query: imperial dynasty that ruled china from 1368 to 1644

pos: Dynasties in Chinese history under a different name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not deposed until 1663. This change of ruling houses was a messy and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost twenty years to extend their control over the whole of China. It is therefore inaccurate to assume China changed suddenly and all at once in the year 1645. In addition, China was divided for short periods of its history, with different regions being ruled by different groups. During such periods, there was not any single dynasty ruling a unified China. As a case in point, there is much dispute

pos: Ming dynasty Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty () was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne – collectively called the Southern Ming – survived until 1683. The Hongwu Emperor (ruled 1368–98) attempted to create a society of

pos: Tibetan sovereignty debate Tibet was independent during the Chinese Ming dynasty (1368–1644). and that Tibet was ruled by China or at the very least subordinate to the Qing during much of the Qing dynasty. Some Western scholars also claim that Tibet was independent from c. 1912 to 1950, although it had extremely limited international recognition. The government of the People's Republic of China contends that it has had control over Tibet since the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The government of the Republic of China, which ruled mainland China from 1912 until 1949 and now controls Taiwan, had a cabinet-level Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission

pos: History of Beijing When Kublai Khan made Dadu the capital of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), all of China was ruled from Beijing for the first time. From 1279 onward, with the exception of two interludes from 1368 to 1420 and 1928 to 1949, Beijing would remain as China's capital, serving as the seat of power for the Ming dynasty (1421–1644), the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the early Republic of China (1912–1928) and now the People's Republic of China (1949–present). The earliest remains of hominid habitation in Beijing Municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian

pos: House of Zhu House of Zhu House of Zhu, also known as House of Chu (), was the imperial family of the Ming dynasty of China. Zhu was the family name of the emperors of the Ming dynasty. The House of Zhu ruled China from 1368 until the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, followed by the rule as the Southern Ming dynasty until 1662, and the last Ming princes, the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓) held out until the annexation of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683. The founder of the Ming dynasty was the Hongwu

pos: Longmen Grottoes were ruling from Luyong. During the period of 1368 to 1912, when two dynasties ruled in China, namely the Ming dynasty from 1368 to 1644, and the Qing Dynasty from 1644 to 1912, there was cultural revival and the Longmen Grottoes received recognition both at the national and international level. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese looted the site and took many of the statues back to Japan. Many of these relics are now in Japanese museums. Vandalism occurred in the 1940s, a result of political unrest. With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the

pos: Provinces of China military defence are the responsibility of the central government, according to the basic laws. The rulers of China first set up provinces—initially 11 in number—during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) with 2 addition regions: Central region ruled by the Zhongshu Sheng () and the Tibetan region ruled by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (). The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) kept the province system set up by the Yuan Dynasty, however, it divided the original 10 provinces into 16 provinces, later 2 capital metropolitan areas and 13 provinces () within China proper and 5 additional military ruled regions. By the time

pos: Rheum palmatum to an emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907), used to combat the plague in the years which the Song dynasty ruled (960–1127), and used as a suicidal measure by a general of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). With a variety of medicinal uses, it wasn’t long before this potent plant began making its way to other parts of the world. In fact, it became one of the most prominent items traded along the Silk Road. A rhubarb monopoly initiated in Imperial Russia in 1731, stiffly regulating its trade from "China via the Asian steppes to Moscow and St. Petersburg, where its

pos: History of Tibetan Buddhism Ming Dynasty of China (1368–1644) made little effort to impose direct rule, although it had nominal claims of the Tibetan territory by establishing the U-Tsang Regional Military Commission and Do-Kham Regional Military Commission in the 1370s. Tibetan Buddhism was patronized by the ethnic-Chinese Ming dynasty that succeeded the Yuan, and kept friendly relations with some of the Buddhism religious leaders known as Princes of Dharma and granted some other titles to local leaders including the Grand Imperial Tutor. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) rulers deliberately helped propagate Tibetan Buddhism instead of Chinese Buddhism among the Mongols. During the early period of

pos: Topkapı Palace The Chinese porcelain collection ranges from the late Song Dynasty (960-1279) and the Yuan Dynasty (1280–1368), through the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) to the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The pieces include celadons as well as blue and white porcelain. The Japanese collection is mainly Imari porcelain, dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries. The collection also includes around 5,000 European pieces. Researchers believe that Ottoman tastes changed over time to favor various types of European porcelain by the 18th century. The Imperial Council ("Dîvân-ı Hümâyûn") building is the chamber wherethe Imperial Council—consisting of the Grand Vizier ("Vazīr-e Azam") and other council

pos: Chinese emperors family tree (late) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.

pos: Moghulistan in Asia into the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) in China, Ilkhanate in Persia, and Golden Horde in Russia, which waged destructive wars with one another. After the Han Chinese united and expelled the Mongols from China, establishing the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), Yuan Mongol refugees, principally of the Borjigin clan, migrated to the eastern Chagatai Khanate. Those Mongols allied with the nomadic Buddhist, Christian and Shamanist rebels of the Issyk Kul and Isi areas against the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin in the 1330s upon his conversion to Islam. This Khan and his heirs ruled a region of nomadic

pos: Henan imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee the Mongol onslaught. In 1234 they succumbed to combined Mongol and Song dynasty forces. Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China, establishing the Yuan dynasty and set up the equivalent of modern Henan province, with borders very similar to the modern ones. Neither its territories nor its role in the economy changed under later dynasties. Henan remained important in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and Qing dynasty (1644–1911) that followed, though its economy slowly deteriorated due to frequent natural disasters. The Qing dynasty was overthrown by the 1911

pos: Longquan Temple (Yunnan) Longquan Temple (Yunnan) Longquan Temple () is a Taoist temple located in Panlong District of Kunming, Yunnan, China. The temple is renowned for its three ancient trees, namely the plum tree of Tang dynasty (618–907), cypress tree of the Song dynasty (960–1279) and tea of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The original temple dates back to the 14th century, during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The modern temple was founded by Taoist priest Xu Rixian () in 1394, in the reign of Hongwu Emperor (1368–1398) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). During the Kangxi era (1662–1722) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Fan Chengxun

