query: what is the maximum length of a standard rs-232 cable

pos: RS-232 uses lower voltages, and has connectors that are simpler to connect and use. Disadvantages of USB compared to RS-232 are that USB is far less immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and that maximum cable length is much shorter (15 meters for RS-232 v.s. 3 - 5 meters for USB depending on USB speed used). In fields such as laboratory automation or surveying, RS-232 devices may continue to be used. Some types of programmable logic controllers, variable-frequency drives, servo drives, and computerized numerical control equipment are programmable via RS-232. Computer manufacturers have responded to this demand by re-introducing the DE-9M connector

neg: RS-232 Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange", issued in 1997. An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. RS-232, when compared to later interfaces such as RS-422, RS-485 and Ethernet, has lower transmission speed, short maximum cable length, large voltage swing, large standard connectors, no multipoint capability and limited multidrop capability. In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many computers no longer come equipped with RS-232 ports and must use either an external

neg: RS-232 their serial ports. The standard does not define a maximum cable length, but instead defines the maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate. A widely used rule of thumb indicates that cables more than long will have too much capacitance, unless special cables are used. By using low-capacitance cables, communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about . For longer distances, other signal standards, such as RS-422, are better suited for higher speeds. Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary to consult documentation, test connections with a breakout box, or

neg: Serial cable Serial cable A serial cable is a cable used to transfer information between two devices using a serial communication protocol. The form of connectors depends on the particular serial port used. A cable wired for connecting two DTEs directly is known as a null modem cable. The maximum working length of a cable varies depending on the characteristics of the transmitters and receivers, the baud rate on the cable, and the capacitance and electrical impedance of the cable. The RS-232 standard states that a compliant port must provide defined signal characteristics for a capacitive load of pF. This does not

neg: Null modem Null modem Null modem is a communication method to directly connect two DTEs (computer, terminal, printer, etc.) using an RS-232 serial cable. The name stems from the historical use of RS-232 cables to connect two teleprinter devices or two modems in order to communicate with one another; "null modem" communication refers to using a crossed-over RS-232 cable to connect the teleprinters directly to one another without the modems. It is also used to serially connect a computer to a printer, since both are DTE, and is known as a "Printer Cable". The RS-232 standard is asymmetric as to the definitions

neg: RS-422 standard include the differential receiver, a differential driver and data rates as high as 10 Megabits per second at 12 meters (40 ft). Since the signal quality degrades with cable length, the maximum data rate decreases as cable length increases. Figure A.1 in the annex plotting this stops at 10 Mbit/s. The maximum cable length is not specified in the standard, but guidance is given in its annex. (This annex is not a formal part of the standard, but is included for information purposes only.) Limitations on line length and data rate varies with the parameters of the cable length,

neg: RS-232 DE-9 connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices). Poor-quality cables can cause false signals by crosstalk between data and control lines (such as Ring Indicator). If a given cable will not allow a data connection, especially if a gender changer is in use, a null modem cable may be necessary. Gender changers and null modem cables are not mentioned in the standard, so there is no officially sanctioned design for them. A minimal "3-wire" RS-232 connection consisting only of transmit data, receive data, and ground, is commonly used when the full facilities of RS-232 are

neg: RS-422 balance, and termination, as well as the individual installation. Figure A.1 shows a maximum length of 1200 meters, but this is with a termination and the annex discusses the fact that many applications can tolerate greater timing and amplitude distortion, and that experience has shown that the cable length may be extended to several kilometers. Conservative maximum data rates with 24AWG UTP (POTS) cable are 10 Mbit/s at 12 m to 90 kbit/s at 1200 m as shown in the figure A.1. This figure is a conservative guide based on empirical data, not a limit imposed by the standard. RS-422

neg: RS-449 set to a maximum of , although in practice they could be somewhat longer if running at slower speeds. The reason for the large voltages was due to ground voltages. RS-232 included both a protective ground and a signal ground in the standard, but did not define how these were to be implemented. It was often the case that the protective ground was left unconnected, and the signal ground was connected to ground at both ends. As a result, if there was a slight difference in ground potential at the two ends of the cable, the voltage in the signal

neg: RS-232 voltage and the deasserted or inactive state is negative voltage. Examples of control lines include request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), data terminal ready (DTR), and data set ready (DSR). The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts: signal levels of ±5 V, ±10 V, ±12 V, and ±15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the line driver circuit. Some RS-232 driver chips have inbuilt circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply. RS-232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to

neg: RS-232 RS-232 In telecommunications, RS-232, Recommended Standard 232 is a standard introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a "DTE" ("data terminal equipment") such as a computer terminal, and a "DCE" ("data circuit-terminating equipment" or "data communication equipment"), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard had been commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is "TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

neg: Rollover cable systems. Any two RS-232 systems can be directly connected by a standard rollover cable and a standard connector. For legacy equipment, an adapter is permanently attached to the legacy port. Rollover cable Rollover cable (also known as a Yost cable or a Console cable) is a type of null-modem cable that is often used to connect a computer terminal to a router's console port. This cable is typically flat (and has a light blue color) to help distinguish it from other types of network cabling. It gets the name rollover because the pinouts on one end are reversed from the

neg: RS-232 new, smaller, standard D-shell 26-pin "Alt A" connector, and made other changes to improve compatibility with CCITT standards V.24, V.28 and ISO 2110. Overview: Because RS-232 is used beyond the original purpose of interconnecting a terminal with a modem, successor standards have been developed to address the limitations. Issues with the RS-232 standard include: In the book "PC 97 Hardware Design Guide", Microsoft deprecated support for the RS-232 compatible serial port of the original IBM PC design. Today, RS-232 has mostly been replaced in personal computers by USB for local communications. Advantages compared to RS-232 are that USB is faster,

