query: how long was the russian war in afghanistan

pos: Soviet–Afghan War Soviet–Afghan War The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups known collectively as the mujahideen, as well as smaller Maoist groups, fought a guerrilla war against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government, mostly in the rural countryside. The mujahideen groups were backed primarily by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, making it a Cold War proxy war. Between 562,000 and 2,000,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. Prior to the arrival of Soviet troops, Afghanistan's communist party

pos: Soviet–Afghan War Soviet war in Afghanistan on the 30th anniversary of its start, and praised the veterans of the conflict. Differing assessments of the war "mustn't erode the Russian people's respect for the soldiers who honestly fulfilled their duty in implementing tasks to combat international terrorism and religious extremists". Duma member Semyon Bagdasarov (Just Russia) advocated that Russia had to reject Western calls for stronger assistance to the US-led ISAF-coalition in Afghanistan and also had to establish contacts with the "anti-Western forces"; the Taliban, in case they regain power. Soviet–Afghan War The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to

neg: The Great Game deals with Ranjit Singh and the Amirs of Sind. Another believes that it started in the aftermath of the Crimean war (1853–6) and Caucasus war (1828–59). One author proposes that The Great Game was over at the end of the First Anglo-Afghanistan war in 1842 with the British withdrawal from Afghanistan. Some authors believe that the Great Game came to a close with the three Anglo-Russian agreements of 1907 which delineated the spheres of interest between British India and Russian Central Asia in the borderland areas of Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. Another that it was trailing off not long after

neg: Rethink Afghanistan Rethink Afghanistan Rethink Afghanistan is a 2009 documentary by Robert Greenwald and Brave New Films, about the US military presence in Afghanistan following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Produced and released eight years into the war, at a time when Congress was considering sending tens of thousands of new troops to Afghanistan, the film asks the American public to reconsider basic questions about the conflict, such as how much will it cost, in lives and money? How long will Americans troops be there? How do we know if we’ve won? What is our exit strategy? The film was

neg: L'étoile du soldat L'étoile du soldat L'Étoile du soldat is a French film by the director Christophe de Ponfilly, who made several movies and documentaries in Afghanistan. The film was released after his suicide in 2006. The film retraces the steps of a Russian guitarist, Nikolaï, from a town outside Moscow. He has a poor relationship with his parents and when Nikolaï is drafted into the Russian army and sent to the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, his father thinks this will make him into a real man. We are then shown how the Russian forces have established a base in a remote

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) Richards, stated on August 8, 2009 that he believed Britain could still be militarily involved in Afghanistan in "30 to 40 years" time, raising the possibility of a military presence in Afghanistan until the year 2050. Asked how long U.S. combat forces would be needed in Afghanistan, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates replied it was "unpredictable" and "perhaps a few years". However, over the longer term, Gates said that even if security were achieved, progress in building Afghanistan's economy and government institutions would remain "a decades-long enterprise", and that the United States was "committed to that side of the equation

neg: Third Anglo-Afghan War the British side. The root cause of the Third Anglo-Afghan War lies many years before the actual fighting commenced. For the British in India, Afghanistan was long seen as a potential source of threat. For a long time the British worried about Russian intentions in the region, concerned that a possible invasion of India could be launched by Tsarist forces through Afghanistan. This period became known as the Great Game. In an effort to negate this threat, the British made numerous attempts at imposing their will upon Kabul, and over the course of the 19th Century fought two wars: the

neg: Mining in Afghanistan seemed to come of their explorations. Following the third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, Afghanistan won its independence from diplomatic domination by the British and it was not long after that a Soviet publication on mineral "riches" first appeared, published by a man who later came to be revered as an early Russian ‘father’ of geologic studies. Nevertheless, in spite of early attempts by the government of Afghanistan to entice Americans to become engaged in resource discovery and extraction in the country, distance from market, economic concerns, and looming worries about World War II caused rejection of the overtures, much to

neg: Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war not last long due to the increasing disillusionment of Pashtun tribes that had supported him and instability from other armed groups. In October 1929, Nadir Shah led forces across the Durand Line to Kabul, taking control of the country and crowning himself King of Afghanistan. Amānullāh Khān reigned in Afghanistan from 1919, achieving full independence from the British Empire shortly afterwards. Before the Treaty of Rawalpindi was concluded in 1921, Afghanistan had already begun to establish its own foreign policy, including diplomatic relations with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1919. During the 1920s, Afghanistan established diplomatic relations with

neg: Mortimer Durand of Afghanistan, the frontier between modern-day Pakistan the successor state of British India and Afghanistan that the garrison of Pandjeh had been slaughtered on the orders of the Russian General Komarov. The Russians wished to stop British occupation of Herat, so Durand was despatched to prevent "the strained relations which then existed between Russia and ourselves, wrote the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, might in itself have proved the occasion of a long miserable war." Tensions at home in British newspapers heightened the urgency of the incident, threatening war in Central Asia, which Rahman was desperate to avoid. A telephone line was

neg: Rick Santorum stated that these expired casings were not part of the WMDs threat that the Iraq War was launched to contain. Santorum has said the war on terror can be won and is optimistic about U.S. involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan in the long term. He has defended the treatment of prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, including waterboarding, and stated that John McCain, who opposes the practice, "doesn't understand how enhanced interrogation works." Santorum called the War in Afghanistan "a very winnable operation" in 2012, dismissing efforts for withdrawal by 2014. He similarly criticized President Obama's foreign policy, saying he was "not

neg: Russians in Afghanistan Russians in Afghanistan There are estimated to be 1,500 Russians living in Afghanistan. In the 1960s and 1970s, due to cooperation between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, there were roughly 10,000 Russian expatriate engineers, interpreters, construction workers, and other similar professionals living in the country, a figure which had grown to 15,000 by the eve of the Soviet-Afghan War. However, they mostly left the country during or after the war. There was some Russian-language media, but it closed down during the period of Taliban government. In Balkh Province, near the border with Uzbekistan, there are also reported to be numerous

neg: First Anglo-Afghan War for the occupation of Afghanistan was changed by the Oriental Crisis when Mohammad Ali the Great, the "vali" (governor) of Egypt who was a close French ally, rebelled against the Sublime Porte; during the subsequent crisis, Russia and Britain co-operated against France, and with the improvement in Anglo-Russian relations, the need for a buffer state in Central Asia decreased. The Oriental Crisis of 1840 almost caused an Anglo-French war, which given the long-standing Franco-Russian rivalry caused by Nicholas's detestation of Louis-Philippe as a traitor to the conservative cause, inevitably improved relations between London and St. Petersburg, which ultimately led to

