query: what was the purpose of the national industrial recovery act

pos: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934 the "NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up

pos: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934 the "NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up

pos: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 slightly modified form, still exists today at . National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934

pos: Whitney Brothers company history Street. From 1904 until World War II, the company primarily used native pine lumber to construct its line of toy products, including hay carts, small "express" wagons, wheelbarrows, laundry tub stands, clothes drying racks, wooden snow shovels and even adult sewing stands. All the toys were packed for shipment to customers in wooden crates with newspaper padding. In June 1933 amid the Great Depression, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act as part of President Roosevelt's New Deal legislative action to regulate industry and stimulate economic recovery. When the U.S. entered World War II on December 7, 1941, the National

neg: Donald Richberg purpose of carrying into effect" the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. Now, through an Executive Order, Roosevelt made Richberg director of the Industrial Emergency Committee, composed of the secretaries of the Interior and Labor and the heads of the NRA and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, to "make recommendations to the President ... with respect to problems of relief, public works, labor disputes and industrial recovery and to study and coordinate the handling of joint problems affecting these activities." At the same time, Roosevelt put Richberg in charge of

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 of June 10. The House approved the conference committee's bill on the evening of June 10. After extensive debate, the Senate approved the final bill, 46-to-39, on June 13. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The National Industrial Recovery Act had two major titles. Title I was devoted to industrial recovery. Title I, Section 2 empowered the President to establish executive branch agencies to carry out the purposes of the Act, and provided for a sunset provision nullifying the Act in two years. The heart of the Act was Title I, Section 3, which permitted

neg: Robert F. Wagner was very involved in labor issues, fought for legal protection and rights for workers, and was a leader in crafting the New Deal. In April 1943 a confidential analysis by British scholar Isaiah Berlin of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the British Foreign Office stated of Wagner: His most important legislative achievements include the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937. After the Supreme Court ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional, Wagner helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) in 1935,

neg: Association of Research Libraries Dissertations Accepted by American Universities" was compiled by ARL and was published by H.W. Wilson in 1933. This series of publications would become the predecessor of what is now Dissertation Abstracts. Passed into law in 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act allowed trade associations and industry representatives to draft industrial codes of fair competition. In order to encourage the preservation of these records, ARL published "Address List of Local Code Authorities under N.R.A.: 1933-1935" in 1933 which had been prepared by the National Recovery Administration for the Joint Committee on Materials for Research established by the American Council of Learned

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 heard oral argument on May 2 and 3. On May 27, 1935, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" that Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional. First, Hughes concluded that the law was void for vagueness because the critical term "fair competition" was nowhere defined in the Act. Second, Hughes found the Act's delegation of authority to the executive branch unconstitutionally overbroad: To summarize and conclude upon this point: Section 3 of the Recovery Act (15 USCA 703) is without precedent. It supplies no standards for

neg: National Labor Board National Labor Board The National Labor Board (NLB) was an independent agency of the United States Government established on August 5, 1933 to handle labor disputes arising under the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The American labor movement, encouraged by the protections guaranteed under Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), undertook a wave of organizing not seen in almost two decades. A series of strikes overtook the country in the summer of 1933. The NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), and General Hugh S. Johnson was named the agency's administrator. Gen. Johnson had initially expressed the

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 making false statements to enforce Section 9(c) of the NIRA against producers of "hot oil", oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA, Congress passed , which amended the False Claims Act of 1863 to read: … or whoever, for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim, or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States, or any department thereof, or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder, shall knowingly and willfully

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (which provided low-interest loans to businesses). Hoover was defeated for re-election by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. Roosevelt was convinced that federal activism was needed to reverse the country's economic decline. In his first hundred days in office, the Congress enacted at Roosevelt's request a series of bills designed to strengthen the banking system, including the Emergency Banking Act, the Glass–Steagall Act (which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), and the 1933 Banking Act. The Congress also passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize the nation's agricultural industry. Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Deal. The NIRA was set to expire in June 1935, but in a major constitutional ruling the U.S. Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27, 1935, in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", 295 U.S. 495 (1935). The National Industrial Recovery Act is widely considered a policy failure, both in the 1930s and by historians today. Disputes over the reasons for this failure continue. Among the suggested causes are that the Act promoted economically harmful monopolies, that the Act lacked critical support from the business community, and that it was poorly administered. The Act encouraged

neg: Dalworthington Gardens, Texas Dalworthington Gardens, Texas Dalworthington Gardens is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States and a suburb of Arlington. The population was 2,259 at the 2010 census. The community was established in 1934 as a subsistence homestead project during the Great Depression under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act as part of the Subsistence Homesteads Division. The purpose of the homestead program was to help families attain a better standard of living through a combination of part-time industrial employment and subsistence agriculture. Dalworthington Gardens was one of five such projects located in Texas. Its inclusion in group was

neg: Blue Eagle Blue Eagle The Blue Eagle was a symbol used in the United States by companies to show compliance with the National Industrial Recovery Act, a part of President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" program. The NIRA authorized the creation of the NRA (National Recovery Administration), which was used to exercise control over business and industry, focusing on regulations and price controls, and was later found to be unconstitutional. The blue eagle was proclaimed the symbol of industrial recovery on July 20, 1933 by Hugh S. Johnson, the head of the National Recovery Administration. Many sources credit advertising art director Charles T.