pos: Lu'an Melon Seed tea baked green tea which causes the taste of the tea to be different from other types of green tea in China. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Lu'an Melon Seed Tea was widely used to prevent sunstroke by the Chinese. The Chinese Christian Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), who was also a well-known scientist writing in his "Agricultural Encyclopedia" that "laminar tea from Lu'an Prefecture is a top-grade tea". Lu'an Melon Seed Tea was a type of "gong cha" ("tribute tea") to the imperial family during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). It was enjoyed by the Guangxu Emperor (r. 1878–1908) and Empress Dowager Cixi

pos: Chinese encyclopedia China, where the term "leishu", properly a collection of classical texts on many fields, came to be applied to similar treatments of one subject only, for instance the use of jade". Chinese scholar-bureaucrats compiled about 600 leishu traditional Chinese "encyclopedias" between the 3rd and 18th centuries. About 200 of these are extant today, and 10-20 are still used by historians. Most were published by imperial mandate during the Tang dynasty (618-907), Song dynasty (960-1279), Ming dynasty (1368-1644), and early Qing dynasty (1644-1911). Some "leishu" were huge publications. For instance, the (1726) "Gujin Tushu Jicheng" contained an estimated 3 to 4

pos: Marquis of Extended Grace Marquis of Extended Grace Marquis of Extended Grace was a title held by a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) during the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Holders of this title were also called the Marquis of Zhu from the surname of the Ming imperial clan. The marquis presided at memorial ceremonies held twice a year at the Ming tombs near Beijing. The Ming dynasty was Han Chinese while the Qing dynasty was dominated by the Manchus, a people from the northeast. Many Chinese remained loyal to the Ming dynasty long after it collapsed. In 1644-1662, there

pos: Academies (Shuyuan) the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) and all academies were placed under government control to become preparatory schools for the imperial examinations. However, the system was revived under the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911). In the Ming dynasty, academies devoted to discussing political issues appeared, such as the Donglin Academy, often resulting in political repression. According to one study, 40% of the 1239 known Ming academies were built during the Jiajing era (1522-1566). During the Qing, thousands of academies were created for the purpose of preparing students for the Imperial Examination, although there were still some that functioned as centres of

pos: Kalmyks present-day parts of Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. After the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty of China in 1368, the Oirats emerged as a formidable foe against the Khalkha Mongols, the Chinese Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Manchus who founded the Qing dynasty in China in 1644. For 400 years the Oirats conducted a military struggle for domination and control over both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. The struggle ended in 1757 with the defeat of the Oirats in Dzungaria; they were the last of the Mongol groups to resist vassalage to Qing (Grousset, 1970: 502–541). At the start

pos: Qing dynasty Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (), was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China. It was the fifth largest empire in world history. The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming Jianzhou Guard vassal, began organizing "Banners", military-social units that

pos: Chongshan Temple (Jiangsu) Chongshan Temple (Jiangsu) Chongshan Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Xushe Town of Yixing, Jiangsu, China. The temple traces its origins to the former "Guanyin Hall" (), founded between 502 and 557 in the Liang dynasty (502–557) and would later become "Chongshan Temple" in the reign of Kangxi Emperor (1662–1922) in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), the temple declined and was gradually disappeared. In 1395, in the 8th year of Hongwu period (1368–1398) in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), master Puzhi Yizhou () raised funds to restore the Hall of Guanyin, Hall of Four Heavenly

pos: Imperial examination were both less. The restrictions on candidates by the new quota system allowed only 300 candidates for each testing session of the three year examination cycle. The provincial restrictions resulted in a greater effect; for example, only 28 Han Chinese from South China were included among the 300 candidates, the rest of the South China slots (47) being occupied by resident Mongols or Semu-ren, although 47 "racial South Chinese" who were not residents of South China were approved as candidates. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) retained and expanded the system it inherited. Shortly after the inauguration of the dynasty, the Hongwu

pos: Jade trade in Myanmar Chinese emperor possessed the relics of Buddha, wished to obtain some relics from the Chinese emperor in exchange for Burmese imperial jade. This pattern of trading jade for other artifacts has existed since then. During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), jade was traded to China through Yunnan via caravan trade, but no notable pieces from this era are known to exist, as the Ming dynasty was more interested in ceramics. Some of the first jadeite artifacts begin to appear in tombs around this time in China. During subsequent dynasties, particularly during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–96), there was an

pos: Yongquan Temple (Fuzhou) Qing dynasty (1644–1911) weighting . Outside the bell carved 6,372 words of "Diamond Sutra". Over ten sets of "Avatamsaka Sutra" which was printed in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) are preserved in the temple. Yongquan Temple (Fuzhou) Yongquan Temple () is a Buddhist temple located on Mount Gu, in Jin'an District of Fuzhou, Fujian, China. It was first built in 783 during the Tang dynasty (618–907), and went through many changes and repairs through the following dynasties. Most of the present structures in the temple were repaired or built in the Jiajing period (1522–1566) in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Yongquan Temple

pos: Shanxi between Song China and the Liao Dynasty. Later the Southern Song Dynasty abandoned all of North China, including Shanxi, to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1127 after the Jingkang Incident of the Jin-Song wars. The Mongol Yuan Dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Shanxi as a province. Shanxi only gained its present name and approximate borders during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) which were of the same landarea and borders as the previous Hedong Commandery that existed during the Tang Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Shanxi extended north beyond the Great Wall to include parts of

pos: The Chinese State in Ming Society The Chinese State in Ming Society The Chinese State in Ming Society is a history book which investigates the role of the state in China in the Ming dynasty (from 1368 to 1644 in the late Imperial Chinese era); the interface between the state and society, and the effect of the state on ordinary people. The book is written by Timothy Brook, a distinguished Canadian historian who specializes in the study of China (Sinology). "The Chinese State in Ming Society " is set in the Ming dynasty, an era in which there was much "commercial expansion and cultural innovation". The

pos: Economy of the Ming dynasty Economy of the Ming dynasty The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three golden ages (the other two being the Han and Tang periods). The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants, the gradual weakening of imperial rule, and technological advances. The early Ming dynasty attempted to use paper currency, with outflows of bullion limited by its ban on private foreign commerce. Like its forebears, the currency experienced massive counterfeiting and hyperinflation. (In 1425, Ming notes were trading

