query: when did the bank of the united states fail

pos: Bank of United States closure, bank failures reached a critical mass. People flocked to withdraw their money from other banks. In turn, the banks called in loans and sold assets in order to stay liquid. In that month alone, over 300 banks around the country failed. Notes Bank of United States The Bank of United States, founded by Joseph S. Marcus in 1913 at 77 Delancey Street in New York City, was a New York City bank that failed in 1931. The bank run on its Bronx branch is said to have started the collapse of banking during the Great Depression. The Bank of

pos: National Credit Corporation losses of the loaning bank in case the borrowing bank could not repay the loan. National Credit Corporation The National Credit Corporation was an organization created in 1931 in the United States by the Hoover administration to try to stop bank failure stemming from the Great Depression. The Corporation attempted to convince large surviving banks to loan money to failing banks as a solution to bank runs. Many large banks did not believe that investing in failing banks would be secure, so most of them did not support the failing banks. Banks that did provide loans would require that the

neg: Economic history of the United States revenues were handled by the Independent Treasury beginning in 1846. The Second Bank of the U.S. had also maintained some control over other banks, but in its absence banks were only under state regulation. One of the main problems with banks was over-issuance of banknotes. These were redeemable in specie (gold or silver) upon presentation to the chief cashier of the bank. When people lost trust in a bank they rushed to redeem its notes, and because banks issued more notes than their specie reserves, the bank couldn't redeem the notes, often causing the bank to fail. In 1860 there

neg: Osborn v. Bank of the United States Osborn v. Bank of the United States Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738 (1824), was a case set in the Banking Crisis of 1819, when many banks, including the Second Bank of the United States, demanded repayment for loans that they had issued on credit that they did not have. This led to an economic downturn and a shortage of money. In 1819, Ohio passed a law that put a tax on the Bank of the United States on the theory that taxing a bank would allow the state government to receive and distribute

neg: Safety Fund System caused it to fail as deflation soared because the banks of New York began to only accept specie. Upon its initial passing, lawmakers did not realize the impact this insurance could have. The promise of reimbursement caused the system to break down under the burden of numerous bank failures from 1840-1842. This paved the way for the free banking system. The idea of bank liability insurance that was first implemented in the Safety Fund System is still prevalent in the United States banking system today. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was created to ensure that banks are following the precedent

neg: Osborn v. Bank of the United States the other $2,000 had been used to pay the salary of Osborn's tax agents. In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Bank of the United States, ordering the return of the disputed $2,000. Osborn v. Bank of the United States Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738 (1824), was a case set in the Banking Crisis of 1819, when many banks, including the Second Bank of the United States, demanded repayment for loans that they had issued on credit that they did not have. This led to an economic downturn and a

neg: Colonial Bank (United States) and regulators in relation to its accounting practices and its recognition of losses. On August 14, 2009, the bank failed and its 346 branches were seized by regulators. $22 billion of the bank's deposits were subsequently sold by the FDIC to BB&T Corp. The bank's failure was the largest bank failure in 2009 and the 6th largest bank ever to fail in the United States, costing the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund an estimated $2.8 billion. It was also the 74th bank failure of 2009. The bankruptcy trustee for Taylor, Bean & Whitaker Mortgage Corp., once one of the nation’s biggest

neg: Too big to fail risk taking (leverage) than to break them up. Economist Simon Johnson has advocated both increased regulation as well as breaking up the larger banks, not only to protect the financial system but to reduce the political power of the largest banks. One of the most vocal opponents in the United States government of the "too big to fail" status of large American financial institutions in recent years has been Elizabeth Warren. At her first U.S. Senate Banking Committee hearing on February 14, 2013, Senator Warren pressed several banking regulators to answer when they had last taken a Wall Street bank

neg: Federal Reserve Act came through with the First Bank of the United States in 1791. Championed by Alexander Hamilton, this established a central bank that included in a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power (including federal mint and excise taxes). Attempts were made to extend this bank’s charter, but they would fail before the charters expiration in 1811, which would lead to the creation of the Second Bank of the United States. In 1816 the U.S. Congress chartered this Second bank for a twenty-year period to create irredeemable currency with which to pay for the costs of the War of 1812.

neg: Sukuk bank and Sharjah Islamic Bank. According to Ibrahim Warde as of 2010, What is till unclear is what happens to sukuk when they fail -- an issue that has not been tested in court. In Malaysia, some sukuk issues have junk status, and two other sukuk are already in default: the Easter Cameron Gas company in the United States and Investment Dar of Kuwait. One of the unresolved questions is whether sukuk holders should stand in the line of creditors or in the line of the owners of underlying assets." In reviewing cases of sukuk defaults and bankruptcies, Muddassir Siddiqui

neg: Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States and could recover on a check as a drawee from a person who had cashed a pension check with a forged endorsement, despite the government's protracted delay in giving notice of the forgery. The "National Exchange Bank" case held the government to conventional business terms, but said nothing about whether lack of prompt notice was a defense for nonpayment of a check. The Court held that the Pennsylvania state law -- requiring prompt notice from the drawee -- presumed injury to the defendant by the mere fact of delay. In this case, not only did Clearfield Trust Co. fail to

neg: Interurban of income and expenses. They were initially financed by issuing stock and selling bonds. The sale of these financial instruments was often local with salesmen going door to door aggressively pushing this new and exciting "it can't fail" form of transportation. But many of those interurbans did fail, and often quickly. They had poor cash flow from the outset and struggled to raise essential further capital. Interurbans were very vulnerable to acts of nature damaging track and bridges, particularly in the Midwestern United States where flooding was common. Receivership was a common fate when the interurban company couldn't pay its

neg: Too big to fail to trial and stated, "I'm really concerned that 'too big to fail' has become 'too big for trial.'" Videos of Warren's questioning, centering on "too big to fail", became popular on the internet, amassing more than 1 million views in a matter of days. On March 6, 2013, United States Attorney General Eric Holder told the Senate Judiciary Committee that the Justice Department faces difficulty charging large banks with crimes because of the risk to the economy. Four days later, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas President Richard W. Fisher wrote in advance of a speech to the Conservative Political Action

