query: inclusion bodies formation of syncytia and change in cell shape are examples of

pos: Cytopathic effect Cytopathic effect Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to reproduce. Both of these effects occur due to CPEs. If a virus causes these morphological changes in the host cell, it is said to be cytopathogenic. Common examples of CPE include rounding of the infected cell, fusion with adjacent cells to form syncytia, and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. CPEs and other changes in

pos: Cytopathic effect Cytopathic effect Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to reproduce. Both of these effects occur due to CPEs. If a virus causes these morphological changes in the host cell, it is said to be cytopathogenic. Common examples of CPE include rounding of the infected cell, fusion with adjacent cells to form syncytia, and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. CPEs and other changes in

pos: Cytopathic effect or intracytoplasmic and eosinophilic or basophilic. Cytopathic effect Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion. The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to reproduce. Both of these effects occur due to CPEs. If a virus causes these morphological changes in the host cell, it is said to be cytopathogenic. Common examples of CPE include rounding of the infected cell, fusion with adjacent cells to form syncytia, and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion

neg: Syncytium found in embryogenesis to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm embryos of invertebrates, such as "Drosophila melanogaster". In protists, syncytia can be found in some rhizarians (e.g., chlorarachniophytes, plasmodiophorids, haplosporidians) and acellular slime moulds, dictyostelids (amoebozoans) and acrasids (excavates). Some examples of plant syncytia, which result during plant development, include: A syncytium is the normal cell structure for many fungi. Most fungi of Basidiomycota exist as a dikaryon in which thread-like cells of the mycelium are partially partitioned into segments each containing two differing nuclei, called a heterokaryon. A classic example of a syncytium is the formation of skeletal muscle. Large

neg: Simian foamy virus molecule that mediated the signal, localizing viral particles in the ER. There is little data on how SFV interacts with the host cell as the infection takes its course. The most obvious effect that can be observed is the formation of syncytia that results in multinucleated cells. While the details for how SFV can induce this change are not known, the related HIV does cause similar instances among CD4+ T cells. As the cell transcribes the integrated proviral genome, glycoproteins are produced and displayed at the surface of the cell. If enough proteins are at the surface with other CD4+

neg: Inclusion bodies Examples of viral inclusion bodies in animals are Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic (acidophilic)- Intranuclear eosinophilic (acidophilic)- Intranuclear basophilic- Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic- Examples of viral inclusion bodies in plants include aggregations of virus particles (like those for "Cucumber mosaic virus") and aggregations of viral proteins (like the cylindrical inclusions of potyviruses). Depending on the plant and the plant virus family these inclusions can be found in epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, and stomatal cells when plant tissue is properly stained. Normally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the cytoplasm. However, it may be seen because of certain hematologic disorders. There

neg: Inclusion bodies and highly hydrophobic protein is more prone to lead to accumulation as inclusion bodies in "E. coli". In the case of proteins having disulfide bonds, formation of protein aggregates as inclusion bodies is anticipated since the reducing environment of bacterial cytosol inhibits the formation of disulfide bonds. The diameter of spherical bacterial inclusion bodies varies from 0.5–1.3 μm and the protein aggregates have either an amorphous or paracrystalline nature depending on the localization. Inclusion bodies have higher density (~1.3 mg ml) than many of the cellular components, and thus can be easily separated by high-speed centrifugation after cell disruption. Inclusion

neg: Cytopathic effect at low multiplicity of infection because at high multiplicity of infection, all CPEs occur rapidly. Typically, the first sign of viral infections is the rounding of cells. Inclusion bodies often then appear in the cell nucleus and/or cytoplasm of the host cell. The inclusion bodies can first be identified by light microscopy in patient blood smears or stained sections of infected tissues. However, to fully characterize their composition, electron microscopy must be performed. Inclusion bodies may either be accumulation of virus replication byproducts or altered host cell organelles or structures. Some viral infections cause a strange CPE, the formation of

neg: Fusion mechanism Fusion mechanism The fusion mechanism is the mechanism by which cell fusion takes place. Cell fusion is the formation of a hybrid cell from two different cells of different species. Cells from the same organism may fuse together as well. This is often observed during lytic viral infection, where alterations of the cell can be seen under a light microscope. These include changes in morphology, formation of vacuoles and fusion of cells to form syncytia. The term "cell fusion mechanism" refers to the receptors required for cells to fuse, whereas the term "cell fusion" refers to the action of formation

neg: Inclusion bodies find the mass of misfolding proteins, with the use of mass spectrometry "Pseudo-inclusions" are invaginations of the cytoplasm into the cell nuclei, which may give the appearance of intranuclear inclusions. They may appear in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies, sometimes called elementary bodies, are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Inclusion bodies can also be hallmarks of genetic diseases, as in the case of neuronal inclusion bodies in disorders like frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's

neg: Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies virions by electron microscopy. Guarnieri bodies are named for Giuseppe Guarnieri, (1856-1918) an Italian physician who first described them. Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies are aggregates of stainable protein produced by poxvirus virions in the cell nuclei and/or cytoplasm of epithelial cells in humans. They are important as sites of viral replication. Morphologically there are two types of Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies, Type-A inclusion bodies and Guarnieri bodies. Type-A inclusion bodies are found only in certain poxviruses like cowpox. The Guarnieri bodies are found in all poxvirus infections and their presence is diagnostic. The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can

neg: Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies are aggregates of stainable protein produced by poxvirus virions in the cell nuclei and/or cytoplasm of epithelial cells in humans. They are important as sites of viral replication. Morphologically there are two types of Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies, Type-A inclusion bodies and Guarnieri bodies. Type-A inclusion bodies are found only in certain poxviruses like cowpox. The Guarnieri bodies are found in all poxvirus infections and their presence is diagnostic. The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can also be made rapidly by electron microscopic examination of pustular fluid or scabs. However, all orthopoxviruses exhibit identical brick-shaped

neg: Inclusion bodies a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment. This often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH, osmolarity) may differ from that of the original source of the gene. Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be

neg: Orthoreovirus disease, except in young populations enabling them to be studied frequently as a model for viral replication and pathogenesis. This orthoreovirus has been extracted from the heart blood of a fruit bat ("Pteropus policephalus") in Australia with different viruses being isolated from different species, such as the flying fox ("Pteropus hypomelanus") which have been found to cause respiratory infections in humans in Southeast Asia. The Nelson Bay Orthoreovirus, like the Avian orthoreovirus, has 3 open reading frames (ORFs) which encode for three different proteins: P10 which promotes syncytia formation, P17, and σC involved in cell attachment. The syncytia inducing capabilities