neg: D-subminiature States military also maintains another specification for D-subminiature connectors, the MIL-DTL-24308 standard. A smaller type of connector derived from the D-sub is called the "microminiature D", or "micro-D", which is a trademark of ITT Cannon. It is about half the length of a D-sub and its primary application is space-grade technology. The widest application of D-subs is for RS-232 serial communications, though the standard did not make this connector mandatory. RS-232 devices originally used the DB25, but for many applications the less common signals were omitted, allowing a DE-9 to be used. The standard specifies a male connector for terminal

neg: RS-232 such as SDLC, HDLC, DDCMP, and X.25. Serial line analyzers are available as standalone units, as software and interface cables for general-purpose logic analyzers and oscilloscopes, and as programs that run on common personal computers and devices. RS-232 In telecommunications, RS-232, Recommended Standard 232 is a standard introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a "DTE" ("data terminal equipment") such as a computer terminal, and a "DCE" ("data circuit-terminating equipment" or "data communication equipment"), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard had been commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard

neg: VT220 was one of the first full-length, low-profile keyboards available; it was developed at DEC's Roxbury, Massachusetts facility. It was much smaller and lighter than the VT100s version, and connected to the terminal using a lighter and more flexible coiled cable and a telephone jack connector. The VT200s were the last DEC terminals to provide a 20mA current loop serial interface, an older standard originally developed for the telegraph system. A standard 25-pin D-connector was also provided for RS-232. Only one of the two ports could be in use at a given time. Later DEC terminals would replace both of these

neg: Null modem serial controls. Two such ptys may easily be linked together by an application to form a virtual null modem communication path. Null modem Null modem is a communication method to directly connect two DTEs (computer, terminal, printer, etc.) using an RS-232 serial cable. The name stems from the historical use of RS-232 cables to connect two teleprinter devices or two modems in order to communicate with one another; "null modem" communication refers to using a crossed-over RS-232 cable to connect the teleprinters directly to one another without the modems. It is also used to serially connect a computer to a

neg: RS-232 USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS-232 peripherals. Nevertheless, thanks to their simplicity and past ubiquity, RS-232 interfaces are still used—particularly in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments where a short-range, point-to-point, low-speed wired data connection is fully adequate. The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard RS-232-C as of 1969 defines: The standard does not define such elements as the character encoding (i.e. ASCII, EBCDIC, or others), the framing of characters (start or stop bits, etc.), transmission order of bits, or error detection protocols. The character format and transmission bit

neg: Serial cable correspond to a fixed length of cable since varying cables have different characteristics. Empirically tested combinations of bit rate, serial ports, cable type, and lengths may provide reliable communications, but generally RS-232-compatible ports are intended to be connected by, at the most, a few tens of metres of cable. Other serial communications standards are better adapted to drive hundreds or thousands of metres of cable. This cable has short transmission distance because of noise limiting the transmission of high numbers of bits per second when the cable is more than 15m long. This means that the transmitting and receiving lines

neg: USB wires are shorted at the device end, otherwise the device may reject the charger as unsuitable. The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of with devices operating at full speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of with devices operating at low speed (1.5 Mbit/s). USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s). The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with AWG 26 wires the maximum practical

neg: Electronic test equipment maximum distance between the controller and device is limited to a few meters). Like some other connections, USB is primarily used for applications in a laboratory setting that do not require a rugged bus connection. RS-232 is a specification for serial communication that is popular in analytical and scientific instruments, as well for controlling peripherals such as printers. Unlike GPIB, with the RS-232 interface, it is possible to connect and control only one device at a time. RS-232 is also a relatively slow interface with typical data rates of less than 20 kbytes/s. RS-232 is best suited for laboratory applications

neg: DOLLx8 the master unit and where one could check the status of all devices connected to the network. The DOLLx8 system was in the period 2001 to 2003 re-developed so that it could receive commands via text messages rather than just data and address bits, and was then developed for both cascade (2-port) and parallel networking using RS-232 and USB. Such cascade and parallel networks had its pros and cons, where links between the units had weaknesses in such way that it had limited cable length of 16 meters, while the RS-232 TTL version had the same limitation but with only

neg: RS-232 Some manufacturers therefore built transmitters that supplied +5 V and −5 V and labeled them as "RS-232 compatible". Later personal computers (and other devices) started to make use of the standard so that they could connect to existing equipment. For many years, an RS-232-compatible port was a standard feature for serial communications, such as modem connections, on many computers (with the computer acting as the DTE). It remained in widespread use into the late 1990s. In personal computer peripherals, it has largely been supplanted by other interface standards, such as USB. RS-232 is still used to connect older designs of

neg: Electronic Industries Alliance Recommended Standard, thus the "RS" RS-232. Later it was taken over by the EIA as "EIA-232". Later this standard was managed by the TIA and the name was changed to the current "TIA-232". Because the EIA was accredited by ANSI to help develop standards in its areas, these standards are often described as e.g. "ANSI TIA-232" (or formerly as "ANSI EIA/TIA-232"). As currently authorized, any ANSI standard designated at ANSI EIA-xxx is developed or managed by ECA (and, in the future, ECIA). Electronic Industries Alliance The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA; until 1997 Electronic Industries Association) was a standards and trade

neg: RS-232 DTE pin functions, and female connectors have DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions. Many terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard. The standard recommends the D-subminiature 25-pin connector up to revision C, and makes it mandatory as of revision D. Most devices only implement a few of the twenty signals specified in the standard, so connectors and cables with fewer pins are sufficient for most connections, more compact, and

neg: RS-232 on their computers or by making adapters available. RS-232 ports are also commonly used to communicate to headless systems such as servers, where no monitor or keyboard is installed, during boot when operating system is not running yet and therefore no network connection is possible. A computer with an RS-232 serial port can communicate with the serial port of an embedded system (such as a router) as an alternative to monitoring over Ethernet. In RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits,

neg: RS-232 and so supported RS-232. Because the standard did not foresee the requirements of devices such as computers, printers, test instruments, POS terminals, and so on, designers implementing an RS-232 compatible interface on their equipment often interpreted the standard idiosyncratically. The resulting common problems were non-standard pin assignment of circuits on connectors, and incorrect or missing control signals. The lack of adherence to the standards produced a thriving industry of breakout boxes, patch boxes, test equipment, books, and other aids for the connection of disparate equipment. A common deviation from the standard was to drive the signals at a reduced voltage.

