query: when did tour de france riders start wearing helmets

pos: Andrey Kivilev in place for the 2003 Giro d'Italia, which started just eight weeks after Kivilev's death. Dissension to the rule was initially high, but the new rules were affirmed in October 2003. Whilst at first the rule was loose and not tightly enforced, especially on mountain-top finishes, it has since been enforced more strictly and helmet-wearing is now ubiquitous in the peloton. Andrey Kivilev Andrei Kivilev (20 September 1973 – 12 March 2003) was a professional road bicycle racer from Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan. In March 2003, he crashed during the Paris–Nice race and subsequently died of his injuries. His death was the

neg: 1986 Tour de France in the top 5 eleven times and won the 1980 Tour de France. He rode his final Tour wearing the rainbow jersey as world champion. In June, 23 teams had requested to start in the 1986 Tour. The Tour direction accepted 21 applications, so a total of 21 teams participated in the 1986 Tour de France. The two teams whose application was denied were Skala-Skil and Miko. Each team sent a squad of ten riders, which meant that the race would start with a peloton of 210 cyclists, a record setting total. From the 210 riders that began this edition,

neg: 2008 Tour de France Levi Leipheimer and the 2004 and 2006 Tour de France runner up Andreas Klöden did not compete. Ten days before the start of the tour, Contador picked Cadel Evans as the likely winner for 2008. Shown in the table below are the riders that, according to the bookmakers in the months before the start of the 2008 Tour de France, had a chance of winning the 2008 Tour better than or equal to 25/1. The odds shown are the odds in July 2008, directly before the start of the race. Thomas Dekker and Michael Rogers were also given odds in

neg: 1907 Tour de France those stages. René Pottier, the winner of the 1906 Tour de France, did not defend his title because he had committed suicide in early 1907. Although the riders officially rode the Tour as individuals, some shared the same sponsor and cooperated as if they rode in teams. At the start of the race, it was expected that the riders sponsored by Alcyon and the riders sponsored by Peugeot would compete for the overall victory. Alcyon started with three main contenders: Louis Trousselier, Marcel Cadolle and Léon Georget; Peugeot counted on Emile Georget. As in the previous years, there were two

neg: 1924 Tour de France in two stages, racing in total; in 1926 this was done in four stages, racing . With these shorter stages, the cyclists did not have to start in the middle of the night. Bottecchia would win the Tour de France again in 1925. The runner-up, Nicolas Frantz, would win in 1927 and 1928; in 1928 he would repeat the feat of Bottecchia of wearing the yellow jersey the entire race. 1924 Tour de France The 1924 Tour de France was the 18th edition of the Tour de France and was won by Ottavio Bottecchia. He was the first Italian cyclist

neg: Tour de France into the Tour de France. After the Tour de France there are criteria in the Netherlands and Belgium. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their "heroes", from the Tour de France, race. The budget of a criterium is over 100,000 Euro, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big-name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money. Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since 1903. Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether, to dull the pain. Over the years they began to increase

neg: Andreas Klöden all time – (9.6 millimetres or 0.0002 secs) until stage 7 of the 2017 Tour de France when Marcel Kittel beat Edvald Boasson Hagen ( 4.0 millimetres or 0.00003 secs). Later, he withdrew from the Tour at stage 17 into Revel, having crashed during the 16th stage and fracturing a bone in his right wrist. In the Tour of 2006, Klöden became one of the favorites for the overall victory when Ullrich, Vinokourov and Basso did not start. Vinokourov did not participate because of his teammates doping scandal, which caused his Astana team to fall below the minimum six riders

neg: 1977 Tour de France Hennie Kuiper in 2nd and Lucien Van Impe, who also won another mountains classification. Due to the relentless pace set by the top tier riders only 53 riders were able to finish the 1977 Tour de France. Never since have so few riders finished a Tour de France and the previous time fewer riders finished was the 1950 Tour de France when 51 riders finished. In years before and after this Tour riders like Merckx, Hinault, Zoetemelk, Van Impe, Thévenet, Luis Ocana and Laurent Fignon set such a high pace during mountain stages that as many as half the riders

neg: Laconia Motorcycle Week no deaths in 2009, but in 2010 three motorcyclists were killed. New Hampshire does not mandate wearing motorcycle helmets for riders over 18, which it has been claimed is a reason why some riders are attracted to events in the state. Some of the riders killed in accidents at Laconia Motorcycle Week have not worn helmets, and this is reported in the press. Laconia Motorcycle Week Laconia Motorcycle Week is a motorcycle rally held annually in June in Laconia, New Hampshire, USA. The rally has its origin in the Loudon Classic motorcycle race started in 1923 and the Gypsy tour,

neg: 1905 Tour de France machines poinçonnées". The riders in the first category were allowed to change bicycles, which could be an advantage in the mountains, where they could use a bicycle with lower gears. The riders in the machines poinçonnées category had to use the same bicycle in the entire race, and to verify this, their bicycles were marked. Before the race started, 78 riders had signed up for the race. Eighteen of those did not start the race, so the Tour began with 60 riders, including former winner Henri Cornet and future winners René Pottier and Lucien Petit-Breton. The riders were not grouped

neg: Tour de France each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race. The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de France is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to

neg: Bull riding this equipment can detrimentally affect balance, and many professionals still avoid wearing them. However, the trend is changing, as more champion riders begin to wear helmets for added safety. Public health researchers found evidence suggesting that bull riding helmets are protective, when riders wearing one particular type of helmet suffered approximately 50% fewer head and facial injuries. In 2004, at the 1st International Rodeo Research and Clinical Care Conference in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, a group of top rodeo medicine researchers and clinical care providers came to a consensus on the use of helmets declaring that all youth rodeo participants should

neg: 2011 Tour de France took place in front of audience of 7,000 inside the Roman amphitheatre at the Puy du Fou theme park in Les Epesses, Vendée, on 30 June, two days before the opening stage. Each squad was allowed a maximum of nine riders, resulting in a start list total of 198 riders. Of these, 49 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The total number of riders that finished the race was 169. The riders came from 30 countries; France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands and United States all had 12 or more riders in the race. Riders from

