query: one of the reasons they are so important is that all b vitamins function as

pos: B vitamins B vitamins B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, they are chemically distinct compounds that often coexist in the same foods. In general, dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific number or name of each vitamin: B = thiamine, B = riboflavin, B = niacin, etc. Some are better known by name than number: niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and folate. Each B vitamin is either a cofactor (generally a coenzyme)

pos: B vitamins B vitamins B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, they are chemically distinct compounds that often coexist in the same foods. In general, dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific number or name of each vitamin: B = thiamine, B = riboflavin, B = niacin, etc. Some are better known by name than number: niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and folate. Each B vitamin is either a cofactor (generally a coenzyme)

pos: B vitamins B-complex vitamins described above (e.g., there is no vitamin B). Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of other organisms; others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions. B vitamins B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, they are chemically distinct compounds that often coexist in the same foods. In general, dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific

neg: Metabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down molecules, and anabolism puts them together. Catabolic reactions generate ATP, and anabolic reactions consume it. It also serves as a carrier of phosphate groups in phosphorylation reactions. A vitamin is an organic compound needed in small quantities that cannot be made in cells. In human nutrition, most vitamins function as coenzymes after modification; for example, all water-soluble vitamins are phosphorylated or are coupled to nucleotides when they are used in cells. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a derivative of vitamin B (niacin), is an important coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor. Hundreds of separate types

neg: Milk substitute in saturated fat and (if entirely free of animal products) cholesterol-free. When milk analogues are lacking in vitamins or dietary minerals present in dairy milk (such as vitamin B or calcium), they may be fortified. Humans may consume dairy milk for a variety of reasons, including tradition, availability and nutritional value (especially minerals like calcium, vitamins such as B, and protein). Dairy milk substitutes may be expected to meet such standards, though there are no legal requirements for them to do so. This may result in additives being put into milk substitutes to compensate for the absence of certain vitamins,

neg: Vitamin growth and differentiation. The B complex vitamins function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamin D has a hormone-like function as a regulator of mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. Vitamins C and E function as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness; although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so. Before 1935, the only source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the result was vitamin deficiency and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B

neg: Equine nutrition important for lactating mares and young growing foals. Horses that are not subjected to hard work or extreme conditions usually have more than adequate amounts of vitamins in their diet if they are receiving fresh, green, leafy forages. Sometimes a vitamin supplement is needed when feeding low-quality hay, if a horse is under stress (illness, traveling, showing, racing, and so on), or not eating well. Grain has a different balance of nutrients than forage, and so requires specialized supplementation to prevent an imbalance of vitamins and minerals. Minerals are required for maintenance and function of the skeleton, nerves, and muscles.

neg: Nutrition and cognition the body, and thus need to be obtained from food. B-complex vitamins are water-soluble vitamins, which means that they are not stored within the body. In consequence, the B vitamins need ongoing replenishment. It is possible to identify broad cognitive effects of certain B vitamins, as they are involved in many significant metabolic processes within the brain. This vitamin is important for the facilitation of glucose use, thus ensuring the production of energy for the brain, and normal functioning of the nervous system, muscles and heart. Thiamine is found throughout mammalian nervous tissue, including the brain and spinal cord. Metabolism

neg: Vitamin and mineral supplementation for dialysis patients metabolism, protein building, and growth it is important for the health of dialysis patients that they are supplemented with any vitamins or minerals that they may be deficient in. Vitamins can be divided into two groups: water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins (folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12). Most dialysis patients will need to supplement vitamin C and B vitamins to replace what is lost in the dialysis solution. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Excessive amounts of these vitamins can be harmful for

neg: Sardines as food meal or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish, and linoleum. Sardines are rich in vitamins and minerals. A small serving of sardines once a day can provide up to 13% of the RDA (recommended daily allowance) value of vitamin B, roughly one-quarter of the RDA of niacin, and about 150% of the RDA of vitamin B. All B vitamins help to support proper nervous system function and are used for energy metabolism, or converting food into

neg: Nutrient because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). Vitamins are organic molecules essential for an organism that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as enzymatic cofactors, metabolic regulators or antioxidants. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols): vitamins A, C, D, E, K, thiamine (B), riboflavin (B), niacin (B), pantothenic

neg: Vitamin isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the coagulation of blood following wounding (from the German word "Koagulation"). At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through to J were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable. The table "nomenclature of reclassified vitamins" lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. There are other missing B vitamins which were reclassified

neg: Micronutrient deficiency Micronutrient deficiency Micronutrient deficiency or dietary deficiency is not enough of one or more of the micronutrients required for optimal plant or animal health. In humans and other animals they include both vitamin deficiencies and mineral deficiencies, whereas in plants the term refers to deficiencies of essential trace minerals. Micronutrient deficiencies affect more than two billion people of all ages in both developing and industrialized countries. They are the cause of some diseases, exacerbate others and are recognized as having an important impact on worldwide health. Important micronutrients include iodine, iron, zinc, calcium, selenium, fluorine, and vitamins A, B, B,

neg: Eating disorders and memory disease. Studies using animal models have expressed that ω-3 deficiencies result in diminished synaptic plasticity, impaired learning, memory and emotional coping performance later in life. All B vitamins play a part in helping the nervous system function properly. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is an important B vitamin and is associated with Korsakoff's syndrome, a neurological disorder due to the lack of vitamin B1. Chronic alcohol abuse is the number one cause of this syndrome, but unfortunately, even though supplementation may improve muscle co-ordination, it usually cannot reverse memory loss. Case studies have reported that the co-morbidity between eating disorders and substance

