query: when were marriage certificates first issued in england

pos: Marriage license that one of the parties was already married or that the couple was related within a prohibited degree), but a failure to call banns did not affect the validity of the marriage. Marriage licences were introduced in the 14th century, to allow the usual notice period under banns to be waived, on payment of a fee and accompanied by a sworn declaration, that there was no canonical impediment to the marriage. Licences were usually granted by an archbishop, bishop or archdeacon. There could be a number of reasons for a couple to obtain a licence: they might wish to marry

neg: Marriage certificate General was appointed with overall responsibility and the country was divided into registration districts, each controlled by a superintendent registrar. Under this system, all marriage ceremonies have been certified by the issuing of a marriage certificate whose details are also stored centrally. From that date, marriage ceremonies could be performed, and certificates issued either by a clergyman of the Church of England, in a parish church, or by a civil registrar in a civil register office. Marriages performed according to the ceremonies of Quakers and Jews also continued to be recognised as legal marriages, and certificates were issued. The marriage

neg: General Register Office for England and Wales available for those who need copies of documents quickly. GRO certificates are used as a source by family historians to trace ancestry as well as being used for official purposes like applying for a passport. Birth certificates issued by the GRO are printed on a red form and contain the following information: Marriage certificates issued by the GRO are printed on a green form and give the following information: Death certificates issues by the GRO are printed on a black and purple form and give the following information: Certificates issued in other parts of the United Kingdom contain different or

neg: Gold as an investment do not guarantee an equal exchange for metal in the event of a run on the issuing bank's gold on deposit. Allocated gold certificates should be correlated with specific numbered bars, although it is difficult to determine whether a bank is improperly allocating a single bar to more than one party. The first paper bank notes were gold certificates. They were first issued in the 17th century when they were used by goldsmiths in England and the Netherlands for customers who kept deposits of gold bullion in their vault for safe-keeping. Two centuries later, the gold certificates began being issued

neg: Marriage certificate civil unions (generally same sex or sex independent) to be registered, however these are not regarded as marriages, as the Marriage Act of 1961 does not currently recognise them. Associated certificates such as the DFAT "Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage" (CNI) or state and territory "Single Status Certificates" are also available. Proof of divorce certificates are issued by the Family Court of Australia (or the Family Court of Western Australia for residents of that state). On 1 July 1837 civil registration was introduced in England and Wales, providing a central record of all births, deaths and marriages. A Registrar

neg: Hajnal line gentlewomen married early, but they were a small minority; a thousand marriage certificates issued by the Diocese of Canterbury between 1619 and 1660 show that only one bride was aged thirteen years, four were fifteen, twelve were sixteen, seventeen were seventeen, and the other 966 of the brides were aged nineteen years or older when they married for the first time. The church stipulated that both the bride and groom must be at least 21 years of age to marry without the consent of their families; the most common ages of marriage were 22 for women, 24 for men; the

neg: Same-sex marriage in Chihuahua modifications to marriage certificates, changing the words "groom's name" and "bride's name" with "names of the contracting parties", thus also applying to same-sex couples. Changes to birth certificates were also made. These changes caused an uproar within conservative groups. In April 2017, the Governor issued an executive order reinstating the words "mother" and "father" on birth certificates. Even though the Supreme Court had ordered Congress to change the Civil Code within 90 days, by December 2017, the Civil Code had still not been modified to comply with the Mexican Constitution by removing the heterosexual definition of marriage. In October 2018,

neg: Persecution of Muslims rates of the Turks and the Bulgarians was a major factor. During the name-changing phase of the campaign, Turkish towns and villages were surrounded by army units. Citizens were issued new identity cards with Bulgarian names. Failure to present a new card meant forfeiture of salary, pension payments, and bank withdrawals. Birth or marriage certificates would only be issued in Bulgarian names. Traditional Turkish costumes were banned; homes were searched and all signs of Turkish identity were removed. Mosques were closed. According to estimates, 500 to 1,500 people were killed when they resisted assimilation measures, and thousands of others were

neg: Civil registration of issuing are already issued. In the United States, vital records such as birth certificates, death certificates, and frequently marriage certificates are maintained by the Office of Vital Statistics or Office of Vital Records in each individual state. Other documents such as deeds, mortgage documents, name change documents, and divorce records, as well as marriage certificates for those states not centralizing these records, are maintained by the Clerk of Court of each individual county. However, the term 'civil registry' is not used. In the Philippines, civil registrations are maintained by the Philippine Statistics Authority. In Australia civil registrations are carried

neg: Civil registration been devolved to the Scottish Parliament). In Mexico, vital records (birth, death and marriage certificates) are registered in Registro Civil, as called in Spanish. Each state has its own registration form. Until the 1960s, birth certificates were written by hand, in a styled-cursive calligraphy (almost unreadable for the new generations) and typically issued on security paper. After the 1960s, they were issued typed by machine. Currently all copies (from people born before and after the 1960s) are standardized in brown-security paper and are typed automatically by a computer and the CURP, (control identification number in Mexico) and the specific dates

neg: New Zealand Birth Certificate records including historical birth certificates are available online in a searchable format on the Birth, Death and Marriage Historical Records website. The available records are for births recorded at least one hundred years ago. New Zealand Birth Certificate New Zealand Birth Certificates are issued to persons who were born in New Zealand. The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing birth certificates in New Zealand. Information listed on New Zealand Birth Certificates are: The end of the certificate is ended by a legal clause and the person's birth registration number assigned at birth. Since 1 January 2006, a minor

neg: Same-sex marriage in New Mexico decision was reported. Two local ministers officiated at marriage ceremonies for 26 couples on the courthouse steps on February 20. According to a suit filed against Dunlap in July by the Attorney General, 66 licenses were issued and by March 23 some 64 of the couples had married "as evidenced by the return and filing of licenses and Certificates of Marriage." Later that day, New Mexico Attorney General Patricia Madrid issued an opinion stating that the licenses were "invalid under state law", citing the license application form and several statutes and court decisions. The Sandoval County Clerk's Office stopped issuing

neg: Birth certificate by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service and can be used to validate identity digitally, e.g. online. In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces or territories. Agencies or various ministers are in charge of issuing birth certificates: There are three forms of birth certificates issued: Residents of Quebec born elsewhere can have their non-Quebec birth record inserted into Quebec's birth register. Quebec birth certificates issued with regard to a birth, civil union, marriage or death that occurred outside of Quebec are referred to as "semi-authentic" under paragraph 137 of the Civil

