query: where do the rivers of the northern colombian andes flow

pos: Geography of Colombia sea level. The second highest peak is a volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, which erupted violently on November 13, 1985. Toward its northern end, this cordillera separates into several branches that descend toward the Caribbean coast. Between the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Oriental flows the Magdalena River. This -long river rises near a point some north of the border with Ecuador, where the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Central diverge. Its spacious drainage area is fed by numerous mountain torrents originating high in the snowfields. The Magdalena River is generally navigable from the Caribbean Sea as far as the town

pos: Caribbean natural region The San Jorge River rises in the northern end of the West Andes and flows northeast to flow into the Cauca River. Large swaths of the valley are covered by marshes like the "Ciénaga de Ayapel". The Sinú River flows through the Sinú Valley dry forests ecoregion. The Gulf of Urabá Caribbean natural region The Caribbean region is mostly lowland plains extending from the northern reaches of the Colombian Andes to the Caribbean Sea that are characterized by a variety of ecosystems including: humid forests, dry forests, savannas, wetlands and desert. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta rise from the

pos: Caribbean natural region Caribbean natural region The Caribbean region is mostly lowland plains extending from the northern reaches of the Colombian Andes to the Caribbean Sea that are characterized by a variety of ecosystems including: humid forests, dry forests, savannas, wetlands and desert. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta rise from the plains to snow-capped peaks, separated from the Andes as an isolated area of high biodiversity and endemism. It contains one of the largest marshes in Colombia, the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. The main river is the Magdalena which is fully navigable in the region and a major path for the

pos: Capurganá EL Cielo notch (Heaven) and the "Pool of the Gods" where you can admire nature in all its splendor. Although Colombia has a very extensive coastline in the Caribbean Sea, many coastal waters are turbid due to sediment from large rivers that flow into the sea. One exception is the short length of 30 km that starts from the border with Panama (Cape Tiburon) to the Acandi municipality. This stretch of coastline is bathed by crystal clear waters suitable for practice of Scuba diving and snorkeling. Beyond the Acandí Township and bordering half of the Caribbean Colombian coast to the

neg: Geography of Colombia green, while the other side, in the rain shadow, may be parched. The Andean range is located in Colombia from the southwest (Ecuador border) toward the northeast (Venezuela border) and is divided in the Colombian Massif ("Macizo Colombiano") in three ranges (East Andes, Central Andes and West Andes) that form two long valleys, Magdalena and Cauca follow by the rivers of the same name. The eastern half of Colombia, comprising more than half its territory, is plain and composed by savanna and rainforest, crossed by rivers belonging to the Amazon and Orinoco basins. The northern part, called "Los Llanos" is

neg: Táchira depression the Táchira, Lobatera, La Grita, Orope and Escalante rivers, and a southern slope in the Orinoco basin drained by the Uribante, Torbes, Quinimarí, Doradas, Sarare, Piscuri and Narvay rivers. More than 50 million years ago the Táchira depression was a strait that connected Lake Maracaibo with the Orinoco basin. Today it separates the Tamá Massif, a prolongation of the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes, from the Cordillera de Mérida in the Venezuelan Andes. This gap between the Colombian and Venezuelan Andes is a product of orogenic movements in the Paleogene period that created major faults, raised blocks and formed

neg: Geography of Bolivia supports only thorny scrub vegetation and cattle grazing, although recent discoveries of natural gas and petroleum near the foothills of the Andes have attracted some settlers to the region. Most of Bolivia's important rivers are found in the water-rich northern parts of the lowlands, particularly in the Alto Beni (Upper Beni), where the land is suitable for crops such as coffee and cacao. The northern lowlands are drained by wide, slow-moving rivers, the three largest of which—the Mamoré, Beni, and Madre de Dios—all flow northward into the Madeira River in Brazil and eventually into the River Amazon. Riverboats along the

neg: Caquetá moist forests where many rivers flow from the Andes to the Amazon basin. Average annual temperatures range from depending on elevation and forest coverage. The region has some of the highest rainfall in the Amazon region, with an average of , and as much as in some years. On the northeast the forest is bounded by the Guainía (Rio Negro), Guaviare, and Guayabero rivers. In the west it is bounded by the Andes. In the south it is bounded by the Caguán River and then the Caquetá (Japurá) River. The forest is crossed by the Apaporis, Vaupés and Yarí rivers. The ecoregion

neg: Geography of Argentina Argentina, Lake Mar Chiquita is supplied with its water by several rivers. The Dulce River originates near San Miguel de Tucumán and flows southwest into the lake. From the southwest it is also fed by the Primero and Segundo Rivers. In the northern Patagonia region, the major rivers are the Colorado and Negro Rivers, both of which rise in the Andes and flow to the Atlantic Ocean. The Colorado is fed by the Salado River, which flows from Pico Ojos del Salado in a southeasterly direction to the Colorado. Tributaries of the Salado include the Atuel, Diamante, Tunuyán, Desaguadero, and

neg: Colombian weasel make up the population. Colombian weasel Colombian weasel ("Mustela felipei"), also known as the Don Felipe's weasel, is a very rare species of weasel only known with certainty from the departments of Huila and Cauca in Colombia and nearby northern Ecuador (where only known from a single specimen). Both its scientific and alternative common name honours the mammalogist Philip "Don Felipe" Hershkovitz. It appears to be largely restricted to riparian habitats at an altitude of . There is extensive deforestation within its limited distribution within the northern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, and with less than ten known specimens, it

neg: Colombian weasel Colombian weasel Colombian weasel ("Mustela felipei"), also known as the Don Felipe's weasel, is a very rare species of weasel only known with certainty from the departments of Huila and Cauca in Colombia and nearby northern Ecuador (where only known from a single specimen). Both its scientific and alternative common name honours the mammalogist Philip "Don Felipe" Hershkovitz. It appears to be largely restricted to riparian habitats at an altitude of . There is extensive deforestation within its limited distribution within the northern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, and with less than ten known specimens, it is probably the rarest

neg: Wattled curassow of Brazil west to the Andes foothills of southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru, and northern Bolivia. Its area of occurrence is essentially delimited by the Caquetá-Japurá, Solimões, Amazon and Madeira Rivers, and the 300 meter contour line towards the Andes. But its precise distribution is very little-known; most populations were observed by people travelling along the rivers in its range. Most of the northern limit of its range runs along the middle Amazon River, or Solimões. In northern Peru where the Marañón River becomes the Amazon river (Solimões for Brazilians), close to Nauta, the range continues upstream towards eastern

