query: which city was the capital of the former soviet union and is today the capital of russia

pos: Moscow of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders—more than any other major city—even before its expansion in 2012. The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, a medieval

pos: History of Moscow History of Moscow The city of Moscow gradually grew around the Moscow Kremlin, beginning in the 14th century. It was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (or Muscovy), from 1340 to 1547 and in 1713 renamed as the Tsardom of Russia by Peter I "the Great" (when the capital was moved to Saint Petersburg). Moscow was the capital of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918, which then became the Soviet Union (1922 to 1991), and since 1991 has served as capital of the Russian Federation. Situated on either bank of the eponymous Moskva River, the city

pos: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic emphasized. The capital city was Cheboksary. Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (; ) was an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian SFSR, which itself was within the Soviet Union. It occupied about along the east bank of the Volga River, about west of the river's confluence with the Kama River and some east of Moscow. The successor of the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast, the Chuvash ASSR was formed in 1925. It declared its sovereignty within the Soviet Union in 1990 as the Chuvash Republic (still within Russia). Its primary economic activities were agricultural. rain

pos: Rugby union in the Soviet Union Rugby union in the Soviet Union Rugby union in the Soviet Union was a moderately popular sport. It was most popular in Georgia; parts of the Russian SFSR such as Moscow and certain regions in Siberia like Krasnoyarsk; and Alma-Ata, the former capital of Kazakhstan. Rugby enjoyed a more limited popularity in the Ukraine, Minsk in the Byelorussia and parts of the RSFSR such as Leningrad and areas in Southern Russia, including Krasnodar. Rugby gained a significant following due to the vast size of the Soviet Union, but was never a major sport; despite many attempts to develop the sport,

pos: Rugby union in the Soviet Union played several games. http://www.fira-aer-rugby.com/forum2007/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=3186&hilit= http://www.rugby.by/ Rugby union in the Soviet Union Rugby union in the Soviet Union was a moderately popular sport. It was most popular in Georgia; parts of the Russian SFSR such as Moscow and certain regions in Siberia like Krasnoyarsk; and Alma-Ata, the former capital of Kazakhstan. Rugby enjoyed a more limited popularity in the Ukraine, Minsk in the Byelorussia and parts of the RSFSR such as Leningrad and areas in Southern Russia, including Krasnodar. Rugby gained a significant following due to the vast size of the Soviet Union, but was never a major sport; despite many

pos: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic the Russian SFSR on 12 June 1990, which was the beginning of the "War of Laws", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics. On 17 March 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On 12 June, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on 19–21 August 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. After the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, on

pos: Dnipro ; ) until 1925, the city was formally inaugurated by the Russian Empress Catherine the Great in 1787 as the administrative centre of the newly acquired vast territories of imperial "New Russia", including those ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774). The city was originally envisioned as the Russian Empire's third capital city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Renamed Dnipropetrovsk in 1926, it became a vital industrial centre of Soviet Ukraine, and was one of the key centres of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the Soviet Union. In particular, it is

pos: Richard Deitz 1994, he moved to London and then Moscow to establish the derivatives unit’s presence in Eastern Europe. In 1995, Deitz left Credit Suisse together with several colleagues to co-found the investment bank, Renaissance Capital, in Moscow where he ran the firm’s fixed income trading business. In 1998, Deitz left Renaissance Capital and founded VR Capital Group to build an asset management business focused on distressed debt investing. The firm launched a fund in May 1999 initially investing in distressed credits in Russia and the former Soviet Union following the 1998 Russian financial crisis and the demise of Long Term Capital

pos: History of communism of the Russian civil war, which the Bolsheviks won and subsequently consolidated their power over the entire country, centralising power from the Kremlin in the capital city of Moscow. In 1922, the Russian SFS Republic was officially redesignated to be the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, whilst in 1924 Lenin resigned as leader of the Soviet Union due to poor health and soon died, with Joseph Stalin subsequently taking over control. In 1919, the Bolshevik government in Russia organised the creation of an international communist organisation that would act as the Third International after the collapse of the Second International

pos: Stalin's bunker the former air raid shelter. The air-raid shelters for the Soviet High Command was built also in Yaroslavl, Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Saratov and Stalingrad (now Volgograd). During World War II, Kuybyshev was chosen to be the alternative capital of the Soviet Union should Moscow fall to the invading Germans. In October 1941, the Communist Party and governmental organizations, diplomatic missions of foreign countries, leading cultural establishments and their staff were evacuated to the city. On 15 October 1941 the State Defense Committee produced a secret decision No 801 "On evacuation of the Soviet capital Moscow to Kuybyshev".

pos: Novocherkassk November 20, 1990, Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers with 56 convicted murders, was arrested in Novocherkassk. On October 5-6, 1991, a meeting of the Grand Circle of the Union of Cossacks of the Don Military Region took place, where the status of the historical and modern center of the Don Cossacks was established in the city, officially making Novocherkassk the capital of the Don Cossacks. On July 17-18, 1993, a meeting of the United Supreme Circle of Cossack troops of Russia and abroad was held in Moscow, where Novocherkassk was proclaimed the world capital

pos: Costa Rica–Russia relations it in the closest Costa Rican embassy to where the person is living. He/she must have a valid passport and either have an invitation letter or a bank statement with enough money. Holders of a Costa Rican passport also need a visa to Russia. Costa Rica–Russia relations Costa Rica–Russia relations () are the bilateral relationships between the countries Costa Rica and Russia. Each of the two countries has an embassy in the other's capital city, Moscow and San José. The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Costa Rica on May 8, 1944. Both countries are members of the United Nations,

pos: Moscow of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders—more than any other major city—even before its expansion in 2012. The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, a medieval

