query: when did railroads become popular in the us

pos: History of rail transport in the United States 1852. This became the Crum Creek Branch of the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad (part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) in 1887. This is the first railroad meant to be permanent, and the first to evolve into trackage of a common carrier after an intervening closure. In 1826 Massachusetts incorporated the Granite Railway as a common freight carrier to primarily haul granite for the construction of the Bunker Hill Monument; operations began later that year. Other railroads authorized by states in 1826 and constructed in the following years included the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's gravity railroad; and the Mohawk

neg: Fast Flying Virginian trains become less popular over time, as the public embraced the automobile and the airplane. By the mid-1960s, the C&O, like other railroads, depended on mail and express packages to keep passenger trains marginally profitable (while being able to claim, thanks to the accounting rules, that passenger trains lost money). In 1967, when the U.S. Postal Service canceled all their mail contracts with the railroads, the C&O like all railroads really "was" losing money on passenger operations. This spelled the end of the "FFV", which made its final run on May 12, 1968. Actually, it spelled the end for privately

neg: 3 ft gauge railroads in the United States 3 ft gauge railroads in the United States This is a list of narrow-gauge railways in the United States. Narrow-gauge railroads of various sizes existed across the US, especially during the late 1800s, with the most popular gauge being gauge. Some of the more famous gauge railroad networks in the US were based in California, Colorado, and Hawaii. These narrow-gauge lines were easier to build than standard gauge and cost significantly less to construct. Some of the lines of these former networks still exist in the present day and continue to use gauge track, while the rest were either widened

neg: 3 ft gauge railroads in the United States to standard gauge or abandoned (see table below). 3 ft gauge railroads in the United States This is a list of narrow-gauge railways in the United States. Narrow-gauge railroads of various sizes existed across the US, especially during the late 1800s, with the most popular gauge being gauge. Some of the more famous gauge railroad networks in the US were based in California, Colorado, and Hawaii. These narrow-gauge lines were easier to build than standard gauge and cost significantly less to construct. Some of the lines of these former networks still exist in the present day and continue to use

neg: 3 ft gauge rail modelling number of lines survived till the Second World War and later, and became popular subjects for modelling. Probably the most popular prototype is the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, followed by other Colorado railroads such as the Rio Grande Southern and Colorado and Southern. Other railroads from California and the eastern states are also popular. Scale and gauge combinations used in modelling include: Perhaps not surprisingly, most narrow gauge modellers in the United States model US gauge prototypes. However these prototypes are also popular modelling subjects outside the United States as well. gauge was the narrow gauge used in

neg: East St. Louis, Illinois mass of employees: Go home to your different wards and organize your different unions, but don't keep coming up here in great bodies and stirring up excitement. Ask the Mayor, as we did, to close up all the saloons... keep sober and orderly, and when you are organized, apply to the United Workingmen for orders. Don't plunder ... don't interfere with the railroads here ... let us attend to that. The strikers held the railroads and city for about a week, without the violence that took place in Chicago and other cities. The federal government intervened, and on July 28

neg: Jamestown, Virginia Point near the mouth of Hampton Roads. This was about downstream from Jamestown in a rural section of Norfolk County. It was a site which could become accessible by both long-distance passenger railroads and local streetcar service, with considerable frontage on the harbor of Hampton Roads. This latter feature proved ideal for the naval delegations which came from points all around the world. The Jamestown Exposition of 1907 was one of the many world's fairs and expositions that were popular in the early part of the 20th century. Held from April 26, 1907 to December 1, 1907, attendees included US

neg: Hayride the haying season. By the late 19th century and he spread of the railroads, tourism and summer vacations in the country had become popular with urban families, many of whom had read idealized accounts of hayrides in children's books. To capitalize on the demand, local farmers began offering "genuine hayrides" on wagons loaded with hay, since one could make more cash income selling rides to "summer people" than by selling the same wagon-load of hay (although most farmers did both). During this era, farming was transforming from a subsistence system to a cash system, and there were few options for

neg: Railway surgery railways were the largest US industry employing over a million, far more than any other dangerous occupation. Many thousands of injuries occurred on these railroads throughout the 19th century. From 1850 until World War I American railroad companies started to develop their own medical arrangements in order to retain workers, care for their passengers and injured third parties, and avoid legal action. The earliest example of a company railroad surgeon was James P. Quinn on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1834, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1850s. By the end of the 1850s most companies

neg: Constitution of Virginia provided for the creation of the State Corporation Commission to regulate the growing power of the railroads. Because of concern over African-American opposition, the convention did not honor its pledge to have the proposed constitution put to popular vote. Like the 1864 Constitution by the Loyalist government during the Civil War, the legislature adopted the 1902 Constitution without ratification by the electorate. It was in effect far longer than any previous Virginia constitution. As a result of the Civil Rights Movement challenging the restrictions and discrimination practiced against blacks exercise of constitutional rights, a series of US Supreme Court cases,

neg: 1930–1945 in Western fashion was invented in 1946 by a French engineer named Louis Réard. It was apparently named after the Bikini Atoll, which was the site of a nuclear bomb test in 1946, because Réard hoped its impact would be explosive in the fashion world. The bikini was even more daring than the two-piece, thus it did not become popular until 1953 when Brigitte Bardot was photographed in one at the Cannes Film Festival. Although the bikini did become popular in Europe in 1953 it did not become popular in the United States until the 1960s. For men, the most noticeable effect of

neg: Liverpool poets BBC Top Gear and "Night Ride" shows, and in 1968 he produced their first LP. Four LPs were issued with Henri's poetry heavily featured. Despite Peel's support the albums achieved little success, although the band did become popular on the UK university and college circuit. Their public performances included a 1969 tour when they opened for Led Zeppelin; they also toured the USA but did not attract much acclaim from US critics and audiences. Henri was described in performance as "bouncing thunderously and at risk to audience and fellow performers, the stage vibrating out of rhythm beneath him." The albums

neg: Bion J. Arnold time when railroads were converting their power sources from steam to electricity. In 1898, Arnold developed a new method of converting alternating current from power plants to direct current in substations for the Chicago & Milwaukee Electric Railway. This innovative electrification system would eventually become a standard in the interurban and street railway industries. Between 1898 and 1912, he assisted the New York Central Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad in conversion of their lines leading into the Grand Central Terminal. When the IRT opened in 1904, the subway proved to be more popular than envisioned. By 1908, a system