neg: Urrao Fault Urrao Fault The Urrao Fault () is a sinistral oblique strike-slip fault in the department of Antioquia in northwestern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average north to south strike of 003.6 ± 1 in the Western Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault is named after Urrao. This set of two parallel faults extend along the axis of the Western Ranges of the Colombian Andes, close to the valleys of the Anacosca and Penderisco Rivers, and the plateau of the Frontino Páramo. Located to the west of the city of Medellín, the faults

neg: Caño Tomás Fault Caño Tomás Fault The Caño Tomás Fault () is a thrust fault in the department of Norte de Santander in northern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average north-northeast to south-southwest strike of 011.4 ± 8 in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault is named after Caño Tomás a "vereda" of Teorama. The fault with a total length of is located about to the west of the town of Tibú, Norte de Santander, along the eastern base of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. In the northern part, the fault

neg: Lebrija River Lebrija River Lebrija River is a river of northern Colombia. It originates in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes in Piedecuesta and flows through the northern part of the department of Santander into the Magdalena River in Puerto Wilches. The Lebrija River is named after Antonio de Lebrija, the conquistador who discovered the river in 1529. The Lebrija River originates at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes to the northeast of Piedecuesta, Santander. The Lebrija River, a confluence of the Suratá River and the Río de Oro, flows northward through the municipalities Girón, capital

neg: Táchira depression are suitable for farming. The Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes forks from the Pamplona Node into two long branches. The Cordillera de Periiá extends northward and the Tamá Massif and Cordillera de Mérida extends in a northeast direction. The second branch is divided by the Táchira depression, an area of low lands between the valleys of the Táchira River to the west, the Lobaterita and Torbes rivers to the east and the Quinimarí to the south. The Táchira depression covers an area of about . The depression has a northern slope in the basin of Lake Maracaibo, drained by

neg: Nudo de los Pastos Pasto and Cocha lagoon. Nudo de los Pastos Nudo de los Pastos, in English meaning "Knot of the Pastos" or also known as the "Massif of Huaca", is an Andean orographic complex located in the Ecuadorian province of Carchi and the Colombian department of Nariño. It covers the intricate mountain region where the Andes splits into two branches on entering Colombia: the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Central. Although there is no precise definition of the region of "Nudos de los Pastos", it is generally considered to begin north of the rivers Chota and Apaqui and east of the rivers

neg: Nudo de los Pastos Nudo de los Pastos Nudo de los Pastos, in English meaning "Knot of the Pastos" or also known as the "Massif of Huaca", is an Andean orographic complex located in the Ecuadorian province of Carchi and the Colombian department of Nariño. It covers the intricate mountain region where the Andes splits into two branches on entering Colombia: the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Central. Although there is no precise definition of the region of "Nudos de los Pastos", it is generally considered to begin north of the rivers Chota and Apaqui and east of the rivers Cuasmal and Bishop and

neg: Tucurá Fault Tucurá Fault The Tucurá Fault () is a thrust fault in the departments of Córdoba and Antioquia in northern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average north-northwest to south-southeast strike of 356 ± 4 in the Sinú-San Jacinto Basin and the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault is considered active because of three M 5.7-6.7 earthquakes associated with the Tucurá Fault occurring in the twentieth century. The fault is named after Tucurá. The Tucura Fault is located in the northern part of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes, west of the

neg: Colombian emeralds The eastern portion of the Andes, between the Boyacá and Cundinamarca departments, is where most Colombian emeralds are mined. The three major mines in Colombia are Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor. Muzo and Coscuez are on long-term leases from the government to two Colombian companies, while Chivor is a privately owned mine. Muzo remains the most important emerald mine in the world to this date. The terms Muzo and Chivor do not always refer to the particular mines that carry the same name. Instead, the two terms, originating from the local indigenous language, often describe the quality and color of emeralds.

neg: Carolina del Príncipe Carolina del Príncipe Carolina del Príncipe is a municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia, found 105 km north of Medellín, with an altitude of 1,807 m above sea level. Carolina del Príncipe is part of the subregion of Northern Antioquia. Carolina is a small town of well laid-out cobblestone streets, containing many houses with antique handmade wooden balconies. The municipal total area covers some 118 km², with a mountainous territory corresponding to the central spine of the Andes and bounded by the Concepción or Minavieja, Guadalupe, San Pablo and Tenche rivers. It has a population of 666 inhabitants and

neg: Eastern Hills, Bogotá identified in the waters of the Eastern Hills. Of "Trichomycterus venulosus" only two specimens have been found, and it is thought the species is extinct in the rivers of the Eastern Hills, which may have to do with the introduction of trout. The human history of the Eastern Hills goes back to the latest Pleistocene, when the first humans settled in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. During the first millennia of the Holocene, the inhabitants of the area survived as hunter-gatherers living in caves and rock shelters. Food was gathered from the surrounding areas, including the Eastern Hills.

neg: Andes is dry. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm, with an average temperature of in Colombia. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances. Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow-covered peak Cotopaxi. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then descending to on Aconcagua at 32°S, at 40°S, at 50°S, and

neg: Geography of Spain 960 kilometers long; all but 90 extend less than 96 kilometers. These shorter rivers carry small volumes of water on an irregular basis, and they have seasonally dry river beds; however, when they do flow, they often are swift and torrential. Most major rivers rise in the mountains rimming or dissecting the Meseta Central and flow westward across the plateau through Portugal to empty into the Atlantic Ocean. One significant exception is the river with the most abundant flow in Spain, the Ebro, which flows eastward to the Mediterranean. Rivers in the extreme northwest and in the narrow northern coastal

neg: Norte Chico, Chile melting of the snow that accumulates on the Andes produce rivers whose flow varies with the seasons, but which carry water year round. The slopes of the Andes are precipitous, the general surface is rough, and in the north the higher ground and coast are still barren. As in the far north, the coastal areas of the near north have a distinct microclimate. In those sections where the airborne moisture of the sea is trapped by high bluffs overlooking the ocean, Valdivian temperate rainforest develop as the vegetation precipitates the vapor in the form of a misty rain. Notable examples

