query: when did iran change its name from persia

pos: Name of Iran Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both

pos: Iran Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted "Iran" for "Persia" as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of "Encyclopædia Iranica", propagated a move to use "Persia" and "Iran" interchangeably. Today, both "Iran" and "Persia" are used in cultural contexts, while "Iran" remains irreplaceable in official state contexts. Historical and cultural usage of the word "Iran" is not restricted to the modern state proper. "Greater Iran" ("Irānzamīn" or "Irān e Bozorg") refers to territories

pos: Name of Iran many Iranians in the West who prefer "Persia" and "Persian" as the English names for the country and nationality, similar to the usage of "La Perse/persan" in French. According to Hooman Majd, the popularity of the term "Persia" among the Persian diaspora stems from the fact that Persia' connotes a glorious past they would like to be identified with, while 'Iran' since 1979 revolution... says nothing to the world but Islamic fundamentalism." Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi

pos: Greater Iran resulted in Iran ceding Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. The Turkmanchey Treaty of 1828 decisively ended centuries of Iranian control of its Caucasian provinces, and made Iran cede what is present-day Armenia, the remainder of Azerbaijan and Igdir (eastern Turkey), and set the modern boundary along the Aras River. On the Nowruz of 1935, the endonym "Iran" was adopted as the official international name of Persia by its ruler Reza Shah Pahlavi. However, in 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably.

pos: Name of Iran Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both

pos: Reza Shah times under the Achaemenid Empire and Sasanian Empire as well as other Iranian dynasties, hence the somewhat misleading usage of the name Persia (in other countries) up to 1935 when referring to Iran as a whole. Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran "increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941." Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000

pos: Name of Iran later parts of the Bible, where this kingdom is frequently mentioned (Books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah), it is called ' (), or sometimes ' (), i.e. "Persia and Media". The Arabs used to likewise refer to Iran and the Persian (Sassanian) Empire as "" (), i.e. "Lands of Persia", which would become the popular name for the region in Muslim literature. The exonym "Persia" was the official name of Iran in the Western world before March 1935, but the Iranian people inside their country since the time of Zoroaster (probably circa 1000 BC), or even before, have called

pos: Name of Iran the name "Iran" instead of "Persia" for all purposes. In the British House of Commons the move was reported upon by the United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs as follows: The decree of Reza Shah Pahlavi affecting nomenclature duly took effect on 21 March 1935. To avoid confusion between the two neighboring countries Iran and Iraq, which were both involved in WWII and occupied by the Allies, Winston Churchill requested from the Iranian government during the Teheran Conference for the old and distinct name "Persia to be used by the United Nations [i.e., the Allies] for the duration

pos: Germany–Iran relations there were hundreds of Germans involved in every aspect of the state, from setting up factories to building roads, railroads and bridges. Reza Shah went on to ask the international community to use the native name of "Iran" in 1935 to address to his country. Although the country has been known as Iran to the native people themselves for many centuries, Westerners came to know the nation as Persia through ancient Greek accounts. The goal was to distract attention from the traditional Western designation “Persia” (a term Greek in origin). “Persian” was the historical name of one of the ethnic

pos: Afghanistan–Iran relations heroin. Some of these drugs are smuggled into Iran and from there to European countries. Afghanistan–Iran relations Afghanistan–Iran relations were established in 1935 during King Zahir Shah's reign and the Pahlavi dynasty of Persia. They have been negatively affected by the 1979 Iranian Revolution and issues related to the 1978–present Afghan conflicts (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, and Taliban), as well as Iran's water dispute, the growing influence of the United States in Afghanistan. Afghanistan shares a relatively long history with Iran (called Persia in the West before 1935). When the Safavid dynasty was founded in Persia, part of what is

pos: Afghanistan–Iran relations Afghanistan–Iran relations Afghanistan–Iran relations were established in 1935 during King Zahir Shah's reign and the Pahlavi dynasty of Persia. They have been negatively affected by the 1979 Iranian Revolution and issues related to the 1978–present Afghan conflicts (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, and Taliban), as well as Iran's water dispute, the growing influence of the United States in Afghanistan. Afghanistan shares a relatively long history with Iran (called Persia in the West before 1935). When the Safavid dynasty was founded in Persia, part of what is now Afghanistan was ruled by the Khanate of Bukhara and Babur from Kabulistan. The first