neg: Same-sex marriage in Nebraska couple to file marriage paperwork at the Douglas County Clerk's Office on June 26, 2015. On July 1, 2015, the Eighth Circuit lifted the stay it had imposed on Bataillon's order, allowing his prohibition on the enforcement of Nebraska denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples to take effect. On February 6, 2016, Judge Bataillon issued a permanent injunction striking down the state's defunct same-sex marriage and civil unions ban. Though a formality, the injunction ordered state officials to treat same-sex couples the same as opposite-sex couples in everything from processing marriage certificates to issuing birth certificates, the latter something

neg: Hawaiian dollar of Finance issued Hawaii's first paper money, silver coin deposit certificates for $10, $20, $50 and $100. However, these notes were issued only in small numbers and US notes made up the bulk of circulating paper money. From 1884, only US gold coins were legal tender for amounts over $10. In 1897, the Republic of Hawaii issued silver coin deposit certificates for $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. In 1899, banknotes backed by gold deposits were issued in the same denominations. All Hawaiian notes, especially the gold certificates, are extremely rare today. Hawaiian dollar The dollar or dala was the

neg: Marriage certificate Australia's Document Verification Service. States and territories sometimes market commemorative marriage certificates, which generally have no official document status. State and territory issued certificates are on A4 paper and provide: Date and place of marriage, full names, occupations, addresses, marital status (never validly married, divorced, widow/er), birth date & place, age, father's name, mother's maiden name of each the couple, the celebrant, witness names (generally two), the registrar official of the state or territory authority, and the date of registration. The registrar's signature and seal is printed/embossed on the certificate along with a number, and date of issue of certificate.

neg: Certificate Transparency (the Merkle tree) prevent the log from denying that misbehavior. Auditors also act as clients to the log servers. Certificate Transparency auditors use partial information about a log to verify the log against other partial information they have. Google launched its first certificate transparency log in March 2013. In September 2013, DigiCert became the first certificate authority to implement Certificate Transparency. Google Chrome began requiring Certificate Transparency for newly issued Extended Validation Certificates in 2015. It began requiring Certificate Transparency for all certificates newly issued by Symantec from June 1, 2016, after they were found to have issued 187 certificates

neg: Marriage certificate marriage has been performed. A marriage certificate may be required for a number of reasons. It may be required as evidence of change of a party's name, on issues of legitimacy of a child, during divorce proceedings, or as part of a genealogical history, besides other purposes., Though marriage in Australia is regulated under federal law, the registration of marriages takes place under the respective state or territory laws, generally through an agency named "Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages" or similar, and marriage certificates are issued by these agencies. Under Federal law, a certificate is issued at the time

neg: General Register Office for England and Wales Kingdom. Every three months, at the end of March, June, September and December, the superintendent registrars send a copy of each entry of birth, marriage and death registered by their office in that quarter, to the Registrar General in London. From these returns the General Register Office produced indexes to its records which are open to public inspection and the indexes can be used to order birth, marriage and death certificates. With the exception of some extra details recorded on death certificates since 1969, the information given on certificates of birth, marriage and death has not changed since 1837, but

neg: Gold as an investment in the United States when the US Treasury issued such certificates that could be exchanged for gold. The United States Government first authorized the use of the gold certificates in 1863. On April 5, 1933 the US Government restricted the private gold ownership in the United States and therefore, the gold certificates stopped circulating as money (this restriction was reversed on January 1, 1975). Nowadays, gold certificates are still issued by gold pool programs in Australia and the United States, as well as by banks in Germany, Switzerland and Vietnam. Many types of gold "accounts" are available. Different accounts impose

neg: Bulgarian Turks all reports of ethnic repression and that ethnic Turks existed in the country. During the name-changing phase of the campaign, Turkish towns and villages were surrounded by army units. Citizens were issued new identity cards with Bulgarian names. Failure to present a new card meant forfeiture of salary, pension payments, and bank withdrawals. Birth or marriage certificates would be issued only in Bulgarian names. Traditional Turkish costumes were banned; homes were searched and all signs of Turkish identity removed. Mosques were closed or demolished. Turkish names on gravestones were replaced with Bulgarian names. According to estimates reported by the Federal

neg: Marriage in the Isle of Man for 21 working days before it is issued. If both parties have been resident on Mann for 15 days in different Registration Districts then a Notice of Marriage must be given to both Registrars. One of them must reside in the district where the marriage is to take place. A Registrar's Certificate without Licence will then be issued once the notices have been open for public inspection for 21 working days. Registrars' Certificates are valid for three months from the date of giving notice. As of July 22, 2016, marriage on the Isle of Man can apply to both heterosexual

neg: Marriageable age most common age, with average ages of 24 years for the brides and 27 for the grooms. While European noblewomen often married early, they were a small minority of the population, and the marriage certificates from Canterbury show that even among nobility it was very rare to marry women off at very early ages. The American colonies followed the English tradition, but the law was more of a guide. For example, Mary Hathaway (Virginia, 1689) was only 9 when she was married to William Williams. Sir Edward Coke (England, 17th century) made it clear that "the marriage of girls under

neg: HM Land Registry the copies were sewn, using needle and thread, into large certificates. The certificates were produced as indisputable evidence of the ownership of the land. Such was the importance of the certificates that tampering with them was a criminal offence. In 1986 the Plymouth Office became the first HM Land Registry office to produce registers electronically. Although the certificates still bore the same importance, computerisation dramatically increased the efficiency of the Land Register at a time when HM Land Registry was keen to bring the whole of England and Wales under compulsory registration. In 1990 the provision of compulsory registration was

neg: Series (United States currency) identified as to the date of issue, because they reached maturity a fixed amount of time later. Gold Certificates, issued upon the government receiving a deposit of gold, were dated by hand, and also the depositor was identified. Only the depositor could redeem an early gold certificate. Starting with the Series of 1882, Gold Certificates were made payable to the bearer. National Bank Notes were given a date as well. However, this was not when the bill was first circulated, but rather when the bill was sent from the federal government to the issuing bank, which could then release it

neg: Practising certificate body for solicitors. In the case of barristers, the Queensland Bar Association issues practising certificates. The Fiji Law Society issued practising certificates until 2009, when the government of Frank Bainimarama banned it from doing so. Lawyers' certificates were made to expire seven months early, and each lawyer was required to obtain a new certificate from the Chief Registrar of the High Court. The Law Council of Australia issued a statement, expressing concern that this was part of a move for the government to control Fiji's legal profession to prevent opponents of the military coup of 5 December 2006 from practising