neg: Ecuador snowcapped peaks or from the abundant precipitation that falls at higher elevations. In the La Sierra region, the streams and rivers are narrow and flow rapidly over precipitous slopes. Rivers may slow and widen as they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from the heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions. The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente. In the Costa, the external coast has mostly intermittent rivers that are fed by constant rains from December through May and become empty

neg: South American coati South America. Most of its distribution is in the lowlands east of the Andes (locally, it occurs as high as ), from Colombia and The Guianas south to Uruguay and northern Argentina. Chile is the only South American country where the species is not found. The status of coatis west of the Andes has caused some confusion, but specimen records from west Ecuador, and north and west Colombia are South American coatis. The only documented records of white-nosed coatis in South America are from far northwestern Colombia (Gulf of Urabá region, near Colombian border with Panama). The smaller mountain coatis

neg: San Mateo, Boyacá carbon. San Mateo, Boyacá San Mateo is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá. The urban centre is located at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. San Mateo borders Guacamayas, Panqueba and El Cocuy in the east, Boavita in the west, Macaravita, Santander in the north and La Uvita in the south. Before 1914, San Mateo was called La Capilla. It received its present name honouring the San Mateo field, where Antonio Ricaurte, hero of the Independence of Colombia gave his life for the fatherland. The

neg: San Mateo, Boyacá San Mateo, Boyacá San Mateo is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá. The urban centre is located at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. San Mateo borders Guacamayas, Panqueba and El Cocuy in the east, Boavita in the west, Macaravita, Santander in the north and La Uvita in the south. Before 1914, San Mateo was called La Capilla. It received its present name honouring the San Mateo field, where Antonio Ricaurte, hero of the Independence of Colombia gave his life for the fatherland. The history

neg: Caño Tomás Fault less than per year. Caño Tomás Fault The Caño Tomás Fault () is a thrust fault in the department of Norte de Santander in northern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average north-northeast to south-southwest strike of 011.4 ± 8 in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault is named after Caño Tomás a "vereda" of Teorama. The fault with a total length of is located about to the west of the town of Tibú, Norte de Santander, along the eastern base of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. In the

neg: Páramo in the Cordillera de Mérida. Páramo ecosystems are also found in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, and in the regions of Huehuetenango and El Quiché of Guatemala in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes. The Cordillera de Talamanca of Costa Rica and the westernmost part of Panama has páramo. In northern Ecuador, the Guandera Biological Station is a fairly undisturbed páramo ecosystem. The majority of the páramo ecosystems occur in the Colombian Andes. The Sumapaz Páramo, south of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes (about south of Bogotá), is the largest páramo in

neg: Espiritú Santo Fault System Espiritú Santo Fault System The Espíritu Santo Fault () is a dextral oblique strike-slip fault in the department of Antioquia in northwestern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average northeast to southwest strike of 033.9 ± 5 in the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Estimated activity took place around 500 years ago. The fault is named after the Espíritu Santo River, Antioquia. The Espíritu Santo Fault is one of the more prominent Cenozoic faults in the northern Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault extends from the Sabanalarga Fault near the town

neg: Carchi Andes toad Carchi Andes toad The Carchi Andes toad, "Rhaebo colomai", is a species of toad endemic to the western slopes of the Andes in northern Ecuador and southern Colombia. It is listed as a critically endangered species due to a restricted range and habitat loss. "Rhaebo colomai" are medium-sized toads: males measure and females in snout–vent length. This species is known only from three locations: the type locality ("Cabacera del Rio Baboso, cerca a Lita', Carchi Province, Ecuador"), one other locality close by in the province of Carchi, in the northwestern Andes of Ecuador, and one locality on the Colombian Massif

neg: Geography of Ecuador they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from the heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions. The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente. In the Costa region, the Costa Externa has mostly intermittent rivers that are fed by constant rains from December through May and become empty riverbeds during the dry season. The few exceptions are the longer, perennial rivers that flow throughout the Costa Externa from the Costa Internal and the Sierra on their way to the Pacific Ocean. The

neg: Espiritú Santo Fault System foliations of a north-northwest trend. Espiritú Santo Fault System The Espíritu Santo Fault () is a dextral oblique strike-slip fault in the department of Antioquia in northwestern Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average northeast to southwest strike of 033.9 ± 5 in the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Estimated activity took place around 500 years ago. The fault is named after the Espíritu Santo River, Antioquia. The Espíritu Santo Fault is one of the more prominent Cenozoic faults in the northern Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault extends from the

neg: Cachapoal Province Rapel Valley along with its tributaries, the Claro and Cortaderal rivers. All these watercourses flow into Lake Rapel. The climate of the valley is temperate and consistently Mediterranean, sheltered by the coastal range from the cooling influences of the Pacific Ocean. Most of Cachapoal's noteworthy wineries and vineyards are located towards the east of the region, in the foothills of the Andes, away from the warmer valley floor. This is an area for Cabernet Sauvignon vines, while closer to the coast, where the ocean breezes flow through the coastal range, has more Carménère vines. Cachapoal Province Cachapoal Province () is

neg: The Living Planet starting high up in the Andes of Peru, whose streams flow into the great river. Young rivers are by nature vigorous and dangerous: they flow fast and form rapids, thick with mud and sediment. They accumulate sand and gravel en route, and this erodes all but the hardest surrounding rocks. The Yellow River of China carries the most sediment of any river. By the time it has settled down and fallen over its last cascade, the water becomes tranquil and rich with nutrients from its banks. It begins to form lakes, and where the water flows into basins created by

neg: Ecuador sending a message from Guayaquil welcoming San Martin and his troops to Colombian soil. In the south, Ecuador had "de jure" claims to a small piece of land beside the Pacific Ocean known as Tumbes which lay between the Zarumilla and Tumbes rivers. In Ecuador's southern Andes Mountain region where the Marañon cuts across, Ecuador had "de jure" claims to an area it called Jaén de Bracamoros. These areas were included as part of the territory of Gran Colombia by Bolivar in December 17, 1819, during the Congress of Angostura when the Republic of Gran Colombia was created. Tumbes declared

