query: who created the demographic transition model ( dtm )

pos: Demographic transition Demographic transition Demographic transition (DT) is the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The theory was proposed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson, who observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries have completed the demographic transition and have low birth rates; most developing countries are in the process of this transition. The major (relative) exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and

pos: Demographic transition cohabitation and increasingly contingent liaisons." Demographic transition Demographic transition (DT) is the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The theory was proposed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson, who observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries have completed the demographic transition and have low birth rates; most developing countries are in the process of this transition. The major (relative) exceptions are some poor countries,

neg: Zelinsky Model Zelinsky Model The "Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition", also known as the Migration Transition Model, claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). It was developed by Wilbur Zelinsky (1921–2013), longtime professor of geography at the Pennsylvania State University. Stage one (“Premodern traditional society”): This is before the onset of the urbanization, and it is very little to no migration and natural increase rates are about zero. There

neg: Demographics of Taiwan stage by using the demographic transition model (DTM). By looking at Taiwan’s population pyramid, the country is in stage 4 of the DTM and its shape contracts but it will soon enter stage 5. In stage 5 of the DTM, death rate gradually exceed fertility rate and a country starts to experience overall population loss. Access to great medical care increase the lifespan of people. Knowledge and access to contraception along with the fact most women are in work force cause the sharp decline of the fertility rate. The National Statistics of Taiwan in 2018 indicate that there are approximately

neg: Demographic transition first where children, teenagers and infants are here, accelerating population growth rate. The age structure of such a population is illustrated by using an example from the Third World today. In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates diminish, as a rule accordingly of enhanced economic conditions, an expansion in women’s status and education, and access to contraception. The decrease in birth rate fluctuates from nation to nation, as does the time span in which it is experienced. Stage Three moves the population towards stability through a decline in the birth rate.

neg: Demographic transition remains to be seen. Many countries such as China, Brazil and Thailand have passed through the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) very quickly due to fast social and economic change. Some countries, particularly African countries, appear to be stalled in the second stage due to stagnant development and the effect of AIDS. In pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high, and fluctuated rapidly according to natural events, such as drought and disease, to produce a relatively constant and young population. Family planning and contraception were virtually nonexistent; therefore, birth rates were essentially only limited by the ability of

neg: Rate of natural increase Rate of natural increase Within the study of demography, the rate of natural increase (RNI) is classified as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. This rate gives demographers an idea of how a certain country's population is growing. RNI excludes in-migration and out-migration, giving an indication of population growth based only on births and deaths. RNI can indicate what stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) a country is in. Trends in RNI can predict a country's economic stability, level of development, and other things. The DTM explains how countries move between being a developing nation to

neg: Demographic transition and death rates may be for an underdeveloped country, together with the total population size. Most particularly, of course, the DTM makes no comment on change in population due to migration. It is not applicable for high levels of development, as it has been shown that after a HDI of 0.9 the fertility increases again. DTM does not account for recent phenomena such as AIDS; in these areas HIV has become the leading source of mortality. Some trends in waterborne bacterial infant mortality are also disturbing in countries like Malawi, Sudan and Nigeria; for example, progress in the DTM clearly

neg: Demographic transition high (mainly due to yellow fever) that the city was characterized as the "death capital of the United States" – at the level of 50 per 1000 population or higher – well into the second half of the 19th century. Today, the U.S. is recognized as having both low fertility and mortality rates. Specifically, birth rates stand at 14 per 1000 per year and death rates at 8 per 1000 per year. It must be remembered that the DTM is only a model and cannot necessarily predict the future. It does however give an indication of what the future birth

neg: Demographic transition Black Death. Some have claimed that DTM does not explain the early fertility declines in much of Asia in the second half of the 20th century or the delays in fertility decline in parts of the Middle East. Nevertheless, the demographer John C Caldwell has suggested that the reason for the rapid decline in fertility in some developing countries compared to Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand is mainly due to government programs and a massive investment in education both by governments and parents. The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) is a conceptual framework first formulated in

neg: Rate of natural increase RNI. A country with a good infrastructure to support families, women's health, and maternal/child health would likely have lower death rates from infant or maternal mortality. Rate of natural increase Within the study of demography, the rate of natural increase (RNI) is classified as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. This rate gives demographers an idea of how a certain country's population is growing. RNI excludes in-migration and out-migration, giving an indication of population growth based only on births and deaths. RNI can indicate what stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) a country is in. Trends

neg: Child mortality deaths within first 28 days of life/ total number of birth Infancy mortality rate: number of child deaths within first 12 months of life/ total number of birth Under 5 mortality rates: number of child deaths within 5th birthday/ total number of birth The leading causes of death of children under five include: There is variation of child mortality around the world; countries that are in the second or third stage of the Demographic Transition Mode (DTM) have higher rates of child mortality than countries in the fourth or fifth state of the DTM. Chad infant mortality is about 96

neg: Demographic transition arrested and reversed between 1975 and 2005. DTM assumes that population changes are induced by industrial changes and increased wealth, without taking into account the role of social change in determining birth rates, e.g., the education of women. In recent decades more work has been done on developing the social mechanisms behind it. DTM assumes that the birth rate is independent of the death rate. Nevertheless, demographers maintain that there is no historical evidence for society-wide fertility rates rising significantly after high mortality events. Notably, some historic populations have taken many years to replace lives after events such as the

neg: Demographic transition demographic shift from a mostly rural US population with high fertility, with an average of seven children born per white woman, to a minority (43%) rural population with low fertility, with an average of two births per white woman. This shift resulted from technological progress. A sixfold increase in real wages made children more expensive in terms of forgone opportunities to work and increases in agricultural productivity reduced rural demand for labor, a substantial portion of which traditionally had been performed by children in farm families. A simplification of the DTM theory proposes an initial decline in mortality followed by

neg: Demographic transition some Middle Eastern countries, which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife, notably, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Yemen, and Afghanistan. The demographic transition model, in isolation, can be taken to predict that birth rates will continue to go down as societies grow increasingly wealthy; however, recent data contradicts this, suggesting that beyond a certain level of development birth rates increase again. In addition, in the very long term, the demographic transition should be reversed via evolutionary pressure for higher fertility and higher mortality. The existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences

neg: Digital elevation model Digital elevation model A digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D CG representation of a terrain's surface – commonly of a planet (e.g. Earth), moon, or asteroid – created from a terrain's elevation data. A "global DEM" refers to a Discrete Global Grid. There is no universal usage of the terms "digital elevation model" (DEM), "digital terrain model" (DTM) and "digital surface model" (DSM) in scientific literature. In most cases the term "digital surface model" represents the earth's surface and includes all objects on it. In contrast to a DSM, the "digital terrain model" (DTM) represents the bare ground surface

neg: Historical demography including the Demographic Data Base in Umeå, Sweden, the Historical Sample of the Netherlands, and the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). According to Willigan and Lynch, the main sources used by demographic historians include archaeological methods, parish registers starting about 1500 in Europe, civil registration records, enumerations, national census beginning about 1800, genealogies and family reconstruction studies, population registers, and organizational and institutional records. Statistical methods have included model life tables, time series analysis, event history analysis, causal model building and hypothesis testing, As well as theories of the demographic transition and the epidemiological transition. Historical demography Historical demography

neg: Demographic transition France displays real divergences from the standard model of Western demographic evolution. The uniqueness of the French case arises from its specific demographic history, its historic cultural values, and its internal regional dynamics. France's demographic transition was unusual in that the mortality and the natality decreased at the same time, thus there was no demographic boom in the 19th century. France's demographic profile is similar to its European neighbors and to developed countries in general, yet it seems to be staving off the population decline of Western countries. With 62.9 million inhabitants in 2006, it was the second most populous

neg: Demographic transition 25–50% include: Guatemala, Tajikistan, Egypt and Zimbabwe. Countries that have experienced a fertility decline of less than 25% include: Sudan, Niger, Afghanistan. This occurs where birth and death rates are both low, leading to a total population stable. Death rates are low for a number of reasons, primarily lower rates of diseases and higher production of food. The birth rate is low because people have more opportunities to choose if they want children; this is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more independence and work opportunities. The DTM is only a suggestion about the future population levels

neg: Population pyramid even be predicted if a population has a low mortality rate since the population will continue to grow. This then brings up the term doubling time, which is used to predict when the population will double in size. Lastly, a population pyramid can even give insight on the economic status of a country from the age stratification since the distribution of supplies are not evenly distributed through a population. In the demographic transition model, the size and shape of population pyramids vary. In stage one of the demographic transition model, the pyramids have the most defined shape. They have the

neg: Demographic transition population growth potential around 1934. In the 1940s and 1950s Frank W. Notestein developed a more formal theory of demographic transition. By 2009, the existence of a negative correlation between fertility and industrial development had become one of the most widely accepted findings in social science. The transition involves four stages, or possibly five. As with all models, this is an idealized picture of population change in these countries. The model is a generalization that applies to these countries as a group and may not accurately describe all individual cases. The extent to which it applies to less-developed societies today

neg: Audi A4 DTM and an adjustable multi-disc limited-slip differential. To celebrate its first DTM championship title win in 2004, Audi released a production variant of the A4 called the DTM from 2005 to 2007. It featured an additional 20 horsepower over the standard model, sports-styled exterior features, and a new version of the quattro all-wheel-drive system. Audi A4 DTM The Audi A4 DTM is a 4-door touring car (DTM) constructed by the German car manufacturer Audi. It was first developed for use in the 2004 DTM season, replacing the Audi TT DTM at the end of the 2003 DTM season. Based on the

neg: BMW M4 DTM BMW M4 DTM The BMW M4 DTM is a DTM touring car constructed by the German car manufacturer BMW. It was developed in 2013 and has been raced in DTM seasons since 2014 through 2018 before being replaced by turbo-updated BMW M4 Turbo DTM. It was designed by BMW chief engineer Dominic Harlow. The M4 DTM, which replaced the retired BMW M3 DTM at the end of the 2013 season, is based on the production BMW M4. The first model made its first appearance in the wind tunnel at the BMW Group’s Aero Lab on 22 April – 13 days

neg: Mercedes-Benz M113 engine Supercharged is a supercharged and twin-intercooled version of the M113. It is commonly referred to as "M113K" - where 'K' stands for Kompressor (supercharger). Power output varies depending on year and model, from for the E55 AMG at 6,100 rpm to in the 2004-2006 CLK DTM AMG, with of torque at 2,750–4,000 rpm. Many Mercedes-AMG enthusiasts consider the M113K was the last of the great Kompressor engines used by Mercedes-AMG excluding the Mercedes SLR McLaren. Mercedes-AMG replaced this model with their new 6.2 L naturally aspirated V8, making the transition from 55 AMG to the 63 AMG. Although the new

neg: Demographic momentum Demographic momentum Demographic momentum is the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model. Even in the face of extreme measures aimed at lowering reproductive rates, the population will continue to grow due to a large proportion of its population entering its reproductive years. For example, when China first introduced its one-child policy, population growth continued regardless. Even though the number of children born reduced dramatically, the sheer number of maturing youth

neg: Distribution Transformer Monitor Distribution Transformer Monitor A Distribution Transformer Monitor (DTM) is a specialized hardware device that collects and measures information relative to electricity passing into and through a distribution transformer. The DTM is typically retrofit onto pole top and pad mount transformers. A pole top (above ground) or pad mount (below ground) transformer commonly powers anywhere from 5-8 homes in the US and is the last voltage transition in stepping down voltage before it gets to the home or business. Standard positioning of DTM devices occurs at the transformer bushings, but sometimes they are attached directly onto the secondary electricity lines. DTM

neg: Alfa Corse 1986, and in 1987, Giorgio Pianta was moved from the management of Abarth to restart Alfa Corse. After aborted attempts at producing the 164 Procar with Brabham and moving into the World Sports Prototype Championship, Alfa Corse settled on a return to touring car racing, starting with the Italian CIVT series, in 1992, with the 155 GTA. In 1993, Alfa Corse entered the DTM with the AWD V6-powered 155 TI, and created a Supertouring model, that would on got win the Italian Superturismo, the BTCC and the Spanish Touring Car Championship. Alfa Romeo withdrew from the DTM (now named "International

neg: Demographic transition of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility

neg: Nutrition transition Nutrition transition Nutrition transition is the shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincides with economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes. Specifically the term is used for the transition of developing countries from traditional diets high in cereal and fiber to more Western pattern diets high in sugars, fat, and animal-source food. The nutrition transition model was first proposed in 1993 by Barry Popkin, and is the most cited framework in literature regarding the nutrition transition, although it has been subject to some criticism for being overly simplified. Popkin posits that two other historic transitions affect and are affected by

neg: Demographic transition risks of backsliding —, accompanied by the erosion of social capital and the breakdown or privatization of service programs. As of 2013, India is in the later half of the third stage of the demographic transition, with a population of 1.23 billion. It is nearly 40 years behind in the demographic transition process compared to EU countries, Japan, etc. The present demographic transition stage of India along with its higher population base will yield a rich demographic dividend in future decades. Cha (2007) analyzes a panel data set to explore how industrial revolution, demographic transition, and human capital accumulation interacted

neg: Wilbur Zelinsky In 1973, Zelinsky published "The Cultural Geography of the United States". In addition to his research in popular culture, Zelinsky made substantial contributions in the fields of "population" and "folk geography". Wilbur Zelinsky Wilbur Zelinsky (December 21, 1921 – May 4, 2013) was an American cultural geographer. He was most recently a professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University. He also created the Zelinsky Model of Demographic Transition. An Illinoisan by birth, but a "northeasterner by choice and conviction", Zelinsky received his education at University of California, Berkeley, where he was a student of Carl Sauer. He received his doctorate in

neg: Wilbur Zelinsky Wilbur Zelinsky Wilbur Zelinsky (December 21, 1921 – May 4, 2013) was an American cultural geographer. He was most recently a professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University. He also created the Zelinsky Model of Demographic Transition. An Illinoisan by birth, but a "northeasterner by choice and conviction", Zelinsky received his education at University of California, Berkeley, where he was a student of Carl Sauer. He received his doctorate in 1953. Zelinsky made numerous geographical studies of American popular culture, ranging from the diffusion of classical place-names to spatial patterns of personal given names and to the spatial patterning of religious

neg: Barry Commoner economically remain, "colonies of more developed countries". Because Western nations introduced infrastructure developments such as roads, communications, engineering, and agricultural and medical services as a significant part of their exploitation of the developing nations' labor force and natural resources, the first step towards a "demographic transition" was met, but other stages were not achieved because the wealth created in developing countries was "shipped out", so to speak, to the colonizer nations, enabling the latter to achieve the more advanced "levels of demographic transition", while the colonies continued on without achieving the second stage, which is population balancing. "Thus colonialism involves

neg: BMW M4 DTM aerodynamic silhouette of the BMW M4 DTM. Aerodynamics plays a vital role in the DTM. For this reason, the BMW Motorsport engineers devoted a lot of time to issues such as aerodynamic drag and air flow. As on the production model, the air curtains at the front of the BMW M4 DTM are designed to reduce air drag. Narrowing air ducts accelerate the airstream flowing through the front skirt, guide it systematically past the wheels, and reduce turbulence around the wheel arches. Another new feature on the BMW M4 DTM is a plate along the side channel, which lends the

neg: Obstetric transition a dynamic process of reduction of maternal mortality, which may benefit from specific approaches. In 1929, Thompson described the phenomenon of demographic transition characterized by a gradual shift from a pattern of high mortality and high fertility to a pattern of low mortality and low fertility.(8) Omram (1971) described the epidemiologic transition, with a shift from a pattern of high prevalence of communicable diseases to a pattern of high prevalence of non-communicable diseases.(9) Finally, Poppkin (1993) proposed the nutritional transition model, which helps to understand the transformations in human diets and the global epidemic of obesity.(10) These transitions and other

neg: Digital elevation model without any objects like plants and buildings (see the figure on the right). DEM is often used as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs, only representing height information without any further definition about the surface. Other definitions equalise the terms DEM and DTM, equalise the terms DEM and DSM , define the DEM as a subset of the DTM, which also represents other morphological elements , or define a DEM as a rectangular grid and a DTM as a three-dimensional model (TIN). Most of the data providers (USGS, ERSDAC, CGIAR, Spot Image) use the term DEM as a generic

neg: Audi A5 Deliveries of Audi RS5 Cabriolet began in the beginning of 2013 in Germany. U.S. model of Audi RS5 Cabriolet went on sale in April 2013 as 2013 model year vehicle. As part of the RS5 Cabriolet launch, Audi Land of quattro Alpen Tour 2013 featured a RS5 Cabriolet starting on September 23, travelling across twelve driving stages in 6 countries (Klagenfurt – the capital of Carinthia, Austria, Monaco). Codenamed R17, the Audi A5 DTM is a race car designed for the DTM beginning in year 2012, replacing the Audi A4 DTM. It includes a V8 engine rated at with 6-speed

neg: Birth control in Africa high fertility rates relative to the rest of the world, it is clear that most African countries have not undergone a demographic transition. In other parts of the world, there is evidence that economic growth increases after a country undergoes demographic transition. This is due to more women working, greater parental investment in children in terms of education and attention, and longer, more productive working life due to health improvements. Although other improvements in public health are necessary to fully undergo a demographic transition, it can not occur without family planning. It is unclear, however, how exactly the demographic transition

neg: Post-industrial society by contentions that the post-industrial society merely perpetuates capitalism. Recalling the critical assertion that all modern societies are technocracies, T. Roszak completes the analysis by stating that “all societies are moving in the direction of technocracies.” From this, the foremost “suave technocracies” reside in the West, whereas all others are successively graded in descending order: “vulgar technocracies,” “teratoid technocracies,” and finally “comic opera technocracies.” This view importantly presumes one transition and furthermore one path of transition for societies to undergo, i.e. the one that Western societies are slated to complete. Much like the demographic transition model, this prediction does not

neg: Environmental risk transition University of California, Berkeley proposed the "risk transition" framework in relation to the established demographic and epidemiological transition frameworks. This theory was based on the concept that there must be a shift in risk factors leading up to a shift in causes of death and disease. In efforts to prevent, rather than respond to diseases, the risk transition was further studied and quantified. Figure 1 shows the relationship between risk, epidemiological, and demographic transition, in which risk factors change to affect patterns of disease and health, which in turn affects the demographic. However, a shift in population also impacts the

