahman Al Rashed, the channel works "to cure Arab television of its penchant for radical politics and violence". Al Arabiya is said to be the second most frequently watched channel after Al Jazeera in Saudi Arabia. Al Arabiya broadcast the email messages of Syrian president Bashar Assad in 2012 that were leaked by opposition hackers. The channel's English language website also obtained

neg: House of Saud Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd, numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia. The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. The next in line, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, is the son of King Salman. The king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family. The monarchy was hereditary by agnatic seniority until 2006, when a royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi

neg: Najib Razak Najib in August 2015 after the previous attorney general, Abdul Gani Patail, was abruptly dismissed by Najib. Although Bernama, Malaysia's state-run news service, reported that Abdul Gani was removed for health reasons many speculated that his dismissal was related to the 1MDB corruption investigation. The Attorney General then said that the [Saudi Royal Family] was the source of the $681 million gift, although doubts remain as the Saudi ministries of foreign affairs and finance had no information on said gift. The previously unidentified investor Najib was reported to have returned $620 million to the Saudi royal family in 2013, but

neg: Qatif strikes when the Saudi armed forces were called in. The Shiites in Saudi Arabia were very receptive to Khomeini and demonstrated against the Saudi royal family on the hitherto novel grounds that Islam and hereditary kingship are not compatible. When American jets landed in Dhahran Air Base for manoeuvres, citizens of Qatif organized a big demonstration. The demonstrators spent the evening of 11 November 1979 shouting slogans against the royal family and the Americans. The Saudi government responded by imposing a curfew on all the towns in the Atif area, sealing off the area with tanks and armoured vehicles. A

neg: Prince Abdulaziz (yacht) Prince Abdulaziz (yacht) Prince Abdulaziz is one of the royal yachts of the Saudi royal family and is among the largest motor yachts in the world. With a length of at delivery, the yacht was the longest and tallest in the world. It retained this status for 22 years when it was overtaken by Dubai in 2006. Designed by Maierform and built in 1984 by in Helsingor, Denmark, the first owner was the late King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. The yacht is owned by the Saudi royal family. The 147-m-long ship has a beam of 18.3 m and a draught

neg: Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman bin Muhammad Al Saud Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman bin Muhammad Al Saud Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman bin Mohammed Al Saud (Arabic:الأمير عبد العزيز بن سلمان بن محمد آل سعود), (born 8 August 1959, Riyadh Saudi Arabia) is a member of Saudi Royal Family. Prince Abdulaziz is reported to be third son of Prince Salman Bin Mohammed Al Saud. Prince Abdulaziz was born and raised in Riyadh. He received his early education in Riyadh and London. Prince Abdulaziz completed graduation from San Francisco State University, United States, and then Master in International Relations from the American College of Switzerland, Leysin. Prince has three sons and

neg: International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism Islamic State. However, there is some evidence Saudi support for terror continues. According to internal documents from the U.S. Treasury Department, the International Islamic Relief Organization (released by the aforementioned 9/11 family lawyers) -- a prominent Saudi charity heavily supported by members of the Saudi royal family—showed “support for terrorist organizations” at least through 2006. US diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks in 2010 contain numerous complaints of funding of Sunni extremists by Saudis and other Gulf Arabs. According to a 2009 U.S. State Department communication by then United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, "donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the

neg: Raymond A. Hare Hare as United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and, after Senate Confirmation, he was appointed on September 20, 1950. Ambassador Hare presented his credentials to the Saudi government on October 24, 1950. Hare was ambassador just as oil started to flow in Saudi Arabia. At Jeddah, he established a relationship with Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, though he did not deal directly with oil issues as Aramco handled its own relations with the Saudi royal family. However, Hare was tasked with convincing the Saudis to allow the U.S. access to military facilities at Dhahran. He was successful at negotiating an

neg: Politics of Saudi Arabia use of middlemen, ‘wasta’, to do business as well as patronage systems. The Saudi government and the royal family have often, and over many years, been accused of corruption. In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is named after it, the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred. The corruption has been described as systemic and endemic, and its existence was acknowledged and defended by Prince Bandar bin Sultan (a senior member of the royal family) in an interview in 2001. Although corruption allegations have often been limited

neg: Al ash-Sheikh sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the family survived in Nejd. When the Al Saud re-established themselves with a much smaller so-called "Second Saudi State" from 1824, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan and, subsequently, Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al-Rahman, both descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, became the leaders of the Saudi religious establishment. However, the destruction of the first Saudi state and the exile or execution of most of the Al ash-Sheikh religious scholars of significance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its prestige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the

neg: House of Saud Council. The family is estimated to comprise 15,000 members, but the majority of the power and wealth is possessed by a group of about 2,000 of them. The House of Saud has gone through three phases: the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State (1744–1818), marked by the expansion of Wahhabism; the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State (1824–1891), marked with continuous infighting; and the Third Saudi State (1902–present), which evolved into Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the

neg: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, the Al ash-Sheikh, have historically led the ulama in the Saudi state, dominating the state's religious institutions. Within Saudi Arabia, the family is held in prestige similar to the Saudi royal family, with whom they share power, and has included several religious scholars and officials. The arrangement between the two families is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Salafi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimise the royal family's rule. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab

neg: Legal system of Saudi Arabia In the areas of land and energy law the extensive proprietorial rights of the Saudi state (in effect, the Saudi royal family) constitute a significant feature. The current Saudi court system was created by King Abdul Aziz, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, and was introduced to the country in stages between 1927 and 1960. It comprises general and summary Sharia courts, with some administrative tribunals to deal with disputes on specific modern regulations. Trials in Saudi Arabia are bench trials. Courts in Saudi Arabia observe few formalities and the country's first criminal procedure code, issued in

neg: Rafic Hariri to Saudi Arabia to work. There, he taught for a short period of time before shifting to the construction industry. In 1978, he gained Saudi Arabian citizenship, in addition to his Lebanese citizenship. In 1969, Hariri established Ciconest, a small subcontracting firm, which soon went out of business. He then went in business with the French construction firm Oger for the construction of a hotel in Ta’if, Saudi Arabia, the timely construction of which earned praise from King Khaled. Hariri took over Oger, forming Saudi Oger, which became the main construction firm used by the Saudi Royal family for all

neg: Bandar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 5 October 2012, when he resigned from the post. Bandar's third son, Khalid bin Bandar, served as the president of general intelligence and as the governor of Riyadh Province and was a Lieutenant General and commander in the Royal Saudi Land Forces. A fourth son, Mansour, is a Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) officer who served as the commander of a McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle squadron at King Abdul-Aziz Air Base (Dhahran) in the early 1980s. Bandar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Bandar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (, born 1921-23) is a Saudi royal and the tenth son of Ibn Saud,

neg: Arabian Peninsula modern state of Saudi Arabia. The Saudis absorbed the Emirate of Asir, with their expansion only ending in 1934 after a war with Yemen. Two Saudi states were formed and controlled much of Arabia before Ibn Saud was even born. Ibn Saud, however, established the third Saudi state. The second major development has been the discovery of vast reserves of oil in the 1930s. Its production brought great wealth to all countries of the region, with the exception of Yemen. The North Yemen Civil War was fought in North Yemen between royalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and factions

neg: Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia The Saudi Council of Ministers ( "Majlis al-Wuzarā’ as-Su‘ūdī") is the cabinet of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is led by the King who is Prime Minister. The council consists of the Prime Minister, the Crown Prince, who is First Deputy Prime Minister, and cabinet ministers. Since 2015, there are 23 ministers with portfolio and seven ministers of state, two of whom have special responsibilities. All members of the council are appointed by royal decree. The Council of Ministers was established by King Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1953. It is responsible for "drafting

neg: Saudi Arabia increasingly wasteful and extravagant. By the 1950s this had led to large governmental deficits and excessive foreign borrowing. In 1953, Saud of Saudi Arabia succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia, on his father's death, until 1964 when he was deposed in favor of his half brother Faisal of Saudi Arabia, after an intense rivalry, fueled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20% control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil. In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in the Yom

neg: Legal system of Saudi Arabia Saudi royal family. Article 14 of the Basic Law states: The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources is responsible for general strategy in the oil and gas sectors and for monitoring the state-owned oil company, Saudi Aramco. The oil, gas and refining industries in Saudi Arabia are controlled by law by Saudi Aramco, which has a near monopoly in these areas. It is the world's biggest oil producer, the Middle East's biggest company and is generally considered to be the most important energy company in the world. However, in 2003, the law was changed to allow foreign companies to look

neg: Fahd of Saudi Arabia when during an event with the British Royal Family, King Fahd was seen wearing a white decoration in the shape of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this as "abomination" and "clearly infidelity". In regard to reform, King Fahd showed little tolerance for reformists. In 1992, a group of reformists and prominent Saudi intellectuals petitioned King Fahd for wide-ranging reforms, including widening political representation, and curbing the royal family's wasteful spending. King Fahd first responded by ignoring their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly persecuted, imprisoned and fired from their jobs. During King Fahd's rule, the royal

neg: Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" until the return of the King to the kingdom. The last Crown Prince of the Second Saudi State was Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Ramhan ibn Saud, who lost the title when his father lost his state to the House of Rashid in the 19th century. His father abdicated the pretended throne to him in 1900, and began his famous wars of conquest of what would become the third Saudi state. When he had taken enough land to become recognized as a genuine Emir, he designated his eldest son Turki as his heir. When Turki died

neg: India–Saudi Arabia relations the first nations to establish ties with the Third Saudi State. During the 1930s, India heavily funded Nejd through financial subsidies. Formal diplomatic relations between contemporary India and Saudi Arabia were established soon after India gained independence in 1947. Relations between the two countries have strengthened considerably owing to collaboration in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest suppliers of oil to India, who is one of the top seven trading partners and the fifth biggest investor in Saudi Arabia. In history there have been four visits to Saudi Arabia by an Indian Prime Minister: Jawaharlal

neg: King Fahd Naval Academy also attend the King Fahd Naval Academy. King Fahd Naval Academy The King Fahd Naval Academy () is the main naval academy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Royal Saudi Navy, located inside King Abdulaziz Naval Base in Jubail. It was established in 1986 and is modeled on the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, United Kingdom. The Academy maintains close relations with the British Royal Navy, and on several occasions British instructors visit to train the Saudi cadets. Saudi naval cadets from the King Fahd Academy also frequently study abroad at the Britannia Royal Naval College. Cadets