neg: Null modem of the two ends of the communications link, assuming that one end is a DTE and the other is a DCE, e.g. a modem. With a null modem connection the transmit and receive lines are crosslinked. Depending on the purpose, sometimes also one or more handshake lines are crosslinked. Several wiring layouts are in use because the null modem connection is not covered by the RS-232 standard. Originally, the RS-232 standard was developed and used for teleprinter machines which could communicate with each other over phone lines. Each teleprinter would be physically connected to its modem via an RS-232 connection

neg: DOLLx8 people know of Local Area Network (LAN) which is based on Ethernet, a network system used in personal computers where one PC is able to talk to another PCs. In embedded systems, RS-232 TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) has dominated the market over a longer period of time as the most common communication standard that also works as an internal embedded network system. With the use of MAX 232 integrated circuit (IC), the RS-232 TTL may connect to an external RS-232 connection where the immediate advantage of using MAX 232 is that there is no need of using positive and negative power

neg: RS-232 use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a fully standard-compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so-called "straight cable"). "Gender changers" are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table below. Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common. Manufacturers of equipment with 8P8C connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB-25 or

neg: DOLLx8 supply. It is also possible to connect to USB via RS-232 to USB converter, and even if the original standard for RS-232 was basically a point-to-point system for the serial port on PCs, it is still possible to use RS-232 in small local area network using micro-controller and source code to control the signals and data transmission. A DOLLx8 embedded network uses its own specific interface system named DOLLx8 Dataport that via DOLLx8 eMaster unit connects to external RS-232 and from there to USB directly, but requires the installation of a separate DOLLx8 driver. DOLLx8 runs on its own internal

neg: Casio Algebra FX Series deal with the communication are the FA-123 and FA-124 (newer version) PC-Link, where transfers of data and screenshots are managed. In a technical side, the cable SB-87 is based on a US patent 5504864, where the technology was previously used in the Casio's diary models. The cable was designed to shift the voltage from 6 volts at the calculator's end to 12 volts at the PC's RS-232 end. The chip MAX232 or MAX233 by Maxim Integrated was a core component used to level-shift the voltages between the RS-232 and TTL standards. The SB-88 cable was later developed to embed a

neg: RS-232 asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS-232's use of the RTS and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is asymmetric. This scheme is also employed in present-day RS-232 to RS-485 converters. RS-485 is a multiple-access bus on which only one device can transmit at

neg: Zenith Cable Modem Zenith Cable Modem Zenith Cable Modem was one of the first proprietary cable modems. The two basic models are one operating at 500 kilobits per second (kbit/s), and the other at 4 megabits per second (mbit/s) with BPSK and approximately a 25% alpha. The Zenith Cable Modem was originally developed for a mid-split cable network in the mid-1980s. It was used as an eight-bit full-height PC/AT-type card containing an Intel 80186 dedicated CPU, connected to an external white box about 2"x12"x6". Other similar products were made by Ungermann-Bass (UB) under the 10BROAD36 standard and Vitalink. UB had models supporting RS-232

neg: ALDL a large database of vehicle definitions. The signaling of ALDL is similar to the RS-232 serial data standard; differing in the voltages used to denote logical one (usually 0 V DC) and logical zero (either +5 V DC or +12 V DC), and that unlike RS-232, both transmit and receive functions are on the same conductor. Schematics are available on the internet for devices that can be used to convert the ALDL voltages to those of the RS-232 standard, allowing the raw data to be read with a computer having a serial port and the proper software. Multiple scanner software

neg: USB (Physical) shielding (typically, shielded twisted pair but twinax is also mentioned by the specification). Thus, to support SuperSpeed data transmission, cables contain twice as many wires and are thus larger in diameter. The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of with devices operating at full speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of with devices operating at low speed (1.5 Mbit/s). USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs.

neg: RS-232 peripherals, industrial equipment (such as PLCs), console ports, and special purpose equipment. The standard has been renamed several times during its history as the sponsoring organization changed its name, and has been variously known as EIA RS-232, EIA 232, and, most recently as TIA 232. The standard continued to be revised and updated by the Electronic Industries Association and since 1988 by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). Revision C was issued in a document dated August 1969. Revision D was issued in 1986. The current revision is "TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary

neg: RS-232 rate are set by the serial port hardware, typically a UART, which may also contain circuits to convert the internal logic levels to RS-232 compatible signal levels. The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, except that it says it is intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. RS-232 was first introduced in 1960 by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) as a "Recommended Standard". The original DTEs were electromechanical teletypewriters, and the original DCEs were (usually) modems. When electronic terminals (smart and dumb) began to be used, they were often designed to be interchangeable with teletypewriters,

neg: SECS-II information across a network without wasting bandwidth. When using the SECS-I standard, RS-232 serial communication, the message size is limited to 7995148 bytes (about 8 MB). When using the HSMS standard, TCP/IP network communication, the maximum message size is limited to 4294967295 bytes (about 4.3 GB). The structure of each standard SECS-II message is defined by the SEMI E5 SECS-II standard. A message can be a simple data element, such as a binary response or an ASCII string. A message can also be a complex list structure with multiple levels of lists in the hierarchy. The SECS-II standard limits a