neg: Chilean wine alluvial soils found here. Because of the oceanic influence, it is a popular place to experiment with white grapes, most notably Sauvignon blanc. Cachapoal Valley occupies the northern part of Rapel Valley, located between the heights of Paine to the north and Pelequén to the south, and between the Andes to the west and the smaller Coastal Range to the east. The valley takes its name from the Cachapoal river that flows through Rapel Valley, along with its tributaries, the Claro and Cortaderal rivers. All these watercourses flow into Lake Rapel. The climate of the valley is temperate and consistently

neg: Hydrography of Norte de Santander Hydrography of Norte de Santander The department of Norte de Santander in northwestern Colombia, and its capital, Cúcuta, contains several rivers. The rivers are mostly part of the Maracaibo Lake basin, with the southeastern section located in the Magdalena River basin. Important fluvial elements are the Zulia, Catatumbo and Pamplonita Rivers. The entity in charge of taking care of these hydrology of Norte de Santander is Corponor. The department of Norte de Santander is for the most part situated in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The northeastern majority of the department is part of the Maracaibo Lake drainage

neg: Altiplano Cundiboyacense rule over the former Muisca Confederation. Present-day, due to the large population and agriculture of the Altiplano, the original vegetation is at risk. Most important city of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is the Colombian capital Bogotá. Other cities are, from northeast to southwest: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense hosts a number of rivers and lakes. Altiplano Cundiboyacense The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense comprises three distinctive flat regions; the Bogotá savanna,

neg: Madeira River Between Guajará-Mirim and the falls of Teotônio, the Madeira receives the drainage of the north-eastern slopes of the Andes from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to Cuzco, the whole of the south-western slope of Brazilian Mato Grosso and the northern slope of the Chiquitos sierras. In total, the catchment area is 850,000 km, almost equal in area to France and Spain combined. The waters flow into the Madeira from many large rivers, the principal of which, (from east to west), are the Guaporé or Itenez, the Baures and Blanco, the Itonama or San Miguel, the Mamoré, Beni, and Mayutata or

neg: Mulato-Getudo Fault Mulato-Getudo Fault The Mulato-Getudo or Mulato-Jetudo Fault () is a sinistral oblique thrust fault in the departments of Tolima, Caldas and Antioquia in central Colombia. The fault has a total length of and runs along an average north-northeast to south-southwest strike of 016.7 ± 9 in the Middle Magdalena Valley and along the western foothills of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault is named after the Mulatos and Jetudo Rivers, left tributaries of the Magdalena River. The Mulato-Getudo Fault, in some parts called Jetudo Fault, extends along the eastern foothills of the Central Ranges of the Colombian

neg: Andean civilizations particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the arepa, a staple in Venezuelan and Colombian cuisine. Andean civilizations The Andean civilizations were a patchwork of different cultures and peoples that developed from the Andes of Colombia southward down the Andes to northern Argentina and Chile, plus the coastal deserts of Peru and northern Chile. Archaeologists believe that Andean civilizations first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the Pacific Ocean. The Norte Chico civilization of Peru is the oldest known dating back

neg: Zacco platypus or more years. They live primarily in freshwater. The adults prefer streams and rivers that have a rapid flow. They do not really like deep, stagnant water. They mainly live by the bottom when adults because that is where their food source is located. They are widely distributed to northern China, Korea and northern Vietnam. They are also found in Japan and the northwestern part of Taiwan. They are mostly found in climates of 10°- 22 °C. They are omnivores but prefer eating other animals over eating plants. They feed on zooplankton, algae, small fish and detritus. When young, they

neg: Ceroxylon quindiuense along the central and eastern Andes of Colombia (rarely in the western Colombian Andes), with a disjunct distribution in the Andes of northern Peru. The elevational range of this species is between above sea level. It achieves a minimum reproductive age at 80 years. Wax palms provide habitats for many unique life forms, including endangered species such as the yellow-eared parrot ("Ognorhynchus icterotis"). Palma de cera, palma de ramo (both names in Colombia). Populations of "Ceroxylon quindiuense" are threatened by habitat disturbance, overharvesting and diseases. The fruit was used as feed for cattle and pigs. The leaves were extensively used

neg: Bogotá savanna Bogotá savanna The Bogotá savanna is a montane savanna, located in the southwestern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the center of Colombia. The Bogotá savanna has an extent of and an average altitude of . The savanna is situated in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The Bogotá savanna is crossed from northeast to southwest by the long Bogotá River, which at the southwestern edge of the plateau forms the Tequendama Falls ("Salto del Tequendama"). Other rivers, such as the Subachoque, Bojacá, Fucha, Soacha and Tunjuelo Rivers, tributaries of the Bogotá River, form smaller valleys with very fertile

neg: University of Los Andes (Colombia) University of Los Andes (Colombia) The University of Los Andes (), also commonly self-styled as Uniandes, is a private research university located in the city centre of Bogotá, Colombia. Founded in 1948 by a group of Colombian intellectuals led by Mario Laserna Pinzón, it was the first Colombian university established as nonsectarian (independent from any political party or religious institution). Los Andes has consistently been regarded as one of the best Colombian universities—very often ranked as the best—one of the top 10 in Latin America, and one of the top 300 world universities, according to both the QS World Top

neg: Armenia Fault Colombian Andes. The fault crosses the city of Armenia and displaces Pliocene to Pleistocene volcanic and volcano-sedimentary deposits of the Quindío Fan (), which covers about . The geometric and neotectonic features of the Montenegro and Armenia Faults are very similar. The fault forms well developed fault scarp as much as high, characterised by beheaded streams, ponded alluvium, aligned and offset drainages, soil and rock slides on the face of the scarp, and localised tilting of terrain. The Armenia Fault deforms Quaternary volcano-sedimentary debris flow and pyroclastic flow deposits. The valley of the Quindío River follows the strike of the

neg: University of Los Andes (Colombia) are named after the goat, and every year a goat is brought to the university to celebrate "Students' Day." University of Los Andes (Colombia) The University of Los Andes (), also commonly self-styled as Uniandes, is a private research university located in the city centre of Bogotá, Colombia. Founded in 1948 by a group of Colombian intellectuals led by Mario Laserna Pinzón, it was the first Colombian university established as nonsectarian (independent from any political party or religious institution). Los Andes has consistently been regarded as one of the best Colombian universities—very often ranked as the best—one of the top