neg: Chlamydia trachomatis to take up the elementary bodies and prevent the cell from triggering apoptosis. Within 6 to 8 hours after infection, the elementary bodies transition to reticulate bodies and a number of new effectors are synthesized. These effectors include a number of proteins that modify the inclusion membrane, called Inc proteins, as well as proteins that redirect host vesicles to the inclusion. 8 to 16 hours after infection, another set of effectors are synthesized, driving acquisition of nutrients from the host cell. At this stage, the reticulate bodies begin to divide, causing the inclusion to expand. If several elemenary bodies have

neg: Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies, sometimes called elementary bodies, are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Inclusion bodies can also be hallmarks of genetic diseases, as in the case of neuronal inclusion bodies in disorders like frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease. Inclusion bodies contain very little host protein, ribosomal components or DNA/RNA fragments. They often almost exclusively contain the over expressed protein and aggregation in inclusion bodies has been reported to be reversible. It has been suggested

neg: Ubiquitin the pathogenesis of several diseases and genetic disorders: Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to ubiquitin can identify abnormal accumulations of this protein inside cells, indicating a disease process. These protein accumulations are referred to as inclusion bodies (which is a general term for any microscopically visible collection of abnormal material in a cell). Examples include: Post-translational modification of proteins is a generally used mechanism in eukaryotic cell signaling. Ubiquitination, or ubiquitin conjugation to proteins, is a crucial process for cell cycle progression and cell proliferation and development. Although ubiquitination usually serves as a signal for protein degradation through the 26S proteasome, it

neg: Multinucleate in which nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, thus leading to large coenocytes or plasmodia. In filamentous fungi, multinucleate cells may extend over hundreds of meters so that different regions of a single cell experience dramatically different microenvironments. Other examples include, the plasmodia of plasmodial slime molds (myxogastrids) and the schizont of the "Plasmodium" parasite which causes malaria. Multinucleated cells can also occur under pathological conditions as the consequence of a disturbed cell cycle control (e.g., some binucleated cells and metastasizing tumor cells). As previously mentioned, syncytia may be induced through the actions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, where T-cells are fused

neg: Avian reovirus hemorrhaging of the embryos and cause the foci on the liver to appear yellowish-green. There are several primary chicken cell cultures/areas that are susceptible to avian reoviruses, which include the lungs, liver, kidney, and fibroblasts of the chick embryo. Of the following susceptible areas, liver cells from the chick embryo have been found to be the most sensitive for primary isolation from clinical material. Typically, the CPE effect of avian reoviruses is the production of syncytia. CPE, or cytopathic effects are the visible changes in a host cell that takes place because of viral infection. Syncytia is a single cell

neg: Cytopathic effect exclusively produce this CPE. Inclusion bodies – insoluble abnormal structures within cell nuclei or cytoplasm – may only be seen with staining as they indicate areas of altered staining in the host cells. Typically, they indicate the areas of the host cell where viral protein or nucleic acid is being synthesized or where virions are being assembled. Also, in some cases, inclusion bodies are present without an active virus and indicate areas of viral scarring. Inclusion bodies vary with viral strain. They may be single or multiple, small or large, and round or irregularly shaped. They may also be intranuclear

neg: Multinucleate The polymorphonuclear leukocytes of mammals are not polynuclear cells, although the lobes of their nuclei are so deeply bifurcated that they can appear so under non-optimal microscopy. Osteoclasts are multinuclear cells which are found commonly in the human body that aid in the maintenance and repair of the bones by secreting acid that dissolves bone matter. They are typically found to have 5 nuclei per cell, due to the fusion of preosteoclasts. The chlorarachniophytes form multinucleate cells by fusion, being syncytia and not coenocytes. This syncytia is called plasmodium, in the sense of a multinucleate protoplast without a cell wall

neg: Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing impedance increases with increasing coverage of the electrode until a confluent (i.e. continuous) layer of cells is established. In confluent cell layers the measured impedance is mainly determined by the three-dimensional shape of the cells. If cell shape changes occur, the current pathways through and around the cell bodies change as well, leading to a corresponding increase or decrease of impedance. Thus, by recording time-resolved impedance measurements, cell shape changes can be followed in real time with sub-microscopic resolution and can be used for bioanalytic purposes. As the shape of animal cells responds very sensitively to alterations in metabolism as

neg: JUNQ and IPOD inclusion bodies. Thus, it was thought that the inclusion bodies are the cause of such diseases. However, the nature and characteristics of those intra-cellular inclusion bodies stayed elusive. Different kinds of proteins (e.g. prions, ERAD substrates) were reported to form different kinds of inclusion bodies (e.g. aggresomes, amyloids), yet it remained obscure if those observations combine into one and relate to the same sub-cellular site. Moreover, the pathways leading to inclusion formation and the involvement of the cellular protein quality control machinery were undefined and unknown. Thus, a systematic study providing a comprehensive understanding of protein aggregation and inclusion bodies

neg: Human cytomegalovirus of intranuclear inclusion bodies. On H&E staining, the inclusion bodies stain dark pink and are called "owl's eye" inclusion bodies. HCMV infection is important to certain high-risk groups. Major areas of risk of infection include pre-natal or postnatal infants and immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients, persons with leukemia, or those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In HIV infected persons, HCMV is considered an "AIDS-defining infection", indicating that the T-cell count has dropped to low levels. Lytically replicating viruses disrupt the cytoskeleton, causing massive cell enlargement, which is the source of the virus' name. A study published in

neg: Chlamydia trachomatis infected a single cell, their inclusions will fuse at this point to create a single large inclusion in the host cell. From 24 to 72 hours after infection, reticulate bodies transition to elementary bodies which are released either by lysis of the host cell or extrusion of the entire inclusion into the host genital tract. Most people infected with "C. trachomatis" are asymptomatic. However, the bacteria can present in one of three ways: genitourinary (genitals), pulmonary (lungs), and ocular (eyes). Genitourinary cases can include genital discharge, vaginal bleeding, itchiness (pruritus), painful urination (dysuria), among other symptoms. Often, symptoms are similar

neg: Erythrocyte deformability removal of the deforming forces. In other words, erythrocytes behave like elastic bodies, while they also resist to shape change under deforming forces. This viscoelastic behavior of erythrocytes is determined by the following three properties: 1) Geometry of erythrocytes; the biconcave-discoid shape provides an extra surface area for the cell, enabling shape change without increasing surface area. This type of shape change requires significantly smaller forces than those required for shape change with surface area expansion. 2) Cytoplasmic viscosity; reflecting the cytoplasmic hemoglobin concentration of erythrocytes. 3) Visco-elastic properties of erythrocyte membrane, mainly determined by the special membrane skeletal network