neg: RS-232 less expensive. Personal computer manufacturers replaced the DB-25M connector with the smaller DE-9M connector. This connector, with a different pinout (see Serial port pinouts), is prevalent for personal computers and associated devices. Presence of a 25-pin D-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS-232-C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D-sub was an RS-232-C DTE port (with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins), but the female D-sub connector on the same PC model was used for the parallel "Centronics" printer port. Some personal computers put non-standard voltages or signals on some pins of

neg: DIRECT studies rather than working engines, DIRECT v2.0 specified human-rating the standard performance RS-68 as used on existing Delta IV launchers and for the upper stage chose the lower of two specifications of J-2X engine which Rocketdyne is currently developing for NASA's Ares launchers. DIRECT v2.0 introduced a scalable, modular family of Shuttle-derived launch vehicles, starting with the Jupiter-120 and Jupiter-232. According to the proposal, the single-stage Jupiter-120 could achieve low Earth orbit with two standard ablative RS-68 engines, while an extra RS-68 was required on the core stage of the heavier two-stage Jupiter-232. The Earth Departure Stage for Jupiter-232 now

neg: RS-232 Data Interchange", issued in 1997. Changes since Revision C have been in timing and details intended to improve harmonization with the CCITT standard V.24, but equipment built to the current standard will interoperate with older versions. Related ITU-T standards include V.24 (circuit identification) and V.28 (signal voltage and timing characteristics). In revision D of EIA-232, the D-subminiature connector was formally included as part of the standard (it was only referenced in the appendix of RS-232-C). The voltage range was extended to ±25 volts, and the circuit capacitance limit was expressly stated as 2500 pF. Revision E of EIA-232 introduced a

neg: RS-232 clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown delay, and return it to the DCE over the same unknown cable delay. Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design, and since both signals traverse the same cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the transmitted data. ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency reference, and correct the clock to data timing. Synchronous clocking is required for

neg: RS-232 connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end, and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous ground loop. Use of a common ground limits RS-232 to applications with relatively short cables. If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals. Balanced, differential serial connections such as RS-422, RS-485, and USB can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of

neg: Comparison of file transfer protocols "Assigned by IANA" indicates whether the port is listed in the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry, which is curated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). IANA devotes each port number in the registry to a specific service with a specific transport protocol. The table below lists the transport protocol in the "Transport" column. The following protocols were designed for serial communication, mostly for the RS-232 standard. They are used for uploading and downloading computer files via modem or serial cable (e.g., by null modem or direct cable connection). UUCP is one protocol that can operate with

neg: Null modem crosslinked. In many situations a straight-through serial cable is used, together with a null modem adapter. The adapter contains the necessary crosslinks between the signals. Below is a very common wiring diagram for a null modem cable to interconnect two DTEs (e.g. two PCs) providing full handshaking, which works with software relying on proper assertion of the "Data Carrier Detect" (DCD) signal: The original application of a null modem was to connect two teleprinter terminals directly without using modems. As the RS-232 standard was adopted by other types of equipment, designers needed to decide whether their devices would have DTE-like

neg: RS-423 RS-423 RS/EIA/TIA-423 is a standard for serial communications. It defines an unbalanced (single-ended) interface (similar to RS-232), with a single, unidirectional sending driver, and allows for up to 10 receivers (similar to RS-422). It is normally implemented in integrated circuit technology and can also be employed for the interchange of serial binary signals between DTE & DCE. There is no common pinout for RS-423. The BBC Micro computer used a 5-pin DIN connector. DEC used it extensively with a Modified Modular Jack connector. This was sometimes called "DEC-423". Use of a common ground is one weakness of RS-423 (and RS-232):

neg: Serial port gender. With D-subminiature connectors, the male connectors have protruding pins, and female connectors have corresponding round sockets. Either type of connector can be mounted on equipment or a panel; or terminate a cable. Connectors mounted on DTE are likely to be male, and those mounted on DCE are likely to be female (with the cable connectors being the opposite). However, this is far from universal; for instance, most serial printers have a female DB25 connector, but they are DTEs. While the RS-232 standard originally specified a 25-pin D-type connector, many designers of personal computers chose to implement only a subset

neg: Modular connector a full-size connector were plugged in. The smaller connector may therefore permanently bend pins 1, 8 or 2, 7 of the larger connector. 8P8C are commonly used in computer networking and telephone applications, where the plug on each end is an 8P8C modular plug wired according to a TIA/EIA standard. Most wired Ethernet network communications today are carried over Category 5e or Category 6 cable with an 8P8C modular plug crimped on each end. The 8P8C modular connector is also used for RS-232 serial interfaces according to the EIA/TIA-561 standard. This application is common as a console interface on network

neg: RS-422 being shielded, and a ground wire. While a double pair cable may be practical for many RS-422 applications, the RS-422 specification only defines one signal path and does not assign any function to it. Any complete cable assembly with connectors should be labeled with the specification that defined the signal function and mechanical layout of the connector, such as RS-449. The most widespread use of RS-422 was on the early Macintosh computers. This was implemented in a multi-pin connector that had enough pins to support the majority of the common RS-232 pins; the first models used a 9-pin D connector,

neg: USB (Physical) If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than , ( - which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire). The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper

neg: MOS Technology 6551 achieve a maximum rate of 9600 bit/s on the user port, using an EZ-232 interface, designed by Jim Brain. Several companies, including Dr. Evil Labs and Creative Micro Designs, marketed an add-on cartridge containing a 6551 and an industry-standard RS-232 port to allow the C64 and 128 to use high-speed modems from companies such as U.S. Robotics and Hayes Communications. The Dr. Evil and CMD cartridges pushed the 6551 to 38,400 baud and, with a faster-still clock crystal, some end users reported getting 115,200 bit/s from the 6551. The ADTPro file transfer program disables the baud rate generator in the

