query: how many countries are involved in the paris agreement

pos: Paris Agreement Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement () is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, starting in the year 2020. The agreement's language was negotiated by representatives of 196 state parties at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Le Bourget, near Paris, France, and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. As of November 2018, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 184 have become party to it. The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well

neg: National communication (Paris Agreement) most standardized and comparable documents on the climate policies of different countries. The (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that form the basis of the Paris Agreement are shorter and less specific about how reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will be achieved. The National Communications are therefore the key documents on the climate policies of the world's countries. Although President Donald Trump has declared that the United States will withdraw from the Paris Agreement, this cannot be effectuated until the day after the 2020 presidential election in the United States. Until then, the United States will be obliged to continue reporting

neg: National communication (Paris Agreement) under the Paris Agreement. National communication (Paris Agreement) A "National Communication" is a type of report submitted by the countries that have ratified the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Countries listed in Annex I of the agreement (mostly industrialized countries) are obliged to submit frequent National Communications. Non-Annex I countries do so less frequently. Some smaller non-Annex I countries have not submitted National Communications in the past 5-15 years, leaving their contributions to climate change mitigation unclear in spite of their ratification of the Paris Agreement. National Communication reports are often several hundred pages

neg: National communication (Paris Agreement) National communication (Paris Agreement) A "National Communication" is a type of report submitted by the countries that have ratified the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Countries listed in Annex I of the agreement (mostly industrialized countries) are obliged to submit frequent National Communications. Non-Annex I countries do so less frequently. Some smaller non-Annex I countries have not submitted National Communications in the past 5-15 years, leaving their contributions to climate change mitigation unclear in spite of their ratification of the Paris Agreement. National Communication reports are often several hundred pages long and represent the

neg: 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference COP23 concluded with what was called the 'Fiji Momentum for Implementation,' which outlined the steps that need to be taken in 2018 to make the Paris Agreement operational and launched the Talanoa Dialogue - a process designed to help countries enhance and implement their Nationally Determined Contributions by 2020 Significant progress was made on the so-called implementation guidelines for the Paris Agreement – commonly known as the Paris Rulebook – which are the details that will determine how the Agreement will work in practice. COP23 resulted in the Fiji Momentum for Implementation, which reinforced the need for urgent action and

neg: Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement over the next few years in the development of a framework for non-market-based approaches. In Paris, the Parties agreed on a rough framework and goals for the cooperative mechanisms. How these goals are to be achieved and how the mechanisms are expected to work remains unclear. Both are being addressed in the current climate change negotiations which are shaped by differing political standpoints and numerous open issues concerning technical matters, structure and design. One key issue involves the extent to which activities conducted under Article 6 are to be regulated and monitored. While some countries (such as Brazil and also

neg: Common Reporting Standard exchanged and when, as set out in the Standard. , 53 jurisdictions had signed the agreement to automatically exchange information; 83 jurisdictions had signed the agreement. All European Union (EU) countries, China, India, Hong Kong, Russia and 109 countries altogether have agreed to become signatories. Yet many countries will not participate in the automatic information exchange. Many of those that have not signed are small countries. In April 2016, shortly after the release of the Panama papers, Panama agreed to comply with the standard. In Jan 2018, Panama has signed the MCAA at the OECD headquarters in Paris and become

neg: Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement clear: discussions are still underway as to what the non-market-based approach actually entails and how it can be distinguished from existing forms of cooperation. An element of progress has been made in this regard, for example with the identification of activities which could benefit from the approach, including the withdrawal of subsidies for fossil fuels. Apart from the issues outline above, there are also technical matters that must be addressed. One such issue is the linkage of Article 6 with the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement and the reporting requirements regarding the use of Article 6. Hence, countries using

neg: Paris Agreement see in SDM that will bolster its success. The specifics of the governance structure, project proposal modalities, and overall design are expected to come during the next Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh. Adaptation issues garnered more focus in the formation of the Paris Agreement. Collective, long-term adaptation goals are included in the Agreement, and countries must report on their adaptation actions, making adaptation a parallel component of the agreement with mitigation. The adaptation goals focus on enhancing adaptive capacity, increasing resilience, and limiting vulnerability. At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed

neg: 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference During his speech, he reinforced that impression: "Alarmism should not silence realism." The conference agreed on rules to implement the Paris Agreement, which will come into force in 2020, that is to say the rulebook on how governments will measure, and report on their emissions-cutting efforts. Due to difficulty to reach agreement between parties, some difficult questions such as ways to scale up existing commitments on cutting emissions, ways to provide financial help for poor countries, wording that does not allow double counting and whether countries are doing enough to cut their emissions (in the light of the IPCC report)

neg: Political positions of Donald Trump the agreement is too favorable to China and other countries. In his May 2016 speech, Trump inaccurately said that the Paris Agreement "gives foreign bureaucrats control over how much energy we use on our land, in our country"; in fact, the Paris Agreement is based on voluntary government pledges, and no country controls the emissions-reduction plan of any other country. Once the agreement is ratified by 55 nations representing 55 percent of global emissions (which has not yet occurred), a four-year waiting period goes into effect for any country wishing to withdraw from the agreement. A U.S. move to withdraw

neg: Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement not be used to circumvent climate action ambition in the countries involved. For example, the transfer of emission reductions from one country to another must not lead to the countries’ respective climate action efforts being any less than they would be without the cooperative mechanism. The Paris Agreement offers three ways in which Parties may cooperate on a voluntary basis. Article 6.2 enables Parties to cooperate with one another directly without using an international mechanism. For example, climate change mitigation activities can be implemented in one country and the resulting emission reductions can be transferred to another country and counted

