query: what type of government does gambia have today

pos: Politics of the Gambia OAU, (Now African Union abbreviated AU) OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO Politics of the Gambia Politics of The Gambia takes place within the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of The Gambia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The 1970 constitution of The Gambia, which divided the government into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, was suspended after the 1994 military coup. As part

pos: Politics of the Gambia Politics of the Gambia Politics of The Gambia takes place within the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of The Gambia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The 1970 constitution of The Gambia, which divided the government into independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, was suspended after the 1994 military coup. As part of the transition process, the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) established the Constitution Review Commission (CRC) through decree in

neg: World Englishes trade. English soon gained official status in what are today Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, and some of the pidgin and creoles which developed from English contact, including Krio (Sierra Leone) and Cameroon Pidgin, have large numbers of speakers now. As for East Africa, extensive British settlements were established in what are now Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, where English became a crucial language of the government, education and the law. From the early 1960s, the six countries achieved independence in succession; but English remained the official language and had large numbers of second language speakers

neg: Telecommunications in the Gambia ordered all subscribers to an online independent newspaper to report to the police or face arrest. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, but the government does not respect these prohibitions. Observers believe the government monitors citizens engaged in activities that it deems objectionable. In recent years before the 2016 election social media like Whatsapp, Facebook and Skype have been temporarily blocked in The Gambia. Since 30 November 2016, the evening before the presidential election, internet access, mobile communication and phone calls have been completely shut down by all providers, as ordered by the

neg: Gambia Colony and Protectorate services, the former moving its service to Dakar, which had a concrete runway (as opposed to pierced steel planking). The airport was rebuilt in 1963 and the building is still in use today. During the later colonial period, especially post 1901, The Gambia began to have a more developed colonial government. Roles in the government, though taken by white British officials, included examples such as the Attorney General, the Senior Medical Officer, the Controller of Customs, the Receiver General, and the Director of Public Works. The colony was governed by the Executive Council primarily, but legislation came from the Legislative

neg: Mining industry of the Gambia Mining industry of the Gambia Mining in the Gambia, which is limited to the production of clay, laterite, sand and gravel, silica sand, and zircon, does not play a significant role in the Gambian economy. The Department of State for Trade, Industry, and Employment is the government entity responsible for the administration of the mining sector. A new mineral and mining law proposed in 2001 was still under consideration for approval by the Government as of 2005. The government has put in place policies to attract foreign direct investment, including free repatriation of capital and profits, special Investment certificates, and

neg: Solicitor General of the Gambia in the vacancy of that office, does every act, and executes every branch of it." Solicitor General of the Gambia The Solicitor General of the Gambia is a senior government lawyer in the Gambia who serves as the second most senior official in the Ministry of Justice after the Attorney General/Minister of Justice. The incumbent Solicitor General is Cherno Marenah. The Solicitor General is the deputy to the Attorney General, and has the authority to act on their behalf in their absence. The statutory basis for this authority in the Gambia is found in the Law Officers Act. In the

neg: Brufut occupied all year. The estate is very popular with UK expatriates. There will eventually be approximately 450 villas (parts of the estate are still under construction in 2013), that include three large apartment blocks and a brand new Shopping Mall. Next to this is another gated and guarded area of the estate known as the AU Village, which was constructed in early 2006 by the Gambia/Government and TAF Construction purposely to have a secure place to lodge the 52 presidents expected to attend the then 7th AU summit in the Gambia. Today these are used to lodge VIPs and are

neg: The Gambia Gao had converted to Islam and had appointed to their courts Muslims who were literate in the Arabic language. At the beginning of the 14th century, most of what is today called the Gambia was part of the Mali Empire. The Portuguese reached this area by sea in the mid-15th century, and began to dominate overseas trade. In 1588, the claimant to the Portuguese throne, António, Prior of Crato, sold exclusive trade rights on the Gambia River to English merchants. Letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I confirmed the grant. In 1618, King James I of England granted a charter to

neg: Human trafficking in the Gambia Welfare and Tourism Security Unit are compiling electronic databases and conventional lists of trafficking cases, offenders, and victims, which may soon provide a clearer picture of how traffickers operate and how they differ from the migrant smugglers whose cases are now filling the country's courts. The Government of the Gambia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so, despite limited resources. At the highest level, the government acknowledges that trafficking exists in the country. The Gambian government lacks funding and resources to fight trafficking, though it

neg: Religion in the Gambia which deal with issues under the customary and traditional law, apply sharia, if relevant when presiding over cases involving Muslims. A five-member Qadi panel has purview over appeals regarding decisions of the Qadi courts and non-Qadi district tribunals relating to sharia. Foreign missionary groups operate in the country. The government does not require religious groups to register. Faith-based nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must meet the same registration and licensing requirements as other NGOs. Religion in the Gambia Muslims constitute 90 percent of the population of the Gambia according to CIA factbook. The vast majority are Malikite Sunnis influenced with Sufism, of

neg: Gambia Film Unit an important role in Gambian media, alongside Radio Gambia and the Gambia News Bulletin. The unit became part of Gam TV, The Gambia's first TV station, which was shortlived before it became itself part of Gambia Radio & Television Service (GRTS) in 1995. Sagnia and others involved in the unit have since been described as "pioneers" of Gambian film by Gambian filmmaker Prince Bubacarr Aminata Sankanu. Gambia Film Unit Gambia Film Unit was an agency of the Gambian government that produced short films and showed them in remote parts of The Gambia. It was founded in 1967 and led by

neg: Pinnace (ship's boat) auxiliary vessel that does not fit under the "launch" or "lifeboat" definitions. Identification of some pinnaces in contemporary historical documents is often difficult because there was no standardization of pinnace design, be the type "small" or "large". The term seems to have been applied to variants of what may be called the full-rigged pinnace, rather than the alternative use of the term for a larger vessel's boat. Furthermore, several ship type and rig terms were used in the 17th century, but with very different definitions from those applied today. Re-assessment of the design of some 17th-century ships not designated "pinnace"