neg: Rose Schneiderman 1937. Rose Schneiderman died in New York City on August 11, 1972, at age ninety. In an obituary appearing in "The New York Times", she was credited with teaching Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt "most of what they knew about unions," and having an indirect influence on the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act), the National Industrial Recovery Act, and other New Deal legislation. The obituary also declared that she had done "more to upgrade the dignity and living standards of working women than any other American." In March 2011, almost

neg: National Apprenticeship Act National Apprenticeship Act The National Apprenticeship Act (also known as the Fitzgerald Act), is a federal law in the United States which regulates apprenticeship and on-the-job training programs. Apprentice programs in the U.S. were largely unregulated until 1934. After passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), industry, trade unions and the National Recovery Administration cooperated to fashion various "industry codes" to govern competition, wages, working conditions and quality of products and services. One aspect of the general construction industry code was a set of rules regulating apprenticeship programs in the construction industry. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the

neg: First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency the first promoted industrial recovery, and the second established the Public Works Administration (PWA). The National Industry Recovery Act set up the Public Works Administration (PWA) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The PWA used government money to build infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, for the state. This demand for construction created new jobs, which achieved Roosevelt's main priority. The National Recovery Act also improved working conditions and outlawed child labor. Wages increased, making it possible for workers to earn and spend more. Today, the act is widely considered a legal failure because it generated large numbers of regulations

neg: National Labor Board to impede the purpose of the National Industrial Recovery Act." But E.O. 6511 said nothing about elections, and did not address the Board's enforcement powers. Roosevelt issued a new order, E.O. 6580, on February 1, 1934. The order gave the Board explicit power to authorize, upon a showing by a substantial number of employees, representational elections to determine majority status. The order appeared to give the winning organization exclusive representation for employees in the bargaining unit, but this interpretation was widely contested. Worse, Roosevelt made the off-hand public comment that the government was seeking to check the growth of company

neg: A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the commerce clause. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional. The regulations at issue were promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933. These included price and wage fixing,

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 these industrial codes for all industries to adopt." However, the NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced. The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislative program. Section 7(a) of the bill, which protected collective bargaining rights for unions, proved contentious (especially in the Senate), but both chambers eventually passed the legislation. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The Act had two main sections (or "titles"). Title I was devoted to industrial recovery,

neg: Dalworthington Gardens, Texas community, however the town lies in proximity to the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). The community is also served by the Tarrant County College district of junior colleges which has campuses located in the surrounding cities. Dalworthington Gardens, Texas Dalworthington Gardens is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States and a suburb of Arlington. The population was 2,259 at the 2010 census. The community was established in 1934 as a subsistence homestead project during the Great Depression under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act as part of the Subsistence Homesteads Division. The purpose of the homestead

neg: Women in Military Service for America Memorial all fiscal year 1933 funding for the project. This put the Hemicycle's completion and the paving of Memorial Avenue on hold. Ten months later, the CFA met to discuss what to do about the Hemicycle should no more funds be forthcoming. Franklin D. Roosevelt took office as President of the United States in March 1933. Convinced that massive federal spending on public works was essential not only to "prime the pump" of the economy but also to cut unemployment, Roosevelt proposed passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The act contained $6 billion in public works spending. The act passed

neg: Donald Richberg Donald Richberg Donald Randall Richberg (July 10, 1881 - November 27, 1960) was an American attorney, civil servant, and author who was one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's key aides and who played a critical role in the New Deal. He co-wrote the National Industrial Recovery Act, was general counsel and executive director of the National Recovery Administration. He also co-authored the Railway Labor Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and the Taft-Hartley Act. Donald Richberg was born in July 1881 in Knoxville, Tennessee, to John Carl and Eloise Olivia (née Randall) Richberg. His grandfather, Louis Richberg, and his father had migrated

neg: National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and allowed industries to get together and write "codes of fair competition." The codes were intended to reduce "destructive competition" and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours, as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold.

neg: Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute PMMI, The Association for Packaging and Processing Technologies (formerly Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute) is a trade association made up of more than 800 member companies that manufacture packaging, processing and packaging-related converting machinery, commercially available packaging machinery components, containers and materials in the United States, Canada and Mexico. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted the National Industrial Recovery Act (Ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195), which set stringent regulations on industry. Boyd Redner writes in A History of The Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute: “The National Industrial Recovery Act spelled out provisions to businessmen … every industry

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 opinions and guides from national, regional, and local code boards interpreted and enforced the Act. The backlash against the Act was so significant that it generated a large loss of political support for the New Deal and turned a number of Roosevelt's closest aides against him. Roosevelt himself shifted his views on the best way to achieve economic recovery, and began a new legislative program (known as the "Second New Deal") in 1935. Implementation of Section 7(a) of the NIRA proved immensely problematic as well. The protections of the Act led to a massive wave of union organizing punctuated by

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 raise crops and earn a living there. Title II, Sections 210–219 provided for revenues to fund the Act, and Section 220 appropriated money for the Act's implementation. Title III of the Act contained miscellaneous provisions, and transferred the authority to engage in public works from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to the Public Works Administration. Implementation of the Act began immediately. Hugh Johnson spent most of May and June planning for implementation, and the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was established on June 20, 1933—a scant four days after the law's enactment. Roosevelt angered Johnson by having him administer only the NRA,