neg: Conrail were becoming lost all over the railroad. In 1972, Hurricane Agnes damaged the rundown Northeast railway network and threatened the solvency of other railroads, including the somewhat more solvent Erie Lackawanna (EL). In mid-1973, officials with the bankrupt Penn Central threatened to liquidate and cease operations by year's end if they did not receive government aid by October 1. This threat to US freight and passenger traffic galvanized the Congress to quickly create a bill to nationalize the bankrupt railroads. The Association of American Railroads, which opposed nationalization, submitted an alternate proposal for a government-funded private company. Judge Fullam forced

neg: Railroad classes Railroad classes In the United States, railroads are designated as Class I, II, or III, according to size criteria first established by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1911, and now governed by the Surface Transportation Board. There are six US Class I freight railroad companies. Canada has two Class I freight railroads, both of which have trackage in the US. Mexico has two Class I freight railroads, one with trackage in the US. In addition, the national passenger railroads in the US and Canada, Amtrak and Via Rail, are both Class I. Initially, the ICC classed railroads by their

neg: Cashmere, Washington of receiving a station stop on the new line. It did not receive a station at that time and no boom occurred when the railroad came. Not until 1900 did Cashmere become a flag stop and a small section house was built, manned by two employees. This small building was preserved and today exists on the property of the Cashmere Museum and Pioneer Village. The prosperity the railroads brought revived local interest to irrigate the arid valley. In 1892, a stock company was formed with a capital stock of $5000. Local men took out mile contracts to help dig the

neg: Penn Central Transportation Company the inability to respond to market conditions. At the time, U.S. railroads were regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which did not allow railroads to change rates it charged both shippers and passengers. Reducing costs was the only way to survive and become profitable, but the ICC restricted what cost-cutting could take place. A merger seemed to be a promising way out of a difficult situation. The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) and New York Central Railroad (NYC) had been significant rivals for most of the 20th century. Both railroads had physical plant not being utilized to capacity (though the NYC

neg: Railroad classes and terminal railroads are excluded from Class II status. Railroads considered by the Association of American Railroads as "Regional Railroads" are typically Class II. An example of a Class II would be the Florida East Coast Railway. The last major change of the upper bound for a Class II railroad was in 1992, when the Florida East Coast Railway was changed from a Class I railroad to Class II. A previous change in 1991, which prevented two railroads—Montana Rail Link and Wisconsin Central—from becoming Class I, was made at the request of the two railroads, as they did not wish

neg: U.S. Route 1 in New Jersey Brunswick Turnpike in 1803. Throughout its history, the Trenton and New Brunswick Turnpike faced stiff competition from canals such as the Delaware & Raritan Canal and railroads such as the Camden and Amboy Railroad. In the later part of the 19th century, the turnpike company folded and the Pennsylvania Railroad took over ownership of the turnpike. When the charter for the Trenton and New Brunswick Turnpike expired in 1903, it became a public road. When the first numbered highways were legislated in New Jersey in 1916, the present day US 1 between New Brunswick and Elizabeth was to become a

neg: Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway rail connections. The line that was to become the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway (Frisco) would not reach Springfield for another four years, and SP did not build east from Mojave to the Colorado River until 1883. A&P started construction in 1868, built southwest into what would become Oklahoma, and promptly entered receivership. In 1879 A&P struck a deal with the Santa Fe and Frisco railroads to construct a rail line for each. The railroads would jointly build and own the A&P railroad west of Albuquerque. In 1883 A&P reached Needles, California, where it connected with an SP line. A&P also

neg: Live steam do not provide the same experience as operating one's own locomotive in the larger scales and riding on (or behind) it, while doing so. One of the most famous live steam railroads was Walt Disney's Carolwood Pacific Railroad around his California home; it later inspired Walt Disney to surround his planned Disneyland amusement park with a working, narrow gauge railroad. The live steam hobby is especially popular in the UK, US, and Australia. All over the world, there are hundreds of clubs and associations as well as many thousands of private backyard railroads. The world's largest live steam layout, with

neg: 2-10-0 arrangement. The first boost in the number of Decapods occurred when Imperial Russia ordered approximately 1,200 Decapods from American builders during World War I. When the Bolshevik revolution occurred in 1917, 857 had already been delivered, but more than 200 were either awaiting shipment or were in the process of construction. These stranded locomotives were adopted by the United States Railroad Administration (USRA), the body created by the Government to oversee and control the railroads during the War, converted to American standards, and put to use on American railroads. Small and light-footed, these Russian decapods proved popular with smaller railroads,

neg: Caboose to trains for special events, including historical tours. The Chihuahua al Pacífico Railroad in Mexico still uses cabooses to accompany their motorail trains between Chihuahua and Los Mochis. Cabooses have also become popular for collection by railroad museums and for city parks and other civic uses, such as visitor centers. Several railroad museums roster large numbers of cabooses, including the Illinois Railway Museum with 19 examples and the Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, California, with 17. Many shortline railroads still use cabooses today. Large railroads also use cabooses as "shoving platforms" or in switching service where it is convenient

neg: Handcar It is likely that machinists in individual railroad shops began to build them to their own design. Many of the earliest ones operated by turning large cranks. It is likely that the pump handcar, with a reciprocating walking beam, came later. While there are hundreds of US patents pertaining to details of handcars, probably the primary designs of mechanisms for powering handcars were in such common use that they were not patentable when companies started to manufacture handcars for sale to the railroads. Handcars were absolutely essential to the operation of railroads during a time when railroads were the primary

neg: Roland TR-606 they soon lost their luster. The group was doomed to an early demise as popular music soon shifted to sampled drum sounds and real bass lines for hit songs, as sample capabilities were the newest development of the late 1980s. At one time, the TR-606 could be found in pawn shops for as little as US$50; since the resurgence in popularity of analog drum sounds for electronic music, however, the TR-606 will commonly sell for US$400 to US$500. While it did not sell well at first, it did eventually become an integral part of the early acid house electronic music

neg: U.S. Route 40 in Pennsylvania new type of consumer. The Post Office Appropriation Act of 1912 and the Rural Road Act of 1916 provided funds to rebuild the National Road, and World War I and the overburdened railroads made national highways a priority in the early twentieth century. In 1921, the National Road became U.S. Route 40 after the National Highway Act. The Pennsylvania Route 11 designation was also given to the National Road through Pennsylvania, eventually becoming Pennsylvania Route 81 before the road became solely US 40. The road became very popular again in the 1940s, but this only lasted until the 1950s when