neg: Biofilm addition to the polysaccharides, these matrices may also contain material from the surrounding environment, including but not limited to minerals, soil particles, and blood components, such as erythrocytes and fibrin. The final stage of biofilm formation is known as dispersion, and is the stage in which the biofilm is established and may only change in shape and size. The development of a biofilm may allow for an aggregate cell colony (or colonies) to be increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Cell-cell communication or quorum sensing has been shown to be involved in the formation of biofilm in several bacterial species. Biofilms are

neg: Inclusion bodies that inclusion bodies are dynamic structures formed by an unbalanced equilibrium between aggregated and soluble proteins of "Escherichia coli". There is a growing body of information indicating that formation of inclusion bodies occurs as a result of intracellular accumulation of partially folded expressed proteins which aggregate through non-covalent hydrophobic or ionic interactions or a combination of both. Inclusion bodies are dense electron-refractile particles of aggregated protein found in both the cytoplasmic and periplasmic spaces of "E. coli" during high-level expression of heterologous protein. It is generally assumed that high level expression of non-native protein (higher than 2% of cellular protein)

neg: Anaplasia neighbors may be formed and possess either one enormous nucleus or several nuclei (syncytia). Anaplastic nuclei are variable and bizarre in size and shape. The chromatin is coarse and clumped, and nucleoli may be of astounding size. More important, mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical; anarchic multiple spindles may be seen and sometimes appear as tripolar or quadripolar forms. Also, anaplastic cells usually fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another (i.e., they lose normal polarity). They may grow in sheets, with total loss of communal structures, such as gland formation or stratified squamous architecture. Anaplasia is

neg: Pappenheimer bodies Pappenheimer bodies Pappenheimer bodies are abnormal basophilic granules of iron found inside red blood cells on routine blood stain. They are a type of inclusion body composed of ferritin aggregates, or mitochondria or phagosomes containing aggregated ferritin. They appear as dense, blue-purple granules within the red blood cell and there are usually only one or two, located in the cell periphery. They stain on a Romanowsky stain because clumps of ribosomes are co‐precipitated with the iron‐containing organelles. A cell containing Pappenheimer bodies is a siderocyte. Reticulocytes often contain Pappenheimer bodies. They are mostly observed in post-splenectomy states & in diseases

neg: Apical constriction blastopore formation. These cells are known as bottle cells, for their eventual shape. Because all of the cells constrict on the apical side, the epithelial sheet bends convexly on the basal side. In vertebrates, apical constriction plays a role in a range of other morphogenetic processes such neurulation, placode formation, and primitive streak formation. Apical constriction occurs primarily through the contraction of cytoskeletal elements. The specific mechanism depends on the species, the cell type, and the morphogenetic movement. Here, we present a few well-studied examples in model organisms. During "Xenopus" gastrulation, bottle cells are located in the dorsal marginal zone

neg: Aggresome 70) directly on to the microtubule motor dynein. The protein aggregate is then transported along the microtubule and unloaded via ATPase p97 forming the aggresome. Mediators such as p62 are believed to be involved in aggresome formation in sequestering omega-somes, which bind and increase the size of the aggresome. The aggresome is eventually targeted for autophagic clearance from the cell. Some pathological proteins, such as alpha-synuclein, cannot be degraded and cause the aggresomes to form inclusion bodies (in Parkinsons Disease, Lewy bodies) which contribute to neuronal dysfunction and death. Abnormal polypeptides that escape proteasome-dependent degradation and aggregate in cytosol can

neg: V0-morph in nutrient exchange. Other examples are dinophyta and diatoms that have a cell wall that does not change during the cell cycle. During cell-growth, when the amounts of protein and carbohydrates increase, the vacuole shrinks. The outer membrane that is involved in nutrient uptake remains constant. At cell division, the daughter cells rapidly take up water, complete a new cell wall and the cycle repeats. Rods (bacteria that have the shape of a rod and grow in length, but not in diameter) are a static mixture between a V0- and a V1-morph, where the caps act as V0-morphs and the

neg: Multinucleate form such structures). This usage is incorrect and highly misleading to laymen, and as such it is strongly discouraged. Some use the term "syncytium" in a wide sense, to mean any type of multinucleate cell, while others differentiate the terms for each type. Syncytia are multinuclear cells that can form either through normal biological processes, such as the mammalian placenta, or under the influence of certain pathogens, such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, via fusion of the plasma membrane. Other examples include the skeletal muscle cells of mammals, the tapetal cells of plants, and the storage cells of Douglas-fir seeds.

neg: Multinucleate which exhibits amoeboid movement. Other examples include some plasmodiophorids, some haplosporidians, and the grex of cellular slime moulds (dictyostelids and acrasids). The placenta, a temporary organ that transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, and other materials between a mother and a developing fetus, is partially composed of a syncytial layer that forms the interface between the fetus and the mother. In addition to performing simple interface duties, the placental syncytia also acts as a barrier to infection from viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, which is likely due to unique cytoskeletal properties of these cells. Furthermore, multinucleate cells are produced from specialized cell cycles

neg: Pappenheimer bodies Image Bank (2004); (Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20090106200424/http://ashimagebank.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2004/0722/101168 on January 17, 2011.) Pappenheimer bodies Pappenheimer bodies are abnormal basophilic granules of iron found inside red blood cells on routine blood stain. They are a type of inclusion body composed of ferritin aggregates, or mitochondria or phagosomes containing aggregated ferritin. They appear as dense, blue-purple granules within the red blood cell and there are usually only one or two, located in the cell periphery. They stain on a Romanowsky stain because clumps of ribosomes are co‐precipitated with the iron‐containing organelles. A cell containing Pappenheimer bodies is a siderocyte. Reticulocytes often contain Pappenheimer bodies.