neg: Leonid Khabarov Leonid Khabarov Leonid Khabarov (; born May 8, 1947) is a former Soviet military officer whose battalion was the first Soviet Army unit to cross the border into the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan on December 25, 1979, serving as the "de facto" beginning of the decade-long Soviet war in Afghanistan. He received widespread media attention after he was arrested on charges of fomenting a "coup d'état" while serving as a Russian ROTC chief in 2011. He was accused of having created a master plot to overthrow local authorities in the Ural region of Russia for the purpose of launching a

neg: Ross Kemp in Afghanistan used in this way. The director commented: "We had long discussions about the HD cameras. The advantages are pictures of amazing sharpness, how all the awful things of war are caught in a kind of surreal colour, war in all its terrible detail. There was, of course, a price to pay for this." The HD cameras were approximately four times heavier than the cameras which are usually used for filming of this type. They are also more than 20 times more expensive, costing up to £100,000 each. The series in Afghanistan took place in sand storms and temperatures of over

neg: All Costs Paid friends killed in Afghanistan. For them the war had not ended. All Costs Paid All Costs Paid ( translit. "Za vsyo zaplacheno") is a Soviet TV miniseries produced by Studio Ekran. The director Aleksei Saltykov well known for his film "The Chairman" ( translit. ""Predsedatel"" ) with Mikhail Ulyanov, an acclaimed Russian actor playing a main character. "All Costs Paid" is one of the first Soviet feature films that shows the war in Afghanistan. Film has unusually truthful point of view on that period of Soviet Era and on the Soviet war in Afghanistan. After the war several Russian ex-soldiers

neg: First Anglo-Afghan War office in the United Kingdom was passed, which the ultra-conservative Emperor Nicholas I of Russia openly disapproved of, settling the stage for an Anglo-Russian "cold war", with many believing that Russian autocracy and British democracy were bound to clash. In 1837, Lord Palmerston and John Hobhouse, fearing the instability of Afghanistan, the Sindh, and the increasing power of the Sikh kingdom to the northwest, raised the spectre of a possible Russian invasion of British India through Afghanistan. The Russian Empire was slowly extending its domain into Central Asia, and this was seen by the East India Company as a possible

neg: Afghanistan–Russia relations Soviet Union and formed the basis of friendly relations during the 1920s. Early Soviet assistance included financial aid, aircraft and attendant technical personnel, and telegraph operators. During Amanullah Khan's visit to Moscow in 1928 he was greeted as a close friend of the still diplomatically isolated Soviet Union. The Cold War spanned the 1950s to the 1990s. The conflict shaped Russian foreign policy towards developing countries, emphasizing the creation of puppet, proxy, and buffer states. At the beginning of Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1953, the Soviets' long term objectives were to threaten the Iranian oilfields, strengthen their influence in

neg: Afghanistan–Russia relations history of Afghan-Russian relations. Once again, the British-Russian rivalry boiled over after Russia seized several oases from Afghanistan. The British threatened war, but the nations made an agreement in 1887 establishing a buffer zone in Central Asia. The 1916 anti-Russian rioting in Turkistan led to the Basmachi movement, which received some support from the Afghan government. The Basmachi rebels used parts of Afghanistan as a safe haven until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, when Vladimir Lenin and other communist party leaders made efforts to gain support from the considerable Muslim population of their country. In the wake of World War

neg: Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom) a high premium as these units sustained the heaviest casualties as the battle of Maiwand in July 1880. Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom) The Afghanistan Medal was awarded to members of the British and Indian armies who served in Afghanistan between 1878–1880 during the Second Afghan War, the first war being from 1839–1842. The war was caused by British fears of increasing Russian involvement in Afghan affairs. In 1877 the Afghan Amir refused to accept a British Resident and in 1878 agreed a treaty with Russia granting it protective rights in Afghanistan. In response, a British-led force entered the country and

neg: Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom) Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom) The Afghanistan Medal was awarded to members of the British and Indian armies who served in Afghanistan between 1878–1880 during the Second Afghan War, the first war being from 1839–1842. The war was caused by British fears of increasing Russian involvement in Afghan affairs. In 1877 the Afghan Amir refused to accept a British Resident and in 1878 agreed a treaty with Russia granting it protective rights in Afghanistan. In response, a British-led force entered the country and advanced on Kabul. After defeats at Ali Musjid and Peiwar Kotal, the Afghans sued for peace and accepted

neg: Abdul Shakoor Rashad Governor Abdul Ghani Khan and the officials of that time, his vote box was confiscated by the police from the election bureau. In this movement the high-profile leaders, writers, activists such as Hasham Maiwandwal(Prime Minister of Afghanistan), Abdul Rauf Benawa, Sadiqullah Reshteen, Faiz Mohammad Angar, Khwakhuzhi Sahib, Abdul Hye Habibi, Noor Mohammad Angar, Bari Jahani, Habibullah Rafi, Gul Pacha Ulfat, Basarki Sahab and others were associated with him. Abdul Shakoor remained in Afghanistan during the Russian invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989) and the Civil War in Afghanistan followed by the withdrawal of the Russian forces form Afghanistan. He wrote several poems

neg: European influence in Afghanistan established foundations for Afghan neutrality. The convention provided for Russian acquiescence that Afghanistan was now outside this sphere of influence, and for Russia to consult directly with Britain on matters relating to Russian-Afghan relations. Britain, for its part, would not occupy or annex Afghan territory, or interfere in Afghanistan's internal affairs. During World War I, Afghanistan remained neutral despite pressure to support Turkey when its sultan proclaimed his nation's participation in what it considered a holy war. Habibullah did, however, entertain an Indo-German–Turkish mission in Kabul in 1915 that had as its titular head the Indian nationalist Mahendra Pratap and

neg: Lester W. Grau "The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War", co-authored with Ali Jalali, was published in 1998. "The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost", a translation from a study prepared for the Russian General Staff, was published in 2000, and is almost 700 libraries. "The Partisan's Handbook", first published in the Soviet Union in 1942. and "The Coils of the Anaconda: America's First Conventional Battle in Afghanistan" were published in 2011. He is also republishing General Skeen's 1932 "Passing It On: Short Talks on Tribal Fighting On the North-West Frontier of India." He is an

neg: Political positions of Newt Gingrich nuclear capability and missiles." Gingrich strongly supports the War in Afghanistan even though at times Gingrich has stated that the war in Afghanistan might not end well. Gingrich also stated in June 2011, "There is a radical Islamist war against America and our allies. It would be helpful if President Obama had found time in his speech tonight to explain to the American people how we are going to win this war. Giving a speech in isolation about our military operations in Afghanistan without explaining how it connects with a larger strategy for winning the war against radical Islamists does