neg: Pony truck of similar design became very popular on British locomotives thereafter. Partly because load was not equalized between the Bissell pony truck and the leading drivers, the pony truck did not become instantly popular in the US. Locomotives in the UK were generally not equalized, so it was not considered a problem there. John P. Laird was the first to attempt to equalize the pony truck with the drivers in 1857; he received a patent on the concept in 1866. Laird's design was complex and did not find favor, although he incorporated it on some locomotives he built or rebuilt, particularly

neg: U.S. Route 80 in Alabama The state of Alabama, Montgomery in particular, got heavily involved in promoting the highway for boosts in local tourism. Smaller US 80 statewide associations were founded to promote the highway in Alabama. In the coming decade, US 80 grew to become a very popular and heavily traveled highway, the popularity of which did provide US 66 with serious competition. There even came a time where more people traveled into California on US 80 than on US 66. In 1955, US 80 and SR 8 underwent a major re-route, bypassing Coatopa, Livingston and York. Previously, only part of the new route

neg: Popular sovereignty in the United States that before and after the revolution, Americans believed "that the people in a republic, like a king in a monarchy, exercised plenary authority as the sovereign. This interpretation persisted from the revolutionary period up to the Civil War." Despite this widespread belief, the term "popular sovereignty" was infrequently used by the early Americans. In expressing the fundamental concept of rule by the people, they described an ideal of how the people would exercise sovereignty in the US and state officers and employees would be public servants. The phrase "popular sovereignty" did not become popular until the 1840s. Popular sovereignty in

neg: Pennsylvania Route 247 in 1819-1820. The Belmont and Easton Turnpike was used to transport cattle and sheep from Western New York to Easton and Philadelphia. The turnpike saw heavy traffic in its early days but traffic would decline with the rise of the railroads and other roads. When Pennsylvania legislated routes in 1911, what would become PA 247 between Clifford and Forest City was designated as Legislative Route 296. PA 247 was designated in 1928 to run from US 6 (Main Street) in Blakely north to an unnumbered road (present-day T682) north of Rock Lake. The route followed its current alignment to Montdale

neg: Short Line Reading Series of presenting a mixture of starkly contrasting genres and styles as Turner did, the Short Line was designed to “connect” various prominent literary groups in Vancouver. A statement on the "Memewar Magazine" website reads, “In the spirit of this mixing of genres, the Short Line will include readings by artists from different Vancouver-based literary circles.” The name “Short Line” refers to the “Short Line Railroad”, one of the four railroads in the popular board game Monopoly. The other railroads found on a standard Monopoly board include: B&O Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad and Reading Railroad; the last being the name of Michael

neg: EMD SD90MAC from the cab than the old nose. The SD90MAC-H did not prove popular with railroads and less than 70 were built, including Electro-Motive Diesel demonstrator units. Since the SD90MAC-H had such a large prime mover, it didn't offer the same operational flexibility as smaller units, limiting its possible customer base to only the largest railroads. Also, since the H-engine was a new design it hadn't reached the same level of reliability as EMD's previous engine. The low reliability on such a large engine was an especially bad combination since the loss of one engine in a train meant the loss

neg: Washing machine motor is periodically switched off to permit the clothing to soak, and is only re-energized just prior to a micro-switch being engaged or disengaged for the next stage of the process. Fully electronic timers did not become widespread until decades later. Despite the high cost of automatic washers, manufacturers had difficulty in meeting the demand. Although there were material shortages during the Korean War, by 1953 automatic washing machine sales in the US exceeded those of wringer-type electric machines. In the UK and in most of Europe, electric washing machines did not become popular until the 1950s. This was largely

neg: Thomas James (minister) of whether to claim that freedom. She did so, and became free the following day. James also assisted with the "Amistad" case and issues. While in Boston, James was actively involved in cases dealing with escaped slaves, such as Anthony Burns and Ellen and William Craft. Although the federal Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850 required states to return slaves to their masters, many Massachusetts citizens strongly opposed the law and helped slaves achieve freedom, even in the face of US Marshals. James also successfully challenged the custom of assigning blacks to second class on railroads and other transportation. When

neg: Decatur Downtown Historic District (Decatur, Illinois) Decatur Downtown Historic District (Decatur, Illinois) The Decatur Downtown Historic District is a historic commercial district located in downtown Decatur, Illinois. The district includes 75 buildings, 61 of which are considered significant or contributing to its historic character. While downtown Decatur was platted in 1829, it did not experience significant commercial development until 1854, when two railroads built lines through the city; all but one of the district's contributing buildings were built between 1854 and 1916. The district includes many of the commercial buildings which were built in the economic boom following the railroad's construction. These buildings represent several popular

neg: Steamboats of the Columbia River that would restore their competitive position relative to the railroads. The two main improvements on the Columbia were the Cascade Locks and Canal, completed in 1896, and the Celilo Canal and Locks, completed in 1915. While these projects did open the river first to The Dalles, and then all the way to Wallula, there was no long-term improvement for the steamboats' position in their losing competition against the railroads. By 1899, although rail competition had become severe, new steamboats continued to be built, including some of the fastest and most well-designed vessels. In that year, "Altona" was rebuilt for the

neg: Sleeper hit for 41 weeks on the US "Billboard" 200. "Just Dance" and "Poker Face" by pop singer Lady Gaga were both released in early 2008 but did not become popular hits until the following year in certain countries, including the US and the UK. Awolnation's "Sail" was initially released in November 2010, but entered at number 89 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in September 2011, spending 20 weeks on the chart before dropping out. The single re-entered the Hot 100 a year later, becoming a massive sleeper hit and reaching a new peak of number 17. "Sail" also became

neg: Substance dependence usage in the US become much more common and popular. Morphine was isolated in the early nineteenth century, and came to be prescribed commonly by doctors, both as a painkiller and as an intended cure for opium addiction. At the time, the prevailing medical opinion was that the addiction process occurred in the stomach, and thus it was hypothesized that patients would not become addicted to morphine if it was injected into them via a hypodermic needle, and it was further hypothesized that this might potentially be able to cure opium addiction. However, many people did become addicted to morphine.

