query: which property is used ti identify the electric charge on the object

pos: Electroscope detect electric charge by the motion of a test object due to the Coulomb electrostatic force. Since the electric potential or voltage of an object with respect to ground equals its charge divided by its capacitance to ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a crude voltmeter. However, the accumulation of enough charge to detect with an electroscope requires hundreds or thousands of volts, so electroscopes are only used with high-voltage sources such as static electricity and electrostatic machines. Electroscopes generally give only a rough, qualitative indication of the magnitude of the charge. An instrument that measures charge quantitatively is

neg: Electric charge Electric charge Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges; "positive" and "negative" (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel and unlike attract. An object with an absence of net charge is referred to as "". Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require consideration of quantum effects. Electric charge is a conserved property; the net charge of an isolated system, the amount

neg: Electric potential Objects may possess a property known as electric charge and an electric field exerts a force on charged objects. If the charged object has a positive charge the force will be in the direction of the electric field vector at that point while if the charge is negative the force will be in the opposite direction. The magnitude of the force is given by the quantity of the charge multiplied by the magnitude of the electric field vector. The electric potential at a point r in a static electric field E is given by the line integral where "C" is

neg: Electric charge which a negative charge is taken a positive charge of the same magnitude, and vice versa. Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules). In such cases the object is said to be polarized. The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called "free charge". The motion of electrons in conductive metals in a specific direction is known as electric current. The SI

neg: Dakota language artificial possessive pronouns are used to signify property and possessions that can be transferred or traded. For example, the artificial pronoun "ta-" or "ti-", which is equivalent to the singular her or him, can be prefixed onto nouns such as "bow," in "tinazipe", and "friend," in "takodaku". Dakota is mainly a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, where nouns, whether they are the subject or object, always come before the verb. And when two nouns are used in the same clause, where one is the subject and the other is the object, the subject is most usually placed first. Verbs are also usually

neg: Potential energy Potential energy In physics, potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass of another object, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field. The unit for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule, which has the symbol J. The

neg: Electrostatics gradient of a scalar function,formula_35, called the electrostatic potential (also known as the voltage). An electric field, formula_36, points from regions of high electric potential to regions of low electric potential, expressed mathematically as The gradient theorem can be used to establish that the electrostatic potential is the amount of work per unit charge required to move a charge from point formula_38 to point formula_39 with the following line integral: From these equations, we see that the electric potential is constant in any region for which the electric field vanishes (such as occurs inside a conducting object). A single test

neg: Titanate nanosheet adjoint octahedrons . TiNSs may balance this anionic charge by inserting a counterionic layer between the two sheets either via layering or in aqueous solution. This electric double layer gives the material flexible interlayer distances, high cation exchange capacity, and excellent dielectric capabilities. Typically, titanium oxide suffers from oxygen vacancies, which diminish its potential as capacitors due to vacancies acting as high-leakage paths and charge carrier traps, however, TiNSs possess Ti vacancies, which promote channels for electron transfer. When Ti vacancies are present, the effective charge felt by electrons on oxygen atoms reduces and allows less hindered electron motion. TiNSs

neg: Electric dipole moment theoretically perfect is usually negligible. The dipole's direction usually points from the negative charge towards the positive charge. Often in physics the dimensions of a massive object can be ignored and can be treated as a pointlike object, i.e. a point particle. Point particles with electric charge are referred to as point charges. Two point charges, one with charge +"q" and the other one with charge −"q" separated by a distance "d", constitute an "electric dipole" (a simple case of an electric multipole). For this case, the electric dipole moment has a magnitude and is directed from the negative charge

neg: Electrostatic induction the charge left on the electroscope after grounding is always opposite in sign to the external inducing charge. The two rules of induction are: A remaining question is how large the induced charges are. The movement of charges is caused by the force exerted on them by the electric field of the external charged object, by Coulomb's law. As the charges in the metal object continue to separate, the resulting positive and negative regions create their own electric field, which opposes the field of the external charge. This process continues until very quickly (within a fraction of a second) an

neg: Electric field proximity sensing today are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications, including automobile airbag systems (to determine where passengers are seated), in advanced robotic manipulators (to determine the properties of an object in the manipulator's grasp), and in home automation, to determine which rooms are occupied. This is the same sensing system that is used by the electric catfish to navigate through muddy waters. These fish make use of spectral changes and amplitude modulation to determine factors such shape, size, distance, velocity, and conductivity. The abilities of the electric fish to communicate and identify sex, age, and hierarchy within

neg: Static electricity to the interaction of electric charges falls off rapidly with increasing distance, the effect of the closer (opposite polarity) charges is greater and the two objects feel a force of attraction. The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an electrical conductor as the charges are more free to move around. Careful grounding of part of an object with a charge-induced charge separation can permanently add or remove electrons, leaving the object with a global, permanent charge. This process is integral to the workings of the Van de Graaff generator, a device commonly used to demonstrate the effects

neg: Tuple space space, needs to be registered with an "Object Directory" in the "Object Space". Any processes can then identify the object from the "Object Directory", using properties lookup, where the property specifying the criteria for the lookup of the object is its name or some other property which uniquely identifies it. A process may choose to wait for an object to be placed in the "Object Space", if the needed object is not already present. Objects, when deposited in an "Object Space" are passive, i.e., their methods cannot be invoked while the objects are in the "Object Space". Instead, the accessing

neg: Electric dipole moment charge. An idealization of this two-charge system is the electrical point dipole consisting of two (infinite) charges only infinitesimally separated, but with a finite p. This quantity is used in the definition of polarization density. An object with an electric dipole moment is subject to a torque τ when placed in an external electric field. The torque tends to align the dipole with the field. A dipole aligned parallel to an electric field has lower potential energy than a dipole making some angle with it. For a spatially uniform electric field E, the torque is given by: where p is