pos: Vladislav Doronin Vladislav Doronin Vladislav Doronin (born 7 November 1962) is a businessman, international real estate developer and art collector. He is the founder of Moscow-based Capital Group, owner and chairman of Aman Resorts, and chairman and CEO of OKO Group. Vladislav Doronin was born on November 7, 1962 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, (formerly Leningrad, RSFSR, Soviet Union.) He graduated from the Moscow Lomonosov State University. In 1991, he launched the ‘Capital Group’. In 1985, he relocated to Geneva and then to Zug, where he worked under Marc Rich. Doronin started ‘Capital Group’ in 1991 as a commodity trading company. In 1993,

pos: Tashkent Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR). The new regime was threatened by White forces, "basmachi;" revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow. In 1930, Tashkent fell within the borders of the Uzbek SSR, and became the capital of the Uzbek SSR, displacing Samarkand. The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s. Violating the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The government worked to relocate factories from western Russia and Ukraine to Tashkent to preserve the Soviet industrial capacity. This led to great increase in industry during World War II. It also evacuated

pos: Costa Rica–Russia relations Costa Rica–Russia relations Costa Rica–Russia relations () are the bilateral relationships between the countries Costa Rica and Russia. Each of the two countries has an embassy in the other's capital city, Moscow and San José. The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Costa Rica on May 8, 1944. Both countries are members of the United Nations, and since 2008, holders of a Russian passport need a visa to visit Costa Rica. With a tourist visa, Russians can stay in Costa Rica for a maximum of 30 days. In order to get a tourist visa, the person needs to apply for

pos: Rasputitsa of Russia. The phenomenon was a hindrance in the early 20th century in the Soviet Union since 40% of rural villages were not served by paved roads. "Rasputitsa" seasons of Russia are well known as a great defensive advantage in wartime. Common nicknames are "General Mud" or "Marshal Mud". During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon found the mud to be a great hindrance. During the Second World War, the month-long muddy period slowed down the German advance during the Battle of Moscow and may have helped save the Soviet capital from German occupation. Rasputitsa Rasputitsa () is

pos: Thermal power stations in Russia and Soviet Union Thermal power stations in Russia and Soviet Union The first large peat-fired thermal power station in Russia was built on a location about 80 km away from Moscow, in the place of the current city of Elektrogorsk, during 1912-1914. It was called "Elektroperedacha" (literally "electric power transmission"), and the settlement around the station (future Elektrogorsk) acquired this name, Elektroperedacha, as well. Today the station is called GRES-3 or Elektrogorskaya GRES. The abbreviations below are commonly used in the names of power stations. The term GRES (, ) refers to a condenser type electricity-only thermal power station introduced in the Soviet

pos: 1991 Boris Yeltsin presidential campaign rally with a Moscow trade union organization, however these plans fell apart due to the trade union objecting to some of the more radical slogans which Democratic Russia used, which called for the resignation of Gorbachev. On May 16 an explosion occurred in room being used to store the signatures being gathered for Yeltsin's candidacy at the Democratic Russia headquarters in Moscow. The Baltimore Sun called it "the first political bombing in the capital for more than a decade." Sovetskaya Rossiya placed blame on the Libertarian (Radical) Party of the Soviet Union for perpetrating the attack, however they denied involvement.

neg: Orenburg route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia. Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital. Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia. From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov ()

neg: Tbilisi Army invaded Tbilisi after bitter fighting at the outskirts of the city and declared Soviet rule. In 1921, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik forces from Russia, and until 1936 Tbilisi functioned first as the capital city of the Transcaucasian SFSR (which included Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia), and afterwards until 1991 as the capital of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. During Soviet rule, Tbilisi's population grew significantly, the city became more industrialized, and it also came to be an important political, social, and cultural centre of the Soviet Union. In 1980 the city housed the

neg: South Central Siberia by mountains on the Mongolian border. The core area is the Tuva Depression, where Kyzyl is located, the capital city of the Tuva Republic. The Yenisei River flows west here and then breaks through the Western Sayans in a long narrow gorge which contains the Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam north of the Tuva border. Tuva was traditionally part of Mongolia, and only passed to the Soviet Union—Russia in the 20th century. To the north, South Central Siberia merges into the Siberian forests. To the south, South Central Siberiamerges into the mountains along the former Sino-Soviet border. Dzungaria is directly to the south.

neg: Crimean Oblast Ukraine and Russia until 1997 when it was agreed that it should be treated as a "city with special status" within Ukraine. Crimean Oblast The Crimean Oblast (; ; ) was an oblast (province) of the former Russian SFSR (1945–1954) and Ukrainian SSR (1954–1991) within the Soviet Union. Its capital was the city of Simferopol. The Crimean Oblast replaced the Crimean ASSR on June 30, 1945. The oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR on February 19, 1954. Sevastopol was a closed city due to its importance as the port of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet

neg: Feodosia Municipality Feodosia Municipality Feodosia City Municipality (, "Feodosijśka miśkrada"; , "Feodosijskij gorsovet"; ), officially "the territory governed by the Feodosia city council", is one of the 25 regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Population: It is a resort region, located in southeastern Crimea—one of the most popular recreational territories of the former Soviet Union. Besides its capital Feodosia, the region is famous for the resort town of Koktebel. Within the framework of administrative divisions of Russia, Feodosia is, together

neg: Karaganda Region USSR era, the southern part of what is today Karaganda Region was a separate region, known as Jezkazgan Region, with the administrative center in Jezkazgan. Karaganda Region Karaganda Region (; ), also spelled Qaraghandy Region, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The region's population is and that of the capital city is The region was the site of intense coal mining during the days of the Soviet Union and also the site of several Gulag forced labor camps. Following World War II, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, had many ethnic Germans deported to the area.