neg: Know-how country to country, unlike the case for patents, trademarks and copyright for which there are formal "conventions" through which subscribing countries grant the same protection to the "property" as the others; examples of which are the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), under United Nations, a supportive organization designed "to encourage creative activity, [and] to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world". A trade- secret may be defined as For purposes of illustration, the following may be a provision in a license agreement serving to define know-how: Show-how is

neg: Trade agreement bigger area of the world. The largest multilateral trade agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement between United States, Canada, and Mexico are the three countries involved in. These are between countries in a certain area. The most powerful ones include a few countries that are near each other in a geographical area. These countries usually have similar histories, demographics and even economic goals. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) January 1, 1989 was when it was put into effect, this is between United States, Canada, and Mexico this agreement was designed to get rid of tariff barriers between

neg: Foreign relations of Morocco world invests only 19.3%. Many countries from the Persian Gulf and Maghreb regions are getting more involved in large-scale development projects in Morocco. Foreign relations have had a significant impact on economic and social development in Morocco. Certain evidence of foreign influence is through the many development projects, loans, investments, and free trade agreements that Morocco has with other countries. Some free trade agreements include the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area agreement with the European Union; the Greater Arab Free Trade Area with Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia; as well as the US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement with the United States. An example

neg: Paris Agreement United States—because there are no legal mitigation or finance targets, the agreement is considered an "executive agreement rather than a treaty". Because the UNFCCC treaty of 1992 received the consent of the Senate, this new agreement does not require further legislation from Congress for it to take effect. Another key difference between the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol is their scopes. While the Kyoto Protocol differentiated between Annex-1 and non-Annex-1 countries, this bifurcation is blurred in the Paris Agreement, as all parties will be required to submit emissions reductions plans. While the Paris Agreement still emphasizes the principle of

neg: Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on greenhouse gases enables Parties to cooperate in implementing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) towards emission reduction. Among other things, this means that emission reductions can be transferred between countries and counted towards NDCs. Agreement on the provisions of Article 6 was reached after intensive negotiations lasting several years. Voluntary cooperation provided for under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement serves a number of goals. These are outlined below. International cooperation under Article 6 is designed to raise ambition. With regard to climate action, this

neg: Bernard Hiller lives in Los Angeles, where he trains Hollywood professionals and top CEO's. The methods ( he has developed ) of "behavior transformation" has been featured in many TV interviews and articles around the world. He teaches Master acting classes and business seminars around the world including Venice, London, Madrid, Sidney, Moscow, Paris, Bucharest, St.Moritz, Rome, Los Angeles and many more. He works with artists to teach them how to become the actors they were born to be. He has been involved in teaching in over 20 different countries. In Tel Aviv at the Peres Peace Center for Palestinians and Israelis,

neg: Paris Agreement stocktake will kick off with a "facilitative dialogue" in 2018. At this convening, parties will evaluate how their NDCs stack up to the nearer-term goal of peaking global emissions and the long-term goal of achieving net zero emissions by the second half of this century. The implementation of the agreement by all member countries together will be evaluated every 5 years, with the first evaluation in 2023. The outcome is to be used as input for new nationally determined contributions of member states. The stocktake will not be of contributions/achievements of individual countries but a collective analysis of what has

neg: Individual and political action on climate change global warming. Critics note that the agreement is not sufficient to achieve the 2 °C warming target, and the lack of any binding enforcement mechanism. Subsequent Conference of the Parties meetings are expected to address shortcomings in the Paris Agreement. Amid fierce opposition from scientists and other leaders around the world, U.S. President Donald Trump has pledged to pull out of the Paris Agreement. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries with targets could elect to reach these targets in co-operation with other countries. The European Union has decided to work as a unit to meet its emissions targets. The European climate

neg: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States from the Lomé Convention is that the partnership is extended to new actors such as civil society, private sector, trade unions and local authorities. These will be involved in consultations and planning of national development strategies, provided with access to financial resources and involved in the implementation of programmes. Many small island developing states are ACP states; the fourth Lomé Convention was revised in 1995 in Mauritius and gives special attention to island countries in this agreement. The African ACP countries negotiate in five Economic Partnership Agreements groups (West Africa, CEMAC, Southern Africa Development Community, East African Community, Eastern and

neg: Climate change in New Zealand to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The key difference between the Paris Climate Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol is the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The Kyoto Protocol prescribed goals that were to be achieved by each signatory country and offered monetary support for developing countries (see Kyoto Protocol for more on this). The NDCs which are the model on which the Paris Climate Agreement is based, lets countries determine their own goals which will be within their capabilities. The treaty uses the terms ‘obligation’ and ‘expectations’ towards an individual country, or to the collective. For example, there are obligations to each signatory

neg: Post-conflict aid from OECD countries starts in most cases in the aftermath of a conflict and increases over time, especially if OECD or UN Peacekeeping troops were involved during the conflict or the conflict management. OECD countries provide more aid to countries with a high level of democracy and an open-market economy but are more reluctant to provide it for (highly) developed countries. They are also more likely to assist countries which are undergoing a regime transition or change, especially if this leads to a donor-favored regime or peace agreement. But even countries with a donor-favored regime or peace agreement can lose

neg: Trademark a passing off claim without having to show goodwill and having a lesser burden of proof). Many countries protect unregistered well-known marks in accordance with their international obligations under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement). Consequently, not only big companies but also SMEs may have a good chance of establishing enough goodwill with customers so that their marks may be recognized as well-known marks and acquire protection without registration. It is, nevertheless, advisable to seek registration, taking into account that many countries provide for