pos: Conquest dynasty Conquest dynasty A conquest dynasty in the history of imperial China refers to a dynasty established by non-Han peoples that ruled parts or all of the China proper, most notably the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty and the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty. Conventional Chinese history mostly uses neat single dates for the beginnings and ends of dynasties, but it should be remembered that most conquest dynasties arrived and fell in protracted and violent wars. For example, the Chinese Ming dynasty is normally dated as replacing the conquest Yuan dynasty in 1368, but there was a long revolt against the Yuan, and in the

pos: History of the Ming dynasty History of the Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (January 23, 1368 – April 25, 1644), officially the Great Ming or Empire of the Great Ming, founded by the peasant rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang, known as the Hongwu Emperor, was an imperial dynasty of China. It was the successor to the Yuan dynasty and the predecessor of the short-lived Shun dynasty, which was in turn succeeded by the Qing dynasty. At its height, the Ming dynasty had a population of 160 million people, while some assert the population could actually have been as large as 200 million. Ming rule saw the

pos: Chongshan Temple (Shanxi) dynasty. Each of them is high. A pair of Chinese guardian lions stands on both sides of the Shanmen. They were cast in 1391, in the 24th year of Hongwu period (1368–1398) in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). An iron bell hanging on the Bell tower. It is high and weighting . Its outside diameter is . It was cast in 1506, in the Zhengde period (1506–1521) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Chongshan Temple (Shanxi) Chongshan Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Yingze District of Taiyuan, Shanxi, China. It is the headquarters of the Buddhist Association of Shanxi. The

pos: Horses in East Asian warfare for breeding. During the Jin dynasty (265–420), records of thousands of "armored horses" illustrate the development of warfare in this period. Horses and skilled horsemen were often in short supply in agrarian China, and cavalry were a distinct minority in most Sui dynasty (581–618) and Tang Dynasty (618–907) armies. The Imperial herds numbered 325,700 horses in 794 The Song (960–1279) through Ming dynasty (1368–1644) armies relied on an officially supervised tea-for-horse trading systems which evolved over centuries. Tea and horses were so inextricably related that officials repeatedly requested that the tea laws and the horse administration be supervised by the

pos: Yuanmiao Temple (Putian) Yuanmiao Temple (Putian) Yuanmiao Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Chengxiang District of Putian, Fujian, China. Xuanmiao Temple was originally built in 628, under the Tang dynasty (618–907). The name was changed into "Tianqing Temple" () during the Song dynasty (960–1279), and then to the "Xuanmiao Temple" () in 1296 in the following Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). In 1662, Qing dynasty (1644–1911) Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, due to the social taboo of "Xuan" ("Xuan" is the name of Kangxi Emperor), its name was changed into "Yuanmiao Temple" (). In 1407, in the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Taoist priest

pos: Movable type Huozi Yinshufa" (《造活字印书法》/《造活字印書法》) by the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) official Wang Zhen mentions tin movable type, used probably since the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), but this was largely experimental. It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the inking process. During the Mongol Empire (1206–1405), printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia. The Uyghurs of Central Asia used movable type, their script type adopted from the Mongol language, some with Chinese words printed between the pages – strong evidence that the books were printed in China. During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type

pos: Foreign relations of imperial China period was the Chinese embassy to the Cambodian Khmer Empire under Indravarman III, led by the envoy Zhou Daguan (1266–1346) from the years 1296 to 1297. In his report to the Yuan court, Zhou Daguan described places such as Angkor Wat and everyday life of the Khmer Empire. It was during the early years of Kublai Khan's reign that Marco Polo (1254–1324) visited China, presumably as far as the previous Song capital at Hangzhou, which he described with a great deal of admiration for its scenic beauty. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644), after the Han and Tang dynasties, was another high

pos: Philosophy China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), through a gradual Silk road transmission and through native influences developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/Zen) which spread throughout the East Asian cultural sphere. During later Chinese dynasties like the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) as well as in the Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) a resurgent Neo-Confucianism led by thinkers such as Wang Yangming (1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought, and was promoted by the imperial state. In the Modern era, Chinese thinkers incorporated ideas from Western philosophy. Chinese Marxist philosophy developed under the influence of Mao Zedong, while a

pos: Timeline of the South China Sea dispute the Paracel and Spratly islands. In the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD), the islands were placed under the administration and authority of the Qiongzhou Perfecture (now Hainan Province). Chinese administration of the South China Sea continued into the North and South Song dynasties (970–1279). Archaeologists have found Chinese made potteries porcelains and other historical relics from the Southern dynasties (420–589), the Sui dynasties (581–618), the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Song dynasties (960–1279), the Yuan dynasties (1206–1368), the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and later eras up to modern times on the South China Sea islands. The South China Sea was known as the

pos: Acupuncture diagrams and charts that established standardized methods for finding acupuncture sites on people of different sizes and categorized acupuncture sites in a set of modules. Acupuncture became more established in China as improvements in paper led to the publication of more acupuncture books. The Imperial Medical Service and the Imperial Medical College, which both supported acupuncture, became more established and created medical colleges in every province. The public was also exposed to stories about royal figures being cured of their diseases by prominent acupuncturists. By time "The Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion" was published during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644

pos: History of erotic depictions erotic was also extensive, with examples of the art dating back as far as the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). The erotic art of China reached its peak during the latter part of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). In both China and Japan, eroticism played a prominent role in the development of the novel. "The Tale of Genji", the work by an 11th-century Japanese noblewoman that is often called "the world's first novel," traces the many affairs of its hero in discreet but carnal language. From 16th-century China, the still more explicit novel "The Plum in the Golden Vase" has been called one

pos: Northeast China dynasty fell to the Mongols, whose Yuan Dynasty was later replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. In 1644, the Manchu conquered the entirety of China and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur. During the Warlord Era in China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but was murdered

pos: History of printing in East Asia evidence that the books were printed in China. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type in printing books. In 1574 the massive 1000 volume encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era (《太平御览》/《太平御覧》) were printed with bronze movable type. In 1725, the Qing dynasty government made 250,000 bronze movable-type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic "Gujin Tushu Jicheng" (《古今图书集成》/《古今圖書集成》, "Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times"). Each set consisted of 5040 volumes, making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type. The transition from wood type to movable