neg: Navahrudak March 1921 by the Soviet Russia and Poland, thus ending the hostilities. In the interwar period, Nowogródek served as capital of the Nowogródek province, until the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Soviet troops entered the city in 18 September 1939 and it was annexed into the Soviet Union via the Byelorussian SSR. The Polish inhabitants were exiled, mostly to Siberia and the Soviet Union, as prisoners. In the administrative division of the new territories, the city was briefly (from 2 November to 4 December) the centre of the Navahrudak Voblast. Afterwards the administrative centre

neg: Bolghar Soviet Union could not participate in the hajj to Mecca, so they travelled instead to Bolgar. The Tatars refer to the medieval capital of Volga Bolgaria as "Shahri Bolghar" (), that is, "the City of Bolghar". The town is part of their cultural heritage, because Volga Bolgaria is viewed by many Tatars as a predecessor state of the Khanate of Kazan, which in turn has cultural links to today's Russian republic of Tatarstan. Today, the capital of Tatarstan is Kazan, but many Tatars consider Bolghar to be their ancient and religious capital and to allow a glimpse of Muslim Bulgar

neg: Lithuania–Russia relations in Suvalkija, to the Soviet sphere of influence. The exchange of territories was also motivated by Soviet control of Vilnius: the Soviet Union could exert significant influence on the Lithuanian government, which claimed Vilnius to be its "de jure" capital. In the secret protocols, both Soviet Union and Germany explicitly recognized Lithuanian interest in Vilnius. Accordingly, by the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty of October 10, 1939, Lithuania would acquire about one fifth of the Vilnius Region, including Lithuania's historical capital, Vilnius, and in exchange would allow five Soviet military bases with 20,000 troops to be established across Lithuania. After months

neg: Cherkessk Armenians. According to the First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union of 1926, inhabitants of Batalpashinsk (present-day Cherkessk) included: The 1937 census results were suppressed and destroyed but the Soviet census of 1939 recorded: The Soviet census of 1959 recorded: The Soviet census of 1970 recorded: According to the 1989 data from the final Soviet census, the population of the city included: In 2002, the Russian census reported the population including: In 2010, the population included: Cherkessk is home to the following education institutions: Cherkessk Cherkessk () is the capital city of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia, as well as its

neg: Union of Officers of Moldova Union of Officers of Moldova The Union of Officers of Moldova (, ) or SОRМ is a Moldovan non-governmental organisation based in the Moldovan capital of Chisinau. It serves as an organization that honours Soviet/Moldovan veterans of war, as well as a proponent of Soviet Army culture in the Moldovan National Army. Former Moldovan defense minister Victor Gaiciuc is the chair of the Union of Officers of Moldova, with Major General Gennady Kondratenko acting as co-chair. The history of SORМ goes back to April 1998, when reserve officers from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine created the International Union of Soviet Officers,

neg: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev Russia in 1917, the Diocese of Riga on 22 September 1918, the Apostolic Vicariate of Finland on 8 June 1920 and the Apostolic Vicariate of Siberia on 1 December 1921. It was suppressed on 13 April 1991. Mogilev is a city in present-day Belarus, and with the demise of the Soviet Union the Archdiocese's territory and title were merged into its former daughter-suffragan of Minsk (which had often been governed ad interim by its Metropolitan, as Apostolic administrator), in the newly independent country's capital, to create the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev. The territorial boundaries of the new archdiocese were

neg: History of Vilnius History of Vilnius The city of Vilnius, the capital and largest city of Lithuania, has undergone a diverse history since it was first settled in the Stone Age. Originally the head of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, it changed hands between Imperial and Soviet Russia, modern-day Belarus, Germany, Poland, and Lithuania multiple times. It was especially often the site of conflict after the end of World War I and during World War II. It officially became the capital of independent, modern-day Lithuania when the Soviet Union recognized the country's independence in August 1991.

neg: Tashkent city was rebuilt and profited from the Silk Road. From 18th to 19th century, the city became an independent city-state, before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand. In 1865, it fell to the Russian Empire, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. In Soviet times, Tashkent witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union. Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multi-ethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, the city celebrated its 2,200 years of written history. During its long history, Tashkent has had various

neg: Capital city countries, but in many countries this is not the case. Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house the seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) include: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Newly-independent Kazakhstan moved its capital to the existing city of Astana after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma's interior as the former

neg: Simferopol on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR. Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine. Today, the city has a population of 340,600 (2006) most of whom are ethnic Russians, with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities. After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s, several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed, as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to

neg: Feodosia Municipality 1945-49 after the deportation of Crimean Tatars and are now used only by the Crimean Tatar community are mentioned in brackets. Feodosia Municipality Feodosia City Municipality (, "Feodosijśka miśkrada"; , "Feodosijskij gorsovet"; ), officially "the territory governed by the Feodosia city council", is one of the 25 regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Population: It is a resort region, located in southeastern Crimea—one of the most popular recreational territories of the former Soviet Union. Besides its capital Feodosia,

neg: Denmark–Russia relations than confrontation with the Soviet Union. Today, both countries are close trading partners, and trade mainly along the Baltic coast. The Faroe Islands was the only Danish overseas territory that decided to negotiate a free trade agreement with Russia. The trade will go through Denmark, and then to Russia. There are also some Russian fishermen visiting Tórshavn, the capital of the islands. On May 27, Russia and Denmark signed visa agreements. Per Stig Møller, then Foreign Minister of Denmark, stated that the agreements will help to ease contacts between scientists, businessmen and students of the two countries. The deal was

neg: Yiddish of Russia and himself of Jewish origin, Yiddish culture in Russia is gone, and its revival is unlikely. The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the Russian Far East, with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper ("Der Birobidzhaner Shtern"; lit: "The Birobidzhan Star") includes a Yiddish section. Although the official status of the language was not retained by

neg: Bohdan Khmelnytsky the centre of Kiev is a focal point of the Ukrainian capital. There have also been several issues of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky — one of the highest decorations in Ukraine and in the former Soviet Union. However, with all this positive appreciation of his legacy, even in Ukraine it is far from being unanimous. He is criticised for his union with Russia, which in the view of some, proved to be disastrous for the future of the country. Prominent Ukrainian poet, Taras Shevchenko, was one of Khmelnytsky's very vocal and harsh critics. Others criticize him for his alliance