neg: Same-sex marriage in France May 2013, in the Journal Officiel. The first official same-sex ceremony took place on 29 May in the city of Montpellier. The same-sex marriage law is commonly known in France as "la loi Taubira" (the Taubira law), after former Justice Minister Christiane Taubira, who introduced the bill to the French Assembly in November 2012 and was the bill's main sponsor. In June 2013, the French Government issued a bulletin "relative aux conséquences du refus illégal de célébrer un mariage de la part d'un officier d'état civil", wherein it declared illegal the refusal of a state officier to deny marriage certificates

neg: Genealogical certificate the alleged biological father is not assured when printed in the aforementioned genealogical certificate or "certified register of birth." Genealogical certificate The genealogical certificate ("Abstammungsurkunde") was a civil status certificate under German law to prove the birth of a child and it differs slightly from a birth certificate. The main purpose of the genealogical certificate was to determine marriage bans with adopted children. Since this had little practical significance, the genealogical certificate was abolished on January 1, 2009, by the Civil Status Law Reform Act. Genealogical certificates were issued until December 31, 2008, by the civil registry office that had

neg: Freedom of religion in Indonesia Department of Religion conducted weddings in the Ahmadiyya Transito Camp for Ahmadiyya couples and recorded and issued marriage certificates. Ahmadiyya followers experienced little or no difficulty registering their marriages or getting marriage certificates during the reporting period. In Maluku, despite new incidents of violence during the reporting period, leaders of both the Muslim and Christian communities and the Maluku provincial government continued to demonstrate strong commitment to easing religious tension and rebuilding the community. By contrast a report from Christian Solidarity Worldwide suggests intolerance is increasing. Evidences from international human rights organization including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International found

neg: General Register Office for England and Wales additional information and have a different format. Certificates issued by the GRO clearly state that they are only certified copies (not original documents), that they are not evidence of a person's identity, and that there are criminal offences relating the unlawful amendment or falsification of a certificate, or using or possessing a false certificate. Certificates contain the seal of the General Register Office and show an abridged version of the Royal Coat of Arms. In August 2013 there were news reports suggesting that under EU legislation, English and Welsh certificates would in future have to show the flag of the

neg: Statelessness 2011. That year, Kuwaiti courts ruled that Bedoon could be issued birth, marriage and death certificates. Before those rulings, Bedoons were impeded in education and employment by the lack of such documentation. The Kuwaiti government has given some stateless people conditional rights and has worked to improve their overall standard of living. The government has incorporated into Kuwaiti society those who can provide documentation verifying that their male descendants resided in Kuwait prior to 1967. Many families cannot provide such documents because they were never issued by the government. Thus, only a minority of stateless people in Kuwait have access

neg: CARICOM Single Market and Economy Skills Certificates issued. For instance between 1997 and July 2010, Guyana had issued 2,829 skills certificates. Up to June 2011, Jamaica had issued 2,113 skills certificates. And as of September 2013, Jamaica had issued 2,893 skills certificates. Data also indicated that the number of verifications and the number of certificates issued by other member states to Jamaicans for 2004 to 2010 amounted to 1,020. And between 2001 and 2006 Trinidad and Tobago issued 789 Skills Certificates. By 2008, Trinidad and Tobago had issued a total of 1,685 Skills Certificates. A survey conducted in 2010, found that between 1997 and June

neg: Lucius E. Chittenden in 1864 due to poor health. During his term at the Treasury Department, Chittenden attracted notice when he worked to the point of exhaustion in order to ensure that a bond issue required to finance the Union war effort could be issued on time. The 12,500 bond certificates needed to be sent to England by steamship so they could be sold, and each certificate required Chittenden's signature. As a result, Chittenden stayed at his desk and signed certificates continuously over three days until the task was complete, ensuring that they could be shipped on time. Chittenden injured his hand and

neg: Marriage in New Zealand immigrants accustomed to English law and practice, who were a small majority in New Zealand, mistakenly considered that as English law applied in New Zealand the English restrictions on marriage must also apply in New Zealand and that marriages not performed by the Church of England must be clandestine marriages without legal recognition. The Marriage Validation Act 1842, issued on 21 February 1842 by Governor William Hobson, recognised that doubts existed regarding the validity of marriages under the common law of England "whereby marriages in the Colony are governed" when the marriage was not "solemnized by a minister episcopally ordained".

neg: Ship Sanitation Certificate at all times. Ship sanitation certificates can be of two types: Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificates (SSCEC) are issued to vessels that have passed flying fists that verifies that the ship is free of animal vectors, potential disease reservoirs or ill humans. Ship Sanitation Control Certificates (SSCC) are issued when a health risk is found, and control measures (fumigation, etc.) have been successfully carried out. The Ship Sanitation Certificates replaced the older Deratting Certificates in 2007. Ship Sanitation Certificate A Ship Sanitation Certificate is a document that corroborates a ship's compliance with maritime sanitation and quarantine rules specified in article

neg: Quaker wedding the middle of the night (although in practice Quaker marriages are performed in a place where there is a regular Meeting for Worship held, so would not usually take place outside). The law with regard to Quaker weddings in England and Wales is based around Section 47 of the Marriage Act 1949 "Marriages according to usages of the Society of Friends" Quaker marriages in England and Wales have "two" marriage certificates: Quakers decided to offer marriage on an equal basis to same sex couples in 2009. Same sex marriage was recognized in law in 2014 in England, Scotland and Wales.