neg: 2006 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 20 riders: Robbie McEwen was not happy again with Óscar Freire among this group, but when he tried to start up the chase again, almost the whole peloton was mad at him as they had been now riding at a huge pace for over 100 kilometres, just one day after a heavy mountain stage. It took him a few kilometres to settle down and give in and so the group did get away. was now maintaining a moderate pace just to keep the riders within a reasonable distance but without wasting too much energy. Most riders were happy to catch a

neg: 2018 Tour de France reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8, resulting in a start list total of 176, instead of the usual 198. Of these, 35 competed in their first Tour de France. The total number of riders that finished the race was 145. The riders came from 30 countries. Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race: France (35), Belgium (19), the Netherlands (13), Italy (13), Australia (11), Germany (11) and Spain (11). The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years, ranging from the 21-year-old Egan Bernal () to the

neg: 1973 Tour de France thought it was impossible to start in three grand tours in one year, so he stayed away from the Tour. Ocana, who was in great shape, was now the main favourite, with Fuente, Poulidor and Thevenet as his biggest threats. Ocana was not the clear favorite; he had already crashed out of the Tour three times, and he was seen as fragile. Zoetemelk had changed teams, because he did not have the full support of his team leader. Among the Italian riders absent were world champion Marino Basso and former Tour winner Felice Gimondi. After the 1972 Tour de France,

neg: 1950 Tour de France 1950 Tour de France The 1950 Tour de France was the 37th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 13 July to 7 August. It consisted of 22 stages over . Gino Bartali, captain of the Italian team, threatened and assaulted by some French supporters accusing him to have caused Jean Robic's fall on the Col d'Aspin, retired after winning the 12th stage from Pau to Saint-Gaudens and left the race together with all the other Italian riders (including Fiorenzo Magni, who was wearing the yellow jersey). The lead transferred to Swiss cyclist Ferdinand Kübler, who was able

neg: 2003 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 9 to Nevers, After a fast start, a group of five riders, László Bodrogi, Nicolas Jalabert, Jens Voigt, Ludovic Turpin and Frédéric Finot, got away, but the gap never grew over 3 minutes, the teams of the sprinters keeping a high velocity on the peloton. Again the stage ends in a mass sprint, and again Petacchi manages to take it, showing himself the best sprinter in this year's Tour. Whether he is also the best sprinter overall remained questionable, since the team of Mario Cipollini was not invited to this year's Tour. The day ended with Peña still wearing yellow, and

neg: Grand Tour (cycling) three grand tours. It is not unusual for sprinters and their leadout men, who do not expect to complete each race, to start each of the Grand Tours and aim for stage wins before the most difficult stages occur. Alessandro Petacchi and Mark Cavendish started all three Grand Tours in 2010 and 2011, respectively, as did some of their preferred support riders. For both riders in both years, only the Tour de France was ridden to its conclusion. Over the years, 32 riders have completed all three Grand Tours in one year. Of these, Adam Hansen is the only one

neg: 2015 La Flèche Wallonne his neck"; Martin himself described himself as suffering from whiplash and as feeling "crappy", though he still intended to start Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Philippe Gilbert likewise described his crash as "not the best preparation" and planned a trip to an osteopath to help his recovery. Chris Froome did not suffer any significant injuries but did not plan to start in Liège; he went instead to do reconnaissance of the cobbled stage of the Tour de France and his next scheduled race was the following week at the Tour de Romandie. Riders who finished in the top ten in La Flèche Wallonne were

neg: 1928 Tour de France after 1929 it disappeared. The rule with replaced cyclists did not even make it until the next year. Some riders had been grouped in regional teams; this was considered successful; in 1930 the system would change to the national team system, where riders were grouped in national or regional teams. 1928 Tour de France The 1928 Tour de France was the 22nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 17 June to 15 July. It consisted of 22 stages over . The Tour was won by Nicolas Frantz, his second win. He held the yellow jersey from beginning

neg: Tour de France remains that of the first Tour in 1903: 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier. Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year: Charles Pélissier (1930), Eddy Merckx (1970, 1974), and Freddy Maertens (1976). Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 as of stage 14 in 2016, ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22, François Faber with 19, and Eddy Merckx with 18. The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini, who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France. The fastest massed-start

neg: Points classification in the Tour de France the points collected in the stage and subtracting penalty points. Points are awarded for the first cyclists to cross the finish-line or the intermediate sprint line, and for the cyclists with the fastest times in the prologue or individual time trials. In the 2011 Tour de France, the following scheme was used: Riders can lose points for various infractions to the rules, which means some riders finish the Tour with a negative points tally. Before the start of the Tour de France, the organization declares which stages are considered "flat", "medium mountain" or "high mountain". Flat stages typically have few

neg: Doping at the 2007 Tour de France former points classification winner Djamolidine Abdoujaparov was disqualified from the Tour de France for doping use. In 1998, the Festina affair had several main contenders removed from the race. In the next years, several riders were removed from the Tour de France for doping (see List of doping cases in cycling). In addition, several riders were not allowed to start the previous Tour, including Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso because of their involvement in the Operación Puerto doping case, a Spanish investigation against doctor Eufemiano Fuentes and a number of accomplices accused of administering prohibited doping products to approximately two

neg: Fiorenzo Magni 1950 Tour de France, while he was wearing the yellow jersey, he was forced to retire from the race (together with all the other Italian riders) by Bartali, captain of the Italian team, who had been threatened and assaulted by some French supporters accusing him of causing Jean Robic's fall. Years later, when asked about how he felt abandoning in the yellow jersey he replied: "Of course I felt bad about that but I believe that there are bigger things than a technical result, even one as important as winning the Tour de France." In the 1956 Giro d’Italia, stage