neg: King Fahd Naval Academy King Fahd Naval Academy The King Fahd Naval Academy () is the main naval academy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Royal Saudi Navy, located inside King Abdulaziz Naval Base in Jubail. It was established in 1986 and is modeled on the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, United Kingdom. The Academy maintains close relations with the British Royal Navy, and on several occasions British instructors visit to train the Saudi cadets. Saudi naval cadets from the King Fahd Academy also frequently study abroad at the Britannia Royal Naval College. Cadets from other GCC countries, such as Bahrain,

neg: Saudi Arabia controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802 and capturing Mecca in 1803, but was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha. A much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait. At the beginning of the 20th century,

neg: Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud was allowed to return to Saudi Arabia to serve the remainder of his term in a Saudi prison. According to the agreement between the U.K. and Saudi Arabia, he must serve at least 20 years before he can be released. Saud's maternal grandfather was Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, who was King at the time when Saud was convicted and sentenced by a court in the UK. Both of Saud's parents belong to the Saudi royal family. They are first cousins to each other, being the children of two half-brothers, both of whom were the sons of King Abdulaziz, founder of

neg: Unaizah nickname of Unaizah. In addition to many other national and international magazines distributed everywhere in the city's markets. Television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al Ekhbariyah, ART channels network and hundreds of cable, satellite and other specialty television providers. The city has been ruled by the Al Sulaim family since 1818. They came to power when Prince Yehya Al-Sulaim in 1822 killed the governor appointed by the Ottoman emperor, Abdullah Al-Jamei. This dynasty still rules the city according to a written treaty between them and the Saudi royal family. Some of the

neg: Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden usury," in an October 2002 letter. In his November 2001 statement, Osama bin Laden criticized the UN and Australian "Crusader" forces for ensuring the independence of the mostly Catholic East Timor from the mostly Muslim state of Indonesia. Bin Laden considered India to be a part of the 'Crusader-Zionist-Hindu' conspiracy against the Islamic world. Bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia and had a close relationship with the Saudi royal family, but his opposition to the Saudi government stemmed from his radical ideology. The Saudi decision to allow the U.S. military into the country in 1990 to defend against a

neg: Homaidan Al-Turki convicted of these crimes had he been tried in his native country. For example, in a show of support, the Saudi government provided Al-Turki with $400,000 to post bond. In November 2006, Colorado Attorney General John Suthers travelled to Saudi Arabia where he visited King Abdullah, Crown Prince Sultan, and Al-Turki's family in an attempt to clear up "misperceptions" about the U.S. judicial system and ease the Saudi royal family's concerns over whether Homaidan Al-Turki was treated fairly. Suthers went there at the request of the U.S. ambassador in Saudi Arabia, who had the State Department contact Colorado Governor Bill

neg: Riyadh the "Camel's Hump" that was on display at the King Saud University in Riyadh became the new entry piece of the National Museum of Saudi Arabia. The Royal Saudi Air Force Museum, or Saqr Al-Jazira, is located on the East Ring Road of Riyadh between exits 10 and 11. It contains a collection of aircraft and aviation-related items used by the Royal Saudi Air Force and Saudia (Saudi Arabian Airlines). Football is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. The city hosts four major football clubs, Al Hilal was established in 1957 and has won 15 championships in the Saudi

neg: Japan–Saudi Arabia relations officials of the two countries. Thereafter, the bonds of relations between the Saudi royal family and the Japanese imperial family were strengthened through their repeated visits. In the year 1981, when Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko were Crown Prince and Princess under the rule of Emperor Hirohito, Akihito and Michiko paid a visit to the most prominent kingdom in the Arabian Peninsula. And on behalf of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz was attended by His Royal Highness Prince Nawwaf bin Abdul Aziz, crown emperor decrees year 1990, and in 1994 the Crown and

neg: Abdullah al-Asiri Arabiya", this was the first assassination attempt against a royal family member since 2003, when Saudi Arabia faced a sharp uptick in al-Qaeda linked attacks. The "Saudi Gazette" reported on October 22, 2009, that a Yemeni named Rayed Abdullah Salem Al Harbi assisted Asiri in preparing for his suicide mission. Abdullah al-Asiri Abdullah Hassan al-Asiri () (1986 – August 27, 2009) was a Saudi Arabian member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. His name is an ascription to the 'Asir Province of Saudi Arabia. He died in August 2009 while attempting to assassinate Saudi Arabia's Deputy Minister of the Interior,

neg: Politics of Saudi Arabia been Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1975 to just before his death in 2015; and King Salman, was the Governor of the Riyadh Region from 1962 to 2011. In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties, personal ambitions and ideological differences. The most powerful clan faction is known as the 'Sudairi Seven', comprising the late King Fahd and his

neg: Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia) Accommodation centers in the Kingdom. • Border crossings with their headquarters and residential cities. Photos: • Photos Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia) The Ministry of Finance () of Saudi Arabia is the principal body for controlling state expenditure in Saudi Arabia. It is currently led by Mohammed Al-Jadaan. The ministry was named as the ministry of finance and national economy until 2003 when the ministry of economy and planning was established and the national economy planning was transferred from it to the latter. History of the Ministry of Finance • Historical background: When instructions were issued by the Kingdom of