neg: The Great Game had always paid tribute to Afghanistan, and the Russians argued that this district was part of the Khanates of Khiva and Merv which they had annexed earlier. The Afghan Boundary Commission was supposed to have settled the dispute, however the battle occurred before its arrival. The Afghan force of 500 was completely overwhelmed by the superior Russian numbers. Britain did not aid Afghanistan as was required by the Treaty of Gandamak, leading the Amir to believe that he could not rely on the British in the face of Russian aggression. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck saw how important the Great

neg: Russian conquest of Central Asia with British and Russian agents supporting the two sides. Brittan ended the siege by occupying a Persian island. In 1838 Charles Stoddart went to Bokhara and was arrested. In 1841 Arthur Conolly went to secure his release and both were executed in 1842. During the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) Brittan invaded Afghanistan, was driven out, re-invaded and withdrew. The British took Sindh in 1843 and Punjab in 1849, thereby gaining the Indus River and a border with Afghanistan. The Crimean War occurred in 1853-56. A second Persian attack on Herat led to the Anglo-Persian War of 1856-57. The Indian Mutiny

neg: Invasions of Afghanistan November 1818. During the nineteenth century, Afghanistan was invaded twice from British India, during the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838–1842 with the intention of limiting Russian influence in the country and quelling raiding from across the border. Unlike previous invasions of Afghanistan, the 1842 invasion failed. After the Indian Mutiny, they launched a second invasion for the same reasons in the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878–1880, and succeeded, capturing the major cities and forcing Afghanistan into a subservient quasi-client status. A final conflict emerged in the Third Anglo-Afghan War, when the Afghan government tried to use the aftermath of World

neg: Mining in Afghanistan first geological mapping and mineral resource assessments in Afghanistan, and on into the twentieth century, the British maintained a comprehensive interest in resources of Afghanistan. This was done while also improving their military intelligence on resources and topographic detail that would be needed in the event of any unrest in the machinations of their Great Game face-off against the Russian Empire, and as long as they could maintain their British Raj (rule) of the Indian subcontinent. A number of other nationalities (German, French, Russian) also looked at geology and resources in the country from time to time but nothing much

neg: Russian conquest of Central Asia that are directly relevant to the present article. A Russian invasion of India seems improbable, but a number of British writers considered how it might be done. When little was known about the geography it was thought that they could reach Khiva and sail up the Oxus to Afghanistan. More realistically they might gain Persian support and cross northern Persia. Once in Afghanistan they would swell their armies with offers of loot and invade India. Alternatively they might invade India and provoke a native rebellion. The goal would probably not be the conquest of India but to put pressure on

neg: Alexander Izvolsky in the military, who demanded a revanchist war against Japan and military advance into Afghanistan. His allies in the government included Pyotr Stolypin and Vladimir Kokovtsov. He concluded the Russo-Japanese Agreement of 1907 to improve relations with Japan. Having been approached by King Edward VII during the Russo-Japanese War with a proposal of alliance, he made it a primary aim of his policy when he became Foreign Minister, feeling that Russia, weakened by the war with Japan, needed another ally besides France; this resulted in the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. Another primary objective was to realize Russia's long-standing goal of

neg: RML 7-pounder Mountain Gun effected by studs on the body of the shell. Elevation was by quoin or wedge and by screw. Britain deployed several guns mounted on Colonial (or "Kaffraria") carriages : light field gun type carriages with larger wider-spaced wheels suited for being horse-drawn across long grass. An RML 7-pounder Mountain Gun appears to be present in a photograph by John Burke (photographer) from the Second Anglo-Afghan War (November 1878 – September 1880). The war began when Great Britain, fearful of what it saw as growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, invaded the country from British India. The first phase of the war

neg: Emirate of Afghanistan between 1839 and 1842. During the war, Britain occupied the country, in an effort to prevent Afghanistan from coming under Russian control and curb Russian expansion. The war ended with a temporary victory for the United Kingdom, which, however, had to withdraw so that Dost Muhammad came to power again. Upon the death of Dost Muhammad in 1863, he was succeeded by his son, Sher Ali Khan. However, three years later, his older brother Mohammad Afzal Khan overthrew him. In 1868, Mohammad Afzal Khan was himself overthrown and replaced as Emir by Sher Ali, who returned to the Throne. Sher

neg: Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton Social Darwinism regards the plight of the starving and dying Indians. Britain was deeply concerned throughout the 1870s about Russian attempts to increase its influence in Afghanistan, which provided a Central Asian buffer state between the Russian Empire and British India. In September 1878, Lytton sent an emissary to Afghanistan who was refused entry. The Amir of Afghanistan, Sher Ali Khan, was perceived at this point to have sided with Russia above Britain. Considering himself left with no real alternative, in November 1878, Lytton ordered an invasion which sparked the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Britain won virtually all the major battles

neg: Disinformation from the Russian "dezinformatsiya", and began to utilize similar strategies during the Cold War and in conflict with other nations. "The New York Times" reported in 2000 that during the CIA's effort to substitute Mohammed Reza Pahlavi for then-Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mossadegh, the CIA placed fictitious stories in the local newspaper. Reuters documented how, subsequent to the 1979 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War, the CIA put false articles in newspapers of Islamic-majority countries, inaccurately stating that Soviet embassies had "invasion day celebrations". Reuters noted a former U.S. intelligence officer said they would attempt to

neg: This Addiction not to say that people can't be happy or find bliss in a relationship. It's just amazing to me how unhappy most people are and they can't shake it and can't fix it, much like an addiction." He also discussed the politically themed "The American Scream", a song inspired by the suicide of a United States Army soldier after his return from the War in Afghanistan: "For a long time we were afraid to write overtly political songs but I read this article about a US soldier that came back from a tour of duty in Afghanistan and blew his

neg: First Anglo-Afghan War First Anglo-Afghan War, the Russians did advance steadily southward towards Afghanistan. In 1842 the Russian border was on the other side of the Aral Sea from Afghanistan; but five years later the tsar's outposts had moved to the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. By 1865 Tashkent had been formally annexed, as was Samarkand three years later. A peace treaty in 1873 with Amir Alim Khan of the Manghit Dynasty, the ruler of Bukhara, virtually stripped him of his independence. Russian control then extended as far as the northern bank of the Amu Darya. In 1878, the British invaded again,

neg: Afghanistan–Russia relations I, the Bolsheviks were occupied with the Russian Civil War and other domestic issues, so Russia was less threatening compared to British imperialism. In 1919, Britain invaded for a third time in the Third Anglo-Afghan war. Soviet Russia indirectly supported Afghanistan during the war by becoming the first country to establish diplomatic relations with them in 1919, and recognizing their borders. A British attempt to assassinate the Afghan premier, Amanullah Khan, in June 1920 led to Afghanistan quickly signing a draft of an Afghan-Soviet nonaggression pact which was formalized in 1921. The treaty provided for Afghan transit rights through the