neg: Electric charge distances towards the right hand. No force, either of attraction or of repulsion, can be observed between an electrified body and a body not electrified. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object, which produces no net loss or gain of electric charge. The most common charge carriers are the positively charged proton and the negatively charged electron. The movement of any of these charged particles constitutes an electric current. In many situations, it suffices to speak of the "conventional current" without regard to whether it is carried by positive charges moving in the direction of the

neg: Electrostatic induction nearby positive charge. When the contact with ground is broken, the object is left with a net negative charge. This method can be demonstrated using a gold-leaf electroscope, which is an instrument for detecting electric charge. The electroscope is first discharged, and a charged object is then brought close to the instrument's top terminal. Induction causes a separation of the charges inside the electroscope's metal rod, so that the top terminal gains a net charge of opposite polarity to that of the object, while the gold leaves gain a charge of the same polarity. Since both leaves have the same

neg: Surface charge Surface charge Surface charge is the electrical potential difference between the inner and outer surface of the dispersed phase in a colloid. There are many different processes which can lead to a surface being charged, including adsorption of ions, protonation/deprotonation, and the application of an external electric field. Surface charge causes a particle to emit an electric field, which causes particle repulsion and attraction, affecting many colloidal properties. Surface charge practically always appears on the particle surface when it is placed into a fluid. Most fluids contain ions, positive (cations) and negative (anions). These ions interact with the object surface.

neg: Electric potential energy Electric potential energy Electric potential energy, or electrostatic potential energy, is a potential energy (measured in joules) that results from conservative Coulomb forces and is associated with the configuration of a particular set of point charges within a defined system. An "object" may have electric potential energy by virtue of two key elements: its own electric charge and its relative position to other electrically charged "objects". The term "electric potential energy" is used to describe the potential energy in systems with time-variant electric fields, while the term "electrostatic potential energy" is used to describe the potential energy in systems with

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment container due to its mutual repulsion. If it cannot, the interior charge will induce an equal and opposite charge on the inside surface, so the net charge inside is still zero. Any net charge on a conducting object is located on its surface. The result found in Procedure 5, that a charged object enclosed in a metal container induces an equal charge on the container, can be proved using Gauss's law. Assume the container "A" completely encloses the object "C", without an opening (this assumption is explained below), and that "C" has a charge of "Q" coulombs. The electric field

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment there must be a corresponding negative charge somewhere in the universe. Strictly speaking, for the induced charge on the container to exactly equal the charge on the object, the metal container must completely enclose the charged object, without a hole. If there is an opening, some of the electric field lines from "C" will pass through the opening, and therefore will not induce an opposite charge on the container, so the charge on the container's surfaces will be less than the charge on "C". But an opening is necessary to get the charged object in and out. In his experiment,

neg: Body capacitance Body capacitance Body capacitance is the physical property of the human body that has it act as a capacitor. Like any other electrically-conductive object, a human body can store electric charge if insulated. The actual amount of capacitance varies with the surroundings; it would be low when standing on top of a pole with nothing nearby, but high when leaning against an insulated, but grounded large metal surface, such as a household refrigerator, or a metal wall in a factory. Synthetic fabrics and friction can charge a human body to about 3 kV. Low potentials may not have any notable

neg: Electrostatics by solid or liquid nonconductors. The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object. Static electric generators, devices which produce very high voltage at very low current and used for classroom physics demonstrations, rely on this effect. Note that the presence of electric current does not detract from the electrostatic forces nor from the sparking, from the corona discharge, or other phenomena. Both phenomena can exist simultaneously in the same system. Natural electrostatic phenomena are most familiar as an occasional annoyance in seasons of low humidity, but can be destructive and harmful in

neg: Etymology of electricity a piece of iron is not. "Electricity", then, was simply the property of behaving like an electric, in the same way that "elasticity" is the property of behaving like an elastic. ("Electric" continued to be used as a noun until at least 1913 and is still used in this sense in the word "dielectric".) It was not until later that the definition shifted to refer to the "cause" of the attraction instead of the property of being attractive. "Charge", in the electrical sense, was first used in 1767. The term "quantity of electricity" was once common in scientific publications. It

neg: Electric displacement field of zero in electrostatic situations, it follows that The effect of this equation can be seen in the case of an object with a "frozen in" polarization like a bar electret, the electric analogue to a bar magnet. There is no free charge in such a material, but the inherent polarization gives rise to an electric field, demonstrating that the D field is not determined entirely by the free charge. The electric field is determined by using the above relation along with other boundary conditions on the polarization density to yield the bound charges, which will, in turn, yield the

neg: Electric charge off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity. This can easily be produced by rubbing two dissimilar materials together, such as rubbing amber with fur or glass with silk. In this way non-conductive materials can be charged to a significant degree, either positively or negatively. Charge taken from one material is moved to the other material, leaving an opposite charge of the same magnitude behind. The law of "conservation of charge" always applies, giving the object from

neg: Steroid Delta-isomerase charge which accumulates on the enolate oxygen (O-3) throughout catalysis. In a similar way, the charge on Asp38 is stabilized by surrounding residues and a water molecule during the course of the reaction. The Boxer group used experimental Stark spectroscopy methods to identify the presence of H-bond-mediated electric fields within the KSI active site. These measurements quantified the electrostatic contribution to KSI catalysis (70%). The active site is lined with hydrophobic residues to accommodate the substrate, but Asp-99 and Tyr-14 are within hydrogen bonding distance of O-3. The hydrogen bonds from Tyr-14 and Asp-99 are known to significantly affect the