neg: Yellow jersey statistics column shows the cyclist of the country that wore the yellow jersey most recently. The "Different holders" column gives the number of different cyclists of the country that wore the yellow jersey. Sixteen riders have quit the Tour while wearing the yellow jersey. Usually the winner of the Tour de France also wins a stage, but that is not necessary. It is possible to be the winner of the Tour de France without winning a stage, because the Tour de France is decided by the total raced time. This has happened seven times so far: Of these seven cyclists, Walkowiak

neg: 2017 La Course by Le Tour de France World Tour – with riders starting at their respective time gaps from the Col d'Izoard. Both races had the same podium; Annemiek van Vleuten () won both races ahead of rider Lizzie Deignan, with the podium being completed each time by 's Elisa Longo Borghini. 21 teams participated in the 2017 La Course by Le Tour de France. The top 15 UCI Women's World Tour teams were automatically invited, and obliged to attend the race. Of the 119 riders to start the race, 47 completed the race within the time limit. 19 riders qualified for La Course Poursuite, as they

neg: 2014 Tour de France First Direct Arena in Leeds, United Kingdom, on 3 July, two days before the opening stage held in the city. The riders arrived at the arena by a ceremonial ride from the University of Leeds. The event included performances from Embrace and Opera North, in front of an audience of 10,000. Each squad was allowed a maximum of nine riders, therefore the start list contained a total of 198 riders. Of these, 47 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The total number of riders that finished the race was 164. The riders came from 34 countries;

neg: Tour DuPont high-profile riders and teams, but the event did not attract large crowds. Interviewed on NBC prior to the start of the 1989 race, Trump stated that "I would like to make this the equivalent of the Tour de France". The race filled a gap left by the demise of the Coors International Bicycle Classic, which had been North America's major stage race but which folded following its 1988 edition. Some European teams reportedly missed the Vuelta a España in order to race the Tour de Trump. The inaugural Tour de Trump started in Albany, New York, and consisted of 10

neg: 1914 Tour de France 1914 Tour de France The 1914 Tour de France was the 12th edition of the Tour de France, taking place in 15 stages from 28 June to 26 July. The total distance was and the average speed of the riders was . It was won by the Belgian cyclist Philippe Thys. The day the Tour began, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo, marking the start of World War I. On 3 August Germany invaded Belgium and declared war on France, making this Tour the last for five years, until 1919. The three men who won the Tour

neg: 2001 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 the front of the group, he was now in the back, and his facial expressions were also not that positive. Furthermore, only two riders from his team (Roberto Heras and Jose Luis Rubiera) were with him. But when the final mountain, the famous "Alpe d'Huez" was reached, things were shown to be very different, it looked like Armstrong had been bluffing in order to tempt Ullrich and his team into wasting their energy by forcing the pace too early in the stage. Rubiera attacked on the start of the climb, Armstrong followed, but only a few other riders did -

neg: 1911 Tour de France after the ninth stage and after the 14th stage. Cyclists who had abandoned the race were removed from the rankings of the previous stages, and the classification was recalculated. Since 1906, the Tour de France had crossed the German border into Alsace-Lorraine. After 1910, the German authorities did not allow this any more, so the Tour stayed in France. As in the year before, there were two categories of riders. The best riders started in sponsored teams; there were four different teams, with 37 riders in total. The stages had checkpoints where riders had to sign, and on these checkpoints

neg: 2006 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11 be faster than Markus Fothen and the other youngsters in the time trial as he only has a small time advantage over most opponents. Anthony Geslin wins the combativity-trophy for the day and remains in the lead of the team classification. 8 July 2006 — Saint-Grégoire to Rennes, (ITT) The first time trial took place in Brittany. It was a flat stage with no major climbs. The stage was long. Due to the doping scandal a number of riders did not start in the tour, among those riders were the biggest favorites to win the tour, Jan Ullrich, Ivan Basso

neg: Team Jumbo–Visma the highest placing of a Rabobank team rider at a grand tour after Michael Boogerd's fifth place in the 1998 Tour de France. Heras was later disqualified for doping and Menchov was made the winner. The following year Menchov focused on the Tour de France where the team rode strongly with Menchov, Boogerd and Rasmussen. During the 2007 Tour de France, Rabobank fired Michael Rasmussen (2005 Tour de France, 2006 Tour de France K.O.M.) for code-violations while he was in the yellow jersey. The remaining riders of the Rabobank team were given the choice to start the 17th stage without

neg: Australian cyclists at the Tour de France Porte and Michael Rogers (domestiques), Robbie McEwan (sprinter), Bradley McGee and Mark Renshaw (sprint lead out riders), Simon Gerrans (all rounder) and Hubert Opperman (team captain). Special Broadcasting Service has broadcast the Tour to Australian television viewers since 1991. Overall statistics at the end of the 2018 Tour de France Australian cyclists that have competed in five or more Tours de France as of the start of the 2018 Tour. Table includes dual national Australian cyclists. Australian cyclists at the Tour de France Australian cyclists have ridden in the Tour de France since 1914. In the 1980s, Phil Anderson became

neg: 1896 Paris–Roubaix the race be called off, but a shower and a meal changed his mind. As many as half the riders who were supposed to ride stayed in bed, including Henri Desgrange, who later organised the first Tour de France. Notably, the winner of that first Tour de France, Maurice Garin, did start the race, finished third and went on to win the following two editions in subsequent years. The race was full of incidents, Welshman Arthur Linton, who finished fourth, crashed six times, once after hitting a dog. The winner, Josef Fischer, had a lead of 23 minutes until he

neg: 2018 Tour de France the same way as the general classification, but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993. The leader wears a white jersey. The final classification was a team classification. This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie. The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets. In

neg: 2010 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 It was not until world time trial champion Fabian Cancellara, the second-to-last rider of the day, took the course that Martin's time was bettered. Rain showers plagued the middle portion of the stage, but for the riders who started at the end the rain had stopped and the course was primarily dry. This was Cancellara's fourth win in a time trial to start the Tour de France in his career. Martin's efforts did not go unrewarded; he was awarded the white jersey for best young rider. Prologue result and general classification after prologue 4 July 2010 — Rotterdam (Netherlands) to