neg: University of the Gambia University of the Gambia The University of the Gambia (UTG) is an institution of higher education located in Sere Kunda, the largest city in the Gambia. The campus is reported to have been founded in 1998 in Kotu-Kanifing, a suburb of Sere Kunda. It was not until March 1999 that the UTG started to offer courses, following a law passed by the National Assembly of the Gambia. In 1999, 300 students are reported to have been enrolled. As of 2002, the number of academic staff was 44. In 2006, nearly 2000 students were enrolled. The Gambian government has planned to

neg: Deyda Hydara saying "And up to now one of these stupid Web sites carries 'Who Killed Deyda Hydara'? Let them go and ask Deyda Hydara who killed him." Although the killers have not yet been brought to justice, it is believed by some that the former government in the Republic of Gambia may have been responsible for this act. The Gambia Press Union then published a statement criticizing the lack of press freedom in Gambia, the stalled progress of the investigation, and the president's remarks, which the union called "inappropriate". The Gambian government responded by arresting six journalists: Pap Saine, News Editor

neg: Black conservatism that this type of government intervention in black mobility actually does more to question the ability of black individuals to succeed more than it does provide well-earned opportunity that would otherwise be inaccessible. Individualism is where individuals are personally responsible for pursuing success in their own self-interest. Black conservatives are in favor of individualism and oppose government interventions such as affirmative action because they do not want it to raise the question of whether or not they deserve the successes they have achieved or if they took part in what some refer to as "reverse racism." Black conservatives oppose policies

neg: Janjanbureh, Gambia It is the hometown of the Yale academic Lamin Sanneh. The island is known locally as McCarthy Island, and is located in what used to be called McCarthy Island Division. The island is accessed by bridge from the south bank, and small boat ferries or government ferry on the north bank. In 1995, both the city of Georgetown and MacCarthy Island were renamed Janjanbureh respectively. Janjanbureh is also the name of the district in which the town of Janjanbureh is located. Janjanbureh, Gambia Janjanbureh or Jangjangbureh is a town, founded in 1832, on Janjanbureh Island in the Gambia River in

neg: HIV disease progression rates individuals who have been recently identified. These are called Highly Exposed Persistently Seronegative (HEPS). This is a small group of individuals and has been observed only in a group of uninfected HIV-negative prostitutes in Kenya and in The Gambia. When these individuals' PBMCs are stimulated with HIV-1 peptides, they have lymphoproliferative activity and have HIV-1 specific CD8+ CTL activity suggesting that transient infection may have occurred. This does not occur in unexposed individuals. What is interesting, is that the CTL epitope specificity differs between HEPS and HIV positive individuals, and in HEPS, the maintenance of responses appears to be dependent

neg: History of medical diagnosis to understand its mechanisms and how it may be prevented or cured. For his medical students he believed that the best textbook was the patient himself—analysis of morbid anatomy and pathology were the keys. The Oslerian ideal continues today as the basis of the doctor's strategy is, "What disease does this patient have, and what is the best way for treatment?" The emphasis is on the classification of the disease in order to use the remedies available for its effects to be reversed or ameliorated. The human being in question is representative of a class of people with this type

neg: Politics of the Gambia but were widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Supreme Court of The Gambia (since 1998). Until 1998, there was a right of appeal from the Court of Appeal of The Gambia to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The last case from The Gambia to be decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was 'West Coast Air Limited v. Gambia Civil Aviation Authority and Others U.K.P.C. 39 (15 September 1998) Summary of the 1 December 2016 Gambian presidential election results Local government in The Gambia varies. The capital city, Banjul, has

neg: Percy Wyn-Harris needing urbanization, birth control, and secondary industries." Wyn-Harris was appointed as Governor of the Gambia in December 1949. His time in office coincided with a growth of nationalist sentiment in West Africa. It was his belief that the Gambia should not progress towards self-government; rather, it should maintain a permanent link with the United Kingdom and be administered locally: what he termed the 'Channel Islands option'. Wyn-Harris was also opposed to the development of political parties in the Gambia. His first constitution in 1951 increased the number of elected members of the Legislative Council from two to three. After the

neg: Christianity in the Gambia and the Gambia have passed enabling legislation and ordained women clergy. Solomon Tilewa Johnson, who died in 2014, was the first Gambian national to hold the post of Anglican Bishop of Gambia. Christianity in the Gambia Christians in the Gambia constitute approximately 8 percent (~136,400) of the country's population (1,705,000 - 2009 est.) The government did not establish a state religion, but the predominant religion is Islam, practised by approximately 90% of the country's population. Article 25 of the Constitution protects the rights of citizens to practise any religion that they choose. The Christian community, situated mostly in the west

neg: Trans-Gambia Highway and Nioro, across Gambia and then into Bignona and Ziguinchor in the Casamance. The actual Gambian section is only 25 km long. It runs through Farafenni and Soma but the 800 metre width of the Gambia River can only be crossed by a connecting ferry. With establishment of the Gambia River Development Organization in 1978, plans for a bridge were developed. Despite being repeatedly raised, these plans have not come to fruition. In August 2005, the Gambia River Authority doubled the prices for the ferry crossing. In response, the Government of Senegal closed the border crossings. The prices were reduced

neg: Scripophily anyone famous or to a famous company? Rarity - How many of the certificates were issued? How many survived over the years? Is the certificate a low number? Demand for Item - How many people are trying to collect the same certificate? Aesthetics - How does the certificate look? What is in the vignette? What color of ink was used? Does it have fancy borders or writing on it? Type of company - What type of company was it issued for? Does the industry still exist? Has the industry changed a lot over the years? Original Face Value - How

neg: Anglican Diocese of Gambia The position of bishop is currently held by James Allen Yaw Odico, formerly the Dean of St Mary's Cathedral, who was consecrated and enthroned on 24 January 2016. Bishop of Gambia and the Rio Pongas Bishop of Gambia Anglican Diocese of Gambia The Diocese of Gambia and Guinea was founded in 1935 and had been renamed the Diocese of Gambia and The Rio Pongas by 1940. Today it is simply styled the Diocese of Gambia, is one of 17 dioceses in the Church of the Province of West Africa, and comprises The Gambia, Senegal, and the Cape Verde Islands. In

neg: Phalanx describing the mass of infantry or cavalry that would deploy in line during battle. They marched forward as one entity. The term itself, as used today, does not refer to a distinctive military unit or division (e.g., the Roman legion or the contemporary Western-type battalion), but to the type of formation of an army's troops. Therefore, this term does not indicate a standard combat strength or composition but includes the total number of infantry, which is deployed in a single formation known as a "phalanx". Many spear-armed troops historically fought in what might be termed phalanx-like formations. This article focuses