neg: Ageing of Europe countries for which the demographic transition model would require a fifth stage in order to capture its demographic development. In Germany, the population in some regions, especially the former Communist East Germany, is undergoing a current decline and depopulisation. The Bauhaus Dessau Foundation came up with comprehensive plans to tear down numerous buildings and replace them with parks in various cities and the government of Germany developed a plan to reduce at great expense the width of sewer pipes in various cities. The southern states, however, have net gain in population and Germany as the economic powerhouse of the EU

neg: Fabric of Security is number of colluding members), has complete knowledge of all test patterns 2.1.2.2 Distributed Trust Manager component of the DTIM in FOSA- An Abstract Model One of the key components of the Distributed Threat Intelligence Manager/Engine is the Distributed Trust manager of DTM. The DTM is built upon the principles of replication, consensus, and the ”wisdom of crowds.” In order to understand the behaviors of the FOSA system, it is important that an abstract model of the Trust Domain (TD) is presented. Here we present such a model. Let M = {C, Cnew, P, X, α}, be an abstract representation

neg: Demographic trap Demographic trap According to the "Encyclopedia of International Development", the term demographic trap is used by demographers "to describe the combination of high fertility (birth rates) and declining mortality (death rates) in developing countries, resulting in a period of high population growth rate (PGR)." High fertility combined with declining mortality happens when a developing country moves through the demographic transition of becoming developed. During "stage 2" of the demographic transition, quality of health care improves and death rates fall, but birth rates still remain high, resulting in a period of high population growth. The term "demographic trap" is used by

neg: Demographics of Taiwan or 5) of the demographic transition model and their number of elderly will remain higher compare to the less developed countries. Demographers consider the phenomenon of increasing in elderly population as a population ageing. According to World Health Organization (WHO), since 1993, Taiwan had reached the threshold of an ageing society. It was estimated the percentage of people over 65 years old was 8%. The Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD) estimated that Taiwan will become an aged society in as soon as 2017. The percentage of people 65 years or older will surpass 14%. CEPD further estimated the

neg: Environmental risk transition the impacts of socioeconomic development. Of these, the oldest and most well-known framework is the Demographic transition framework, which was established in the 1940s. This describes the shift from high fertility and high mortality in underdeveloped societies to lower fertility and mortality rates as a result of development. Then around 1970, the Epidemiological transition framework was used to characterize changes in the health of societies during development. To better categorize causes of death and disease when studying the epidemiological shifts more well-defined categories were created to describe illnesses and injuries: In 1990, environmental health researcher Kirk R. Smith at the

neg: Demographic transition from state forced labor policies. Available estimates indicate little if any population growth for Madagascar between 1820 and 1895. The demographic "crisis" in Africa, ascribed by critics of the demographic transition theory to the colonial era, stemmed in Madagascar from the policies of the imperial Merina regime, which in this sense formed a link to the French regime of the colonial era. Campbell thus questions the underlying assumptions governing the debate about historical demography in Africa and suggests that the demographic impact of political forces be reevaluated in terms of their changing interaction with "natural" demographic influences. Russia entered stage

neg: Transgender personnel in the United States military copy of the RAND report was leaked to and published by "The New York Times" in May 2016. The RAND cost estimate agreed with an earlier study by Dr. Aaron Belkin, who estimated the annual cost of transition-related care would be $5.6 million. On May 23, 2016, the Department of Defense observed the first LGBT Pride Month with openly transgender service members. On June 30, 2016, Secretary Ash Carter made an official announcement and published Directive-Type Memo 16-005 (DTM 16-005), declaring: The Department of Defense (DoD) Instruction 1300.28, "In-service transition for transgender service members", published on June 30, 2016, provided

neg: Distribution Transformer Monitor costs. Examples of applications derived from direct and/or indirect information presented by the DTM include: Given the physical deployment position of the DTM (i.e., on the distribution transformer), there are no known health concerns related to this family of intra-grid sensors. DTM devices are created with user/installer safety in mind, and otherwise bear no known measurable environmental impact. Utility spending on asset management and grid monitoring technology is to hit almost $50 billion by 2023, according to a new study from Navigant Research. Given the pioneering stage of the DTM technology, significant business case information is limited in availability for

neg: John Caldwell (demographer) on demographic and health transition is "cited almost "de rigueur" by those in these fields". He is particularly noted for his "wealth flows" theory, which relates demographic transition to changes in intergenerational transfers within the family. This theory has been criticised for its lack of testability, but it has "captured the imagination of many researchers" and stimulated micro-demographic research in the field. He worked on many areas of demographic theory, including the importance of education and the status of women in determining demographic change, and the study of the AIDS epidemic, particularly in Africa. The first global survey of demographers

neg: Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model to adaptive processes (communication, transition management) "Path B:" Enduring Vulnerabilities (PTSD symptoms) to adaptive processes (communication, transition management) "Path C:" Enduring vulnerabilities (PTSD symptoms) to stress (deployment stress) "Path F:" Adaptive processes (communication, transition management) to marital quality Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model The Vulnerability Stress Adaptation (VSA) Model is a framework for conceptualizing the dynamic processes of marriage, created by Benjamin Karney and Thomas Bradbury. The VSA Model emphasizes the consideration of multiple dimensions of functioning, including couple members’ enduring vulnerabilities, experiences of stressful events, and adaptive processes, to account for variations in marital quality and stability over time. The VSA model

neg: Income and fertility women and low mortality rate for children equals a smaller family and more self-centered people. The United States Census Bureau is a fundamental and critical data collection tool that is used specifically in demography. Censuses are a count of the population and not considered a sample. Since the end of World War II, the United Nations has encouraged all countries to take a census. Another way to look at it is through the demographic transition model to which was designed in 1929 by demography Warren Thompson who classified countries into three major groups. Number one being high births rates and

neg: Demographic transition rates age, there may also be an increase in the number of older children, teenagers, and young adults. This implies that there is an increase in the fertile population proportion which, with constant fertility rates, may lead to an increase in the number of children born. This will further increase the growth of the child population. The second stage of the demographic transition, therefore, implies a rise in child dependency and creates a youth bulge in the population structure. As a population continues to move through the demographic transition into the third stage, fertility declines and the youth bulge prior

neg: Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters were in 2000-2011. All DTM cars carry a Bosch-provided electronic control unit (Motronic MS 5.1 model). Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts, but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage and not on the track. Rear view mirrors for all DTM cars are fully mandated to easily viewing opponents behind. The cars were powered by naturally-aspirated (no turbocharger and supercharger) indirect-injected stock block V8 engines, with aluminium alloy blocks, 2xDOHC valvetrain actuating four-valves per cylinder and limited to displacement since the series' rebirth in 2000. DTM car

neg: Non-deterministic Turing machine way. One approach is to use a DTM of which the configurations represent multiple configurations of the NTM, and the DTM's operation consists of visiting each of them in turn, executing a single step at each visit, and spawning new configurations whenever the transition relation defines multiple continuations. Another construction simulates NTMs with 3-tape DTMs, of which the first tape always holds the original input string, the second is used to simulate a particular computation of the NTM, and the third encodes a path in the NTM's computation tree. The 3-tape DTMs are easily simulated with a normal single-tape DTM.