neg: All Costs Paid All Costs Paid All Costs Paid ( translit. "Za vsyo zaplacheno") is a Soviet TV miniseries produced by Studio Ekran. The director Aleksei Saltykov well known for his film "The Chairman" ( translit. ""Predsedatel"" ) with Mikhail Ulyanov, an acclaimed Russian actor playing a main character. "All Costs Paid" is one of the first Soviet feature films that shows the war in Afghanistan. Film has unusually truthful point of view on that period of Soviet Era and on the Soviet war in Afghanistan. After the war several Russian ex-soldiers went to Siberia to raise money for a memorial to their

neg: Third Anglo-Afghan War subsidy. The British had traditionally wanted Afghanistan as a buffer state between India and the Russian Empire. In 1919, the Russian Civil War was raging and any threat from Russia to India at the time was potential rather than real. Moreover, the British were by far the largest supporters of the White movement in the Russian Civil War with the British contributing more arms to the Whites than all of the other nations supporting the Whites did combined. It was assumed in London that if the Whites won the Civil War, a new era in Anglo-Russian relations might possibly open

neg: John Kruse one, "Red Omega" (1981), became a best-seller—a cold war spy thriller involving a CIA plot to murder Stalin using a rogue agent from Extremadura who survived the gulags. It was later followed by a sequel, "Long Live the Dead", and "Hour of the Lily", an epic story of love and war in Russian-occupied Afghanistan. After these three novels, Kruse took up painting. He died in Almuñécar in 2004. John Kruse John Kruse (1921–2004) was an English film and television screenwriter, director and novelist. He is mostly remembered for his work on ITC classic TV series "The Saint", as well as

neg: Machine pistol vertical foregrip was used to replace the standard handguard. The barrel ends at the base of the front sight, which prevents the use of any sort of muzzle device. The Stechkin APS made a comeback in the late 1970s, when Russian Spetsnaz special forces units in Afghanistan used the suppressor-equipped APB variant for clandestine missions in enemy territory, such as during the Soviet–Afghan War. The 9 mm Parabellum Micro Uzi is a scaled-down version of the Uzi SMG, first introduced in 1983. It is 460 mm (18.11 inches) long with the stock extended, and just 250 mm (9.84 inches) long

neg: Anglo-Persian War of the modern state of Afghanistan). The British campaign was successfully conducted under the leadership of Major General Sir James Outram in two theatres—on the southern coast of Persia near Bushehr and in southern Mesopotamia. The war resulted in Persia withdrawing from Herat and signing a new treaty in which it surrendered its claims on the city, and the British withdrawing from southern Persia. In the context of the Great Game—the Anglo–Russian contest for influence in Central Asia—the British wished for Afghanistan to remain an independent country friendly to Britain as a buffer against Russian expansion towards India. They opposed

neg: Soviet–Afghan War and influential mentor in the politics of its poorer and much smaller neighbor. Its involvement ranging from civil-military infrastructure to Afghan society. Since 1947, Afghanistan had been under the influence of the Soviet government and received large amounts of aid, economic assistance, military equipment training and military hardware from the Soviet Union. Economic assistance and aid had been provided to Afghanistan as early as 1919, shortly after the Russian Revolution and when the regime was facing the Russian Civil War. Provisions were given in the form of small arms, ammunition, a few aircraft, and (according to debated Soviet sources) a

neg: Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam social, economic and political interests as well. Numerous opportunities already exist to build that long-term and stable relationship. At the moment, some Afghans see the presence of the U.S. in Afghanistan as a world policing and a force against Al-Qaeda and Taliban. What if there are no more Taliban and war in Afghanistan? How will the U.S. and Afghan government justify their relations? Should this relationship remain merely a donor-recipient exchange, a relationship only to finance, train and advise Afghan National Security Forces? These questions are urgent. The two countries must, through inclusive dialogue, define their relationship and must reach

neg: Foreign relations of Afghanistan in both World War I and World War II. In international forums, Afghanistan generally followed the voting patterns of Asian and African non-aligned countries. During the 1950s and 1960s, Afghanistan was able to use the Russian and American need for allies during the Cold War as a way to receive economic assistance from both countries. However, given that unlike Russia, America refused to give extensive military aid to the country, the government of Daoud Khan developed warmer ties with the USSR while officially remaining non-aligned. Following the coup of April 1978, the government under Nur Muhammad Taraki developed significantly closer

neg: Emirate of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan The Emirate of Afghanistan ( "") was an emirate between Central Asia and South Asia, which is now today's Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The emirate emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, prevailed. The history of the Emirate was dominated by 'the Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom for supremacy in Central Asia. This period was characterized by the expansion of European colonial interests in South Asia. The Emirate of Afghanistan continued the war with the Sikh Empire, which led to the invasion

neg: History of Central Asia and Ashkhabad (from Persia), Merv and Pendjeh (from Afghanistan) all came under Russian control. Russian expansion was halted in 1887 when Russia and Great Britain delineated the northern border of Afghanistan. Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva remained quasi-independent, but were essentially protectorates along the lines of the Princely States of British India. Although the conquest was prompted by almost purely military concerns, in the 1870s and 1880s Turkestan came to play a reasonably important economic role within the Russian Empire. Because of the American Civil War, cotton shot up in price in the 1860s, becoming an increasingly important commodity

neg: Battle of Darzab (2018) the ISIL-K in Jawzjan as its own. Early on U.S. and Afghan government tried to label surrender of ISIL-K fighter to Afghan military as one of the 'successful operation' conducted by the Afghan military. Although the ISIL-K surrendered as a result of defeat at the hands of Talibans. Long War Journal claims that this attempts by U.S. military highlights just how desperate U.S. military is to report success in Afghanistan, and how infrequent those successes are in reality. Chinese camp was an Afghan army base which fell to Taliban control around the time when Ghazni offensive was going on. Afghan

neg: Pakistan–Russia relations Peace and Cooperation encouraged India invasion of East Pakistan. Subsequent Soviet arms sales to India, amounting to billions of dollars on concessional terms, reinforced this argument. The USSR also kept vetoing every resolution regarding the East Pakistan situation that Pakistan brought to the United Nations. The Soviet Union–Pakistan relations (Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик -Пакистан) dated back to 1948 when Moscow directed a farewell message to then-Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Pakistan gained independence during the penultimate times of cold war, and the Russian military involvement in Afghanistan had a long history, going back to Tsarist times in the so-called