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Worcester County, Massachusetts the title "town" and are usually referred to by residents as "towns", but the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office considers all eleven to be legally cities. Other sources within state government often refer to all eleven municipalities as towns, however. Massachusetts seems to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Middlesex County, Massachusetts the title "town" and are usually referred to by residents as "towns", but the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office considers all eleven to be legally cities. Other sources within state government often refer to all eleven municipalities as towns, however. Massachusetts seems to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has

neg: Anglican Diocese of Gambia Anglican Diocese of Gambia The Diocese of Gambia and Guinea was founded in 1935 and had been renamed the Diocese of Gambia and The Rio Pongas by 1940. Today it is simply styled the Diocese of Gambia, is one of 17 dioceses in the Church of the Province of West Africa, and comprises The Gambia, Senegal, and the Cape Verde Islands. In 1985, French-speaking Guinea was split off from it to form the Anglican Diocese of Guinea. In 1981 the Diocese of Gambia and The Rio Pongas was one of the five dioceses, along with Freetown, Niger, Accra, and Lagos,

neg: Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus 2005, Yahya Jammeh, then President of Gambia, said that his country was ready to recognise the independence of Northern Cyprus. The Cypriot government protested and Gambia did not recognise the TRNC. Azerbaijan and Gambia expressed their willingness to eventually formally recognise the TRNC. They so far have not followed through, but their informal contacts have increased. Also, diplomats from other countries have recently officially visited the TRNC Embassy in Ankara to hold meetings with the TRNC Ambassador. The latest nation to state their intention to (positively) change its policy towards TRNC is Paraguay. In 1983 Bangladesh and Pakistan withdrew recognition

neg: Gambia–Malaysia relations rice production. Until now, relations between the two countries are mainly conducted in technical assistance such as in the field of education and training. The Government of Malaysia had encouraged companies from The Gambia to explore possible collaboration and joint ventures with the Malaysian companies for the mutual benefit of the two countries. As The Gambia has been accorded the honour to host the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Summit in 2018, the government of The Gambia seeks the support of the Malaysian government and people and invites Malaysian investors to invest in the country. The Gambia also sought the

neg: Liberalism Later in the 1840s, Julius Faucher and Gustave de Molinari advocated the same. In his essay "The Production of Security", Molinari argued: "No government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity". Molinari and this new type of anti-state liberal grounded their reasoning on liberal ideals and classical economics. Historian and libertarian Ralph Raico argues that what these liberal philosophers "had come up with was a form of individualist anarchism, or, as it would be called today, anarcho-capitalism or market

neg: National Library of The Gambia are stored in the library, which caters mainly to The Gambia and its history. The library offers an adult library, children's library, bulk school lending service, mobile and mailbox service. The library was originally operated by the British council till 1946 and was renamed to the National Library of The Gambia by 1971. The Gambia did not have any library on its own till 1962. Till then the library was the only one of its kind in the country other than the ones in schools, Government departments, missions houses and clubs. When the transfer took place, the library had a

neg: Human trafficking in the Gambia Human trafficking in the Gambia Human trafficking in the Gambia covers ongoing activities in trafficking women and children in the Gambia as forced labor and prostitution. The Gambia is a source, transit, and destination country for this type of exploitation. Within the Gambia, women and girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation, as well as for domestic servitude. For generations, parents sent their sons to live with Koranic teachers or marabouts, who more often forced children to beg than ensured their progress in religious studies. However, this practice is declining as the security forces

neg: The Gambia new president, the Gambia has begun the process of returning to its status as a Commonwealth republic with the support of the British government, formally presenting its application to re-join the Commonwealth of Nations to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018. The Gambia returned to its status as a Commonwealth republic on 8 February 2018. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 78.3% of Gambian girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation. LGBT activity is illegal, and punishable with life imprisonment. The "Daily Observer" reporter Ebrima Manneh is believed by human rights organizations to have been arrested

neg: Radio Gambia veteran historian, former Director of Programmes and Head of Local Languages at Radio Gambia), Alhaji Assan Njie (Presenter of Radio Gambia), Alhaji Mansour Njie (historian and Presenter of Radio Gambia) and Alhaji Ousman Secka. Following a decree by the Gambian government in December 1995, Radio Gambia merged with the first national television station of the country and became The Gambia Radio & Television Service (GRTS). Radio Gambia Radio Gambia is the national radio broadcaster of the West African state of the Gambia. Established in 1962, it became the first radio station in the Gambia. Radio Gambia was the first media

neg: Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone The Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone (ITCABIC) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in the Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The current president is The Most Reverend Patrick Daniel Koroma, Bishop of Kenema Founded in 1971, it originally included the Bishops of Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of Liberia was established in 1998. Today, the Inter-territorial Catholic Bishops' Conference of The Gambia and Sierra Leone consists of all active and retired members of the Catholic hierarchy (i.e., diocesan,

neg: The Gambia represented the biggest trade partner of the Gambia in 2007, which is a defining contrast to previous years that had Guinea-Bissau and Ghana as equally important trade partners. Globally, Denmark, the United States, and China have become important source countries for Gambian imports. The UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, and the Netherlands also provide a fair share of Gambian imports. The Gambian trade deficit for 2007 was $331 million. In May 2009, 12 commercial banks existed in the Gambia, including one Islamic bank. The oldest of these, Standard Chartered Bank, dates its presence back to the entry in 1894 of what

neg: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War Russian state media that: "Syria as a country was rife for some kind of change. And the government of Syria should have felt that in due time and should have undertaken some reform. Had they done that, what we're seeing in Syria today would have never happened." On 26 June 2013, the Deputy Russian Foreign Minister said that the small Russian naval base at Tartus has been evacuated. Mikhail Bogdanov stated that: "Presently, the Russian Defense Ministry has not a single person stationed in Syria. The base does not have any strategic military importance". On 9 September 2013, responding to