neg: Silver certificate Silver certificate A silver certificate is a certificate of ownership that silver owners hold instead of storing the actual silver. Several countries have issued silver certificates, including Cuba, the Netherlands, and the United States. Silver certificates have also been privately issued by various mints and bullion companies. One example was the Liberty Dollar issued by NORFED from 1998 to 2009. Cuban silver certificates were issued between 1934 and 1949 (and circulated from 1935 to the early 1950s). Prior and subsequent issues of Cuban banknotes were engraved and printed by private bank note companies "in" the United States, but the series

neg: Australian passport final report in 1983, making recommendations on how to prevent such abuses, most of which were acted upon by the federal government. The report's recommendations included that applicants for a passport attend a Passport Office and that mailed applications cease; that passports be issued only to citizens, so that British subjects cease to be entitled to a passport; that birth certificates not to be accepted as a sufficient proof of identity; that passports cease to be issued to travel or other agents; that all persons who change their names, whether by choice, marriage or adoption, be required to register the

neg: Protection papers Protection papers Protection papers, also known as "Seamen Protection Papers," "Seamen Protection Certificates," or "Sailor's Protection Papers", were issued to American seamen during the last part of the 18th century through the first half of the 20th century. These papers provided a description of the sailor and showed American citizenship. They were issued to American sailors to prevent them from being impressed on British men-of-war, during the period leading to and after the War of 1812. The certificates could be issued for a fee of 25 cents, and required proof of citizenship, although this was later changed to require only

neg: Same-sex marriage in Oaxaca Same-sex marriage in Oaxaca Same-sex marriages are not routinely performed in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, although judges have issued marriage certificates in individual cases. Although four decisions of the Mexican Supreme Court have indicated that the law should not be interpreted as "defining marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman", five such decisions are necessary for establishing a precedent for same-sex marriage. The 2012 Oaxaca case was pivotal in opening the door to legal same-sex marriage in every state in Mexico, through the injunction (amparo) process. Using international decisions, whose verdicts serve as legal precedent

neg: Full Faith and Credit Clause banned interracial marriage and did not recognize marriage certificates issued in other states for interracial couples. The full faith and credit clause was never used to force a state to recognize a marriage it did not wish to recognize. However, the existence of a common-law marriage in a sister state (still available in nine states and the District of Columbia) has been recognized in divorce or dissolution of marriage cases. The clause's application to state-sanctioned same-sex marriages, civil unions, and domestic partnerships is unresolved, although the case of marriage has been rendered moot. In 1996 the U.S. Congress specifically passed

neg: Pilot certification in the United States insurance purposes, although it is not a federal requirement in such cases. To qualify for the first class medical certificate, pilots must meet the requirements for the third and second class certificates plus: For pilots under 40 years of age, first class medical certificates expire on the last day of the month they were issued, one year from the date of issue. The FAA introduced this rule on July 24, 2008. For all others, they are valid until the last day of the month, six months after they were issued. The certificate holder may then only exercise the privileges of

neg: Silver certificate thus obsolete, but still valid legal tender. Large-size silver certificates (1878 to 1923) were issued initially in denominations from $10 to $1,000 (in 1878 and 1880) and in 1886 the $1, $2, and $5 were authorized. In 1928, all United States bank notes were re-designed and the size reduced. The small-size silver certificate (1928–1964) was only issued in denominations of $1, $5, and $10. Silver certificate A silver certificate is a certificate of ownership that silver owners hold instead of storing the actual silver. Several countries have issued silver certificates, including Cuba, the Netherlands, and the United States. Silver certificates

neg: Silver standard a need to issue silver certificates in the interim. Because the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 granted the right to issue silver certificates to the president, Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110 to delegate that authority to the Treasury Secretary during the transition. Silver certificates continued to be issued until late 1963, when the $1 Federal Reserve Note was released into circulation. For several years, existing silver certificates could be redeemed for silver, but this practice was halted on June 24, 1968. Finally, President Richard Nixon announced that the United States would no longer redeem currency for gold or any other

neg: Canadian nationality law on his Ontario birth certificate before the federal government realized that he is not a Canadian citizen under subsection 3(2) and revoked his Canadian passport. Documents other than those listed above, including Canadian passports, are not considered as proof of citizenship, but a passport is issued only after review of other documentary proof, as noted above. Church-issued baptismal certificates and birth certificates issued by an authority other than a provincial or territorial government are also not proof of Canadian citizenship. Such certificates were common in Quebec, as the provincial government did not start to issue birth certificates until 1994. A

neg: Symantec alone is not enough". In February 2015, Symantec was found guilty of two counts of patent infringement in a suit by Intellectual Ventures Inc and ordered to pay $17 million in compensation and damages, In September 2016, this decision was reversed on appeal by the Federal Circuit. On September 18, 2015, Google notified Symantec that the latter issued 23 test certificates for five organizations, including Google and Opera, without the domain owners' knowledge. Symantec performed another audit and announced that an additional 164 test certificates were mis-issued for 76 domains and 2,458 test certificates were mis-issued for domains that had

neg: Same-sex marriage in Oaxaca same-sex marriage was performed the following month. According to reports from late August 2018, the Civil Registry of Oaxaca City allows same-sex couples to marry without the need for an amparo (injunction). However, the process takes three business days, compared with two hours for opposite-sex couples. Same-sex marriage in Oaxaca Same-sex marriages are not routinely performed in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, although judges have issued marriage certificates in individual cases. Although four decisions of the Mexican Supreme Court have indicated that the law should not be interpreted as "defining marriage as a legal union between a man and a

neg: Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking 1983, making recommendations on how to prevent abuses in the issue of passports, most of which were acted upon by the government. The report made 40 recommendations, including that applicants for a passport attend a Passport Office and that mailed applications cease; that passports be issued only to citizens, so that British subjects cease to be entitled to a passport; that birth certificates not to be accepted as a sufficient proof of identity; that passports cease to be issued to travel or other agents; that all persons who change their names, whether by choice, marriage or adoption, be required to

neg: Harold Avery individual was found. 4) Marriage certificates: William Avery, Charles Harold Avery 5) Death certificates: William Avery, Maria Proctor Avery, John Avery, Catherine Avery, Charles Avery, Joseph Avery, Benjamin Avery, Winifred Avery, Charles Harold Avery, William Harold Avery 6) Death Index: 1916-2005 England and Wales Free BMD Death Index: William Harold Avery’s death certificate does not list his parents. A search of the death index for all persons named William Harold Avery and William H. Avery born between 1902 and 1912 was undertaken. There were only two men born between 1905 and 1911, one was born in 1907 and the other

neg: CARICOM Single Market and Economy Certificates had been issued by the 12 member states with the available data on free movement indicating that more than 6,000 of these skills certificates having been issued between 2006 and 2008. At an address to the graduates of the 48th Convocation of the University of Guyana on 8 November 2014, CARICOM’s Secretary General, Irwin La Rocque, revealed that up to November 2014 a total of 14,000 Skills Certificates had been issued and he urged the graduates to apply for their own Skills Certificates now that they were eligible. Individually, some countries account for a large percentage of the total