neg: Water resources management in Belize Northeastern, the Central, the Southeastern, the Southwestern, and the Southern Watershed Region. "For more information, see: List of rivers of Belize" Surface water resources appear to be abundant all over the country except on the Vaca Plateau, where streams disappear in the porous limestone stratum. The northern rivers are meandering streams while the southern rivers have smaller basins and flow more rapidly into the sea. The approximate sum of the quantified river discharges is 15 km per year, occupying 59% of the territory. Five of Belize's main rivers originate in Mexico and Guatemala where the Rio Hondo forms the northern

neg: Geology of Colombia and the second is the emerged land which is formed by the Andes mountain range and the Llanos plains that are shared with Venezuela and cover an area of some 1'143,748 km². In the emerged zone the region is washed by numerous rivers that include the Meta, Vichada and the Inirida rivers which contribute to other major rivers like the Orinoco River, Vaupés River, Caquetá River, Putumayo River and Apaporis River. This region of the Llanos plains is also divided into three subregions; The northern area characterized by its wavy plains similar to a savanna and located between the Andes

neg: Water resources management in Argentina River and the Uruguay River originate in Brazil. The Uruguay River runs north to south and forms a border with Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The Parana River together with the Uruguay river form the Río de la Plata estuary. Only a few of the Argentine rivers such as the Futaleufú River flow to the Pacific, while the majority of rivers originate on eastern slopes of the Andes and run towards the Atlantic ocean. Argentina is home to at least three major endorheic basins or closed water drainage basins e.g. water does not flow to the ocean. Both the northwest and

neg: Apure-Villavicencio dry forests that becomes narrower further south. In Venezuela it covers parts of the states of Portuguesa, Barinas, and Apure, and in Colombia it lies in the departments of Arauca, Casanare, and Meta. Along the southeast and northern margin the dry forests ecoregion gives way to the Llanos ecoregion. To the northwest it merges into the Venezuelan Andes montane forests along the Venezuelan Andes, and the Cordillera Oriental montane forests along the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. In the extreme south it merges into the Caqueta moist forests. The Apure-Villavicencio dry forests ecoregion has an elevation of above sea level, sloping

neg: Black-tailed trainbearer a brighter abdominal coloration with green spots. With 59,9mm in wing length "Lesbia victoriae victoriae" Is the biggest subespecies in the genus "Lesbia". The black-tailed trainbearer is widely distributed in central and northern Andes from Colombia, through Ecuador and Peru in altitudes between 2500 and 3800 meters. Four subspecies are distributed across the region. "Lesbia victoriae victoriae" is found north, in the Colombian central Andes"," and is distributed all the way through south Ecuador, together with "L. v. aequatorialis". "L. v. juliae" is found in the center of the distribution range, from south Ecuador to Northern Peru. L. "v. berlepschi"

neg: Andes, Antioquia Andes, Antioquia Andes is a municipality in the Antioquia Department, Colombia. Part of the subregion of Southwestern Antioquia. It is located on the western Colombian Andes mountain range. Andes was founded on 13 March 1852 by Pedro Antonio Restrepo Escobar. Its elevation is 1.360 masl with an average temperature of 22 °C. The distance reference from Medellín city, the capital of Antioquia Department, is 117 km and it has a total area of 403.42 km². This town is well known for being the place where Gonzalo Arango a writer, philosopher and Antioquian journalist was born. The more significantly source of

neg: Andes, Antioquia its economy is agriculture, mainly coffee cultivation. Andes, Antioquia Andes is a municipality in the Antioquia Department, Colombia. Part of the subregion of Southwestern Antioquia. It is located on the western Colombian Andes mountain range. Andes was founded on 13 March 1852 by Pedro Antonio Restrepo Escobar. Its elevation is 1.360 masl with an average temperature of 22 °C. The distance reference from Medellín city, the capital of Antioquia Department, is 117 km and it has a total area of 403.42 km². This town is well known for being the place where Gonzalo Arango a writer, philosopher and Antioquian journalist

neg: Boa imperator Boa imperator Boa imperator is a nonvenomous boa species of large, heavy-bodied snake that is commonly kept in captivity. "Boa imperator" is part of the family Boidae and is found in Mexico, Central America and South America east of the Andes Mountains (primarily Colombia). It is commonly called the northern boa, Colombian boa and common boa and is frequently and erroneously referred to as the red-tailed boa or Colombian red-tailed boa, especially in the pet trade. "Boa imperator" is wide-ranging, with animals living in both Central America and northern parts of South America. As a result, the appearance of this

neg: Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) The Cordillera Oriental () is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north dividing from the Colombian Massif in Huila Department to Norte de Santander Department where it splits into the Serranía del Perijá and the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuelan Andes. The highest peak is Ritacuba Blanco at in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy. The western part of the Cordillera Oriental belongs to the Magdalena River basin, while the eastern part includes the river basins of the Amazon River, Orinoco River, and Catatumbo River. Within it, the

neg: Geography of Venezuela llanos in a generally eastward direction. Few rivers flow into it from the poorly drained region south of the river and much of this area near the Colombian border is swampland. The other major Venezuelan river is the fast-flowing Caroní, which originates in the Guiana highlands and flows northward into the Orinoco upstream from Ciudad Guyana. The Caroní is capable of producing as much hydroelectric power as any river in Latin America and has contributed significantly to the nation's electric power production. Electricity generated by the Caroní was one of the factors encouraging industrialization of the northern part of the

neg: Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (with the only snowy peaks in this mountain range) stand out. The mountain range contains the most páramos in the world, of which Ocetá is widely considered the most beautiful. Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) The Cordillera Oriental () is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north dividing from the Colombian Massif in Huila Department to Norte de Santander Department where it splits into the Serranía del Perijá and the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuelan Andes. The highest peak is Ritacuba Blanco at in

neg: Geography of Venezuela gradient is slight. Downstream from its headwaters, it splits into two; one-third of its flow passes through the Brazo Casiquiare (Casiquiare Channel) into a tributary of the Amazon, and the remainder passes into the main Orinoco channel. This passageway allows vessels with shallow drafts to navigate from the lower Orinoco to the Amazon River system after unloading and reloading on either side of two falls on the Orinoco along the Colombian border. Most of the rivers rising in the northern mountains are flowing southeastward to the Río Apure, a tributary of the Orinoco. From its headwater, the Apure crosses the