neg: Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations Arabia with its defense needs. The "BBC" claimed in 2013 that Saudi Arabia has invested in Pakistan's nuclear weapons projects. Both Pakistan and Saudi Arabia publicly denied the report. The kingdom has often tried to woo Pakistan by giving it gifts and loans, often these are gifts with symbolic religious value, for example in 2014 it gifted Pakistan 200 tonnes of dates. Pakistani commandos ended the Grand Mosque Seizure in 1979, and restored Saudi administration over the Masjid al-Haram. Pakistan's previous prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, enjoys exceptionally close ties with senior members of the Saudi royal family. When Sharif was

neg: Republic of Kuwait who was given the posts of Head of State ("Rais al-Wuzara"), commander-in-chief, minister of defense and minister of the interior. The new regime deposed the Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (who fled Kuwait and established a Government in exile based in Saudi Arabia) and accused the royal family of pursuing "anti-popular," "anti-democratic," pro-"imperialist" and "Zionist" policies along with the "embezzlement of national resources for the purpose of personal enrichment." An indigenous Popular Army to allegedly take over from Iraqi troops was immediately proclaimed, claiming 100,000 volunteers. Citizenship rights were conferred to non-Kuwaiti Arabs who had come for work from abroad

neg: Hashemites himself king, with the tacit support of the British Foreign Office. His supporters are sometimes referred to as "Sharifians" or the "Sharifian party". Hussein bin Ali's chief rival in the Arabian Peninsula, the king of the Najd (highlands), Ibn Saud, annexed the Hejaz in 1925 and established his own son, Faysal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, as governor. The region was later incorporated into Saudi Arabia. Hussein bin Ali had five sons: Sources: Hashemites The Hashemites (, "Al-Hāshimīyūn"; also House of Hashim) are the ruling royal family of Jordan. The House was also the royal family of Syria (1920), Hejaz (1916–1925)

neg: Turki bin Saud al-Kabir Turki bin Saud al-Kabir Turki bin Saud al-Kabeer (تركي بن سعود الكبير) was a Saudi prince and a direct successor of Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud. Based on the bloodline, Saud Al-Kabeer was married to Abdul Aziz's sister called Nura. Saud Al-Kabeer was a prominent figure in the "majlis" of internal advisers who were very close to Abdul Aziz who ruled the country until 1953. His execution for murder was announced by Saudi state media on October 18, 2016. He was the first member of the Saudi royal family to be executed since the execution of 19 year old

neg: Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia) Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia) The Ministry of Finance () of Saudi Arabia is the principal body for controlling state expenditure in Saudi Arabia. It is currently led by Mohammed Al-Jadaan. The ministry was named as the ministry of finance and national economy until 2003 when the ministry of economy and planning was established and the national economy planning was transferred from it to the latter. History of the Ministry of Finance • Historical background: When instructions were issued by the Kingdom of Hejaz that financial matters were to be managed by a finance directorate, a single entity in the

neg: Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia forces, is independent of the Ministry of Defense. The SANG has been a counterbalance to the Sudairi faction in the royal family; Salman of Saudi Arabia, the king, is one of the so-called "Sudairi Seven" and controls the remainder of the armed forces. The SANG is equipped with 100 Saudi-manufactured Al-Fahd infantry fighting vehicles. It has been strengthened by the purchase of US$1 billion worth of new armored vehicles from Canada. When Iraq invaded Saudi Arabia's northern neighbor Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia immediately requested the deployment of U.S. troops within the country to deter further aggression. Saudi forces participated

neg: Mujtahidd (activist) himself with foreign security experts, and abandoned the traditional way of co-option of family members of dissidents. Instead, dissidents families who remain in the country are now punished and detained, as a means of pressuring dissidents back to Saudi Arabia. Mujtahidd (activist) Mujtahidd (Arabic: مجتهد) is the Twitter handle of an anonymous activist, described as a 'whistleblower' and a 'household name among Saudis who use social media', who publishes information alleging to expose corruption, inner state of affairs, and under the table workings of politics within the Saudi royal family. His Twitter account was created in 2011, and before 2015,

neg: Barzan Palace Barzan Palace Barzan () was a historical palace located in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. Its construction was begun in 1808 by Prince Muhammad bin Abdul-Muhsin Al Ali. The palace was completed during the rule of the second Rashidi amir, Talal ibn Abdullah (1848–68). Barzan Palace consisted of three floors and covered an area of more than 300,000 square meters. The first floor featured the reception halls, gardens, and kitchens. The second floor housed diplomatic guests, and the third floor was occupied by the royal family. It was located near Barzan souq. Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia ordered the Palace destroyed after

neg: Saudi Arabia–Thailand relations in the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah reached 10,124. Up to date, the number of Thai Muslim 12,400 have already applied their documents at the Department of Religious Affairs to perform Hajj which will be started at the end of this year. The Blue Diamond Affair was a series of events triggered by the 1989 theft of gems belonging to the Saudi royal family by a Thai employee. Mohammad al-Ruwaili, a Saudi Arabian businessman close to the Saudi royal family traveled to Bangkok to investigate the case, but was abducted and killed. Three months later, three officials from the