neg: Baltic states ethnic groups of the Soviet Union to settle in the Baltic Republics. Today, ethnic Russian immigrants from the former Soviet Union and their descendants make up a sizable minority in the Baltic states, particularly in Latvia (about one-quarter of the total population and close to one-half in the capital Riga) and Estonia (one-quarter of the population). Because the three Baltic states had been occupied by Soviet Union later than other territories (hence, e.g., the higher living standard), there was a strong feeling of national identity (often labeled "bourgeois nationalism" by Soviets) and popular resentment towards the imposed Soviet rule in

neg: Russo-Georgian War restoration of independence on 9 April 1991, thus becoming the first non-Baltic state of the Soviet Union to do so. The South Ossetian separatists were aided by the former Soviet military units now controlled by Russia. By June 1992, the possibility of a full-scale war between Russia and Georgia increased as bombing of Georgian capital Tbilisi in support of South Ossetian separatists was promised by Russian authorities. Georgia endorsed a ceasefire agreement on 24 June 1992 to prevent the escalation of the conflict with Russia. Georgian, South Ossetian, Russian and North Ossetian peacekeepers were posted in South Ossetian conflict zone

neg: Almaty 1936 to 1991 it was the capital of Kazakh SSR. After Kazakhstan became independent in 1991, Almaty continued as the capital until 1997, when Astana was designated a return to the historic capital. Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan. Due to development by the Soviet Union and relocation of workers and industries from European areas of the Soviet Union during World War II, the city has a high proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians. The city is in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau (or Zailiysky Alatau) in the extreme south-east. It

neg: West Germany 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990. The city of Bonn was its (provisional) capital. The fourth Allied occupation zone (the East Zone, or ) was held by the Soviet Union, bounded to the east by the Oder-Neisse line; and in 1949 this became the socialist German Democratic Republic (abbreviated GDR; in German or ) with its capital in East Berlin. The former parts of Germany east of the Oder-Neisse were separated from 'Germany as a whole' by the Potsdam Agreement of 1945, and then annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union. As a result, West

neg: Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic city of Alma-Ata was designated as the new capital of the ASSR. In February 1930, there was an anti-Soviet insurgency in the village of Sozak. On 5 December 1936, the ASSR was detached from the RSFSR and made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, a full union republic of the Soviet Union. The Kazak ASSR that succeeded the recently expanded Kirghiz ASSR included all of the territory making up the present-day Republic of Kazakhstan plus parts of Uzbekistan (the Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast), Turkmenistan (the north shore of Kara-Bogaz-Gol) and Russia (parts of what would become Orenburg Oblast). These territories were transferred

neg: Soviet Union national under-18 football team level ever again. Of the former Soviet states, only Russia was admitted for the 1992–1993 competition. However, the Russian U-18 team should not be considered as a continuation of this team; a large percentage of the team's players came from outside Russia (Russia still provided the most). A total of 15 former Soviet states play international football today; 11 in Europe under UEFA, 4 in Asia under the AFC. Soviet Union national under-18 football team The Soviet national lads football team was the under-18 football team of the Soviet Union. For world competitions it was reorganized into under-20 team. It

neg: Eurasianism Russia and is described as a political aspiration of pan-Russian nationalists and irredentists to retake some or all of the territories of the other republics of the former Soviet Union and territory of the former Russian Empire and amalgamate them into a single Russian state. Alexander Rutskoy, the Vice President of Russia from 1991–1993, asserted irredentist claims to Narva in Estonia, Crimea in Ukraine, and Ust-Kamenogorsk in Kazakhstan, among other territories. Before war broke out between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Aleksandr Dugin visited South Ossetia and predicted, "Our troops will occupy the Georgian capital Tbilisi, the entire country, and

neg: Soviet Union national under-16 football team their version of the 1992 European Championship, the former Soviet states didn't play as a combined team at U-17 level ever again. Of the former Soviet states, only Russia entered the 1992–1993 competition. However, the Russian U-16 team should not be considered as a continuation of this team; a large percentage of the team's players came from outside Russia (Russia still provided the most). A total of 15 former Soviet states play international football today; 11 in Europe under UEFA, 4 in Asia under the AFC. Soviet Union national under-16 football team The Soviet national junior football team was the

neg: Capital punishment in Russia Ivan the Terrible, capital punishment often took exotic and torturous forms, impalement being one of its most common types. Certain crimes incurred specific forms of capital punishment, e.g. coin counterfeiters were executed by pouring molten lead into their throats, while certain religious crimes were punishable by burning alive. In the times after Peter the Great, hanging for military men and shooting for civilians became the default means of execution, though certain types of non-lethal corporal punishment, such as lashing or caning, could result in the convict's death. In the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia, convicts awaited execution for a period

neg: Estonia former Soviet Union (mainly the Russian SFSR) did not speak Estonian. However, by 2010, 64.1% of non-ethnic Estonians spoke Estonian. The latter, mostly Russian-speaking ethnic minorities, reside predominantly in the capital city of Tallinn and the industrial urban areas in Ida-Virumaa. From the 13th to the 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia, particularly in the coastal areas and on the islands (e.g., Hiiumaa, Vormsi, Ruhnu; in Swedish, known as Dagö, Ormsö, Runö, respectively) along the Baltic sea, communities which today have almost disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament, and entitled to use their native language in

neg: Crime in Russia in outbreak of crime. In the transition to a free market economy, production fell and there was huge capital flight coupled with low foreign investment. Due to these factors, economic instability increased and a newly impoverished population emerged, accompanied by unemployment and unpaid wages. Extreme poverty as well as unpaid wages resulted in an increase in theft and counterfeiting. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, organized criminal groups in Russia and other former Soviet republics have been involved in different illegal activities such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, car theft, human trafficking and money laundering being the most common.