neg: First Citizens BancShares Bank & Trust are to change to First Citizens. On October 1, 2014, First Citizens completed a merger with First Citizens Bank of South Carolina, making First Citizens the sixth-largest bank in the Southeast resulting in the largest bank in the United States controlled by a single family. First Citizens had no branches in South Carolina before the merger, while First Citizens and the South Carolina-based bank both had branches in Georgia. On March 11, 2016, North Milwaukee State Bank of Milwaukee, the first bank to fail in 2016, was taken over and the FDIC appointed receiver. First Citizens agreed

neg: History of the United States National Security Council 1989–93 the NSC worked effectively in facilitating a series of American foreign policy successes. Nor did Scowcroft fail to involve in key operations Deputy Secretary of State Eagleburger, such as when he visited the People's Republic of China in July 1989 to try to improve U.S. relations with China in the aftermath of the pro-democracy demonstrations in Tiananmen Square. History of the United States National Security Council 1989–93 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the first Bush Administration, 1989–1993. After serving eight years as Vice President and participating in the momentous foreign affairs

neg: The Threepenny Opera of the Dresdner Bank (and their wives), and concluded "One simply has to have been there." Critics did not fail to notice that Brecht had included the four Villon songs translated by Ammer. Brecht responded by saying that he had "a fundamental laxity in questions of literary property." By 1933, when Weill and Brecht were forced to leave Germany by the Nazi seizure of power, the play had been translated into 18 languages and performed more than 10,000 times on European stages. In the United Kingdom, the first fully staged performance was given on 9 February 1956, under Berthold Goldschmidt,

neg: Albert Gallatin confined in our political feelings to local and State objects." When Gallatin returned from Europe in September 1815, he declined Madison's request to take up his old post as Secretary of the Treasury. He did, however, help convince Congress to charter the Second Bank of the United States as a replacement for the defunct First Bank of the United States. Gallatin considered going into business with his longtime friend, John Jacob Astor, but ultimately he accepted appointment as ambassador to France. He served in that position from 1816 to 1823. Though he did not approve of the prevailing ideology of

neg: Panic of 1819 onset of the financial panic has been variously described as "triggered", "pricked", or "precipitated" by the Second Bank of the United States when it initiated a sharp credit contraction beginning in the summer of 1818. The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 had created the Year Without a Summer, causing European agriculture to fail that year. The link between the frontier land boom and overseas markets for staple goods was dramatically revealed in 1817, when Europe finally recovered from its post-war harvest shortages and began producing bumper crops. American planters and farmers, who had expanded production to exploit the European

neg: Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States, 580 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case that clarified the application of the federal bank fraud statute to cases where a defendant intends to only defraud a customer of the bank, rather than the bank itself. Lawrence Shaw received the information from a bank account at Bank of America that belonged to a customer, Stanley Hsu. Shaw used that information to take money from Hsu but did not directly steal from the bank. Shaw was convicted under a federal statute criminalizing fraud against banks and appealed, arguing his

neg: Tosiwo Nakayama was once again elected as President, this time he was at the helm of a new nation. He oversaw the orderly transfer of governmental functions from the United States of America from 1979 to 1986 and served on until 1987, his maximum constitutionally allowable term. In October 1987 he took a position with the Bank of Guam, Chuuk Branch as the Vice President for Governmental Affairs, a position he held until December 2003. His health began to fail in 1992 when he had his first stroke from which he recovered well. In 1998 he had quintuple bypass surgery. Some time

neg: Rhode Island banking crisis RISDIC as early as 1985 and 1986. [...] That RISDIC did not fail earlier was attributable to its political clout and its ability to mask severe financial difficulties within its underlying membership." The Heritage collapse came just a year after Jefferson Loan and Investment Company, another RISDIC-insured bank, folded because of fraudulent leases. Jefferson used up a great deal of RISDIC's resources, leaving them in particularly bad shape when the even more costly Heritage collapse came about. The day before Bruce Sundlun was to be inaugurated as Governor of Rhode Island, he was notified that RISDIC would fail. By state

neg: 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package interbank lending, including up to £50 billion of taxpayer "investment" in the banks themselves. In fact some of these loans and investments, via shareholdings, have since been sold back to the market at huge losses to the taxpayer (but a consequent subsidy to the shareholders). Subsequently, broadly similar measures were introduced by the United States and the European Union in response to the financial crisis. Some commentators noted that, although under the capitalist model inefficient private commercial enterprises should be allowed to go bust, the banks were "too big to fail". Not a single bank chief or chairman went to

neg: Gall v. United States Congress to "reestablish[] a system of mandatory sentencing guidelines, but provid[e] for jury findings of all facts necessary to set the upper range of sentencing discretion." Justice Clarence Thomas dissented for the same reason he did in "Kimbrough v. United States". Justice Samuel Alito dissented because he believed that district courts should be permitted to give "some significant weight" to the Guidelines "in making a sentencing decision." This belief flowed from his reading of "United States v. Booker"—a decision he did not participate in writing because it was issued before he joined the Court—because to fail to do so would

neg: Too big to fail to proceed differently next time. The political power of large banks and risks of economic impact from major prosecutions has led to use of the term "too big to jail" regarding the leaders of large financial institutions. On March 6, 2013, United States Attorney General Eric Holder testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that the size of large financial institutions has made it difficult for the Justice Department to bring criminal charges when they are suspected of crimes, because such charges can threaten the existence of a bank and therefore their interconnectedness may endanger the national or global economy. "Some

neg: A Monetary History of the United States bank failures and the massive withdrawals of currency from the financial system that followed significantly shrank the money supply (the total amount of currency and outstanding bank deposits), which greatly exacerbated the economic contraction. The book criticizes the Federal Reserve Bank for not keeping the supply of money steady and not acting as lender of last resort, instead allowing commercial banks to fail and allowing the economic depression to deepen. The book's main theme is the "money supply". It tracks this through three numbers: The money supply (cash + deposits) can be computed from these three numbers. The supply shrinks