neg: Non-deterministic Turing machine an 'A', change it to 'B', move left, and change to state 3." In a deterministic Turing machine (DTM), the set of rules prescribes at most one action to be performed for any given situation. A deterministic Turing machine has a "transition function" that, for a given state and symbol under the tape head, specifies three things: For example, an X on the tape in state 3 might make the DTM write a Y on the tape, move the head one position to the right, and switch to state 5. By contrast, in a non-deterministic Turing machine (NTM), the set

neg: Narrowcasting a transition from broadcasting to narrowcasting which has given advertisers a greater advantage when it comes to directing their messages to a specific demographic audience. For example, if an energy drink company wanted to target 18- to 25-year-old action sport athletes, they may purchase commercial time on a niche network that only narrowcasts mixed martial arts, thus making their message more valuable by marketing to a concentrated audience. The Internet uses both a broadcast and a narrowcast model. Most websites are on a broadcast model since anyone with Internet access can view the sites (Wikipedia is a good example, this

neg: Demographic transition Madagascar in the light of demographic transition theory. Both supporters and critics of the theory hold to an intrinsic opposition between human and "natural" factors, such as climate, famine, and disease, influencing demography. They also suppose a sharp chronological divide between the precolonial and colonial eras, arguing that whereas "natural" demographic influences were of greater importance in the former period, human factors predominated thereafter. Campbell argues that in 19th-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the Merina state, was the predominant demographic influence. However, the impact of the state was felt through natural forces, and it varied over

neg: Demographic dividend between 1950 and 2008 and Thailand’s GDP grew 970 per cent." East Asia was able to benefit from knowledge, experience, and technology of other countries that had already passed through the demographic transition. It has been argued that the demographic dividend played a role in the "economic miracles" of the East Asian Tigers and accounts for between one fourth and two fifths of the “miracle”. Ireland also provides a recent example of the demographic dividend and transition. Faced with a high birth rate, the Irish government legalized contraception in 1979. This policy led to a decline in the fertility rate

neg: Mercedes-Benz AMG C-Class DTM (W203) Mercedes-Benz AMG C-Class DTM (W203) The Mercedes-Benz AMG C-Class W203 DTM is a Touring car (DTM) constructed by the German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz. It was the successor to the Mercedes-Benz CLK DTM who permanently retired after 2003 season and based as Mercedes-Benz C-Class W203 first generation car. Mercedes-Benz AMG C-Class W203 DTM makes first roll-out on February 3, 2004 in the Circuit de Catalunya. Like all racing cars of the DTM is based on the C-Class W203 DTM only look at the eponymous series cars. Constructed is the prototype of a CFK - monocoque chassis with an integrated 15.4-imperial gallons

neg: Elise Brezis Economic Growth, December 1997, pp. 369–383. “Focal Randomization: An optimal Mechanism for the Evaluation of R&D projects", Science and Public Policy, December 2007, 34(9). "Immigration, Investments and Growth" (with Paul Krugman), Journal of Population Economics, 9, 1996, pp. 83 93. https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jopoec/v9y1996i1p83-93.html "Social Classes, Demographic Transition and Economic Growth", European Economic Review, 2001, 45: 707-717. "The New views on Demographic Transition: A Reassessment of Malthus's and Marx's Approach to Population" (with Warren Young), European Journal of Economic Thought, 2003, 10: 25-45. "Can Demographic Transition only be Explained by Altruistic and Neo-Malthusian Models?", Journal of Socio-Economics, 2009. "Britain's Balance of Payments in

neg: History of German women old-age. At the same time, because of the demographic transition, there were far fewer children, allowing for much greater attention to each child. Increasingly the middle-class family valued its privacy and its inward direction, Shedding two-close links with the world of work. Furthermore, the working classes, the middle classes and the upper classes became physically much more separate, and became psychologically and politically much more separate. This allowed for the emergence of working-class organizations. It also allowed for declining religiosity among the working-class who were no longer monitored on a daily basis. The era saw the Demographic Transition take place

neg: BMW 4 Series (F32) air curtains. A wind deflector and neck warmers were available as options. The facelifted (LCI) models of the BMW 4 Series were unveiled in January 2017, with the first pictures of the refreshed Coupé (F32 LCI) shown in the new color Snapper Rocks Blue (turquoise blue), and the Convertible (F33 LCI) shown in the also new, Sunset Orange colour (bright orange). The Gran Coupé (F36 LCI) model was shown in a silver colour. The facelift (LCI) was introduced for the 2018 model year. Major changes include: The M4 DTM was developed in 2013 to replace the E92 M3 DTM, has

neg:
VisionMap A3 Digital Mapping System of the area of interest. The solution for each image is the result of the photogrammetric bundle block adjustment with self-calibration.
 2. SLFs (Super Large Frames), used for stereo photogrammetric mapping.
 3. DSM (Digital Surface Model)
 4. DTM (Digital Terrain Model)
 5. Orthophoto with resolution up to the source frame resolution. Global and local radiometric corrections are applied to all frames. The mosaicing process is fully automated and is based on the topographic data (DTM) and radiometric analysis of the area. In order to achieve high accuracy, all images and coordinates of projection centers, obtained by GPS, take part in