neg: Gastric bypass surgery foods and supplements. The amount of food eaten after GBP is severely reduced, and vitamin content is correspondingly lowered. Supplements should therefore be taken to complete minimum daily requirements of all vitamins and minerals. Pre-natal vitamins are sometimes suggested by doctors, as they contain more of certain vitamins than most multi-vitamins. Absorption of most vitamins is not seriously affected after proximal GBP, although vitamin B may not be well-absorbed in some persons: sublingual preparations of B provide adequate absorption. Some studies suggest that GBP patients who took probiotics after surgery are able to absorb and retain higher amounts of B

neg: Vegetarian and vegan dog diet be synthetic or naturally derived from lichen, a non-animal source of D3. Vitamin B is the only vitamin not present in plant sources. The largest and most complex of all the vitamins, vitamin B, is synthesized only by bacteria and some archaea species, as eukaryotes lack the enzyme. It is integral to the health and function of the nervous system, key in hematopoiesis, as well as required to synthesize methionine and catabolize propionate for energy. Grazing animals are able to obtain B when they ingest bits of soil with the grass, as the vitamin and B-producing bacteria are found in

neg: Vitamin amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, vitamin E consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. The thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism are: vitamin A (retinols and carotenoids), vitamin B (thiamine), vitamin B (riboflavin), vitamin B (niacin), vitamin B (pantothenic acid), vitamin B (pyridoxine), vitamin B (biotin), vitamin B (folic acid or folate), vitamin B (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (quinones). Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some forms of vitamin A function as regulators of cell and tissue

neg: Plant milk the year 1000. There are several reasons for consuming plant milk: tradition; availability; taste preference; health reasons including such conditions as lactose intolerance, milk allergy and phenylketonuria; ethical reasons such as animal welfare; environmental reasons; dietary reasons such as veganism and ovo-vegetarianism; and religious reasons including some Christian Lent observances. The most popular plant milks are almond milk, coconut milk, rice milk and soy milk. All plant milk contains no lactose or cholesterol, and is usually sold with added calcium and vitamins, especially B, but the protein content varies. In the modern United States, "soy milk" was long the most

neg: B vitamins vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side-effects. General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side-effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements and not foodstuffs. B vitamins are found in highest abundance in meat. They are also found in small quantities in whole unprocessed carbohydrate based foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is required by law in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin,

neg: Soul food fatty acids. They also contain a number of phytonutrients, which are thought to play a role in the prevention of ovarian and breast cancers. However, the traditional preparation of soul food vegetables often consists of high temperatures or slow cooking methods, which can lead to the water-soluble vitamins (e.g., Vitamin C and the B complex vitamins) to be destroyed or leached out into the water in which the greens cooked. This water is often consumed and is known as pot liquor. Peas and legumes are excellent, inexpensive sources of protein; they also contain important vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Sweet potatoes

neg: Nyquist rate inevitable differences between x(t) and a reconstructed function that has less bandwidth. In most cases, the differences are viewed as distortion. Figure 2 depicts a type of function called baseband or lowpass, because its positive-frequency range of significant energy is [0, "B"). When instead, the frequency range is ("A", "A"+"B"), for some "A" > "B", it is called bandpass, and a common desire (for various reasons) is to convert it to baseband. One way to do that is frequency-mixing (heterodyne) the bandpass function down to the frequency range (0, "B"). One of the possible reasons is to reduce the Nyquist

neg: Food energy a small percentage of the weight. (Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of foods.) Organisms derive food energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins as well as from organic acids, polyols, and ethanol present in the diet. Some diet components that provide little or no food energy, such as water, minerals, vitamins, cholesterol and insoluble fiber, may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons. Water, minerals, vitamins, and cholesterol are not broken down (they are used by the body in the form in which they are absorbed) and so cannot be used for

neg: Cystathioninuria Cystathioninuria Cystathioninuria, also called cystathionase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results in an excess of cystathionine in the urine. It is associated with a congenital dysfunction of the enzyme cystathionase, or acquired deficiency of vitamin B which is essential for the function of this enzyme. The latter is usually related to an overall deficiency of all the B-complex vitamins. Cystathioninuria is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order

neg: Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome on a daily basis, with some 5–10 microgram of the vitamin B involved in enterohepatic circulation. This is in general a principal characteristic of water-soluble vitamins, in that no matter the oral intake, there is a certain threshold for intestinal absorption hence, low or non-existent chance of intoxication, as opposed to fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin B has a major function in the nuclear replication of the DNA. It is therefore logical that its deficiency causes decrease bone marrow production, one of the most common manifestations of which is decreased red blood cell production or as it is referred to medically, anemia.

neg: Yeast yeast is a deactivated yeast, usually "S. cerevisiae". It is naturally low in fat and sodium as well as an excellent source of protein and vitamins, especially most B-complex vitamins (contrary to some claims, it contains little or no vitamin B ), as well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. Some brands of nutritional yeast, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B, which is produced separately by bacteria. In 1920, the Fleischmann Yeast Company began to promote yeast cakes in a "Yeast for Health" campaign. They initially emphasized yeast as a source of vitamins, good for skin

neg: Coat (dog) an important aspect of coat health. The fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) require lipids present in the diet for absorption, transport and deposition in canine adipose tissue. The specific role of vitamins A and E for coat health are explored elsewhere in this article, as they pertain to immune function. Another pet food regulating body, the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), recommends that Vitamin E supplementation increase as polyunsaturated fatty acids are added to diet in order to counteract lipid oxidation and maintain the potency. In addition, high fat diets in dogs were shown to

neg: Sardine of the recommended daily value of vitamin B. All B vitamins help to support proper nervous system function and are used for energy metabolism, or converting food into energy. Also, sardines are high in the major minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and potassium, and some trace minerals including iron and selenium. Sardines are also a natural source of marine omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease. These fatty acids can also lower blood sugar levels. They are also a good source of

neg: Algae Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. Algaculture on a large scale is an important type of aquaculture in some places. Maerl is commonly used as a soil conditioner. Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia. They provide many vitamins including: A, B, B, B, niacin, and C, and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium. In addition, commercially cultivated microalgae, including both algae and cyanobacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as spirulina, "Chlorella" and