neg: Lehigh and Hudson River Railway was anticipating a merger with other northeastern US railroads and did not want to enter into a venture that it viewed as a potential money-loser. The Bunny Ski Train remained a viable proposal until the remaining vestige of the Sussex Branch was removed in July 1977, after it became clear that it was no longer needed as a connector to the L&HR. As such, in 1976 the L&HR was merged into Conrail. Subsequently, the section between Belvidere, New Jersey and Sparta, New Jersey (Sparta Junction) was abandoned. The tracks, however, remained in place until approximately 1988, when the right-of-way between

neg: EMD SD45 the SD40. It did consume more fuel at idle than the 16 cylinder prime mover in the SD40, and at the time US railroads typically left a locomotive idling when not in use.) Many SD45s still exist, some rebuilt with sixteen-cylinder 645s for lease companies. SD45s and SD45-2s owned by Montana Rail Link retain their 20-cylinder prime movers. Wisconsin Central used to roster a large fleet of SD45s, but its sale to CN has resulted in the retirement of the entire fleet, with mass scrappings. Montana Rail Link is also starting to sell some for scrap. EMD SD45 The SD45

neg: Harry Nilsson by "Aerial Ballet", an album that included Nilsson's rendition of Fred Neil's song "Everybody's Talkin'". A minor US hit at the time of release (and a top 40 hit in Canada), the song would become more popular a year later when it was featured in the film "Midnight Cowboy", and it would earn Nilsson his first Grammy Award. The song would also become Nilsson's first US top 10 hit, reaching #6, and his first Canadian #1. "Aerial Ballet" also contained Nilsson's version of his own composition "One", which was later taken to the top 5 of the US charts by

neg: Garden railway Garden railway A garden railroad or garden railway ("railroad" in the US, "railway" elsewhere) is a model railway system set up outdoors in a garden. While G is the most popular scale for garden railroads, 16 mm scale has a dedicated and growing following especially in the UK. Model locomotives in this scale are often live steam scale models of British narrow gauge prototypes. 16 mm scale (which runs on ) track, the same gauge as O gauge is probably now more popular in the UK than G scale. A garden railway's scale tends to be in the range of

neg: Memphis and Charleston Railroad devastating and led to its merger into other railroads of the same fate and eventually to become part of the Southern Railway system. The Memphis and Charleston Railroad eventually merged into the Southern Railway. The route is still in use today as part of the Norfolk Southern Railway line running between Memphis and Chattanooga, Tennessee. US 72 roughly follows the original route of the Memphis and Charleston between Memphis, Tennessee and Muscle Shoals, Alabama. From Muscle Shoals to Huntsville, Alabama Alt. US 72 follows the original Memphis and Charleston. US 72 follows the route again from Huntsville to Stevenson, Alabama.

neg: Mace (bludgeon) increasingly common, copper and bronze were also used, especially in iron-deficient areas. One example of a mace capable of penetrating armour is the flanged mace. The flanges allow it to dent or penetrate thick armour. Flange maces did not become popular until after knobbed maces. Although there are some references to flanged maces ("bardoukion") as early as the Byzantine Empire c. 900 it is commonly accepted that the flanged mace did not become popular in Europe until the 12th century, when it was concurrently developed in Russia and Mid-west Asia. Maces, being simple to make, cheap, and straightforward in application,

neg: Bamboo fly rod few people began experimenting with splitting the cane and re-gluing in 2,3 and 4 sections. Samuel Phillipe of Easton, Pennsylvania is credited (at least by Americans) as being the first to produce such a multi-sided rod. However, the use of such rods did not become commonplace until after the Civil War when makers and manufacturers sought to supply goods to the expanding nation through the use of railroads and the U.S. Mail. Initially, the rodmakers were gunsmiths and other craftsmen like H.L Leonard, whom Americans credit with creating the first six-sided rod, the configuration that is still predominant today. Leonard

neg: Internet metaphors the problems of the invisibility and intangibility of the Internet's infrastructure and to fill linguistic gaps where no literal expressions existed. "Highways, webs, clouds, matrices, frontiers, railroads, tidal waves, libraries, shopping malls, and village squares are all examples of metaphors that have been used in discussions of the Internet." Over time these metaphors have become embedded in cultural communications, subconsciously shaping the cognitive frameworks and perceptions of users who guide the Internet's future development. Popular metaphors may also reflect the intentions of Internet designers or the views of government officials. Internet researchers tend to all agree that popular metaphors should

neg: U.S. Route 101 early 1950s, old US 101 along the El Camino Real was posted as US 101 Alternate or US 101A, and the freeway was marked US 101 Bypass or US 101B. In 1964, when California renumbered numerous state highways, El Camino was renumbered SR 82 and the Bayshore Freeway lost the bypass designation. US 101 has become internationally renowned over the years in film, popular culture, and song. It is often quoted alongside other legendary roadtrip routes, such as US 66, as a recognized symbol of American culture and lifestyle. US 101 is one of the courses in the racing game

neg: Henry Hastings Sibley Democrat in the White House. He served from May 24, 1858, until January 2, 1860. After narrowly defeating Republican Alexander Ramsey in the first state gubernatorial contest, Sibley declared in his inaugural address, "I have no object and no interests which are not inseparably bound up with the welfare of the state." He did not seek reelection. When the legislature voted for the state to issue bonds to the railroads to provide for construction of the transcontinental route, Sibley refused. He said the railroads did not give priority of lien to the state on their property. The state supreme court

neg: Rail Travel Card the use of railroads that did not on their own accept the card that it would still be honored provided travel started on one of the railroads that did honor it. In announcing its introduction H.B. Rogers of the Erie Railroad explained "For more than a year ... the railroads, have been discussing methods for making travel easier and more convenient. This credit plan will help to do it". April 1, 1947 the card became effective, initially honored by 45 railroads. Promotional materials stated "This card will be honored by participating railroads for all rail and Pullman transportation (except commutation)

neg: History of rail transport in Russia efficient operation in order to avoid nationalization. The result, according to one observer was that: "Russian railroads gradually become perhaps the most economically operated railroads of the world.". Profits were high: over 100 million gold rubles a year to the government (exact amount unknown due to accounting defects). After the Russian Revolution (1917) all railroads become government owned by the Soviet Union. During the earlier years, the Soviet railroads were financially in the red, but by 1965 they returned a profit to the Soviet Government of 13.3% on their capital investment. By 1980 profits had nearly halved to 7.1%. Passenger