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 these prices were so high that economic recovery was inhibited. But other economists disagree, pointing to far more important monetary, budgetary, and tax policies as contributors to the continuation of the Great Depression. Others point out that the cartels created by the Act were inherently unstable (as all cartels are), and that the effect on prices was minimal because the codes collapsed so quickly. A second key criticism of the Act is that it lacked support from the business community, and thus was doomed to failure. Business support for national planning and government intervention was very strong in 1933, but

neg: Sidney Hillman organize brought thousands of garment workers back to the ACWA. The AFL finally allowed the ACWA to affiliate in 1933. Hillman was a supporter of the New Deal and Roosevelt from the outset. FDR named him to the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration in 1933 and to the National Industrial Recovery Board in 1934. Hillman provided key assistance to Senator Robert F. Wagner in the drafting of the National Labor Relations Act and to Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins in winning enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Within the AFL, Hillman was one of the strongest

neg: The Blue Eagle at Work private sector union members in the United States who are subject to the NLRA. The title of the book refers to the symbol adopted by the National Recovery Administration. The National Industrial Recovery Act was enacted by Congress in 1933 to stimulate the American economy and help the nation recover from the Great Depression. The law created the NRA to administer the act. Section 7(a) of the Act promoted the formation of labor unions, and created a tremendous upsurge of union organizing. The NRA adopted the "Blue Eagle" icon as its symbol. The Blue Eagle at Work The Blue Eagle

neg: Reorganization Act of 1939 order to achieve efficiency. The Economy Act of 1933, enacted in Roosevelt's Hundred Days to combat the Great Depression, gave the president the authority to engage in limited reorganization of the executive branch in order to achieve economic recovery goals. But the president took no action during the two-year term of authority granted by the Act. By 1935, however, the keystone of the New Deal (the National Industrial Recovery Act) had been declared unconstitutional and Roosevelt's views on how to effect recovery had shifted away from economic intervention and toward social justice (a legislative program known as the "Second New

neg: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), enacted in 1976, is the principal federal law in the United States governing the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Congress enacted RCRA to address the increasing problems the nation faced from its growing volume of municipal and industrial waste. RCRA amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. It set national goals for: It is now most widely known for the regulations promulgated under RCRA that set standards for the treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste in the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 of such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection; <nowiki>[and]</nowiki> (2) that no employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing... . Title I, Section 7(b) permitted the establishment of standards regarding maximum hours of labor, minimum rates of pay, and working conditions in the industries covered by the codes, while Section 7(c) authorized the President to impose such standards

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 the Public Works Administration to provide grants and/or loans to states and localities in order to more rapidly reduce unemployment as well as to use the power of eminent domain to seize land or materials to engage in public works. Title II, Section 204 explicitly provided $400 million for the construction of public highways, bridges, roads, railroad crossings, paths, and other transportation projects. Title II, Section 208 authorized the president to expend up to $25 million to purchase farms for the purpose of relocating individuals living in overcrowded urban areas (such as cities) to these farms and allowing them to

neg: Ralph Flanders and ultimately chose the undistributed profits tax instead—a choice that Flanders felt discouraged capital investment. In 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act created the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The NRA allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition," intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. Flanders was appointed to the industrial advisory board of the NRA. In a speech before a 1934 conference of the code authority members, attended by President Roosevelt, Flanders opposed a proposal by the Roosevelt administration to require that businesses cut worker hours by 10 percent

neg: Michael J. Wytrwal was known as the "Polish Mayor" of Amsterdam. In one of those assignments, he served as the Chairman, Montgomery County of the National Recovery Act (NRA). The NRA was a component of the New Deal's National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. Wytrwal was well known for enjoying "welfare peanut butter" - he bought many jars from destitute people in the Mohawk Valley, those that could not find employment and were too proud to ask for a handout. Wytrwal was born on September 12, 1882 in Kraków, Prussia, and attended public schools there through the age of 14. In 1896, he

neg: First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt several agencies, most notably the National Recovery Administration, to reform the industrial sector, though the National Recovery Administration was struck down by the Supreme Court. After his party's success in the 1934 mid-term elections, Roosevelt presided over the establishment of the Works Progress Administration, another major work relief agency. He also won passage of the Social Security Act, which created a national old-age pension program known as Social Security. The same act also established a national unemployment insurance program, as well as the Aid to Dependent Children, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. A third major piece

neg: Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and the ACWA were supporters of the New Deal and Roosevelt from the outset. FDR named Hillman to the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration in 1933 and to the National Industrial Recovery Board in 1934. Hillman provided key assistance to Senator Robert F. Wagner in the drafting of the National Labor Relations Act and to Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins in winning enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Within the AFL, the ACWA was one of the strongest advocates for organizing the mass production industries, such as automobile manufacture and steel, where unions had almost no

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 thus enacting laws for the government of trade and industry throughout the country, is virtually unfettered. We think that the code-making authority thus conferred is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power. Finally, in a very restrictive reading of what constituted interstate commerce, Hughes held that the "'current' or 'flow'" of commerce involved was simply too minute to constitute interstate commerce, and subsequently Congress had no power under the Commerce Clause to enact legislation affecting such commercial transactions. The Court dismissed with a bare paragraph the government's ability to regulate wages and hours. Although the government had argued that the national

neg: Pollutant Air Pollutants are additional emission standards that are set by EPA for toxic air pollutants. Clean Water Act standards. Under the Clean Water Act, EPA promulgated national standards for municipal sewage treatment plants, also called "publicly owned treatment works," in the "Secondary Treatment Regulation." National standards for industrial dischargers are called "Effluent guidelines" (for existing sources) and New Source Performance Standards, and currently cover over 50 industrial categories. In addition, the Act requires states to publish water quality standards for individual water bodies to provide additional protection where the national standards are insufficient. RCRA standards. The Resource Conservation and Recovery

neg: Constitutional challenges to the New Deal the National Recovery Administration by the "Schechter" decision, Congress attempted to salvage the coal industry code promulgated under the National Industrial Recovery Act in the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935. The act, closely following the criteria of the "Schechter" ruling, declared a public interest in coal production and found it so integrated into interstate commerce as to warrant federal regulation. The code subjected the coal industry to labor, price, and practice regulations, levying a 15 percent tax on all producers with a provision to refund a significant portion of the tax for those adhering to the legislation's dictates. James