neg: Gambia Radio & Television Service Gambia Radio & Television Service The Gambia Radio & Television Service is the national broadcaster of the West African state of the Gambia. Gambia Radio & Television Service currently broadcasts in English and native local languages. The history of GRTS stems from the mergership of the older and more established Radio Gambia and the rather recent Television Channel. Radio Gambia was the first media broadcaster in the Gambia, opened in 1962. Its historical base is Bakau (a town in the Gambia). In December 1995, GRTS was commissioned by the Gambian government which began test transmissions under the Gambia Telecommunications Company

neg: Jon Kavanaugh purpose of making this investigation seem like a personal vendetta. He may have assassinated a gang leader. And that's just all in one day. I wonder what he's going to do today. I wonder what he's going to do tomorrow. This guy... this guy is just pissing... he's pissing all over us. He's pissing on you. What does it taste like? Chief, what does it taste like, 'cause you know what, it tastes like piss to me! Chief Johnson icily responds: You have 48 hours to tie up the loose ends, and find someplace else to do the paperwork. Captain

neg: Meisho Sumidagawa in what is today Tokyo; at a particular point in the river, he spots a particular type of plovers which he has not seen before. Asking the boatman what kind of bird they are, he receives the reply that they are "miyakodori", "capital birds," which makes him long for the capital and weep, asking the birds what they know of events in Kyoto. This episode was later referenced in the Noh play "Sumidagawa", in which a woman journeys to the region seeking her kidnapped son. Her boatman does not know the name of the birds, and she reprimands him

neg: Flag of the Gambia flag of the Gambia – red (LSAP), blue (DP) and Green (The Greens). Footnotes Bibliography Flag of the Gambia The national flag of the Gambia consists of three horizontal red, blue and green bands separated by two thin white fimbriations. Adopted in 1965 to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the arms of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate, it has been the flag of the Republic of the Gambia since the country gained independence that year. It remained unchanged throughout the Gambia's seven-year confederation with Senegal. The British first arrived in what is now modern-day Gambia in 1661, when

neg: Flag of the Gambia Flag of the Gambia The national flag of the Gambia consists of three horizontal red, blue and green bands separated by two thin white fimbriations. Adopted in 1965 to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the arms of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate, it has been the flag of the Republic of the Gambia since the country gained independence that year. It remained unchanged throughout the Gambia's seven-year confederation with Senegal. The British first arrived in what is now modern-day Gambia in 1661, when they conquered James Island. They proceeded to construct forts around the confluence of the Gambia

neg: The Gambia (1965–1970) government) from 1965, became the first President of the Gambia. Queen Elizabeth II did not visit the Gambia between 1965 and 1970. She visited in 1961 (3–5 December). The Gambia (1965–1970) Between 1965 and 1970, The Gambia was an independent sovereign state that shared its head of state with the United Kingdom and other states headed by Queen Elizabeth II. It was a predecessor to the modern-day republic of The Gambia. Gambia was given independence from Britain in 1965 under the Gambia Independence Act 1964, which unified the British Crown Colony and Protectorate of the Gambia into an independent sovereign

neg: Modal fallacy 'B wins', is true (always has been and ever will be) and the other is false (always has been and ever will be). Suppose 'A wins' is today true. Then whatever A does (or fails to do) today will make no difference; similarly, whatever B does (or fails to do) today will make no difference: the outcome is already settled. Or again, suppose 'A wins' is today false. Then no matter what A does today (or fails to do), it will make no difference; similarly, no matter what B does (or fails to do), it will make no difference: the

neg: The Gambia in nearby Guinea-Bissau and the neighbouring Casamance region of Senegal. The government of the Gambia believed Senegal was complicit in the March 2006 failed coup attempt. This put increasing strains on relations between the Gambia and its neighbour. The subsequent worsening of the human rights situation placed increasing strains on US–Gambian relations. The Gambia withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations on 3 October 2013, with the government stating it had "decided that the Gambia will never be a member of any neo-colonial institution and will never be a party to any institution that represents an extension of colonialism". Under the

neg: History of the Gambia Gambia. The colony assumed an importance to the French as a possible trade route, proposed cession of the Gambia for some other part of West Africa was first mooted in 1861. It was seriously discussed again during 1865 and 1866. In 1870 and 1876, negotiations were entered into between the French and British government over the proposed cession of the Gambia in exchange for other territories in West Africa. However, the proposal aroused such opposition in Parliament and among various mercantile bodies in England, as well as among the native inhabitants of the Gambia, that the British government was unable

neg: Telecommunications in the Gambia president of The Gambia. Telecommunications in the Gambia Telecommunications in the Gambia includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. The Gambia is not individually classified by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), but is classified as engaged in selective Internet filtering based on the limited descriptions in the ONI 2009 profile for the sub-Saharan Africa region. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority. Individuals and groups can generally engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail.

neg: Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country 56%, whereas in rural areas, rates exceed 90%. A majority of Gambian women who underwent FGM/C claimed they did it primarily because religion mandates it. A 2011 clinical study reports 66% FGMs in Gambia were Type I, 26% were Type II and 8% Type III. About a third of all women in Gambia with FGM/C, including Type I, suffered health complications because of the procedure. In 2015, Gambia's president Yahya Jammeh has banned FGM. As FGM is less prevalent among younger women according to City University London in 2015, this suggested a decline in the practice. Female genital mutilation is

neg: Human trafficking in Sierra Leone women and children are trafficked to other West African countries, notably Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, and The Gambia for the same purposes listed above and to North Africa, the Middle East, and Western Europe for domestic servitude and sexual exploitation. Sierra Leone is a destination country for children trafficked from Nigeria and possibly from Liberia and Guinea for forced begging, forced labor in mines and as porters, and for sexual exploitation. There have also been cases of children trafficked from refugee communities in Sierra Leone. The Government of Sierra Leone does not fully comply with the minimum standards

neg: Gambia Bird As of December 2014, the Gambia Bird fleet consisted of the following aircraft: Gambia Bird Gambia Bird Airlines Limited was the flag carrier airline of Gambia headquartered in Kanifing with its home base at Banjul International Airport. It suspended operations in . Gambia Bird was founded by the German carrier Germania in October 2012. The airline was launched in partnership with the Government of Gambia in order to replace the services of Air Afrique, which was liquidated in 2002. Germania retained a 90% ownership share pf Gambia Bird. The carrier started operations on with an Airbus A319-100 leased from Germania