neg: Political positions of Donald Trump from the Paris Agreement as Trump proposes is viewed as likely to unravel the agreement; according to Reuters, such a move would spell "potential doom for an agreement many view as a last chance to turn the tide on global warming." In Trump's May 2016 speech on energy policy, he declared that if elected president, he would "stop all payment of U.S. tax dollars to global warming programs." This would be a reversal of the U.S. pledge to commit funds to developing countries to assist in climate change mitigation and could undermine the willingness of other countries to take action

neg: Paris Agreement incentive for and driver of fossil fuel divestment. The Paris deal is the world's first comprehensive climate agreement. Contributions each individual country should make to achieve the worldwide goal are determined by all countries individually and are called "nationally determined contributions" (NDCs). Article 3 requires them to be "ambitious", "represent a progression over time" and set "with the view to achieving the purpose of this Agreement". The contributions should be reported every five years and are to be registered by the UNFCCC Secretariat. Each further ambition should be more ambitious than the previous one, known as the principle of 'progression'.

neg: Paris Agreement While the enhanced transparency framework is universal, along with the global stocktaking to occur every 5 years, the framework is meant to provide "built-in flexibility" to distinguish between developed and developing countries' capacities. In conjunction with this, the Paris Agreement has provisions for an enhanced framework for capacity building. The agreement recognizes the varying circumstances of some countries, and specifically notes that the technical expert review for each country consider that country's specific capacity for reporting. The agreement also develops a Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency to assist developing countries in building the necessary institutions and processes for complying with the

neg: Paris Saint-Germain F.C. have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling. In July 2017, the club announced its "Hall of Fame" of notable players. The inaugural induction saw 20 former players named, including record appearance maker Jean-Marc Pilorget, all-time assist leader Safet Sušić, longest-serving captain Dominique Bathenay, and Ballon d'Or winner George Weah. Paris Saint-Germain F.C. Paris Saint-Germain Football Club (), commonly known as Paris Saint-Germain, Paris SG, or simply PSG, is a French

neg: Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Article 6 will have to submit an additional layer of information. Other issues include the establishment and use of robust accounting rules for transferred emission reductions. The differences in the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted by Parties to the Paris Agreement highlight the challenges faced: to prevent transferred emission reductions from being counted more than once and thus undermining the environmental integrity of the Paris Agreement, reductions which are exported from one country and counted towards another country’s NDC must be deducted from the exporting country’s national emissions budget. However, if the two countries have differing NDCs, for example with

neg: Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement no such accession have taken place. All four countries were involved however in the negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, about which agreement was reached in 2015 involving eight additional parties. The TPSEP (and the TPP it grew into) are not APEC initiatives. However, the TPP is considered to be a pathfinder for the proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP), an APEC initiative. Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPSEP) is a trade agreement between four Pacific Rim countries concerning a variety of matters of economic policy. The agreement was signed by

neg: Trade agreement subsided domestic industries. Mainly the industries fall under automotive, oil, or food industries. A trade agreement signed between more than two sides (typically neighboring or in the same region) is classified as "multilateral". this one is the hardest to work out. Usually involves three or more countries. With the more countries that are involved it's definitely harder to negotiate. They are also more difficult to deal with because each country has their own set of things that they need and or want. Once this type of trade agreement is settled on it becomes a very powerful agreement. It covers a

neg: Paris Agreement gas. In the 12 page Agreement, the members promised to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C" [3.6 degrees F]. The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York. The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse

neg: Paris Agreement in 2014. The Paris Agreement called for a balance of climate finance between adaptation and mitigation, and specifically underscoring the need to increase adaptation support for parties most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States. The agreement also reminds parties of the importance of public grants, because adaptation measures receive less investment from the public sector. John Kerry, as Secretary of State, announced that the U.S. would double its grant-based adaptation finance by 2020. Some specific outcomes of the elevated attention to adaptation financing in Paris include the G7 countries' announcement

neg: Paris Agreement diesel-powered cars by 2025; the Netherlands will do the same by 2030. Electric trains running on the Dutch national rail network are already entirely powered by wind energy. The House of Representatives of the Netherlands passed a bill in June 2018 mandating that by 2050 the Netherlands will cut its 1990 greenhouse-gas emissions level by 95%—exceeding the Paris Agreement goals. The aim of the agreement is described in its Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through: Countries furthermore aim to reach "global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible". The agreement has been described as an

neg: Origin of language little agreement about the implications and directionality of this connection. This shortage of empirical evidence has led many scholars to regard the entire topic as unsuitable for serious study. In 1866, the Linguistic Society of Paris banned any existing or future debates on the subject, a prohibition which remained influential across much of the western world until late in the twentieth century. Today, there are various hypotheses about how, why, when, and where language might have emerged. Despite this, there is scarcely more agreement today than a hundred years ago, when Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provoked

neg: International investment agreement which the investment took place. These provisions, often called investor-state dispute settlement, usually mention the forums to which investors can resort for establishing international arbitral tribunals (e.g. ICSID, UNCITRAL or ICC) and how this relates to proceedings in host countries' domestic courts. BITs also typically include a clause on State-State dispute settlement. Finally, BITs usually refer to the time frame of the treaty, clarifying how the agreement is extended and terminated, and specifying to what extent investments conducted prior to conclusion and ratification of the treaty are covered. Preferential Trade and Investment Agreements (PTIAs) are broader economic agreements among countries

neg: Şerif Pasha Cemiyeti (Society for the Rise of Kurdistan). He reached an agreement with the Armenian delegation in Paris which involved the division of eastern Anatolia between a Kurdish and Armenian state. In this agreement Van and Bitlis both fell within Armenia, and so there was a hostile response from many Kurdish leaders in those region who had no wish to be a part of Armenia. Paris was subsequently bombarded with telegrams from the region condemning the accords. After the Kurdish movement was suppressed, Sherif Pasha remained in exile. However, during the Second World War he was in contact with both British