neg: Angiomotin to angiostatin. It localizes to cell-cell junction like p80 and regulates paracellular permeability. Its N-terminal domain localizes to actin fibers and stabilizes them, and this effect is not affected by angiostatin. Transfection of p130 angiomotin into MAE cells results in change in cell shape, increased average cell size and stress fiber formation. So p80 is involved in cell migration and expressed during migratory phase. While p130 controls cell shape by interaction with actin, and is expressed during the period of blood vessel stabilization and maturation. The relative expression levels of p80 and p130 regulate a switch between a migratory and

neg: Amitosis of cytokinesis Fleming H. 2016a. Mitonucleons formed during Differentiation of Ishikawa Endometrial Epithelial Cells are involved in Vacuole Formation that Elevates Monolayer Cells into Domes. Differentiation of Ishikawa Domes, Part 1, Fleming H. 2016b. Pyknotic chromatin in mitonucleons elevating in syncytia undergo karyorhhexis and karyolysis before coalescing into an irregular chromatin mass: Differentiation of Ishikawa Domes, Part 2, Fleming H. 2016c. Chromatin mass from previously aggregated, pyknotic, and fragmented monolayer nuclei is a source for dome cell nuclei generated by amitosis: Differentiation of Ishikawa Domes, Part 3, Gostjeva EV, Zukerberg L, Chung D, Thilly WG. 2006. Bell-shaped nuclei dividing by

neg: Orthoreovirus with σ1, interspersed around the capsid. It has been proposed that λ2 is involved in replication due to its placement at the fivefold axes and its ability to interact with λ3 in solution. σ1, a filamentous trimer extruding from the outer capsid, is responsible for cell attachment by interacting with sialic acid and other entry receptors. μ1 and σ3 are both involved in the attachment and thus entry of the virus via receptor-mediated endocytosis involving the formation of clathrin-coated pits. The only orthoreovirus to not produce syncytia, mammalian orthoreoviruses have the capability of infecting all mammals, but do not cause

neg: JUNQ and IPOD that protein aggregation may actually be a tightly regulated, organized process, by which the cell protects itself from toxic proteins by sequestration to inclusion bodies. In 2008, Daniel Kaganovich showed that eukaryotic cells sort misfolded proteins into two distinct inclusion bodies in a well-managed cellular process: JUNQ and IPOD are evolutionarily conserved, and are found in specific and defined cellular sites. Delivery of misfolded, aggregated proteins to JUNQ and IPOD require an intact cytoskeleton and specific cellular quality control components, such as Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs). The partition into the two distinct inclusion bodies is due to the different handling

neg: Human parainfluenza viruses either packaged and released from the cell by budding or used for subsequent rounds of transcription and replication. The observable and morphological changes that can be seen in infected cells include the enlargement of the cytoplasm, decreased mitotic activity and 'focal rounding,' with the potential formation of multi-nucleate cells (syncytia). The pathogenicity of HPIVs is mutually dependent on the viruses having the correct accessory proteins that are able to elicit anti-interferon properties. This is a major factor in the clinical significance of disease. The main host remains the human. However, infections have been induced in other animals (both under natural

neg: Vimentin when microtubule depolymerizers were present, vimentin reorganization occurred, once again implying a relationship between the two systems. On the other hand, wounded mice that lack the vimentin gene heal slower than their wild type counterparts. In essence, vimentin is responsible for maintaining cell shape, integrity of the cytoplasm, and stabilizing cytoskeletal interactions. Vimentin has been shown to eliminate toxic proteins in JUNQ and IPOD inclusion bodies in asymmetric division of mammalian cell lines. Also, vimentin is found to control the transport of low-density lipoprotein, LDL, -derived cholesterol from a lysosome to the site of esterification. With the blocking of transport

neg: Place cell grid. Contextual cues allow established place fields to adapt to minor changes in the environment, such as a change in object color or shape. Metric and contextual inputs are processed together in the entorhinal cortex before reaching the hippocampal place cells. Visuospatial and olfactory inputs are examples of sensory inputs that are utilized by place cells. These types of sensory cues can include both metric and contextual information. Spatial cues such as geometric boundaries or orienting landmarks are important examples of "metric" input. Place cells mainly rely on set distal cues rather than cues in the immediate proximal environment. Movement

neg: Canarypox hypertrophy in the viral infected areas. Characteristics of avian pox include the formation of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies ('Bollinger bodies') which are composed of mononuclear inflammatory cells and have been detected in the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, middle ear and air sac. Similar inclusion bodies which are associated with inflammation have also been seen in the epidermis, feather follicles, sinuses and oral mucosa lining. Apart from the symptoms mentioned above, more general signs of infection include weight loss, loss of feathers and scaly skin on the head, neck and back. Secondary bacterial infections are common with both forms of the disease,

neg: Viroplasm Viroplasm A viroplasm is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation. A viroplasm is a perinuclear or a cytoplasmic large compartment where viral replication and assembly occurs. The viroplasm formation is caused by the interactions between the virus and the infected cell, where viral products and cell elements are confined. Virosomes are also called 'virus factories', and 'virus inclusions'.

neg: Cytotrophoblast the decidua, they lose their ability to proliferate and become invasive. This departure from the cell cycle seems to be due to factors such as TGF-β and decorin. Although these invasive interstitial cytotrophoblasts can no longer divide, they retain their ability to form syncytia. Multinucleated giant cells (small syncytia) are found in the placental bed and myometrium as a result of the fusion of interstitial cytotrophoblasts. Interstitial cytotrophoblasts may also transform into endovascular cytotrophoblasts. The primary function of the endovascular cytotrophoblast is to penetrate maternal spiral arteries and route the blood flow through the placenta for the growing embryo to

neg: Pediastrum duplex "asperum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "clathratum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "convexum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "cornutum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "gracillimum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "irregulare" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "longicorne" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "reticulatum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "rugulosum" "Pediastrum duplex" var. "subgranulatum" Pediastrum duplex Pediastrum duplex is a species of fresh water green algae in the genus "Pediastrum". They form nonmotile coenobia (colonies) with a fixed number of cells. These coenobia are flat and have a circular shape. The cell bodies are polygonal, are granulated and have horn-like projections. They reproduce these autocolonies asexually. The colonies usually contain 8 to 32 cells, with examples of

neg: Pediastrum duplex Pediastrum duplex Pediastrum duplex is a species of fresh water green algae in the genus "Pediastrum". They form nonmotile coenobia (colonies) with a fixed number of cells. These coenobia are flat and have a circular shape. The cell bodies are polygonal, are granulated and have horn-like projections. They reproduce these autocolonies asexually. The colonies usually contain 8 to 32 cells, with examples of 4, 64 or 128 occurring rarely. "Pediastrum duplex brachylobum" "Pediastrum duplex clathratum" "Pediastrum duplex cohaerens" "Pediastrum duplex duplex" "Pediastrum duplex" f. "denticulatum" "Pediastrum duplex gracillimum" "Pediastrum duplex regulosum" "Pediastrum duplex reticulatum" "Pediastrum duplex rotundatum" "Pediastrum duplex" var.