pos: BP operations in 1936. In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of APOC to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). In 1947, British Petroleum Chemicals was incorporated as a joint venture of AIOC and The Distillers Company. In 1956, the company was renamed British Hydrocarbon Chemicals. Following World War II, nationalistic sentiments were on the rise in the Middle East; most notable being Iranian nationalism, and Arab Nationalism. In Iran, the AIOC and the pro-western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara resisted nationalist calls to revise

pos: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran occupation and replaced him with his young son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1925, after years of civil war, turmoil and foreign intervention, Persia was unified under the rule of Reza Khan, who crowned himself to become Reza Shah that same year. Later, in 1935, he asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. He set on an ambitious program of economic, cultural, and military modernisation. Iran, which had been a divided and isolated country under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, was rapidly evolving into a

pos: National Iranian Oil Company he discovered in May 1908. This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. In 1923, Burmah employed future Prime Minister, Winston Churchill as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were successfully granted. In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Following World War II, Iranian nationalism was on the rise, especially surrounding the Iranian

neg: Persian Gulf National Day Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. According to the book "Documents on the Persian Gulf's Name, the Eternal Heritage of Ancient Time": the term "Persian Gulf" and its equivalents have been used continuously since 400 BC in all languages specially in the Arabic language. In 1964 the Arab League ratified a change of the name to the Arabian Gulf (Al khaleej Al Arabi), apparently a change accepted by many Arab-speaking countries. After the Iran–Iraq War, the decision was realised. The act angered Iran/Iranians, especially when the Arabs used the new appellation in the English mass media. While historical documents show

neg: Iran (word) this very day, the king of Persia is call'd "Padsha Iran" ["padshah"='king'], and the great vizier, "Iran Medary" [i.e. "medari"='facilitator'], the Pole of Persia"". Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the official name of the country is "Islamic Republic of Iran". Iran (word) The modern Persian name of Iran () derives immediately from 3rd-century Sassanian Middle Persian (Pahlavi spelling: "ʼyrʼn"), where it initially meant "of the Iranians", but soon also acquired a geographical connotation in the sense of "(lands inhabited by) Iranians". In both geographic and demonymic senses, "ērān" is distinguished from its antonymic "anērān", meaning "non-Iran(ian)". In the geographic

neg: Germany–Iran relations groups in Iran. With the reforms Reza Shah was implementing, the adoption of a new name for the country was seen as restoring Iran’s historical legacy. While Persia had fallen victim to imperialism, Iran would be free from foreign control. The Iranian government did not support the antisemitism of Nazis. Iran argued that Iranians including its Jewish population, which was the largest in the Middle East, were immune to the racial Nuremberg Laws on the grounds that they were of Aryan descent. Iranian embassies in occupied European capitals by Germans rescued over 1,500 Jews and secretly granted them Iranian citizenship,

neg: Reza Shah Persian is the name of one of the ethnic groups of Iran, Persia (locally known as Pars) is the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces and the Persian language Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the Sasanian Empire, many countries including the English-speaking world knew the country as Persia, a legacy of the Greeks who referred to the entire country after the province of Pars. While Persians are only one of several ethnic groups in Iran, their home province Pars was a center of political power in ancient

neg: Iran–Poland relations Iran–Poland relations Iran–Poland relations is historical and bilateral relationship between Iran and Poland. Iran has an embassy in Warsaw, while Poland has an embassy in Tehran. Their relationship is characterized as close because of historical concepts. When Iran was still under Qajar dynasty and named as Persia, the Partitions of Poland at 1795 by Prussia, Austria and Russia was condemned by Persia and Persia rejected the partitions, together with the Ottoman Empire. Under the circumstance, Persia welcomed Polish refugees fleeing from partitioned Poland. During World War II, after the invasion of Poland by Soviet Union, a lot of Poles had