neg: Participatory evaluation be forms of participatory evaluation if stakeholders are involved. This method is endorsed by the United Nations and is used in the development programs of many countries including Canada, the US and New Zealand. Practitioners of participatory evaluation in academia include Clemencia Rodriguez and Barry Checkoway. Participatory evaluation Participatory evaluation is an approach to program evaluation. It provides for the active involvement of stakeholder in the program: providers, partners, beneficiaries, and any other interested parties. All involved decide how to frame the questions used to evaluate the program, and all decide how to measure outcomes and impact. It is often

neg: France–Serbia relations Security (1950); the Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1964); the Agreement on Road Transport (1964). In 2005, the volume of trade between the two countries was US$453,827 million. Serbian and French Presidents Boris Tadić and Nicolas Sarkozy signed in Paris at April 2011 a political declaration meant to support Serbia's EU integration. France–Serbia relations French-Serbian relations are foreign relations between France and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on January 18, 1879, between French Third Republic and Kingdom of Serbia. Both countries are members of United Nations, Council of Europe, Partnership for Peace, and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

neg: Paris Agreement gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement. On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement. 175 Parties (174 states and the European Union) signed the agreement on the first date it was open for signature. On the same day, more than 20 countries issued a statement of their intent to join as soon as possible with a view to joining in 2016. With ratification by the European

neg: 2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season 2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season The 2018–19 season is Paris Saint-Germain Football Club's 46th professional season since its creation in 1970, and its 45th consecutive season in the top-flight of French football. French teams are limited to four players without EU citizenship. Hence, the squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling. "For recent transfers

neg: 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season 2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season The 2016–17 season is Paris Saint-Germain Football Club's 44th professional season since its creation in 1970, and its 43rd consecutive season in the top-flight of French football. French teams are limited to four players without EU citizenship. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling. ! colspan="16" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center"|

neg: Plurilateral agreement Plurilateral agreement A plurilateral agreement is a multi-national legal or trade agreement between countries. In economic jargon, it is an agreement between more than two countries, but not a great many, which would be multilateral agreement. The term "plurilateral agreement" is used in the World Trade Organization. A plurilateral agreement implies that WTO member countries would be given the choice to agree to new rules on a voluntary basis. This contrasts with the multilateral WTO agreement, where all WTO members are party to the agreement. The Agreement on Government Procurement is typical plurilateral agreement. A plurilateral treaty is a special

neg: Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Time is of the essence in this regard: in Marrakesh, it was agreed that the Paris Agreement rule book should be adopted at COP 24 at the end of 2018 (Decision 1/CP.22, para 12). Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on greenhouse gases enables Parties to cooperate in implementing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) towards emission reduction. Among other things, this means that emission reductions can be transferred between countries and counted towards NDCs. Agreement on the provisions of Article 6 was reached after intensive negotiations lasting several years. Voluntary cooperation

neg: Paris Agreement transparency framework. There are several ways that flexibility mechanisms can be incorporated into the enhanced transparency framework. The scope, level of detail, or frequency of reporting may all be adjusted and tiered based on a country's capacity. The requirement for in-country technical reviews could be lifted for some less developed or small island developing countries. Ways to assess capacity include financial and human resources in a country necessary for NDC review. The Paris Agreement was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) at a ceremony in New York. After several European Union states ratified the agreement in October

neg: World-Information.Org 2009 ). The "Deep Search" conference critically dealt with "the social and political dimensions of how we navigate the deep seas of knowledge". Critically analyzing a situation in which Google assumes a monopoly-like position in the field of search in many countries around the world, the conference asked questions as: „How is computer readable significance produced, how is meaning involved in machine communication? Where is the emancipatory potential of having access to such vast amounts of information? What are the dangers of our reliance on search engines? And are there any approaches that do not follow the currently dominating paradigm

neg: Trans-Pacific Partnership a second wave of expansion for the trade agreement. Other countries and regions that are interested in TPP membership include Taiwan, the Philippines, and Colombia as of 2010; Thailand and Laos as of 2012; and Indonesia, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and India as of 2013. According to law professor Edmund Sim in 2013, many of these countries would need to change their protectionist trade policies in order to join the TPP. The largest economy in the Pacific Rim not involved in the negotiations is China. According to the Brookings Institution in 2013, the most fundamental challenge for the TPP project regarding China

neg: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions the different legal obligations of developed and developing countries. Under the Paris Agreement, adopted in December 2015, the INDC will become the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) when a country ratifies the agreement unless it decides to submit a new NDC at the same time. Once the Paris Agreement is ratified, the NDC will become the first greenhouse gas targets under the UNFCCC that applied equally to both developed and developing countries. On 3 August 2016, China and the US ratified the agreement. Together, they both constitute 38% of total global emission, with China alone emitting 20%. India, with 4.1%

neg: 2010–11 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (Ladies) season players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling. Paris Saint-Germain suffered a crushing defeat to Montpellier only alleviated by Laure Lepailleur's consolation goal. Élise Bussaglia's strike after a defensive error was enough to claim PSG's first victory of the season in a highly contested match against Yzeure. "Les Parisiennes" first match at home ended with a win over Rodez as Kátia, PSG's star signing, scored in her debut at the Stade Georges Lefèvre. Paris claimed all three points away

neg: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decision makers in Less Developed Countries. In this guide, CDKN identified a series of common challenges countries face in NDC implementation, including how to: In addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, parties to the Convention have agreed to further commitments during UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties. These include the Bali Action Plan (2007), the Copenhagen Accord (2009), the Cancún agreements (2010), and the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (2012). As part of the Bali Action Plan, adopted in 2007, all developed country Parties have agreed to "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, while ensuring