neg: Viral transformation well as the synthesis of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. "Physiological changes" include the insufficient movement of ions, formation of secondary messengers, and activation of cellular cascades to continue cellular activity. "Biochemically", many viruses inhibit the synthesis of host DNA, RNA, proteins directly or even interfere with protein-protein, DNA-protein, RNA-protein interactions at the subcellular level. "Genotoxicity" involves breaking, fragmenting, or rearranging chromosomes of the host. Lastly, "biologic effects" include the viruses' ability to affect the activity of antigens and immunologlobulins in the host cell. There are two types of cytocidal infections, productive and abortive. In productive infections, additional infectious viruses

neg: Potyviridae is around 12–15 nm, with a length of 200–300 nm. Genomes are linear and not segmented, bipartite, around 8–12kb in length, consisting of positive-sense RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat made up of a single viral encoded protein called a capsid. All induce the formation of virus inclusion bodies called cylindrical inclusions (‘pinwheels’) in their hosts. These consist of a single protein (about 70 kDa) made in their hosts from a single viral genome product. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA

neg: Pseudorabies associated with a certain ability to create syncytia (cell fusion) in tissue cultures (syncytial virus strains). Comprehensive restriction fragment pattern analyses of virus DNA have documented that the more virulent strains had not been introduced from abroad but had developed in two steps from the original Danish strains. The correlation between high virulence of virus strains and syncytium formation in tissue cultures was confirmed by examinations of isolates from other countries. This second step in the severity development of the disease in Denmark caused the decision to eradicate. New outbreaks after the eradication of the indigenous infection by the end

neg: Combretastatin called the colchicine site, referring to the previously discovered vascular disrupting agent colchicine. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization prevents cancer cells from producing microtubules. Microtubules are essential to cytoskeleton production, intercellular movement, cell movement, and formation of the mitotic spindle used in chromosome segregation and cellular division. The anti-cancer activity from this action results from a change in shape in vasculature endothelial cells. Endothelial cells treated with combretastatin rapidly balloon in shape causing a variety of effects which result in necrosis of the tumor core. The tumor edge is supported by normal vasculature and remains, for the most part, unaffected. As

neg: Muscle that the MyHc genes are present in the sponges that have contractile elements but no true muscle cells. Furthermore, Steinmetz et all showed that the localization of this duplicated set of genes that serve both the function of facilitating the formation of striated muscle genes and cell regulation and movement genes were already separated into striated myhc and non-muscle myhc. This separation of the duplicated set of genes is shown through the localization of the striated myhc to the contractile vacuole in sponges while the non-muscle myhc was more diffusely expressed during developmental cell shape and change. Steinmetz et al.

neg: Orbivirus matrix protein of the granular viral inclusion bodies that form within the cytoplasm of infected cells. These viral inclusion bodies act as the centres of viral replication. The membrane glycoproteins NS3 and NS3a are expressed in large numbers in insect cells, but not in mammalian cells. They are involved in the release of progeny virus particles from infected cells and may be involved in determination of both vector competence and virulence. Many orbiviruses preferentially infect vascular endothelial cells. Orbiviruses enter the host cell by endocytosis and the outer capsid is subsequently removed. The whole cycle of viral replication takes place

neg: Huntington's disease bodies have been found in both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Inclusion bodies in cells of the brain are one of the earliest pathological changes, and some experiments have found that they can be toxic for the cell, but other experiments have shown that they may form as part of the body's defense mechanism and help protect cells. Several pathways by which mHTT may cause cell death have been identified. These include: effects on chaperone proteins, which help fold proteins and remove misfolded ones; interactions with caspases, which play a role in the process of removing cells; the toxic effects

neg: Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung (GCCL) is a rare histological form of large-cell lung carcinoma, a subtype of undifferentiated lung cancer, traditionally classified within the non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). The characteristic feature of this highly lethal malignancy is the distinctive light microscopic appearance of its extremely large cells, which are bizarre and highly pleomorphic, and which often contain more than one huge, misshapen, pleomorphic nucleus ("syncytia"), which result from cell fusion. Although it is common in the lung cancer literature to refer to histologically mixed tumors containing significant numbers of malignant giant cells as "giant-cell

neg: Trisynaptic circuit bodies are two clusters of cell bodies found at the ends of the posterior fibres of the fornix within the diencephalon. The mammillary bodies relay information from the hippocampal formation (via the fornix) to the thalamus (via the mammillothalamic tract). The mammillary bodies are integral parts of the limbic system and have been shown to be important in recollective memory. The thalamus is a bundle of nuclei located between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. Many of the thalamic nuclei receive inputs from the hippocampal formation. The mammillothalamic tract relays information received from the mamillary bodies (via the fornix) and

neg: Hemichrome red blood cell (RBC) and a red blood cell with unstable haemoglobin (such as in the case of haemolytic anaemia) is that, in a normal RBC, the formation of Heinz bodies is significantly delayed. In cells with unstable haemoglobin, hemichromes are formed soon after the cell has been released into the bloodstream and they precipitate on the membrane’s surface. When haemoglobin is exposed to certain conditions, reversible or irreversible hemichromes are formed. "Reversible" hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of: "Irreversible" hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of: Hemichrome A hemichrome (FeIII) is a form of low-spin methemoglobin (metHb). Hemichromes,

neg: Lewy body Lewy body Lewy bodies are abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells, contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD), the Lewy body dementias (Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), and some other disorders. They are also seen in cases of multiple system atrophy, particularly the parkinsonian variant. They are identified under the microscope when histology is performed on the brain. Lewy bodies appear as spherical masses that displace other cell components. Lewy bodies may be found in the brainstem (within the substantia nigra) or within the cortex. A classical Lewy body is an eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion consisting of

neg: Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies the signs and symptoms of this condition. This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In many cases, an affected person has a parent with the condition. Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB) is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by a loss of intellectual functioning (dementia) and seizures. At first, affected individuals may have difficulty sustaining attention and concentrating. Their judgment, insight, and memory become impaired as the condition progresses.