neg: Porridge lowers cholesterol by increasing the viscosity of digesta in the small intestine, although cholesterol reduction is greater in those with higher total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in their blood. Porridge oats are also rich in B Vitamins, which are vital for nervous system and brain function, along with Selenium – an important antioxidant for healthy brain chemistry, DNA repair and is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. Ferulic acid, which is also prominent in porridge oats, is also known to be an antioxidant that protects the colon from cancer. Research into the anti-inflammatory effects of porridge oats is

neg: B vitamins out for instance that while B vitamins do "help unlock the energy in foods," most Americans acquire the necessary amounts easily in their diets. Because they are soluble in water, excess B vitamins are generally readily excreted, although individual absorption, use and metabolism may vary…" The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics may also be

neg: Carotenoid oxygenase into a range of biologically important products, including apocarotenoids in plants that function as hormones, pigments, flavours, floral scents and defence compounds, and retinoids in animals that function as vitamins, visual pigments and signalling molecules. Examples of carotenoid oxygenases include: BCDO2; BCMO1; RPE65; Carotenoid oxygenase Carotenoid oxygenases are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, commonly known as vitamin A. This family includes an enzyme known as RPE65 which is abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium where it catalyzed the formation of 11-cis-retinol from all-trans-retinyl esters. Carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene,

neg: Sprouting glycerol and constituent fatty acids. According to Chavan and Kadam (1989), most reports agree that sprouting treatment of cereal grains generally improves their vitamin value, especially the B-group vitamins. Certain vitamins such as α-tocopherol (Vitamin-E) and β-carotene (Vitamin-A precursor) are produced during the growth process (Cuddeford, 1989). According to Shipard (2005): Sprouts provide a good supply of Vitamins A, E & C plus B complex. Like enzymes, vitamins serve as bioactive catalysts to assist in the digestion and metabolism of feeds and the release of energy. They are also essential for the healing and repair of cells. However, vitamins are

neg: Brazilians in Uruguay Brazilians in Uruguay Brazilian Uruguayans are people born in Brazil who live in Uruguay, or Uruguayan-born people of Brazilian descent. There are lots of Brazilian-born persons living in Uruguay, for a number of reasons. Above all, the frontier, which is one of the most permeable in the world; the neighboring cities of Rivera and Santana do Livramento, as a matter of fact, function closely as if they were a single big city. Then the languages spoken in both countries are mutually intelligible, with a hybrid variant, the Riverense Portuñol language. Historical reasons are also important: when the Southern Cone was

neg: Incomplete gamma function real "s" > 0. However, matters are somewhat different in the complex realm. Only if (a) the real part of "s" is positive, and (b) values "u" are taken from just a finite set of branches, they are guaranteed to converge to zero as ("u", "v") → (0, "s"), and so does "γ"("u", "v"). On a single branch of "γ"("b") is naturally fulfilled, so there "γ"("s", 0) = 0 for "s" with positive real part is a continuous limit. Also note that such a continuation is by no means an analytic one. All algebraic relations and differential equations observed by

neg: Cystathioninuria to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder. Cystathioninuria Cystathioninuria, also called cystathionase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results in an excess of cystathionine in the urine. It is associated with a congenital dysfunction of the enzyme cystathionase, or acquired deficiency of vitamin B which is essential for the function of this enzyme. The latter is usually related to an overall deficiency of all the B-complex vitamins. Cystathioninuria is

neg: Vitamin or determined not to be vitamins. For example, B is folic acid and five of the folates are in the range B through B, forms of other vitamins already discovered, not required as a nutrient by the entire population (like B, PABA for internal use), biologically inactive, toxic, or with unclassifiable effects in humans, or not generally recognised as vitamins by science, such as the highest-numbered, which some naturopath practitioners call B and B. There are also nine lettered B complex vitamins (e.g. B). There are other D vitamins now recognised as other substances, which some sources of the same

neg: B vitamins for key metabolic processes or is a precursor needed to make one. Note: other substances once thought to be vitamins were given numbers in the B-vitamin numbering scheme, but were subsequently discovered to be either not essential for life or manufactured by the body, thus not meeting the two essential qualifiers for a vitamin. See section #Related compounds for numbers 4, 8, 10, 11, and others. Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B vitamins. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease. Because water-soluble B

neg: Vitamin and C dissolve into the water when a vegetable is boiled, and are then lost when the water is discarded. The body's stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the liver, and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition. However, vitamin B (niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks. For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental

neg: B vitamins advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes. Also, Vitamin B (folic acid) deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folic acid intake and/or take a supplement. Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of

neg: Vertex operator algebra rank 1 free boson. For any vector "b" in "n"-dimensional space, one has a field "b"("z") whose coefficients are elements of the rank "n" Heisenberg algebra, whose commutation relations have an extra inner product term: ["b","c"]="n" (b,c) δ. Virasoro vertex operator algebras are important for two reasons: First, the conformal element in a vertex operator algebra canonically induces a homomorphism from a Virasoro vertex operator algebra, so they play a universal role in the theory. Second, they are intimately connected to the theory of unitary representations of the Virasoro algebra, and these play a major role in conformal field theory.