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Franklin County, Massachusetts to be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes of the New England town page and its attendant pages, the ten affected communities which call themselves "towns", including Greenfield, are classified as towns. The reader should be aware, however, that some sources will identify these municipalities as

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Norfolk County, Massachusetts be the only New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes of the New England town page and its attendant pages, the ten affected communities which call themselves "towns", including Franklin and Weymouth, are classified as towns. The reader should be aware, however, that some sources will identify these municipalities

neg: Historical United States Census totals for Barnstable County, Massachusetts New England state where this type of issue has arisen, even though other New England states also have municipalities which have adopted what amount to city forms of government but continue to call themselves "towns". In the other states, it does not appear that any need to officially label such municipalities as "cities" has been identified. For purposes of the New England town page and its attendant pages, the ten affected communities which call themselves "towns", including Barnstable, are classified as towns. The reader should be aware, however, that some sources will identify these municipalities as cities. Barnstable adopted its

neg:
Sare Jahan se Accha of Hind, our homeland is Hindustan. In a world in which ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome have all vanished
 Our own attributes (name and sign) live on today. There is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped
 Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle of the world has been our enemy. Iqbal! We have no confidant in this world
 What does any one know of our hidden pain? Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College, Lahore at that time, and was invited by a student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function. Instead of delivering a

neg: Proposed cession of the Gambia to France the world." The Earl continued that in fact, trade had "steadily fallen off" and "the revenue with it". He said that Colonial Office officials tended to have difficulty adapting to conditions in the Gambia, and also that the handwriting on the petition the Duke referenced was seemingly by the same person. He concluded that "While the Colony would be of great advantage to the French in connection with their flourishing Colony of Senegal, I think it is no exaggeration to say that Gambia is to our country an absolute burden without any redeeming characteristics." In April 1874, the French government

neg: ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia more months. President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo stated in mid-February that the number of Ghanaian soldiers deployed for stabilisation of Gambia will be downsized to 50. On 21 April 2017, ECOWAS forces clashed with Gambian soldiers loyal to former leader Yahya Jammeh, shooting and injuring three who were guarding graves at his home. A Gambia Armed Forces spokesman said there was a misunderstanding and an investigation is in progress. One civilian was declared by Gambian government to have been killed in Kanilai in a protest against ECOWAS forces while a civilian and an ECOMIG officer was declared to be injured

neg: Albreda in 1702. Albreda was transferred from French control to the British empire in 1857. Today it contains a slave museum which opened in 1996. There is a family in the town who claim to be descendants of Kunta Kinte and oral historian Kebba Kanji Fofana, the man who was supposed to have told the "Roots" story to author Alex Haley, although the home of Kunta Kinte was the neighbouring village of Juffure. Albreda Albreda is a historic settlement in the Gambia on the north bank of the Gambia River, variously described as a 'trading post' or a 'slave fort'. It

neg: Bainuk people Bainuk people The Bainuk people (also called Banyuk, Banun, Banyun, Bainouk, Bainunk, Banyum, Bagnoun, Banhum, Banyung, Ñuñ, Elomay, or Elunay) are an ethnic group that today lives primarily in Senegal as well as in parts of Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. The Bainuk are believed to have been the first inhabitants of the lower Casamance.The name "Banyun" is attributed to the Portuguese, who derived the word from Mandinka and applied it as a collective name for a number of groups settled at strategic sites along waterways, portages, and trade paths between the Gambia and Cacheu rivers... Possibly "Banyun" served as a generic

neg: Gambia Bird Gambia Bird Gambia Bird Airlines Limited was the flag carrier airline of Gambia headquartered in Kanifing with its home base at Banjul International Airport. It suspended operations in . Gambia Bird was founded by the German carrier Germania in October 2012. The airline was launched in partnership with the Government of Gambia in order to replace the services of Air Afrique, which was liquidated in 2002. Germania retained a 90% ownership share pf Gambia Bird. The carrier started operations on with an Airbus A319-100 leased from Germania that flew between Banjul and Dakar. Accra, Conakry, Freetown and Monrovia were added

neg: Abdul Hamid Adiamoh Abdul Hamid Adiamoh Abdul Hamid Adiamoh is a Nigerian journalist and publisher of "Today Newspaper" in the Gambia. Adiamoh was born in Ibadan to a teacher and architect. The second of six children, he attended Ibadan Grammar School, Ibadan and Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomosho, Nigeria. He travelled from Nigeria to the Gambia in 1996 where he established himself as a business journalist with the "Daily Observer Newspaper". He left the "Observer" to start his own company, first called "MediaMethods" and then "INK". He started the "Business Gambia", a monthly business magazine, in association with the Gambia Chamber of Commerce and

neg: Jakhanke people Bafour), the Jakhanke are commonly called Serakulle or Sarakolé in the Gambia and parts of Senegal, a variation of the Soninke name. Since the fifteenth century the Jakhanke clerical communities have constituted an integral part of region and have exercised a high level of economic and religious influence upon Soninke as well as related Manding speaking communities such as the (Dyula and Mandinka) in what is now Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and The Gambia. The endogamous Jakhanke clerics were influential in the diffusion of Islam among the Manding people in West Africa. While originally a religious caste of the Sarakolé, the

neg: Gambia International Airlines Gambia International Airlines Gambia International Airlines Limited (GIA) was the national airline of the Gambia, headquartered in Banjul. It operated mostly regional passenger services within West Africa out of Banjul International Airport, as well as flights to London. The airline was owned by the Government of the Gambia (99%) and Gambia Telecommunications Company (1%). Gambia International Airlines was established on 23 January 1996 and started operations (originally only ground handling) on 1 March of the same year. Flight operations were started on 1 December 2000 in co-operation with Air Namibia. Even though claiming net profit of 1.3 million dollars in

neg: Gambia–Taiwan relations Gambia–Taiwan relations Gambia–Taiwan relations refers to the historical relationship between the Republic of the Gambia and Republic of China (ROC). Gambia officially recognized Taiwan in 1996 and the People's Republic of China ended recognition for Gambia. On 14 November 2013, Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced the breaking of diplomatic ties with Taiwan. ROC President Ma Ying-jeou officially terminated ties with Gambia on 18 November 2013 as a response. In December 2010, Taiwan donated $300,000 to aid Gambia's health sector. On 27 August 2013, the Taiwanese government donated a total sum of US$1,158,875.5 in order to provide support for two projects.