neg: Inclusion bodies are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions: Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHA are produced by bacteria as inclusion bodies, the size of PHA granules are limited in "E. coli", due to its small bacterial size. Bacterial cell's inclusion bodies are not as abundant intracellularly, in comparison to eukaryotic cells. 70-80% of recombinant proteins expressed "E. coli" are contained in inclusion bodies (i.e., protein aggregates). The purification of the expressed proteins from inclusion bodies usually require two main steps: extraction of inclusion bodies from the bacteria followed by the solubilisation of the purified inclusion bodies. The use of recombinant proteins can be used to

neg: Mannose 6-phosphate receptor terminal mannose 6-phosphate with similar affinity (CI-MPR = 7 μM, CD-MPR = 8 μM) and have similar signals in their cytoplasmic domains for intracellular trafficking. Elizabeth Neufeld was studying patients who had multiple inclusion bodies present in their cells. Due to the large amount of inclusion bodies she named this condition I-cell disease. These inclusion bodies represented lysosomes that were filled with undigestable material. At first Neufeld thought these patients must have a lack of lysosomal enzymes. . Further study showed that all of the lysosomal enzymes were being made but they were being incorrectly targeted. Instead of being sent

neg: Bacterial cell structure Bacterial cell structure The bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms. Perhaps the most elemental structural property of bacteria is their morphology (shape). Typical examples include: Cell shape is generally

neg: Plasmodium (life cycle) fusion of cells after division. The term plasmodium, introduced by Leon Cienkowski, usually refers to the feeding stage of slime molds; these are macroscopic myxomycetes. The multinucleate developmental stages of some intracellular parasites, namely Microsporidia (now in Fungi) and Myxosporidia (now in Cnidaria), former cnidosporans, are also sometimes called plasmodia. Similarly, in Rhizaria, the ameboid, multinucleate protoplasts of some Cercozoan algae, e.g. Chlorarachniophyta, are called plasmodia. These lack cell walls; the syncytia are created by cell fusion. Some plasmodiophorids and haplosporidians are other multinucleated rhizarians. Plasmodium (life cycle) A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei,

neg: Henipavirus G (attachment) protein tetramers. The function of the G protein is to attach the virus to the surface of a host cell via EFNB2, a highly conserved protein present in many mammals. The structure of the attachment glycoprotein has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The F protein fuses the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, releasing the virion contents into the cell. It also causes infected cells to fuse with neighbouring cells to form large, multinucleated syncytia. As all mononegaviral genomes, Hendra virus and Nipah virus genomes are non-segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA. Both genomes are 18.2 kb in length

neg: Inclusion bodies bodies despite being dense particles are highly hydrated and have a porous architecture. Inclusion bodies have a non-unit lipid membrane. Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein. However, this has recently been contested, as green fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusion bodies, which indicates some resemblance of the native structure and researchers have recovered folded protein from inclusion bodies. When genes from one organism are expressed in another organism the resulting protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya for example, and expressed as

neg: Syncytium Syncytium A syncytium or symplasm (; plural syncytia; from Greek: "σύν (syn)" = "together" + "κύτος (kytos)" = "box, i.e. cell") is a multinucleated cell that can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e., cells with a single nucleus), in contrast to a coenocyte, which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cytokinesis. The term may also refer to cells interconnected by specialized membrane with gap junctions, as seen in the heart muscle cells and certain smooth muscle cells, which are synchronized electrically in an action potential. Another (correct and well-established) use of the word syncytium is

neg: Diffusionless transformation Homogeneous lattice-distortive strains, also known as Bain strains, are strains that transform one Bravais lattice into a different one. This can be represented by a strain matrix S which transforms one vector, y, into a new vector, x: This is homogeneous as straight lines are transformed to new straight lines. Examples of such transformations include a cubic lattice increasing in size on all three axes (dilation) or shearing into a monoclinic structure. Shuffles, as the name suggests, involve the small movement of atoms within the unit cell. As a result, pure shuffles do not normally result in a shape change

neg: Hirano body Sommer’s sector (CA1) of the hippocampus, mostly arising from age related changes in the microfilament system. Hirano bodies are often described as rod-shaped, crystal-like, and eosinophilic (pink after staining with haematoxylin and eosin). They are frequently seen in hippocampal pyramidal cells. An experimental model of Hirano body formation has been reported, using a genetically altered strain of the slime mold "Dictyostelium discoideum". Hirano bodies have been noted as a function of age without obvious underlying neurodegeration. The Sommer’s sector (CA1) of the hippocampus has been described to be influential in the formation of new memories, as well as, containing inclusion

neg: Suberites proteins such as SDLAGL that are highly similar to yeast and human homologs. Certain inorganic materials, such as iron and selenium, influence the growth of "Suberites", including the primmorph growth and spicule formation. "Suberites" undergo cell differentiation through a variety of mechanisms based on cell-cell communication. "Suberites" are key examples of the importance of the extracellular matrix in animals. In sponges, it is mediated by proteoglycans. Spicule formation is also important for "Suberites". Spicules are structural support of sponges, similar to skeletons in higher animals. They are normally hollow structures that are formed by lamellar growth. Whereas higher animal skeletons

neg: Schistocyte present in blood can be a sign of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Schistocytes are fragmented red blood cells that can take on different shapes. They can be found as triangular, helmet shaped, or comma shaped with pointed edges. Schistocytes are most often found to be microcytic with no area of central pallor. There is usually no change in deformability, but their lifespan is lower than that of a normal red blood cell (120 days). This is due to their abnormal shape which can cause them to undergo hemolysis or be removed by macrophages in the spleen. Schistocyte formation occurs as

neg: Nerve guidance conduit ability of cell processes to stretch out across curves and pores allows for the formation of multiple cell layers with complex 3D configurations. The three distinct ways by which the cells acquired a 3D shape are: In conventional cell culture, growth is restricted to one plane, causing monolayer formation with most cells contacting the surface; however, the 3D curvature of the aragonite surface allows multiple layers to develop and for astrocytes far apart to contact each other. It is important to promote process formation similar to 3D "in vivo" conditions, because astrocytic process morphology is essential in guiding directionality of

neg: Raccoonpox virus mature virions are lodged to maintain viral infectivity even if the cell lyses. Cell lines infected with RCN, volepox virus (VPX), or skunk poxvirus (SKP), and other orthopoxviruses that are all HAD+ (hemagglutinating viruses based on adherence to erythrocytes to infected cells), form large syncytia (multinucleated cells that can result from the fusion of uninuclear cells), suggest that, conformationally, distinct functional HA’s influence polykaryocytosis (process of fusion). RCN has cytopathic effects (CPE) in monkey kidney tissue cultures (MKTC). Seen on 11h day of incubation, characterized by rounding and granular appearance of cells. When inoculated on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of