neg: Louis Brandeis In "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935), the Court also voted unanimously to declare the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on the grounds that it gave the president "unfettered discretion" to make whatever laws he thought were needed for economic recovery. Economics author John Steele Gordon writes that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was "the first iteration of Roosevelt's New Deal ... essentially a government-run cartel to fix prices and divide markets ... This was the most radical shift in the relation between government and the private economy in American history." Speaking to aides of Roosevelt, Justice Louis

neg: Gerard Swope plan for being compulsory, inefficient, and monopolistic. In an oral history interview, Leon H. Keyserling said the New Deal's National Industrial Recovery Act "started as a trade association act. The original draft of the act grew out of the so-called Gerard Swope plan for Recovery." When asked in November 1933 about an updated Swope Plan, President Roosevelt said, "Mr. Swope's plan is a very interesting theoretical suggestion in regard to some ultimate development of N.R.A"” Gerard Swope Gerard Swope (December 1, 1872 – November 20, 1957) was a U.S. electronics businessman. He served as the president of General Electric Company

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 recently is that the NIRA endorsed monopolies, with the attendant economic problems associated with that type of market failure. Even the National Recovery Review Board, established by President Roosevelt in March 1934 to review the performance of the NRA, concluded that the Act hindered economic growth by promoting cartels and monopolies. One of the economic effects of monopoly and cartels is higher prices—this was seen as necessary because the severe deflation of 1929–33 had depressed prices 20% and more. There is anecdotal evidence that these higher prices led to some stability in industry, but a number of scholars maintain that

neg: Stanley Forman Reed their strong legal argument and extensive research. Reed soon brought before the high court appeals of the constitutionality of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, Securities Act of 1933, , National Labor Relations Act, Bankhead Cotton Control Act, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Guffey Coal Control Act, Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 and the enabling act for the Tennessee Valley Authority, and revived the battle over the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The press of appeals was so great that Reed argued six major cases before the Supreme Court in two weeks. On December 10, 1935, he collapsed from

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 method for achieving national planning and economic improvement. Some work on an industrial relief bill had been done in the weeks following Roosevelt's election, but much of this was in the nature of talk and the exchange of ideas rather than legislative research and drafting. The administration, preoccupied with banking and agriculture legislation, did not begin working on industrial relief legislation until early April 1933. Congress, however, was moving on its own industrial legislation. In the Senate, Robert F. Wagner, Edward P. Costigan, and Robert M. La Follette, Jr. were promoting public works legislation, and Hugo Black was pushing short-work-week

neg: Trade Union Unity League marginalized African American workers: "The advancement of the workers generally is inseparably bound up with the advancement of the Negroes." The TUUL viewed class struggle as a unifying experience for all workers. Beginning in 1928, when the TUUL the organization helped organize between 40,000 and 60,000 workers. The TUUL organized more than a dozen unions including the National Miners Union (NMU), the National Textile Workers Industrial Union, the Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union, and the Agricultural Workers Industrial League (which later became the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union). The passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in 1933

neg: Philip Murray entry into World War I and worked closely with government officials and employers to ensure that labor cooperated in the war effort. President Woodrow Wilson appointed him to the Pennsylvania regional panel of the National War Labor Board and the National Bituminous Coal Production Committee. In the 1930s, Murray continued to serve on government committees. When General Hugh S. Johnson formed the Labor and Industrial Advisory Board in 1933 to implement Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act, Murray agreed to serve on the new body. He played a key role in writing the "Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition, guaranteed trade union rights, permitted the regulation of working standards, and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation. Title II established the Public Works Administration, outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in. Title II also provided funding for the Act. The Act was implemented by the NRA and the Public Works Administration (PWA). Very large numbers of regulations were generated under the authority granted to the NRA by the Act, which led to a significant loss of political support for Roosevelt and the New

neg: Holmes Regional Medical Center obtained under the National Industrial Recovery Act for construction. In 1937, the new hospital opened on US 1. In 1953, James E. Holmes was elected to the Board of Governors, serving as its president for the next 25 years, until 1978. In 1954, bed capacity was increased to 60. In 1956, the city granted the hospital on what is now the current site on Hickory Street. In 1962, the hospital expanded to 181 beds in a four story building. In 1963, there were 47 active and associate members. Hospital staff was 400. In 1966, the hospital cared for 10,421 patients,

neg: 1933 Banking Act National Industrial Recovery Act on the same day he signed the 1933 Banking Act. Many descriptions of the 1933 Banking Act emphasize the role of the Pecora Investigation in creating a public demand for the separation of commercial and investment banking. Some accounts even suggest those Glass–Steagall provisions were created in response to the Pecora Investigation. National City Bank (predecessor to Citibank) was the only commercial bank examined by Ferdinand Pecora before the 1933 Banking Act became law in June 1933. After the National City hearings ended on March 2, 1933, the Pecora Investigation resumed in May 1933, with the

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 codes. There are a wide range of additional critiques as well. One is that NIRA's industry codes interfered with capital markets, inhibiting economic recovery. But more recent analyses conclude that NIRA had little effect on capital markets one way or the other. Another is that political uncertainty created by the NRA caused a drop in business confidence, inhibiting recovery. But at least one study has shown no effect whatsoever. As noted above, Section 7(a) led to significant increases in union organizing, as intended by the Act. But the enforcement of Section 7(a) and its legal limitations led to clear failures.