neg: Najd most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, but was destroyed by 1818 by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, Mohammed Ali Pasha. A much smaller second "Saudi state", located mainly in Nejd, was established in 1824 by Turki. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the Al Rashid. By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have

neg: 1979 Qatif Uprising Sunni workers, leading to increased anti-Western feelings. When American jets landed in Dhahran King Abdulaziz Air Base for manoeuvres, the Shiites organized the biggest demonstration ever. The demonstrators spent the evening of 11 November 1979 shouting slogans against the royal family and the Americans. With the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, Shiites in the region felt encouraged to try and secure equal treatment as that given to Sunnis. Shiites in Saudi Arabia were very receptive to Ruhollah Khomeini and his attacks on the Saudi royal family on the grounds that Islam and hereditary kingship are not compatible. As a result,

neg: Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia) form of a General Directorate of Finance was established on 14/10/1927. Royal Order No. 381 was issued on 14/5/1932 changing the name of the General Directorate of Finance to the Ministry of Finance, thus becoming the second ministry to be established after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry of Finance was tasked with regulating, managing and securing the collection of state funds, and oversight of expenditures, and became the general authority for financial matters in the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and its territories. Royal Decree No. 1697 was issued on 27/6/1953 establishing the Ministry of Economy to replace

neg: Theatre in Saudi Arabia Theatre in Saudi Arabia The modern Saudi theatre traces its beginnings with the foundation of the current Saudi Arabia state. However, the Hijaz play in Medina was established during the Turkish Ottoman era. A popular theatre, frequently including dance, Arabic Poetry. Theatre activities are still popular today in the kingdom. Saudi theatre has existed in and been produced by several establishments such as schools, universities, governmental sectors, and private sectors. The history of the Theatrical activities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia back to 1928 when the first play entitled "Dialogue between the ignorant and uneducated" performed in Qassim in

neg: Saud of Saudi Arabia of Finance; a Central Bank under the name of the "Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency" ("SAMA") was established during 1952. In keeping with universal practice, a proper annual state budget had first been issued during 1948 and following the establishment of the above central banking body, "SAMA", the third Saudi National Budget for the year 1952 complied with internationally observed standards. During this period, technical co-operation, primarily in the guise of the arrival of 35 experts during 1952 and aimed at generating planned economic growth within the Kingdom also received a major boost. Apart from financial and administrative reforms, the report

neg: Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud the modern Saudi state. Saud's father is Abdulaziz bin Nasser, the son of Nasser bin Abdulaziz, himself the son of King Abdulaziz. Saud's mother, Fayza, is the daughter of Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, himself a son of King Abdulaziz. Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud (, born 1977) is a member of the Saudi royal family and a convicted murderer. He is a distaff grandson of King Abdullah. In 2010, he was found guilty at the Old Bailey of murdering his servant Bandar Abdulaziz in their suite at the Landmark Hotel in

neg: Al-Rajhi Bank brothers, Sulaiman, Saleh, Abdullah, and Mohamed, of the Al Rajhi family, one of the wealthiest families in Saudi Arabia. The bank initially began as a group of banking and commercial operations, which in 1978, joined under the umbrella of the Al Rajhi Trading and Exchange Company. The first ladies branch opened in AlShmaisi in Riyadh in 1979. In 1987, the company turned into a Joint Stock Company under the royal decree no. (59) and Al-Rajhi Banking and Investment Saudi Joint Stock Company was announced under the ministerial resolution no. (1398). It was in 1988 that the bank established as a

neg: Politics of Saudi Arabia right to attend, meet, and petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the majlis. Government is dominated by the vast royal family, the Al Saud, which has often been divided by internal disputes and into factions. The members of the family are the principal political actors allowed by the government. Political participation outside the royal family is limited. Saudi Arabia is one of only two countries (the other being Vatican City) that does not have a separate legislative body. Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, although, according to the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by

neg: Faisal of Saudi Arabia Faisal wide executive powers. A power struggle ensued between King Saud and Crown Prince Faisal, and on 18 December 1960, Prince Faisal resigned as prime minister in protest, arguing that King Saud was frustrating his financial reforms. King Saud took back his executive powers and, having induced Prince Talal to return from Egypt, appointed him as minister of finance. In 1962, however, Prince Faisal rallied enough support within the royal family to install himself as prime minister for a second time. It was during this period as head of the Saudi government that Prince Faisal, though still not king, established

neg: Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud () is the Saudi deputy minister of foreign affairs, and a member of the country's royal family. Prince Abdulaziz was born to King Abdullah, in Riyadh. He is the third son of King Abdullah. Abdulaziz Bin Abdullah graduated from the University of Hertfordshire with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1986. Abdulaziz bin Abdullah served in the Saudi Arabian National Guard for fifteen years in different positions. In 1991, he was appointed as an advisor to the Crown Prince Abdullah. Specifically, he was

neg: Gamal Abdel Nasser before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and, unbeknownst to the Saudis, ardent Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's plot, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major Nasser opponent who advocated pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism. A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser

neg: Mohammad bin Salman arrest of members of the Saudi royal family in November 2017 and the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi. Non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch continue to criticize the Saudi government for its violations of human rights. Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud was born on 31 August 1985. He is the son of King Salman from his third spouse, Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan bin Hathleen. She is a granddaughter of Rakan bin Hithalayn, who was the head of the Al Ajman tribe. Prince Mohammed bin Salman is the eldest among his mother's children; his full siblings include

neg: Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) AFC. "Last update: December 1, 2017" Source: Global Football Ranks "As of Saudi Premier League:" Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) Al-Ittihad Club Saudi Arabia (), also simply known as Al-Ittihad, literally meaning The Union, is a Saudi Premier League football club based in Jeddah. Al-Ittihad has won 8 League titles and also holds 48 official championship wins, three of them being Asian championships. The club was founded on January 4, 1927 before the third Saudi state was declared, making it the oldest club in Saudi Arabia. The most successful period in Al-Ittihad's history was the 1990s and mid 2000s, when the club

neg: Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi passage from the king. He had been living in London for the last six years. According to multiple reports, Prince Ahmed's return was considered the most significant development in the royal family since the assassination and did suggest the Saudi royal family may be trying to internally restructure the dynasty. Saudi dissident, Prince Khaled bin Farhan, said that if the senior princes Ahmed and Muqrin were to unite ranks, then "99 percent of the members of the royal family, the security services and the army would stand behind them" and could restore the reputation of the family, which has been

neg: Abbey Mills Mosque fund the building project. It was suggested that the project would be funded by Saudi Islamist groups. This was thought to be based on Tablighi Jamaat's supposed close links with the form of the religion practised by the Saudi royal family. The Tablighi Jamaat website lists that it intends to raise the money predominantly via small donations from Muslims in the London area, that they have no links, nor made contact with, the Saudi royal family, and clearly states that the Tablighi Jamaat are neither actively seeking overseas money nor public money. "The New York Times" quoted Michael J. Heimbach,

neg: Abdul Aziz bin Fahd Abdul Aziz bin Fahd Abdul Aziz bin Fahd () is a Saudi Arabian Prince and member of the Royal House of Saud. His mother is Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, belonging to the wealthy Al Ibrahim family. Abdul Aziz bin Fahd received a bachelor of arts degree in administrative sciences from King Saud University. Prince Abdul Aziz was first appointed as minister of state without portfolio in May 1998. Then, he was made head of the Office of the Council of Ministers in January 2000, when he was 28 years old. It was reported that after King Fahd's death,

neg: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone nephew Lord Frederick Cambridge accompanied them in the visits. In Saudi Arabia Princess Alice visited Riyadh, Hofuf and Dammam, and met Noura bint Abdul Rahman, sister of the King and other members of the Saudi royal family. In 1966, Princess Alice published her memoirs, "For My Grandchildren". The Earl of Athlone died in 1957 at Kensington Palace in London. Princess Alice lived on there until 1981, when she died in her sleep at age 97 years and 313 days. At her death, she was the longest-lived British Princess of royal blood and the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria. The

neg: Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian media often attacks Jews in books, news articles, at their Mosques and with what some describe as antisemitic satire. Saudi Arabian government officials and state religious leaders often promote the idea that Jews are conspiring to take over the entire world; as proof of their claims they publish and frequently cite The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as factual. Barring people with either Israeli passports or Israeli stamps in their passport from visiting Saudi Arabia, has been a long-established practice. When in February 2004, Saudi Arabia started issuing visas to non-Muslims for the

neg: Saudi Arabia of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution. No political parties or national elections are permitted. Critics regard it as a totalitarian dictatorship. "The Economist" rated the Saudi government as the fifth most authoritarian government out of 167 rated in its 2012 Democracy Index, and Freedom House gave it its lowest "Not Free" rating, 7.0 ("1=best, 7=worst") for 2013. In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. Outside of the

neg: Mujtahidd (activist) of former Interior Minister Nayef bin Abdulaziz. After creating a new account and regaining his old username, Mujtahidd now boasts around 2,000,000 Twitter followers and now his tweets focus on Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's consolidation of power and the new status quo of Saudi Arabia under the crown prince. His identity is disputed, with the most popular theories being that he is a member of the Saudi royal family or the London-based opposition activist Sa'ad Al-Faqih. Focusing on political analysis, investigative journalism, and 'leaking information' from within members of the Saudi royal family, Mujtahid has been termed the

neg: Take Off (2017 film) Jayamohan of Crescent Group who have close links with Saudi Royal Family to persuade the Royal Family to broker with ISIS on India's behalf. Jayamohan, after hearing the nurses pleas over their satellite phone, rushes to Riyadh's Erga Palace to meet then-the Crown prince Salman of Saudi, requesting his assistance to intervene as Saudis being a major financial handler to ISIS at the time. Initially Saudi Prince refuses. After a prolonged discussion, Saudi agrees to broker on behalf of India unofficially without any record. Meanwhile at Mosul ISIS base, Sameera and nurses were brought before a main cleric, who tests