neg: Piedad Bonnett Piedad Bonnett Piedad Bonnett Vélez (Amalfi (Antioquia), 1951) is a Colombian poet, playwright and novelist. She obtained a degree in Philosophy and Literature from the Universidad de los Andes University of Los Andes (Colombia) where she has been professor at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities since 1981. She has published eight poetry books, many of which have been translated to Italian, English, French, Swiss, Greek and Portuguese, four novels, and five theater plays. Her short stories and essays have been published in both Colombian and international magazines and newspapers, and she has represented Colombia in numerous poetry festivals in

neg: Source of the Amazon River from the city of Iquitos, Peru, the Amazon divides into the Marañón and the Ucayali Rivers. The Marañón is the shorter of the two rivers but has the largest flow. The two most distant tributaries from the mouth of the Amazon are the Ucayali tributaries, the Apurimac and Mantaro Rivers. The Marañón, Apurimac, and Mantaro rivers originate in the high Andes of Peru at elevations of more than above sea level. All three have been claimed as the source of the Amazon. The Maraňón can claim to be the mainstream source of the Amazon, but the Ucayali and its tributaries

neg: Colombian emeralds than diamonds of the same size. The Colombian departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca, both in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, are the locations where most of the emerald mining takes place. Although the Colombian emerald trade has a rich history that dates as far back as the pre-Columbian era, the increase in worldwide demand for the industry of the gemstones in the early 20th century has led prices for emeralds to nearly double on the global market. Until 2016, the Colombian emerald trade was at the center of Colombia's civil conflict, which has plagued the country since the

neg: Mount Kenya tributaries of two large Kenyan rivers: the Tana and the Ewaso Ng'iro rivers. A lot of Mount Kenyan rivers flow into the Sagana which itself is a tributary of the Tana, which it joins at the Masinga Reservoir. The rivers in the northern part of the mountain, such as the Burguret, Naru Moru, Nanyuki, Liki, Sirimon flow into the Ewaso Ng'iro. The rivers to the south-west, such as the Keringa and Nairobi flow into the Sagana and then into the Tana. The remaining rivers to the south and east, such as the Mutonga, Nithi, Thuchi and Nyamindi, flow directly into

neg: Ecuador zones. Because of its location at the equator, Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course of a year. Both sunrise and sunset occur each day at the two six o'clock hours. The Andes is the "watershed divisor" between the Amazon watershed, which runs to the east, and the Pacific, including the north–south rivers Mataje, Santiago, Esmeraldas, Chone, Guayas, Jubones, and Puyango-Tumbes. Almost all of the rivers in Ecuador form in the La Sierra region and flow east toward the Amazon River or west toward the Pacific Ocean. The rivers rise from snowmelt at the edges of the

neg: Maracaibo dry forests the ecoregion is flat and gives way to transitional moist forests higher in the mountains. Elevations are above sea level. Several rivers flow from the surrounding mountains through the ecoregion to Lake Maracaibo. They include the Palmar, Negro, Lora and Catatumbo rivers from the Serranía del Perijá, the Escalante River from the Venezuelan Andes and the Motatán, Misoa and Pachango rivers in the east of the basin. Annual temperatures are from . Less than of rain falls annually, with pronounced dry and wet seasons. At a sample location at coordinates the Köppen climate classification is "Aw": equatorial, winter dry. At

neg: River can involve all directions of the compass and can be a complex meandering path. Rivers flowing downhill, from river source to river mouth, do not necessarily take the shortest path. For alluvial streams, straight and braided rivers have very low sinuosity and flow directly down hill, while meandering rivers flow from side to side across a valley. Bedrock rivers typically flow in either a fractal pattern, or a pattern that is determined by weaknesses in the bedrock, such as faults, fractures, or more erodible layers. Volumetric flow rate, also known as discharge, volume flow rate, and rate of water flow,

neg: South America the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco, and Paraná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics. The continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish, and societies and states reflect Western traditions. South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by

neg: Lasiancistrus the Lake Maracaibo drainage, and drainages west of the Andes in Colombia and Panama to the Bayano River. The species of "Lasiancistrus" are most commonly found in small creeks, typically in swift flow. However, some of the streams where "Lasiancistrus" can be found are in the lowlands, and hypoxia has been observed in one such stream, suggesting that lowlands are not a barrier to the movement of these species. "Lasiancistrus" are most common in lower piedmont streams and are more likely to spread between rivers this way rather than through the lowlands. Adult "Lasiancistrus" have whiskerlike odontodes on their cheeks

neg: Peru (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the "Altiplano" plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the Huascarán. The third region is the "selva" (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River have a much larger flow, and are longer

neg: La Ligua River north of the town of Papudo and south of the town of Longotoma. La Ligua RIver is unique in that its source is in the low part of Andes Mountains, which is important, in geographic terms, because the river only receives snowmelt in spring. This is compared to other rivers that originate in the high Andes, as they are fed by snowmelt throughout the year. Due to its location, the La Ligua River has a seasonal flow, which peaks in the spring during the snowmelt and reduces exponentially in the summer months. Besides the snowmelt, there is a shallow and

neg: Arauca River the river is 80 percent navigable in small boats. Arauca River The Arauca River () rises in the Andes Mountains of north-central Colombia and ends at the Orinoco in Venezuela. For part of its run it is the boundary between Colombia and Venezuela. The major city on its banks is Arauca, Colombia and El Amparo, Venezuela. The Arauca is typical of the rivers that flow east across the Llanos Orientales starting as a swift mountain stream and becoming wider and slower as it crosses the plains. It starts high in the Andes, in the Páramo del Almorzadero at over above

neg: Arauca River Arauca River The Arauca River () rises in the Andes Mountains of north-central Colombia and ends at the Orinoco in Venezuela. For part of its run it is the boundary between Colombia and Venezuela. The major city on its banks is Arauca, Colombia and El Amparo, Venezuela. The Arauca is typical of the rivers that flow east across the Llanos Orientales starting as a swift mountain stream and becoming wider and slower as it crosses the plains. It starts high in the Andes, in the Páramo del Almorzadero at over above sea level. Initially it is called the Chitagá, it

neg: Hunzahúa Well Pedro Simón. During the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) were populated by the Muisca. This advanced civilization had its own religion and rituals, centered around the most important deities Sué and Chía. The northern territories were ruled by the "iraca" of Sugamuxi, the "tundama" of Tundama and the "zaque" based in Hunza. Hunzahúa, the first "zaque" of Hunza, fell in love with his sister, called Noncetá. Because of the illegality of incest in the Muisca traditions, Hunzahúa fled with his sister to Chipatá where he secretly married her.