neg: Commonwealth of Nations their shared sporting and cultural heritage. The games are the Commonwealth's most visible activity and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held. There is controversy over whether the games—and sport generally—should be involved in the Commonwealth's wider political concerns. The 1977 Gleneagles Agreement was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat apartheid through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa (which was not then a member), whilst the 1986 games were boycotted by most African, Asian, and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement. The Commonwealth War Graves

neg: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump is a climate change sceptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which

neg: World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations many non-European countries are now contracting parties to the 1958 Agreement, the regulations are officially entitled "UN Regulations". Each contracting party's type approvals are recognised by all other contracting parties. The first signatories to the 1958 Agreement include Italy (March 28), Netherlands (March 30), Germany (June 19), France (June 26), Hungary (June 30), Sweden and Belgium. Originally, the agreement allowed participation of ECE member countries only, but in 1995 the agreement was revised to allow non-ECE members to participate. Current participants include European Union and its member countries, as well non-EU UNECE members such as Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia,

neg: Paris Club ten times a year in Paris for "Tour d'Horizon" and negotiating sessions. To facilitate Paris Club operations, the French Treasury provides a small secretariat, and a senior official of the French Treasury is appointed chairman. Since 1956, the Paris Club has signed 433 agreements with 90 different countries covering over US$583 billion. There are currently 22 Permanent Members of the Paris Club: Creditor delegations are generally led by a senior delegate from the Ministry of Finance. Other official creditors can also participate in negotiation sessions or in monthly "Tours d'Horizon" discussions, subject to the agreement of permanent members and of

neg: Paris Club 2) representatives of permanent members of the Paris Club which have no claims concerned by the debt treatment (for example creditors whose claims are covered by the de minimis provision) or that are not creditors of the debtor country concerned but nevertheless want to attend the negotiation meeting; 3) representatives of non Paris Club countries which have claims on the debtor country concerned but are not in a position to sign the Paris Club agreement as ad hoc participants, provided that permanent members and the debtor country agree on their attendance. The Secretariat was established to prepare more effectively negotiating

neg: 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference well as the US which had refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The agreement entailed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol in the interim, although only some countries including members of the EU were indicated as likely to commit. The terms of the Durban Platform were ultimately met following the successful negotiation of the Paris Agreement at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, France. The conference led to agreement on a management framework for a future Green Climate Fund. The fund is to distribute US$100bn per year to help poor countries adapt to climate impacts. After the

neg: Anti-environmentalism in the United States has changed drastically once again with the new Donald Trump administration. Trump has been open about his plans to alter or withdraw entirely from many climate change and environmental agreements the United States is currently involved in, such as the Paris Agreement. As this agreement is voluntary, the United States would face no penalty if they declined to participate. However, as the United States is the second largest emitter of carbon after China, their lack of participation in the agreement would greatly impact global efforts to reduce carbon emissions. While in 1999, President Bill Clinton announced

neg: Climate change in Europe 1990 to 2020. On April 22, 2016 the Paris Climate Accords were signed by all but three countries around the world. The conference to talk about this document was held in Paris, France. This put Europe in the epicenter of talks about the environment and climate change. The EU was the first major economy that decided to submit its intended contribution to the new agreement in March 2015. The EU ratified the Paris Agreement on October 5th, 2015. In these talks the countries agreed that they all had a long-term goal of keeping global warming to well below 2 degrees

neg: Presidency of George H. W. Bush sanctions and cut military ties. Secret pressure from Bush and the Japanese government eventually helped convince the PRC to release imprisoned dissidents. In 1987, the U.S. and Canada had reached a free trade agreement that eliminated many tariffs between the two countries. President Reagan had intended it as the first step towards a larger trade agreement to eliminate most tariffs among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Mexico had resisted becoming involved in the agreement at the time, but Carlos Salinas de Gortari expressed a willingness to negotiate a free trade agreement after he took office in 1988. The Bush

neg: North American Free Trade Agreement manufacturing jobs to the United States did not materialize with manufacturing employment holding "steady". However, with Canada's labour productivity levels at 72% of U.S. levels, the hopes of closing the "productivity gap" between the two countries were also not realized. According to a 2018 Sierra Club report, Canada's commitments under NAFTA and the Paris agreement conflict. The Paris commitments are voluntary, and NAFTA's are compulsory. According to a 2018 report by Gordon Laxter published by the Council of Canadians, NAFTA’s Article 605, energy proportionality rule ensures that Americans have "virtually unlimited first access to most of Canada’s oil and natural

neg: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference $100 billion a year by 2020, to assist poorer countries in financing emission reductions and adaptation. There was no agreement on how to extend the Kyoto Protocol, or how the $100 billion a year for the Green Climate Fund will be raised, or whether developing countries should have binding emissions reductions or whether rich countries would have to reduce emissions first. Reuters Environment Correspondent Alister Doyle reported that to most delegates, though they approved it, the agreement "fell woefully short of action needed." The "New York Times" described the agreement as being both a "major step forward" given that international

neg: Double taxation Czech Republic. And when it comes to the special case of Germany, China continued using the agreement with The Federal Republic of Germany after two Germanys reunited. China have signed double taxation avoidance agreement with many countries. Among them, there are not only countries which have made large investment in China, but also countries which as well-relationship recipient of Chinese investment. As for the agreement quantity, China is now next only to United Kingdom. For those countries which have not signed the double taxation avoidance agreements with China, some of them signed information exchange agreements with China. There are mainly