neg: Gregor MacGregor begun to understand that they were being fleeced, but almost none realised how comprehensively." Other variants on the Poyais scheme were similarly unsuccessful. In 1828 MacGregor began to sell certificates entitling the holders to "land in Poyais Proper" at five shillings per acre. Two years later King Robert Charles Frederic, who had succeeded his brother George Frederic Augustus in 1824, issued thousands of certificates covering the same territory and offered them to lumber companies in London, directly competing with MacGregor. When the original investors demanded their long-overdue interest, MacGregor could only pay with more certificates. Other charlatans soon caught on

neg: Certificate of freedom name, aliases (if any), ship on which they were transported, year of arrival, when tried and their sentence in years. Certificates from 1827 to 1867 also gave native place, calling, year of birth, physical description and sometimes ticket of leave information. Certificates comprised two components. The certificate proper was issued to the person named and it was mandatory for the person to carry that document with them at all times. The second component was the 'butt'; this was the official copy and was kept on file by the government. The certificates proper are quite rare as they were in constant

neg: Treasury Note (19th century) usage of the term, they were called "Certificates of Indebtedness" to distinguish them from Demand Notes, United States Notes and Seven-Thirties. While these certificates traded below par in the secondary market they could be used by merchants as collateral for obtaining bank loans. Authorized in 1898, Certificates of Indebtedness were issued during the Panic of 1907 to serve as backing for an increased circulation of banknotes. The Aldrich Vreeland Act soon followed and notes of this nature ceased to be issued. Treasury Note (19th century) A Treasury Note is a type of short term debt instrument issued by the United

neg: Somerset House for over 130 years. This office held all birth, marriage and death certificates in England and Wales until 1970, when the Registry and its associated archives were moved to nearby St Catherine's House at Aldwych. In 1842, the Excise Office had established a laboratory within its Broad Street headquarters for the prevention of the adulteration of tobacco products. It had started as basically a one-man operation by an employee of the Excise, George Phillips. After the Excise Office had been merged with the Office of Stamps and Taxes to form the Inland Revenue, the latter took over the laboratory; by

neg: Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America) it uses the standard knot emblem with a silver border. From 1912 to 1943 the BSA issued an index-sized card with information about the Eagle Scout. Wallet-size cards were introduced in 1944 and switched to a plastic credit card style in 1991. Certificates suitable for framing were first issued in 1944. As the honorary president of the BSA, the signature of the President of the United States appears on all certificates. Replacement of a card or certificate can be made by application through the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA). Eagle Scouts are expected to set an example for other Scouts

neg: Tax lien In the United States, a tax lien may be placed on a house or any other real property on which property tax is due (such as an empty tract of land, a boat dock, or even a parking place). Each county has varying rules and regulations regarding what tax is due, and when it is due. The related forms may be tax lien certificates or tax deed certificates. Tax lien certificates are issued immediately upon the failure of the property owner to pay. These forms describe a lien on the property. The liens are generally in first position over every

neg: Certificates of Claim a number of medium-sized estates. No Certificates of Claim were issued after March 1894, when it was calculated that 3,705,255 acres has been alienated, although later, more accurate, surveys reduced the total to 3,691,767 acres. When further areas of Crown land were alienated, or where parts of any estate that had been comprised in a Certificate of Claim was sold, the owner was granted a freehold title. When land comprised in such a certificate came into the ownership of the protectorate through purchase or forfeiture, it became Crown land. Most unalienated Crown land became Native Trust Land in 1936 by

neg: Comodo Group Our keys in our HSMs were not compromised. No certificates have been fraudulently issued. The attempt to fraudulently access the certificate ordering platform to issue a certificate failed." On March 26, 2011, a person under the username "ComodoHacker" made several posts to Pastebin.com claiming to be an Iranian responsible for the attacks. Such issues have been widely reported, and have led to criticism of how certificates are issued and revoked. As of 2016, all of the certificates remain revoked. Microsoft issued a security advisory and update to address the issue at the time of the event. Such attacks are not

neg: Marriage Equality Act (New York) The town clerk of Volney said she will not sign marriage certificates for same-sex couples unless forced to do so. Kathleen Rice, the district attorney for Nassau County, warned all town clerks within her jurisdiction they could face criminal charges if any refused to perform their duties with respect to same-sex marriages. Ledyard Town Clerk Rose Marie Belforti made state and national headlines when she notified the Town of Ledyard that she would not sign gay marriage certificates due to her religious beliefs. Belforti later delegated marriage applications to a deputy. Same-sex marriage advocates and some town residents criticized Belforti

neg: Literacy libraries, or printed books via informal tuition by religious leaders and peasant teachers. That said, the situation in England was far worse than in Scandinavia, France, and Prussia: as late as 1841, 33% of all Englishmen and 44% of Englishwomen signed marriage certificates with their mark as they were unable to write (government-financed public education was not available in England until 1870 and, even then, on a limited basis). Historian Ernest Gellner argues that Continental European countries were far more successful in implementing educational reform precisely because their governments were more willing to invest in the population as a whole.

neg: Pakistan Quarters Pakistan Quarters were also awarded similar certificates. Subsequently Federal Housing Minister stated that eligibility certificates issued to the residents of government colonies had no legal value and could be withdrawn. However, no letter or notice was served to the residents, in manner the eligibility certificates issued. In 2008, the then Secretary of Ministry of Housing & Works stated that a committee was set up by the former Prime Minister for deliberation of a proposal to award the ownership eligibility certificates to the residents of government quarters on the basis of their long stay in the housing units of government colonies

neg: Same-sex marriage in Virginia one for a year, the person paying spousal support no longer has to do so. In the approximately 10-month period subsequent to same-sex marriage being legal in Virginia (October 6, 2014 to August 31, 2015), a total of 3,598 marriage certificates were filed for same-sex couples, making up 5.27% of all marriage certificates filed in the state in that time. The three most popular city localities for same-sex marriages were Norfolk, Virginia Beach and Richmond. A May 2011 Washington Post poll found that 47% of Virginians favored the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 43% opposed it and 10% had no

neg: Edmunds Act the Free Exercise Clause. The Edmunds Act restrictions were enforced regardless of whether an individual was actually practicing polygamy, or merely stated a belief in the Mormon doctrine of plural marriage without actually participating. It also provided for a five-man Utah Commission appointed by the president to supervise all aspects of the electoral process in Utah Territory. All elected offices throughout the territory were vacated, the election board issued certificates to those who both denied a belief in polygamy and did not practice it, and new elections were held. Enforcement of the acts start in July 1887. The issue went