neg: Oded Galor two centuries. Reception Nobel Laureate in Economics Robert Solow described Galor's project as "breathtakingly ambitious". He added that "Galor proposes a fairly simple, intensely human-capital-oriented model that will accommodate the millennia of Malthusian near-stagnation, the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath of rapid growth, the accompanying demographic transition, and the emergence of modern human-capital-based growth. And the model is supposed to generate endogenously the transitions from one era to the next. The resulting book is a powerful mixture of fact, theory, and interpretation." According to Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist Daron Acemoglu, ""Unified Growth Theory" is a work of unusual ambition"

neg: Human overpopulation young age, so the population still rises as the more numerous younger generation approaches maturity. "Demographic entrapment" is a concept developed by Maurice King, Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Leeds, who posits that this phenomenon occurs when a country has a population larger than its carrying capacity, no possibility of migration, and exports too little to be able to import food. This will cause starvation. He claims that for example many sub-Saharan nations are or will become stuck in demographic entrapment, instead of having a demographic transition. For the world as a whole, the number of children born

neg: Ansley J. Coale both established new empirical regularities, and proved invaluable in the development of later techniques for estimating mortality and fertility in populations with inaccurate or incomplete data. Along with William Brass, Coale pioneered the development and use of these techniques, first explained in "Methods of Estimating Basic Demographic Measures From Incomplete Data" (1967, with Demeny) and in "The Demography of Tropical Africa" (1968, with other demographers). Perhaps Coale's major scientific contribution was to the understanding of the demographic transition. The Demographic Transition, as stated by Coale, occurs when a country develops a strong economy, and within the society, low fertility and

neg: Demographic transition rebounded to a sustained level of 3 children/woman after the war. By 1970 Russia was firmly in stage four, with crude birth rates and crude death rates on the order of 15/1000 and 9/1000 respectively. In the 1980s and 1990s, Russia underwent a unique demographic transition; observers call it a "demographic catastrophe": the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, life expectancy fell sharply (especially for males) and the number of suicides increased. From 1992 through 2011, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. Greenwood and Seshadri (2002) show that from 1800 to 1940 there was a

neg: Population dynamics of fisheries by the Malthusian growth model. The early period was dominated by demographic studies such as the work of Benjamin Gompertz and Pierre François Verhulst in the early 19th century, who refined and adjusted the Malthusian demographic model. A more general model formulation was proposed by F.J. Richards in 1959, by which the models of Gompertz, Verhulst and also Ludwig von Bertalanffy are covered as special cases of the general formulation. The population size (usually denoted by "N") is the number of individual organisms in a population. The effective population size ("N") was defined by Sewall Wright, who wrote two landmark

neg: Demographic transition two before the population grows back up. The decline in death rate and birth rate that occurs during the demographic transition may transform the age structure. When the death rate declines during the second stage of the transition, the result is primarily an increase in the child population. The reason being that when the death rate is high (stage one), the infant mortality rate is very high, often above 200 deaths per 1000 children born. When the death rate falls or improves, this may include lower infant mortality rate and increased child survival. Over time, as individuals with increased survival

neg: Natural fertility control fertility. This means that access to contraceptives or other means of limiting fertility must be available. Coale's preconditions for fertility decline is interrelated to the Demographic Transition, a theory of the transition of societies from an agricultural to an industrial system. A more modernized society has lower mortality and fertility rates while a less modernized society tends to have higher mortality and fertility rates.Developing countries in the early stages of the demographic transition are characterized by high fertility and mortality rates which can be attributed to the lack of medical interventions like birth control and modern technology. Communicable diseases

neg: 2009 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters kg, 2008 cars at 1030 kg and 2007 machinery at 1010 kg. Katherine Legge moved from the Futurecom-TME team to a team created for her at Audi Sport Team Abt Lady Power, gaining a later model Audi with the change. Christian Bakkerud joined the series coming from GP2 Series along with Formula Renault BARC driver Johannes Seidlitz both joining the Colin Kolles owned Futurecom-TME team with Czech Touring Car Championship racer Tomáš Kostka joining sister-team Futurecom-BRT. Christijan Albers left DTM to pursue sports car racing with Kolles' Le Mans Series team and the most successful driver in the history of

neg: Vocaloid model HRP-4C of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) was set up to react to three Vocaloids—Hatsune Miku, Megpoid and Crypton's noncommercial Vocaloid software "CV-4Cβ"—as part of promotions for both Yamaha and AIST at CEATEC in 2009. The prototype voice CV-4Cβ was created by sampling a Japanese voice actress, Eriko Nakamura. Japanese magazines such as "DTM magazine" are responsible for the promotion and introduction for many of the Japanese Vocaloids to Japanese Vocaloid fans. It has featured Vocaloids such as Miku, Kagamine Rin and Len, and Luka, printing some sketches by artist Kei and reporting the

neg: Non-deterministic Turing machine possible transitions. Whereas a DTM has a single "computation path" that it follows, an NTM has a "computation tree". If at least one branch of the tree halts with an "accept" condition, we say that the NTM accepts the input. A non-deterministic Turing machine can be formally defined as a 6-tuple formula_1, where The difference with a standard (deterministic) Turing machine is that for those, the transition relation is a function (the transition function). Configurations and the "yields" relation on configurations, which describes the possible actions of the Turing machine given any possible contents of the tape, are as for

neg: Gary Paffett five wins and four pole positions. In 2007, Gary returned to the DTM in a 2006 specification race car for the Persson Motorsport team alongside his McLaren F1 testing duties. At the second round at Oschersleben, Paffett became the first driver in the history of the series to win in a year old car. After a further year in older machinery, he was promoted back to the current Mercedes model for 2009, and finished runner-up in the championship, behind Timo Scheider. In 2017, Mercedes announced it would leave DTM after the 2018 season. Since 2018 did also feature a rule

neg: Audi V8 with Stuck and Jelinski, while AZR raced with Frank Biela and Hubert Haupt. Biela gave Audi another crown in 1991, but was unable to defend the title in 1992. For the 1992 season, Audi had changed their engines to use a 180° flatplane crankshaft, which they said had been re-forged and bent from the original 90° crossplane part as used in production model. The DTM organisers found this highly modified crankshaft deviated from original homologated standard crankshaft, and therefore deemed it illegal. Audi subsequently withdrew from the championship. During its presence at DTM the Audi V8 competed with much smaller