neg: Object history of the Iuhi on his face that shows the mallet being used to hammer the needles into the skin, so that the ink can be deposited into a deeper layer of skin. The ink used was natural and made from burnt ti leaves. Ti leaves are from cordyline terminalis a plant from the asparagus family. There are several tattoo patterns and figures mentioned in the research. One woman had an "‘ao," which is a ceremonial paddle, tattooed on her back. Fischer also mentions an old woman with a paddle on her back, but calls it a "rapa", which is a dance paddle that

neg: Digital object identifier Digital object identifier In computing, a Digital Object Identifier or DOI is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). An implementation of the Handle System, DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports and data sets, and official publications though they also have been used to identify other types of information resources, such as commercial videos. A DOI aims to be "resolvable", usually to some form of access to the information object to which the DOI refers. This

neg: Space charge away from the surface atoms and surround the metal object in a cloud of free electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The resulting cloud is negatively charged, and can be attracted to any nearby positively charged object, thus producing an electric current which passes through the vacuum. Space charge can result from a range of phenomena, but the most important are: It has been suggested that in alternating current (AC) most carriers injected at electrodes during a half of cycle are ejected during the next half cycle, so the net balance of charge on a cycle is practically zero. However,

neg: Electric charge always has charge "Q". This property has been experimentally verified by showing that the charge of "one" helium nucleus (two protons and two neutrons bound together in a nucleus and moving around at high speeds) is the same as "two" deuterium nuclei (one proton and one neutron bound together, but moving much more slowly than they would if they were in a helium nucleus). Electric charge Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges; "positive" and "negative" (commonly carried by

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment must be zero: The only charges inside "S" are the charge "Q" on the object "C", and the induced charge "Q" on the inside surface of the metal. Since the sum of these two charges is zero, the induced charge on the inside surface of the shell must have an equal but opposite value to the charge on C: "Q" = −"Q". Another way to see that the enclosed charge induces an equal charge in the container is to use the visualization device of electric field lines. Electric field lines terminate on equal charges; that is each line begins on

neg: Static electricity electric shocks from the mains voltage. The spark associated with static electricity is caused by electrostatic discharge, or simply static discharge, as excess charge is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings. The feeling of an electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body. The energy stored as static electricity on an object varies depending on the size of the object and its capacitance, the voltage to which it is charged, and the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. For modelling the effect of static discharge

neg: Electricity Electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. In early days, electricity was considered as being not related to magnetism. Later on, many experimental results and the development of Maxwell's equations indicated that both electricity and magnetism are from a single phenomenon: electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an

neg: Weightlessness that a body may be subject to a field which is not gravitational but such that the force on the object is "uniformly distributed" across the object's mass. An electrically charged body, uniformly charged, in a uniform electric field is a possible example. Electric charge here replaces the usual gravitational charge. Such a body would then be stress free and be classed as weightless. Various types of levitation may fall into this category, at least approximately. A body in free fall (which by definition entails no aerodynamic forces) near the surface of the earth has an acceleration approximately equal to

neg: Charge density if an electric current of charge flows into or out of the volume. This is expressed by a continuity equation which links the rate of change of charge density formula_2 and the current density formula_6. Since all charge is carried by subatomic particles, which can be idealized as points, the concept of a "continuous" charge distribution is an approximation, which becomes inaccurate at small length scales. A charge distribution is ultimately composed of individual charged particles separated by regions containing no charge. For example the charge in an electrically charged metal object is made up of conduction electrons moving randomly

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment a specific quantity of positive charge, and ends on an equal quantity of negative charge. An additional fact needed is that electric field lines cannot penetrate conductors; if an electric field line penetrated into a volume of metal, the electrons in the metal would flow along the field line, redistributing the charge in the conductor until no electric field was left. Only when the electric field in the conductor is zero can the charges in the conductor be at electrostatic equilibrium. When the charged object "C" is enclosed inside the conductive container "A". all the field lines extending from the

neg: Electrostatic induction under the influence of the external charge until they reach the surface of the metal and collect there, where they are constrained from moving by the boundary. This establishes the important principle that electrostatic charges on conductive objects reside on the surface of the object. External electric fields induce surface charges on metal objects that exactly cancel the field within. The electrostatic potential or voltage between two points is defined as the energy (work) required to move a small charge through an electric field between the two points, divided by the size of the charge. If there is an electric

neg: Time-of-flight mass spectrometry a known distance is measured. This time will depend on the velocity of the ion, and therefore is a measure of its mass-to-charge ratio. From this ratio and known experimental parameters, one can identify the ion. The potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field is related to the charge of the particle and to the strength of the electric field: where "E" is potential energy, "q" is the charge of the particle, and "U" is the electric potential difference (also known as voltage). When the charged particle is accelerated into "time-of-flight tube" (TOF tube or flight tube)