neg: RS-232 the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction, that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Because transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data stream, or character encoding. The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission

neg: IBM 4610 with a "D" instead of a "T". This denotes a different warranty service ("Depot repair" instead of "IOR 24x7"). Some models, especially those that IBM marks for "fiscal use" feature paper journaling in addition to electronic journaling (optionally with CompactFlash-cards) or an RS-232 auditing port. These models include: KR3 / KD3, KR5 / KD5, KC4, KC5, FV5, GR3 / GB3 / GE3, GR5 / GB5. Some of these models have a power supply integrated. Printers attached using RS-485 are supplied with 35V from the data cable. When using RS-232 or USB (depending on model and interface card), a separate 24V

neg: RS-366 RS-366 In telecommunications, RS-366, later known as EIA-366, defines a standard for serial communications between computers and an auto dialer, which is used to dial telephones. It was intended to be used to automate the operation of modems. The standard uses the same DB25 connectors and electrical signalling standards of the well-known RS-232 standard, which RS-366 was designed to support. The CCITT had a matching standard, V.25. The earliest modems were used in the SAGE system that automated the collection of radar data, digitized it, and sent it over modems on leased lines to the SAGE computers. Modems were soon

neg: Wireless DNC this part program is uploaded to a CNC machine by RS-232 link. Now this RS-232 link between a PC and CNC machine with software is called a DNC system. In a typical machine shop floor, it is difficult to maintain the data cable. Hence wireless data transfer has come into existence. There are mainly two types of wireless hardware units available in the market. One is using Bluetooth technology, while the other uses Wi-Fi technology. In case of Bluetooth, generally one pair of Bluetooth devices is used. One gets plugged on a COM port of a PC or Laptop, and

neg: RS-422 RS-422 RS-422, also known as TIA/EIA-422, is a technical standard originated by the Electronic Industries Alliance that specifies electrical characteristics of a digital signaling circuit. Differential signaling can transmit data at rates as high as 10 Mbit/s, or may be sent on cables as long as 1,500 meters. Some systems directly interconnect using RS-422 signals, or RS-422 converters may be used to extend the range of RS-232 connections. The standard only defines signal levels; other properties of a serial interface, such as electrical connectors and pin wiring, are part of the RS-449 and RS-530 standards. RS-422 is the common short

neg: RS-449 Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange". During the late 1970s, the EIA began developing two new serial data standards to replace RS-232. RS-232 had a number of issues that limited its performance and practicality. Among these was the relatively large voltages used for signalling, +5 and -5V for mark and space. To supply these, a +12V power supply was typically required, which made it somewhat difficult to implement in a market that was rapidly being dominated by +5/0V transistor-transistor logic (TTL) circuitry and even lower-voltage CMOS implementations. These high voltages and unbalanced communications also resulted in relatively short cable lengths, nominally

neg: RS-232 is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit). Pin 17 is the receiver clock, or receive timing (RT); the DTE reads the next bit from the data line (pin 3) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF. Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called transmitter timing (TT), on pin 24 for transmitted data. Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON, and read during the ON to OFF transition. TT can be used to overcome the issue where ST must traverse a cable of unknown length and delay,

neg: RS-232 not defined by the standard.) The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. The ground pin is a common return for the other connections, and establishes the "zero" voltage to which voltages on the other pins are referenced. The DB-25 connector includes a second "protective ground" on pin 1; this is connected internally to equipment frame ground, and should not be connected in the cable or connector to signal ground. "Ring Indicator" (RI) is a signal sent from the DCE to the DTE device. It indicates to the terminal device that the phone line is ringing. In many

neg: Modified Modular Jack data transmission, their return paths, and DSR and DTR for handshaking. The transmit and receive signals are differential, i.e. each signal is the voltage difference between the line and its associated ground, as opposed to a voltage on a single connector relative to a common reference. The system can also emulate RS-232 signaling by combining the lower voltage sides of each signal to the RS-232 signal ground line. When connecting two DTE devices such as a computer and a printer, the Digital BC16E crossover cable is used. Thrustmaster is also using the MMJ connector for connecting its line of rudder

neg: S5/8 S5/8 S5/8 was a serial communications standard devised in the United Kingdom in the 1980s as a simplified subset of RS-232 intended to make interoperability easier. Although published by the British Standards Institution as standard DD 153:1990, it was not widely adopted, and the BSI standard was later withdrawn. S5/8 differed from RS-232 in using 0 and +5 V signalling levels, simplified handshaking, and a fixed data transfer rate of 9600 bits per second. An 8-pin DIN 45326 connector was specified as standard, although a physically-compatible 180-degree 5-pin DIN connector could be used to carry a subset of the signals.

neg: Extension cord at either end. This restriction was intended to prevent cable lengths greater than the maximum allowed by the USB standard from being assembled and to avoid an accumulation of resistance in the connections exceeding the design limits of USB, in order to ensure consistent plug-and-play operation of the USB system without the need for users to calculate cable lengths or enforce technical rules. The intention of USB is to make sure any standard-compliant cable can be used to connect any two compatible devices, and the connection will work, without question. To this end, the USB standard limits the maximum length

neg: RS-366 variety of incompatible systems. RS-366 was an effort to standardize the communications with these dialler systems. RS-366, unlike RS-232, was a partially parallel communication system. Although most of the standard used RS-232 serial-like signalling, the digits of the phone number were sent as a 4-bit binary number in parallel on pins 14 through 17, with 14 being the least significant digit. So to send the digit 9, pins 14 (1) and 17 (8) would be put to the "mark" state, whereas the digit 6 would mark pins 15 and 16. With each digit, the host system data terminal equipment (DTE,