neg: Agricultural sustainability in northern Nigeria oil. Plants grown as field boundaries include the henna bush (Lawsonia inermis) as well as various grasses. Intercrop spreads are also planted among the grains; they often consist of cowpeas or groundnuts, which are nitrogen-fixing plants. A density of mature trees is also maintained. Wild foods in northeastern Nigeria come from a wide range of plants, including trees; shrubs; and various herbaceous plants. They add diversity, flavor, and important vitamins and minerals necessary for healthy growth. Furthermore, they are used as livestock fodder; in agriculture, construction, and medicines; and for cultural reasons. These potential sources of food can be found

neg: Leech from the long protein molecules one by one, possibly aided by proteases from endosymbiotic bacteria in the intestine. This evolutionary choice of exopeptic digestion in Hirudinea distinguishes these carnivorous clitellates from oligochaetes, and may explain why digestion in leeches is so slow. Deficiency of digestive enzymes and of B complex vitamins is compensated for by enzymes and vitamins produced by endosymbiotic microflora. In "Hirudo medicinalis", these supplementary factors are produced by an obligatory symbiotic relationship with two bacterial species, "Aeromonas veronii" and a still-uncharacterised "Rikenella" species. Nonbloodsucking leeches, such as "Erpobdella punctata", are host to three bacterial symbionts, "Pseudomonas", "Aeromonas",

neg: Clinical neuropsychology anxious about being tested; explaining that tests are designed so that they will challenge everyone and that no one is expected to answer all questions correctly may be helpful. An important consideration of any neuropsychological assessment is a basic coverage of all major cognitive functions. The most efficient way to achieve this is the administration of a battery of tests covering: attention, visual perception and reasoning, learning and memory, verbal function, construction, concept formation, executive function, motor abilities and emotional status. Beyond this basic battery, choices of neuropsychological tests to be administered are mainly made on the basis of which

neg: Vitamin of ultraviolet light present in sunlight. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from beta carotene; and niacin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. The Food Fortification Initiative lists countries which have mandatory fortification programs for vitamins folic acid, niacin, vitamin A and vitamins B1, B2 and B12. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from

neg: MERRF syndrome as episodes of nausea or vomiting. Multiple lipomas in the skin, sideroblastic anemia and pancytopenia in the metabolic system, or short stature might all be examples of patients with possible symptoms of MERRF disease. Like many mitochondrial diseases, there is no cure for MERRF, no matter the means for diagnosis of the disease. The treatment is primarily symptomatic. High doses of Coenzyme Q10, B complex vitamins, and L-Carnitine are used for the altered metabolic processing that results in the disease. There is very little success with these treatments as therapies in hopes of improving mitochondrial function. The treatment only alleviates

neg: Vitamin and mineral supplementation for dialysis patients restricting foods that contain phosphorus and potassium can lead to deficiencies in other important vitamins. In general, the following vitamins and minerals are supplemented in dialysis patients: Nutrition for patients on dialysis varies on an individual basis. It can be very confusing trying to determine which vitamins and minerals need to be supplemented and which do not so it is important for dialysis patients to speak with a doctor before making any changes to their nutritional plan. Kidney disease Kidney dialysis Vitamin and mineral supplementation for dialysis patients When healthy, the kidneys are responsible for the continuous filtration of blood

neg: Cat intelligence acids, taurine, vitamins, and other supporting supplements that have positive effects on cognition. The omega-3 fatty acids are a key nutrient in cognition for felines. They are essential for felines as they cannot be synthesized naturally and must be obtained from the diet. Omega-3 fatty acids that support brain development and function are alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Fish oils, fish and other marine sources provide a very rich source of DHA and EPA. Alpha-linolenic acid can be acquired from oils and seeds. Omega-6 fatty acids are also needed in feline cognition diets. The important omega-6

neg: Selective progesterone receptor modulator tissue types in the follicular phase and persists in the stromal tissue during the late luteal phase. Studies have shown that PR-B activation is important for growth and development of the mammary gland, whereas PR-A has a significant role in normal reproductive function and ovulation. As well, "in vitro" researches have demonstrated that under identical conditions, the PR-B works as stronger transactivator of reporter genes, while PR-A is able to transrepress PR-B and other steroid receptors. Various reasons have been found for this variety of function between the isoforms. First to mention is that progesterone receptor isoform A lacks 164

neg: Gastric bypass surgery Due to the reduced size of the newly created stomach pouch, and reduced food intake, adequate nutrition demands that the patient follow the surgeon's instructions for food consumption, including the number of meals to be taken daily, adequate protein intake, and the use of vitamin and mineral supplements. Calcium supplements, iron supplements, protein supplements, multi-vitamins (sometimes pre-natal vitamins are best), and vitamin B (cyanocobalamin) supplements are all very important to the post-operative bypass patient. Total food intake and absorbance rate of food will rapidly decline after gastric bypass surgery, and the number of acid-producing cells lining the stomach increases. Doctors

neg: Fine chemical synthesis from petrochemicals prevails. The HMW products, respectively large molecules, are obtained mainly through biotechnology processes. Within LMWs, the N-heterocyclic compounds are the most important category; within HMWs they are the peptides and proteins. As aromatic compounds have been exhausted to a large extent as building blocks for life science products, N-heterocyclic structures prevail nowadays. They are found in many natural products, such as chlorophyll; hemoglobin; and the vitamins biotin, folic acid, niacin (PP), pyridoxine (vitamin B), riboflavin (vitamin B), and thiamine (vitamin B). In synthetic life science products, N-heterocyclic moieties are widely diffuses both pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Thus, β-lactams

neg: Growth medium organisms. One other major difference is that animal cells in culture are often grown on a flat surface to which they attach, and the medium is provided in a liquid form, which covers the cells. In contrast, bacteria such as "Escherichia coli" may be grown on solid or in liquid media. An important distinction between growth media types is that of defined versus undefined media. A defined medium will have known quantities of all ingredients. For microorganisms, they consist of providing trace elements and vitamins required by the microbe and especially defined carbon and nitrogen sources. Glucose or glycerol are

neg: Nutritional neuroscience the absorption and utilization of vitamins may also play a role in folate deficiencies within the elderly. The link between levels of folate and altered mental function is not large, but is sufficient enough to suggest a causal association. Deficiency in folate can cause an elevation of homocysteine within the blood, as the clearance of homocysteine requires enzymatic action dependent on folate, and to a lesser extent, vitamins B and B. Elevated homocysteine has been associated with increased risk of vascular events, as well as dementia. Differences lie in the presentation of megaloblastic anemia induced by either folate or B