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment surface will redistribute to cancel its electric field inside the container. So the charges inside the container will not "feel" any electric field and will not change. In summary, the regions inside and outside of the container are electrically isolated from each other, electric fields from one region cannot penetrate or affect the other. This is the principle of electrostatic shielding used in the Faraday cage. An alternate way of conducting the experiment: after the charged object "C" is lowered into the container in Procedure 2, the outside surface of the container is momentarily grounded. The charge on the outside

neg: Electrostatic induction the object; it still has no net charge. This induction effect is reversible; if the nearby charge is removed, the attraction between the positive and negative internal charges causes them to intermingle again. However, the induction effect can also be used to put a net charge on an object. If, while it is close to the positive charge, the above object is momentarily connected through a conductive path to electrical ground, which is a large reservoir of both positive and negative charges, some of the negative charges in the ground will flow into the object, under the attraction of the

neg: Electrostatic induction field directed from point formula_1 to point formula_2 then it will exert a force on a charge moving from formula_2 to formula_1. Work will have to be done on the charge by a force to make it move to formula_1 against the opposing force of the electric field. Thus the electrostatic potential energy of the charge will increase. So the potential at point formula_1 is higher than at point formula_2. The electric field formula_8 at any point is the gradient (rate of change) of the electrostatic potential formula_9 : Since there can be no electric field inside a conductive object

neg: Ti-6Al-4V alloy and can vary based upon properties, typical property ranges for well-processed Ti-6Al-4V are shown below. Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-4V (UNS designation R56400), also sometimes called TC4, is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with a high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. It is one of the most commonly used titanium alloys and is applied in a wide range of applications where low density and excellent corrosion resistance are necessary such as e.g. aerospace industry and biomechanical applications (implants and prostheses). Studies of titanium alloys used in armors began in the 1950s at the Watertown Arsenal, which later became a part of the

neg: Electromagnetic field charged matter. It also gives rise to quantum optics, which is different from quantum electrodynamics in that the matter itself is modelled using quantum mechanics rather than quantum field theory. In the past, electrically charged objects were thought to produce two different, unrelated types of field associated with their charge property. An electric field is produced when the charge is stationary with respect to an observer measuring the properties of the charge, and a magnetic field as well as an electric field is produced when the charge moves, creating an electric current with respect to this observer. Over time, it

neg: Saturation velocity Saturation velocity Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor, generally an electron, attains in the presence of very high electric fields.When this happens, the semiconductor is said to be in a state of velocity saturation. Charge carriers normally move at an average drift speed proportional to the electric field strength they experience temporally. The proportionality constant is known as mobility of the carrier, which is a material property. A good conductor would have a high mobility value for its charge carrier, which means higher velocity, and consequently higher current values for a given electric field

neg: Electric potential is greater than at the base of the hill. As it rolls downhill its potential energy decreases, being translated to motion, kinetic energy. It is possible to define the potential of certain force fields so that the potential energy of an object in that field depends only on the position of the object with respect to the field. Two such force fields are the gravitational field and an electric field (in the absence of time-varying magnetic fields). Such fields must affect objects due to the intrinsic properties of the object (e.g., mass or charge) and the position of the object.

neg: Speed of gravity distance, when seen by observers at constant transverse velocity. For orbits in which velocity (direction of speed) changes slowly, it is almost infinite. The attraction toward an object moving with a steady velocity is towards its instantaneous position with no delay, for both gravity and electric charge. In a field equation consistent with special relativity (i.e., a Lorentz invariant equation), the attraction between static charges moving with constant relative velocity, is always toward the instantaneous position of the charge (in this case, the "gravitational charge" of the Sun), not the time-retarded position of the Sun. When an object is moving

neg: TI Extended BASIC with TI BASIC. When equipped with the TI Speech Synthesizer, TI Extended BASIC users could also generate speech from a predefined vocabulary as easily as writing text on-screen: ...would cause the speech synthesizer to identify the computer. Using a word not included in the speech synthesizer's built-in vocabulary would cause it to slowly spell out the word. (TI's Terminal Emulator II cartridge provided text-to-speech functionality.) TI Extended BASIC also provided raw access to the speech synthesizer, but very few developers had the resources to generate the speech data and this function was rarely used. TI Extended BASIC has several statements

neg: Electric charge the charge of an electron is negative, "−e", while that of a proton is positive, "+e". Charged particles whose charges have the same sign repel one another, and particles whose charges have different signs attract. Coulomb's law quantifies the electrostatic force between two particles by asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The charge of an antiparticle equals that of the corresponding particle, but with opposite sign. The electric charge of a macroscopic object is the sum of the electric charges of the particles

neg: Etymology of electricity "elēkrŏn", meaning 'shining light'. The letter Q was used for electric charge instead of the letter E because the letter was already used to represent the electron. The word "electric" was first used by Francis Bacon to describe materials like amber that attracted other objects. The first usage of the English word "electricity" is ascribed to Sir Thomas Browne in his 1646 work, "Pseudodoxia Epidemica": In this context, an "Electrick" or "Electrick body" was a non-conductor, or an object capable of attracting "light bodies" (like bits of paper) when excited by friction; a piece of amber is "an Electrick", while

neg: Knowledge by acquaintance acquire many true acquaintances, and the efficacy of this arrangement is not undermined by occurrences of inaccurate interpretations. In his “Object and Person” (2002), Roderick Chisholm examines the conflicting perspectives between philosophers on whether or not we can actually be directly aware of the contents of our experiences. The unique property of an object of acquaintance permits the epistemic agent to develop acquaintance with that particular property by which the agent can identify it. In his Acquaintance and the Mind-Body Problem, Chisolm asserts that all epistemic agents have direct acquaintance with the self. He notes that both Rene DesCartes and

neg: Electric charge matter. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge "e"; we say that electric charge is "quantized". Michael Faraday, in his electrolysis experiments, was the first to note the discrete nature of electric charge. Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment demonstrated this fact directly, and measured the elementary charge. It has been discovered that one type of particle, quarks, have fractional charges of either − or +, but it is believed they always occur in multiples of integral charge; free-standing quarks have never been observed. By convention,

neg: Parsec (video game) all 3 games was used for the software Chipspeech to create the voice of character "Lady Parsec". Parsec (video game) Parsec is a computer game for the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A. Perhaps the best-remembered of all TI-99/4A games, it is a side-scrolling shooter, programmed in 1982 by Jim Dramis (who also programmed the popular TI-99/4A games "Car Wars" and "Munch Man") and Paul Urbanus. The player in "Parsec" pilots a spaceship through sixteen different-colored levels of play which scroll horizontally over the screen. The objective is to avoid being shot by an enemy ship, colliding with any flying object and/or the