neg: FBus completely the size, power requirements, signalling levels, and communications protocols for boards that live in a Fastbus crate, which is also a part of the specification. Fbus was developed by Nokia as an improved replacement of the Mbus, which is only half-duplex and transfers at a slower speed of 9600 bit/s. The Fastbus connection on a cell phone can be interfaced with an RS-232 serial port by building a custom cable. FBus Fbus (for "Fast Bus") is an ANSI/IEEE data bus protocol oriented towards backplanes and cell phones. The standard specifies a way for various pieces of electronic hardware to

neg: Digital Weight Indicator paper. Usually Weight Indicator come with a basic printing feature. It can be program in the firmware to print in few basic format. Usually there is a print button on the Digital Weight Indicator for user to press to print. A computer can be connected to it via a serial cable to RS-232 port on the computer. Information like weight, unit weight, status (stable, unstable, error) is send to the computer in a particular format. The format is not standard and differs with each brand. A computer interpret the information received and display them on screen and print it on

neg: Enhanced mini-USB has more pins intended for headsets. In HTC's version, two pins are for the microphone, three are for stereo sound, and one is for the push-to-talk switch. In the CEA-936-A standard, there are no extra pins — the USB data pins are also used for RS-232 transmit and receive, stereo audio left and right, or for microphone and speaker/earpiece. Devices select which function the pins perform depending on user settings or on the context or mode in which the device is being operated. Two different functions cannot be used at once. Using the connector may require a breakout cable or

neg: Computer terminal null modem cable, often using an EIA RS-232 or RS-422 or RS-423 or a current loop serial interface. IBM systems communicated over a coaxial cable using IBM's SNA protocol, but for many DEC, Data General and NCR (and so on) computers there were many visual display suppliers competing against the computer manufacturer for terminals to expand the systems. In fact, the instruction design for the Intel 8008 was originally conceived at Computer Terminal Corporation as the processor for the Datapoint 2200. While early IBM PCs had single color green screens, these screens were not terminals. The "screen" of a PC

neg: APC Smart-UPS (providing the network infrastructure is still powered up and functioning). The cards will also continue to work for a short while after the UPS has been switched off either manually or due to a low battery condition. Beginning with the 2009 release of the SMT models (and later SMX and SURTD models), the old RS-232 data interface (a serial port with DB-9 connector) has been replaced with a 10-pin RJ50 socket and an RJ50-to-DB-9 cable connecting to the protected computer's serial port (together with a standard USB interface). Also, SmartSlot interface has been electrically modified in a backward-incompatible way and

neg: Arduino a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system

neg: Digital Addressable Lighting Interface Frames begin with a "0" start bit, then 8 to 16 data bits in msbit-first order (standard RS-232 is lsbit-first), followed by a minimum two bit times of idle. Each device on a DALI network can be individually addressed, unlike DSI and 0–10V devices. Consequently, DALI networks use fewer wires than DSI or 0–10V systems. Some devices (e.g., HF ballasts) are mains powered, and only have functional isolation between the mains and the DALI control. This means that even though the DALI control cable operates at ELV potential, it must be treated as if it were at mains potential. DALI

neg: Deafblindness the telephone receiver can be coupled to the SuperCom on a cradle on top of the device. Text flows past the display in a continuous stream, like tickertape. The SuperCom is connected to the Braille portion of the device by a cable that is about two feet long. The Braille display is about 15 characters in width, although there is a knockout to allow additional characters to be installed, at considerable additional cost. The Telebraille is able to communicate in ASCII mode but is not compatible with conventional computer modems. There is what looks like a RS-232 socket on the

neg: Rollover cable Rollover cable Rollover cable (also known as a Yost cable or a Console cable) is a type of null-modem cable that is often used to connect a computer terminal to a router's console port. This cable is typically flat (and has a light blue color) to help distinguish it from other types of network cabling. It gets the name rollover because the pinouts on one end are reversed from the other, as if the wire had been rolled over and you were viewing it from the other side. This cabling system was invented to eliminate the differences in RS-232 wiring

neg: RS-485 receiver: the physical layer. It does not specify or recommend any communications protocol; Other standards define the protocols for communication over an RS-485 link. The foreword to the standard references "The Telecommunications Systems Bulletin TSB-89" which contains application guidelines, including data signaling rate vs. cable length, stub length, and configurations. Section 4 defines the electrical characteristics of the generator (transmitter or driver), receiver, transceiver, and system. These characteristics include: definition of a unit load, voltage ranges, open circuit voltages, thresholds, and transient tolerance. It also defines three generator interface points (signal lines); A, B and C. The data is transmitted

neg: Parallel SCSI variation on the original standard included a high-voltage differential (HVD) implementation whose maximum cable length was 25 meters. SCSI-2 was introduced in 1994 and gave rise to the Fast SCSI and Wide SCSI variants. Fast SCSI doubled the maximum transfer rate to 10 MB/s and Wide SCSI doubled the bus width to 16 bits on top of that to reach a maximum transfer rate of 20 MB/s. However, these improvements came at the cost of reducing the maximum cable length to three meters. SCSI-2 also specified a 32-bit version of Wide SCSI, which used two 16-bit cables per bus. The

neg: Automatic test equipment device is 30 m. Like RS-232, USB is useful for applications in a laboratory setting that do not require a rugged bus connection. RS-232 is a specification for serial communication that is popular in analytical and scientific instruments, as well for controlling peripherals such as printers. Unlike GPIB, with the RS-232 interface, it is possible to connect and control only one device at a time. RS-232 is also a relatively slow interface with typical data rates of less than 20 kbytes/s. RS-232 is best suited for laboratory applications compatible with a slower, less rugged connection. JTAG/Boundary-scan can be implemented as