pos: Tongguan Subdistrict of state-level intangible cultural heritage. Tongguan Street, Fanjia Kiln of the Tang dynasty (618-907), Waixing Kiln of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), Yixing Kiln of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Du Fu Shoufeng Pavilion (), Wuchu Bridge (), Dongshan Temple (), ancient tomb complex of the Warring States period (475 B.C-221 B.C) () and ancient architecture complex of the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1912) () have innumerable links to the ancient marks of Tongguan. Tongguan Subdistrict Tongguan () is a subdistrict of Wangcheng district, Changsha, China. It is located on the eastern bank of Xiang river, the subdistrict is bordered by Dingziwan

pos: Chinese literature the historiographical tradition in China is termed the Twenty-Four Histories, created for each successive Chinese dynasty up until the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644); China's last dynasty, the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), is not included. Large encyclopedias were also produced in China through the ages. The "Yiwen Leiju" encyclopedia was completed by Ouyang Xun in 624 during the Tang Dynasty, with aid from scholars Linghu Defen and Chen Shuda. During the Song Dynasty, the compilation of the Four Great Books of Song (10th century – 11th century), begun by Li Fang and completed by Cefu Yuangui, represented a massive undertaking of written material

pos: Meidaizhao Monastery that preserves the ashes of Erketü Qatun, the Empress Dowager of Tumd. Meidaizhao Monastery Meidaizhao Monastery or Meidaizhao Lamasery () is a Tibetan Buddhist temple located in Tumed Right Banner, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. "Zhao" () means "monastery" in Mongolian language. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), the Mongolian went back to the north, historically known as "Northern Yuan dynasty" (1368–1635). During the Longqing period (1567–1573) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Altan Khan, the leader of a Mongolian tribe named Tumd, was canonized as "King of Shunyi" () by the central government of Ming Empire, and then he

pos: Gazetteer in territorial division, the founding of cities, local products, and customs. However, the first gazetteer proper is considered to be the Chronicles of Huayang by Chang Qu 常璩. There are over 8,000 gazetteers of pre-modern China that have survived. Gazetteers became more common in the Song dynasty (960–1279), yet the bulk of surviving gazetteers were written during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Modern scholar Liu Weiyi notes that just under 400 gazetteers were compiled in the era between the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 and the Tang dynasty (618–907). Gazetteers from this era focused on

pos: Luohan Temple (Shifang) Luohan Temple (Shifang) Luohan Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Shifang, Sichuan, China. The temple is known as the "Buddhist Capital of Western Sichuan". The original temple dates back to 709, during the region of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang dynasty (618–907). At that time, Mazu Daoyi received ordination as a monk and studied in the temple. Luohan Temple was badly damaged in wars in 1368. Three years later it was reconstructed. The temple was devastated by wars again in 1644, the year of the fall of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The modern temple was restored and redecorated

pos: Daci Temple area. In the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), Lanxi Daolong (1213–1278) received ordination as a monk at the temple. In 1246, he took his disciples to Japan, and founded the Kenchō-ji sect in Japan. In 1435, in the 10th year of Xuande period (1399–1435) in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), a disastrous fire destroyed most of the buildings. Daci Temple was reconstructed during the Shunzhi era (1368–1661) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). It was renovated and refurbished in 1867, during the reign of Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875). After the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,

pos: Northern Yuan dynasty late 1340s, however, the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide turmoil. Eventually, Zhu Yuanzhang, a Han Chinese peasant, established the Ming dynasty in South China, and sent an army toward the Yuan capital Khanbaliq or Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. Toghon Temür (r. 1333–70), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) from Dadu in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644). He had tried to regain Dadu, but eventually

pos: Chinese Esoteric Buddhism demonized as a form of sorcery and licentiousness that led to the downfall of the Yuan. However despite these attacks Tibetan Vajrayana continued to spread in China after the downfall of the Yuan. The rulers of the Ming were also enthusiastic about Tibetan tantric Buddhism. Many translation of Tibetan texts into Chinese were also made during the Yuan and texts associated with Sakya lam bras teachings have been identified as having been disseminated during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1636–1911) periods, and in the Republic of China (1912–1949). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the emperors such as the Yongle Emperor

pos: Shunzhi Emperor Shizu (Wade–Giles: Shih-tsu; Chinese: 世祖). In the 1580s, when China was ruled by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), a number of Jurchen tribes lived northeast of Ming territory in the region that is now known as China's Northeast, or "Manchuria". In a series of campaigns from the 1580s to the 1610s, Nurhaci (1559–1626), the leader of the Jianzhou Jurchens, unified most Jurchen tribes under his rule. One of his most important reforms was to integrate Jurchen clans under flags of four different colors—yellow, white, red, and blue—each further subdivided into two to form an encompassing social and military system known as

pos: Religion in China dynasty (1271–1368), foreign religions were generally granted freedom, but the following Ming dynasty (1368–1644) renewed discriminations against them. Small Manichaean communities are still active in modern China. Manichaeism is thought to have exerted a strong influence on some of the currents of popular sects, such as that which gave rise to Xiantiandao. Zoroastrianism (琐罗亚斯德教 "Suǒluōyàsīdéjiào" or 祆教 "Xiānjiào", "Heaven worship teaching"; also named 波斯教 "Bōsījiào", "Persian teaching"; also 拜火教 "Bàihuǒjiào", "fire-worshippers' transmission"; also 白頭教 "Báitóujiào", "old age teaching") was first introduced in northern China in the 4th century, or even earlier, by the Sogdians, and it developed through three stages.

pos: Chen Mingxia was a plot to sap the new dynasty's military strength. Ning also accused Chen of various crimes including bribe-taking, nepotism, factionalism, and usurping imperial prerogatives. Found guilty on all counts, Chen was executed by strangulation on 27 April 1654. Chen Mingxia Chen Mingxia (ca. 1601 – 1654), from Liyang in Jiangsu, was a Chinese official during the Shunzhi period (1644–1661) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Before he surrendered to the Qing in early 1645, he had successively served the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the short-lived Shun regime of rebel leader Li Zicheng (1602–1645). After serving in the highest ranks of

pos: The Confusions of Pleasure The Confusions of Pleasure The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China is an influential and frequently cited book which explores the economic and cultural history and the "influence of economic change on social and cultural life" in China during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The book is written by Timothy Brook, a Canadian historian of China (Sinology). The work won the Joseph Levenson Book Prize of 2000. The book is organized chronologically, with four sections named after seasons: Winter (1368–1450), Spring (1450–1550), Summer (1550–1642) and Fall (1642–1644). Writing for Economic History Services, Richard Lufrano of the College of