neg: Kettle Valley Railway Vancouver. However, this was not an easy task, as two mountain ranges stood in the way. Construction was some of the costliest per track mile when compared against most other North American railroad projects, costing almost $20 million, and it took nearly 20 years to complete. Construction of the railroad was not undertaken all at once, or even by one single company. In the process of realizing a completed "Coast-to-Kootenay" railroad, a number of "paper railroads" emerged. These were railroads that never progressed beyond the proposed stage. However some railroads did progress past the proposal stage. The CPR initiated the

neg: Track gauge in the United States the hinterland, and systems did not connect. Each builder was free to choose its own gauge, although the availability of British-built locomotives encouraged some railroads to be built to standard gauge. When American railroads' track extended to the point that they began to interconnect, it became clear that a single nationwide gauge would be a good idea. Where different gauges meet, there is a "break of gauge". To overcome this issue, special "compromise cars" were able to run and standard gauge track. Another application was the Ramsey car-transfer apparatus. In Erie, Pennsylvania, the Erie Railroad terminated while adjacent railroads used

neg: Uchida Ryu Tanjojutsu society, military and economy. This included the construction of railroads, reforming the military based on the Prussian system and building new facilities for modern communication and modernising and expanding the domestic industry. It would also bring along western clothing with European clothes which would become a popular new choice of wardrobe for the Japanese of this new age. Among the things that were imported the western style walking stick was one of them, and this Western high status symbol quickly became a popular item in Japan, especially for former status-conscious samurai who were not allowed to wear swords anymore as

neg: Pervious concrete greenhouses. It is an important application for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact development techniques used by builders to protect water quality. Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as pavement surfacing and load bearing walls. Cost efficiency was the main motive due to a decreased amount of cement. It became popular again in the 1920s for two storey homes in Scotland and England. It became increasingly viable in Europe after WWII due to the scarcity of cement. It did not become as popular in the US until the 1970s. In India it became

neg: The Edsels and "Do You Love Me" helped the group land a major recording contract with Capitol Records in 1961. Today the group is known almost exclusively for "Rama Lama Ding Dong", written by lead singer George "Wydell" Jones Jr. The song was recorded in 1957 and released, under the erroneous title "Lama Rama Ding Dong", in 1958. It did not become popular until 1961, after a disc jockey in New York City began to play it as a segue from the Marcels' doo-wop version of "Blue Moon". The song eventually became popular throughout the US, peaking at number 21 on the

neg: Women in journalism perhaps because they normally did not regard them as dangerous competitors." Of the seven biggest newspapers in Stockholm, six had female co-workers prior to 1900, and when Swedish Union of Journalists was founded in 1901, women were included from the start. An important event occurred in 1910, when the popular novel "Pennskaftet" by Elin Wägner made the journalist profession a popular career choice for women, and women career journalists were often referred to as "pennskaft". By this time, women reporters, though a minority, had become common and no longer regarded as a novelty and the competition had become harder: in

neg: Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania buy a decent farm and stock it or did not require as much capital to work a coal mine as it did to establish a line of stages or transportation wagons. Eventually, railroads replaced the canals as the primary means of transporting coal to the markets. See below “Railroad History”. Mining did become big corporate business, especially after the Civil War. As a result, the Middle Coal Field was developed in the 1860s and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad created a subsidiary (Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company) to buy or lease and develop the expanding industrial coal trade.

neg: Disneyland Railroad million passengers each year, the DRR has become one of the world's most popular steam-powered railroads. Walt Disney, the creator of the concepts for Disneyland and the Disneyland Railroad, always had a strong fondness for trains. As a young boy, he wanted to become a train engineer like his father's cousin, Mike Martin, who told him stories about his experiences driving main-line trains on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. As a teenager, he obtained a news butcher job on the Missouri Pacific Railway, selling various products to train passengers, including newspapers, candy, and cigars. Many years later, after

neg: Novak Djokovic evident to the tennis world after his 2007 US Open quarterfinal win over Carlos Moyá, where he entertained the audience with impersonations of Rafael Nadal and Maria Sharapova. His impersonations have also become popular on YouTube. Djokovic did an impression of John McEnroe after his fourth round match victory at the 2009 US Open, before playing a brief game with McEnroe, much to the delight of the audience. Djokovic is a member of the "Champions for Peace" club, a group of famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based

neg: Track gauge in Canada which time there was a change to standard gauge over several years. However, each railway had to change lines quickly, coordinating locomotive and track replacement with rolling stock replacements or upgrades. The rise in standardization with the US came about because of increasing trade across the border after the American Civil War, a process that was also underway within the US which had a greater diversity of gauges. The notion that rolling stock could earn money while on other railroads had become attractive, adding to the spur for standardization. The Grand Trunk system started converting its border lines in 1872

neg: Jagdterrier Bavaria and purchased two female dogs, Asta and Naja. In 1951 Thiel moved to the US, bringing with him Naja. He soon sent for Asta, who was bred and shipped pregnant. In 1954, Armin Schwarz Sr., imported a "champion" sire named Axel, and a few more litters were promulgated. In March 1956, nine Jadgterrier owners met in St. Louis, Missouri, and formed the Jagdterrier Club of America, with the expressed goal of getting the dog recognized by the American Kennel Club. In fact, the club did not prosper and eventually died out. The Jadgterrier did not become popular in the

neg: 1990s in video gaming on Super Famicom, "Tales of Phantasia" was released in Japan in 1995, featuring real-time side-scrolling combat mode and an exploration mode similar to classic console RPGs. In 1996, Star Ocean was released that also has real-time combat and classic exploration but features bird's eye view. Namco and Enix did not publish these two revolutionary titles in America, even though sequels in the two series would become wildly popular on future generations of consoles in the US. Fifth generation era saw several popular action RPGs, such as "Tales of Eternia", "Brave Fencer Musashi" and "Legend of Oasis". In 1996 Nintendo released

neg: No Matter What (Boyzone song) the only Boyzone hit to become popular in the US. Jewels & Stone did a remix for the song for dance clubs which was popular. In the UK, the song has sold 1.15 million copies and another 3 million worldwide. The song was also performed by Meat Loaf as a B-side to his "Is Nothing Sacred" single in 1999. The music video shows an African man leaving in a hot air balloon. The members of Boyzone are standing on the ground watching him depart. The African man eventually drops a small golden cross, in reference to the Christian themes of

neg: Vuse as a direct competitor to JUUL. Vuse Vuse Digital Vapor Cigarette, commonly known as Vuse (rhymes with "news"), is an electronic cigarette produced by R. J. Reynolds Vapor Company, a subsidiary of Big Tobacco company Reynolds American. In 2015, it was the most popular e-cigarette in the United States with 33 percent market share in Nielsen-tracked channels (a declining proportion of the total). Also in 2015, it was the best selling e-cigarette device in convenience stores in the US. However, Vuse lost its top position in 2017, when JUUL overtook it to become the most popular e-cigarette in the US.