neg: Tocancipá Tocancipá. The town also hosts the Autódromo de Tocancipá, a race track where vintage and GT races are held. Tocancipá Tocancipá () is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Central Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. Tocancipá is situated in the northern part of the Bogotá savanna, part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes with the urban centre at an altitude of . The capital Bogotá, which metropolitan area includes Tocancipá, is to the south. Tocancipá borders Gachancipá and Zipaquirá in the north, Cajicá and Zipaquirá in the west, Gachancipá

neg: Water resources management in Peru to the release of untreated effluents from mining, industries, municipalities and polluted runoff from agriculture. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal area, 16 are polluted by lead, manganese and iron threatening irrigation and potable water supplies. In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture considers "alarming" the quality of seven rivers: the Mantaro and Tambo rivers in the Central Andes that drain towards the Amazonas; the small Moche River near the northern coastal city Trujillo and the Santa near the northern coastal city Chimbote; the Chillon and Rimac rivers near Lima; and the Chili River near Arequipa which is well known

neg: Passiflora tarminiana ecuatoriana, curuba quiteña (Colombia), tacso amarillo (Ecuador), tumbo (Perú), banana pōka (Hawaii) (in the Hawaiian language the word pōka'a refers to tendrils – "that which is tied up in a ball like rope or twine"), northern banana passionfruit (New Zealand). "P. tarminiana" is native to the uplands of tropical South America but the exact native range is uncertain as it has been widely cultivated in this region. It is found in the Colombian highlands and the Venezuelan, Peruvian and southern Ecuadorean Andes where it is cultivated from around 2000 – 3000 metres. It has naturalised in Australia, Guam, Hawaii, New

neg: Nebulosa rawlinsi cream to mustard yellow beyond. The species is named after John E. Rawlins, curator of Lepidoptera at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh. Nebulosa rawlinsi Nebulosa rawlinsi is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is known from two cloud forest localities: Maldonado on the western slope of the Andes in northern Ecuador, near the Colombian border and La Otonga Reserve, also on the western side of the Ecuadorian Andes, located between the towns of San Francisco de Las Pampas and La Union del Toachi. The length of the forewings is 11-12.5 mm for males. The ground color of

neg: Nebulosa rawlinsi Nebulosa rawlinsi Nebulosa rawlinsi is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is known from two cloud forest localities: Maldonado on the western slope of the Andes in northern Ecuador, near the Colombian border and La Otonga Reserve, also on the western side of the Ecuadorian Andes, located between the towns of San Francisco de Las Pampas and La Union del Toachi. The length of the forewings is 11-12.5 mm for males. The ground color of the forewings is uniformly cream to mustard yellow with no contrasting markings. The hindwings are light, creamy yellow in the basal third and rich

neg: Andean natural region Andean natural region The Andes mountains form the most populated region of Colombia and contain the majority of the country's urban centers. They were also the location of the most significant pre-Columbian indigenous settlements. Beyond the Colombian Massif in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño, the Colombian Andes divide into three branches known as "cordilleras" (from the Spanish for "mountain range"): the West Andes run adjacent to the Pacific coast and is home to the city of Cali. The Central Andes run up the center of the country between the Cauca and Magdalena river valleys (to the west and

neg: Susacón Susacón Susacón is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the subregion of the Northern Boyacá Province. Susacón borders to the north Soatá, in the east Boavita, La Uvita and Jericó, in the south Sativanorte and in the west the Santander municipality of Onzaga. When the Spanish conquistadors led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada entered the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the central highlands of the Colombian Andes, they found there the Muisca Confederation, the former country, home of the Muisca. Susacón was ruled by a "cacique" who was loyal to the "cacique" of Soatá. The "cacique" of

neg: Boavita Boavita Boavita is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the subregion of the Northern Boyacá Province. The urban centre of Boavita is situated in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes at an altitude of and a distance of from the department capital Tunja. The municipality borders Capitanejo, Santander, and the Nevado River in the north, San Mateo and La Uvita in the east, Tipacoque and Soatá in the west and Susacón in the south. The name of Boavita is derived from Chibcha and doesn't mean "good life", yet "Point on the hill worshipping

neg: Covarachía Covarachía Covarachía is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian Department of Boyacá. The urban centre is located at from the department capital Tunja at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The municipality borders San José de Miranda and Capitanejo (both Santander) in the north, Tipacoque in the south, Capitanejo in the east and in the west the municipalities Onzaga and San Joaquín (Santander). The name Covarachía is a combination of Spanish and Chibcha; "cave of the Moon", with "Chía" referring to the Moon goddess Chía. Covarachía was inhabited

neg: Covarachía pineapples, yuca, maize, peas, sugarcane, tomatoes and melons. Covarachía Covarachía is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian Department of Boyacá. The urban centre is located at from the department capital Tunja at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The municipality borders San José de Miranda and Capitanejo (both Santander) in the north, Tipacoque in the south, Capitanejo in the east and in the west the municipalities Onzaga and San Joaquín (Santander). The name Covarachía is a combination of Spanish and Chibcha; "cave of the Moon", with "Chía" referring

neg: Manizales the city in search of the universities. Manizales is the capital city of one of the smallest Colombian departments. The city is described as having an "abrupt topography", and lies on the Colombian Central Mountain Range (part of the longest continental mountain range, The Andes), with a great deal of ridgelines and steep slopes, which, combined with the seismic instability of the area, has required architectural adaptations and public works to make the city safer. Even though Manizales has this very difficult topography, there are many coffee plantations in its fertile lands. The city is located in the northern part