neg: Dario Frigo Dario Frigo Dario Frigo (born September 18, 1973 in Saronno, Italy) is a former professional road bicycle racer. In the 2001 Giro d'Italia, when, lying 2nd overall after wearing several days the pink jersey, he was banned, with other riders, after the Italian policemen found several drugs in their luggage. In the 2005 Tour de France when, lying 52nd overall racing for Fassa Bortolo, he was arrested before stage 11 after French police found ten doses of EPO in his wife's car. His greatest successes have come in one-week stage races such as Paris–Nice, the Tour de Romandie, the Catalan

neg: Aero bike first used in March 1987 BEARS speed trial. It latter won the 1988 and 1990 speed trials with speeds of 242.72 km/h and 247.80 km/h respectively. Meanwhile, increased use of aero bikes was seen 1989 when US road riders started showing great concern with aerodynamics in bicycle riding games. That was when Greg LeMond won the Tour de France over Laurent Fignon by 58 seconds in the final stage time trial. Shortly after the event, bike manufacturers started producing aero wheels, aero helmets, and aero clothing materials meant for road bike-racing. Since that time till date, most multi-sport bike companies

neg: 1962 Tour de France Belgium (28). Riders represented a further six nations, all European. Of start list of 150, 66 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The total number of riders who finished the race was 94, a record high to that point. The average age of riders in the race was 27.5 years, ranging from 21-year-old Tiziano Galvanin () to 40-year-old Pino Cerami (). The cyclists had the youngest average age while cyclists had the oldest. The presentation of the teams — where the members of each team's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries

neg: 2012 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 gendarmerie. One of team's riders in the Tour, Rémy Di Gregorio, was arrested in relation to an ongoing anti-doping case, and was immediately suspended by the French team; although the case had been open since 2011, when Di Gregorio was a member of the team. 30 June 2012 — Liège (Belgium), , (ITT) The prologue was a short and fairly flat circuit around Liège, with expected stage times to be about eight minutes. The start ramp was located at Avenue Rogier next to the Parc d'Avroy; the riders then headed north by the Boulevard d'Avroy and Boulevard de la Sauvenière.

neg: 2012 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 They then followed the Quai Roosevelt, along the Meuse, until the midway point when they returned on the opposite carriageway, before turning right towards Place Saint-Lambert, in front of the Palais des Princes-Évêques. From there, the riders rejoined the original route on the opposite carriageway of Boulevard de la Sauvenière before the finish line located on Boulevard d'Avroy on the opposite side of the Parc d'Avroy from the start. With several tight corners, the prologue was expected to favour riders with good bike handling skills. The first rider to leave the start house in Liège was 's Tom Veelers, with

neg: Ernest Bainbridge Dunlop Grand Prix was the public subscription, organised by the Sporting Globe to send Opperman and an Australian team to the Tour de France. Writing after the Dunlop Grand Prix, Opperman paid tribute to 3 riders, Watson, Bainbridge and Osborn and these were the riders selected to travel with him to France. Bainbridge was captain of the Preston Cycling Club. In 1928, aged 37, Bainbridge set sail for the Tour de France. The shortest day was 119 km and the longest 387 km. There were plans to bolster the 4 Australasians with European riders however these did not come to

neg: Luz Ardiden been the finish-line for Tour de France and Vuelta a España stages several times. On the 2003 Tour de France, Lance Armstrong was riding with Iban Mayo at the start of the climb to Luz Ardiden when Armstrong crashed, bringing Mayo down with him. The fall was caused when Armstrong caught the handlebar of his bike on the strap of a spectator's bag. Jan Ulrich, who was riding just behind Armstrong and Mayo, avoided the crash, and in an act of chivalry he slowed to wait for the fallen riders. Armstrong quickly re-mounted his bike and caught Jan Ulrich. Immediately,

neg: 2008 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 21 four stages at a single Tour de France since Alessandro Petacchi did so in 2003, although Lance Armstrong won five of the last eight stages in the 2004 Tour de France including two individual time trials and three mountain stages. The race approached the Alps through the Vaucluse department crossing two fourth category climbs before dropping down to Digne-les-Bains. A break of 21 riders, with representatives from all but three of the teams, moved away after 5 km. Only four riders remained clear by the 41st kilometer; Bram Tankink, Sandy Casar, William Bonnet and Jose Ivan Gutierrez. They were eventually

neg: 2014 Tour de France placings per team determined the outcome of a tie. The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets. In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered, by a jury, to have "made the greatest effort and who has demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship". No combativity awards were given for the time trial and the final stage. The winner wore a red number bib the following stage. At the conclusion of the Tour, Alessandro De Marchi won the

neg: Tour de France classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1953 Tour de France and was first won by Fritz Schär. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters as well as celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Tour. Points are given to the first 15 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 15 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader green jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of

neg: Festina affair organisers of the Tour de France announce the teams of the 1999 Tour de France where they take the unprecedented step of banning teams, team officials and individual riders. In the aftermath of the Festina affair, Virenque was banned together with his former teammate Hervé. Manolo Saiz, manager of ONCE-Deutsche Bank, Dr Nicolas Terrados team doctor of Team ONCE and the entire TVM-Farm Frites were also banned. This was in relation to the actions and behaviour of these teams and riders during the 1998 Tour. October 23, 2000: Start of the Festina trial with ten people charged, including: Witnesses included:

neg: Doping at the 2007 Tour de France from France plus German outfits Team Gerolsteiner and T-Mobile Team - forming the Mouvement pour un cyclisme crédible (or Movement for Credible Cycling), delayed the start of the Tour by thirteen minutes asking for all teams to abide by their good behaviour charter of 2005, under which teams are requested to avoid fielding riders implicated in doping affairs. The protest was in obvious contrast to the 1998 reaction which was at odds with authorities, protesting at the heavy-handed treatment of riders. Tour riders generally remained encouraged however. Fabian Cancellara, Cedric Vasseur and David Millar all stated publicly that they believed