neg: Vuse Vuse Vuse Digital Vapor Cigarette, commonly known as Vuse (rhymes with "news"), is an electronic cigarette produced by R. J. Reynolds Vapor Company, a subsidiary of Big Tobacco company Reynolds American. In 2015, it was the most popular e-cigarette in the United States with 33 percent market share in Nielsen-tracked channels (a declining proportion of the total). Also in 2015, it was the best selling e-cigarette device in convenience stores in the US. However, Vuse lost its top position in 2017, when JUUL overtook it to become the most popular e-cigarette in the US. , Vuse controls 9.6 percent of

neg: Cigar Clemente" brought of tobacco seed to the Philippines over the Acapulco-Manila trade route. It was distributed among Roman Catholic missionaries, who found excellent climates and soils for growing high-quality tobacco there. The use of the cigar did not become popular until the mid-eighteenth century, and although there are not many drawings from this era, there are some reports. In Seven Years' War it is believed Israel Putnam brought back a cache of Havana cigars, making cigar smoking popular in the US after the American Revolution. He also brought Cuban tobacco seeds which he planted in the Hartford area of New

neg: Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile) filed a civil lawsuit before judge Juan Guzmán Tapia against Pinochet. The criminal complaint states that the MIR had been formed in 1965 and that due to ideological and tactical differences did not become part of the Popular Unity government headed by Salvador Allende. Still, the organisation had served as a base of support for Allende and had shown willingness to confront violent sedition directed against the Popular Unity government organized by its US-backed right-wing opponents. Subsequently, with the September 11, 1973 Chilean coup and the overthrow and death of Allende Chile entered a period of severe military repression in

neg: The Makropulos Affair (opera) it did not become really popular until a production by the Sadler's Wells company in London in 1964, conducted by Charles Mackerras with Marie Collier as Emilia Marty. While performed with some regularity, it has not become part of the core opera repertory in the same way as have "Jenůfa", "Káťa Kabanová" or "The Cunning Little Vixen". In 1966, the San Francisco Opera gave the first US performances (in an English translation), also with Marie Collier in the lead role. The first New York City performance was in December 1967, by the Little Orchestra Society with Naděžda Kniplová as Emilia

neg: The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society LP was released in France, Italy, Sweden, Norway and New Zealand. These have since become rare and collectible. Upon its release "The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society" was greeted with almost unanimously positive reviews from rock critics but failed to sell strongly, an estimated 100,000 copies worldwide. Despite this slow start, the album has since become the Kinks' best-selling original record. The album did not have a popular single ("Starstruck" was released in North America and continental Europe, but failed to chart anywhere but the Netherlands). Although it was commercially unsuccessful upon its US release in January 1969,

neg: Budd SPV-2000 Budd SPV-2000 The Budd SPV-2000 is a self-propelled diesel multiple unit railcar built by the Budd Company between 1978 and 1981 for use on North American commuter railroads. The design was a successor to Budd's popular Rail Diesel Car (RDC) but based on the body of the Amfleet passenger car. It did not prove a success: Budd built 31 cars and they proved mechanically unreliable. Budd announced the design in 1976. At the time it contemplated multiple unit operation of up to six cars with a top speed of . Power would be provided by General Motors diesel engines. "Popular

neg: 3D television first time on 10 August 1928, by John Logie Baird in his company's premises at 133 Long Acre, London. Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electro-mechanical and cathode-ray tube techniques. The first 3D TV was produced in 1935, and stereoscopic 3D still cameras for personal use had already become fairly common by the Second World War. Many 3D movies were produced for theatrical release in the US during the 1950s just when television started to become popular. The first such movie was "Bwana Devil" from United Artists that could be seen all across the US in 1952.

neg: Railroad classes the United States, the Surface Transportation Board continues to use designations of Class II and Class III since there are different labor regulations for the two classes. Railroad classes In the United States, railroads are designated as Class I, II, or III, according to size criteria first established by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1911, and now governed by the Surface Transportation Board. There are six US Class I freight railroad companies. Canada has two Class I freight railroads, both of which have trackage in the US. Mexico has two Class I freight railroads, one with trackage in the

neg: Fort Ruby as well as to provide for construction of railroads and other needs, the US signed the Treaty of Ruby Valley with twelve chiefs of the Western Shoshone, who did not cede any territory. The US also gained permission to conduct gold mining in this territory, as it needed gold in order to wage war against the Confederacy. It promised payments of annuities of $5000 annually for 20 years to the Western Shoshone, in the form of goods and livestock, but failed to make any payments after the first year. The site, which at the time contained several surviving log buildings,

neg: Tohono O'odham as well as the interests of the larger communities and families. The present chairman is Edward D. Manuel. Like other tribes, the Tohono O’odham felt land pressures from Anglo ranchers, settlers, and the railroads. Documentation was poor, and many members did not leave their lands in a written will. John F. Trudell, a US attorney general assistant recorded an O’odham man declaring “I do not know anything about a land grant. The Mexicans never had any land to give us. From the earliest times our fathers have owned land which was given to them by the Earth’s prophet.” Because the

neg: Track gauge in the United States Short Line Railway, the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's horse-powered tramway near Pismo Beach, California, Michigan's Harbor Springs Railway, and several Hawaiian sugar plantation railways. This became a popular gauge for heritage railways in California, Florida, Hawaii, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Several Maine railroads used gauge following demonstration on the Billerica and Bedford Railroad in 1877, including the Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad, the Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway, the Kennebec Central, the Monson Railroad, and the Saco Biddeford & Harrison (later the Biddeford & Harrison). When these railroads ceased operation in the 1940s, their equipment was transferred

neg: Luke Lea (American politician, born 1879) opposed child labor. In 1913, Lea began his most ambitious undertaking in the Senate when he attempted to launch a federal investigation of the railroads and political corruption in Tennessee. The investigation encouraged the railroads to cease distributing free passes as political favors, but the growing crisis of the First World War eventually overshadowed concerns about corruption, and the investigation was shelved. During Lea's term, the Seventeenth Amendment changed the method of election of Senators from election by the state legislatures to direct popular vote. Lea supported this measure. Lea contended for the 1916 Democratic nomination for the seat but