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment pail experiment was the first precise "quantitative" experiment on electrostatic charge. It is still used today in lecture demonstrations and physics laboratory courses to teach the principles of electrostatics. Below is a detailed modern description of the experimental procedure: Kits are available from educational supply firms containing all the apparatus needed for students to perform the experiment. Stray static electric charges on the experimenter's body, clothes, or nearby apparatus, as well as AC electric fields from mains-powered equipment, can induce additional charges on parts of the container or charged object "C", giving a false reading. The success of the experiment

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment object is well inside, most of the electric field lines originating on the charge "C" end on the container walls, so very few of them pass through the opening to end on negative charges that are not located on the container. John Ambrose Fleming, a prominent early electrical researcher, wrote in 1911: But the experiment is often explained, as in the above sections, by assuming the container has no hole. Since there is no electric field in the intervening volume of the metal, the charge distribution on the outside surface of the container and its electric field is completely unaffected

neg: Introduction to electromagnetism is a quantity used to determine how a particle will behave in an electric field. There are three possible "types" of charge: positive, negative, and neutral. However, the distinction between positive and negative is by convention only. Electric charge is quantized in units of the elementary charge, formula_1, where a proton has a charge of formula_2 and an electron has a charge of formula_3. The SI unit of charge is the coulomb. The elementary charge formula_1 was first measured by Robert Millikan in his oil drop experiment in which the electric force on the particle is set to exactly counter

neg: Kaluza–Klein theory in formula_45 provides the 4D geodesic equation plus some electromagnetic terms: The term linear in formula_45 provides the Lorentz force law: This is another expression of the "Kaluza miracle". The same hypothesis for the 5D metric that provides electromagnetic stress-energy in the Einstein equations, also provides the Lorentz force law in the equation of motions along with the 4D geodesic equation. Yet correspondence with the Lorentz force law requires that we identify the component of 5-velocity along the 5th dimension with electric charge: where formula_50 is particle mass and formula_51 is particle electric charge. Thus, electric charge is understood as

neg: Mutual capacitance Mutual capacitance Mutual capacitance is intentional or unintentional capacitance that occurs between two charge-holding objects or conductors, in which the current passing through one passes over into the other. In transmission lines, when conductors are closely spaced together, the air or material separating the lines acts as a dielectric, and the conductors act as a capacitors plates. All objects in the universe, conducting or non-conducting, that hold charge with respect to another exhibit capacitance. An object's capacitance increases when another object is brought closer to it. The human body is a great charge-holding object (capacitor) (this biological property is called

neg: Electrophoresis the presence of a charged interface between the particle surface and the surrounding fluid. It is the basis for analytical techniques used in chemistry for separating molecules by size, charge, or binding affinity. Electrophoresis is used in laboratories to separate macromolecules based on size. The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. Electrophoresis is used for both DNA and RNA analysis. Suspended particles have an electric surface charge, strongly affected by surface adsorbed species, on which an external electric field exerts an electrostatic Coulomb force. According to the double layer theory, all surface charges in

neg: Hoava language same as the pronoun. Inanimate objects in Hoava do not often have a pronominal reference; a construction which resembles a pronoun to identify the object. However, it is possible to use a pronoun for an inanimate object even though it is rare. Within Hoava Language there exists no reflexive forms of the pronouns. In order to create the same meaning as a reflexive the verb pule (meaning return) is used. “There is no subject or object pronoun used, other than the object marker on the applicative suffix…in any of the sentences elicited with the pule used in this manner.” (pg.49)

neg: Electricity useful reference is the Earth itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere. This reference point naturally takes the name earth or ground. Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable. Electric potential is a scalar quantity, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction. It may be viewed as analogous to height: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric

neg: Electricity is given by Coulomb's law, which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an inverse-square relation to the distance between them. The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to the strong interaction, but unlike that force it operates over all distances. In comparison with the much weaker gravitational force, the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 10 times that of the gravitational attraction pulling them together. Study has shown that the origin of charge is from certain types of subatomic particles which have the property of electric charge. Electric charge gives rise

neg: Nissan X-Trail At this point, all models in the United Kingdom were equipped with full electric windows, electricity adjustable door mirrors (on SVE and T-Spec they were electrically folding also), climate control, single CD player, four airbags and remote central locking. While in Australia all models were equipped with full electric windows, electric mirrors (electric folding on Ti-L), single CD player, two airbags and remote central locking. ST-S adds ST on sunroof and 16" alloy wheels. Ti adds ST on climate control, six disk CD player, fog lamps and 16" alloy wheels, and Ti-L adds Ti on leather and electric seats, sunroof,

neg: Magnetic monopole (for ordinary matter). A magnetic monopole, if it exists, would have the defining property of producing a magnetic field whose "monopole" term is non-zero. A magnetic dipole is something whose magnetic field is predominantly or exactly described by the magnetic dipole term of the multipole expansion. The term "dipole" means "two poles", corresponding to the fact that a dipole magnet typically contains a "north pole" on one side and a "south pole" on the other side. This is analogous to an electric dipole, which has positive charge on one side and negative charge on the other. However, an electric dipole