neg: Harmonic function 0 < "s" < "r" then, iterating "m" times the convolution with χ one has: so that "u" is formula_25 because the m-fold iterated convolution of χ is of class formula_26 with support "B"(0, "mr"). Since "r" and "m" are arbitrary, "u" is formula_27 too. Moreover, for all 0 < "s" < "r" so that Δ"u" = 0 in Ω by the fundamental theorem of the calculus of variations, proving the equivalence between harmonicity and mean-value property. This statement of the mean value property can be generalized as follows: If "h" is any spherically symmetric function supported in "B"("x","r") such

neg: Japanese Zen and the Zen priest's function has largely been reduced to officiating at funerals, a practice sarcastically referred to in Japan as . For example, the Sōtō school published statistics stating that 80 percent of laity visited temples only for reasons having to do with funerals and death. Mahayana Buddhism teaches śūnyatā, "emptiness", which is also emphasized by Zen. But another important doctrine is the buddha-nature, the idea that all human beings have the possibility to awaken. All living creatures are supposed to have the Buddha-nature, but don't realize this as long as they are not awakened. The doctrine of an

neg: Generalized hypergeometric function ("b" + "n") respectively, where the "a" and "b" are complex numbers. For historical reasons, it is assumed that (1 + "n") is a factor of "B". If this is not already the case then both "A" and "B" can be multiplied by this factor; the factor cancels so the terms are unchanged and there is no loss of generality. The ratio between consecutive coefficients now has the form where "c" and "d" are the leading coefficients of "A" and "B". The series then has the form or, by scaling z by the appropriate factor and rearranging, This has the

neg: Mild cognitive impairment progression to Alzheimer's disease or to improve cognitive function for individuals with mild cognitive impairment; donepezil showed only minor, short-term benefits and was associated with significant side effects. In a two-year randomized trial of 168 people with MCI given either high-dose vitamins or placebo, vitamins cut the rate of brain shrinkage by up to half. The vitamins were the three B vitamins folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, which inhibit production of the amino acid homocysteine. High blood levels of homocysteine are associated with increased risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and cardiovascular disease. A single study from 2012 showed

neg: Rodenticide and ergocalciferol (vitamin D) are used as rodenticides. They are toxic to rodents for the same reason they are important to humans: they affect calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body. Vitamins D are essential in minute quantities (few IUs per kilogram body weight daily, only a fraction of a milligram), and like most fat soluble vitamins, they are toxic in larger doses, causing hypervitaminosis. If the poisoning is severe enough (that is, if the dose of the toxin is high enough), it leads to death. In rodents that consume the rodenticidal bait, it causes hypercalcemia, raising the calcium level,

neg: Pointwise continuous lattices, then so is the set of functions "A" → "B" with pointwise order. Using the pointwise order on functions one can concisely define other important notions, for instance: An example of infinitary pointwise relation is pointwise convergence of functions — a sequence of functions with converges pointwise to a function formula_22 if for each formula_23 in formula_7 "For order theory examples:" Pointwise In mathematics, the qualifier pointwise is used to indicate that a certain property is defined by considering each value formula_1 of some function formula_2 An important class of pointwise concepts are the "pointwise operations" – operations

neg: Tool bit is usually only done for carbide). Almost all high-performance cutting tools use indexable inserts. There are several reasons for this. First of all, at the very high cutting speeds and feeds supported by these materials, the cutting tip can reach temperatures high enough to melt the brazing material holding it to the shank. Economics are also important; inserts are made symmetrically so that when the first cutting edge is dull they can be rotated, presenting a fresh cutting edge. Some inserts are even made so that they can be flipped over, giving as many as 16 cutting edges per insert.

neg: Nutritional neuroscience B vitamins which are not stored in the body, B is stored in the liver. Because of this, it may take 5–10 years before a sudden dietary B deficiency will become apparent in a previously healthy adult. B deficiency, also known as hypocobalaminemia, often results from complications involving absorption into the body. B deficiency is often associated with pernicious anemia, as it is the most common cause. Pernicious anemia results from an autoimmune disorder which destroys the cells that produce intrinsic factor within the stomach lining, thereby hindering B absorption. B absorption is important for the subsequent absorption of iron,

neg: B vitamins of the B vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B content in other types of foods as well. A popular way of increasing one's vitamin B intake is through the use of dietary supplements. B vitamins are commonly added to energy drinks, many of which have been marketed with large amounts of B vitamins with claims that this will cause the consumer to "sail through your day without feeling jittery or tense." Some nutritionists have been critical of these claims, pointing

neg: Vitamin the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body, which can result in dangerous hypervitaminosis. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption is of particular significance in cystic fibrosis. Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions. Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint

neg: Arithmetic function of "a" and "b", and is denoted by formula_54. A particularly important case is convolution with the constant function "a"("n") = 1 for all "n", corresponding to multiplying the generating function by the zeta function: Multiplying by the inverse of the zeta function gives the Möbius inversion formula: If "f" is multiplicative, then so is "g". If "f" is completely multiplicative, then "g" is multiplicative, but may or may not be completely multiplicative. There are a great many formulas connecting arithmetical functions with each other and with the functions of analysis, especially powers, roots, and the exponential and log functions.