neg: Hancock air whistle whistles got off-key and produced some variants. One common chord was E A C#. Hancock air whistle The Hancock air whistle was a railroad whistle intended for use on North American diesel locomotives in place of the standard air horn. Hancock was a familiar name to railroads during the days of steam. The company produced many appliances, one of which was the popular long-bell three-chime steam whistle. When railroads began dieselising, Hancock, along with other manufacturers of railroad equipment, adjusted their offerings in order to remain competitive. And so Hancock modified their whistle design so they could be used on

neg: Hancock air whistle Hancock air whistle The Hancock air whistle was a railroad whistle intended for use on North American diesel locomotives in place of the standard air horn. Hancock was a familiar name to railroads during the days of steam. The company produced many appliances, one of which was the popular long-bell three-chime steam whistle. When railroads began dieselising, Hancock, along with other manufacturers of railroad equipment, adjusted their offerings in order to remain competitive. And so Hancock modified their whistle design so they could be used on diesel locomotives. Hancock already had vast experience with whistles, and practically none with horns.

neg: M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle limited capacity of its standard 20-round magazine tended to hamper its utility in that role. Although the weapon did see some action in World War I, the BAR did not become standard issue in the US Army until 1938, when it was issued to squads as a portable light machine gun. The BAR saw extensive service in both World War II and the Korean War and saw limited service in the Vietnam War. The US Army began phasing out the BAR in the late 1950s, when it was intended to be replaced by a squad automatic weapon (SAW) variant of

neg: Vishnu Puran (TV series) Lord Shri Vishnu's eighth incarnation, Lord Krishna, in Chopra's television adaptation of the epic "Mahabharat". The music is composed by Raj Kamal who also worked on "Mahabharat". Even though "Vishnu Puran" did not prove to be as successful as "Mahabharat", it did become popular. Within a year, the series finished with the Vamana Avatara and The Hindu review said, "This lovely serial really overwhelmed us." By March 2001, it was consistently in Zee's top 10 ratings. By January 2003, it had completed 78 episodes with 100 more planned and was in the top 20 list. And for the week of

neg: Andy Rivera kept continuing his career by releasing more songs to get more fame, He released a song called "Si Me Necesitas" but also did not get much success from it, But when he made a remix of the song "Si Me Necesitas" with the popular Puerto Rican duo Baby Rasta & Gringo it had become a success. He then made a great leap in his career when he realized two separate songs with very popular Puerto Rican reggaeton artists Nicky Jam and Dalmata, The song "Los Perros se Enamoran" with Nicky Jam was popular and some parts of Colombia but the

neg: Silver Lake Dam that mode of transportation by railroads, which did not have to shut down in winter, records indicate the dam underwent major renovations and repair. The 1914 New York State Conservation Commission report that noted that also describes the dam as not markedly different from its original design or material. At that time canal operations had ceased completely and the dam had become private property. The lake it created, referred to in the Conservation Commission report as Woods Lake, had become a major attraction for the new village of Woodridge and the Jewish summer resorts around it. Beaches developed at either

neg: Railway surgery has also been disputed. Railway companies increasingly improved the health of their employees with preventative measures against disease. Vaccination schemes were introduced. Sanitation aboard trains became an issue, as did the quality of water supplies. In the 1920s the Cotton Belt Railroad succeeded in cutting hospitalization due to malaria of its workers from 21.5% to 0.2%. They did this with a program that included suppressing mosquito populations, preventative quinine treatment, education, and blood tests. Railway surgery was particularly well developed in the US in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Early American railroads passed through vast, thinly populated regions with little

neg: Maryville, Missouri in 1859, annulled during the Civil War, reincorporated in 1869, disincoporated again in 1869 and finally formally incorporated on July 19, 1869. when the Kansas City, St. Joseph, and Council Bluffs Railroad (later acquired by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad) arrived. The Wabash Railroad arrived in 1879. Both railroads no longer operate in the city and no railroads are operate anywhere in Nodaway County. In 1872 Albert P. Morehouse started the "Nodaway Democrat", which became the "Maryville Daily Forum". Morehouse would become governor. He lived in a house on Vine Street. Coincidentally, the house would later be occupied by

neg: William Stephens instead. Following his graduation from Eaton High School in 1876, Stephens had worked for three years as a school teacher before joining the railroad business to become an engineer. Between 1880 and 1887, Stephens helped survey the construction of railroads in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and Louisiana. His days in the railroads came to an end in 1887 when his mother, Alvira, now falling ill, sought a hot and drier climate to improve her health. The Stephens family, including William, relocated to Los Angeles, California that year, though Alvira would be dead within a year. After relocating to Los Angeles, Stephens

neg: Conductor (rail) most railroads, engineers begin as brakemen/assistant conductors, then become conductors, and finally engineers. Some railroads already implement such a strategy, notably the Montana Rail Link, and operate with an engineer, and an assistant engineer. However, most railroads are contractually obligated to employ at least one conductor in addition to the engineer, via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions, primarily the United Transportation Union (UTU). Therefore, eliminating the conductor position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement. If the railroads were successful, conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to

neg: History of rail transport in Russia truck. For the US, it was only 1.5 times as much by rail. Thus trucks in the USSR played a far lesser role in hauling freight than they did in the US, leaving the railroad as the basic means of freight transportation. In 1991 a law was passed which declared that railroads were the basic transportation system of the USSR. Prior to 1990, traffic in the Russian Republic (of the USSR) was about 2/3 of what was hauled by the USSR (since all the other former republics of the USSR hauled about 1/3 of the rail freight of the USSR).