neg: Thomas Voeckler a couple of bike lengths over 's Edvald Boasson Hagen. In 2011, Voeckler enjoyed his finest year as a professional. He recorded eight spring victories prior to the Tour de France in July, notably taking two stages at Paris–Nice, and winning the overall classification in the Four Days of Dunkirk as well as the Tour du Haut Var. In the ninth stage of the Tour de France, Voeckler led a breakaway, survived a collision caused by a media support car that injured two other riders, and crossed the line second, taking the overall time lead and therefore wearing the yellow

neg: 2005 Tour de France 20 teams were given a ProTour licence, and were required to start in all ProTour races, which included the Tour de France. The Tour de France organisation was not happy with this rule, as they wanted to be able to decide which teams would join their race. While negotiations were still ongoing, it was decided to use the UCI rule for the 2005 Tour, so all 20 ProTour teams were automatically invited. The Tour organisation could invite one extra team with a wildcard, and used this to invite . All teams were composed of nine cyclists, so 189 riders in

neg: Bicycle helmets in Australia children aged five to seven years were in favour of wearing helmets, whereas older children were opposed. In 1987 the Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee tabled a report in the Parliament of Victoria which included a recommendation for mandatory wearing of helmets. The terms of reference for the inquiry related to child pedestrians and child cyclists and to report on 'the use of safety helmets by child cyclists'. By 1989, just before the government decided to introduce compulsory wearing of bicycle helmets, an officially-commissioned survey showed that public support for it was 92% for children and 83% for all riders.

neg: Mountains classification in the Tour de France Polka Dot Jersey, during the 1975 Tour de France, was Joop Zoetemelk, and while he never won the King of the Mountains competition in the Tour De France he is considered to be one of the greatest climbers in Tour de France history. Zoetemelk did win the mountains classification in the 1971 Vuelta a Espana, as well as the general classification in the 1979 Vuelta a Espana and the 1980 Tour de France. At the top of many climbs in the Tour, there are points for the riders who are first over the top. The climbs are divided into categories

neg: Festina affair Festina affair The Festina affair was a series of doping scandals that occurred during and after the 1998 Tour de France. The affair began when a large haul of doping products was found in a car belonging to the Festina cycling team just before the start of the race. A resulting investigation revealed systematic doping, and suspicion was raised that there may have been a widespread network of doping involving many teams of the Tour de France. Hotels were searched by police, confessions were made by retired and current riders, and team personnel were arrested or detained. Several teams withdrew

neg: Joop Zoetemelk finishes until Sylvain Chavanel did so in the 2018 Tour de France. Currently, three riders have had more than 16 starts in the Tour de France, but none of them has yet exceeded the record of finishing the event 16 times. He also holds the distance record in Tour de France history with 62,885 km ridden. He won the 1979 Vuelta a Espana, the 1980 Tour de France and also came eighth, fifth, fourth (three times) and second (six times). He was the first rider to wear the Tour de France's Polka Dot Jersey as the King of the Mountains.

neg: 2015 Tour de France these, 45 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The total number of riders that finished the race was 160. The riders came from 32 countries; France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Australia, Germany, Great Britain and Switzerland all had 10 or more riders in the race. Eritrean riders Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus, both of , became the first black Africans to compete in the Tour de France. Riders from nine countries won stages during the race; German riders won the largest number of stages, with six. The average age of riders in the race was

neg: 2017 Tour de France final classification was a team classification. This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets. In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered, by a jury, to have "made the greatest effort and who demonstrated

neg: 2012 Tour de France calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie. The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and, for first the time in the Tour's history, wore yellow helmets. In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered, by a jury, to have "made the greatest effort and who

neg: 2013 Tour de France a white jersey. The final classification was a team classification. This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage, excluding the team time trial; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie. The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets. In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered, by a jury,

neg: Henry Anglade spine. Anglade and Nencini met at a col in the Dolomites during the Giro d'Italia. The weather was bad and a snowstorm had forced 57 riders to abandon that day. Anglade said: Anglade raced at a time when riders made much of their income in the criterium races, for which they were paid start money as well as prizes, that followed the Tour de France. In 1967, in the concern about doping that followed the death of Tom Simpson in the Tour four months earlier, Anglade said: "I've driven 4,000km in three days, I've ridden 400km of race with only

neg: Michael Rasmussen (cyclist) Rasmussen was known for his care for detail when considering weight. With a low weight (60 kg) he was usually one of the lightest riders in his class. In the 2007 Tour de France, Rasmussen, while wearing the yellow jersey and well on his way to winning the Tour, had his contract terminated by his team and was removed from the Tour. He served a two-year ban from July 2007 to July 2009 for lying about his whereabouts. At a press conference on 31 January 2013, Rasmussen admitted that he had used performance-enhancing drugs and methods, including EPO, growth hormones,

neg: 2012 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 2012 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10 The 2012 Tour de France began on 30 June, and stage 10 occurred on 11 July. The 2012 edition began with a prologue – a short individual time trial stage – where each member of the starting peloton of 198 riders competed against the clock – in Liège, Belgium with two more stages held in the country before moving back into France. The race resumed in Orchies for the start of the third stage; also during the first half of the race, the peloton visited Switzerland for the finish to the eighth

neg: 2015 Tour de Yorkshire of ) pulled out before the start, so the race began with a peloton of 139 riders. Much of the pre-race media focused on the presence of Bradley Wiggins, Britain's first ever winner of the Tour de France, who was riding his first race for his new team, . Wiggins was controversially not selected for in the previous year's Tour de France; the race organisers expected his presence in the Tour de Yorkshire to be one of the principal attractions for British cycling fans. Wiggins was not, however, expected to attempt to win the overall classification in the race; his