neg:
Transport in the Gambia Merchant marine:
 "total:"'5
 "country comparison to the world:" 133 "by type:" passenger/cargo: 4, petroleum tanker 1 (2008) The country's only international airport is at Yundum, 26 km from Banjul. Air Gambia, 60% state owned, acts as an agent only. Foreign air carriers provide international service. Airports: 1 (2008): Banjul International Airport Yundum.
"country comparison to the world:" 133 Airports - with paved runways:
 "total:" 1
 "over 3,047 m:" 1 (2008) Transport in the Gambia The system of transportation in the Gambia mixes both public and private operations and consists of a system of roads (both paved and unpaved), water and

neg: The Gambia Gambia began the process of returning to its membership of the Commonwealth and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018. Boris Johnson, who became the first British Foreign Secretary to visit the Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965, announced that the British government welcomed the Gambia's return to the Commonwealth. The Gambia officially rejoined the Commonwealth on 8 February 2018. The Gambia is a very small and narrow country whose borders mirror the meandering Gambia River. It lies between latitudes 13 and 14°N, and longitudes 13 and 17°W. The Gambia is

neg: North Greenbush, New York County's creation in 1791. North Greenbush was created on February 23, 1855 from the town of Greenbush at the same time as the town of Clinton (today East Greenbush). At this time North Greenbush occupied more than what it does today, it also covered what is now the northern section of the city of Rensselaer and the southern section of the city of Troy. The earliest settlers, in the early 1620s settled in Bath, a part of the town annexed to Rensselaer in 1902. Some settlement in what is today North Greenbush may have occurred in the 17th century as

neg: United Party (Gambia) United Party (Gambia) The United Party was a political party in the Gambia. The party was founded during the colonial period and worked political in the then colony of Bathurst (the present capital of the Gambia, Banjul). The party drew support mainly from Roman Catholics. In Banjul it had support mainly amongst the Wolofs, in the rural areas mainly amongst Fulas. The party was led by P. S. Njie. In 1963, the People's Progressive Party and DCA invited UP to join the government. After two years, the party left the government. Its position as an opposition party had declined, though.

neg: User experience evaluation is electronics. With the advances in technology and electronics, car manufacturers have been able to offer a wide variety of services and conveniences. From the creation of the electronic fuel injection to the popular global positioning system found standard in many cars today, the auto industry has revolutionized the way people travel from place to place. Understanding how people interact with vehicles today, what contributes to a great driving experience, what is their current relationship with the car, what placement does it have in their lives, is key to the development of these technologies. This information ensures user-centered design practices

neg: Magelang paddy cabs, becak, and bicycles. Today, the most popular of them are cars and motorcycles. Even almost all of the household have a motorcycle as mean of mobility in daily activity. Then, for public transportation is mainly using buses and cars. Magelang used to have a railway track from Semarang to Yogyakarta passing at its centre (along Jalan Pemuda), but have since been redirected outside the city. Unfortunately, today the railway track does not function again. It was closed by the government due to the operational cost in that time. Magelang does not have its own airport and therefore relies

neg: Kukoi Sanyang country”, says "The Gambia Journal" on January 30, 2007; “(at the Masuang Military Camp) in maximum military detention”, says The Gambia Echo on May 12, 2007. "The Gambia Journal" on January 30, also states that some military officers in Bissau blocked their own government in its attempts to hand Kukoi Sanyang over to the authorities in Banjul. According to "The Gambia Echo", That government has spent close to three million US dollars in its attempts at extradition, wanting to arrange for Sanyang's repatriation to Banjul against Casamance hard-line rebel leader being handed over to Senegal. It has been suggested that

neg: History of the Gambia I, the Gambia Company served alongside other British troops in the Kamerun campaign, under the command of Captain V. B. Thurston of the Dorsetshire Regiment, and a number of its soldiers received gallantry medals for their conduct. In 1920, the National Congress of British West Africa was formed, an organisation working towards African emancipation, with Edward Francis Small as the sole delegate. He returned and founded the Gambia Section of the Congress, the principal aim of which was to achieved elected representation in the government of the Gambia. It also frequently petitioned against unpopular government policies. It had some success,

neg: Colonial Secretary of the Gambia Colonial Secretary of the Gambia The Colonial Secretary of the Gambia was a key role in the colonial government of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate. Often seen as the deputy to the governor or colonial administrator, Colonial Secretaries often stepped in as acting governors through the Gambia's colonial history. The Colonial Secretary was in charge of administration, and was often a career Colonial Office official. In the British Empire, Colonial Secretaries served as the chief administrative officers of the colonies to which they were posted. They were responsible for conducting the business of the Governor with the various Government Departments

neg: Jennifer Marlowe what her job does and does not entail: she does not take dictation, type letters, or make or get coffee. As she explains in one episode, "I am a receptionist. Receptionists "receive". They offer comfort, provide support, answer a few telephone calls. But they do not type, unless it's for a very good cause." When asked if she belongs to a union, she says she is a member of the exclusive "Sisterhood of Blond Receptionists," adding "If you saw our minimum salary, you'd have a heart attack and die." Her primary job at the station is providing support and comfort

neg: Havana of economic deterioration. The national government does not have an official definition of poverty. The government researchers argue that "poverty" in most commonly accepted meanings does not really exist in Cuba, but rather that there is a sector of the population that can be described as "at risk" or "vulnerable" using internationally accepted measures. The generic term "slum" is seldom used in Cuba, substandard housing is described: housing type, housing conditions, building materials, and settlement type. The National Housing Institute considers units in "solares" (a large inner-city mansion or older hotel or boarding house subdivided into rooms, sometimes with over