neg: Electric potential (measured in joules) divided by the charge of that particle (measured in coulombs). By dividing out the charge on the particle a quotient is obtained that is a property of the electric field itself. This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a dynamic (varying with time) electric field at a specific time in units of joules per coulomb (), or volts (). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero. In electrodynamics, when time-varying fields are present, the electric field cannot be expressed only in terms of a scalar potential. Instead, the electric field

neg: Measuring instrument of angular velocity see: Orders of magnitude (angular velocity) For the ranges of frequency see: Orders of magnitude (frequency) See also the section about navigation below. Considerations related to electric charge dominate electricity and electronics. Electrical charges interact via a field. That field is called electric if the charge doesn't move. If the charge moves, thus realizing an electric current, especially in an electrically neutral conductor, that field is called magnetic. Electricity can be given a quality — a potential. And electricity has a substance-like property, the electric charge. Energy (or power) in elementary electrodynamics is calculated by multiplying the

neg: Electrostatic induction equilibrium is reached in which the induced charges are exactly the right size to cancel the external electric field throughout the interior of the metal object. Then the remaining mobile charges (electrons) in the interior of the metal no longer feel a force and the net motion of the charges stops. Since the mobile charges in the interior of a metal object are free to move in any direction, there can never be a static concentration of charge inside the metal; if there was, it would attract opposite polarity charge to neutralize it. Therefore in induction, the mobile charges move

neg: Potential energy change of configuration, be it in the form of a chemical reaction, spatial transport, particle exchange with a reservoir, etc. An object can have potential energy by virtue of its electric charge and several forces related to their presence. There are two main types of this kind of potential energy: electrostatic potential energy, electrodynamic potential energy (also sometimes called magnetic potential energy). Electrostatic potential energy between two bodies in space is obtained from the force exerted by a charge "Q" on another charge "q" which is given by where formula_19 is a vector of length 1 pointing from "Q" to

neg: Luminiferous aether waves. The E waves consist of undulating dipolar electric fields, and all such dipoles appeared to require separated and opposite electric charges. Electric charge is an inextricable property of matter, so it appeared that some form of matter was required to provide the alternating current that would seem to have to exist at any point along the propagation path of the wave. Propagation of waves in a true vacuum would imply the existence of electric fields without associated electric charge, or of electric charge without associated matter. Albeit compatible with Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic induction of electric fields could not be

neg: Electric charge charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is called quantum electrodynamics. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. In electrical engineering, it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah); in physics and chemistry, it is common to use the elementary charge ("e" as a unit). Chemistry also uses the Faraday constant as the charge on a mole of electrons. The symbol "Q" often denotes charge. Charge is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other

neg: Interoperable Object Reference Management Group. The typical IOR normally contains the IP address of the remote host, the number of the remote port on that the CORBA server is listening, a string defining the class of the remote object on which the methods will be invoked, and the object key that is used by the server ORB to identify the object. It is possible to register special objects (IOR interceptors) that can add the needed specific components to the IOR being created by the particular ORB. Interoperable Object Reference An Interoperable Object Reference (IOR) is a CORBA or RMI-IIOP reference that uniquely identifies

neg: 1996 California Proposition 218 However, the courts have final say in interpreting when a property-related fee or charge is "increased" under Proposition 218. A property-related fee or charge is "increased" for purposes of Proposition 218 when an agency makes a decision that does any of the following: (1) increases any applicable rate used to calculate the property-related fee or charge; or (2) revises the methodology by which the property-related fee or charge is calculated, if that revision results in an increased amount being levied on any person or parcel of property. A property-related fee or charge is not "increased" for purposes of Proposition 218

neg: Digital object identifier deliberately not registered a DOI namespace for URNs, stating that: Digital object identifier In computing, a Digital Object Identifier or DOI is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). An implementation of the Handle System, DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports and data sets, and official publications though they also have been used to identify other types of information resources, such as commercial videos. A DOI aims to be "resolvable", usually to some form of access

neg: Electroscope conducted through the terminal and metal rod to the leaves. Since they receive the same sign charge they repel each other and thus diverge. If the terminal is grounded by touching it with a finger, the charge is transferred through the human body into the earth and the gold leaves close together. The electroscope can also be charged without touching it to a charged object, by electrostatic induction. If a charged object is brought near the electroscope terminal, the leaves also diverge, because the electric field of the object causes charges in the electroscope rod to separate the leaves. Charges

neg: Friedel oscillations are too far below the Fermi energy "E" can't jump to unoccupied states. The states around the Fermi level that can be scattered occupy a limited range of k-values or wavelengths. So only electrons within a limited wavelength range near the Fermi energy are scattered resulting in a density modulation around the impurity like In the classic scenario of electric charge screening, a dampening in the electric field is observed in a mobile charge-carrying fluid upon the presence of a charged object. Since electric charge screening considers the mobile charges in the fluid as point entities, the concentration of these

neg: Potential energy "q" and "ε" is the vacuum permittivity. This may also be written using Coulomb's constant . If the electric charge of an object can be assumed to be at rest, then it has potential energy due to its position relative to other charged objects. The electrostatic potential energy is the energy of an electrically charged particle (at rest) in an electric field. It is defined as the work that must be done to move it from an infinite distance away to its present location, adjusted for non-electrical forces on the object. This energy will generally be non-zero if there is

neg: Electrostatics some situations (e.g. electronics manufacturing). When working in direct contact with integrated circuit electronics (especially delicate MOSFETs), or in the presence of flammable gas, care must be taken to avoid accumulating and suddenly discharging a static charge (see electrostatic discharge). Electrostatic induction, discovered by British scientist John Canton in 1753 and Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke in 1762 is a redistribution of charges in an object caused by the electric field of a nearby charge. For example, if a positively charged object is brought near an uncharged metal object, the mobile negatively-charged electrons in the metal will be attracted the