neg: IBM 4610 connected is used, either using a PoweredUSB-connection cable plugged into the point-of-sale system or using an external power brick. Note that the PoweredUSB-Cable does not transmit data and is used for power only. Interface speeds are as follows: IBM provices extensive documentationUsers guide for a large range of 4610 printers including programming information (Retrieved: 2018-01-06 16:31+00) for interfacing with the printer family programatically. Generally, when connecting the printer via RS-232 or RS-485, the commands are sent in binary along with the text. It is therefor possible to use the printers in different applications. The following examples assume a Linux-computer with

neg: RS-232 such protocols as SDLC, HDLC, and X.25. A secondary data channel, identical in capability to the primary channel, can optionally be implemented by the DTE and DCE devices. Pin assignments are as follows: Other serial signaling standards may not interoperate with standard-compliant RS-232 ports. For example, using the TTL levels of near +5 and 0 V puts the mark level in the undefined area of the standard. Such levels are sometimes used with GPS receivers and depth finders. A 20 mA current loop uses the absence of 20 mA current for high, and the presence of current in the loop

neg: Modular connector These actions permanently attaching the plug to the cable. The contact assignments (pinout) of modular connectors vary by application. Telephone network connections are standardized by registered jack designations, and Ethernet over twisted pair is specified by the TIA/EIA-568 standard. For other applications, standardization may be lacking; for example, multiple conventions exist for the use of 8P8C connectors in RS-232 applications. For this reason, D-sub-to-modular adapters are typically shipped with the D-sub contacts (pins or sockets) terminated but not inserted into the connector body, so that the D-sub-to-modular contact pairing can be performed by the equipment maker. The 4P4C connector is

neg: Digital current loop interface heavy noise of the teleprinter not being synchronized, something that would not have been possible if the idle state had been no current flowing. The maximum resistance for a current loop is limited by the available voltage. Current loop interfaces usually use voltages much higher than those found on an RS-232 interface, and cannot be interconnected with voltage-type inputs without some form of level translator circuit. For full-duplex communication between two devices, two pairs of wires would be used. There is no common standard for current loop interfaces, so details such as timing, connectors, wire color codes, and so on,

neg: TRS-80 power instead of the 4116's tri-voltage power. 64k and 128k models used standard 4164 DRAMs. Unlike previous machines, the RS-232 port was standard equipment and no longer an extra cost option. The RS-232 and printer ports were also moved to the back instead of the underside of the computer, making them more easily accessible. The Model 4 was announced in the same press release (April 1983) as was the TRS-80 Model 100 laptop. The two computers were often marketed by Tandy/Radio Shack as a complementary pair. Model 100 cassette tapes were readable on the Model 4 with its cassette interface

neg: RS-422 but this was quickly replaced by a mini-DIN-8 connector. The ports could be put into either RS-232 or RS-422 mode, which changed the behavior of some of the pins while turning others on or off completely. These connectors were used both to support RS-232 devices like modems, as well as AppleTalk networking, RS-422 printers, and other peripherals. Two such ports were part of every Mac until they were replaced, along with ADB ports, by Universal Serial Bus on the iMac in 1998. RS-422 is a common solution for RS-232 extenders. These consist of RS-232 ports on either end of an

neg: RS-423 if devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the ground will degrade between them and communications will fail, resulting in a condition that is difficult to trace. In this respect, balanced serial connections such as RS-422 or RS-485 are better, and Ethernet over twisted pair connections are better yet, because of the galvanic isolation provided by the signal transformers. RS-423 RS/EIA/TIA-423 is a standard for serial communications. It defines an unbalanced (single-ended) interface (similar to RS-232), with a single, unidirectional sending driver, and allows for up to 10 receivers (similar to RS-422). It is normally implemented in

neg: APC III was 640 KB (the address range of the Intel 8088 and 8086 is 1 MB). The APC came with 128 KB standard. RS-232 serial, 'Centronics' parallel and video interfaces were built onto the motherboard, whereas expansion cards were required for almost every function of an IBM PC except for the CPU, BIOS and built-in RAM. Maximum display capabilities were a text mode of 80×25 characters (with four planes) and/or graphics at 640×400 pixels (with two planes). Either text, graphics, or graphics with text overlay were software selectable. The base one bit-per-pixel was easily upgradeable to three bits per pixel (taking

neg: Telnet these as SSH is adequate for most purposes. It is of note that there are a large number of industrial and scientific devices which have only Telnet available as a communication option. Some are built with only a standard RS-232 port and use a serial server hardware appliance to provide the translation between the TCP/Telnet data and the RS-232 serial data. In such cases, SSH is not an option unless the interface appliance can be configured for SSH. IBM 5250 or 3270 workstation emulation is supported via custom telnet clients, TN5250/TN3270, and IBM servers. Clients and servers designed to pass

neg: Teletype Model 33 the length of the ribbon). The communications module in the Model 33 was known as a Call Control Unit (CCU), and occupied the space to the right of the keyboard and printer. Various CCU types were available. Most operated on the telephone network and included the relevant user controls; variants included rotary, DTMF ("Touch-Tone"), and card dialing. An acoustic coupler for a then-standard telephone handset was also available. Another CCU type was called "Computer Control Private Line", which operated on a local 20 mA current loop (the standard serial protocol for computer terminals before the rise of RS-232). "Private Line"

neg: Parallel SCSI T10 to develop on their own terms. This change is also why there is no "SCSI-4". No version of the standard has ever specified what kind of connector should be used. See "Connectors," below. The original standard that was derived from the Shugart Associates System Interface (SASI) and formally adopted in 1986 by ANSI. SCSI-1 features an 8-bit parallel bus (with parity), running asynchronously at 3.5 MB/s, or 5 MB/s in synchronous mode, and a maximum bus cable length of 6 meters (just under 20 feet—compared to the 18 inch (0.45 meter) limit of the ATA interface). A rarely seen