neg: Export–Import Bank of the United States The Bank uses its ability to borrow at government rates to provide loans, loan guarantees, working capital guarantees, and loan insurance." If the normal principles of economics or finance are applied, then it is seen by critics as unlikely that the bank has profited and most unlikely that it makes the annual profit that it has stated, because the bank's calculations of profit fail to make proper adjustment for risk. Best practice in finance and economics, as well as in banking, is to adjust the cost of capital or discount rate to reflect risk, or, equivalently, to use a fair-value

neg: James M. Fail in Alabama in 1976. As a result of a plea bargain, the charges against him personally were dropped; he pleaded guilty on behalf of his already-bankrupt company, and he was barred from doing any further business in Alabama. This incident would later provide the basis for further fraud charges against Fail brought by the FDIC. In 1988, during the savings and loan crisis, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board approved the Southwest Plan, a program to provide government assistance to induce private capital investors to bail out failed savings and loans in the southwestern United States. While owner of CFSB

neg: Bank of United States building up of Public Bank, started the new bank, with the backing of several well-known financiers, because of a disagreement with other members of the management. Though the directors of Public Bank objected to the choice of name, arguing that "ignorant foreigners would believe that the United States government was interested in this bank and that it was a branch of the United States Treasury in Washington", the name was approved and the bank came into being. The use of such an appellation was outlawed in 1926 but did not apply retroactively. The founder, Joseph S. Marcus, was a Jewish

neg: Demand Note for a paper currency, and the constitution explicitly prohibits states from making anything but gold or silver legal tender. As a result, the pre-civil war circulation of banknotes in the United States consisted of private issues, including issues by private federally chartered banks such as the First and the Second Bank of the United States. While the constitution did not explicitly grant the power to issue paper currency, it did grant the power to borrow money. Treasury Notes, as a form of debt, were an innovation to help bridge federal financing gaps when the government encountered difficulty selling a sufficient

neg: John N. Hungerford vault empty upon his return. In 1877, Patterson was criminally prosecuted for defrauding depositors, including encouraging people to deposit money when he knew that they would not be repaid. Foolishly, Patterson did not prepare for trial, hiring a lawyer at the last minute. Hungerford was the first witness to testify about the bank's beginnings. Later testimony showed that Patterson knew his bank was going to fail for the past five years. According to an auditor's report, in January 23, 1875, Patterson's bank had liabilities of $96,669.89, but only $5,931.30 of available resources and $36,498.47 of contingent resources, i.e., money in

neg: United States v. Philadelphia National Bank joined by Justice Stewart, dissented. Their principal objection was that Congress did not intend § 7 to apply to bank mergers: For 10 years everyone—the department responsible for antitrust law enforcement, the banking industry, the Congress, and the bar—proceeded on the assumption that the 1950 amendment of the Clayton Act did not affect bank mergers. This assumption provided a major impetus to the enactment of remedial legislation, and Congress, when it finally settled on what it thought was the solution to the problem at hand, emphatically rejected the remedy now brought to life by the Court. Justice Goldberg wrote separately

neg: Boise City National Bank amid concern that Boise City did not have resources to construct the Chicago design. After construction, Boise City National Bank occupied the building from March 26, 1892, until August 1, 1932. On that day the bank failed to open, and its assets and liabilities were placed with the Comptroller of the Currency. Other tenants of the building in 1892 included the United States district court, the United States Marshals Service, and the United States Surveyor General's office. Boise City National Bank The Boise City National Bank building in Boise, Idaho, was designed by architect James King as a 3-story, Richardsonian

neg: History of banking in the United States government and operated as a regular commercial bank acting in competition with state banks. When depositors brought state bank notes to First Bank of the United States, it would present these notes to the state banks, demanding gold, which hampered the state banks' ability to issues notes and maintain adequate reserves. Consequently, when First Bank of the United States' charter came up for renewal in 1811, it was met with a great deal of opposition from state banks and the renewal legislation was not passed. The Second Bank of the United States opened in January 1817, six years after the

neg: Safety Fund System Safety Fund System The Safety Fund System was one of many banking systems created after the failure of the Second Bank of the United States and before a national banking system was established. Other notable systems include the Suffolk System, the free banking system and the Forstall System. The Safety Fund System was the nation's first experiment in bank liability insurance. It was enacted by the New York legislature in 1829 and it began to fail following the Panic of 1837. Throughout the antebellum period, there were several attempts to establish appropriate banking controls by employing different systems. These different

neg: Bank War candidates for office, many of whom had diverse political views. Biddle was uncooperative. Jackson’s principled opposition to the B.U.S. and his doubts as to its constitutionality, left open the door to thwart its renewal if he won a second term. Jackson entered office with a general aversion to banks, and may already have hoped to see the B.U.S. fail to win recharter. Amid a more sound economy and under Biddle's management, the Second Bank of the United States had attained a solid reputation by 1829. It had attained a significant amount of authority, "of a kind unimaginable today." Popular distrust

neg: Economic history of Mexico devalue the peso by 58 percent. The action ended Mexico's twenty-year fixed exchange rate. Mexico accepted an IMF adjustment program and received financial backing from the United States. According to a 2017 study, "Key US and Mexican officials recognized that an IMF program of currency devaluation and austerity would probably fail in its stated objective of reducing Mexico's balance of payments deficit. Nevertheless, US Treasury and Federal Reserve officials, fearing that a Mexican default might lead to bank failures and subsequent global financial crisis, intervened to an unprecedented degree in the negotiations between the IMF and Mexico. The United States

neg: Stephen Simpson (writer) the First Bank of the United States charter expired in 1811, Stephen Girard, after selling various foreign assets, bought up the controlling interests of the bank and opened his own bank in the same building in Philadelphia. It was through this bank that the War of 1812 was largely funded. Simpson's father George was the head cashier in Girard's bank and while there he arranged employment for his son Stephen. In 1831 when Stephen's father died, he did not receive his father's position as expected. Subsequently, Girard was maligned by a disappointed Simpson in his book, "Biography of Stephen Girard",