neg: Odontoblast Odontoblast In vertebrates, an odontoblast is a cell of neural crest origin that is part of the outer surface of the dental pulp, and whose biological function is dentinogenesis, which is the formation of dentin, the substance beneath the tooth enamel on the crown and the cementum on the root. Odontoblasts are large columnar cells, whose cell bodies are arranged along the interface between dentin and pulp, from the crown to cervix to the root apex in a mature tooth. The cell is rich in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, especially during primary dentin formation, which allows it to have

neg: Muscle memory (strength training) Muscle memory is probably related to the cell nuclei residing inside the muscle fibers, as is described below. The muscle cells are the largest cells in the body with a volume thousands of times larger than most other body cells. To support this large volume, the muscle cells are one of the very few in the mammalian body that contain several cell nuclei. Such multinucleated cells are called syncytia. Strength-training increases muscle mass and force mainly by changing the caliber of each fiber rather than increasing the number of fibers. During such fiber enlargement muscle stem cells in the muscle

neg: Eshelby's inclusion Eshelby's inclusion In continuum mechanics, the term Eshelby's inclusion or Eshelby's inclusion problems refers to a set of problems involving ellipsoidal elastic inclusions in an infinite elastic body. Analytical solutions to these problems were first devised by John D. Eshelby in 1957. Eshelby started with a thought experiment on the possible stress, strain, and displacement fields in a linear elastic body containing an inclusion. In particular, he considered the situation in which the inclusion has undergone a transformation (such as twinning or localized thermal expansion) but its change in shape and size are restricted because of the surrounding material. In

neg: Multinucleate animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions. Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into "syncytia" (formed by cell fusion) or "coenocytes" (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis). Some bacteria, such as "Mycoplasma pneumoniae," a pathogen of the respiratory tract, may display multinuclear filaments as a result of a delay between genome replication and cellular division. Some biologists use the term "acellular" to refer to multinucleate cell forms (syncitia and plasmodia), such as to differentiate "acellular" slime molds from the purely "cellular" ones (which do not

neg: CellSqueeze the device, the channel width gradually narrows. The cell's flexible membrane allows it to change shape and become thinner and longer, allowing it to squeeze through. As the cell becomes more and more narrow, it shrinks in width by about 30 to 80 times its original size and the forced rapid change in cell shape temporarily creates holes in the membrane, without damaging or killing the cell. While the cell membrane is disrupted, target molecules that pass by can enter the cell through the holes in the membrane. As the cell returns to its normal shape, the holes in the

neg: Deformation (meteorology) stretch (also known as the "stretching direction"). Several flow patterns are characteristic of large deformation: confluence, diffluence, and shear flow. ', also known as "stretching", is the elongating of a fluid body along the flow (streamline convergence). ', also known as "shearing", is the elongating of a fluid body normal to the flow (streamline divergence). Deformation (meteorology) Deformation is the rate of change of shape of fluid bodies. Meteorologically, this quantity is very important in the formation of atmospheric fronts, in the explanation of cloud shapes, and in the diffusion of materials and properties. The deformation of horizontal wind is

neg: DLC1 the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions - complexes of many proteins located at the termini of actin stress fibers which link the actin cytoskeleton with integrin extracellular matrix receptors. Therefore, when RhoA is inactive, the actin cytoskeletal filaments are unable to form and cell morphology changes, resulting in a default round shape. In addition, focal adhesion formation is inhibited and cells are not well attached to the extracellular matrix and neighbouring cells, thus allowing them to detach and metastasize more readily. The Rho-GTPase Cdc42 is involved in regulation of the cell cycle and preventing inappropriate cell division.

neg: Bacteria optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes. In cell division, two identical clone daughter cells are produced. Some bacteria, while still reproducing asexually, form more complex reproductive structures that help disperse the newly formed daughter cells. Examples include fruiting body formation by "Myxobacteria" and aerial hyphae formation by "Streptomyces", or budding. Budding involves a cell forming a protrusion that breaks away and produces a daughter cell. In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used

neg: Cochlear amplifier concentration specific voltage-sensitivity of prestin. Prestin densely lines the lipid bilayer of the outer hair cell membranes. Therefore, a change in the shape of many prestin proteins, which tend to conglomerate together, will ultimately lead to a change in shape of the OHC. A lengthening of prestin lengthens the hair cell while prestin contraction leads to a decrease in OHC length. Because the OHC is tightly associated with the reticular lamina and the Deiter's cell, shape change of the OHC leads to movement of these upper and lower membranes, causing changes in vibrations detected in the cochlear partition. Upon initial

neg: Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W to development. These multinucleated cells appear very similar to virally induced syncytia. HERV-W's main gene expression is ERVWE-1 which is a highly fusogenic env glycoprotein also called syncytin-1 because it induces the formation of syncytia (multinucleated cells). Scientists began searching for ways that syncytin was involved in placental cytotrophoblast fusion and differentiation. Using monoclonal fluorescently labeled antibodies the Frendo Lab was able to visualize the Env-W expression at the apical membrane of the synctiotrophoblast in first-trimester placentas. They were then able to show syncytin affected both the fusion of the trophoblast to the uterus and the differentiation of the trophoblast.

neg: Cell polarity Cell polarity Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells. Many of the key molecular players implicated in cell polarity are well conserved. For example, in metazoan cells,

neg: Epithelium shows at (1) an epithelial cell infected by "Chlamydia pneumonia"; their inclusion bodies shown at (3); an uninfected cell shown at (2) and (4) showing the difference between an infected cell nucleus and an uninfected cell nucleus. Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics. Epithelial cells tend to cluster together, and have a "characteristic tight pavement-like appearance". But this is not always the case, such as when the cells are derived from a tumor. In these cases, it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification. The intermediate filament proteins

neg: Chicanismo abortions and birth control for the Chicano community, controlled by Chicanas. At the conference, they drafted two manifestos that were called "Sex and the Chicana," and "Marriage-Chicana Style." These documents called for community organization and the right for women to control their own bodies. They also advocated the idea that mothers needed to change their role in the home and educate their children in a way that would re-shape traditional gender roles and behavior. Chicanas continued to meet and would gain some inclusion in both the Chicano and the Feminist movements. The Chicano movement of the 1960s, also known as

neg: Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies their connections with one another, which suggests that this protein may be important for learning and memory. Mutations in the gene result in the production of an abnormally shaped, unstable version of neuroserpin. Abnormal neuroserpin proteins can attach to one another and form clumps (called neuroserpin inclusion bodies or Collins bodies) within nerve cells. These clumps disrupt the cells' normal functioning and ultimately lead to cell death. Progressive dementia results from this gradual loss of nerve cells in certain parts of the brain. Researchers believe that a buildup of related, potentially toxic substances in nerve cells may also contribute to