neg: Gambia–United States relations Gambia–United States relations Gambian–American relations are bilateral relations between the Gambia and the United States. En route to Casablanca for a conference and then to Liberia, Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped in Banjul in 1943. U.S. policy seeks to build improved relations with the Gambia on the basis of historical ties, mutual respect, democratic rule, human rights, and adherence to UN resolutions on counter-terrorism, conflict diamonds, and other forms of trafficking. Following the Gambia's successful presidential and legislative elections in October 2001 and January 2002, respectively, the U.S. Government determined that a democratically elected government had assumed office and thus lifted

neg: Gambia Film Unit Gambia Film Unit Gambia Film Unit was an agency of the Gambian government that produced short films and showed them in remote parts of The Gambia. It was founded in 1967 and led by Ebrima Sagnia from 1972. It was merged into Gam TV, a predecessor to the Gambia Radio & Television Service (GRTS), in 1995. The Gambia Film Unit was founded in 1967 as a cinema projection unit in the Department of Agriculture. Oxfam donated a camera and projection equipment, and the Department acquired a Land Rover with a built-in power generator. The unit produced short films on various

neg: Supreme Court of the Gambia sets out the jurisdiction of the court: the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal for The Gambia and also has appellate and other jurisdiction as defined by the Constitution. It does not have original jurisdiction in any criminal matter. The court may overrule a previous decision "when it appears right to do so", and all other courts are bound to follow the decisions of the Supreme Court on a matter of law. Section 67(2)(b) states that when the Speaker acts on a notification of misconduct by the President, he must appoint a tribunal led by the Chief Justice

neg: Catholic Church in Sierra Leone Sierra Leone. This comprises the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Freetown and three suffragan dioceses. The Catholic Church in Sierra Leone does not have a national Episcopal Conference, however it is part of joint one for the Gambia and Sierra Leone, which hosts it in Freetown. There are no titular sees. All defunct jurisdictions are precursors of present sees. There formally is an Apostolic Nunciature (embassy-level papal diplomatic representation) to Sierra Leone and an Apostolic Nunciature to The Gambia, but both are vested in the Apostolic Nunciature to Liberia (in its capital Monrovia). It was established as the "Vicariate Apostolic" of Sierra

neg: Telecommunications in the Gambia Telecommunications in the Gambia Telecommunications in the Gambia includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. The Gambia is not individually classified by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), but is classified as engaged in selective Internet filtering based on the limited descriptions in the ONI 2009 profile for the sub-Saharan Africa region. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority. Individuals and groups can generally engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. However, Internet users reported

neg: Health in the Gambia indeed gratifying to note that the government of the Gambia remains committed to the global polio eradication initiative." According to "Vaccine News Daily": There are 4 referral hospitals operated by the government: The Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital in Banjul and smaller hospitals at Bansang, Farafenni and Bwiam. There are 8 main health centres and a further 16 smaller centres. A group called Power Up Gambia operates in the Gambia to provide solar power technology to health care facilities, ensuring greater access to electricity. Recently, Riders for Health, an international aid group focused on sub-Saharan countries in Africa, was noted

neg: Gambian hip hop movements and promoters in the country, joined forces as the Afric Alliance, and came up with the open mic show, where rappers were invited to perform. The media, especially the Gambia Radio and Television Services, does its best to support artists in the hip-hop scene. Apart from the normal broadcasts, Saturday nights are usually dedicated to showcasing the music scene of the Gambia and a show called "Extra Touch" was the first of its kind on GRTS to invite rappers to perform live in their studios. Websites have been set up to promote young Gambian artists. The hip hop/RnB section

neg: Maryam Namazie of a man's, you get half what a boy does in inheritance if you are a girl. You have to be veiled if you're a girl or a woman, and there are certain fields of education or work that are closed to you because you're considered emotional." She compares women's situation under Islamic regimes today to the social inequalities under apartheid in South Africa, and she cites as examples the existence of separate entrances for women into government offices and the separation of men and women on swimming areas in the Caspian Sea by a curtain. After Mina Ahadi launched

neg: Guizhentang Pharmaceutical Company state, she said what she is doing is completely within the policy of the government. The entire process fits the requirement of the state down to the manufacturing. She does not understand why there are oppositions to the statement. The journalist points out the far tighter animal rights laws today compared to 30 years ago, Qiu said there is not much to be said about that. Qiu have pointed out the environment is like a kindergarten, where the bears can play when they want. The journalist said that bears are continuously wounded from the tube. Many of them die of

neg: Database Nation constitutionally protected right and it does not have to be traded away for our way of life. He calls the government to take a stand for privacy by establishing an agency that will enforce privacy laws and act as a representative of individual privacy. Overall, he hopes to increase public awareness on the issue of privacy and raise the standard for individual privacy. This article is based on: Database Nation Database Nation is a non-fiction book written by Simson Garfinkel. Published in January 2000, Database Nation provides the reader with a clear understanding of what privacy is today. Starting with

neg: Ajamu Baraka event, Baraka expressed his suspicions that the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Ukraine was a "false flag" operation, saying: "Someone wrote about three weeks ago that we should expect a major false flag operation in eastern Ukraine that's going to be then blamed on the Russians. And that's exactly what has happened. They're trying to say in the Western press that the Ukrainian government does not have access to that kind of weaponry, when it's clear that they do." He criticized Western media coverage of the event for "undermining anything coming from Russia Today. That's where you see

neg: New Testament text-type" and thought to have included witnesses such as Codex Koridethi and minuscule 565, can today be described neither as "Caesarean" nor as a text-type as was previously thought. However, the Gospel of Mark in Papyrus 45, Codex Washingtonianus and in Family 13 does indeed reflect a distinct type of text. Increasing standardization of distinct (and once local) text-types eventually gave rise to the Byzantine text-type. Since most manuscripts of the New Testament do not derive from the first several centuries, that is, they were copied after the rise of the Byzantine text-type, this form of text is found the