neg: Name of Iran "Iran" to be used interchangeably. Nowadays both terms are common; "Persia" mostly in historical and cultural contexts, "Iran" mostly in political contexts. In recent years most exhibitions of Persian history, culture and art in the world have used the exonym "Persia" (e.g., "Forgotten Empire; Ancient Persia", British Museum; "7000 Years of Persian Art", Vienna, Berlin; and "Persia; Thirty Centuries of Culture and Art", Amsterdam). In 2006, the largest collection of historical maps of Iran, entitled "Historical Maps of Persia", was published in the Netherlands. In the 1980s, Professor Ehsan Yarshater (editor of the "Encyclopædia Iranica") started to publish articles on

neg: Name of Iran "Pārsa" – the name of the people from whom Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty stemmed and over whom he first ruled (before he inherited or conquered other Iranian Kingdoms). Thus, the term "Persian" is an exonym and Iranians never historically referred to Iran by that exonym. The Pars tribe gave its name to the region where they lived (the modern day province is called Fars/Pars) but the province in ancient times was smaller than its current area. In Latin, the name for the whole empire was "Persia", while the Iranians knew it as "Iran" or "Iranshahr". In the

neg: Zia'eddin Tabatabaee Zia'eddin Tabatabaee Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee (June 1889 – August 29, 1969; ) was an Iranian politician and the Prime Minister of Iran (Persia) from February to May 1921 under Ahmad Shah, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty. Born in Shiraz, Tabatabaee came to power in a coup d'état with the help of Reza Khan Mirpanj, who later became the Shah of Persia (which then came to be formally recognized as Iran by the international community), as Reza Shah Pahlavi. When Tabatabaee became prime minister, he was 33 years old. His career did have an early start, however. In Shiraz,

neg: Persis Persis Persis (), better known as Persia (Old Persian: "Parsa"; , "Pars"), or "Persia proper", was originally a name of a region near the Zagros mountains at Lake Urmia. The country name Persia was derived directly from the Old Persian "Parsa". Over time, the area of settlement shifted to the southwest of modern Iran (now Fars). The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 10th century BC, and became the rulers of the largest empire the world had yet seen under the Achaemenid dynasty which was established in the late 6th century BC, at its peak stretching

neg: Economy of Iran the Aegean Sea. Modern agriculture in Iran dates back to the 1820s when Amir Kabir undertook a number of changes to the traditional agricultural system. Such changes included importing modified seeds and signing collaboration contracts with other countries. Polyakov's "Bank Esteqrazi" was bought in 1898 by the Tzarist government of Russia, and later passed into the hands of the Iranian government by a contract in 1920. The bank continued its activities under the name of "Bank Iran" until 1933 when incorporating the newly founded Keshavarzi Bank. The Imperial Bank of Persia was established in 1885, with offices in all major

neg: Alborz High School This was in the 26th year of the reign of Nasereddin Shah Qajar, 22 years after Amir Kabir founded the Dar ul-Funun school in Tehran, and 33 years before the Constitutional Revolution in Persia (as it was known back then; later it became "Iran" during the Reza Shah Era). When Dr. Samuel Jordan arrived in Persia in 1898, he instituted change; subsequently, Alborz became a 12-year elementary and secondary school, with its share of college courses. Thereafter, the institution came to be known as the American College of Tehran. Dr. Jordan remained president of Alborz for 42 years (1899–1940). During

neg: Socialism in Iran to the ground by a police-led mob on the pretext that during a performance of "Tartuffe" a female actor had been on stage whilst in Tehran the Patriotic Women's Society was stoned and their library burnt down. A minor group of the same name emerged in 1944 when radical members of the Comrades Party broke from that group over its failure to support striking workers in Isfahan. Founded in the midst of the Gilan Revolution, the Young Communist League of Persia was a communist youth organization in Persia set up following the July 31, 1920 split between the communist and