pos: Meidaizhao Monastery Meidaizhao Monastery Meidaizhao Monastery or Meidaizhao Lamasery () is a Tibetan Buddhist temple located in Tumed Right Banner, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. "Zhao" () means "monastery" in Mongolian language. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), the Mongolian went back to the north, historically known as "Northern Yuan dynasty" (1368–1635). During the Longqing period (1567–1573) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Altan Khan, the leader of a Mongolian tribe named Tumd, was canonized as "King of Shunyi" () by the central government of Ming Empire, and then he started to build monastery towns on mountains belongs ti Tumd. In 1575,

pos: The Chinese State in Ming Society the level of their local communities. It illuminates the conflicts and controversies that kept the state and society in a state of dynamic tension throughout the Ming period and beyond." The Chinese State in Ming Society The Chinese State in Ming Society is a history book which investigates the role of the state in China in the Ming dynasty (from 1368 to 1644 in the late Imperial Chinese era); the interface between the state and society, and the effect of the state on ordinary people. The book is written by Timothy Brook, a distinguished Canadian historian who specializes in the

pos: Sanzu Temple to the temple and donated property to establish the Zishou Pagoda (). After Song dynasty, the temple declined and was incredibly disappeared during the whole Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). In 1425, in the Hongxi period of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), abbot Puju () renovated and redecorated the temple. During the Chenghua period (1465–1487), local official Pan Jian () appropriated a large sum of money for constructing the temple. In 1635 in the late Ming dynasty, the temple was gradually fell into ruin during the war between Zhang Xianzhong, the leader of roving bandits, and the army of the Ming imperial court.

pos: History of Chinese archaeology inscriptions and artifacts waned after the Song Dynasty, but were revived by early Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) scholars such as Gu Yanwu (1613–1682) and Yan Ruoju (1636–1704). Craig Clunas also states that epigraphic studies weren't revived until the Qing Dynasty, but that printed copies of the "Chong xiu Xuanhe bogutu" were widely circulated in the 16th century during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Trigger asserts that archaeology as a discipline of its own never developed in China and was always considered a branch of historiography instead. History of Chinese archaeology Chinese archaeology has been practiced since the Song Dynasty (960-1279) with early

pos: Yanfu Temple (Wuyi County) were built on both sides of the central axis including the Bell tower, Drum tower, and Free Life Pond. The Mahavira Hall was rebuilt in 1317, under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), it is the earliest Yuan dynasty architecture in Jiangnan. It is rectangular in shape and five rooms wide and has double-eaves gable and hip roofs. Inner walls are painted with paintings and calligraphies of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Yanfu Temple (Wuyi County) Yanfu Temple or Yanfu Chan Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Wuyi County, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China. The Mahavira Hall is the earliest Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)

pos: Hongchunping Temple Hongchunping Temple Hongchunping Temple () is a Buddhist temple located on Mount Emei, in Leshan, Sichuan, China. The name of Hongchunping is derived from three 1,200-years-old "Ailanthus altissima" trees. The temple was first built by master Chushan Xingyi () in the Song dynasty (960–1279) with the name of "Thousand Buddha Chan Temple" (), commonly known as "Thousand Buddha Temple" (). It was largely extended in 1631, in the reign of Chongzhen Emperor (1628–1644) of the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644). In 1778, in the 43rd year of Qianlong period (1736–1795) in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), a catastrophic fire demolished most of

pos: Yumen City Under the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Yumen's county seat was located at Chijinzhen which is east of the present Yumen City. The city was then under Tibetan control around 770 CE for some 70 years. After the Tang dynasty, Yumen became a part of the Western Xia (1038–1227). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the area came under Tibetan control again and was only reestablished later on in the early Qing dynasty (1644–1912). The overland route to Western Asia from China flourished until the end of the Tang dynasty. Furthermore, due to increased use of sea transportation, Yumen became a backwater. There

pos: Religion in China a century later, in the years 878–879, Chinese rebels fatally targeted the Arab community in the Guangzhou massacre. Yet, Muslims virtually came to dominate the import and export industry by the Song dynasty (960–1279). The office of Director General of Shipping was consistently held by a Muslim. Immigration increased during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), when hundreds of thousands of Muslims were relocated throughout China for their administrative skills. A Muslim, Yeheidie'erding, led the construction project of the Yuan capital of Khanbaliq, in present-day Beijing. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Muslims continued to have an influence among the high classes. Zhu

pos: Political theology in China of Buddhism and was banned by Emperor Wuzong. In Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), several Mongol tribes converted to Christianity through the Church of the East. During this time, the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church also sent envoys to the Mongol Empire capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). In Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), Jesuits initiated mission in China. Matteo Ricci would be the most well-known among these missionaries. Jesuits exerted considerable influence at court via the policy of accommodation and converted several senior officials, such as Xu Guangqi. In Qing dynasty (1636–1912), Catholic missionaries still played important roles at court as consultants of emperors.

pos: Ci'en Temple (Liaoning) Ci'en Temple (Liaoning) Ci'en Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Shenhe District of Shenyang, Liaoning, China. Ci'en Temple is the site of headquarter of Shenyang Buddhist Association. Ci'en Temple was first built in 1628, during the reign of Hong Taiji in the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644). In 1644, at the dawn of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Main Hall, Hall of Skanda and corridors were added to the temple. But the temple became dilapidated for neglect. In 1912, abbot Buzhen () began to rebuild the temple. The reconstruction took 18 years, and lasted from 1912 to 1930. The

pos: Qianming Temple Zhao Puchu, the then Venerable Master of the Buddhist Association of China. In front of the hall, a wooden plaque with a couplet is hung on the two side pillars. It says "". It was inscribed by the honorary president of Guizhou Museum Chen Heng'an (). Qianming Temple Qianming Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Nanming District of Guizhou, Guiyang, China. Qianming Temple was first established in the 17th century, in the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the modern temple was founded in 1771 in the reign of Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). During that time, monk

pos: Guoqing Temple in China. Besides, the altar () in the Mahavira Hall were also built by the craftsmen. They added traditional Buddhist elements to the design, and strove for perfection in the depiction of details. They spent over 300 labor-hours on the carve patterns on the altar. In the southwest corner of Guoqing Temple, there is a pond for freeing life. Beside the pond are the "Yuleguo (fish's paradise)" stele () inscribed by Dong Qichang, a famous calligrapher of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and an imperial monument from the Qianlong Emperor respectively. When renovating Guoqing Temple, the workers transported ten black carp