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) reduction no later than July 2011." Many that have hopes in President Obama's presidency but oppose the war in Afghanistan are concerned that the war could derail plans for his presidency the way the Vietnam War ruined the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. Speaking against the war in Afghanistan, Senator Russ Feingold said: "It doesn't make sense in the long run. It's going to be bad for the president politically, as well as being a very unwise policy in terms of our national security." Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) Opposition to the Afghanistan war stems from numerous factors,

neg: Siege of Malakand force was second lieutenant Winston Churchill, who later published his account as "". The rivalry between the British and the Russian Empires, named "The Great Game" by Arthur Conolly, centred on Afghanistan during the late 19th century. From the British perspective, Russian expansion threatened to destroy the so-called "jewel in the crown" of the British Empire, India. As the Tsar's troops in Central Asia began to subdue one Khanate after another, the British feared that Afghanistan would become a staging post for a Russian invasion. Against this background the British launched the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1838, and attempted to

neg: Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan Die Linke, failed to make noteworthy gains in these elections, though). Others regarded the unexpected move as a reaction to sharp criticism Germany long faced for opting out a more offensive role in the Afghanistan war. Main Source: Winfried Nachtwei report on Afghanistan Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan The following addresses the events in Northern Afghanistan between April 2009 and 2014. While this part of the country had long been relatively peaceful compared to the all-out war zones of the south and east, tensions would flare up again in 2008 when the German soldiers deployed to the area came under attack

neg: Sandy Gall days in the Makindye police camp. He was one of the original staff on "News at Ten" on 3 July 1967 and became one of its senior presenters. Gall reported from Afghanistan on many occasions, has written several books about Afghanistan, and made three documentaries during the Soviet war in Afghanistan: "Afghanistan: Behind Russian Lines" (1982); "Allah Against the Gunships" (1984); and "Agony of a Nation" (1986). The latter two documentaries were nominated for BAFTA awards. In 1986 Gall established the Sandy Gall's Afghanistan Appeal (SGAA). As of 2006 the charity, which is supported by the Princess of Wales Memorial

neg: Kunduz Province Company, which continues to exist in post-war Afghanistan in the early 20th century. Between one hundred and two-hundred thousand Tajiks and Uzbeks fled the conquest of their homeland by Russian Red Army and settled in northern Afghanistan. During the war in Afghanistan Kunduz was captured by NATO forces. In November 2001, members of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, along with Pakistani military personnel and Afghan sympathizers were airlifted to Pakistan to evade NATO capture in the Kunduz Airlift. In 2008, more details emerged in "Descent into Chaos" by Ahmed Rashid: One senior (U.S.) intelligence analyst told me, "The request was made

neg: 1924 in Afghanistan signs of demoralization; a severe defeat was inflicted on them at Logar, and by November the insurrection in the Khost had generally subsided. The government, however, still maintained a strong force in the Khost. Earlier in the year Russian envoys at Kabul sought to excite anti-British feeling, and in particular to accuse Britain of fomenting the rebellion. In spite of this, relations between Afghanistan and Britain improved considerably. 1924 in Afghanistan The following lists events that happened during 1924 in Afghanistan. After long delay, the Afghan government at length took energetic measures to arrest the lawless gangs which, after committing

neg: Kholm, Afghanistan craftsman. All the material needed for the construction work comes from the region surrounding Kholm, the communities are involved in every step of the development of the palace. The garden needs to be cleaned from old war elements, on several spots in the garden Russian concrete had to be removed. The Russians used the concrete to place their tanks so they would have a stable underground for the recoil when they fired.Together with the local community, AFIR Architects has made a landscape design for the palace garden of BJN. Some elderly of the community could remember how the garden looked

neg: Afghanistan–Russia relations embassy in Moscow. Czarist Russia first established diplomatic relations with Afghanistan in 1837, at a time of strained diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Russia. Imperial Russia desired a direct trading route with India. Initial contact with Afghanistan was viewed with suspicion by the British Empire, which suspected Russia of attempting to expand its territory into the Indian subcontinent. The Russian government opened diplomatic relations with Afghanistan. This, combined with their support of Iranian ruler Mohammad Shah Qajar's attempt to conquer Herat in 1838, resulted in the British invasion of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). Throughout the 19th

neg: Lev Rokhlin KGB and FSB general Anatoly Trofimov (himself shot dead in 2005) told him that the murder appeared to be organized by Russian secret services. Lev Rokhlin Lev Yakovlevich Rokhlin (; 1947–1998) was a career officer in the Soviet and Russian armies. Rokhlin reached the top of the Russian military, quickly rising through the ranks during and after the Soviet war in Afghanistan. He was a member of Russian State Duma and the chairman of State Duma's Defense Committee. Lev Rokhlin was the youngest of three children in the family of a Great Patriotic War soldier, the political exile of Yakov

neg: Cold War (1979–1985) the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in December of that year. Both the Soviet Union and the United States had taken an interest in Afghanistan during the Cold War vying for influence in the neutral mountainous country. To this end, both the Soviet Union and the United States undertook massive infrastructure projects in the underdeveloped nation. So generous was superpower aid that the Afghan Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal once said that, "he could light his American cigarettes with Russian matches." Afghanistan witnessed a period of rising political instability that began with the overthrow of King Zahir Shah in 1973. During

neg: Muhammad Yusuf Uthman Abd al Salam (Abu Abdulaziz al Qatari) thought that al-Qatari left Iraq to join al-Qaeda in Afghanistan where he worked closely with Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam in fighting in the Soviet-Afghan War. Al-Alam News Network claimed that al-Qatari was a teacher and mentor of Osama bin Laden and persuaded him to go to Afghanistan to join the war. From Afghanistan, al-Qatari traveled to Chechnya where he fought against Russian forces. During the late 1990s, al-Qatari returned to Baghdad where he was sentenced to life in prison under the rule of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Amid the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Abu Abdulaziz

neg: 16 Days in Afghanistan business and health. Day 7: On the way to Kabul, he eats and introduces Afghan cuisine. Interview with a UN representative and employee about UN activities in Afghanistan. The representative discusses land mines and how they affect people's lives. Hajher recalls his last days in Afghanistan during the Cold War. Day 8: Interviews with many day laborers and how the current political and economic system affects their lives. Day 9:Interview with the founder of Afghan Human Rights Committee about the involvement of United States and western powers in Afghanistan and terrorism. Day 10: Hajher visits an illegal local hashish bar

neg: War in Afghanistan (2001–present) the strikes marked the first time commanders used their newly granted authorities to target Taliban revenue sources. Vice President Mike Pence announced on 21 December 2017 that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani told him that more senior Taliban leaders have been killed in 2017 than in all prior years of the war combined. Pence also stated that the USA was making great progress with the war in Afghanistan. On 21 August 2017, US President Donald Trump stated that he would expand the American presence in Afghanistan, without giving details on how or when. Trump did not formulate any timelines, troop numbers