neg: Aura (paranormal) have proposed that these images show levels of psychic powers and bioenergies. However, studies have found that the Kirlian effect is caused by the presence of moisture on the object being photographed. Electricity produces an area of gas ionization around the object if it is moist, which is the case for living things. This causes an alternation of the electric charge pattern on the film. After rigorous experimentations, no mysterious process has been discovered in relation to the Kirlian photography. More recent attempts at capturing auras include the Aura Imaging cameras and software introduced by Guy Coggins in 1992. Coggins

neg: Electrostatics from each other. Small electrical components can easily be damaged by static electricity. Component manufacturers use a number of antistatic devices to avoid this. When different materials are brought together and then separated, an accumulation of electric charge can occur which leaves one material positively charged while the other becomes negatively charged. The mild shock that you receive when touching a grounded object after walking on carpet is an example of excess electrical charge accumulating in your body from frictional charging between your shoes and the carpet. The resulting charge build-up upon your body can generate a strong electrical discharge.

neg: Electron an excess (+) or deficit (-). He gave them the modern charge nomenclature of positive and negative respectively. Franklin thought of the charge carrier as being positive, but he did not correctly identify which situation was a surplus of the charge carrier, and which situation was a deficit. Between 1838 and 1851, British natural philosopher Richard Laming developed the idea that an atom is composed of a core of matter surrounded by subatomic particles that had unit electric charges. Beginning in 1846, German physicist William Weber theorized that electricity was composed of positively and negatively charged fluids, and their interaction

neg: Electrostatic levitation Electrostatic levitation Electrostatic levitation is the process of using an electric field to levitate a charged object and counteract the effects of gravity. It was used, for instance, in Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment and is used to suspend the gyroscopes in Gravity Probe B during launch. Due to Earnshaw's theorem no static arrangement of classical electrostatic fields can be used to stably levitate a point charge. There is an equilibrium point where the two fields cancel, but it is an unstable equilibrium. By using feedback techniques it is possible to adjust the charges to achieve a quasi static levitation.

neg: Kistler Group manufactures and distributes pressure, force, torque and acceleration sensors as well as electronics and software. Kistler specializes in piezoelectric and piezoresistive measurement technology. Piezoelectric measurement technology The piezoelectric effect, discovered in 1880 by brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie, refers to the property of certain crystals to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress. The occurrence of the piezoelectric charge during mechanical deformation is used by Kistler force, pressure and acceleration sensors. Invention of the charge-to-voltage converter In 1948, Walter P. Kistler made a technical breakthrough with the invention of a special charge amplifier (charge-to-voltage converter) that facilitated the

neg: Faraday's ice pail experiment often requires precautions to eliminate these extraneous charges: Conductive metal objects contain mobile electric charges (electrons) that can move about freely in the metal. In an uncharged state, each part of the metal contains equal quantities of positive and negative charges, intimately mixed, so no part of it has a net charge. If an external charged object is brought near a piece of metal, the force of the charge causes these internal charges to separate. The charges of opposite polarity to the external charge are attracted to it, and move to the surface of the object facing the charge. The

neg: Microsoft Active Accessibility values returned from scroll bar and trackbar accessible objects can indicate percentages in strings. Not all objects have a Value assigned to them. The State property describes an object's status at a moment in time. Microsoft Active Accessibility provides object state constants, defined in oleacc.h, that are combined to identify an object's state. If predefined state values are returned, clients use GetStateText to retrieve a localized string that describes the state. All objects support the State property. Microsoft designed the Active Accessibility object model during and after the release of Windows 95. The model is based on roles, each role

neg: Capacitance Capacitance Capacitance is the ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential. There are two closely related notions of capacitance: "self capacitance" and "mutual capacitance". Any object that can be electrically charged exhibits "self capacitance". A material with a large self capacitance holds more electric charge at a given voltage than one with low capacitance. The notion of "mutual capacitance" is particularly important for understanding the operations of the capacitor, one of the three elementary linear electronic components (along with resistors and inductors). The capacitance is a function only

neg: Electrostatic separator particles with the correct charge fall away from the other particles when they are repelled by the similarly charged object. An electric charge can be positive or negative — objects with a positive charge repel other positively charged objects, thereby causing them to push away from each other, while a positively charged object would attract to a negatively charged object, thereby causing the two to draw together. Experiments showing electrostatic sorting in action can help make the process more clear. To exhibit electrostatic separation at home, an experiment can be conducted using peanuts that are still in their shells. When

neg: Persistent current Persistent current Persistent current is a perpetual electric current, not requiring an external power source. In electromagnetism, all magnetizations can be seen as microscopic persistent currents. By definition a magnetization formula_1 can be replaced by its corresponding microscopic form, which is an electric current density: This current is a bound current, not having any charge accumulation associated with it since it is divergenceless. What this means is that any permanently magnetized object, for example a piece of lodestone, can be considered to have persistent electric currents running throughout it (the persistent currents are generally concentrated near the surface). The converse

neg: Integrator also used to measure the electric charge on a Faraday cup in a residual gas analyzer to measure partial pressures of gasses in a vacuum. Another application of current integration is in ion beam deposition, where the measured charge directly corresponds to the number of ions deposited on a substrate, assuming the charge state of the ions is known. The two current-carrying electrical leads must to be connected to the ion source and the substrate, closing the electric circuit which in part is given by the ion beam. Mechanical integrators were key elements in the mechanical differential analyser, used to