pos: Economy of the Ming dynasty Chinese scholars believe the Ming was the dynasty in which the "sprouts of capitalism" emerged in China, only to be suppressed by the Qing Dynastry. This theory was widely promoted by Communist scholars during the Maoist period, and suffers from that period's general condemnation of the Manchu Qing, who were accused of mis-managing the Chinese state in the face of foreign encroachment. Economy of the Ming dynasty The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three golden ages (the other two being the

pos: Qixia Temple several names over the centuries, including the "Gongde Temple" (; Tang dynasty), "Miaoyin Temple" (; Southern Tang dynasty), "Puyun Temple" (; Song dynasty), "Yanyin Chongbao Chan Temple" (; Song dynasty), "Jingde Qixia Temple" (; Song dynasty) and "Huxue Temple" (; Song dynasty). In 1372, at the dawn of Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the temple was renamed "Qixia Temple" which is still in use now. In the late Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Qixia Temple was completely destroyed by the Taiping Rebellion. The modern restoration of the entire temple complex was carried out in 1919, after the establishment of the Republic of China. Near

pos: History of Tibetan Buddhism History of Tibetan Buddhism Buddhism was first actively disseminated in Tibet from the 7th to the 9th century CE, predominantly from India, but also influenced by Chinese Buddhism. During the "Era of Fragmentation" (9th–10th centuries), Buddhism waned in Tibet, only to rise again in the 11th century. With the Mongol invasion of Tibet in the 13th century and the establishment of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, Tibetan Buddhism spread beyond Tibet to Mongolia and China. From the 14th to the 20th Tibetan Buddhism was patronized by the Chinese Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). The Gelugpa school, founded by

pos: Censorate Censorate The Censorate was a high-level supervisory agency in ancient China, first established during the Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Censorate was a highly effective agency during the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the Censorate was a branch of the centralized bureaucracy, paralleling the Six Ministries and the five Chief Military Commissions, and was directly responsible to the emperor. The investigating censors were "the eyes and ears" of the emperor and checked administrators at each level to prevent corruption and malfeasance, a common feature of that period. Popular stories told of righteous censors revealing corruption as

pos: Datong Prince's Palace to protect palaces from evil spirits and negative energy. Datong Prince's Palace The Datong Prince's Palace is a former Ming Dynasty palace in Datong, China. The palace was built in the 14th century for prince Zhu Gui, prince of Dai, the thirteenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). The palace was similar in construction to the Forbidden City in Beijing, but was constructed 25 years earlier. After prince Zhu Gui, ten other princes followed. The palace was gutted during the social breakdown at the end of the Ming dynasty in 1644, when

pos: White Horse Temple Qilun Pagoda erected soon after. The pagoda is built with the design style imitating the square-based pagodas of the Tang Dynasty. Between the 13th century and the 20th century, the temple underwent restoration/renovation under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). Significant restoration took place in the 16th century and some buildings date to this period, although some have since been renovated. Under the People's Republic of China, the temple has seen many renovations in the period between 1952 and 1973. In 1973, Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia visited the temple. Cambodia was a communist ally of China

pos: Yan'an Xia capital in 1227. The city was maintained by the successive Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), as well as the Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the city became part of the newly created Republic of China. In December 1936, at the start of the Second United Front, Yan'an was taken over by the Chinese Communists. They had arrived in the area in October 1935 after making the famous Long March from Jiangxi. When Edgar Snow went there in 1936, it was under Kuomintang control and a Red army siege had recently been lifted. Unknown to

pos: Ming dynasty population was perhaps 160 million in the late Ming dynasty, while Brook estimates 175 million, and Ebrey states perhaps as large as 200 million. However, a great epidemic that entered China through the northwest in 1641 ravaged the densely populated areas along the Grand Canal; a gazetteer in northern Zhejiang noted more than half the population fell ill that year and that 90% of the local populace in one area was dead by 1642. Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty () was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of

pos: Chinese variety art guests. The performances became more elaborate and during the Tang Dynasty (618-907AD), the performing arts became popular in the Emperor’s court, and the acts became more refined. Eventually, the performing arts lost favor in the Imperial Court; they moved back to the common people and most performers performed in the street. During the Song Dynasty the variety shows may be performed in the entertainment centres called the "wazi" (瓦子, meaning "tiles"). Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the performers came off the street and started performing on stage. During the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it regained

pos: Tangut dharani pillars Tangut dharani pillars The Tangut dharani pillars () are two stone dharani pillars, with the text of a "dhāraṇī"-sutra inscribed on them in the Tangut script, which were found in Baoding, Hebei, China in 1962. The dharani pillars were erected during the middle of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), in 1502, and they are the latest known examples of the use of the Tangut script. They are also very rare examples of Tangut monumental inscriptions outside of the area ruled by the Western Xia empire (1038–1227). The only other known example of an inscription in the Tangut script that has been

pos: Song Yingxing Song Yingxing Song Yingxing (Traditional Chinese: 宋應星; Simplified Chinese: 宋应星; Wade Giles: Sung Ying-Hsing; 1587-1666 AD) was a Chinese scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). He was the author of "Tiangong Kaiwu", an encyclopedia that covered a wide variety of technical subjects, including the use of gunpowder weapons. The British sinologist and historian Joseph Needham called Song Yingxing "The Diderot of China." Song Yingxing was born in Yichun of Jiangxi in 1587 to a gentry family of reduced circumstances, he participated in the imperial examinations, and passed the provincial test in 1615, at the age

pos: Xue Fucheng historical events such as the Taiping Rebellion, he also wrote essays on local legends, the macabre and the supernatural. As a proponent of introducing Western technology into China, Xue wrote about witnessing new technology such as the telephone while he was abroad. The Xue family had been in Wuxi since the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), the first ancestor moving to Wuxi being a veteran of the Chinese-Annam War (Ming-Ho War of 1406-1407), and General of the Nanjing Imperial Capital Guards known as “Running Tigers”. Xue’s great grandfather was a scholar that died young. His grandfather passed the local civil service exam