neg: Königsberg Königsberg Königsberg () is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Originally a Sambian or Old Prussian city, it later belonged to the State of the Teutonic Order, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany until 1945. After being largely destroyed in World War II by Allied bombing and Soviet forces and annexed by the Soviet Union thereafter, the city was renamed Kaliningrad. Few traces of the former Königsberg remain today. The literal meaning of Königsberg is 'King’s Mountain'. In the local Low German dialect,

neg: History of Nizhny Novgorod amount of military equipment and ammunition. Therefore, German aviation bombed the city for 3 years. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city was renamed back to Nizhny Novgorod. In Russia, the city became a political center and the capital of the Volga Federal District. Now the city is the center of information technology and develops tourism. In the Oka estuary formed a comfortable place to gather Murom and Suzdal armies for war against Volga Bulgaria. In 1220 Prince Yuri II of Vladimir conquered Bulgaria. The following year he decided to establish an important place for Russia and founded

neg: Vladimir Shelkov Vladimir Shelkov Vladimir Shelkov (December 20, 1895 – January 27, 1980) was a Christian preacher and Seventh-day Adventist leader in the former Soviet Union. He headed the Church of True and Free Seventh-day Adventists, which rejected any government interference in the activities. Vladimir was born in Velyka Vyska village of Kherson Governorate in today Ukraine. In 1931 Shelkov was imprisoned for the first time by the Soviet regime and spent almost all his life in prisons and camps. In 1946 Shelkov had been sentenced to capital punishment, which later was changed for 10 years imprisonment. His last confinement began in

neg: Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai the exclusive retreat reverted to its former name and status and gradually dwindled into obscurity. The proximity to Sochi, the "summer capital" of Russia, eventually revived its fortunes in the last quarter of the 20th century, when it achieved a modicum of popularity across the former Soviet Union, despite limited hotel capabilities and installations, and difficulty of access through narrow mountain passes. The loss of ski areas in South Caucasus and Tian Shan after the dissolution of the Soviet Union increased Krasnaya Polyana's prestige and importance for Russia's elites. By the 21st century, the locality had emerged as one of

neg: Solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 (parts now belonging to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia), Albania, Bulgaria including the capital city Sofia, Romania including the capital city Bucharest, and the Soviet Union (parts now belonging to Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan). The maximum eclipse was recorded near Novocherkassk (Russian SFSR). The crucifixion scene in the 1961 film "Barabbas" was shot during this eclipse. Solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 A total solar eclipse occurred on February 15, 1961. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun

neg: Capital punishment in the Soviet Union Capital punishment in the Soviet Union Capital punishment was a legal penalty in the Soviet Union for most of the country's existence. The legal justification of capital punishment was found in Article 22 of the Fundamental Principles of Criminal Legislation, which stated that the death penalty was permitted "as an exceptional measure of punishment, until its complete abolition". According to Western estimates, in the early 1980s Soviet courts passed around 2,000 death sentences every year, of which two-thirds were commuted to prison terms. The death penalty was not applied to minors or pregnant women. The first person to be sentenced

neg: History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast East to show that, like other national groups in the Soviet Union, Russian Jews could receive a territory in which to pursue cultural autonomy in a socialist framework. The JAO's capital city was in Birobidzhan, and Yiddish was its official language. Jewish life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than in other regions of the Soviet Union. Yiddish theatres began opening in the 1970s. Rabbi Mordechai Scheiner, the Chief Rabbi of Birobidzhan and Chabad Lubavitch representative to the region, said "Today one can enjoy the benefits of the Yiddish culture and not be afraid to return to their Jewish traditions.

neg: BG Capital BG Capital BG Capital (established in 2000 as Galt & Taggart Securities and renamed in September 2009 ) is a full-service investment firm in the Frontier Markets of the former Soviet Union with key operations in Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus. Headquartered in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, BG Capital offers a range of investment-related services, including equity and fixed income brokerage, research, equity and debt capital-raising, investment banking, and asset management. The company is a member of the Bank of Georgia Group, and is wholly owned by Bank of Georgia, which is listed on the London Stock Exchange under the

neg: Tallinn royal confirmation of the Anglo-Russian Entente of the previous year, and which was the first time a reigning British monarch had visited Russia. On 24 February 1918, the Independence Manifesto was proclaimed in Reval, soon to be Tallinn, followed by Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia. After World War II started, Estonia acceded to the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, and later occupied by Nazi Germany

neg: 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt republics (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan) agreed to a new union treaty that would form a confederation called the Union of Sovereign States. However, this confederation never materialized. On 8 December Boris Yeltsin, Leonid Kravchuk and Stanislav Shushkevich—respectively leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (which adopted that name in August 1991)—as well as the prime ministers of the republics met in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, where they signed the Belavezha Accords. This document declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." It repudiated the 1922 union

neg: Lithuania–Russia relations providing free labor in sparsely inhabited areas of the Soviet Union. Approximately 28,000 of Lithuanian deportees died in exile due to poor living conditions. In the summer of 1944, the Soviet Red Army reached eastern Lithuania. By July 1944, the area around Vilnius came under control of the Polish Resistance fighters of the Armia Krajowa, who also attempted a takeover of the German-held city during the ill-fated Operation Ostra Brama. The Red Army captured Vilnius with Polish help on 13 July. The Soviet Union re-occupied Lithuania and Joseph Stalin re-established the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1944 with its capital

neg: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the media as "Kharkov – Pervaya Stolitsa (the first capital)" with implication to the era of Soviet regime. Kharkiv was also the city where the first Soviet Ukrainian government was created in 1917 with strong support from Russian SFSR authorities. However, in 1934, the capital was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev, which remains the capital of Ukraine today, although at first Kharkiv retained some government offices and buildings for some time after the move. During the 1930s, there were significant numbers of ethnic minorities living within the Ukrainian SSR. National Districts were formed as separate territorial-administrative units within higher-level