neg: Endangered species recovery plan educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people." They therefore set laws to protect endangered species. Section 4(f) of the United States Endangered Species Act from 1973 directs the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce to develop and implement recovery plans to promote the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service are responsible for administering the act. The recovery plan is a document which specifies what research and management actions are necessary to support recovery, but does

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy, and to balance the interests of farmers, business and labor. Reform measures included the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), regulation of Wall Street by the Securities Exchange Act (SEA), the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) for farm programs, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance for bank deposits enacted through the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933, and the 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (also known as the Wagner Act) dealing with labor-management relations. Despite urgings by some New Dealers, there was no major anti-trust program. Roosevelt opposed socialism

neg: National Labor Relations Board punctuated by employer and union violence, general strikes, and recognition strikes. The National Industrial Recovery Act was administered by the National Recovery Administration (NRA). At the outset, NRA Administrator Hugh S. Johnson believed that Section 7(a) would be self-enforcing, but the tremendous labor unrest proved him wrong. On August 5, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the establishment of the National Labor Board, under the auspices of the NRA, to implement the collective bargaining provisions of Section 7(a). The National Labor Board (NLB) established a system of 20 regional boards to handle the immense caseload. Each regional board had a

neg: Alben W. Barkley as his assistant. Together, they secured passage of New Deal legislation, including the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. In July 1934, the Democratic National Committee chose Barkley to respond to Republican National Committee chairman Henry P. Fletcher's radio attacks on the New Deal. Later that year, he embarked on a tour of twenty states, defending the New Deal and stumping for Democratic candidates in the 1934 midterm elections. Barkley was again the keynote speaker at the 1936 Democratic National Convention. During his address, he alluded to the Supreme Court's decision in

neg: National Recovery Administration spending of 1917–18. In his June 13, 1933 "Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act," President Roosevelt described the spirit of the NRA: "On this idea, the first part of the NIRA proposes to our industry a great spontaneous cooperation to put millions of men back in their regular jobs this summer." He further stated, "But if all employers in each trade now band themselves faithfully in these modern guilds—without exception—and agree to act together and at once, none will be hurt and millions of workers, so long deprived of the right to earn their bread in the sweat of

neg: Leo Wolman "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", 295 U.S. 495 (1935) that Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 was unconstitutional. The passage of the National Labor Relations Act into law on July 5, 1935, abolished the ALB. These two events led to the end of Wolman's career as a public servant, as President Roosevelt did not appoint him to any new positions in government. Wolman returned to the faculty at Columbia University. He repeatedly voiced strong criticism of the new National Labor Relations Act, and argued that organized labor's goal was totalitarian control over the economy. His

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 employer and union violence, general strikes, and recognition strikes. At the outset, NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson naïvely believed that Section 7(a) would be self-enforcing, but he quickly learned otherwise. In addition, the National Labor Board was established under the auspices of the NRA to implement the collective bargaining provisions of the Act. The National Labor Board, too, proved to be ineffective, and on July 5, 1935, a new law—the National Labor Relations Act—superseded the NIRA and established a new, long-lasting federal labor policy. The leadership of the Public Works Authority was torn over the new agency's mission. PWA could initiate

neg: Liberalism in the United States balance the interests of farmers, business and labor. Reform measures included the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), regulation of Wall Street by the Securities Exchange Act (SEA), the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) for farm programs, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance for bank deposits enacted through the Glass–Steagall Act of 1933, and the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (also known as the Wagner Act) dealing with labor-management relations. Despite urgings by some New Dealers, there was no major anti-trust program. Roosevelt opposed socialism (in the sense of state ownership of the means of production), and only one major program, the

neg: Leon Keyserling Public Housing Authority, and National Housing Agency (1937–46). It was during his time with Wagner that Keyserling participating in drafting various New Deal initiatives, including the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Social Security Act, and the National Labor Relations Act. In 1946 Keyserling became a member of the Vice Chairman of the newly created Council of Economic Advisers, later becoming the Acting Chairman in 1949 and the Chairman in 1950; he left as Chairman in 1953. Following his time advising President Truman, Keyserling consulted with Congress on a variety of economic issues and also practiced law. In 1954 he founded

neg: Blacklist (employment) went on strike. The 1901 Report of the Industrial Commission stated "There was no doubt in the minds of workingmen of the existence of the blacklisting system, though it was practically impossible to obtain evidence of it." It cited a news report that in 1895 a former conductor on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad committed suicide, having been out of work ever since a strike: "Wherever he went the blacklist was ahead of him". The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 gave employees the right to organize and bargain collectively. and numerous strikes occurred until the Act was declared unconstitutional

neg: John Arnold (cinematographer) platform to move from about 18 inches off the floor to a height of eight feet. The operator could also rotate the entire assembly through a complete 360 degree circle. Arnold was also an avid 16mm camera fan, and would share his expertise with anyone who showed an interest. One of those he taught was Clark Gable. With the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, the National Recovery Administration was created, and part of its responsibilities included the creation of a motion picture code. At the hearing held in Washington D.C., Arnold was included as one of

neg: National Recovery Administration with judges that were in favor of the New Deal. Subsequent to the decision, the remainder of Title I was extended until April 1, 1936, by joint resolution of Congress (49 Stat. 375), June 14, 1935, and NRA was reorganized by E.O. 7075, June 15, 1935, to facilitate its new role as a promoter of industrial cooperation and to enable it to produce a series of economic studies, which the National Recovery Review Board was already doing. Many of the labor provisions reappeared in the Wagner Act of 1935. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1933, DeBenneville "Bert" Bell formed a new