neg: National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy political and international grounds for Paris agreement. The seventh chapter, entitled Paris Agreement, contains nine sections which concentrate on domestic and international conditions and explain how Iran's case was removed from the Quarterly agenda of the IAEA Board of Governors following the Paris agreement and was not reported to the Security Council. The author expounds the impact of Paris agreement on political and economic conditions in the country and necessary decisions which were taken to handle possible failure of the negotiations. Chapter eight, Beginning of Negotiations and a Chance to Create Opportunity, has seven sections in which the author elaborates

neg: Paris Agreement delay the Paris pact. However, the European Parliament approved ratification of the Paris Agreement on 4 October 2016, and the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with several individual EU member states. The process of translating the Paris Agreement into national agendas and implementation has started. One example is the commitment of the least developed countries (LDCs). The LDC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Initiative for Sustainable Development, known as LDC REEEI, is set to bring sustainable, clean energy to millions of energy-starved people in LDCs, facilitating improved energy access, the creation of jobs and

neg: Muslim world was ushered by the colonial powers. The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries. Many disputes have occurred within the Muslim community regarding how to manage, organize and administer their respective countries. Because the terms "Muslim world" and "Islamic world" are disputed, since all countries have some non-Muslims and there is not universal agreement on what proportion of the population would be required or if other factors (such

neg: 2009–10 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (Ladies) season off in the Challenge de France. French teams are limited to four players without EU citizenship. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling. Paris Saint-Germain dominated Saint-Étienne from the start and were rewarded with a victory thanks to goals from Nora Coton-Pélagie and Laure Boulleau. PSG's first match at home served to confirm

neg: Green economy policies in Canada by 2018. Recently the government of Canada signed a climate deal called the Paris Agreement. Under the agreement countries set their own limits on greenhouse gas reductions with the overall goal of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius. While these targets are not legally binding, Canada specifically pledged to lower its emissions by 30% from 2005-2030. This agreement was ratified by 195 nations in total at the summit. This agreement was meant to replace the Kyoto protocol, which Canada withdrew from in 2011. The targets will also be reviewed every 5 years to make sure nations are compliant in

neg: Electric car use by country workers. Estonia's figures are low compared to other advanced economies, attributed to lack of government incentives after the carbon credit scheme was exhausted. , about 2,250 EVs were registered. Sales reached 854 in the first three quarters of 2016. Plug-in sales were slowed over range concerns and high plug-in prices. In November 2016, the government set the goal of 250,000 plug-in cars and 50,000 biogas cars on the road by 2030. These goals are part of the Finnish government efforts to comply with the 2015 Paris Agreement. Many companies in Finland are involved in next-generation vehicle manufacturing, including Valmet Automotive

neg: Cotonou Agreement and local governments in development cooperation. They are now considered complementary actors to central governments who traditionally have been the key actors of cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries. Although ACP governments continue to be responsible for determining their own development strategy, non-state actors and local authorities are now involved being consulted with regard to its formulation. They are furthermore provided with access to financial resources and involved in implementation. They also receive capacity building support. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) operates within the framework of the ACP-EU Cotonou Agreement with a mission

neg: 1991 Paris Peace Accords 1991 Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords (, ) formally titled Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed on October 23, 1991, and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The agreement led to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission (UNTAC) and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of a state. The agreement was signed by nineteen countries. October 23 is a public holiday in Cambodia to commemorate the anniversary of the Paris Peace Agreement. It was announced by the government in

neg: 1991 Paris Peace Accords late 2012. 1991 Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords (, ) formally titled Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed on October 23, 1991, and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The agreement led to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission (UNTAC) and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of a state. The agreement was signed by nineteen countries. October 23 is a public holiday in Cambodia to commemorate the anniversary of the Paris Peace Agreement. It was announced by the

neg: South Asian Free Trade Area December 1991. The basic principles underlying SAFTA are as under; In 2011, Afghanistan joined SAFTA. The purpose of SAFTA is to encourage and elevate common contract among the countries such as medium and long term contracts. Contracts involving trade operated by states, supply and import assurance in respect of specific products etc. It involves agreement on tariff concession like national duties concession and non-tariff concession. The main objective of the agreement is to promote competition in the area and to provide equitable benefits to the countries involved. It aims to benefit the people of the countries by bringing transparency and

neg: Green Climate Fund contribute directly, and by 2016 they have jointly pledged US$4.7 billion, nearly half of the fund's resources. The lack of pledged funds and potential reliance on the private sector is controversial and has been criticized by developing countries. Though the Green Climate Fund is an important institution for ensuring the implementation of the Paris Agreement, its future financial viability is by no means guaranteed. The USA had pledged $ 3 billion, of which $ 2 billion are outstanding. Since US President Donald Trump has announced his nation’s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement in June, this money is unlikely to flow

neg: Paris Agreement came from the Alliance of Small Island States and the Least Developed Countries, whose economies and livelihoods are most vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change. Developed countries, however, worried that classifying the issue as one separate and beyond adaptation measures would create yet another climate finance provision, or might imply legal liability for catastrophic climate events. In the end, all parties acknowledged the need for "averting, minimizing, and addressing loss and damage" but notably, any mention of compensation or liability is excluded. The agreement also adopts the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, an institution that will

neg: Geographical indication The first attempts to do so were found in the Paris Convention on trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in the 1958 Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration. 28 countries are parties to the Lisbon agreement: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, North Korea, France, Gabon, Georgia, Haiti, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Peru, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Togo and Tunisia. About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members. The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related