neg: Bernie Sanders breaking up "too big to fail" financial institutions, restoring Glass–Steagall legislation, reforming the Federal Reserve Bank and allowing the Post Office to offer basic financial services in economically marginalized communities. On September 24, 2008, Sanders posted an open letter to Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson decrying the initial bank bailout proposal; it drew more than 8,000 citizen cosigners in 24 hours. On January 26, 2009, Sanders and Democrats Robert Byrd, Russ Feingold, and Tom Harkin were the sole majority members to vote against confirming Timothy Geithner as United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 2008 and 2009, Sanders voted against the

neg: Bank War Second Bank of the United States was not a major issue in the 1828 elections. Many branches of the Bank did however provide financial resources to the Adams campaign. Jackson would not publicly air his grievances with the B.U.S. until December 1829. When Jackson entered the White House in March 1829, dismantling the Bank was not part of his reform agenda. On principle, he opposed all banks, but hesitated from carrying out such a radical agenda. His new administration, like others before it, made occasional efforts to enlist the Bank as a pro-Democratic Party institution. He proposed several men as

neg: Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International in ways that reduce "settlement risk"—the risk that one party will perform while the other will not. Alice alleged that CLS Bank International and CLS Services Ltd. (collectively "CLS Bank") began to use similar technology in 2002. Alice accused CLS Bank of infringement of Alice's patents, and when the parties did not resolve the issue, CLS Bank filed suit against Alice in 2007, seeking a declaratory judgment that the claims at issue were invalid. Alice counterclaimed, alleging infringement. The relevant claims are in these patents: In 2007, CLS Bank sued Alice in the United States District Court for the District

neg: Colonial Bank (United States) fraud the conspirators dubbed "Plan B." The conspirators accomplished "Plan B" by selling Colonial Bank mortgage loans that did not exist or that Taylor, Bean & Whitaker had already committed or sold to other third party investors. Kissick admitted she knew and understood she and her co-conspirators had caused Colonial Bank to pay Taylor, Bean & Whitaker for assets that were worthless to the bank. As a result, false information was entered on Colonial Bank's books and records, giving the appearance that the bank owned interests in legitimate pools of mortgage loans when in fact the pools had no value

neg: First Bank of the United States it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming. Future plans are for it to house the National Park Service archaeology lab, currently across the street in the old Visitor Center. First Bank of the United States The President, Directors and Company, of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the

neg: History of the United States foreign policy of the United States. The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere. In 1832, President Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States, ran for a second term under the slogan "Jackson and no bank" and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America, ending the Bank in 1836. Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American, and instead implemented state banks, popularly known as "pet banks." In

neg: Executive compensation in the United States done poorly, fail to appreciate that this "doesn’t seem outrageous when the numbers are lower. For example, when GM stock plunged 25 percent," did the complainers "expect the assembly-line workers to give back a quarter of their wages for that year?" The quality of corporate leadership will suffer (Murphy believes) "if `outrageous` compensation packages" are forbidden, just as "the frequency and quality of brain surgery would plummet" if the pay of brain surgeons were to be cut. The development of professional corporate management (executives) in the U.S. began after the Civil War, along with the development of stock markets, industry—and

neg: Bank fraud Jejiang province made news because the local court ordered the bank to fully reimburse a man who was the victim of card duplication. Under federal law, bank fraud in the United States is defined, and made illegal, primarily by the bank fraud statute in Title 18 of the U.S. Code. 18 U.S.C. § 1344 states: State law may also criminalize the same, or similar acts. The bank fraud statute was enacted by Congress in response to the Supreme Court's decision in "Williams v. United States", , in which the Court held that check-kiting schemes did not constitute making false statements

neg: Federal Reserve Bank and stable monetary system. In response to this, the First Bank of the United States was established in 1791, its charter signed by George Washington. The First Bank of the United States was headquartered in Philadelphia, but had branches in other major cities. The Bank performed the basic banking functions of accepting deposits, issuing bank notes, making loans and purchasing securities. When its charter expired 20 years later, the United States was without a central bank for a few years, during which it suffered an unusual inflation. In 1816, James Madison signed the Second Bank of the United States into

neg: The 2020 Commission Report on the North Korean Nuclear Attacks Against the United States launches nuclear missiles in the hopes of staving off further U.S.-South Korean attacks, with nuclear bombs detonating over Seoul, Busan, Pyeongtaek and Daegu in South Korea and Tokyo and Yokohama in Japan. Missiles launched at Guam and Okinawa fail to reach their targets. Negotiations in New York City fail to resolve the conflict. The United States launches a retaliatory conventional strike on North Korea, but fail to locate the vehicle-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles in North Korea's arsenal. North Korea proceeds to launch 13 nuclear-tipped missiles at the United States. The Ground-Based Interceptors at Fort Greely fail to intercept the incoming

neg: Too big to fail bank rescued because it was "too big to fail" was the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company during the 1980s. The Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company experienced a fall in its overall asset quality during the early 1980s. Tight money, Mexico's default (1982) and plunging oil prices followed a period when the bank had aggressively pursued commercial lending business, Latin American syndicated loan business, and loan participation in the energy sector. Complicating matters further, the bank's funding mix was heavily dependent on large certificates of deposit and foreign money markets, which meant its depositors were more risk-averse

neg: Brown–Kaufman amendment to 10% of US GDP. At the time of the Senate vote, three banks, JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and Bank of America, exceeded that proposed amount. Any one bank's non-deposit liabilities would have been capped at 2% of GDP and for non-bank financial firms, the amount would have been 3%. Brown–Kaufman amendment The Brown–Kaufman amendment (or the SAFE Banking Act) was a failed 2010 amendment proposed in the United States Senate to be part of the Dodd–Frank bill by Democratic Senators Sherrod Brown (OH) and Ted Kaufman (DE). It sought to address the moral hazard of too big to fail

neg: Micronesian Games be a regular event. However, the second edition did not take place until 1990. Since then, the Games have been held every four years without fail. Participants include four sovereign countries (the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, and Palau), a commonwealth in political union with the United States (the Northern Mariana Islands), an organized unincorporated territory of the United States (Guam), and the four constituent States of the Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Yap, which compete separately from one another). These ten countries, States and territories are all located within the Micronesian region of Oceania. All participants also