neg: Priority Sector Lending Certificates based pricing of Priority Sector Lending Certificates induces a "market-driven incentive for efficiency". In the first quarter year of 2016-17 Priority Sector Lending Certificates were traded at a premium in the range of 3-5 per cent. "The Priority Sector Lending Certificates would have a standard lot size of INR 2.5 million of multiples thereof...Normally PSLCs will be issued against the underlying assets. However, with the objective of developing a strong and vibrant market for PSLCs, a bank is permitted to issue PSLCs upto [sic] 50 percent of previous year’s PSL achievement without having the underlying in its books. However, as

neg: DigiNotar were found, major web browser makers reacted by blacklisting all DigiNotar certificates. The scale of the incident was used by some organizations like ENISA and AccessNow.org to call for a deeper reform of HTTPS in order to remove the weakest link possibility that a single compromised CA can affect that many users. DigiNotar's main activity was as a certificate authority, issuing two types of certificate. Firstly, they issued certificates under their own name (where the root CA was "DigiNotar Root CA"). Entrust certificates were not issued since July 2010, but some were still valid up to July 2013. Secondly, they

neg: StartCom However, repostings of the original articles are still available. The relationship is unclear, but it seems as if the StartCom technical infrastructure was being used by WoSign when they were caught issuing about a hundred improperly validated SSL certificates, including a certificate for github.com. An investigation by Google and Mozilla found that WoSign knowingly and intentionally mis-issued certificates in order to circumvent browser restrictions and CA requirements. As a result, Google joined Mozilla and Apple and planned to distrust all WoSign and StartCom certificates beginning in 2017. On July 17, 2017, an announcement was made about the restructuring of the

neg: Gilt-edged securities maturity of 50 years or more have been referred to as "ultra long". Gilt-edged securities Gilt-edged securities are bonds issued by the UK Government. The term is of British origin, and then referred to the debt securities issued by the Bank of England on behalf of His/Her Majesty's Treasury, whose paper certificates had a gilt (or gilded) edge. Hence, they are known as gilt-edged securities, or gilts for short. Today the term is used in the United Kingdom as well as some Commonwealth nations, such as South Africa and India. However, when reference is made to "gilts", what is generally

neg: Gilt-edged securities Gilt-edged securities Gilt-edged securities are bonds issued by the UK Government. The term is of British origin, and then referred to the debt securities issued by the Bank of England on behalf of His/Her Majesty's Treasury, whose paper certificates had a gilt (or gilded) edge. Hence, they are known as gilt-edged securities, or gilts for short. Today the term is used in the United Kingdom as well as some Commonwealth nations, such as South Africa and India. However, when reference is made to "gilts", what is generally meant is UK gilts, unless otherwise specified. Colloquially, the term "gilt-edged" is sometimes

neg: General Register Office for England and Wales Republic of Ireland; those entities' registration systems have always been separate from England and Wales. The GRO was founded in 1836 by the , and civil registration commenced in 1837. Its head is the Registrar General. Probably the most distinguished person associated with the GRO in the 19th century, although he was never its head, was William Farr. The GRO supplies copies of birth, marriage, civil partnership certificates and death certificates, either online or from one of the local register offices that act on behalf of the GRO. Prior to the creation of the General Register Office (GRO) in 1837,

neg: Birth certificate jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificate under any circumstances. Birth certificates are no longer issued by the Swedish government, and the only available option is to ask the Swedish Tax Authority for an extract from the Population Register (personbevis), which will specify birthplace, date of birth, and parents, among other information, such as marriage status and current registered address. When a child is born in Sweden, the nurse is obligated to report that to the Swedish Tax Authority, which in turn will issue a Personal identity number (personnummer) for the child.

neg: Protection papers when the Seamen's Continuous Discharge Book replaced them. These documents are common items in maritime collections and are important research sources for of American seamen." Protection papers Protection papers, also known as "Seamen Protection Papers," "Seamen Protection Certificates," or "Sailor's Protection Papers", were issued to American seamen during the last part of the 18th century through the first half of the 20th century. These papers provided a description of the sailor and showed American citizenship. They were issued to American sailors to prevent them from being impressed on British men-of-war, during the period leading to and after the War of

neg: History of rent control in England and Wales to provide standard amenities were specified (e.g. £30 for a bath or shower; £50 for a water closet and £30 for a hot and cold water supply at a sink) The term "improvements" included the replacement of an existing fixture or fitting. Qualification certificates could be issued by a local authority for premises that had all the standard amenities and were in good repair. A certificate of fair rent issued by the Rent Officer stated what the fair rent would be once any missing standard amenities had been provided. A fair rent could then be determined (the application was supported

neg: Same-sex marriage in Colorado marriage and are binding precedent on Colorado courts, and "Colorado ex rel. Suthers v. Hall", a state court case which previously allowed Boulder County to issue same-sex marriage licenses. In 1975, Clela Rorex, the county clerk of Boulder County, Colorado, became the first county clerk in the nation to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. She issued marriage licenses to several same-sex couples after the local district attorney interpreted Colorado's statutes, which used the phrase "any two persons", to be gender-neutral with respect to marriage. The state Attorney General issued a contrary opinion that those marriages were invalid. When one

neg: Pilot licensing in Canada able to convert those licences into FAA Certificates with greater ease than in the past. Similarly, American pilots who hold certain pilot certificates are able to convert those certificates into Canadian licences. Pilot licensing in Canada Pilot licensing in Canada is administered by Transport Canada under the "Aeronautics Act" and the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs). Other than when flying a hang glider or paraglider, a person may only operate a Canadian-registered aircraft or act as a flight crew member in Canada with a licence or permit issued by Transport Canada. At the end of 2008 there were 64,932 Canadian licences

neg: History of the United States dollar in Congress that changed the obligation on Silver Certificates so as to denote the current location of the silver. The last government regulation regarding the silver standard was in 1963, when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110, delegating to the Treasury Secretary his authority to authorize the US Department of Treasury to issue silver certificates for any silver held by the U.S. Government in excess of that not already backing issued certificates. This was necessary because of Kennedy's signing of Public Law 88-36 on the same day, one of the effects of which was a repeal of the

neg: Surinamese guilder 300 guilders in 1948. The government issued silver certificates (zilverbonnen) between 1918 and 1920 for , 1 and guilders. Further issues for 50 cent and 1 guilder were introduced in 1940. The 50 cent coin was issued until 1942, with guilders introduced in 1950. The silver certificates were superseded in 1960 by "muntbiljet" for 1 and guilders, which were issued until 1985. In 1957, the Central Bank of Suriname took over paper money production, issuing notes for 5, 10, 25, 100 and 1000 guilders. 500 guilder notes were introduced in 1982, followed by 250 guilders in 1988. 2000 guilder notes