neg: Electrostatics external charge, and move to the side of the metal facing it, creating a negative charge on the surface. When the electrons move out of an area they leave a positive charge due to the metal atoms' nuclei, so the side of the metal object facing away from the charge acquires a positive charge. These "induced charges" disappear when the external charge is removed. Induction is also responsible for the attraction of light objects, such as balloons, paper scraps and styrofoam packing peanuts to static charges. The surface charges induced in conductive objects exactly cancel external electric fields inside the

neg: Pub names or nonsensical names, with the effect of differentiating them from competitors. Before painted inn signs became commonplace, medieval publicans often identify their establishment by hanging or standing a distinctive object outside the pub. This tradition dates back to Roman times, when the owners of tabernae used to hang some vine leaves outside their property to show where wine was sold. Sometimes the object was coloured, such as "Blue Post" or "Blue Door". The ubiquity of the naming element "arms" shows how important heraldry has been in the naming of pubs. The simpler symbols of the heraldic badges of royalty or

neg: Insulator (electricity) Insulator (electricity) An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors. A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric

neg: Charge controller regulator controller may consist of several electrical components, or may be encapsulated in a single microchip, an integrated circuit (IC) usually called a charge controller IC or charge control IC. Charge controller circuits are used for rechargeable electronic devices such as cell phones, laptop computers, portable audio players, and uninterruptible power supplies, as well as for larger battery systems found in electric vehicles and orbiting space satellites Charge controller A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may protect against overvoltage,

neg: Fixed-point property found an example of a compact contractible space without the FPP. Fixed-point property A mathematical object "X" has the fixed-point property if every suitably well-behaved mapping from "X" to itself has a fixed point. The term is most commonly used to describe topological spaces on which every continuous mapping has a fixed point. But another use is in order theory, where a partially ordered set "P" is said to have the fixed point property if every increasing function on "P" has a fixed point. Let "A" be an object in the concrete category C. Then "A" has the "fixed-point property"

neg: Fixed-point property Fixed-point property A mathematical object "X" has the fixed-point property if every suitably well-behaved mapping from "X" to itself has a fixed point. The term is most commonly used to describe topological spaces on which every continuous mapping has a fixed point. But another use is in order theory, where a partially ordered set "P" is said to have the fixed point property if every increasing function on "P" has a fixed point. Let "A" be an object in the concrete category C. Then "A" has the "fixed-point property" if every morphism (i.e., every function) formula_1 has a fixed point.

neg: Criminal law of the United States be charged with robbery based on the force or fear prior to the incident requirement. The transfer of property cannot be a voluntary transaction. In looking at property holding, three major distinctions are made in cases where a charge of robbery is not inexplicably obvious. "Mere custody," entitlement, and possession are the three levels of property holding and are specifically important to the precise language of the legal interpretation of what constitutes a robbery. If a person has mere custody of an object belonging to another, he or she is borrowing the object in question. If a citizen loans his

neg: Pose (computer vision) Pose (computer vision) In computer vision and robotics, a typical task is to identify specific objects in an image and to determine each object's position and orientation relative to some coordinate system. This information can then be used, for example, to allow a robot to manipulate an object or to avoid moving into the object. The combination of "position" and "orientation" is referred to as the pose of an object, even though this concept is sometimes used only to describe the orientation. "Exterior orientation" and "translation" are also used as synonyms of pose. The image data from which the pose

neg: Electric charge of electrically charged particles, and these particles have many properties, not just charge. All bodies are electrified, but may appear not electrified because of the relatively similar charge of neighboring objects in the environment. An object further electrified + or – creates an equivalent or opposite charge by default in neighboring objects, until those charges can equalize. The effects of attraction can be observed in high-voltage experiments, while lower voltage effects are merely weaker and therefore less obvious. Coulomb's law has a corollary for acceleration in a gravitational field. See also Casimir effect. Static electricity refers to the electric charge

neg: Natural units unit) might be considered one of the most "natural" systems in that the set of units is not based on properties of any prototype, object, or particle but are solely derived from the properties of free space. As with other systems of units, the base units of a set of natural units will include definitions and values for length, mass, time, temperature, and electric charge (in lieu of electric current). It is possible to disregard temperature as a fundamental physical quantity, since it states the energy per degree of freedom of a particle, which can be expressed in terms of

neg: Test particle Test particle In physical theories, a test particle is an idealized model of an object whose physical properties (usually mass, charge, or size) are assumed to be negligible except for the property being studied, which is considered to be insufficient to alter the behavior of the rest of the system. The concept of a test particle often simplifies problems, and can provide a good approximation for physical phenomena. In addition to its uses in the simplification of the dynamics of a system in particular limits, it is also used as a diagnostic in computer simulations of physical processes. The easiest

neg: Linear dichroism with the molecule being investigated, should the molecule start absorbing the light then electron density inside the molecule will be shifted as the electron becomes photoexcited. This movement of charge is known as an electronic transition, the direction of which is called the electric transition polarisation. It is this property for which LD is a measurement. The LD of an oriented molecule can be calculated using the following equation:- Where A is the absorbance parallel to the orientation axis and A is the absorbance perpendicular to the orientation axis. Note that light of any wavelength can be used to generate

neg: Cortical stimulation mapping craniotomy. Once the dura mater is peeled back, an electrode is placed on the brain to test motor, sensory, language, or visual function at a specific brain site. The electrode delivers an electric current lasting from 2 to 10 seconds on the surface of the brain, causing a reversible lesion in a particular brain location. This lesion can prevent or produce a testable response, such as the movement of a limb or the ability to identify an object. The electric current from the electrode stimulates whatever function that site in the brain is responsible for, in essence telling the surgeon