neg: Human respiratory syncytial virus single-stranded RNA virus of the family "Pneumoviridae". Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes on nearby cells to merge, forming syncytia. Human respiratory syncytial virus is a medium-sized (120–200 nm) enveloped virus that contains a lipoprotein coat and a linear negative-sense RNA genome (must be converted to an anti-sense genome prior to translation). The former contains virally encoded F, G, and SH lipoproteins. The F and G lipoproteins are the only two that target the cell membrane, and are highly conserved among RSV isolates. HRSV is divided into

neg: Autonomic nervous system neuron will begin at the “outflow” and will synapse at the postganglionic, or second, neuron's cell body. The postganglionic neuron will then synapse at the target organ. The sympathetic nervous system consists of cells with bodies in the lateral grey column from T1 to L2/3. These cell bodies are "GVE" (general visceral efferent) neurons and are the preganglionic neurons. There are several locations upon which preganglionic neurons can synapse for their postganglionic neurons: These ganglia provide the postganglionic neurons from which innervation of target organs follows. Examples of splanchnic (visceral) nerves are: These all contain afferent (sensory) nerves as well,

neg: Elater the Dendrocerotaceae). Elater An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores. In many plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. Mosses do not have elaters, but peristome which also change shape with changes in humidity or moisture to allow for a gradual release of spores. In the horsetails, elaters are four ribbon-like appendages attached to the spores.

neg: Elater Elater An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores. In many plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. Mosses do not have elaters, but peristome which also change shape with changes in humidity or moisture to allow for a gradual release of spores. In the horsetails, elaters are four ribbon-like appendages attached to the spores. These appendages

neg: Basal body and organelles within many eukaryotic cells. Cilia and basal bodies form during quiescence or the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Before the cell enters G1 phase, i.e. before the formation of the cilium, the mother centriole serves as a component of the centrosome. In cells that are destined to have only one primary cilium, the mother centriole differentiates into the basal body upon entry into G1 or quiescence. Thus, the basal body in such a cell is derived from the centriole. The basal body differs from the mother centriole in at least 2 aspects. First, basal bodies have basal

neg: Bacterial senescence be defined as irreparable damages to cellular components which ultimately contribute to the decreased fitness of the individual harbouring them. Putative aging factors include damaged DNA strands, old cell-surface material, and mis-folded or aggregated protein. The cell poles of replicating "E. coli" are often used as a proxy for aging factors as each bacterium inherits an old cell-pole (mother’s pole) and a newly synthesized new cell-pole. Inclusion bodies, masses of aggregated damaged or mis-folded proteins, have recently been shown to contribute to the aging of cellular organisms. Senescence in single celled organisms is thought to arise via the asymmetric partitioning

neg: Dendrite each specific neuronal class. One theory on the mechanism of dendritic arbor development is the Synaptotropic Hypothesis. The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic cell (and maturation of excitatory synaptic inputs) eventually can change the course of synapse formation at dendritic and axonal arbors. This synapse formation is required for the development of neuronal structure in the functioning brain. A balance between metabolic costs of dendritic elaboration and the need to cover receptive field presumably determine the size and shape of dendrites. A complex array of extracellular and intracellular cues modulates dendrite development including transcription

neg: Cancerous micronuclei can ultimately lead to cell death. Micronuclei are characterized in the cells that have some sort of DNA damage. This includes damage caused by radiation, harmful chemicals, and random mutations that occur throughout the genome. Micronuclei are small bodies that can be seen budding off of a newly divided daughter cell. Micronuclei can contain a whole chromosome or part of a chromatid. The increased formation of micronuclei is usually an indication of increased DNA damage or mutation. It is characteristically found in cancer cells, or cells that have been exposed to increased risk factors. Micronuclei are small, extranuclear bodies that

neg: Polar body E.L. Mark. They were described as non-functioning egg cells which disintegrated because the spermatozoon, with rare exceptions, could not fertilize them and instead chemically triggered their dissolution. Polar bodies serve to eliminate one half of the diploid chromosome set produced by meiotic division in the egg, leaving behind a haploid cell. To produce the polar bodies, the cell must divide asymmetrically, which is fueled by furrowing (formation of a trench) near a particular point on the cell membrane. The presence of chromosomes induces the formation of an actomyosin cortical cap, a myosin II ring structure and a set of spindle

neg: Cell growth neuron or from a neuron onto other cells. For example, the size of motoneurons usually reflects the size of the motor unit that is controlled by the motoneuron. Invertebrates often have giant neurons and axons that provide special functions such as rapid action potential propagation. Mammals also use this trick for increasing the speed of signals in the nervous system, but they can also use myelin to accomplish this, so most human neurons are relatively small cells. One common means to produce very large cells is by cell fusion to form syncytia. For example, very long (several inches) skeletal muscle

neg: Viroplasm the phenomena of virus aggregation and of the cell response to the presence of virus, and whether viroplasms facilitate or inhibit viral replication, may help to develop new therapeutic approaches against virus infections in animal and plant cells. Viroplasm A viroplasm is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation. A viroplasm is a perinuclear or a cytoplasmic large compartment

neg: Regime change bodies other than nation states. Regime change can be precipitated by revolution or a coup d'état. The Russian Revolution, the 1962 Burmese coup and the 1990 collapse of communism in Eastern Europe (→ #Dissolution of the Eastern Bloc) are consummate examples. Examples of internally driven regime change are the establishment of the French Fifth Republic (1958) and the Federation of Australia. In addition to the above uses, the term 'regime change' can also be used in a more general sense, particularly in academic work, to refer to a change in political institutions or laws that affect the nature of the

neg: Ipomovirus nm. They induce characteristic inclusion bodies (pinwheels) within infected plant cells. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (white fly). Transmission routes are vector and mechanical. The genome is a monpartite linear, single stranded RNA genome of positive polarity about 10-11 kilobases in length. The 3’ terminus has

neg: Oil body Oil body An oil body is a lipid-containing structure found in plant cells. The term can refer to at least two distinct kinds of structures in different kinds of plants. Liverwort oil bodies are structures unique to liverworts that contain isoprenoid essential oils and are surrounded by a single membrane. The size, shape, color, and number of oil bodies per cell is characteristic of certain species and may be used to identify these. Some species of vascular plants also contain intracellular structures called oil bodies. Vascular plant oil bodies consist mainly of triacylglycerols surrounded by a layer consisting of phospholipids