neg: Panjdeh incident done. Panjdeh incident The Panjdeh incident of 1885 was a diplomatic crisis between Britain and Russia caused by the Russian Empire's expansion southeast toward Afghanistan and India. After nearly completing their conquest of central Asia the Russians captured an Afghan border fort. Seeing a threat to India, Britain came close to threatening war. Both sides backed down and the matter was settled by diplomacy. The effect was to stop further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the Pamirs, and to define the northwest border of Afghanistan. After the bloody Battle of Geok Tepe in January 1881 and the annexation of

neg: Panjdeh incident Panjdeh incident The Panjdeh incident of 1885 was a diplomatic crisis between Britain and Russia caused by the Russian Empire's expansion southeast toward Afghanistan and India. After nearly completing their conquest of central Asia the Russians captured an Afghan border fort. Seeing a threat to India, Britain came close to threatening war. Both sides backed down and the matter was settled by diplomacy. The effect was to stop further Russian expansion in Asia, except for the Pamirs, and to define the northwest border of Afghanistan. After the bloody Battle of Geok Tepe in January 1881 and the annexation of Merv

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) higher population urban areas. Tom Coghlan of The Times observed: "Students of Afghan history may note that this strategic conclusion was one previously reached by the Soviets, who also switched to a strategy of ceding remote areas and only defending population centres and the country's main arteries in 1986." On July 20, 1987, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan was announced, and within a little over a year and a half the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan was completed. The decade-long war in Afghanistan has also been increasingly compared to the Vietnam War, and increasingly characterized as a quagmire. In

neg: Two Steps from Heaven authority and license for physical punishment and humiliation within the Russian army, the mental suffering which young soldiers and officers endured during their catastrophic experience in Afghanistan, or the gruesome killings of innocent Afghan civilians. The novel first came out in Russian in 1997 in an abridged version. In 2006, it was published by Eksmo, one of the largest publishing houses in Russia. The Russian and English versions can also be found on "Art of War" "", a project dedicated to the soldiers of the recent wars, which was created in 1998 by a Russian veteran of the Afghan war,

neg: Scud Soviet and Afghan Communist forces in Afghanistan, and Iranians and Iraqis against one another in the so-called "War of the cities" during the Iran–Iraq War. Scuds were used by Iraq during the Gulf War against Israel and coalition targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel. More than a dozen Scuds were fired from Afghanistan at targets in Pakistan in 1988. There was also a small number of Scud missiles used in the 1994 civil war in Yemen, as well as by Russian forces in Chechnya in 1996 and onwards. The missiles saw some minor use by forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi

neg: Emirate of Afghanistan of Afghanistan by British-led Indian forces who defeated the Afghans in 1842 but did not accomplish their war objectives. However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the British again defeated the Afghans and this time the British took control of Afghanistan's foreign affairs until Emir Amanullah Khan regained them after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 was signed following the Third Anglo-Afghan War. Escalated a few years after the establishment of the Emirates in 1837, the Russian and British interests were in conflict between Muhammad Shah of Iran and Dost Mohammed Khan, which led to the First Anglo-Afghan War which was fought

neg: Ariana Afghan Airlines was merged back into "Ariana", thus creating an airline which could serve both short and long haul routes. After the end of the Soviet war in 1989 and collapse of Najibullah's government, the Taliban took over Kabul in 1996. Afghanistan faced substantial economic sanctions from the international sector during the Taliban regime. The sanctions, along with the Taliban government's control of the company and the grounding of many of the carrier's international flights, had a devastating effect on the economic health of the company through the 1990s. The fleet was reduced to only a handful of Russian and Ukrainian built

neg: Marek Obrtel this reason, I am filled with sadness, bitterness and disappointment as I was part of the NATO machinery. I also witnessed how drug lords became respectable officials of the so-called state of Kosovo, and how mass murderers became heroes". Marek Obrtel Dr. Marek Obrtel is a Czech Republic Army ex-officer, who served in the Afghanistan War. He is best known for returning the medal he received during his posting in Afghanistan War for NATO operations in protest against the U.S. policy on Russia, calling the North Atlantic alliance a "criminal organization" with "atrocious interests". He served in 11th Field Hospital

neg: Rais Ali Delvari influence under the Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1907. The treaty defined their respective spheres of influence in Iran and Afghanistan and provided a counterweight to German influence. This treaty was widely viewed by Iranians as having made the nation into nothing more than a British and Russian protectorate, so during the World War I, many local rebellions occurred in Iran against the British and Russian forces participating in war against Central powers of World War I. In Northern Iran, Jangal movement of Gilan, was the main operating local force against the British and Russians forces, and in Southern Iran, Qashqai, Tangistani

neg: Charles Frederick Williams his defence of the lines of Constantinople against the Imperial Russian Army. Williams was with General Mikhail Skobelev at the headquarters of the Imperial Russian Army when the Treaty of San Stefano was signed in March 1878. He reported this at the Berlin Congress. At the end of 1878, he was in Afghanistan reporting the war, and in 1879 published the "Notes on the Operations in Lower Afghanistan, 1878–9, with Special Reference to Transport". In the autumn of 1884, representing the Central News Agency of London, Williams also joined the Gordon Relief Expedition, a British mission to relieve in Major-General

neg: Doping in Russia in Russia, and wrote that it resembled how the Soviet Union would respond to a punishment – by saying that it was "politically motivated, always a provocation, never justified. [Even] though the Cold War is long over, President Vladimir Putin remains stuck in the same, snarling defensive crouch in his responses to any accusations of Russian foul play". Andrew Osborn of Reuters wrote that the Russian government had "deftly deflected the blame by passing it off as a Western Cold War-style plot to sabotage Russia's international comeback." In response to Russia's opinion that the allegations were "politically motivated", WADA's former

neg: 2K11 Krug It was used by the Russian Army as a long-range SAM. The early version of the Krug entered service in 1965. The first operational deployment version, the Krug-A, entered service in 1967, with extensively modified versions, the Krug-M in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974, which were developed to rectify problems discovered during army service. The upgraded version Krug-M was fielded in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974. A target drone called 9M316M Virazh, developed from obsolete Krug missiles, was proposed for export in 1994. The 2K11 was briefly operated by the Soviet army during the war in Afghanistan in

neg: Alexander Cockburn to those prostrate beneath the Russian jackboot, but if ever a country deserved rape it's Afghanistan." In an interview with C-SPAN in 1987 Cockburn was questioned by a caller on this statement and he explained that "it was a part of a satirical piece which was tasteless." He went on to say "I would ask you to look at some of the Mujahideen and how they treat women. They have virtual slavery of women. They are in favour of the bride price. And I think a lot of people don't have a slightest of idea of social conditions in Afghanistan."