neg: Manolo Saiz the 1998 Tour de France Saiz withdrew the ONCE-Deutsche Bank team. On 17 June 1999 The organisers of the 1999 Tour de France took the unprecedented step of banning teams, team officials and individual riders in the aftermath of the Festina affair. This included both Saiz and Dr Nicolas Terrados team doctor of Team ONCE. The ban was in relation to the actions and behaviour of these teams and riders during the 1998 Tour when Saiz withdrew his riders and said: Richard Virenque's lawyers depended on a clause in the UCI's rules, number 1.2.048, which says that tour organisers must

neg: 2010 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20 2010 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20 Stage 11 of the 2010 Tour de France occurs on 15 July in Sisteron, and the race concludes on 25 July with its traditional Champs-Élysées stage. 15 July 2010 — Sisteron to Bourg-lès-Valence, This is classified as a flat stage, visiting the third-category Col de la Cabre after and then descending most of the way to the finish. The stage got off to a normal start with a three man breakaway forming just after passing through kilometer zero. The three riders were Stéphane Augé of , Anthony Geslin of , and

neg: 1997 Tour de France their team also won the team classification. The mountains classification was won by Richard Virenque for the fourth time. 198 riders in 22 teams commenced the 1997 Tour de France. 139 riders finished. The 16 teams with the highest UCI ranking at the start of 1997 were automatically qualified. Six wildcard intivations were also given. The teams entering the race were: Qualified teams Invited teams Chris Boardman won the prologue, and was the first leader of the race. Then, sprinter Mario Cipollini took over the lead thanks to time bonuses. Cédric Vasseur took the lead in the fifth stage after

neg: 2018 Tour de France the 2018 Tour de France, as well as a team competition. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage. Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages. The first three riders would get 10, 6, and 4 seconds, respectively. Time bonuses of three, two and one seconds, would be given to the first three riders to cross a "bonus point" in each of the first nine mass-start stages of the race. It would affect the general classification, but not the points. For crashes

neg: Motorcycle helmet also notes "Riders wearing high visibility clothing and white helmets are likely to be more safety conscious than other riders." However, the MAIDS report did not back up the claims that helmet color makes any difference in accident frequency, and that in fact motorcycles painted white were actually over-represented in the accident sample compared to the exposure data. While recognizing how much riders need to be seen, the MAIDS report documented that riders' clothing usually fails to do so, saying that "in 65.3% of all cases, the clothing made no contribution to the conspicuity of the rider or the PTW

neg: Maurice Brocco Maurice Brocco Maurice Brocco (28 January 1883, in Fismes – 26 June 1965, in Erigné) was a French professional road bicycle racer between 1906 and 1927. He was born into a family of Swiss-Italian immigrants. In 1911 he won a stage in the Tour de France. He participated six times in the Tour de France, but finished the race only once. In his later career he was successful in six-day races. In the 1911 Tour de France, Brocco did not finish the ninth stage. Brocco then profited from a rule that allowed riders who did not finish a stage to

neg: Chris Boardman a comeback in the 1997 Tour de France by winning the prologue of the Tour again, although a crash forced him to quit on stage 13. Boardman won bronze in the 52 km time trial at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He did not defend his 4 km title. In 1998 Tour de France, when the Tour began in Dublin, Ireland, Boardman won the prologue but crashed out of the race on stage 2 while wearing the yellow jersey. In 1998 he was diagnosed with osteopenia due to low testosterone levels. Treatment to prevent worsening in this condition would

neg: Tour de France records and statistics Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini, who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France. Riders from 33 countries have won at least one stage in the Tour de France. Some cities and towns have hosted 25 or more stage starts and finishes: Tour de France records and statistics This is a list of records and statistics in the Tour de France, road cycling's premier competitive event. One rider has been King of the Mountains, won the combination classification, combativity award, the points competition, and the Tour in the same year - Eddy

neg: 1924 Tour de France that he wore were his own, and had not been provided by the sponsor. At the start of the third stage, a tour official checked how many jerseys Henri Pélissier was wearing. Pélissier was angry, and declared that he would not start the race. He did so anyway, but retired at Coutances, together with his brother Francis Pélissier and team mate Maurice Ville. The three cyclists met journalist Albert Londres of Petit Parisien, to whom they complained about the circumstances in which the cyclists had to race. In that third stage, that ended on a circuit, Theophile Beeckman crossed the

neg: General classification in the Tour de France retained the yellow jersey as a result), but had broken his collarbone in the crash and did not start stage 7. Chris Froome became the overall leader with Martin's non-start. The yellow jersey on the first day of the Tour is traditionally permitted to be worn by the winner of the previous year's race; however, wearing it is a choice left to the rider, and in recent years has gone out of fashion. If the winner does not ride, the jersey is not worn. The previous year's winner traditionally has race number "1" (with his teammates given the other single-digit

neg: 2015 Tour of Oman Grand Tour contenders start their seasons racing in Oman for this reason. In 2013 and 2014, the race was won by Chris Froome () as the beginning of his preparation for the Tour de France. In 2015, however, Froome opted to begin his season at the Vuelta a Andalucía and so missed the Tour of Oman. The race was therefore expected to be contested between other Grand Tour riders, such as Tour de France champion Vincenzo Nibali (), Tejay van Garderen (), Thibault Pinot (), Rafał Majka (), Joaquim Rodríguez (), Rigoberto Urán () and Leopold König (). Although the

neg: 1906 Tour de France for the 1906 Tour de France; only 82 of them showed up at the start. Only 49 cyclists finished the first stage, and the number of active cyclists quickly fell to 37 in stage two, 29 in stage three, until 16 after stage eight. At that point, the points given in the first eight stages were redistributed among the remaining riders in accordance with their positions in those stages. At the end of the Tour de France, only 14 cyclists finished. The cyclists were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, but they were not allowed to

neg: 1906 Tour de France signed up for the race, but only 76 of them came to the start. One of the absentees was Henri Cornet, winner of the 1904 Tour de France. Four cyclists were Belgian, one was Luxembourgian (later winner François Faber), two were German, and the rest were French. Louis Trousselier, winner of the 1905 Tour de France, was present. The riders were not grouped in teams, but some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. Before the race started, most was expected from Cadolle, Aucouturier, Georget, Pottier, Trousselier, Dortignac and Petit-Breton. As in 1905,