neg: Farmers' movement did not attack them, the Grangers, through political farmers clubs and the like, did. In 1867, the Grange began efforts to establish regulation of the railways as common-carriers, by the states. Such laws were known as Granger Laws, and their general principles, endorsed in 1876 by the Supreme Court of the United States, have become an important chapter in the laws of the land. In a declaration of principles in 1874 Grangers were declared not to be enemies of railroads, and their cause to stand for no communism nor agrarianism. To conservatives, however, cooperation seemed communism, and Grange laws agrarianism;

neg: Seaboard System Railroad 1, 1985: Seaboard System Railroad The Seaboard System Railroad, Inc. was a short-lived former US Class I railroad that was created on December 29, 1982 after the consolidation of the Seaboard Coast Line and its sister railroads (notably the Louisville & Nashville and Clinchfield) into a single entity. It was one of two operating companies of CSX Corporation, the other being Chessie System. Since the late 1960s, the Seaboard Coast Line and its sister railroads had been known as the "Family Lines System," sharing common ownership while operating under different names when conducting business. On July 1, 1986, Seaboard and

neg: Seaboard System Railroad Seaboard System Railroad The Seaboard System Railroad, Inc. was a short-lived former US Class I railroad that was created on December 29, 1982 after the consolidation of the Seaboard Coast Line and its sister railroads (notably the Louisville & Nashville and Clinchfield) into a single entity. It was one of two operating companies of CSX Corporation, the other being Chessie System. Since the late 1960s, the Seaboard Coast Line and its sister railroads had been known as the "Family Lines System," sharing common ownership while operating under different names when conducting business. On July 1, 1986, Seaboard and Chessie merged

neg: Delaware and Hudson Canal easterly point along the canal route. As automobiles began to displace the railroads that had once done the same to the canal, its corridor and towpath saw new life as highway routes. US 6 and PA 590 follow part of the route between Honesdale and Hawley, with 590 running along the towpath and now-dry bed as it continues east along the Lackawaxen. The New York section of US 209 links the same communities in that state as the canal did, and intersects or runs closely parallel to its remnants in several areas. Within towns, Canal Street follows the route in

neg: 20th Arizona Territorial Legislature problems with the territorial system as a variety of bills dealing with the issue were introduced but failed to pass. The session did however grant a fifteen-year tax exemption to new water development projects while new railroads received a ten-year exemption. Toward territorial organization, Santa Cruz County was created from southern Pima County. A bill to reallocate the territorial building in Flagstaff for use as a normal school was introduced by House Speaker Henry F. Ashurst. This resulted in the establishment of Northern Arizona Normal School (now Northern Arizona University). An appropriation of US$30,000, in addition to the US$100,000 authorized

neg: Daishō shorter "uchigatana". With the advent of the katana, the "wakizashi" eventually was chosen by samurai as the short sword over the "tantō". Kanzan Satō, in his book titled "The Japanese Sword", notes that there did not seem to be any particular need for the "wakizashi" and suggests that the "wakizashi" may have become more popular than the "tantō" as the "wakizashi" was more suited for indoor fighting. He mentions the custom of leaving the "katana" at the door of a castle or palace when entering while continuing to wear the "wakizashi" inside. "Daishō" may have become popular around the end

neg: Time in Indiana when the sun was at its highest point in the sky. Since the sun reaches "high noon" four minutes later for every degree of longitude traveled towards the west, the time in every town was different. In Indiana, local mean time varied from GMT-5:39 in the east to GMT-5:52 in the west. With the emergence of the railroads, hundreds of miles could be traveled in a much shorter time, causing a train passenger to apparently experience several slight changes in time over the course of even a short rail trip. By 1883, the major railroads in the US agreed to

neg: Bermuda II Agreement Both sides agreed to automatically nominate Gatwick as the gateway airport for London for any London–US route that did not already exist under the original 1946 Bermuda agreement. When all available routes between London Heathrow/Gatwick and the US were taken, any carrier wishing to start a new route to a US gateway city not served from either of London's two main airports at the time of application for route authority needed to drop another route. In addition, any such change could only become effective when there was unanimous agreement between both the UK and US governments. Failure of both nations'

neg: Rail transport in Central America Official homepage: https://web.archive.org/web/20100306182740/http://www.fenadesal.gob.sv/ Guatemala had of operating narrow gauge railroads between Guatemala City and Puerto Barrios, managed by US-based Railroad Development Corporation as Ferrovías Guatemala. They ran regular freight trains and occasional charter steam trains for tourists from 1999 until September 2007, when all operation was suspended following a conflict with the Government of Guatemala. (June 2011) Most of the rail and steel bridges have now been dismantled by thieves meaning there now no possibility that service can be reinstated without millions of dollars' worth of investment in rebuilding it. Railroads have been built in Guatemala since 1884. In 1912,

neg: Arrangements between railroads the last step in an arrangement between two railroads, and is hard to undo, except in the case of bankruptcy, when different parts of the railroad may be sold to different buyers at auction. "Trackage rights" (US), "running rights" or "running powers" (UK) is an agreement between railroad companies in which the owner of tracks grants another railroad company some use of them. These deals can be long- or short-term; can include the right to serve customers on the line or not; and can be exclusive or not. Trackage rights can be temporary or long-term. Temporary rights agreements are typically

neg: Building the Virginian Railway old hand at mineral and transportation development, and his projects and investments seldom failed. His tenacity, energy, and organizational skills had led him to become one of John D. Rockefeller's key men at the Standard Oil Trust. Always ready to do corporate battle, Rogers wasn't about to have the Deepwater investment foiled by the big railroads. " See also article Henry H. Rogers" When Page and Rogers realized the Deepwater Railway project would have no connection options with other railroads to ship its coal, they set about exploring alternatives. One of these was securing their own route out of the

neg: Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 US Army, Fort Bridger and the railroads. After the passage of the Sundry Civil bill, Hayden immediately applied to the Secretary of War for permission to draw on equipment, stores, and transportation at frontier army posts. This was authorized, together with a small escort "when deemed necessary and the public service will permit." Likewise, the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads agreed to carry Hayden's men and equipment without cost. Hayden had an experienced assistant, James Stevenson. In 1866, Stevenson accompanied Hayden into the badlands of Dakota Territory in a search for minerals and fossils, and from that time on

neg: Nevaeh entered the top 1000 names for girls born in the United States in 2001 when its popularity shot up making it the 266th most common name, according to the US Social Security Administration. By 2010, it was the 25th most popular given name overall for all girls born in the United States in that year. It was the third most popular name for black girls born in New York City in 2010 and the third most popular name given to girls born in 2010 in New Mexico, the state where it is most popular; Nevaeh did not appear among the

neg: Forney locomotive of Forney locos were built for the surface and elevated commuter railroads that were built in cities such as New York, Chicago and Boston. These railroads required a small, fast locomotive that tracked well and could deal with tight curves. Their short runs meant the limited fuel and water capacity was not a problem, making the Forney ideal. However, as these railroads began to electrify or were replaced by subways at the end of the 19th century, Forneys began to disappear. Forneys were also popular on the narrow gauge railroads of Maine. The use of these locomotives differed in that