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) more men and equipment "this war will continue for a very long time". By the peak of the Soviet deployment in 1987, Moscow had 140,000 troops in Afghanistan. In September 2009, with 108,000 to 110,000 foreign troops in Afghanistan under U.S. command and the war soon heading into a 9th year, the military counter-insurgency was not working. A 66-page report by U.S. general Stanley McChrystal to the White House administration on the situation in Afghanistan, leaked in advance of an anticipated troop request, gave his strong assessment that more troops and resources were needed. McChrystal warned: "Resources will not win

neg: James Abbott (Indian Army officer) the army of Sir John Keane, who had been tasked with supporting Shuja Shah Durrani in his bid to wrest power from Dost Mohammad Khan in Afghanistan. The British had been eager to secure Afghanistan, the gateway to India, in light of increasing Russian influence in the central Asia. In 1839 the British learned that Russia was planning an invasion of the Khanate of Khiva. In December 1839 acting Captain Abbott was sent from Herat to Khiva in an attempt to negotiate the release of Russian slaves and thereby deny the Russians a pretext for invasion. If war had already

neg: Battle of Maravar Pass Battle of Maravar Pass The Battle of Maravar Pass was an operation by the 334th Detached Spetsnaz group in the Afghan villages of Sangam and Daridam on April21, 1985, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Mujahideen forces ambushed the Russian force in Maravar Gorge, cutting off its 1st company and inflicting heavy casualties. As Russian reinforcements arrived, the mujahideen covered the civilian evacuation of the gorge and successfully carried out a fighting withdrawal. On March 27, 1985, less than one month before the operation, the 334th Separate Special Purpose Group (OO SpN) was transferred to Asadabad, Province Kunar, Afghanistan from

neg: Zohre Esmaeli father he agreed that she could be taught by private tutors at home. When Esmaeli was thirteen years old her parents sold all their possessions and decided to leave Afghanistan to escape from the war and Taliban regime. Her father left Kabul with three of his children and his second wife on the load bed of a truck. They paid a Russian people smuggling gang to bring them to Germany to join her brothers which already lived there. After a difficult 10000 km long journey over six months via Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Czech Republic they crossed in 1999

neg: Karen Middleton (journalist) the strong response she had received for this article, and about how some who had read it described it as "jawdropping" or "deeply unsettling". 2011 Middleton reported for SBS from Afghanistan in August and published a book through Melbourne University Press on Australia's involvement in the War in Afghanistan, titled 'An Unwinnable War' in September. 2008 Middleton was awarded a Churchill Fellowship. While on assignment in Afghanistan in March 2007, Middleton and other Australian journalists were travelling in an Australian Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter that was fired on with at least one rocket propelled grenade. Middleton's SBS colleague, cameraman Jamie

neg: Vladimir Glebov Vladimir Glebov Colonel Vladimir Ivanovich Glebov () is a Russian military officer who participated in the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the First Chechen War. Vladimir Glebov was mentioned by mass media as "the lieutenant-colonel who was simultaneously recommended to receiving the Hero of the Russian Federation for his bravery, despite being known for vast war crimes during the First Chechen War. Glebov was born in the village of Sukhoye, Oryol Oblast. In 1975 he was conscripted and served in the 23d Missile Brigade of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. In 1981 he graduated from a Higher Military

neg: Lev Rokhlin Lev Rokhlin Lev Yakovlevich Rokhlin (; 1947–1998) was a career officer in the Soviet and Russian armies. Rokhlin reached the top of the Russian military, quickly rising through the ranks during and after the Soviet war in Afghanistan. He was a member of Russian State Duma and the chairman of State Duma's Defense Committee. Lev Rokhlin was the youngest of three children in the family of a Great Patriotic War soldier, the political exile of Yakov Lvovich Rokhlin. In 1948, 8 months after the birth of his son, Yakov was arrested and apparently died in the Gulag prison. Mother, Ksenia

neg: Siege of Herat (1838) an invasion which led to the First Anglo-Afghan War. The Russians responded to their loss of face with an attempted invasion of Khiva. In 1856, the British used the same method to reverse a Persian capture of Herat (Anglo-Persian War). In 1863, Herat was captured by Afghanistan. In 1885, the British prevented a Russian move south to Herat (Pandjeh Incident). A heroic version of Pottinger's activities comes from "History of the War in Afghanistan" by Sir John William Kaye, based on Pottinger's diary. The diary was destroyed by a fire in Kaye's study, so the account cannot be verified. Pottinger's

neg: Russia–United Kingdom relations possessions in India. The two countries fought each other (albeit only with some very limited naval combat) during the Anglo-Russian War (1807–12), after which Britain and Russia became allies against Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars. They both played major cooperative roles at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. From 1820 to 1907, a new element emerged: Russophobia. British elite sentiment turned increasingly hostile to Russia, with a high degree of anxiety for the safety of India, with the fear that Russia would push south through Afghanistan. The result was a long-standing rivalry in central Asia. In addition, there was a

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) U.S. in its invasion. The continued and mounting death tolls of foreign military forces in the decade-long war are another factor involved in the opposition to the war in Afghanistan, with hundreds currently dying per year. By October 2011, the 10th anniversary of the U.S. invasion, over 2,750 foreign soldiers had been killed in the war in Afghanistan. International public opinion is largely opposed to the war in Afghanistan. Polls around the world – including a 47-nation global survey in 2007, a 24-nation survey in 2008, both a 25-nation survey and a 13-nation survey in 2009, and a 22-nation survey

neg: Premiership of Stephen Harper terms. As with any Canadian government, the principal foreign relations issue is the relationship with the United States, Canada's closest neighbour and largest trading partner. The ongoing War in Afghanistan was also a major foreign policy issue for the Harper government, who withdrew Canadian troops from Afghanistan in 2011. As a result of economic sanctions against officials of the Russian government stemming from the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Harper had to contend with a sharp reduction in trade with Russia. Although the majority of Conservative seats were from the Western provinces, the majority of names which Harper

neg: Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition Afghanistan declared neutrality. The Emir feared the Sultan's call to jihad would have a destabilising influence on his subjects. Turkey's entry into the war aroused widespread nationalist and pan-Islamic sentiments in Afghanistan and Persia. The Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 designated Afghanistan to the British sphere of influence. Britain nominally controlled Afghanistan's foreign policy and the Emir received a monetary subsidy from Britain. In reality, however, Britain had almost no effective control over Afghanistan. The British perceived Afghanistan to be the only state capable of invading India, which remained a serious threat. In the first week of August 1914, the German