neg: 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference were postponed to the next conference. David Waskow, of the World Resources Institute, said the deal was "a good foundation for countries to go about implementing the Paris agreement" and added that "It sets the direction of travel and will spur countries to take action. Now countries need to go home and do their homework, by increasing their commitments [on emissions]". Some achievments have been made: Many say, that there is a “lack of urgency” in the COP decisions, but some good decisions have benn made. 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference The 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference is

neg: 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit than two hundred steel mills) were asked to stop their production (in order to temporarily reduce air pollution). On 3 September 2016, Barack Obama and Xi Jinping announced the ratification of the Paris Agreement (of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference) by their countries. After they did it, it is 26 countries which have ratified the agreement so far; the United States and China represent respectively 18 percent and 20 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions (the driving force behind global warming). The main themes of final communiqué of the summit are: The heads of state and government of

neg: 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference an inefficient system for enacting international policy. Because the framework system includes over 190 countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress. Governments will decide how and timetable to reach an effective universal climate agreement adopted in 2015 and to enter into force from 2020. Christiana Figueres, the UNFCCC executive secretary: "The necessary technology and policy tools are available to governments and societies, but time is very short — only 36 months to reach a universal agreement before 2015. What we now need is to urgently implement the decisions that have been

neg: Robert Guérin Robert Guérin Robert Guérin (28 June 1876 – 19 March 1952) was a French journalist, and the 1st President and one of the founders of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). A journalist with "Le Matin" newspaper, Guérin was actively involved in football through his role as secretary of the Football Department of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques. He brought together representatives of the first four seven member countries in Paris for the signing of FIFA's foundation act and agreement of the first FIFA statutes. On 23 May 1904, Guérin (then just 28) was elected president

neg: Glenn Danzig how the United States is based on a Freemason thing, and I got so many government files on me from that one". Regarding his political views, Danzig has described himself as being "conservative on some issues, and some issues I’m really liberal". He defended President Donald Trump's controversial travel ban from selected countries, arguing "It’s really not a travel ban. When you walk into the country, we want to see who you are and what you’re doing." Danzig has voiced his dissatisfaction with the United States' two-party system; stating "the bottom line is that both parties are in agreement about

neg: Individual and political action on climate change charges from a protest held in 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP21) in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. The head of the Paris Conference, France's foreign minister Laurent Fabius, called the plan "ambitious and balanced" and an "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing

neg: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement United States to abandon it. During the G7 summit in late May 2017, Trump was the only G7 member not to reconfirm commitment to the Paris Agreement. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, one of the other leaders present, was publicly unimpressed with Trump's refusal to cooperate on climate change mitigation, which was seen to damage Germany–United States relations. The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement. In a televised announcement from the

neg: Léopold Lacour 1896 International Feminist Congress in Paris, presided over by Marie Bonnevial, which discussed coeducation. There was much argument and little agreement. Marie Léopold-Lacour gave a presentation that outlined the state of mixed schools in Europe and gave a response to the opponents of coeducation. Many of the elements of the presentation were taken from the work of Léopold Lacour. As the first mixed school in France, the Prévost orphanage of Cempuis received much attention. Lacour and Pauline Kergomard were able to obtain agreement on the final resolution, in favor of changing to a coeducational system in all countries. Lacour gave

neg: Paris Agreement attempt to address questions about how to classify, address, and share responsibility for loss. While each Party's NDC is not legally binding, the Parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical expert review to assess achievement toward the NDC, and to determine ways to strengthen ambition. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an "enhanced transparency framework for action and support" that establishes harmonized monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Thus, both developed and developing nations must report every two years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subject to both technical and peer review.

neg: Talanoa Dialogue often referred to as “stock takes,” every five years to allow Parties to track their progress against the long-term goal of the Paris Agreement and to help them prepare more ambitious NDCs. The first stock take under the Paris Agreement will take place in 2023 to allow countries to prepare a new round of NDCs by 2025. However, Parties agreed that it was important to begin this cycle prior to 2020 when the Paris Agreement is expected to come into force, and so they established an initial stock-taking exercise for 2018, which was then known as the “facilitative dialogue,” to

neg: Collective work outside of the standard agreement between the author and the owner of the collective work. Many countries have agreed to be bound by the terms of the Berne Convention and/or the TRIPS Agreement. Article 2.5 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971) specifies: "Collections of literary or artistic works such as encyclopaedias and anthologies which, by reason of the selection and arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such, without prejudice to the copyright in each of the works forming part of such collections." Section 10.2 of the

neg: Climate change in the United States same time, Trump administration shut down the United States Environmental Protection Agency's climate change web pages, because President Trump claims that climate change is not real. According to United Nations, Paris Agreement is a global agreement that response to the climate change issue and impacts. Countries are trying to control the greenhouse gases emission and keep the global temperature rise below 2 degree Celsius. Dropping out the agreement is actually impact the economics of United States instead of boosting it. For example, President Trump states dropping out the agreement can create more job opportunities to the United States people, like

neg: International investment agreement under negotiation are set to supplant traditional bilateral agreements. Statistics show the rapid expansion of IIAs during the last two decades. By 2007 year-end, the entire number of IIAs had already surpassed 5,500, and increasingly involved the conclusion of PTIAs with a focus beyond investment issues. As the types and contents of IIAs are becoming increasingly diverse and as almost all countries participate in the conclusion of new IIAs, the global IIA system has become extremely complex and hard to see through. Exacerbating this problem has been the shift among many States from a bilateral model of investment agreements to

neg: Climate change in Tuvalu in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: The countries participating in the Paris Agreement agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C". Enele Sopoaga described the important outcomes of the Paris Agreement as including the stand-alone provision for assistance to small island states and some of the least developed countries for loss and damage resulting from climate change and the ambition of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees by the end of the century. The Tuvaluan government established