neg: Revolutions of 1989 the expansion of the world capital stock. Compared with the efforts of the other former constituents of the Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union, decommunization in Russia has been restricted to half-measures, if conducted at all. As of 2008, nearly half of Russians viewed Stalin positively, and many supported restoration of his previously dismantled monuments. Neo-Stalinist material such as describing Stalin's mass murder campaigns as "entirely rational" has been pushed into Russian textbooks. In 1992, President Yeltsin's government invited Vladimir Bukovsky to serve as an expert to testify at the CPSU trial by Constitutional Court of Russia, where the Communists

neg: Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union Caucasian province of Stavropol Krai, mainly Caucasus Greeks and Pontic Greeks. The city of Yessentuki is regarded as the Greek cultural capital of Russia. Many of the famous Greek Russians, like Euclid Kyurdzidis hail from this city where Greeks constitute 5.7% (Up from 5.4% in 1989) of the total population. Greeks constitute 3% (2.9% in 1989) of the population in Zheleznovodsk City and 4.7% in Inozemtsevo (5.1% in 1989). But the majority of the Greeks live in the rural regions of Stavropol and major concentrations can be found in the rural districts of Andropovsky (3.3% in 2002, 2.1% in 1989),

neg: Kazakhstan Russia for the Baikonur cosmodrome. In June 2018 the city of Shymkent became a "city of republican significance". Each region is headed by an "akim" (regional governor) appointed by the president. District "akim"s ["akimi"?] are appointed by regional "akim"s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997. Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localiies; all others are designated rural. At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Astana, which are classified as

neg: History of Kiev Empire. A Christian city since 988, it still played an important role in preserving the traditions of Orthodox Christianity, especially at times of domination by Catholic Poland, and later the atheist Soviet Union. The city prospered again during the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century. In the turbulent period following the Russian Revolution Kiev, caught in the middle of several conflicts, quickly went through becoming the capital of several short-lived Ukrainian states. From 1921 the city was part of the Soviet Union, since 1934 as a capital of Soviet Ukraine. In World War II, the city was destroyed

neg: Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University was named after Boris Yeltsin as a sign of respect to the former President of Russia in his support and encouragement in establishing the KRSU. Today, the KRSU has close links with the following universities and research institutes of Europe, Asia and America: Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin (Russian: Киргизско-российский славянский университет имени Бориса Ельцина) is a university which is jointly operated by the Kyrgyz government and the Government of Russia, located in city of Bishkek, the capital of the Kyrgyzstan. The KRSU was established in 1992. Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University was founded in 1993 in

neg: Felix Dzerzhinsky Belarus, near Minsk and close to the Soviet-Polish border of the time, it was created on 15 March 1932, with the capital at Dzyarzhynsk (Dzerzhynsk, formerly known as Kojdanów), not far from the family estate. (The Dzerzhinsky estate itself remained inside Poland from 1921 to 1939). The district was disbanded in 1935 at the onset of the Great Purge and most of its administration was executed. His name and image were used widely throughout the KGB and the Soviet Union, and other socialist countries; there were several places named after him. In Russia there is the city of Dzerzhinsk, a

neg: History of private equity and venture capital Soviet Union. Facilitating the flow of capital through the economy up to the pioneering small concerns in order to stimulate the U.S. economy was and still is the main goal of the SBIC program today. The 1958 Act provided venture capital firms structured either as SBICs or Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Companies (MESBICs) access to federal funds which could be leveraged at a ratio of up to 4:1 against privately raised investment funds. The success of the Small Business Administration's efforts are viewed primarily in terms of the pool of professional private equity investors that the program developed as

neg: Treaty of Kars Treaty of Kars The Treaty of Kars (, , , , ) was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union (today the independent republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan). The treaty was signed in the city of Kars on 13 October 1921 and ratified in the Armenian capital Yerevan on 11 September 1922. Signatories of the Treaty of Kars included representatives from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which in 1923 would declare the Republic of Turkey, and from the Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian Soviet republics with the

neg: Jilin from Shandong. By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by Japan. Changchun (then called Hsinking), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm. The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union. Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese

neg: Kiev proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. During World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained the capital of Ukraine and experienced a steady migration influx of ethnic Ukrainians from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest and richest city. Kiev's armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet

neg: Operation Provide Hope US Air Force C-5A’s and C-141’s delivered several hundred tons of emergency food, medicines, and medical supplies to all twelve new independent states of the former Soviet Union, not only to each capital city but also to several outlying cities, especially across Russia. Small teams of US personnel from various government agencies (On-Site Inspection Agency, USAID, and USDA) had been placed in each destination shortly before the deliveries, to coordinate with local officials and to monitor to the best extent possible that the deliveries reached the intended recipients (i.e., orphanages, hospitals, soup kitchens, and needy families). Following the initial shipment,

neg: Soviet Central Asia by the 1980s.) On April 26, 1966, Tashkent was destroyed by an earthquake and over 300,000 were left homeless. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth largest Soviet city and a major center of learning in the fields of science and engineering. As the nation's capital, Tashkent is still a fairly prosperous city and the capital of Uzbekistan and has a population of the city in 2006 was 2.1 million. The city has been the target of several terrorist acts since gaining independence. These have been attributed by the Uzbek the

neg: Lviv From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic. After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Lviv became part of the Soviet Union, and in 1944–46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. In 1991,

neg: Khanate of Khiva present western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before Russian arrival at the second half of the 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was much reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic. In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today is largely a part of Karakalpakstan and Xorazm Province in Uzbekistan. See Khwarezm, the former name of the region. After the capital was moved to Khiva, Khwarezm