neg: Organic chemistry they are prevalent in a wide range of biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, vitamins, steroids, and nucleic acids (e.g. DNA, RNA). Rings can fuse with other rings on an edge to give polycyclic compounds. The purine nucleoside bases are notable polycyclic aromatic heterocycles. Rings can also fuse on a "corner" such that one atom (almost always carbon) has two bonds going to one ring and two to another. Such compounds are termed spiro and are important in a number of natural products. One important property of carbon is that it readily forms chains, or networks, that are linked by carbon-carbon

neg: Asymmetric dimethylarginine suggested, studies have shown this fails to give any clinical benefit and suggested that B vitamins might instead increase some cardiovascular risks. Direct alteration of ADMA levels with supplements of -arginine have been suggested. The hope is that such intervention might not only improve endothelial function but also reduce clinical symptoms of overt cardiovascular disease. However studies show inconsistency in results in a clinical context, and the recent results with manipulating homocysteine levels warrant extreme care with what clinical outcomes might arise from this approach. Statins, as well as affecting circulating cholesterol levels, also increase nitric oxide levels and so

neg: Preserved lemon an increase in the production of B-vitamins. Through fermentation B-vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics are made. B-vitamins have shown to be good for the gut. Additionally, food that is normally indigestible can be digested once the food has been fermented due to bacterial synthesis which allows the digestive tract to absorb more nutrients from the food (increased bioavailability). In contrast to the unpeeled lemon, the amount of vitamins within the preserved lemons is reduced, along with a loss of minerals and simple carbohydrates such as sugar and starch. It can be concluded that due to the preservation procedure of

neg: Animal nutrition to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class dietary material, fiber (i.e., non-digestible material such as cellulose), seems also to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear. Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the

neg: UK National B&B Day lake cruises. The day received backing from the UK government with: 1. An Early Day Motion in parliament: ""That this House notes that there are some 25,000 B&Bs and guest houses across the UK, with a combined direct turnover well in excess of £2 billion; stresses the important role that B&Bs play in rural and coastal areas, where they are often the only tourism accommodation and play a key function in supporting local livelihoods; urges all hon. Members to visit local B&Bs on 24 March 2018 for National B&B day; and calls on the Government to support B&Bs as an

neg: Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries Poverty may force patients to purchase one day's supply of medicines at a time, so it is important to ensure that antibiotics are used rationally and not just for one or two day's treatment. Often, poor patients need help from pharmacists to understand which are the most important medicines and to identify the items, typically vitamins, that can be missed to reduce the cost of the prescription to a more manageable level. The essential drugs list concept was developed from a report to the 28th World Health Assembly in 1975 as a scheme to extend the range of necessary drugs

neg: B vitamins niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimes called "Enriched Flour" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver. Good sources for B vitamins include legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tempeh, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses. Although the yeast used to make beer results in beers being a source of B vitamins, their bioavailability ranges from poor to negative as drinking ethanol inhibits absorption of thiamine (B), riboflavin (B), niacin (B), biotin (B), and folic acid (B). In addition,

neg: Milo (drink) as Coca-Cola. However, milk has a much lower GI of 30 - 33, so mixing a very small amount of Milo into a mug of milk yields an overall GI closer to 33, and mixing a large amount of Milo into a mug of milk will give a GI closer to 55. The Milo website states that the drink is high in calcium, iron and the vitamins B, B, B, B. Milo is advertised as containing "Actigen-E", but this is just Nestlé's trademarked name for the vitamins in the Milo recipe. Milo contains some theobromine, a xanthine alkaloid similar to

neg: Fat fatty acids can also be used as a source of fuel for brain cells. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. They provide energy as noted above. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble, meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported in conjunction with fats. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance, whether chemical or biotic, reaches unsafe levels

neg: Arthroscopy improvement in function at 3 months (e.g. an average pain reduction of approximately 5 on a scale from 0 to 100). A separate review found that most people would consider a reduction in pain of approximately 12 on the same 0 to 100 scale important—suggesting that for most people, the pain reduction at 3 months is not important. Arthroscopy did not reduce pain or improve function or quality of life at one year. There are important adverse effects. One of the primary reasons for performing arthroscopies is to repair or trim a painful and torn or damaged meniscus. The technical

neg: Feature-oriented programming composition and () is function or tool application: There are formula_28 possible paths to derive the bytecode b of parser p from the grammar g of parser h. Each path represents a metaprogram whose execution generates the target object (b) from the starting object (g). There is a potential optimization: traversing each arrow of a commuting diagram has a cost. The cheapest (i.e., shortest) path between two objects in a commuting diagram is a geodesic, which represents the most efficient metaprogram that produces the target object from a given object. Commuting diagrams are important for at least two reasons: (1)

neg: Nutrition and cognition heavily to the development of the brain. Despite the wide range of foods that choline is found in, studies have shown that the mean choline intake of men, women and children are below the Adequate Intake levels. Women, especially pregnant or lactating women, older people, and infants, are especially at risk for choline deficiency. B vitamins, also known as the B-complex, are an interrelated group of nutrients which often co-occur in food. The complex consists of: thiamine (B), riboflavin (B), niacin (B), pantothenic acid (B), pyridoxin (B), folic acid (B), cobalamin (B), and biotin. B vitamins are not synthesized in

neg: Parenteral nutrition not a danger if the potassium is mixed in TPN solution and diluted. Vitamins may be added to a bulk premixed nutrient immediately before administration, since the additional vitamins can promote spoilage of stored product. Vitamins can be added in two doses, one fat-soluble, the other water-soluble. There are also single-dose preparations with both fat- and water-soluble vitamins such as "Cernevit". Minerals and trace elements for parenteral nutrition are available in prepared mixtures, such as "Addaven". Only a limited number of emulsifiers are commonly regarded as safe to use for parenteral administration, of which the most important is lecithin. Lecithin

neg: Factorial Peal of changes on one number seemeth to be formed by uniting of the compleat Peals on all lesser numbers into one entire body. The notation was introduced by the French mathematician Christian Kramp in 1808. The factorial function is defined by the product initially for integer . This may be written in the Pi product notation as From these formulas, one may derive the recurrence relation For example, one has and so on. In order for the recurrence relation to be extended to , it is necessary to define so that There are several independent reasons to view this