neg: Embassy of The Gambia, London Embassy of The Gambia, London The High Commission of The Gambia, London is the diplomatic mission of The Gambia in the United Kingdom. It is located on Ledbury Road in the Bayswater / Notting Hill area. Between October 2013 and February 2018, It was known as the "Embassey of The Gambia" due to The Gambia's withdrawal from the Commonwealth. The High Commission has seen several protests in recent times: in 2013 by people opposed to the government of Yahya Jammeh and also in 2013 by those opposed to alleged homophobia in the country. The Gambia returned to its membership of

neg: Gambia Ports Authority new ferry terminal and head office building; new computer cabling and a new car and truck terminal area. The Ports Authority sponsors Gambia Ports Authority F.C., a Banjul-based football team of the Gambian Championnat National D1. Gambia Ports Authority The Gambia Ports Authority (GPA) is a government agency responsible for the governance and maintenance of the ports and port facilities of the Gambia, principally that of the Port of Banjul on the Gambia River. The GPA was founded in 1972 and it is a member of the Port Management Association of West and Central Africa. Ports Authority offices are in

neg: Foreign relations of the Gambia 14 February 2017, The Gambia began the process of returning and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018. Boris Johnson, who became the first British Foreign Secretary to visit The Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965, announced that the British government welcomed The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth. The Gambia rejoined on 8 February 2018. Foreign relations of the Gambia The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Dawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom, Senegal, and other African countries. The July

neg: Solicitor General of the Gambia Solicitor General of the Gambia The Solicitor General of the Gambia is a senior government lawyer in the Gambia who serves as the second most senior official in the Ministry of Justice after the Attorney General/Minister of Justice. The incumbent Solicitor General is Cherno Marenah. The Solicitor General is the deputy to the Attorney General, and has the authority to act on their behalf in their absence. The statutory basis for this authority in the Gambia is found in the Law Officers Act. In the Gambia, the Solicitor General also serves as the Legal Secretary, effectively the permanent secretary at

neg: ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia The ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia or the ECOWAS Mission in The Gambia (abbreviated ECOMIG) – code-named Operation Restore Democracy – is an ongoing military intervention in the Gambia by several West African countries. The intervention was launched to resolve a breakdown of internal order in the government of the Gambia that resulted from a dispute over the country's presidency. The dispute had led to a constitutional crisis in the country. The intervention began in January 2017, and in June 2017, the term of the ECOWAS military mission was extended by a year.

neg: Human trafficking in the Gambia he was acquitted of child defilement charges. Child sex tourism was a problem in the Gambia, but the authorities did not report any prosecution or convictions of child sex tourists during the reporting period. The Gambian government provided its troops with antihuman trafficking training, including warnings against committing any immoral behavior that may bring their force into disrepute, prior to their deployment abroad on international peacekeeping missions. Human trafficking in the Gambia Human trafficking in the Gambia covers ongoing activities in trafficking women and children in the Gambia as forced labor and prostitution. The Gambia is a source, transit, and

neg: The Gambia 2005, the Turkish armed forces helped train Gambian soldiers. It has also hosted British and United States training teams from the Royal Gibraltar Regiment and US AFRICOM. The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas, including the national capital, Banjul, which is classified as a city. The Divisions of the Gambia were created by the Independent Electoral Commission in accordance to Article 192 of the National Constitution. The local government areas are further subdivided (2013) into 43 districts. Of these, Kanifing and Kombo Saint Mary (which shares Brikama as a capital with the Brikama Local Government Area) are effectively

neg: Senegambia Confederation becoming more and more difficult to maintain. Since the end of colonization, the Senegalese government had maintained trade barriers that provided preferential treatment for French goods imported into the country, while the Gambia had virtually no trade barriers. The opposing trade policies fueled a large black market around the Senegal–Gambia border, which brought cheaper manufactured goods into Senegal. The black market also attracted an export drain into the Gambia. The Senegalese government began to institute a delayed payment system with its groundnut (peanut) farms. When farmers sold their harvest to the Senegalese government, they would get a voucher, known as

neg: Constitutional act of the Czech Republic only type of legislation which does not require the signature of the President to become law. Furthermore, it is the only type of legislation which the President cannot veto. A number of constitutional acts were required for the Czech government to function in its first year of existence. However, those had no lasting impact upon the constitution itself, and may, in hindsight, be regarded as "votes which required 3/5 majorities". For instance, the Provisional Senate of 1992 was "constituted in a manner defined by a Constitutional Act", but that act is not binding upon the Senate today. , only six

neg: Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis the shadow banking system as the "core of what happened" to cause the crisis. "As the shadow banking system expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance, politicians and government officials should have realized that they were re-creating the kind of financial vulnerability that made the Great Depression possible—and they should have responded by extending regulations and the financial safety net to cover these new institutions. Influential figures should have proclaimed a simple rule: anything that does what a bank does, anything that has to be rescued in crises the way banks are, should be regulated like a

neg: Islam in Niger in the northwest in the 1920s, while much of the Kaocen Revolt of Tuareg groups was inspired by Sanusiya sects in what is today Libya. More recently, Senegalese Nyassist Sufi teachers, especially in the Dosso area have gained converts, while some small Arab Wahhabite teaching is funded in Niger—as in much of Africa—through Saudi Arabian missionary groups. The government does not directly fund religion and is legally separated from religious practice, but has funded several Muslim-oriented programs, such as a Muslim radio ministry and given US$18.5 Million in 1982 towards the establishment of the Islamic University of Niger in Say,

neg: Trinity explains, "Thy years are one day, and Thy day is not daily, but today; because Thy today yields not to tomorrow, for neither does it follow yesterday. Thy today is eternity; therefore Thou begat the Co-eternal, to whom Thou saidst, 'This day have I begotten Thee.'" Most Protestant groups that use the creed also include the Filioque clause. Its controversial use is addressed in several confessions: the Westminster Confession 2:3, the London Baptist Confession 2:3, and the Lutheran Augsburg Confession 1:1–6. The term "immanent Trinity" focuses on who God is; the term “economic Trinity” focuses on what God does. According