neg: Geneva Agreement (1966) initially to determine if the Arbitary Award of Paris is null and void and that, unless Venezuela proves the nulity, for the Guyanese State the award is a final judgement. For Venezuela, the purpose of the agreement is to commit the parties to reach a satisfactory solution for practical agreement between the two countries. It considers that the nulity of the Arbitrary Award of Paris is implicitly and explicitly demonstrated and accepted in the text of the document, signed by Guyana when it was still a colony, and that without this recognition, the agreement simply did not make sense of

neg: Michael Bloomberg commitment under the agreement through 'America's Pledge.' Through Bloomberg Philanthropies, he offered "up to $15 million to support the U.N. agency that helps countries implement the agreement." About a month later, Bloomberg and California Governor Jerry Brown announced that the America's Pledge coalition would work to "quantify the actions taken by U.S. states, cities and business to drive down greenhouse gas emissions consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement." In announcing the initiative, Bloomberg said "the American government may have pulled out of the Paris agreement, but American society remains committed to it." Two think-tanks, World Resource Institute and

neg: Canada–United States trade relations opposed by the Liberal Party. Although there were many bilateral agreements reducing tariffs, a free trade agreement was not reached until the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1987. The Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement laid the groundwork for a multilateral and multicultural agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, called the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which has helped to increase trade amongst all three member countries. Although there is some dysfunction between the countries, especially in the area of automobiles and agriculture, the trends are negligible as the agreement has arguably been a boom for all

neg: United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement re-negotiations fail, the North American Free Trade Agreement. Upon election, President Trump proceeded to make a number of changes affecting trade relations with other countries. Withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, ceasing to be part of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and significantly increasing tariffs with China were some of the steps he implemented, reinforcing that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA. An initial agreement between the United States and Mexico was reached before finalization with Canada. Because Mexico’s outgoing president, Enrique Peña Nieto, left office on December 1, 2018, and 60 days are required as a review period,

neg: Mohenjo-daro long, of bronze-metal bead-like nuggets which connect each arm of the "S" in filigree. Each strand has between 220 and 230 of the many-faceted nuggets, and there are about 1,600 nuggets in total. The necklace weighs about 250 grams in total, and is presently held in a private collection in India. An initial agreement to fund restoration was agreed through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Paris on 27 May 1980. Contributions were made by a number of other countries to the project: Preservation work for Mohenjo-daro was suspended in December 1996 after funding from the

neg: Land Reform in Developing Countries poverty and how land reform still "matters", especially as according to Lipton "land is poor people's main productive asset" and "at least 1.5 billion people today have some farmland as a result of land reform, and are less poor, or not poor, as a result." However, for Lipton, "huge, inefficient land inequalities remain, or have re-emerged, in many low-income countries. Land reform remains both 'unfinished business' (...) and alive and well." Chapter 1 analyses the goals of stakeholders involved in land reform: public authorities, landowners, farmers and other directly affected persons as well as the goals for land reform advocated

neg: Global warming controversy global climate change has been endorsed by every national science academy that has issued a statement on climate change, including the science academies of all of the major industrialized countries. Attribution of recent climate change discusses how global warming is attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review. In the case of global warming, many governmental reports, the media in many countries, and environmental groups, have stated that there is virtually unanimous scientific agreement that human-caused global warming is real

neg: Australia–France relations French cultural tradition, and many French counterparts keen to explore Australia's vibrant younger culture. Institutional links are encouraged within the framework of the 1977 Australia–France Agreement on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation. The Australian Embassy in Paris administers the Australia–France Foundation, which promotes cultural exchanges between the two countries and publishes a quarterly newsletter 'L'Australie en France' promoting Australian activities in France. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade's Cultural Awards Scheme has also promoted cultural relations between Australia and France. Australia has made a significant contribution to the Musée du quai Branly, a major international museum dedicated to the world's

neg: Paris Agreement NDC is not met. There will be only a "name and shame" system or as János Pásztor, the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News (US), a "name and encourage" plan. As the agreement provides no consequences if countries do not meet their commitments, consensus of this kind is fragile. A trickle of nations exiting the agreement may trigger the withdrawal of more governments, bringing about a total collapse of the agreement. The NDC Partnership was launched at COP22 in Marrakesh to enhance cooperation so that countries have access to the technical knowledge and financial support they need

neg: Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant to take swift diplomatic action which would turn the global opinion in favor of the upstream Nile countries." The officials, many involved in the Nile River Sector, stated they had no information about the project. The power plant was inaugurated at the same time as a Cooperative Framework Agreement over the Nile Basin was signed by upstream countries such as Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Ethiopia, but downstream countries Sudan and Egypt refused to sign. Under colonial-era accords, Sudan and Egypt receive 90% of the Nile's flow and can reject any upstream projects that would impede it. Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant

neg: Syrian cultural caravan the media and are present during the whole day of the exhibition to explain and answer the public’s questions. Finally, the caravan performs in very heterogeneous places. Not only does it exhibit in many different European countries, it also goes as much to major cities - such as Paris, Berlin or Brussels - as to small towns of the Gard region. In each of these sites, the exhibition can happen inside - in the Mucem for example - but also in the streets, or in a park - as in Bergen. A total of 30 artists are involved in the

neg: White slavery "white slavery" was used by Charles Sumner in 1847 to describe the chattel slavery of Christians throughout the Barbary States and primarily in the Algiers, the capitol of Ottoman Algeria. It also encompassed many forms of slavery, including the European concubines often found in Turkish harems. The term was also used from the beginning of the twentieth century when most of the countries of Europe signed in Paris in 1904 an International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic aimed at combating the sale of women who were forced into prostitution in the countries of continental Europe. In