neg: Sophy (Safavid Empire) the word was in use to refer to the Safavid ruler since the time of the dynasty's founder, Ismail I (r. 1501-1524). An extensive number of references to Persia and its "Sophy" in European literature start with the reign of Abbas I and onwards. William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" (published 1602) is noted as being amongst the early attestments to this. Sophy (Safavid Empire) The Sophy, also spelled Sofi, Sophie, Sophi, or Soffi, was a reference to the ruler of the Safavid dynasty of Iran. Even though Iran remained known in the West by the exonym Persia (see Name of Iran),

neg: Name of Iran Achaemenids in the Middle Persian book of Arda Viraf refers to the invasion of Iran by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. The Proto-Iranian term for Iran is reconstructed as *Aryānām (the genitive plural of the word *Arya); the Avestan equivalent is "Airyanem" (as in Airyanem Vaejah). The internal preference for "Iran" was noted in some Western reference books (e.g. the Harmsworth Encyclopaedia, "circa" 1907, entry for Iran: "The name is now the official designation of Persia.") but for international purposes, "Persia" was the norm. In the mid 1930s, the ruler of the country, Reza Shah Pahlavi, moved towards formalising

neg: Safi of Persia (and Russia) and making the Duke's newly-founded town of Friedrichstadt into a European trade terminus. Safi died on 12 May 1642 as a result of excessive drinking, and was buried in Qom. He was succeeded by his son Abbas II. Safi I married numerous times; Sons Daughters Safi of Persia Sam Mirza (), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi () was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Safi was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah

neg: Safi of Persia Safi of Persia Sam Mirza (), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi () was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Safi was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas I, and Dilaram Khanum, a Georgian wife. In 1615, Abbas had Mohammed Baqir killed, fearing he was plotting against his life. Over the next few years, the suspicious Abbas killed or blinded his other sons, leaving his grandson Safi heir to the throne. Safi was crowned

neg: Pictorial carpet known when it was weaved together but some of the old rugs back in 19th & 20th century show that the similar type design were used such as hunting scene in Isfahan or Qum carpet as well as floral design in Isfahan and Tabriz carpet. Also picturesque scenes from ancient Persia showing the king and his wife is another example. After the 1979 revolution in Iran, the whole industry started to change and many of the original patterns which were famous in Iran were exported to many countries which they have started producing similar products with much lower quality such

neg: Agriculture in Iran amounts to 100,000 hectares per year. The cutting of trees is rigidly controlled by the government, which also has a reforestation program. Agriculture has a long history and tradition in Iran. As early as 10,000 BCE, the earliest known domestication of the goat had taken place in the Iranian plateau. By 5000BCE, wine was being fermented in Iran, and by as early as 7th century CE, the windmill had been invented in Persia for the first time in history. Fruits such as the peach first found their way into Europe from Persia, as indicated by their Latin name, persica, from

neg: 1953 Iranian coup d'état hesitate to use underhanded methods to overthrow a democratically elected government to suit its own economic and strategic interests", the Agence France-Presse reported. United States Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who visited Iran both before and after the coup, wrote that "When Mosaddegh and Persia started basic reforms, we became alarmed. We united with the British to destroy him; we succeeded; and ever since, our name has not been an honored one in the Middle East." When the Shah returned to Iran after the coup, he was greeted by a cheering crowd. He wrote in his memoirs that while

neg: Agriculture in Iran which (by way of the French) we have the English word "peach." As did Tulips, which were also first cultivated in ancient Persia and spinach, the word Spinach itself derived from the Persian word اسفناج Esfenaj. The Chinese referred to it in 647CE as 'the herb of Persia'. In 400BCE, a form of ice cream was in use in Persia, and the ancestor of the cookie is said to have come from Persia (from the Persian koolucheh) in the 7th century according to many sources. Fifth century BCE Persia was even the source for introduction of the domesticated chicken into

neg: Mespilus germanica Mespilus germanica Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, (Mazandarani:کِنِس) is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree. The fruit has been cultivated since Roman times, and is unusual in being available in winter, and in being eaten when bletted. It is eaten raw and in a range of dishes. When the genus "Mespilus" is included in the genus "Crataegus", the correct name for this species is Crataegus germanica (Kuntze). Despite its Latin name, which means German or Germanic medlar, it is indigenous to Persia (Iran), southwest Asia and also