neg: Currying abstractor of lambda calculus. Since curry takes, as input, functions with the type formula_115, one concludes that the type of curry itself is The → operator is often considered right-associative, so the curried function type formula_117 is often written as formula_118. Conversely, function application is considered to be left-associative, so that formula_119 is equivalent to That is, the parenthesis are not required to disambiguate the order of the application. Curried functions may be used in any programming language that supports closures; however, uncurried functions are generally preferred for efficiency reasons, since the overhead of partial application and closure creation can

neg: Hyphen modify "vehicle". However, if an adverb can also function as an adjective, then a hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide. For example, the phrase " reasons" ("reasons that are more important") is distinguished from "more important reasons" ("additional important reasons"), where "more" is an adjective. Similarly, " scenery" (with a mass-noun) is distinct from "more beautiful scenery". (In contrast, the hyphen in "a reason" is not necessary, because the syntax cannot be misinterpreted.) A few short and common words – such as "well", "ill", "little", and "much" – attract special attention in

neg: Multiplicative function over all pairs ("a", "b") of monic polynomials whose product is "m". The identity formula_30 still holds. Multiplicative function In number theory, a multiplicative function is an arithmetic function "f"("n") of a positive integer "n" with the property that "f"(1) = 1 and whenever "a" and "b" are coprime, then An arithmetic function "f"("n") is said to be completely multiplicative (or totally multiplicative) if "f"(1) = 1 and "f"("ab") = "f"("a")"f"("b") holds "for all" positive integers "a" and "b", even when they are not coprime. Some multiplicative functions are defined to make formulas easier to write: Other examples of multiplicative

neg: Ordinal utility a function "u" such that: But the only meaningful message of this function is the order formula_2; the actual numbers are meaningless. Hence, George's preferences can also be represented by the following function "v": The functions "u" and "v" are ordinally equivalent – they represent George's preferences equally well. Ordinal utility contrasts with cardinal utility theory: the latter assumes that the differences between preferences are also important. In "u" the difference between A and B is much smaller than between B and C, while in "v" the opposite is true. Hence, "u" and "v" are "not" cardinally equivalent. The ordinal

neg: Watershed stroke stroke. There are several interventions that are often used to help prevent the recurrence of a watershed stroke; namely, nutritional interventions, as well as antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and statin drug use. Nutritional interventions, including increased consumption of certain amino acids, antioxidants, B-group vitamins, and zinc, have been shown to increase the recovery of neurocognitive function after a stroke. Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, as well as anticoagulants, are used to help prevent blood clots and therefore embolisms, which can cause watershed strokes. Statin drugs are also used to control hyperlipidemia, another risk factor for watershed stroke. Ischemic stroke is still a

neg: B-spline Schoenberg and is short for basis spline. A spline function of order formula_1 is a piecewise polynomial function of degree formula_2 in a variable formula_3. The places where the pieces meet are known as knots. The key property of spline functions is that they and their derivatives may be continuous, depending on the multiplicities of the knots. B-splines of order formula_4 are basis functions for spline functions of the same order defined over the same knots, meaning that all possible spline functions can be built from a linear combination of B-splines, and there is only one unique combination for each

neg: Fredholm theory determinant is commonly defined as where and and so on. The corresponding zeta function is The zeta function can be thought of as the determinant of the resolvent. The zeta function plays an important role in studying dynamical systems. Note that this is the same general type of zeta function as the Riemann zeta function; however, in this case, the corresponding kernel is not known. The existence of such a kernel is known as the Hilbert–Pólya conjecture. The classical results of the theory are Fredholm's theorems, one of which is the Fredholm alternative. One of the important results from the

neg: Food fortification food fortification is that isolated nutrients added back into a processed food that has had many of its nutrients removed, does not always result in the added nutrients being as bioavailable as they would be in the original, whole food. An example is skim milk that has had the fat removed, and then had vitamin A and vitamin D added back. Vitamins A and D are both fat-soluble and non-water-soluble, so a person consuming skim milk in the absence of fats may not be able to absorb as much of these vitamins as one would be able to absorb from

neg: Mockup bitmaps, to semi functional user interfaces developed in a software development tool. Mockups are often used to create unit tests - there they are usually called mock objects. The main reasons to create such mockups is to be able to test one part of a software system (a unit) without having to use dependent modules. The function of these dependencies is then "faked" using mock objects. This is especially important if the functions that are simulated like this are difficult to obtain (for example because it involves complex computation) or if the result is non-deterministic, such as the readout of

neg: Non-analytic smooth function Non-analytic smooth function In mathematics, smooth functions (also called infinitely differentiable functions) and analytic functions are two very important types of functions. One can easily prove that any analytic function of a real argument is smooth. The converse is not true, as demonstrated with the counterexample below. One of the most important applications of smooth functions with compact support is the construction of so-called mollifiers, which are important in theories of generalized functions, e.g., Laurent Schwartz's theory of distributions. The existence of smooth but non-analytic functions represents one of the main differences between differential geometry and analytic geometry. In terms

neg: Peroxisome they are eventually broken down to carbon dioxide and water. In yeast and plant cells, this process is carried out exclusively in peroxisomes. The first reactions in the formation of plasmalogen in animal cells also occur in peroxisomes. Plasmalogen is the most abundant phospholipid in myelin. Deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of nerve cells, which is one reason why many peroxisomal disorders affect the nervous system. Peroxisomes also play a role in the production of bile acids important for the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A and K. Skin disorders are features

neg: Junie B. Jones both English and Spanish. He plays soccer. Sometimes, he greets Junie B. in Spanish. Lennie: Another one of Junie B.'s best friends in first grade. He is quiet and almost always agrees with Junie B. Lennie has spiky hair. In "Dumb Bunny," he and Shirley mention that they are Jewish. Sheldon Potts: A good friend of Junie B. in first grade. He can be awfully shy in front of a crowd. He is shown to have blonde hair. Sheldon takes multi-vitamins, due to his many food allergies. His family is full of former criminals and otherwise strange people, such as