pos: Brotherhood of Blades II: The Infernal Battlefield Brotherhood of Blades II: The Infernal Battlefield Brotherhood of Blades II: The Infernal Battlefield () is a 2017 Chinese wuxia film directed by Lu Yang. It is a prequel to the 2014 film "Brotherhood of Blades". Set in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the story follows Shen Lian, an imperial guard, as he searches for the truth behind a conspiracy that framed him, his colleague Pei Lun and a young woman named Bei Zhai. Starring Chang Chen, Yang Mi and Zhang Yi, the film was released in China on July 19, 2017. The film starts with the Battle of Sarhu, where

pos: Muromachi period Northern Court maintained control over the throne thereafter. The line of shoguns gradually weakened after Yoshimitsu and increasingly lost power to the "daimyōs" and other regional strongmen. The "shōgun"s influence on imperial succession waned, and the "daimyōs" could back their own candidates. In time, the Ashikaga family had its own succession problems, resulting finally in the Ōnin War (1467–77), which left Kyoto devastated and effectively ended the national authority of the "bakufu". The power vacuum that ensued launched a century of anarchy. The Japanese contact with the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) began when China was renewed during the Muromachi period after

pos: Liuzi Temple (960–1127). Liuzi Temple was reconstruction in the 14th Year of Period Shixing (1144) in the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279). In the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Liuzi Temple was twice repaired in the 8th Year of Zhengde Emperor of (1513) and the 25th Year of Jiajing Emperor (1546) respectively. Liuzi Temple was lately repaired on a large scale in the 3rd Year of Guangxu Emperor (1877) of Qing dynasty (1644–1911). In 1957, it has been designated as a provincial level key cultural heritage. In 1963, Tao Zhu, secretary of Bureau of the Central Southern China of the Communist Party of China, visited

pos: Brotherhood of Blades II: The Infernal Battlefield Brotherhood of Blades. Lu Yang graduated from Beijing Film Academy and has a master degree in Directing. His first feature "My Spectacular Theatre" (2010) won the Audience Award at Busan International Film Festival 2010. "Brotherhood of Blades" (2014) is his second feature. The film has grossed in China. Brotherhood of Blades II: The Infernal Battlefield Brotherhood of Blades II: The Infernal Battlefield () is a 2017 Chinese wuxia film directed by Lu Yang. It is a prequel to the 2014 film "Brotherhood of Blades". Set in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the story follows Shen Lian, an imperial guard, as he

pos: Judge Dee as county magistrate in the Chinese imperial legal system was both the investigating magistrate and judge. The Judge Dee character is based on the historical figure Di Renjie (c. 630–c. 700), magistrate and statesman of the Tang court. During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) in China, a "folk novel" was written set in former times, but filled with anachronisms. Van Gulik found in the 18th century "Di Gong An" (Chinese:狄公案 Pinyin: dí gōng àn, lit. "Cases of Judge Dee") an original tale dealing with three cases simultaneously, and, which was unusual among Chinese mystery tales, a plot that for the most

pos: Sakhalin in China (1368). In the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the tributary relationship was re-established. By the middle of the 15th century, following the introduction of Chinese political and commercial institutions in the Amur region, the Sakhalin Ainu were making frequent tributary visits to Chinese-controlled outposts. Chinese of the Ming dynasty knew the island as Kuyi (苦夷 "Kǔyí") or Kuwu (), and later as Kuye (), as it is known today. There is some evidence that the Ming eunuch Admiral Yishiha reached Sakhalin in 1413 during one of his expeditions to the lower Amur, and granted Ming titles to a local

pos: Huating Temple Huating Temple Huating Temple () is a Buddhist temple located in Xishan District of Kunming, Yunnan, China. The temple was first established by Xuantong Yuanfeng () in 1320, during the mid-Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The construction was completed in 1334. In 1339, Xuantong Yuanfeng brought a set of "Chinese Buddhist canon" to the temple after he visited Jiangnan. At that time it initially called "Yuanjue Temple" (). In 1441, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) renamed it "Huating Temple" (). This name has been used to date. In 1453, Emperor Yingzong sent an eunuch named Li Yi () to renovate

pos: Marquis of Extended Grace he could no longer carry out his duties. The government abolished his title as Marquis and paid him a stipend instead. In 1933, the government totally terminated all of his duties in carrying out ceremonies at the Ming tombs and totally ended his position. After that, nothing is known about what happened to Zhu Yuxun. The following is a list of title holders: Adoptions occurred between related family members. Marquis of Extended Grace Marquis of Extended Grace was a title held by a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) during the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Holders

pos: History of Hong Kong territory was governed by Panyu County until the time of the Jin dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates that the population increased during the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220). In the 1950s, the tomb at Lei Cheng Uk from the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD) was excavated and archaeologists began to investigate the possibility that salt production flourished in Hong Kong around 2000 years ago, although conclusive evidence has not been found. Tai Po Hoi, the sea of Tai Po, was a major pearl hunting harbour in China from the Han dynasty through to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), with activities

pos: Zhiyuan Temple (Mount Jiuhua) Zhiyuan Temple (Mount Jiuhua) Zhiyuan Temple () is a Buddhist temple located on Mount Jiuhua, in Qingyang County, Anhui, China. Alongside Ganlu Temple, Baisui Palace and Dongyan Chan Temple are honoured as the "Four Buddhist Temple on Mount Jiuhua". The name of the temple is cited from Buddhist Stories, which says that Sakyamuni lived in a placed named "Zhiyuan" () or "Guduyuan" () for over twenty years. Zhiyuan Temple was first built in the Jiajing period (1522–1566) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and went through many changes and repairs through the following Qing dynasty (1644–1911). Most of the present structures

neg: Inner Mongolian People's Party be found on the national flag of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia is located between the Republic of Mongolia and the People's Republic of China. China was under Mongol rule when Genghis Khan toppled the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and Kublai Khanm proclaimed the Mongolian Yuan State (1271–1368). After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, China was returned to Han Chinese control and stayed that way through the Ming (1368–1644) Dynasty until the Qing (1644–1911) Dynasty when China was invaded and ruled by the Manchu people. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republican period (1911–1949), Inner Mongolia was heavily populated with Han settlers.