neg: Ghanem al-Dosari Saudi royal family, in particular King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammad, whom he labels as "Salmanco" (referring to the methods exercised by the King in managing the country in a fashion similar to a company or as personal possession) and "al-Dub al-Dasher" (fat crumpet) respectively in a humorous manner, "exposes secrets" related to the royal family, and calls for protests against the Saudi government. Al-Dosari has been accused by Saud al-Qahtani, advisor to the Saudi Royal Court at minister rank, of being guilty of crimes related to "visa fraud" in his home country. Al-Dosari had spearheaded a protest movement known

neg: Politics of Saudi Arabia Politics of Saudi Arabia The politics of Saudi Arabia takes place in the context of a totalitarian absolute monarchy with Islamist lines, where the King is both the head of state and government. Decisions are, to a large extent, made on the basis of consultation among the senior princes of the royal family and the religious establishment. The Qur'an is declared to be the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a). The Allegiance Council is responsible to determine the new King and the new Crown Prince. All citizens of full age have a

neg: Politics of Saudi Arabia as head of the Supreme Judicial Council and appointed the first female minister. In his first act as King, Salman removed Khaled al-Tuwaijri, Abdullah's "de facto" Prime Minister and "éminence grise", replacing him with a Prince of the Blood. Politics of Saudi Arabia The politics of Saudi Arabia takes place in the context of a totalitarian absolute monarchy with Islamist lines, where the King is both the head of state and government. Decisions are, to a large extent, made on the basis of consultation among the senior princes of the royal family and the religious establishment. The Qur'an is declared

neg: Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Saudi Arabia) he has "become a member of the Saudi royal family. ~ Muhammad Amir("Amir Bhai")" The Saudis were pushing Pakistan's civilian leaders to work together, but "compromise seemed alien to Pakistani politicians." In a May 2009 discussion with Holbrooke, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, Saudi Assistant Minister of the Interior, describes the Pakistani Chief of Army staff Ashfaq Parvez Kayani as a "decent man" and the Pakistani Army as Saudi Arabia's "winning horse" and its "best bet." Pakistani soldiers needed to be proud of their service, and not hide their identity as soldiers when they were off duty. for "stability". "Time" reported

neg: National Anthem of Saudi Arabia glorify God, and asks Him to grant the King of Saudi Arabia long life. The instrumental version is called the "Royal Salute" (, "") which is also the name of the ceremony in which it is played to salute senior members of the royal family as well as diplomatic figures. National Anthem of Saudi Arabia The "National Anthem of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" (, ") was first officially adopted in 1950 without lyrics. It was then adopted again in 1984 with lyrics written by Ibrahim Khafaji (). The original composition was by Abdul-Rahman al-Khateeb () in 1947 and the

neg: The Saudi Investment Bank The Saudi Investment Bank The Saudi Investment Bank (SAIB) (Arabic: البنك السعودي للاستثمار) was established as a Saudi joint stock, pursuant to Royal Decree No. M/31 of 25 Jumada al-Thani, 1396H (corresponding to June 23, 1976) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The bank started operations in March 1977. The Saudi Investment Bank has a group of sister companies which are: American Express, Saudi Orix Leasing, and Amlak Global Finance and Real Estate Development. The bank operates through a 48 branch network as at the end of 2015, including 12 women's branches distributed throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The

neg: Wafic Saïd a recipient of money from BAE. An investigation into the al-Yamamah deal was opened by the British Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and later closed for reasons of national security after the Saudi Arabian government had threatened to withhold cooperation on anti-terrorist issues. In a 2007 statement issued by Saïd on the al-Yamamah deal said that he had "...never been the 'business manager' for anybody, let alone any member of the Saudi Royal Family, nor has he ever 'distributed commissions' to any member of the Saudi Royal Family". Saïd's role in al-Yamamah has led to him being described as an arms

neg: Politics of Saudi Arabia family, can be examined in three contexts: the extent to which the royal family allows political participation by the wider Saudi society, opposition to the regime, and Islamist terrorism. Outside the House of Al Saud, participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal family consulting with the ulama, tribal sheikhs and members of important commercial families on major decisions. This process is not reported by the Saudi media. In theory, all males of the age of majority have a right to petition the king directly through

neg: Censorship in Saudi Arabia killed and dismembered him. Saudi officials later reported that Khashoggi died in a fight with people he met in the consulate."" After several weeks of contradictory claims from the Saudi government, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency concluded that Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman ordered the assassination of Khashoggi, although the matter of who directed the assassination is still in question by some parties. This case was highly publicized due to the notability of Khashoggi as a reporter with ties to the royal family who faced numerous restrictions in his career as a journalist. Public cinemas became illegal in 1979 when

neg: Yassin Kadi Yassin Kadi Yassin Abdullah Kadi (also transliterated from Arabic as Yasin Abdullah Ezzedine al-Qadi or Yasin A. Kahdi) (b. 23 February 1955) is a Saudi Arabian businessman who has been described by friends and associates as a philanthropist. A multi-millionaire from Jeddah, Kadi trained as an architect in Chicago, Illinois. He is the son-in-law of Sheikh Ahmed Salah Jamjoom, a former Saudi Arabian government minister with close ties to the Saudi royal family. The UN placed sanctions against Kadi in 1999 and 2000, when he was named by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1267 and 1333 as a suspected associate