neg: Capital punishment in Vatican City City in 1969, along with other adaptations, four years after closing the Second Vatican Council, announcing the change only in the August 1969 issue of the "Gazette", which is published in Latin. The change came to public attention only in January 1971 after reporters accused Paul VI of hypocrisy for his criticisms of planned executions in Spain and the Soviet Union. Capital punishment in Vatican City Capital punishment in Vatican City was legal between 1929 and 1969, reserved for attempted assassination of the Pope, but has never been applied there. Executions were carried out elsewhere in the Papal States during

neg: Mexico–Russia relations on 1 December 1890 in Mexico City by Baron Roman Rosen under the authorization of Emperor Alexander III of Russia. In 1891, the first Russian legation was opened in the Mexican capital. During respective revolutions; 1910-1920 in Mexico and 1917 in Russia; diplomatic relations between the two countries were practically non-existent. In 1922, Russia became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), In August 1924, Mexico became the first country in the American continent to establish relations with the USSR. In 1926, the USSR appointed Alexandra Kollontai (the first female ambassador in the world) as ambassador to Mexico.

neg: Siege of Leningrad to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was not lifted until 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history, and possibly the costliest in casualties suffered. Some historians classify it as genocide. Leningrad's capture was one of three strategic goals in the German Operation Barbarossa and the main target of Army Group North. The strategy was motivated by Leningrad's political status as the former capital of Russia and the symbolic capital of the Russian Revolution, its military importance as a main base of the Soviet Baltic

neg: Yervand Zakharyan Minister of the State Revenues and in 2002. He was then appointed mayor of Yerevan in 2003. In 2006, he started the non-profit "Shushi Revival" fund to help revitalize the city of Shushi in Artsakh. Zakharyan is married and has three children. Yervand Zakharyan Yervand Zakharyan (; born 14 May 1946) is an Armenian politician and the former mayor of the Armenian capital Yerevan. He is a member of the country's Republican Party and was the 8th mayor of the Armenian capital since Armenia's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Zakharyan was born in the village of Saler in

neg: Sino-Soviet relations in a systemic and deep way ("i.e.", the PRC in 1949 was less industrialized than Russia in 1914), the PRC emerged in a far more favourable and stable financial position. While the severe Soviet shortage of capital was new, Chinese economic and military underdevelopment was not. Nor was the PRC's desperate and ever-growing need for mineral resources, especially petroleum fuel, which the Soviet Union held in abundance in such Asiatic regions as western Siberia. Sino-Soviet relations Sino-Soviet relations (; , "Sovetsko-kitayskiye otnosheniya") refers to the diplomatic relationship between the Chinese Republic and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged

neg: Russia–South Korea relations The United States maintained military bases and nuclear weapons in South Korea, which the Soviet Union viewed as a threat to its security. South Korea had been seeking to trade with the Soviet Union even before Gorbachev came to power. Gorbachev desired foreign capital and high technology, as well as Seoul's help in alleviating the Soviet economic crisis through direct investment, joint ventures, and trade. As early as May 1979, South Korea signed an agreement obtaining Finnish assistance in exporting to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In the 1980s, South Korean President Roh Tae Woo's Nordpolitik and Mikhail Gorbachev's

neg: Bishkek established on the site of the fortress under its original name, "Pishpek". It lay within the General Governorship of Russian Turkestan and its Semirechye Oblast. In 1925 the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was established in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union renamed the city as "Frunze", after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze (1885–1925), who was born there. In 1936, the city of Frunze became the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. In 1991 the Kyrgyz parliament changed

neg: Temporary capital of Lithuania historical grounds, as the city was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, the city was multi-ethnic and other groups laid similar claims. Belarusians saw it as the capital of the Belarusian nation and laid claims to the heritage of the former Grand Duchy; Jews saw it as the capital of Yiddish culture; Poles saw it as a Polish-inhabited city. As Soviet forces pushed westward to spread the global proletarian revolution, German Ober-Ost administration evacuated and the Lithuanians withdrew to Kaunas. Vilnius was captured by the Red Army on January 5, 1919. During the Polish–Soviet War the city

neg: History of Kiev again, almost completely, but quickly recovered in the post-war years becoming the third most important city of the Soviet Union, the capital of the second most populous Soviet republic. It now remains the capital of Ukraine, independent since 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. According to a legend, East Slavs founded Kiev in the 5th century. The legend of Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv speaks of a founder-family consisting of a Slavic tribal leader "Kyi", the eldest, his brothers Schek and Khoriv, and also their sister Lybid, who founded the city. Kiev ("Kyiv", Київ, in Ukrainian) is translated as

neg: BG Capital Ukrainian equity placements in 2009. In March 2010 BG Capital became a full IPO Partner of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. BG Capital BG Capital (established in 2000 as Galt & Taggart Securities and renamed in September 2009 ) is a full-service investment firm in the Frontier Markets of the former Soviet Union with key operations in Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus. Headquartered in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, BG Capital offers a range of investment-related services, including equity and fixed income brokerage, research, equity and debt capital-raising, investment banking, and asset management. The company is a member of the Bank of

neg: Golden share arose in the 1980s when the British government retained golden shares in companies it privatised, an approach later taken in many other European countries, as well as the former Soviet Union. It was introduced in Russia ("Zolotaya Aktsiya", "Золотая Акция" in Russian) by law on November 16, 1992. The British government's golden share in BAA, the UK airports authority, was ruled illegal by European courts in 2003, when it was deemed contradictory to the principle of free circulation of capital within the European Union. The European Court of Justice also held that Portugal's holding of golden shares in Energias de

neg: Transport in Armenia Transport in Armenia This article considers transport in Armenia. For Soviet transportation, see Transport in the Soviet Union. in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines 825 km of gauge (825 km electrified) (1995) There is no service south of Yerevan. City with metro system: Yerevan Most of the cross-border lines are currently closed due to political problems. The capital city of Armenia, Yerevan, is serviced by the Yerevan Metro. The system was launched in 1981 and like most former Soviet Metros, its stations are very deep (20–70 meters underground) and intricately decorated with national motifs. The metro runs