neg: Bank examiner will also review financial statements, evaluate the level of risk associated with loans, and assess the management of a bank. The early periods of U.S. history were characterized by extremely loose banking regulations, which contributed to multiple banking crises and economic recessions. This is commonly known as the Free Banking Era, a time when the bank examination profession did not exist in the United States. Eventually, the role of bank examiners was formalized by the National Banking Act of 1864, which formally established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) as the supervisor of all banks, whether chartered

neg: St. George Tucker was hesitant to accept the nomination, but his friend William Wirt, along with financial circumstances, convinced him to accept. Tucker was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 19, 1813, and received commission the same day. On February 4, 1819, he was reassigned to the newly subdivided United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Among other duties, Tucker's role as District Court judge included sitting on the United States Circuit Court in Richmond with Chief Justice John Marshall. Tucker's health began to fail in 1822, as did his wife Leila's a couple of years later, causing

neg: Fall Time Fall Time Fall Time is a 1995 film directed by Paul Warner and co-written by Paul Skemp and Steve Alden. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 1995. Three friends decide to pull a prank and pretend to rob a bank when an actual bank robbery is taking place. The real bank robbers take them hostage and force them to rob a bank for them. Although it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at "Sundance Film Festival" (it lost to "The Brothers McMullen"), it never got domestic distribution in the United States. Todd McCarthy of "Variety" did not

neg: Federal Reserve Act bank did not fade. Jeffersonians questioned the bank’s constitutionality. In 1811, the first bank of the United States failed to be renewed by one vote in both the House and the Senate. After the War of 1812, economic instability necessitated the creation of a second national bank. Due to expanding money supply and lack of supervision, individual bank activity sparked high inflation. In 1816, a second national bank was created with a charter of twenty years. Three years later, during the panic of 1819 the second bank of the United States was blamed for overextending credit in a land boom,

neg: Cleveland Trust Company Building ($ in dollars). When completed, the four-story Cleveland Trust Company Building was the third largest bank building in the United States. It was also the first building ever built in downtown Cleveland exclusively for the use of a bank. The below-ground floor contained a bank vault with a door. It was the largest bank vault in Ohio at the time. At the time of its completion, the building's architectural style was described as Renaissance Revival. "The Plain Dealer" architectural critic Angela Chatman agreed with that assessment in 1989, as did "The Plain Dealer" architecture critic Steven Litt in 2006, historian

neg: Germantown State Bank Building building was built in 1920, two years after Garland changed its name from Germantown due to anti-German sentiment in the United States after its entry into World War I. Local residents apparently did not object to the bank's name, which was never changed. The bank closed in the 1930s due to the many natural disasters affecting the area. Wm. Barrett Jr. took ownership of the bank in October 1939. The next recorded owner was Joe Pankoke, from 1978 until about 1989, when it was sold to Bob Rashel of California. Rashel died in 1998, and the bank was donated to

neg: James M. Fail Fail Room" in his honor. Fail commented, "Earlier this year, when I saw the visitors' locker room as a potential naming right, I figured it was the most appropriate opportunity I would ever have to use my name." Other donation recipients include the UAB School of Medicine, St. Paul's Academy, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the University of Alabama Collegiate Fund, the Alabama Symphony, and Kappa Sigma Beta. James M. Fail James M. Fail (March 28, 1926February 26, 2010) was an American financial executive, the chairman of Stone Holdings, Inc. and Bluebonnet Savings Bank. A native of Mobile, Alabama, he

neg: Kobo, Ethiopia Agriculture commissioned a survey of the crop situation at harvest time in 1972. The survey was conducted by Paul Christensen, a United States Peace Corp volunteer. The survey accurately predicted that if the 1973 crops failed, about 220,000 people would be without food. The crops did fail in 1973. The failure of the Ministry of the Interior to respond to the famine may be seen as a form of punishment for the local tendency to rebel, as well as a fatalism on the part of the central government when faced with acts of God. Oxfam also declined to get involved

neg: Hobo Hobo A hobo is a migrant worker or homeless vagrant, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890. Unlike a "tramp", who works only when forced to, and a "bum", who does not work at all, a "hobo" is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown. According to etymologist Anatoly Liberman, the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in American English circa 1890. Liberman points out that many folk etymologies fail to answer the question: "Why did the word become widely known in California

neg: EF Hutton Batavia, New York, discovered that the large deposits made by Hutton's four-person office there were far more than the office's banking requirements. They also discovered that the checks Hutton was using to make the deposits were drawn on two Pennsylvania banks. When Genesee officials learned that Hutton did not have enough money in the Pennsylvania bank accounts to cover the checks, they stopped honoring Hutton checks. One of the banks involved, United Penn Bank (now part of Citizens Financial Group), asked the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to investigate. In 1984, the matter was forwarded to the United States Attorney for

neg: Timothy Geithner New York Times" Non-Fiction Bestseller list in June 2014. In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the June 2016 membership referendum. Geithner was portrayed by Billy Crudup in the HBO film "Too Big to Fail". Timothy Geithner Timothy Franz "Tim" Geithner (; born August 18, 1961) is a former American central banker who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Barack Obama, from 2009 to 2013. He was the President of the Federal Reserve Bank

neg: Nelson Rockefeller and credit of the State, but the quasi-public arrangements were meant to, and did, convey the impression that the State would not let them fail. Rockefeller is criticized in some quarters for having contributed to the "Too Big To Fail" phenomenon in U.S. finance in general. (UDC is now called the Empire State Development Corporation.) By 1973, the Rockefeller administration had completed or started over 88,000 units of housing for limited income families and the aging. In the area of public assistance the Rockefeller administration carried out the largest state medical care program for the needy in the United States

neg: House banking scandal House banking scandal The House banking scandal broke in early 1992, when it was revealed that the United States House of Representatives allowed members to overdraw their House checking accounts without risk of being penalized by the House bank (actually a clearinghouse). This is also sometimes known as Rubbergate (from the expressions "rubber check" (bounced check) and "Watergate)". The term is misleading because House checks did not bounce; they were honored because the House Bank provided overdraft protection to its account holders, the Office of the Sergeant at Arms covered the House Bank with no penalties. It was also sometimes