neg: Comparison of file transfer protocols either RS-232 or the Transmission Control Protocol as its transport. OBject EXchange is a protocol for binary object wireless transfer via the Bluetooth standard. Bluetooth was conceived as a wireless replacement for RS-232. Comparison of file transfer protocols This article lists communication protocols that are designed for file transfer over a telecommunications network. Protocols for shared file systems—such as 9P and the Network File System—are beyond the scope of this article, as are file synchronization protocols. A packet-switched network transmits data that is divided into units called "packets". A packet comprises a header (which describes the packet) and a payload

neg: HP 49/50 series USB Mini-B ports of the 49g+. Like the 49g+, the range of the infrared port has been limited to about 10 cm (4 inches). The asynchronous serial port is not a true RS-232 port as it uses different voltage levels and a non-standard connector. An external converter/adapter is required to interface with RS-232 equipment. The keyboard, the most often criticized feature of the 49g+ calculators, uses the new design introduced on the very last 49g+ calculators (hinged keys) to eliminate previous problems. A worldwide announcement regarding the availability of this calculator was made by HP in September 2006, and official

neg: Serial port able to process it. To cope with this, serial lines often incorporate a "handshaking" method, usually distinguished between "hardware" and "software" handshaking. Hardware handshaking is done with extra signals, often the RS-232 RTS/CTS or DTR/DSR signal circuits. Generally, the RTS and CTS are turned off and on from alternate ends to control data flow, for instance when a buffer is almost full. DTR and DSR are usually on all the time and, per the RS-232 standard and its successors, are used to signal from each end that the other equipment is actually present and powered-up. However, manufacturers have over the

neg: MAX232 and vice versa for converting from TIA-232 to TTL. (Note that TIA-232 uses opposite voltages for data and control lines, see RS-232 voltage levels.) The MAX232(A) has two receivers that convert from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels, and two drivers that convert from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels. As a result, only two out of all RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. Typically, the first driver/receiver pair of the MAX232 is used for TX and RX signals, and the second one for CTS and RTS signals. There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect

neg: Apple II serial cards Apple II serial cards Apple II serial cards primarily used the serial RS-232 protocol. They most often were used for communicating with printers, Modems, and less often for computer to computer data transfer. They could be programmed to interface with any number of external devices which were RS-232 compatible. Most serial cards had speed ranges starting from 110 bit/s up to 19,200 bit/s, however some could be modified to go much faster. The most popular and widely used of these cards was Apple Computer's Super Serial Card, a solid design that was often copied for maximum software compatibility of the

neg: MAX232 5 V (RS-422 and RS-485) and single-ended RS-232 albeit at reduced voltage. MAX232 The MAX232 is an integrated circuit first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products that converts signals from a TIA-232 (RS-232) serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL-compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual transmitter / dual receiver that typically is used to convert the RX, TX, CTS, RTS signals. The drivers provide TIA-232 voltage level outputs (about ±7.5 volts) from a single 5-volt supply by on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing TIA-232 in devices that otherwise

neg: Breakout box with both male and female DE-9, DA-15, DB-25, DC-37 or DD-50 standard density connectors and related test points. These units can also be used to simulate special cables, interconnect RS-232 devices, or adapt test equipment to an RS-232 device. Breakout box A breakout box is a critical piece of electrical test equipment used to support integration testing, expedite maintenance, and streamline the troubleshooting process at the system, subsystem, and component level by simplifying the access to test signals. Breakout boxes span a wide spectrum of functionality: (i) some serve to break out every signal connection coming into a unit while

neg: RS-232 a time, a concept that is not provided for in RS-232. The RS-232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS-485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS-232 device, can send data onto the bus. Modern communications environments use full-duplex (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that environment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. However, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric, bidirectional flow control. A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the

neg: Gender of connectors and fasteners use female jack connectors on many computer terminals (and some personal computers) for the serial port, in direct violation of the connector gender convention specified in the RS-232 standard for "DTE" computer equipment. This confusing reversal of the RS-232 connector gender convention would cause many hours of frustration for ill-informed end users, as they tried to troubleshoot non-functional serial port equipment connections. In the case of electrical power connections, designers do not reverse connector gender in such a casual fashion, because exposing live AC line power on male connectors is unsafe and generally illegal. Devices that need to be robust

neg: RS-232 the differential signaling. Unused interface signals terminated to ground will have an undefined logic state. Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state, it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 level, for example with a pullup resistor. Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose. RS-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. According to the standard, male connectors have

neg: Bluetooth form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128). "Radio Frequency Communications" (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e. it is a serial port emulation. RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth. Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support

neg: DisplayPort the physical bandwidth requirements by 2–3x, placing it well within the capabilities of an HBR2-rated cable. This exemplifies why DisplayPort cables are not classified by "version"; although DSC was introduced in version 1.4, this does not mean it needs a so-called "DP1.4 cable" (an HBR3-rated cable) to function. HBR3 cables are only required for applications which exceed HBR2-level bandwidth, not simply any application involving DisplayPort1.4. If DSC is used to reduce the bandwidth requirements to HBR2 levels, then an HBR2-rated cable will be sufficient. The DisplayPort standard does not specify any maximum length for cables, though the DisplayPort 1.2 standard

neg: NMEA 2000 a single 120Ω termination resistor at each end of the bus. (The resistors are in parallel, so a properly terminated bus should have a total resistance of 60Ω). The maximum distance for any device from the bus is six metres. The maximum backbone cable length is 100 m (328 ft) The only cabling standard approved by the NMEA for use with NMEA 2000 networks is the DeviceNet cabling standard, which is controlled by the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association. Such cabling systems are permitted to be labeled "NMEA 2000 Approved". The DeviceNet standard defines levels of shielding, conductor size, weather resistance,