neg: Certificates of Claim and incorporated A L Bruce Estates Ltd. The four companies (including African Lakes) together held 22 of the 59 Certificates of Claim issued relating to land: these comprised around 95% of all the land alienated by these certificates. Of the remaining Certificates of Claim, 18 were granted to missions, generally for small areas of land although the largest was for the islands of Likoma District. The remaining 19 Certificates of Claim were for a number of estates: 17 were in the medium size range (2,000 to 12,000 acres). The two larger estates were both soon broken up by sales into

neg: Marriage license issued at the ceremony; before then, it was by the recording of the marriage in a parish register. The provisions on civil marriage in the 1836 Act were repealed by the Marriage Act 1949. The Marriage Act 1949 re-enacted and re-stated the law on marriage in England and Wales. Marriage law and practice in Scotland differs from that in England and Wales. Historically, it was always considered legal and binding for a couple to marry by making public promises, without a formal ceremony but this form has not been available since 1940. More recently "marriage by cohabitation with repute" has

neg: LGBT rights in Arkansas certificates upon receipt of a court order verifying that they have undergone sex reassignment surgery and that their names have been changed. Besides male and female, Arkansas identity documents are available with an "X" sex descriptor. The Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration has issued such documentation since December 2010. A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 52% of Arkansas residents supported same-sex marriage, while 38% were opposed. 10% were undecided. Additionally, 64% supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 27% were against. LGBT rights in Arkansas Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons

neg: Public key infrastructure When a key is known to be compromised it could be fixed by revoking the certificate, but such a compromise is not easily detectable and can be a huge security breach. Browsers have to issue a security patch to revoke intermediary certificates issued by a compromised root certificate authority. Some practical security vulnerabilities of X.509 certificates and known cases where keys were stolen from a major Certificate Authority listed below. Public key infrastructure A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store & revoke digital certificates and manage public-key

neg: Cane Creek Friends Meeting Quarterly Meeting at Little River, in hopes of gaining permission to establish a new monthly meeting in Cane Creek. Permission was granted and the first Monthly Meeting was held on October 7, 1751. Certificates were issued to fifteen founding members on that date. By the following year, the Meeting had issued sixty-eight certificates. There have been five physical structures which have housed the Monthly Meeting; four of those, including the present day Cane Creek Meeting House, have stood on land donated by William Marshall and his wife Rebecca Dixon in 1764. The Cane Creek Monthly Meeting is often referred to

neg: Libellus Libellus A libellus (plural "libelli") in the Roman Empire was any brief document written on individual pages (as opposed to scrolls or tablets), particularly official documents issued by governmental authorities. The term "libellus" has particular historical significance for the libelli that were issued during the reign of Emperor Decius to citizens to certify performance of required pagan sacrifices in order to demonstrate loyalty to the authorities of the Roman Empire. During later periods libelli were issued as certificates of indulgence, in which the confessors or martyrs interceded for apostate Christians. "Forty-six such certificates have been published, all dating from this

neg: Series of 1928 (United States Currency) Great Depression. Most of these remained in storage before being released in Puerto Rico during 1948-9. Series of 1928 through 1928E silver certificates were only issued in the $1 denomination. The design closely followed the 1923 $1 Silver Certificate. 1928 saw the last issuance of Gold Certificates to the public prior to their confiscation during the Great Depression. Series of 1928 (United States Currency) The Series of 1928 was the first issue of small-size currency printed and released by the U.S. government. These notes, first released to the public on July 10, 1929, were the first standardized notes in terms

neg: MV Erika issued all safety certificates for the Erika. List of Certificates issued for the Erika by RINA: Total said that the classification society, Registro Italiano Navale had reported that the tanker was in good condition, and that it routinely requires certificates of good condition for vessels more than 20 years old. The accident triggered new EU-legislation as regard to transport by sea. On January 16, 2008, Total SA, Giuseppe Savarese (the shipowner), Antonio Pollara (the handler) and RINA (the expert company) were sentenced in solidum to pay indemnities of €192 million ($280 million USD), plus individual penalties. The judgement, while recognizing

neg: Birth certificate Code of Québec unless their validity is recognized by a Quebec court. Inserting one's birth record into the Quebec register is a prerequisite for anyone born outside of Quebec to apply for a legal name change in the province. Semi-authentic birth certificates are issued in the long-form only. Depending on the province, certificates are in English, French or both languages. Birth certificates from Canadian territories are in English and French, as well as Inuktitut in Nunavut (though individual data is in the Roman alphabet only, not in Inuktitut syllabics). The People's Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on

neg: Maria Callas that the birth certificates Gage used to prove this "secret child" were issued in 1998, twenty-one years after Callas's death. Still other sources claim that Callas had at least one abortion while involved with Onassis. In 1966, Callas renounced her U.S. citizenship at the American Embassy in Paris, to facilitate the end of her marriage to Meneghini. This was because after her renunciation, she was only a Greek citizen, and under Greek law a Greek could only legally marry in a Greek Orthodox church. As she had married in a Roman Catholic church, this divorced her in every country except

neg: DigiNotar issued certificates for the Dutch government's PKIoverheid ("PKIgovernment") program. This issuance was via two intermediate certificates, each of which chained up to one of the two "Staat der Nederlanden" root CAs. National and local Dutch authorities and organisations offering services for the government who want to use certificates for secure internet communication can request such a certificate. Some of the most-used electronic services offered by Dutch governments used certificates from DigiNotar. Examples were the authentication infrastructure DigiD and the central car-registration organisation . DigiNotar's root certificates were removed from the trusted-root lists of all major web browsers and consumer operating

neg: Samuel Brand Samuel Brand Samuel Brand was a German Jew who became officially the first immigrant to enter the State of Israel after its creation on 14 May 1948. He was also a survivor of the Buchenwald concentration camp in Nazi Germany. Brand carried with him the first visa ever issued by the Government of Israel. Before the establishment of the state, Jewish immigration to Israel had been severely restricted by the then-governing British authorities of the Mandate of Palestine. There were rigid quotas and certificates required. Tens of thousands of Jews who arrived without certificates were regarded as illegal immigrants and