neg: Mitchell Hepburn bovine tuberculosis in the province). Breaking with the temperance stance of previous Liberal governments, Hepburn expanded the availability of liquor by allowing hotels to sell beer and wine. The "Industrial Standards Act", which emulated the US "National Industrial Recovery Act", was introduced in 1935 to set minimum wages and working conditions by industry and geographic area. It was described by then Minister of Labour David Croll as "the most controversial piece of legislation now on the Statute Books of the Province," and it came about after federal efforts instituted under R.B. Bennett's "New Deal" were declared unconstitutional. The government also

neg: Stanley Forman Reed exhaustion during oral argument before the Court. Reed lost a number of these cases, including "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", (invalidating the National Industrial Recovery Act) and "United States v. Butler", (invalidating the Agricultural Adjustment Act). 1937 proved to be a banner year for the Solicitor General. Reed argued and won such major cases as "West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish", (upholding minimum wage laws), "National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation", (upholding the National Labor Relations Act), and "Steward Machine Company v. Davis", (upholding the taxing power of the Social Security Act). By the end

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 by the Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon. To combat with the growing economic decline, Hoover organized a number of voluntary measures with businesses, encouraged state and local government responses, and accelerated federal building projects. However his policies had little or no effect on economic recovery. Toward the end of his term, however, Hoover supported several legislative solutions which he felt might lift the country out of the depression. The final attempt of the Hoover administration to rescue the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (which provided funds for public works programs) and the

neg: Constitutional challenges to the New Deal v. Federation". The "Wright" case upheld a new Frazier-Lemke Act which had been redrafted to meet the Court's objections in the "Radford" case; similarly, "Virginia Railway" case upheld labor regulations for the railroad industry, and is particularly notable for its foreshadowing of how the Wagner Act cases would be decided as the National Labor Relations Board was modeled on the Railway Labor Act contested in the case. The first major test of New Deal legislation came in "Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan", announced January 7, 1935. Contested in this case was the National Industrial Recovery Act, Section 9(c), in which

neg: National Labor Board representational election required good-faith bargaining, and that collective bargaining must precede the decision to strike. Both decisions have had stabilizing influences on collective bargaining relationships. The doctrines laid down by the NLB continue to reverberate in 2006, as the NLRB wrestles with the implications of card check and voluntary recognition. National Labor Board The National Labor Board (NLB) was an independent agency of the United States Government established on August 5, 1933 to handle labor disputes arising under the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The American labor movement, encouraged by the protections guaranteed under Section 7(a) of the National Industrial

neg: National Recovery Administration wholesalers and sold to intrastate buyers. Any interstate effect of Schechter was indirect, and therefore beyond federal reach. Specifically, the Court invalidated regulations of the poultry industry promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, including price and wage fixing, as well as requirements regarding a whole shipment of chickens, including unhealthy ones, which has led to the case becoming known as "the sick chicken case." The ruling was one of a series which overturned some New Deal legislation between January 1935 and January 1936, and which ultimately caused Roosevelt to attempt to pack the Court

neg: Howard W. Smith Custodian. From 1918 to 1922 he was Commonwealth's Attorney of Alexandria. He served as a judge 1922 to 1930 (he was often referred to as "Judge Smith" even while in Congress), and also engaged in banking, farming, and dairying. He was elected in 1930 to the House of Representatives. He initially supported New Deal measures such as the Tennessee Valley Authority Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act. A leader of the conservative coalition, he led the opposition to the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), established by the Wagner Act of 1935. Conservatives created a special House committee to investigate

neg: Industrial Workers of the World philosophy and tactics companies began to perceive a difference between the business unionism of the United Mine Workers, and their more radical competitors. In 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt established the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) including Section 7(a), guaranteeing the right to collective bargaining. The law originated with the coal industry, which had been beset by organizing drives by radical labor organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World (Colorado strike in 1927), the Progressive Miners in Illinois, the West Virginia Mine Workers Union, and the National Miners Union (formed in 1928), which also was founded on the principles of class struggle.

neg: National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme AICS) as Priority Existing Chemicals (PECs), Secondary Notifications or as accelerated assessments under the Inventory Multi-tiered Assessment and Prioritisation (IMAP) framework, or as chemicals assessed under the targeted assessment program. All NICNAS activities are funded by the fees charged for the registration of new and existing industrial chemical introducers as well as the fees and administration charges for the assessment of new chemicals. The administration fees and charges are outlined in the cost recovery policy. NICNAS administers the ICNA Act, as well as the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Regulations 1990 and the Cosmetics Standard 2007. The ICNA Act provides

neg: Industrial design right no protection for unregistered designs. The "Industrial Design Act" defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean "features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the eye." The design must also be original: in 2012, the Patent Appeal Board rejected a design for a trash can, and gave guidance as to what the Act requires: During the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or

neg: 1927 Indiana bituminous strike of labor injunctions. In 1933 Wagner sponsored the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), which called for collective bargaining between unions and management. This act enabled the UMWA to resume its growth with membership reaching 400,000 in 1934. In 1935, after the United States Supreme Court invalidated the NIRA, Wagner sponsored the National Labor Relations Act, which reinstated the NIRA's collective bargaining provisions and established the National Labor Relations Board to hold union elections and prevent unfair labor practices. Also in 1935, the US Senator from Pennsylvania sponsored the Guffey Coal Conservation Act. This measure, enacted in 1935, regulated the price

neg: Executive order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board. In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (in the time period known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the