neg: RaceRoom R3E such as vehicle physics and tyre modelling. Telemetry data derived from global partners such as DTM, WTCC, ADAC GT Masters and KW Suspensions is also used to further develop the physics model of the cars. There are more than 100 fully licensed cars available, spanning from Touring cars, GT cars, Prototypes, GTO, Open Wheel, 4th Generation Group 5 cars, sportcars, hillclimb and historic classes. The "R3E" track roster includes more than 25 tracks from all across the globe, including the entire DTM and ADAC GT Masters calendar, hillclimb tracks and a laser-scanned Nürburgring-Nordschleife. Eurogamer reviewed RaceRoom in 2014 and

neg: CATUAV corrected, so it can be used to measure distances and heights. Two main kinds of DEM can be generated: CATUAV systems generate a DTM in every flight as a product of the rectification process. From this previous DTM, with more intensive software procedures, a dense Point Cloud 3D model can be generated, from which a high-resolution DSM can be derived. Obtaining in the same flight an orthophoto plus a DEM, provides a high quality and low-cost product that can be used to support any topography and cartography work. With further processing, dense Point Cloud and DSM can also be obtained,

neg: Kingsley Davis Wealth Award for distinguished work in sociology (1979), and the Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award from the American Sociological Association (1982). In 1953 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. Davis led and conducted major studies of societies in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia, coined the term "population explosion,", and played a major role in the naming and development of the demographic transition model. He was also one of the original scholars in the development of the theory of overurbanization. He is also credited with coining the term "zero population growth" although George Stolnitz claimed

neg: Dependency ratio of the elders. Rwanda is another example of a population that struggles with a younger population (also known as the "youth bulge"). Both of these countries are struggling with high dependency ratios even though both countries are on opposite stages of the Demographic Transition Model. Case studies: Dependency ratio In economics, geography, demography and sociology, the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the "dependent" part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the "productive" part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the pressure

neg: Jean Hay the particular demographic needs and character of the Manly area; This would be lost in the model of an amalgamated council that is being proposed by Warringah." By April 2016, Hay had made an expression of interest to serve in the new council, whichever proposal that would be, commenting that "I have been the longest serving councillor and mayor and I’d like to play a role in the transition council, I feel as though I have something to offer." On 12 May 2016, with the release of the "Local Government (Council Amalgamations) Proclamation 2016", the Northern Beaches Council was formed,

neg: Population ageing (very low birth rate and low death rate) of the demographic transition model. Among the countries currently classified by the United Nations as more developed (with a total population of 1.2 billion in 2005), the overall median age rose from 28 in 1950 to 40 in 2010, and is forecast to rise to 44 by 2050. The corresponding figures for the world as a whole are 24 in 1950, 29 in 2010, and 36 in 2050. For the less developed regions, the median age will go from 26 in 2010 to 35 in 2050. Population ageing arises from two (possibly

neg: John Bongaarts Bongaarts subsequently moved to the United States where he studied physiology and biomedical engineering at the University of Illinois and obtained his PhD in 1972, with a dissertation titled: "A Cybernetic Model of the Demographic Transition". He subsequently was a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University. He started working as associate for the Center for Population Studies of the Population Council in 1973. By 1982 he had become senior associate. In 1988 he became deputy director. The next year he was promoted to vice president of the policy research division. Since 2007 he also serves as distinguished scholar. Bongaarts has

neg: Demographic transition a later drop in fertility. The changing demographics of the U.S. in the last two centuries did not parallel this model. Beginning around 1800, there was a sharp fertility decline; at this time, an average woman usually produced seven births per lifetime, but by 1900 this number had dropped to nearly four. A mortality decline was not observed in the U.S. until almost 1900—a hundred years following the drop in fertility. However, this late decline occurred from a very low initial level. During the 17th and 18th centuries, crude death rates in much of colonial North America ranged from 15

neg: Income and fertility capita, consistent with the demographic transition model. The increase in GDP in Eastern Europe after 1990 has been correlated with childbearing postponement and a sharp decline in fertility. When looking at an individual level in advanced countries where birth control is the norm, increased income is likewise associated with decreased fertility. Theories behind this include: Religion sometimes modifies the effect; higher income is associated with slightly increased fertility among Catholic couples but associated with slightly decreased fertility among Protestant couples. Gross domestic product stands for GDP, which is the total dollar value of all goods an economy produces over a

neg: I = PAT Since the rise of industrial societies, human population has been increasing exponentially. This has caused Thomas Malthus, Paul Ehrlich and many others to postulate that this growth would continue until checked by widespread hunger and famine (see Malthusian growth model). The United Nations project that world population will increase from 7.6 billion today (2018) to 9.8 billion in 2050 and about 11.2 billion in 2100. These projections take into consideration that population growth has slowed in recent years as women are having fewer children. This phenomenon is the result of demographic transition all over the world. Although the UN projects

neg: Population dynamics the Malthusian growth model. The early period was dominated by demographic studies such as the work of Benjamin Gompertz and Pierre François Verhulst in the early 19th century, who refined and adjusted the Malthusian demographic model. A more general model formulation was proposed by F.J. Richards in 1959, further expanded by Simon Hopkins, in which the models of Gompertz, Verhulst and also Ludwig von Bertalanffy are covered as special cases of the general formulation. The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey equations are another famous example, as well as the alternative Arditi–Ginzburg equations. The computer game "SimCity" and the MMORPG Ultima Online, among others,

neg: Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters many races were planned outside Germany, no Championship (Meisterschaft) status was granted by the DMSB, and the DTM initials now stand for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (German Touring Car Masters). Unlike the previous incarnation which primarily used sedan models like the Mercedes-Benz W201, the new DTM featured only 2-door coupés. Opel used the upcoming Coupé version of the Astra as in the concept car, and Mercedes the CLK model which already was used as a pattern for the Mercedes-Benz CLK-GTR. The motorsport arm of the Bavarian tuning company Abt Sportsline was allowed to enter on short notice. Abt used the Audi

neg: BMW M4 DTM racing car an even more striking outline. The flatter rear window optimises the way the airflow approaches the rear wing. The striking wing mirrors, with their twin-stalk mounts, are already a striking feature of the production model, and the mirrors on the BMW M4 DTM have also been aerodynamically optimised for the racetrack to ensure they aid efficient airflow towards the rear of the car. The BMW M4 Coupé itself is a prime example of intelligent, lightweight construction. The high-performance sports car weighs just 1,497 kilograms when empty – that is a whole 80 kilograms less than its predecessor. This