neg: Gold certificate This is the only example of "circulating" U.S. currency that is not an obligation of the government, and thus not redeemable by a Federal Reserve Bank. The note bears the portrait of Andrew Jackson and has no printed design on its reverse side. Since the time of the gold recall legislation the United States Treasury has issued gold certificates to the Federal Reserve Banks. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to "prescribe the form and denominations of the certificates". Originally, this was the purpose of the Series of 1934 Certificates which were issued only to the banks and never

neg: Genealogical certificate Genealogical certificate The genealogical certificate ("Abstammungsurkunde") was a civil status certificate under German law to prove the birth of a child and it differs slightly from a birth certificate. The main purpose of the genealogical certificate was to determine marriage bans with adopted children. Since this had little practical significance, the genealogical certificate was abolished on January 1, 2009, by the Civil Status Law Reform Act. Genealogical certificates were issued until December 31, 2008, by the civil registry office that had certified the birth. It contained, among other things, the child's name, sex, date of birth, place of birth, and

neg: Silver certificate (Cuba) already been printed but were never issued. Original art and mock-ups for both versions (part of the National Numismatic Collection, NMAH) can be seen in the tables below. Silver certificate (Cuba) Cuban silver certificates () were issued between 1934 and 1949 (and circulated from 1935 to the early 1950s). Prior and subsequent issues of Cuban banknotes were engraved and printed by nongovernmental private bank note companies in the United States, but the series from 1934 to 1949 were designed, engraved, and printed by the US government at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP). The first Cuban banknotes were issued

neg: Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation have certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered. "Article 33": (Recognition of Certificates and Licences) Certificates of airworthiness, certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognised as valid by other states. The requirements for the issuing of those certificates or airworthiness, certificates of competency or licences must be equal to or above the minimum standards established by the Convention. "Article 40": No aircraft or personnel with endorsed licenses or certificate will engage in international navigation except with the

neg: Certificate authority when they actually did not. The fraud was detected in early 2001. Microsoft and VeriSign took steps to limit the impact of the problem. In 2011 fraudulent certificates were obtained from Comodo and DigiNotar, allegedly by Iranian hackers. There is evidence that the fraudulent DigiNotar certificates were used in a man-in-the-middle attack in Iran. In 2012, it became known that Trustwave issued a subordinate root certificate that was used for transparent traffic management (man-in-the-middle) which effectively permitted an enterprise to sniff SSL internal network traffic using the subordinate certificate. An attacker who steals a certificate authority's private keys is able

neg: St John's Church, Abergavenny Hall or Centre. The lodge holds four masonic certificates (given to new members) from an older (French) masonic lodge in Monk Street. The certificates were issued in 1813 and 1814 to French officers who were prisoners of war sent to Abergavenny. The lodge became a listed building on 5 July 1952 (Cadw building number 2470). St John's Church, Abergavenny St John's Church was the parish church for Abergavenny, Monmouthshire until the Dissolution of the Monasteries when the priory church of St Mary's Priory became the parish church. The church then became a grammar school and is now part of a

neg: Validation authority certificates. It must be continuously updated with current CRL information from a certificate authority which issued the certificates contained within the CRL. While this is a potentially labor-intensive process, the use of a dedicated validation authority allows for dynamic validation of certificates issued by an offline root certificate authority. While the root CA itself will be unavailable to network traffic, certificates issued by it can always be verified via the validation authority and the protocols mentioned above. The ongoing administrative overhead of maintaining the CRLs hosted by the validation authority is typically minimal, as it is uncommon for root CAs

neg: CARICOM Single Market and Economy movement of people/labour. Although the CARICOM Skills Certificate regime pre-dates the formal inauguration of the CSME (Skills Certificates have been available since 1997, while the CSME was only formally instituted in 2005 following provisional application of the CSME protocols in 2001) the number of Skills Certificates issued to qualifying CARICOM nationals has only really taken off since the CSME was instituted. Between 1997 and 2005 only nine Member States had issued certificates of Recognition of Skills on a relatively small scale. Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Guyana have issued the bulk of these certificates. By September 2010 approximately 10,000 Skills

neg: Marriageable age Northwestern Europe, marriage at very early ages was rare. One thousand marriage certificates from 1619 to 1660 in the Archdiocese of Canterbury show that only one bride was 13 years old, four were 15, twelve were 16, and seventeen were 17 years old; while the other 966 brides were at least 19 years old. Additionally, the Church dictated that both the bride and groom must be at least 21 years of age to marry without the consent of their families; in the certificates, the most common age for the brides is 22 years. For the grooms 24 years was the

neg: United States passport Nations laissez-passer is a similar document issued by that international organization. Few requests for certificates of non-citizenship nationality are made to the Department of State, which are issuable by the department. Production of a limited number of certificates would be costly, which if produced certificates would have to meet stringent security standards. Due to this, the Department of State chooses not to issue certificates of non-citizen nationality; instead, passports are issued to non-citizen nationals. The issued passport certifies the status of a non-citizen national. The certification is in the form of "U.S. National" instead of "USA" on the front of

neg: Same-sex marriage in California During the same period, the San Francisco City Hall issued 103 opposite-sex marriage licenses. Of those same-sex marriage licenses issued, 82 couples either decided not to go through with a marriage or failed to register their marriage with the county before the state Supreme Court stay was issued, meaning 3,955 completed same-sex marriages were registered in the county. By reviewing first names of applicants, San Francisco officials estimated that 57% of the same-sex married couples were women. Demographic information gleaned from the registered licenses also shows the newlywed same-sex couples were older: More than 74% were over age 35, while

neg: Edward Everett Cox a deputy clerk. The wedding was held in the First Baptist Church of Portland, on November 18, 1901. Shortly after the wedding, the newlyweds began their journey east to Hartford City, Indiana. A major portion of their trip was via a Northern Pacific train to Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Cox traveled as far as Spokane when they discovered that lawyers were debating the validity of all marriage licenses issued by the deputy clerk. An old Oregon law declared that only county clerks could issue marriage licenses, and this meant that the marriage licenses issued by the deputy clerk could be

neg: Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan as marriage certificates, they are still a useful tool in civil matters such as hospital visitation rights. The Shibuya ward office began accepting applications on 28 October 2015. In response to this action by the Shibuya ward office, the "Special Committee to Protect Family Ties" (, "") of the federal ruling Liberal Democratic Party was formed in March 2015 to discuss the matter. An officer from the Ministry of Justice who was invited to comment has stated that the action by Shibuya is legal because the certificate issued is not a marriage certificate and the current Japanese legal code does