neg: 1937 Tour de France cyclists, was calculated by adding the time of the final rider in the general classification, plus one hour penalty time. The Belgian, Dutch, and British-Canadian teams did not finish with two or more cyclists, so they were not eligible for the team classification. The riders in the individual category had performed very well in the 1937 Tour de France; the second-placed cyclist in the general classification had started in the individuals category, as were in total twelve cyclists in the top twenty. Still, the category was removed after 1937. 1937 Tour de France The 1937 Tour de France was the

neg: 1965 Tour de France total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification wore yellow caps. The jury gave Cees Haast the prize more most unlucky cyclist, because he lost his sixth place in the general classification after a fall, and the prize for most sympathetic cyclist to Gianni Motta, because he was always in a good mood and did not look for apologies after losing to Gimondi. 1965 Tour de France The 1965 Tour de France was the 54th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 22 June and 14 July, with 22

neg: Bicycle helmets in the United States Product Safety Act. Riders wearing these helmets are not adequately protected from falls and could suffer severe head injuries or death…” Bicycle helmets in the United States The requirement to wear bicycle helmets in the United States varies by jurisdiction and by age of the cyclist, for example 21 states and the District of Columbia have statewide mandatory helmet laws for children. 29 US states have no statewide law, and 13 of these states have no such laws in any lower-level jurisdiction either. States began to adopt laws on wearing helmets for bicycle riding in 1987. There are a total

neg: Basque Country (greater region) cycling culture; members of the team were sometimes strong contenders in the Tour de France held annually in July and Vuelta a España held in September. The races often saw Basque fans lining the roads wearing orange, the corporate colour of the telecoms company Euskaltel's team, coining the term "the orange crush" during the Pyrenees stages of the Tour de France. Team leaders included riders such as Iban Mayo, Haimar Zubeldia, Samuel Sánchez and David Etxebarria. In the north, rugby union is another popular sport with the Basque community. In Biarritz, the local club is Biarritz Olympique Pays Basque, the

neg: Félix Sellier Félix Sellier Félix Sellier (Spy, 2 January 1893 – Gembloux, 16 April 1965) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer. In the 1921 Tour de France, the cyclists were separated in two classes, the sponsored riders and the unsponsored riders. For the thirteenth stage, these classes started separated, partly because the Tour organisers wanted to punish the sponsored riders for not attacking the leader Léon Scieur, and partly because the leader in the second class was helped by cyclists in the first class. Sellier was one of the riders in the second class, and therefore could start two hours earlier

neg: 2006 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11 and Alexander Vinokourov. With those riders not starting, the 2006 Tour de France did not have real favorites and opinions were hugely divided over who was going to win the tour. Stage 7, an individual time trial, was going to be the first real test to see who was up to the task and who wasn't. Positive results came from , who were all very strong in the time trial with 6 riders in the top 16 and Serhiy Honchar, a Ukrainian time trial specialist topping it off to take first place in the stage and also the yellow jersey.

neg: Young rider classification the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia. The Vuelta a España introduced an award for the best young rider in its 2017 edition, although the awardee did not wear a white jersey, but a red number bib instead. The Tour/Giro double has been achieved by two riders: The Giro/Vuelta double has been achieved by one rider: Young rider classification Young rider classification () is a cycling jersey competition in multi-day stage race events, such as the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and many others, which awards the current leader by overall time for riders below the age of twenty-five

neg: Tour de France its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1990, the leading team would wear yellow caps. As of 2012, the riders of the leading team wear yellow helmets. During the era of national teams, France and Belgium won 10 times each. From 1973 up to 1988, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps. There has been an intermediate sprints classification, which from 1984 awarded a red jersey for points awarded to the first three to pass intermediate points during the

neg: 2015 Clásica de San Sebastián Spain. It comes a week after the conclusion of the Tour de France. Some riders, including Chris Froome (), the winner of the Tour, chose not to participate in the race. Riders also arrived from the Tour in a variety of conditions: some were in good form, while others were exhausted. Another of the principal riders from the Tour de France, Alberto Contador (), originally planned to participate but was forced to withdraw because of a fever. The principal favourite for the race was Alejandro Valverde (), who was third in the Tour de France. Valverde was the defending champion

neg: 2015 Vuelta a España contained a total of 198 riders. The riders represented 37 different countries, with the largest numbers coming from France (30), Spain (27) and Italy (20). The average age of riders in the Vuelta was 29.13 years, ranging from the 20-year-old Matej Mohorič () to the 38-year-old Haimar Zubeldia (). The teams entering the race were: The top four riders from the 2015 Tour de France all chose to start the Vuelta. These were Chris Froome (), Nairo Quintana and Alejandro Valverde (both ) and Vincenzo Nibali (), all of whom had previously won Grand Tours. The most notable absentee from

neg: 1961 Tour de France 1961 Tour de France The 1961 Tour de France was the 48th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 25 June and 16 July, with 21 stages covering a distance of . Out of the 132 riders who started the tour, 72 managed to complete the tour's tough course. Throughout the 1961 Tour de France, two of the French national team's riders, André Darrigade and Jacques Anquetil held the yellow jersey for the entirety 21 stages. There was a great deal of excitement between the second and third places, concluding with Guido

neg: 2006 Tour de France linked to the doping scandal, but was forced to withdraw when the eligible riders on his Astana-Würth Team fell below the minimum starting requirement of six. Because of this and the retirement of then-seven-time consecutive winner Lance Armstrong, this year's Tour started without the top five riders from the 2005 edition. It was also the first Tour since 1999 that did not contain a past champion. The teams entering the race were: After the retirement of then seven-time winner Lance Armstrong, the main contenders for the overall win were expected to be Ivan Basso from , the 2005 runner-up; and