neg: Poland–Russia relations the city limits and remained inactive there for several weeks. Also, the Soviet Union did not allow its Western Allies to use its nearby airports for airdrops into Warsaw for several weeks. This allowed the German forces to regroup and demolish the city while defeating the Polish resistance and causing between 150,000 and 200,000 civilian deaths. The tragic circumstances under which Poland's capital was liberated further strained the Polish–Russian relations. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a "fait accompli" in Poland. His armed forces were

neg: Mabetex Group refurbishment of the La Fenice theatre in Venice after it was burned. In Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, the group constructed the award winning project for the City Hall. Mabetex Group The Mabetex Group, founded in 1990, is the mother company of Mabetex and other companies founded and owned by Behgjet Pacolli. The headquarters are located in Lugano, Switzerland. The company is specialised in construction and renovation of large buildings. The Mabetex Group has had projects in 16 countries, including in Russia, other former Soviet republics, Kosovo and Albania. In 1992, during construction projects in Yakutia, Russia, Pacolli closely cooperated

neg: Chita Oblast Pyotr Beketov in 1653. People began to move into and develop the area in order to strengthen Russia's border with China and Mongolia, extract mineral resources, and build the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1920, Chita became the capital of the Far East Republic, which merged with Russia in November 1922, a month before the Soviet Union was constituted. The oblast was rich in ferrous, non-ferrous, rare, and precious metals, coal, charcoal, and mineral waters. Russia's estimated reserves of ores with a high uranium content are 145,400 tons. Most of these deposits are located in the former Chita Oblast, near Krasnokamensk, site

neg: History of socialism revolution, as the Soviet government immediately sued for peace. Germany and the former allies invaded the new Soviet Russia, which had repudiated the former Romanov regime's national debts and nationalized the banks and major industry. Russia was the only country in the world where socialists had taken power, and it appeared to many socialists to confirm the ideas, strategy and tactics of Lenin and Trotsky. The Russian Revolution of October 1917 brought about the definitive ideological division between Communists as denoted with a capital "C" on the one hand and other communist and socialist trends such as anarcho-communists and social

neg: Kiev East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia. The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was

neg: Karaganda Region Karaganda Region Karaganda Region (; ), also spelled Qaraghandy Region, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The region's population is and that of the capital city is The region was the site of intense coal mining during the days of the Soviet Union and also the site of several Gulag forced labor camps. Following World War II, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, had many ethnic Germans deported to the area. With an area of 428,000 km, Karaganda Region is Kazakhstan's largest region. Although it doesn't touch the borders of any country, it touches nearly every

neg: Russia–NATO relations said that Russia was at ″information war″ primarily with ″Anglo-Saxon mass media″. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation moved towards a more open economy with less state intervention, and Russia became an important part of the global economy. In 1998, Russia joined the G8, a forum of eight large developed countries, six of which are members of NATO. In 2012, Russia joined the World Trade Organization, an organization of governments committed to reducing tariffs and other trade barriers. These increased economic ties gave Russia access to new markets and capital, as well as political clout in

neg: Regions of Belarus Regions of Belarus At the top level of administration, Belarus is divided into six "regions" and the city of Minsk, which has a special status being the capital of Belarus. Minsk is also the capital of Minsk Region. At the second level, the regions are divided into "raions" ("districts"). The layout and extent of the regions were set in 1960 when Belarus (then Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) was a part of the Soviet Union. At the start of the 20th century, the boundaries of the Belarusian lands within the Russian Empire were still being defined. Basically in 1900 it contained

neg: Ida-Viru County west, Jõgeva County in the southwest and Russia (Leningrad Oblast) in the east. During the latter part of the period of Soviet rule of Estonia, Ida-Virumaa was called Kohtla-Järve district, and its administrative capital was Kohtla-Järve. The County Government () is led by a governor (), who is appointed by the country's government for a term of five years. The current governor of Ida-Viru county is Andres Noormägi. In January 2017, the population of Ida-Virumaa was 143,880, which makes it the third largest county in Estonia (after Harju and Tartu counties, which include the capital Tallinn and country's second-largest city

neg: Chechnya Chechnya Chechnya (; ; , "Noxçiyçö"), officially the Chechen Republic (; ; , "Noxçiyn Respublika"), sometimes called the Chechen Democratic Republic, is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia. It is located in the North Caucasus, situated in the southernmost part of Eastern Europe, and within of the Caspian Sea. The capital of the republic is the city of Grozny. , the republic was reported to have a population of 1,268,989 people; however, that number has been questioned by multiple demographers, who think such population growth after two deadly wars is highly implausible. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union

neg: Bill Browder by U.S. authorities in the 1950s. Browder and Edmond Safra (1932–1999) founded Hermitage Capital Management in 1996 for the purpose of investing initial seed capital of $25 million in Russia during the period of the mass privatization after the fall of the Soviet Union. Beny Steinmetz was another of the original investors in Hermitage. Following the Russian financial crisis of 1998, Browder remained committed to Hermitage's original mission of investing in Russia, despite significant outflows from the fund. Hermitage became a prominent activist shareholder in the Russian gas giant Gazprom, the large oil company Surgutneftegaz, RAO UES, Sberbank, Sidanco, Avisma,

neg: Andris Ameriks Andris Ameriks Andris Ameriks (born March 5, 1961 in Jūrmala, Soviet Union) is a Latvian politician and economist and former first secretary of Communist Youth organisation "Komsomol" in the Soviet Republic of Latvia. He was member of the Saeima from 1993 to 1998, representing the National Harmony Party and later, Democratic Party "Saimnieks". From 2001 he has been a member of the Riga City Council, from 2010 till 2018 the Deputy Chairman of Riga City Council, i.e. the vice-mayor of the Latvian capital. Ameriks is known to be getting a significant part of his income from investments in payday loan