neg: Rhinoceroses in ancient China are examples held at the Shōsōin treasure house in Nara, Japan, that date to the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang dynasty cups like these were used as presents for successful candidates in the imperial examinations. Cups made out of rhinoceros horn were very popular during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, when they were used as libation cups for ritual purposes. Many examples of Ming and Qing rhinoceros horn cups are held in museums and private collections, and in recent years a number of rhinoceros horn cups have sold for large sums of money: In addition to cups, rhinoceros

neg: Bookbinding during the late Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), improved by the 'butterfly' bindings of the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD), the wrapped back binding of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), the stitched binding of the Ming (1368-1644 AD) and Qing dynasties (1644-1912), and finally the adoption of Western-style bookbinding in the 20th century (coupled with the European printing press that replaced traditional Chinese printing methods). The initial phase of this evolution, the accordion-folded palm-leaf-style book, most likely came from India and was introduced to China via Buddhist missionaries and scriptures. With the arrival (from the East) of rag paper manufacturing in Europe in

neg: Foreign relations of imperial China aided in the establishment of Tōfuku-ji. The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) of China was the easternmost part of the vast Mongol Empire (stretching from East Asia to Eastern Europe), which became politically separated into four khanates beginning with the succession war in 1260. The Mongol leaders Genghis Khan, Ögedei Khan, Möngke Khan, and Hulagu Khan were able to conquer the Tangut-led Western Xia kingdom and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in northern China, as well as invading Korea under the Goryeo dynasty, turning it into a vassal state that was ruled indirectly. The Mongols withdrew after Korean monarchs agreed to move its

neg: Codex scrolls folded concertina-style and pasted together at the back and books that were printed only on one side of the paper. This replaced traditional Chinese writing mediums such as bamboo and wooden slips, as well as silk and paper scrolls. The evolution of the codex in China began with folded-leaf pamphlets in the 9th century, during the late Tang Dynasty (618-907), improved by the 'butterfly' bindings of the Song dynasty (960-1279), the wrapped back binding of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), the stitched binding of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing dynasties (1644-1912), and finally the adoption of Western-style bookbinding in the

neg: History of the Republic of China History of the Republic of China The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of Imperial rule. The Qing dynasty, (also known as the Manchu dynasty), ruled from 1644–1912. The Republic had experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers. In 1928, the Republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang (KMT)—Chinese Nationalist Party—after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages

neg: Qing dynasty national artistic and cultural worlds had begun to come to terms with the cosmopolitan culture of the West and Japan. The decision to stay within old forms or welcome Western models was now a conscious choice rather than an unchallenged acceptance of tradition. Classically trained Confucian scholars such as Liang Qichao and Wang Guowei read widely and broke aesthetic and critical ground later cultivated in the New Culture Movement. Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (), was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. It

neg: History of foreign relations of the People's Republic of China reunification, and economic development. China's long and rich history as the world's oldest continuous civilization has affected Chinese foreign relations in various ways. For centuries the Chinese empires enjoyed basically unchallenged greatness and self-sufficiency. China saw itself as the cultural center of the universe, a view reflected in the concept of the Middle Kingdom ("Zhongguo", the Chinese word for China). For the most part, it viewed non-Chinese peoples as uncivilized barbarians. Although China was occasionally overrun and ruled by these "barbarians", as during the Yuan (1279–1368 A.D.) and [Qing Dynasty|Qing] (1644–1911 A.D.) dynasties, the non-Chinese usually retained enough Chinese institutions

neg: Yaodong yaodong were underground dwellings that date back to the 2nd millennium BC, China's Bronze Age, and according to Chinese tradition, the Xia Dynasty. Chinese scholars generally believe that this type of habitat has developed mainly from the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD), along with a progressive improvement of construction techniques to the dynasties Sui (581 to 618) and Tang (618 to 907). But it is during the dynasties Ming (1368 to 1644) and Qing (1644 to 1912) that the pace of construction reached its peak. The yaodong homes are common on the Loess Plateau of China in the

neg: Shizi (book) Nong likewise tilled and ruled. (This) is how (they) encouraged tilling." Shizi (book) The Shizi is an eclectic Chinese classic written by Shi Jiao 尸佼 (c. 390-330 BCE), and the earliest text from Chinese philosophical school of "Zajia" 雜家 "Syncretism", which combined ideas from the Hundred Schools of Thought, including Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, and Legalism. The "Shizi" text was written c. 330 BCE in twenty sections, and was well-known from the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) until the Song dynasty (960-1279) when all copies were lost. Scholars during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties reconstructed the "Shizi" from quotes

neg: History of the world Dynasty gave way (1644) to the Qing, the last Chinese imperial dynasty, which would rule until 1912. Japan experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868). The Korean Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) ruled throughout this period, successfully repelling 16th- and 17th-century invasions from Japan and China. Japan and China were significantly affected during this period by expanded maritime trade with Europe, particularly the Portuguese in Japan. During the Edo period, Japan would pursue isolationist policies, to eliminate foreign influences. On the Indian subcontinent, the Delhi Sultanate and the Deccan sultanates would give way, beginning in the 16th century,

neg: Puyi act. The reform did not last long before Puyi was forced out of the Forbidden City by Feng Yuxiang. On 10 October 1911, the army garrison in Wuhan mutinied, sparking a widespread revolt in the Yangtze river valley and beyond, demanding the overthrow of the Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644. The strongman of late imperial China, General Yuan Shikai, was dispatched by the court to crush the revolution, but was unable to, as by 1911 public opinion had turned decisively against the Qing, and many Chinese had no wish to fight for a dynasty that was seen

neg: Northern Yuan dynasty and "Period of small khagans" etc. The Mongols under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–94) of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), a grandson of Genghis Khan (r. 1206–27), had conquered all of China by eliminating the Southern Song dynasty in 1276 and destroyed the last Chinese resistance in 1279. The Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled all of China for about a century, and dominated Northern China for more than 140 years, since the time when the Jurchen Jin dynasty was annihilated. As Han Chinese people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the ensuing famines since the

neg: Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies. Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that

neg: Taoism was exempt from taxation. Aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were consciously synthesized in the Neo-Confucian school, which eventually became Imperial orthodoxy for state bureaucratic purposes under the Ming (1368–1644). During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), however, due to discouragements of the government, many people favored Confucian and Buddhist classics over Taoist works. During the 18th century, the imperial library was constituted, but excluded virtually all Taoist books. By the beginning of the 20th century, Taoism went through many catastrophic events.(As a result, only one complete copy of the Daozang still remained, at the White Cloud Monastery in Beijing). Today, Taoism