neg: Economy of Saudi Arabia production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is , and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 284.8 trillion standard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves. Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the world's largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, another one of the world's largest oil fields. The Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation SABIC was established by a royal decree in 1976 to produce chemicals, polymers, and fertilizers. In 2008, SABIC was Asia's largest (in terms of

neg: Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) Al-Ittihad Club Saudi Arabia (), also simply known as Al-Ittihad, literally meaning The Union, is a Saudi Premier League football club based in Jeddah. Al-Ittihad has won 8 League titles and also holds 48 official championship wins, three of them being Asian championships. The club was founded on January 4, 1927 before the third Saudi state was declared, making it the oldest club in Saudi Arabia. The most successful period in Al-Ittihad's history was the 1990s and mid 2000s, when the club won numerous honours both domestically and continental. The team won Cup Winners Cup in 1999

neg: ISIL territorial claims Egyptian militant group Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis swore allegiance to ISIL in November 2014. After al-Baghdadi's speech on 13 November, the group changed its name to Sinai Province on the Twitter feed claiming to represent the group. The group has carried out attacks in Sinai. Al-Baghdadi announced a Wilayah in Saudi Arabia in November 2014, calling for the overthrow of the Saudi Royal Family and criticizing the Kingdom's participation in the US-led coalition against ISIL. The group has carried out attacks in the country under the names of "Najd Province" and "Hejaz Province". ISIL established a Yemeni Wilayah in November 2014.

neg: Faisal of Saudi Arabia his reputation as a reforming and modernizing figure. In 1963 Prince Faisal established the country's first television station, though actual broadcasts would not begin for another two years. Crown Prince Faisal helped establish the Islamic University of Madinah in 1961. In 1962 Prince Faisal helped found the Muslim World League, a worldwide charity to which the Saudi royal family has reportedly since donated more than a billion dollars. The struggle with King Saud continued in the background during this time. Taking advantage of the king's absence from the country for medical reasons in early 1963, Faisal began amassing more power

neg: Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations Thani family to businessmen and common people. Qatar itself had often exiled its most powerful critics to Saudi Arabia. This was usually temporary, with the dissidents returning to Qatar after the Saudi government would negotiate resolutions between the two parties. Since he took power in 1995, Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani believed Qatar could find security only by transforming itself from a Saudi vassal state to a rival of Saudi Arabia. When Hamad bin Khalifa assumed power, Qatar was in a better position to chart its own path than any time prior because of the massive wealth it had gained from

neg: Juddmonte Farms Juddmonte Farms Juddmonte Farms is an award-winning horse breeding farm, owned by Prince Khalid bin Abdullah of Saudi Arabia. A member of the Saudi Arabian royal family the successful businessman presides over the massive conglomerate Mawarid Holding. While he is in semi-retirement, his four sons are involved in managing business interests that include insurance, catering, cement, cleaning, foodstuffs and electronics. Juddmonte Farms consists of a variety of individual farms: three in England, two in Ireland, and three in Kentucky, United States. Established in 1977, Juddmonte in particular is highly regarded for their 300 plus broodmare band. The farm has owned

neg: Petromin Corporation Petromin Corporation The Petromin Corporation is a Saudi Arabian lubricants and automotive services company, operating in lubricant oils including manufacturer, industrial, and automotive oils and lubricants, car servicing (Petromin Express), fuel retailing and car dealerships. The company is one of the "Major Leading Players" of the lubricating grease Industry. The company was established by a royal decree on 22 November 1962 The initial name of the company was Petromin Lubricating Oil Company and was renamed to Saudi Arabian Lubricating Oil Company in 1997. It was established as a joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Mobil investments and started production at

neg: Jean Sasson Title: Daughters of Arabia (, Bantam, new ed 2004) As second-generation members of the royal family who have benefited from Saudi oil wealth, Maha and Amani are surrounded by untold opulence and luxury from the day they were born and which they take for granted. In "Princess Sultana's Daughters", Sasson exposes the stifling and unbearably restrictive lifestyle imposed on these women. They have reacted in equally desperate ways. Their stories are set against traditional Saudi Arabian culture and social mores. " – Windsor-Brooke Books, LLC (May 1, 2002)"" UK title: Desert Royal (,Bantam, New ed 2004) When Sultana's niece is

neg: Saudi National Day family of Saud. For some, it is also an opportunity to learn about the work of the King Abdulaziz, who changed the name of Arabia to his family name, and what he did to establish his family dominance over Arabia. Therefore, some celebrations are held in his memory. Saudi National Day Saudi National Day () is celebrated in Saudi Arabia on every 23 September to commemorate the renaming of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by a royal decree from King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud in 1932. It is a National Holiday. It should

neg: Al-Arabi (Saudi Arabia) in Saudi Premier League then relegated to the Saudi First Division four years . Then in 1994/1995 it also relegated to Saudi Second Division where it played to get a qualifier rise to Saudi First Division season 1995/1996, and failed to rise to the first division in the finals which was held in Al-Hasa. It played in the second division, which established for the first time season 1996/1997, and still there until it fell in season 1998/1999 to the third division, after playing three seasons there.And continued in the third division until managed to qualify in season 2001/2002 in final