neg: Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act problems highlighted by Roosevelt’s failed National Industrial Recovery Act. The NIRA tossed away antitrust laws and suppressed competition by creating monopolies. These policies continued even after the NIRA was declared unconstitutional in 1935. Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act The Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act et seq. is a U.S. federal law requiring that all federal agencies purchase specified supplies and services from nonprofit agencies employing persons who are blind or have other significant disabilities. The Act was passed by the 92nd United States Congress in 1971. The act is named after its sponsor, Senator Jacob K. Javits, and the Wagner–O'Day Act, passed by the 75th United

neg: Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union led to widespread re-employment of glass workers. The GBBA responded with a strong organizing effort. The 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act protected union organizing activity for the first time. A 1931 conference had given the GBBA the exclusive right to organize the 12,000 workers in the 21 plants of the Owens-Illinois company (which manufactured 60 percent of all glass containers in the U.S.), and the union slowly began organizing Owens-Illinois. The invention of the neon sign and its immense popularity not only generated an intense demand for skilled glass workers, but also boosted wages. Employers often offered double what the

neg: Apprenticeship March 2021, and to "have regard" to this target when planning their recruitment and career development activities. Apprenticeship programs in the United States are regulated by the Smith–Hughes Act (1917), The National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), and National Apprenticeship Act, also known as the "Fitzgerald Act." The number of American apprentices has increased from 375,000 in 2014 to 500,000 in 2016, while the federal government intends to see 750,000 by 2019, particularly by expanding the apprenticeship model to include white-collar occupations such as information technology. In the United States, education officials and nonprofit organizations who seek to emulate the apprenticeship

neg: Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 many independent oil producers vehemently opposed the government regulations. However, in 1937, four federal courts upheld the Connally Act, which was later administered by the Federal Petroleum Board that was also created by the law; the Petroleum Board was a part of the Department of the Interior. Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 The Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 was enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision to strike down Section 9 (c) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in "Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan", which gave the President authority "to prohibit the transportation in interstate

neg: Salad Bowl strike were first given legal protection in 1933 by Section 7a of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Although NIRA did not specifically exempt agricultural laborers from the protection of the Act, the Roosevelt administration, eager to win the political support of farm-state members of Congress, argued that farm workers were excluded. When the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was enacted in 1935, it specifically exempted agricultural workers due to pressure from the "farm bloc" in Congress. Although a number of attempts were made in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s to organize farm laborers, these efforts were unsuccessful. In August 1966,

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 union organizing, which led to significant labor unrest. The NIRA had no mechanisms for handling these problems, which led Congress to pass the National Labor Relations Act in 1935. The Act was also a major force behind a major modification of the law criminalizing making false statements. The Depression began in the United States in October 1929 and grew steadily worse to its nadir in early 1933. President Herbert Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self-reliance, which he considered to be important American values. His "laissez-faire" views appeared to be shared

neg: National Labor Relations Board terms and the General Counsel is appointed to a four-year term. The General Counsel acts as a prosecutor and the Board acts as an appellate quasi-judicial body from decisions of administrative law judges. The NLRB is headquartered at 1015 Half St. SE, Washington, D.C., with over 30 regional, sub-regional, and residential offices throughout the U.S. The history of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) can be traced to enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933. Section 7(a) of the act protected collective bargaining rights for unions, but was difficult to enforce. A massive wave of union organizing was

neg: Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 The Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 was enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision to strike down Section 9 (c) of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in "Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan", which gave the President authority "to prohibit the transportation in interstate and foreign commerce of petroleum... produced or withdrawn from storage in excess of the amount permitted... by any State law." The act was named after Senator Tom Connally. It revived the provisions of Section 9 (c) of the NIRA and added procedural safeguards, which, the Supreme Court

neg: Ernest T. Weir 1950s. In 1956, he served as national finance chairman for the Republican National Committee. In 1933, 10,000 workers at Weirton Steel went out on strike in protest against a company union which Weir had imposed on workers. Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act guaranteed workers in the United States the right to form a union. Weir sued to have the act overturned on constitutional grounds. On May 29, 1934, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware held in "United States v. Weirton Steel Co.", 7 F.Supp. 255 (1934), that the act violated the United States

neg: Lucy Randolph Mason only goods and services produced by workers who enjoyed a living wage and decent working conditions. Under Mason, the NCL won the passage of new state labor laws, lobbied for improved labor codes in the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act and helped ensure the passage of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). In 1937, during congressional hearings on the FLSA, Mason met Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) President, John L. Lewis, who helped arrange a job for her as the CIO's public relations representative for the South. In July 1937, at age 55, Mason moved to Atlanta and started

neg: Industrial Designs Act, 2003 (Act 660) force of the Act, the following are reasons the Parliament of Ghana considered to be the purpose of which the Bill should become an Act to cater for industrial designs. The purpose of the Bill is to enhance the operation of the laws on the protection of industrial designs. This is being effected by expanding the law on the industrial designs to include the accepted international provisions under the TRIPS Agreement. In the course of this, the existing legislation on textile designs have also been revised and incorporated into this Bill. The definition of an industrial design includes everything which

neg: Columbia Island (District of Columbia) office as President of the United States in March 1933. Convinced that massive federal spending on public works was essential not only to "prime the pump" of the economy but also to cut unemployment, Roosevelt proposed passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The act contained $6 billion in public works spending. The act passed on June 13, 1933, and Roosevelt signed it into law on June 16. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was immediately established to disburse the funds appropriated by the act. On July 13, just a month after the PWA was formed, the agency announced a $3

neg: Columbia Basin Project gravity flow canal from Lake Pend Oreille while a Wenatchee group (further south) wanted a large dam on the Columbia River, which would pump water up to fill the nearby Grand Coulee, a formerly-dry canyon-like coulee. After thirteen years of debate, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the dam project with National Industrial Recovery Act money. (It was later specifically authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1935, and then reauthorized by the Columbia Basin Project Act of 1943 which put it under the Reclamation Project Act of 1939.) Construction of Grand Coulee Dam began in 1933 and was completed

neg: Brent Spence Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, to promote fair commerce. This led to creating the International Monetary Fund and Bank, and Spence's sponsoring legislation in Congress. Spence was a strong supporter of the New Deal and the Fair Deal. During President Roosevelt's administration, he supported the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Social Security Act, and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Altogether Spence was a quiet man, who was not a good public speaker. However, he was known for his impartial leadership and could get critical legislation passed. His background in banking is credited for leading him to sponsor