neg: 1998 Tour de France while the 44 positive samples belonged to 33 riders — including race winner Marco Pantani, runner-up Jan Ullrich, third on the podium Bobby Julich, and points-competition winner Erik Zabel. Bobby Julich had already one year prior publication of his positive test, admitted using EPO from August 1996 to July 1998. When combining the EPO abuse confessions of the two riders testing negative with all the positive test results, it was indicated that 35 out of the 38 retrospectively tested riders (92%) had been using EPO in the 1998 Tour de France. In addition to those 92% of the 38 riders

neg: Team Jumbo–Visma Michael Rasmussen, or to withdraw. That evening they decided to withdraw, but the team changed its mind and announced the following morning that the riders would be starting the 17th stage. Although he started with the rest of the team, Denis Menchov (team leader on the road, who deferred to Rasmussen when the latter seemed to have a better chance at winning) abandoned the race in the middle of the stage. The Rabobank team was invited for the 2008 Tour de France. Denis Menchov had decided to focus on the Tour de France. To do that, he did not defend

neg: Lucien Van Impe de France and reached the finish in Paris every time (second most Tour finishes after Joop Zoetemelk, and tied with Viatcheslav Ekimov who did the same in 2006). He is now head of a cycling team of professional riders, called . Lucien Van Impe lives in Impe (his family name refers to that town) with his wife Rita, he has two grown up children, a son and a daughter. His house is called Alpe D'Huez, after the French mountain where he took the yellow jersey (the leader in the Tour de France) in 1976. When he came home that year,

neg: Doping at the 2007 Tour de France Rasmussen's sacking whilst wearing the yellow jersey (no rider had previously been withdrawn from the race while leading), the mood became more pessimistic, with the exception of Tour director Christian Prudhomme who publicly regarded the Dane's withdrawal as "the best thing that can happen to the Tour. The race will go on for the rest of the riders and we believe it would be an insult to them to stop the race. We believe the general classification is much better now than it was." Prudhomme's reaction was in contrast to the French newspapers. "France Soir" ran a mock death notice

neg: 2006 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11 Floyd Landis. As the race progressed and the lead of the leaders was brought back from its maximum of 7'30 to about 3'30, the riders from the Phonak team stopped chasing as it was the sprinter's teams to start chasing and close the final gap. However, most teams were probably afraid of 's Robbie McEwen as he had impressively won three sprinters' stages in this tour already, so there were no chasing riders from (for Tom Boonen), no riders from (for Daniele Bennati) and no riders also for as they already had Mario Aerts in the lead. The only team

neg: Doping at the Tour de France first place. In 2006, several riders, including Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso, were barred from the eve of the race amid allegations by Spanish police as a result of their Operación Puerto investigation. The Astana-Würth team could not start because, despite a ruling by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, five of its nine Tour riders were barred after being officially named in the Operacion Puerto affair. With only four riders remaining (Alexander Vinokourov, Andrey Kashechkin, Carlos Barredo and Luis León Sanchez) the team didn't have the minimum number of riders demanded by the rules to enter. The cyclists excluded

neg: Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France the Louvre and across the Place de la Concorde back to the Champs-Élysées). In past Tours, the riders would complete ten laps before the Tour was over. When a rider has reached a significant milestone over the course of the concluding Tour, it is customary for the peloton to let him enter the Champs-Elysées section of the stage in first place. Such an honor was bestowed upon American George Hincapie in 2012, in recognition of his final and record setting 17th Tour de France. While a number of riders will try to pull away from the peloton on the Champs-Elysées,

neg: 1930 Tour de France 1930 Tour de France The 1930 Tour de France was the 24th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 2 to 27 July. It consisted of 21 stages over . The 24th tour de France introduced a new format to team racing; teams were organized by country with ten riders per team. This format proved to be a very successful format for the French riders, six of which placed in the top ten. André Leducq was the star of the French team, winning the overall classification, however, Charles Pélissier, who finished ninth overall achieved a stunning eight stage

neg: 2014 La Course by Le Tour de France classification, €3,500 to the first 3 riders in the sprint classification and €2,000 to the first three riders of the young rider classification. 2014 La Course by Le Tour de France The 2014 La Course by Le Tour de France was the inaugural edition of La Course by Le Tour de France, a one-day women's cycle race held in France. The race was run before the 21st stage of the 2014 Tour de France on 27 July. The race consisted of 13 laps on the traditional course on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, making a distance of 89.0 kilometres. The race

neg: Yellow jersey statistics winners Chris Froome and Vincenzo Nibali rank, as of 2017, 4th and 21st, with fifty-nine and nineteen days in yellow respectively. Alberto Contador was stripped of the yellow jersey and 6 days of wearing it in 2010 Tour de France because he tested positive for doping. Until the results of Lance Armstrong were annulled for cheating late 2012, he was ranked second in this list, leading the Tour for 83 stages from 1999 to 2005. The largest number of different riders wearing the yellow jersey in any year is 8. The smallest is 1. The yellow jersey has been awarded

neg: 2007 Tour de France to win the 2007 Tour de France was Alexander Vinokourov, who was unable to start in 2006 due to lack of team members, but did win the 2006 Vuelta a España. The main challengers were expected to be the 2006 Tour de France second-place finisher Andreas Klöden; and Alejandro Valverde, who dropped out of the 2006 Tour de France after a crash, but came second to Vinokourov in the 2006 Vuelta a España. The organisers of the Tour and London mayor Ken Livingstone announced on 24 January 2006 that the start of the Tour would take place in London. Livingstone

neg: 2012 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20 the Col d'Aubisque and the Col du Tourmalet – followed by the first-category climbs of the Col d'Aspin and the Col de Peyresourde, completing the so-called "Circle of Death", before dropping down to the finish in Bagnères-de-Luchon. The first rider over the Tourmalet – the highest point reached in both the Pyrenees and the 2012 Tour as a whole at – received the Souvenir Jacques Goddet. Almost forty riders – around a quarter of the race's peloton at the start of the stage – made it into the early breakaway after around , including three riders in the lower reaches