neg: La Uvita to flee the indigenous people in Boavita. Main economic activity of La Uvita is the manufacturing of cheese. It also serves as a touristic entry to the El Cocuy National Park. La Uvita La Uvita is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian Department of Boyacá. The urban centre is located at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. La Uvita borders San Mateo in the north, El Cocuy and Chita in the east, Chita and Jericó in the south and Boavita in the west. La Uvita is derived from

neg: La Uvita La Uvita La Uvita is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian Department of Boyacá. The urban centre is located at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. La Uvita borders San Mateo in the north, El Cocuy and Chita in the east, Chita and Jericó in the south and Boavita in the west. La Uvita is derived from Chibcha, meaning "meadow of the fertile farmlands". La Uvita was founded by Vicente Ferrer del Río de Loza on December 24, 1758, as a place for the colonial inhabitants of Boavita

neg: Tegua people the people Tegua, originally meaning "boy", is presently a word in Colombian Spanish and means "shaman" or "witchdoctor", referring to the advanced knowledge the Tegua had of medicinal plants. The Tegua inhabited the area of the lower and central Lengupá River valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes and the foothills ("Piedemonte") towards the Llanos Orientales, such as the Casanare municipalities Recetor, Chámeza and Aguazul. To the south, the Guayupe were living, the eastern part was bordering the territories of the Achagua and the western and northern terrains were inhabited by the Muisca. The Tegua living east of

neg: Otú Norte Fault Norte Fault crosses the northern part of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault strikes north-northwest to south-southeast and appears to branch off the Palestina Fault. The Otú Fault extends in a northwest direction to near Nechí, where it is covered by young Quaternary deposits. The sinistral oblique reverse fault separates blocks of totally dissimilar geology and lithology; the metamorphic Precambrian San Lucas Complex and Jurassic igneous rocks (diorites) of the Segovia Batholith on the east are juxtaposed against the Cretaceous Santa Isabel Stock and Paleozoic quartz-feldspar gneisses and quartzitic arc rocks of the Cajamarca Complex on the

neg: Geography of South America highest capitals: Bogotá, Quito and highest of all, La Paz, Bolivia. The southern Andes have been eroded by the Patagonian Ice Sheet and are much lower and narrower. There are a number of large glaciers in the northern part, but from latitude 19°S to 28°S the climate is so arid that no permanent ice can form even on the highest peaks. Permafrost, however, is widespread in this section of the Altiplano and continuous above . The climate of the coastal belt west of the Andes shows violent contrasts, including two of the world's wettest regions in the Colombian Chocó and

neg: Venezuela country has a coastline in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean and the northeast borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well-defined topographical regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the Guiana Highlands in the southeast. The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range. Pico Bolívar, the nation's highest point at , lies in this region. To the south,

neg: Serranía de los Churumbelos Andes, and is situated on the border of four distinct biogeographical regions: lowland Amazonia, the Eastern Cordillera, the Central Cordillera and the dryer Magdalena Valley. The first studies of Serrania de los Churumbelos were carried out by Anglo-Colombian expeditions, "Colombia '98" and "EBA Project", initiatives of Colombian and UK students. The mountain range was found to resemble the Northern Andean and Amazonia North Ecoregions. Several new plant species were discovered (in Gesneriaceae, Piperaceae and others). 462 bird species were recorded in Serranía de los Churumbelos, with 246 species ringed. Twelve threatened and near threatened bird species were recorded. It is

neg: Peru and less steep once they exit the "sierra". Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon. The largest lake in Peru, Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest reservoirs, all in the coastal region of Peru, are the Poechos, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs. The combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents (Humboldt and

neg: Hydraulic jump and canoeing paddlers will often stop and playboat in standing waves and hydraulic jumps. The standing waves and shock fronts of hydraulic jumps make for popular locations for such recreation. Similarly, kayakers and surfers have been known to ride tidal bores up rivers. Hydraulic jumps have been used by glider pilots in the Andes and Alps and to ride Morning Glory effects in Australia. Hydraulic jump A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of

neg: Jardín Jardín El Jardín, often simply referred to as Jardín (), is a town and municipality in the southwest region of Antioquia, Colombia. It is bounded by the Andes, Jericó, and Támesis municipalities to the north and the Caldas department to the south. The municipality is located between the San Juan river, which is called Docató (meaning "River stones") by the natives, and a branch of the Western Cordillera. Jardín is identified by its preserved colonial architecture, lush vegetation, and abundant rivers and streams. Among others, rivers that flow through Jardin include the San Juan, Claro, and Dojurgo. Trout that is

neg: Villavicencio tropical climate, Villavicencio is on the great Colombian-Venezuelan plain called Los Llanos, which is situated to the east of the Andes mountains. Villavicencio is also called "La Puerta al Llano", or "The Gateway to the Plains", due to its location on the historical path from the Colombian interior to the vast savannas that lie between the Andes range and the Amazon rainforest. Villavicencio's proximity to huge mountains and great plains make the city an example of Colombia's geodiversity. Because it is located in the foothills of the Andes, the morning and evening breezes cool the city, which is very hot

neg: Geography of South America develop agriculture, outside of fertile floodplains of rivers descending from the Andes, have been largely failures because of the soils. Cattle have long been raised in the "llanos" of northern Colombia and Venezuela, but petroleum is now the dominant industry in the northern lowlands, making Venezuela the richest country in the continent. The eastern highlands are much older than the Andes, being pre-Cambrian in origin, but are still rugged in places, especially in the wet tepuis of Venezuela, Guyana and Roraima. The Amazon River has cut a large valley through a former highland, and to the east is a relatively

neg: Serranía del Pinche of the most economically important rivers of this region. This part of the Western Ranges is located south and west of Munchique, a national natural park of equal importance with regards to its high biodiversity. Serranía del Pinche The Serranía del Pinche are part of the Western Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The mountains consist of several high peaks with small patches of isolated páramo and provide a corridor between the Pacific and Andean biogeographic regions. It is located municipality of Argelia in the Department of Cauca. This area is under consideration for protection as a Flora and Fauna Sanctuary

neg: Chibcha language and other words. The only public school in Colombia currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of Cota, about by road from Bogotá. The school is named "Jizcamox" (healing with the hands) in Chibcha. Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian Andes are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields ("ta"), the Moon goddess Chía, her husband Sué, names of "caciques", the topography of the region, built enclosures ("ca") and animals of the region. Chibcha