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Although Section 7(a) was not affected by the Supreme Court's decision in "Schechter v. Poultry," the failure of the section led directly to passage of the National Labor Relations Act in July 1935. Historian Alan Brinkley stated that by 1935 the NRA was a "woeful failure, even a political embarrassment." Many liberals, probably including Roosevelt, were quietly relieved by its demise. However, New Dealers were worried by the Supreme Court's strict interpretation of the interstate commerce clause and worried that other legislation was jeopardized. In 1934, at the request of the Secretary Ickes, who wished to use the statute criminalizing

neg: Textile workers strike (1934) off workers and increased the amount and pace of work for their employees even further. Textile workers across the region, from worsted workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts and silk weavers in Paterson, New Jersey, to cotton millhands in Greenville, South Carolina, engaged in hundreds of isolated strikes, even though there were thousands of unemployed workers desperate to take their places. The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) appeared to change things. The NIRA, which Roosevelt signed in June 1933, called for cooperation among business, labor and government and established the National Recovery

neg: The Tallassee Tribune commissioner Eugene Dunnegan was sent by the Roosevelt administration to Tallassee as a labor dispute mediator. Citing broad powers under the National Industrial Recovery Act, Dunnegan reportedly told Thompson that editorials Thompson had written against organized labor violated Section 7 of Title I of that act, and, according to Thompson's account, Thompson was told to "desist". Thompson responded with a front-page editorial defending the rights of the press. Though accounts differ on the specifics of the meeting, the national firestorm that followed resulted in Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins issuing a clarifying edict that Department of Labor conciliators should not

neg: Heber Blankenhorn weeks later. From 1921 to 1924, he wrote two books on steel unions and contributed to labor journals. In 1924, he joined the staff of "Labor" magazine. In 1935, he accepted a position on the public relations staff for the National Recovery Act. He became an assistant to Senator Robert F. Wagner and helped pass the National Labor Relations Act. He went on to serve as industrial economist to chairmen of the National Labor Relations Board and the La Follette Committee for its hearings on the Ford Motor Company. He returned to service for the U.S. Army during World World

neg: Harry A. Millis Board's Arbitration Committee from 1923 to 1924 and again from 1937 to 1940. In 1934, Millis was named a member of the "first" National Labor Relations Board. On June 16, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) into law. Title I, Section 7(a) of the Act guaranteed the right of workers to form unions, and it set off a massive wave of union organizing punctuated by employer and union violence, general strikes, and recognition strikes. Although it was felt Section 7(a) would be self-policing, that assumption failed almost immediately. On August 5, 1933, President Roosevelt

neg: Southwest National Park the Commonwealth’s National Recovery Plan 2016 listed as Critically Endangered under Commonwealth "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999", Endangered under New South Wales "Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995", South Australia’s "National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972", Tasmania’s "Threatened Species Protection Act 1995" and Threatened under Victoria’s "Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988". At an international level the species has also been listed as Critically Endangered under International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List (IUCN). What makes the area unique is that this National Park, or more specifically within 10 kilometres of Melaleuca Lagoon, remains the

neg: Ernest T. Weir Constitution. The federal government appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The case was awaiting resolution when the Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional on other grounds. When Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) in 1935, Weir said he would refuse to obey the law. Labor scholar James A. Gross says Weir was prepared to use violence to oppose unionization at his plants. Weir called the NLRA "one of the most vicious pieces of legislation ever proposed." Weir established an "employee representation plan" (a thinly-disguised company union) and the Weirton Steel Employees Security

neg: Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). This became moot when the Supreme Court struck down the NIRA in "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States" (1935). Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 The Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 (41 USC §§6501-6511) is a US labor law, passed as part of the New Deal. It is a US federal law on basic labor rights for US government contracts. It was intended to improve labor standards. The Walsh-Healey Act that applies to U.S. government contracts exceeding $15,000 for the manufacturing or furnishing of goods. Walsh-Healey establishes overtime pay for hours worked by

neg: National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 economic emergency required special consideration, Hughes disagreed. The dire economic circumstances the country faced did not justify the overly broad delegation or overreach of the Act, the majority concluded. "Extraordinary conditions may call for extraordinary remedies. But the argument necessarily stops short of an attempt to justify action which lies outside the sphere of constitutional authority. Extraordinary conditions do not create or enlarge constitutional power." Although the decision emasculated NIRA, it had little practical impact, as Congress was unlikely to have reauthorized the Act in any case. A key criticism of the Act at the time as well as more

neg: Construction of Arlington Memorial Bridge D. Roosevelt took office as President of the United States in March 1933. Convinced that massive federal spending on public works was essential not only to "prime the pump" of the economy but also to cut unemployment, Roosevelt proposed passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The act contained $6 billion in public works spending, which included $400 million for road, bridge, and highway construction. With passage of the act moving forward swiftly, D.C. officials asked Congress on June 12 for the funds to finish widening Constitution Avenue NW. The act passed on June 13, 1933, and Roosevelt signed it