neg: Irek Hamidullin Irek Hamidullin Irek Irgiz Hamidullin () is a citizen of Russia, who the United States authorities report they captured in Afghanistan in 2009. Hamidullah is said to be a nom de guerre of a Russian in his fifties, who, according to some, defected from the Soviet Union's armed forces, occupying Afghanistan, in the 1980s. His real name is not known, nor how he spent the decades between his defection from the Soviet Union and his capture by the Americans, although the Americans have said they believe he participated in "several" attacks on U.S. forces. It is known that he was

neg: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014) in 2010 – have repeatedly shown considerable opposition to the presence of U.S. and NATO military troops in Afghanistan. While support for the war in Afghanistan has been strongest in the United States and Israel, recent polls have shown growing American opposition to the U.S. war, including majority opposition: The ongoing decade-long war in Afghanistan has repeatedly been the subject of large protests around the world, with the first large-scale demonstrations beginning in the days leading up to the war's official launch on October 7, 2001 as U.S. "Operation Enduring Freedom". In January 2009, an independent analysis by the Carnegie

neg: The Great Game: Afghanistan The Great Game: Afghanistan The Great Game: Afghanistan is a British series of short plays on the history of Afghanistan and foreign intervention there, from the First Anglo-Afghan War to the present day. It is organised into three sets of four plays and draws its name from the 19th and 20th century Great Game, a geopolitical struggle for dominance between The British and Russian Empires. The main plays are linked by monologues and duologues giving historical background and verbatim theatre edited by Richard Norton-Taylor from modern figures linked with western involvement in Afghanistan, such as William Dalrymple, Hillary Clinton, Stanley

neg: A Fort of Nine Towers A Fort of Nine Towers A Fort of Nine Towers is an autobiography by Qais Akbar Omar. It is based on the sufferings of the people of Afghanistan during the present war in Afghanistan. It was first published in 2013 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Qais, the author of "A Fort of Nine Towers", reveals that his work is actually inspired by the works of Khaled Hosseini. It is a non-fiction work, and tells us the author's story in war-bound Afghanistan and how he survives it. The author recounts his childhood memories. The book has received positive reviews

neg: Islam and war The Russian invasion was also the historical event that provoked Osama Bin Laden into migrating to Afghanistan in 1979, the same year he graduated from University. As in the earlier wars against the British and Soviets, Afghan resistance to the American invaders took the traditional form of a Muslim holy war against the infidels. During September 2002, the remnants of the Taliban forces began a recruitment drive in Pashtun areas in both Afghanistan and Pakistan to launch a renewed "jihad" or holy war against the pro-Western Afghan government and the US-led coalition. Pamphlets distributed in secret during the night also

neg: Boris Gromov to leave Afghanistan, crossing on foot the Friendship Bridge spanning the Amu-Daria river on 15 February 1989, the day the Soviet pullout from Afghanistan was completed. He received the highest military award – the golden star of the Hero of the Soviet Union after Operation Magistral had lifted the siege of the city of Khost in eastern Afghanistan. After the Afghan war, he was chosen as a candidate for Vice President by the Communist Party in the Russian presidential election of 1991 (the candidate for President was former Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov). He served as First Deputy Defence Minister of the

neg: War in North-West Pakistan between the Yo'ldoshev-led IMU and a pro-government tribal leader in Azam Warsak, in which 17–19 people died before a ceasefire was announced. According to the military intelligence officials in 2007, there were many key reasons why the Uzbeks had been dominating the area. Military intelligence reports testified that the locals were scared to mobilize the opposition against the Uzbek militants due to their reputations as fierce fighters with long memories and very strong military backgrounds. Some of these fighters used to be soldiers and officers in the Soviet Army during the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s, and some

neg: John Fisher Burns burial of Richard III would conclude Burns' career at the New York Times. In an October 2008 interview with the Russian Ambassador to Afghanistan, Zamir Kabulov, Burns accused Kabulov of being a KGB operative. Burns was awarded the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting citing "his courageous and thorough coverage of the destruction of Sarajevo and the barbarous killings in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina". Burns married Jane Peque Gnat in 1972. The couple divorced in 1989. In 1991, Burns married Jane Scott-Long, who manages the New York Times Baghdad bureau. Burns has two children from his first marriage, Jamie and

neg: Ali Ahmad Jalali Nation Building on the Cheap. 2006. The Washington Post, May 28, 2006 46. The Future of Afghanistan, Parameters, Spring 2006 issue, Carlisle Barracks, Penn, US, Feb 2006 47. Afghanistan in 2002: The Struggle to Win Peace, Asian Survey, University of Berkley, Ca. January 2003 48. Demobilizing War machines: Making Peace last, a paper presented at and published by the U.N. conference on Rebuilding Societies Emerging from Conflict (September 9–11, 2002) 49. Rebuilding Afghanistan’s National Army, Parameters, US. Army War College, Autumn, 2002 50. Afghanistan: Political Participation and Security, Georgetown University, Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding, Summer 2002 51. Russian-Iranian Strategic Partnership,

neg: Nikolai Stoletov the Russo Turkish War of 1877-78. During this conflict he commanded the Russian and Bulgarian forces at the 2nd battle of the Shipka Pass. After the end of the Russo Turkish War Stoletov was made Lieutenant General and appointed commander of the Turkestan Military District and participated in a diplomatic mission to Afghanistan. This mission indirectly led to a confrontation between Afghanistan and the British Empire, as the British demanded that the Afghans also accept a British mission, and when the Amir Sher Ali Khan refused, the British invaded, beginning the Second Anglo-Afghan War. He retired in 1898 and died

neg: Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan 2007, Pesaro 2007, and many others. Directed by Cyrus Frisch and mostly filmed in the Netherlands. Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan Waarom heeft niemand mij verteld dat het zo erg zou worden in Afghanistan (English: "Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan") is the first full length feature film shot with a mobile phone. The films is about a Dutch Afghan War veteran who recalls his experiences during the war and tells how he came to cope with them. The film premiered at major film festivals: the International

neg: Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan Waarom heeft niemand mij verteld dat het zo erg zou worden in Afghanistan (English: "Why Didn't Anybody Tell Me It Would Become This Bad in Afghanistan") is the first full length feature film shot with a mobile phone. The films is about a Dutch Afghan War veteran who recalls his experiences during the war and tells how he came to cope with them. The film premiered at major film festivals: the International Film Festival Rotterdam 2007 (WP), Tribeca Film Festival 2007 (IP), the San Francisco International Film Festival

neg: Afghanistan Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have risen to form major empires. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Its border with British India, the Durand Line, was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter's independence in 1947. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of