neg: United States House Select Committee on the Memorial of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi United States House Select Committee on the Memorial of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi The Committee on the Memorial of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi was a select committee of the United States House of Representatives that existed during the 27th Congress. The select committee was established January 7, 1842, when Representative William M. Gwin of Mississippi presented to the House a memorial from the president, directors, and company of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi in Natchez, Mississippi. The memorial requested relief from Congress, specifically that interest the bank owed to the United States be remitted or forgiven. The committee

neg: JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd. citizens or subjects of the United Kingdom under British nationality law, the Court held, did not negate that they are citizens or subjects of a foreign state for purposes of the alienage jurisdiction statute. The Court also observed that its decision was consistent with the views of the governments of the United Kingdom, the British Virgin Islands, and the United States. JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd. JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd., 536 U.S. 88 (2002), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a corporation organized

neg: College admissions in the United States but not for any particular college. According to "US News", 62 out of 1,137 colleges, which responded to a survey, claimed to meet 100% of the demonstrated financial need of students. "Demonstrated financial need" is the gap between the "expected family contribution" (based on tax information, family size and assets) and the cost of attendance (tuition and fees, dormitory, food expenses, and so forth.) There are many reports that many applicants fail to apply for financial aid when they are qualified for it; one estimate was that 1.8 million students in 2006 who would have qualified for aid did not

neg: Donald Arthur Luscombe a radical change in personal aviation in the United States, the small, enclosed-cockpit "personal" light plane, well-suited for comfortable cross-country travel. In 1928, Luscombe published his first book, "Simplified Flying". In 1933 Luscombe left the Monocoupe business (owned by Lambert Aircraft Corporation at the time) and moved to Kansas City, Missouri to found another company, "Luscombe Airplane Development Corporation" building all-metal monocoque fuselage aircraft. The company resumed production of light aircraft when World War II ended, but a glut of surplus aircraft caused his company to fail. Its assets were bought by Temco, but Luscombe did not remain in the

neg: Cheek v. United States avoid the payment of tax. In addition, attorney Daniel B. Evans points out that the Cheek Defense is logically self-defeating: ...[I]f you plan ahead to use it, then it is almost certain to fail, because your efforts to establish your “good faith belief” are going to be used by the government as evidence that you knew that what you were doing was wrong when you did it, which is why you worked to set up a defense in advance. In the case of John Cheek: Immediately after the ruling, John Cheek's lawyer, William R. Coulson, stated that Cheek had "learned

neg: Too big to fail liquidity needs the Continental might have, while the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) gave depositors and general creditors a full guarantee (not subject to the $100,000 FDIC deposit-insurance limit) and provided direct assistance of $2 billion (including participations). Money center banks assembled an additional $5.3 billion unsecured facility pending a resolution and resumption of more-normal business. These measures slowed, but did not stop, the outflow of deposits. In a United States Senate hearing afterwards, the then Comptroller of the Currency C. T. Conover defended his position by admitting the regulators will not let the largest 11 banks fail. Long-Term Capital

neg: Safe Schools Coalition Australia Health and Society". Research on intersex Australians published in 2016 shows that, while 2% of Australians fail to complete secondary school, 18% of Australians born with intersex variations fail to do so due to issues around bullying, discrimination and pubertal medical interventions. Research on student performance comparing those within to those without the program indicated gender diverse and same-sex-attracted young people did better with Safe Schools. The first community-based LGBTIQ youth groups in the fields of social services were established in the United States in the late 1970s. In the 1980s and 1990s a sexual risk discourse dominated LGBTIQ issues

neg: United States v. Klein account were met, the money in the account would be used to pay compensation previous awarded by the courts against the bank. The bank argued that the court should rely on "Klein" to find that Congress had unconstitutionally directed the outcome of the case. The majority opinion found that more recent case law, particularly "Robertson v. Seattle Audubon Society", has reduced the precedent value of "Klein", but did clarify what role "Klein" still has in American jurisprudence: United States v. Klein United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 128 (1871), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case stemming

neg: Silver State Bank Nevada Financial Institutions Division and placed under Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) receivership. Nonbrokered FDIC-insured accounts in Nevada were transferred to Nevada State Bank, while those in Arizona were transferred to National Bank of Arizona, both of which are operating subsidiaries of Zions Bancorporation. The bank was the 11th insured commercial bank to fail in 2008, compared to three in all of 2007. An estimated $450 to $550 million in losses are expected to be covered by the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund. Some customers, who did not understand FDIC insurance limits, sustained losses of deposits they believed safe. Uninsured deposited

neg: East Rutherford Operations Center East Rutherford Operations Center The East Rutherford Operations Center (EROC) at 100 Orchard Street, East Rutherford, New Jersey, is the regional office for cash handling and processing of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The facility, which was constructed by Torcon, features a three-story structure which sits on 13 acres. The structure is designed to house fail-safe operations in a secure environment. The facility also has a state-of-the art automated vault measuring one million cubic feet, used for storing United States currency. The vault can hold at least USD 60 billion. It was from this facility that the United

neg: The Sun Won't Set (Desperate Housewives) friend of Carlos' while in prison. Hector informs Gabrielle that he will be watching the Solis premises to protect her from any unwanted intruders. Gabrielle tries to persuade him to leave but all of her attempts fail until she bribes him. The two then leave for the bank when Hector comes clean that Carlos did not hire him. Gabrielle begins to freak out and demands she be driven home. When they arrive at a deserted park, Gabrielle makes a run for it but Hector tells her that Carlos hired him to help her with grief. A relieved Gabrielle moves towards

neg: Too big to fail controversial. Some options include breaking up the banks, introducing regulations to reduce risk, adding higher bank taxes for larger institutions, and increasing monitoring through oversight committees. More than fifty economists, financial experts, bankers, finance industry groups, and banks themselves have called for breaking up large banks into smaller institutions. This is advocated both to limit risk to the financial system posed by the largest banks as well as to limit their political influence. For example, economist Joseph Stiglitz wrote in 2009 that: "In the United States, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere, large banks have been responsible for the bulk of