neg: Audi 5 Series DTM for Phoenix Racing. Timo Scheider and Adrien Tambay start for Audi Sport Team Abt. Filipe Albuquerque and Edoardo Mortara start for Team Rosberg. After the 2012 season, the vehicle was renamed RS5 DTM, correspond with the Audi RS5 production model. It is powered by a naturally-aspirated engine and 2xDOHC camshafts. The engine itself is a custom-built Audi 4.0 L V8 with four valves per cylinder and a 90 degree V-angle. It has a power output of approximately and torque of . Front engined and longitudinally mounted engine mounting layout, the RS5's engine is indirect fuel injected. The RS5 DTM's ECU

neg: HEC-RAS between models. HEC-RAS can be used along with AutoCAD. A digital terrain model (DTM) can be constructed in AutoCAD and sections can be cut from the DTM and imported into HEC-RAS. "WMS (Watershed Modeling System)" provides pre and post-processing tools for use with HEC-RAS. The development of WMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers. Commercial licenses to WMS are available from the developer, Aquaveo LLC. Features include: In 2018, Jacobs released an updated version of Flood Cloud which allows users of HEC-RAS to run their flood models in the cloud. HEC-RAS HEC-RAS is a computer

neg: Audi A4 DTM Audi A4 DTM The Audi A4 DTM is a 4-door touring car (DTM) constructed by the German car manufacturer Audi. It was first developed for use in the 2004 DTM season, replacing the Audi TT DTM at the end of the 2003 DTM season. Based on the Audi A4, it was continually improved over the course of six facelifts between 2004 and 2011. The Audi A4 DTM was succeeded by the Audi A5 DTM in 2012. After the private Team Abt Audi TT-R was raced from 2000 to 2003, Audi re-entered the DTM series with a factory team. Audi's comeback

neg: Audi 5 Series DTM Audi 5 Series DTM The Audi 5 Series DTM (also known as the Audi A5 DTM (2012) later Audi RS5 DTM (2013-present)) is a DTM touring car constructed by the German car manufacturer Audi AG. It was developed in 2011 and has been raced in DTM seasons 2012-2018 before being replaced by updated turbo version of Audi RS5 Turbo DTM from 2019 season onwards. It was designed by former Audi Head of Research and Development Wolfgang Dürheimer. The A5 DTM replaced the retired Audi A4 DTM at the end of the 2011 season and based on the production Audi A5.

neg: BMW M4 DTM wind tunnel, the BMW M4 DTM took to the track for its track debut in Monteblanco on 11 February 2014. The production version of the BMW M4 Coupé provided BMW Motorsport with a perfect basis for developing the DTM racing car. Hardly surprising, given the fact that the primary goal of the BMW M GmbH engineers working on the BMW M4 Coupé was to create a robust car suitable for use on the racetrack. Among those to make valuable contributions towards achieving this goal were DTM drivers Bruno Spengler and Timo Glock, who took part in tuning tests at the

neg: Vocaloid (software) contrast to Meiko was put down to the reader demographic of DTM magazine, which 80% were male. Sales picked up suddenly in 2008 to the surprise of Wataru Sasaki and other members of Crypton Future Media and by 2010 had over taken Meiko in popularity. Reviewers such as Michael Stipe of R.E.M. praised it when it was first announced in 2003. Stipe noted that one of the more useful aspects of the software was that it gave singers a method of preserving their voice for future use should they lose their own, but as the technology progressed it could also

neg: Gamma-Re Transition Model Gamma-Re Transition Model Gamma-Re (γ-Re) transition model is a two equation model used in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to modify turbulent transport equations to simulate laminar, laminar-to-turbulent and turbulence states in a fluid flow. The Gamma-Re model does not intend to model the physics of the problem but attempts to fit a wide range of experiments and transition methods into its formulation. The transition model calculated an intermittency factor that creates (or extinguishes) turbulence by slowly introducing turbulent production at the laminar-to-turbulent transition location. The goal of developing the gamma-Re (formula_1) transition model was to develop a transition model based

neg: Demographic dividend has contributed to the economic stagnation in much of Sub-Saharan Africa. The magnitude of the demographic dividend appears to be dependent on the ability of the economy to absorb and productively employ the extra workers, rather than be a pure demographic gift. According to the UN Population Fund, “If sub-Saharan African countries are able to repeat the East Asian experience, the region could realize a demographic dividend amounting to as much as $500 billion a year for 30 years. In near future India will be the largest individual contributor to the global demographic transition. A 2011 International Monetary Fund Working

neg: World population described as follows: technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on. The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition. According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa, the world population grew between 67,000 BC and

neg: Dependency ratio when going through the stages of the Demographic Transition Model. During stages 1 and 2, the dependency ratio is high due to significantly high crude birth rates putting pressure onto the smaller working-age population to take care of all of them. In stage 3, the dependency ratio starts to decrease because fertility and mortality rates start to decrease which shows that the proportion of adults to the young and elderly are much larger in this stage. In stages 4 and 5, the dependency ratio starts to increase once again as the working-age population retires. Because fertility rates caused the younger

neg: Dependency ratio young adults migrate into their country. This method has shown great results in Asia's economic growth. The increase in the involvement of women in the work force has contributed to the working-age population which compliments the dependency ratio for a country. Encouraging women to work will help decrease the dependency ratio. Because more women are getting a higher education, it is less likely for them to have children causing the fertility rates to decrease as well. The age-dependency ratio can determine which stage in the Demographic Transition Model a certain country is in. The dependency ratio acts like a rollercoaster

neg: Family planning in India the twenty-first century. In 2015, the total fertility rate of India was 2.40 births per women and 15.6 million abortions performed, with an abortion rate of 47.0 abortions per 1000 women aged between 15–49 years. With high abortions rates follows a high number of unintended pregnancies, with a rate of 70.1 unintended pregnancies per 1000 women aged 15–49 years. Overall, the abortions occurring in India make up for one third of pregnancies and out of all pregnancies occurring, almost half were not planned. On the Demographic Transition Model, India falls in the third stage due to decreased birth rates and