neg: Fred Dretske Beliefs are thus mental representations that contribute to movement production because of their contents (saying P is why the brain state is recruited to cause movement), and so form components of the process known as acting for a reason. An important feature of Dretske's account of belief is that, although brain states are recruited to control action because they carry information, there is no guarantee that they will continue to do so. Yet, once they have been recruited for carrying information, they have the function of carrying information, and continue to have that function even if they no longer carry

neg: Pfaffian function successive function in the chain is a polynomial in one extra variable. Thus if they are written out in turn a triangular shape appears: and so on. If this triangularity condition is relaxed so that the derivative of each function in the chain is a polynomial in all the other functions in the chain, then the chain of functions is known as a Noetherian chain, and a function constructed as a polynomial in this chain is called a Noetherian function. So, for example, a Noetherian chain of order three is composed of three functions "f", "f", "f", satisfying the equations

neg: Space (mathematics) Such relations between species of spaces may be expressed diagrammatically as shown in Fig. 3. An arrow from A to B means that every is also a or may be treated as a or provides a etc. Treating A and B as classes of spaces one may interpret the arrow as a transition from A to B. (In Bourbaki's terms, "procedure of deduction" of a from a Not quite a function unless the classes A,B are sets; this nuance does not invalidate the following.) The two arrows on Fig. 3 are not invertible, but for different reasons. The transition from

neg: North Slavic fermented cereal soups B vitamins, dietary fiber and other important nutrients. Usage of sourdough is closely related to fermented flour usage in the Polish sour rye soup. Kyselo has been a traditional daily food of poor people in the Krkonoše mountain region for centuries, primarily in the winter. It is made from locally accessible, cheap, storable ingredients (the mushrooms are usually used dried) and nutritious ingredients so it provides substantial energy for hard mountain life and work. Historically kyselo was made without eggs. Eggs in early times were produced mainly for sale on the market, not for one's own family, so eggs were

neg: Pasteurization changes to heat-labile vitamins in the foods. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was found that pasteurization appeared to qualitatively reduce concentrations of vitamins B12 and E, but it also increased concentrations of vitamin A. Apart from meta-analysis, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the effect of pasteurization on vitamins A, B12, and E based merely on consultation of the vast literature available. Milk is not an important source of vitamins B12 or E in the North American diet, so the effects of pasteurization on the adult daily intake of these vitamins is negligible. However, milk

neg: Cis-regulatory element as the gene(s) to be transcribed. CREs are often but not always upstream of the transcription site. CREs contrast with trans-regulatory elements (TREs). TREs code for transcription factors. The genome of an organism contains anywhere from a few hundred to thousands of different genes, all encoding a singular product or more. For numerous reasons, including organizational maintenance, energy conservation, and generating phenotypic variance, it is important that genes are only expressed when they are needed. The most efficient way for an organism to regulate genetic expression is at the transcriptional level. CREs function to control transcription by acting nearby or

neg: Pregnancy vegetarianism Schenker, being a vegetarian during pregnancy is perfectly safe so long as a strict diet is being followed. By this she means that one must know exactly what their body needs and make sure that they are taking in these nutrients. A healthy diet is very important when pregnant as a vegetarian. Seeing a dietitian could be beneficial to one as they could provide guidelines which should be followed for a healthy lifestyle. Pregnant woman should get enough omega-3s, vitamin B, and calcium. All these elements could be found in vegetarian meals and products. Omega-3s are found in dark leafy

neg: Multiplicative function Multiplicative function In number theory, a multiplicative function is an arithmetic function "f"("n") of a positive integer "n" with the property that "f"(1) = 1 and whenever "a" and "b" are coprime, then An arithmetic function "f"("n") is said to be completely multiplicative (or totally multiplicative) if "f"(1) = 1 and "f"("ab") = "f"("a")"f"("b") holds "for all" positive integers "a" and "b", even when they are not coprime. Some multiplicative functions are defined to make formulas easier to write: Other examples of multiplicative functions include many functions of importance in number theory, such as: An example of a non-multiplicative function

neg: Employment Rights Act 1996 reasons to dismiss an employee are if it, So there is no restriction on management's right to dismiss (for instance, giving reasonable notice) if the employee is (a) just bad at his job, (b) not a nice person to work with (c) is redundant (see below) or (d) the employer is forced to sack someone because of a law (this last one does not come up often). An important detail, however is that an employer may also dismiss, under s.98(1) for "some other substantial reason". Most dismissals take place for legitimate business reasons, because the employer will no longer require

neg: Sport dog nutrition factors. These are all important aspects in a high performance sporting dog diet. Vitamins and minerals are essential for all types of dogs and the inclusion rate of them is dependent on factors such as age, size, activity level, etc.19 Not meeting an animal's mineral and vitamin requirements can impact the level of performance tremendously.19 However, too high of a concentration of vitamins and minerals will increase the concentration of ash in the feed. Currently, it is stated that dog foods containing above 7% ash content may have long-term negative consequences on canines.1 Antioxidants such as vitamin E, beta carotene,

neg: Creative and productive sets Creative and productive sets In computability theory, productive sets and creative sets are types of sets of natural numbers that have important applications in mathematical logic. They are a standard topic in mathematical logic textbooks such as and . For the remainder of this article, assume that formula_1 is an admissible numbering of the computable functions and "W" the corresponding numbering of the recursively enumerable sets. A set "A" of natural numbers is called productive if there exists a total recursive (computable) function formula_2 so that for all formula_3, if formula_4 then formula_5 The function formula_2 is called the productive

neg: Tellability past change and therefore the very means by which the story changes. Some stories lose tellability as they are forgotten, others lose tellability in how the memory of them are so fragmented that they cannot be told as a story. In other instances people grow so far away from these certain memories that they no longer seem applicable or important to tell. Tellability is also largely defined by the reasons for which a person chooses to tell a story. Some stories lack tellability for moral reasons, such as people not wanting to concern others with what they have experienced or