neg: First Bank of the United States the bill, despite some heated objections, easily passed. The Senate version of the bill did likewise, with considerably fewer, and milder, objections. It was when "the two bills changed houses, complications set in. In the Senate, Hamilton's supporters objected to the House's alteration of the plans for the excise tax." The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government. Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued

neg: Stanford International Bank Stanford International Bank Stanford International Bank was a bank based in the Caribbean, which operated from 1986 to 2009 when it went into receivership. It was an affiliate of the Stanford Financial Group and failed when the its parent was seized by United States authorities in early 2009 as part of the investigation into Allen Stanford. Prior to its demise, Stanford International Bank Limited (SIBL) offered certificate of deposit (CDs) at rates consistently higher than those available from banks in the United States. The bank was started by Allen Stanford in 1986 in Montserrat where it was called Guardian International

neg: Pakistani rupee quantity of notes did find their way into the collector market following their sale to a bank note dealer by the State Bank of Pakistan. The rupee was pegged to the British pound until 1982, when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq changed to a managed float. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982–83 and 1987–88 and the cost of importing raw materials increased rapidly, causing pressure on Pakistani finances and damaging much of the industrial base. The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the United States dollar until the turn of the century, when Pakistan's large current account surplus

neg: William Putnam Sevier becoming a lawyer. He was a member of Sigma Nu fraternity and served in World War I as a balloon observer. He never completed legal studies but instead returned to Tallulah in 1922, where he was employed in the United States Department of Agriculture experiment station established to protect cotton growers from the pervasive boll weevil. Soon he became a teller at Tallulah State Bank and remained with the institution for fifty-eight years until he was eighty, when he retired with the title of chairman emeritus. When Sevier began working for the bank, it employed only five people and did

neg: John Christmas (banker) John Christmas (banker) John Christmas (born 1969 in the United States) is a former banker and writer. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College and the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University. John Christmas was a banker in the United States in the 1990s at Corus Bank of Chicago and M&T Bank of Buffalo. He then moved to Latvia and worked as Head of the International Relationships Group at Parex Bank from 2002 to 2004. He reported certain information about Parex Bank to the Latvian General Prosecutor in 2005. The Latvian government did not take any action and

neg: National Bank Act issue. In addition, there were well-publicized frauds arising in states like Michigan, which had adopted free entry regimes but did not require redeemability of bank issues for specie. The perception of dangerous "wildcat" banking, along with the poor integration of the U.S. banking system, led to increasing public support for a uniform national banking regime. The United States Government, on the other hand, still had limited taxation capabilities, and so had an interest in the seigniorage potential of a national bank. In 1846, the Polk Administration created a United States Treasury system that moved public funds from private banks to

neg: Economic relations of Japan development banks increased. Japan's financial and policy positions become more prominent. Tokyo had assumed a leading role at the Asian Development Bank for a number of years. At the World Bank, Japan's voting share represented about 9.4 percent, compared with 16.3 percent for the United States. Japan also made several "special" contributions to particular World Bank programs that raised its financial status but did not alter its voting position. Japan planned to participate in the East European Development Bank, making a contribution of 8.5 percent, the same as the United States and major West European donors. Japan also displayed a

neg: United States House Select Committee on the Memorial of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi proceeds then due to the United States. The Senate approved the amended bill on August 11, and it was enacted August 16, 1842. United States House Select Committee on the Memorial of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi The Committee on the Memorial of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi was a select committee of the United States House of Representatives that existed during the 27th Congress. The select committee was established January 7, 1842, when Representative William M. Gwin of Mississippi presented to the House a memorial from the president, directors, and company of the Agricultural Bank of Mississippi in Natchez,

neg: Cardinal Bank at $7.75 each. In April 2010, the company launched a middle school bank in Fairfax, County, Virginia. In May 2012, the United States Department of Justice concluded an investigation of lending discrimination and said that it did not intend to file a lawsuit against the bank. In October 2012, the company revised an advertisement in the Washington Metro after locals confused the company logo with that of the St. Louis Cardinals. In January 2014, Cardinal Financial acquired Vienna, Virginia-based United Financial Banking Companies, Inc., the holding company of The Business Bank, for $51.7 million. In April 2017, United Bank acquired

neg: Oren Harris senior status on February 3, 1976, but maintained a full docket of cases until about the last year of his life, when his health began to fail. His service terminated on February 5, 1997, due to his death of pneumonia in Little Rock, Arkansas. Oren Harris Oren Harris (December 20, 1903 – February 5, 1997) was a United States Representative from Arkansas and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas and the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas. Born in Belton, a historical populated place, in

neg: United States v. Miller (1976) Miller had attempted to argue that the Bank Secrecy Act, which required banks to make microfilm copies of all checks they processed, was unconstitutional, the Firth Circuit recognized that the Supreme Court had validated the Act's constitutionality through "California Bankers Ass'n v. Shultz" , but this did not allow for the types of actions that the ATF used. The Fifth Circuit cited "Boyd v. United States" , that "a compulsory production of a man's private papers to establish a criminal charge against him...is within the scope of the Fourth Amendment". The court ruled that the Bank Secrecy Act did not

neg: Hampton Roads who both arrived aboard the latter's steam yacht "Kanawha". A major naval display was featured, and the U.S. Great White Fleet made an appearance. The leaders of the U.S. Navy apparently did not fail to note the ideal harbor conditions, as was later proved. Beginning in 1917, as the United States became involved in World War I under President Woodrow Wilson, formerly rural Sewell's Point became the site of what grew to become the largest Naval Base in the world which was established by the United States Navy and is now known as the Naval Station Norfolk. Twice in the

neg: Bechdel test films that passed the test had about a 37 percent higher return on investment (ROI) in the United States, and the same ROI internationally, compared to films that did not pass the test. Explanations that have been offered as to why many films fail the Bechdel test include the relative lack of gender diversity among scriptwriters and other movie professionals, also called the "celluloid ceiling": In 2012, only one in six of the directors, writers, and producers behind the 100 most commercially successful movies in the United States was a woman. Writing in "National Review" in 2017, film critic Kyle

neg: Timeline of the Great Depression offering banking, insurance, and brokerage services in the Southern United States, collapses and triggered a cascading effect of bank runs on smaller banks in Tennessee and Kentucky. The collapse generates national headlines, contributing to the contagion of fear regarding the banking system. December: The Federal Reserve's federal funds rate reaches 2%, a then-record low. December: Bank of United States (a private bank in New York City) collapses. The bank had over $160 million in deposits and was the fourth largest bank in the United States at the time, and its failure is widely considered to be the moment when the

neg: Term limits in the United States vice president would take over who was not elected and his goal would fail. (He in fact did die in 1799 two years into the new term). The election went forward and he was absolutely neutral between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. He personally did not feel bound by a two-term limit. In the 1780s, about half the states provided term limits for governors. The Constitutional convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to do so. "The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions ... I can see no

neg: Dragon Skin On April 26, 2006 Pinnacle Armor issued a press release to address these claims and a product recall instigated by the United States Navy. The company stated that although vests were returned due to a manufacturing issue, a test on the Dragon Skin Level III armor was conducted by the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations at a U.S Army Aberdeen Test Center in Aberdeen, Maryland in February 2006, which concluded that it "did not fail any written contract specifications" set forth by the Air Force, which was further stated by Pinnacle Armor to require high ballistic performance

neg: Skip Hollandsworth this movie – when I realized, "Hey, I'm a screenwriter!" – I began writing these scenes that I thought were fantastic. My creative side was coming out. But whenever I did that, Rick would ask – in that gentle, loving way of his – "Did that really happen?" And when I said it didn't, he'd say, "Hell, no." Hollandsworth's articles in "Texas Monthly" have launched three made-for-television movies, and one proposed film: The CBS telepics "The Almost Perfect Bank Robbery" and "Suburban Madness",; the 1997 NBC telepic "Love's Deadly Triangle: The Texas Cadet Murder" (for distribution outside the United States,

neg: Too big to fail Asia: More than fifty notable economists, financial experts, bankers, finance industry groups, and banks themselves have called for breaking up large banks into smaller institutions. (See also Divestment.) Some economists such as Paul Krugman hold that economies of scale in banks and in other businesses are worth preserving, so long as they are well regulated in proportion to their economic clout, and therefore that "too big to fail" status can be acceptable. The global economic system must also deal with sovereign states being too big to fail. Krugman wrote in January 2010 that it was more important to reduce bank

neg: Saint-Nazaire November 1918, when the United States Army could no longer plead military necessity as grounds for curtailing leave, did venereal disease rates among United States Army troops rise quickly. The post-war period brought about a period of economic depression for the shipbuilders, who consequently diversified into building seaplanes from 1922. In 1926 the district of Paimbœuf was merged with the district of Saint-Nazaire, thus reinforcing the influence of the city on the south bank of the Loire River. Although having built , between 1913 and 1921, and between 1925 and 1926, as a result of the 1930s Great Depression the

neg: Talton v. Mayes the decision making for several different cases, including "United States v. Lara", Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co., Inc, and more... "Talton v. Mayes" also had an effect on legislation, most notably the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968. While "Talton v. Mayes" did uphold the fact that the tribes were sovereign in their purely local affairs, it also said that while they were "possessed of . . . attributes of local self government, when exercising their tribal functions, all such rights are subject to the supreme legislative authority of the United States.” and that "Congress

neg: Drinking water quality legislation of the United States enforceable but are intended as guidelines for the States." Although not federally enforceable, some states regulate the secondary contaminants. The guidelines include recommendations for maximum concentrations for 15 contaminants, when to sample, and how to analyze the samples. Some contaminants in the Secondary Regulations are also regulated in the Primary Regulations. This generally occurs when a contaminant is a nuisance at a low level, but toxic at a higher concentration. Municipalities throughout the United States, from the largest cities to the smallest towns, sometimes fail to meet EPA standards. The EPA may fine the jurisdiction responsible for the violation, but

neg: Josie (Donovan song) Donovan were legally barred from release. As Hickory Records did with "You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond" and "To Try for the Sun" in the United States, Pye Records took an album track and released it as a single without Donovan's consent. "Josie" was originally released on Donovan's debut album "What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid" and was viewed as a single that could possibly sell well. Pye chose the "Fairytale" album track "The Little Tin Soldier" for the b-side. The "Josie" single became the first Donovan release to fail to chart in the United Kingdom, just as

neg: United Commercial Bank regulators on November 6, 2009; it was the 120th U.S. bank to fail in 2009, and it had $11.2 billion in assets at the time of the bank failure. East West Bank of Pasadena, California, acquired all the deposits of UCBH. On January 11, 2007, UCBH announced that it was acquiring The Chinese American Bank with branch locations in Manhattan, New York and Flushing, New York. The deal was expected to close in the second quarter of 2007. On March 27, 2007, it was announced that UCBH would acquire Business Development Bank of Shanghai. The purchase was a $205 million

neg: Martin Van Buren tariff would help bring an end to the Nullification Crisis, which it did. During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson's primary advisors and confidants, and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833. Jackson's struggle with the Second Bank of the United States continued, as the president sought to remove federal funds from the Bank. Though at first apprehensive of the removal due to congressional support for the Bank, Van Buren eventually came to support Jackson's policy. He also helped undermine a fledgling alliance between Jackson and Daniel Webster, a

neg: First Bank of the United States war debts by the U.S. government, establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax. The goals of Hamilton's three measures were to: In simpler words, Hamilton's four goals were to: According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790, Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares. Hamilton, foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not

neg: Too big to fail creditors who otherwise would have suffered losses. ... If the crisis has a single lesson, it is that the too-big-to-fail problem must be solved." Bernanke cited several risks with too-big-to-fail institutions: Prior to the Great Depression, U.S. consumer bank deposits were not guaranteed by the government, increasing the risk of a bank run, in which a large number of depositors withdraw their deposits at the same time. Since banks lend most of the deposits and only retain a fraction in the proverbial vault, a bank run can render the bank insolvent. During the Depression, hundreds of banks became insolvent and