neg: Heracleum persicum may be less dangerous than "H. mantegazzianum" with respect to phototoxicity. Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing. Heracleum persicum Heracleum persicum, commonly known as Persian hogweed or simply hogweed, is a polycarpic perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, originally native to the region of Iran (Persia). It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran, as well in some adjacent areas. As a spice, its common name in English

neg: History of Iran 2015, and marked a significant breakthrough in the 12-year history of negotiations with Iran over its nuclear programme. When Donald Trump was campaigning to become President of the US, he repeatedly said he would abandon the Iran nuclear deal. After he was appointed president, the USA announced to withdraw from the agreement on the 8th of May 2018. History of Iran The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt

neg: Culture of Iran manifested itself in several facets throughout the history of Iran as well as the Caucasus, Central Asia, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. The article uses the words "Persian" and "Iranian" interchangeably, sometimes referring to the language and its speakers, and other times referring to the name of pre-20th century Iran, a nomenclature which survives from western explorers and orientalists. They are not the same and the cultures of the peoples of Greater Persia are the focus of this article. Iran has one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and

neg: Intellectual movements in Iran Intellectual movements in Iran Intellectual movements in Iran involve the Iranian experience of modernity and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures that have been changing since the 19th century. Long before the European Renaissance generated the radical ideas that eventually reshaped Europe and the United States, Persian statesmen, artists, and intellectuals had formulated ideas that strikingly anticipate those of modernity. Since more than thousand years ago there has been a conflict in Persia between the search for modernity and the forces of religious obscurantism. Some twenty-five hundred years ago, when Herodotus was writing his "Histories", Persia was

neg: France–Iran relations Great Britain and Persia over the Iranian city of Herat. Great Britain would remove its military and diplomatic missions from Persia, occupy Kharg island, and attack Bushehr. Mohammad Shah Qajar would in turn resume diplomatic relations with France, and send a diplomatic mission to Louis-Philippe under Mirza Hossein Khan to obtain military help. In response, a group of French officers was sent to Persia with the returning ambassador. France had close economic collaboration with Iran during the Pahlavi era, especially with numerous contracts related to public works. Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, France refused to continue to provide Iran with

neg: Don Juan of Persia Sultan Ali Beg, who was the brother of the Iranian ambassador Husain Ali Beg. Don Juan of Persia Uruch Beg, later known by his baptized name of Don Juan (1560–1604) was a late 16th and early 17th century Iranian figure in Iran and Spain. He is also known as "Faisal Nazary". A native of Iran, and from the Bayat Qizilbash clan, he later moved westward, settled in Spain, and became a Roman Catholic. There he wrote an account of Iran, his involvement there with Shah Abbas I, and his journey to Spain in the Persian embassy to Europe (1599-1602). He

neg: Don Juan of Persia Don Juan of Persia Uruch Beg, later known by his baptized name of Don Juan (1560–1604) was a late 16th and early 17th century Iranian figure in Iran and Spain. He is also known as "Faisal Nazary". A native of Iran, and from the Bayat Qizilbash clan, he later moved westward, settled in Spain, and became a Roman Catholic. There he wrote an account of Iran, his involvement there with Shah Abbas I, and his journey to Spain in the Persian embassy to Europe (1599-1602). He was killed in 1604 during a street fight. Don Juan was the son of

neg: Buick Skylark were produced between 1977 and 1987 in Iran. It appears that these models were basically the same as those built in the U.S. from 1975 to 1979 (Islamic Revolution). It is said that in 1978, the Iranian Chevrolet Nova and Buick Skylark cars had order backlogs of 13 months. GM Iran changed its name to Pars Khodro (meaning "Pars Automobile" in Iranian; 'Pars' being the ancient, original name of Persia) after 1979. The production continued from 1979 to 1987 on a part-time basis. Since the spare parts and the assembly-line equipment were not used between 1979 and 1986. GM ceased

neg: Persian Constitutional Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution The Persian Constitutional Revolution ( "Mashrūtiyyat", or "Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh"), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia (Iran) during the Qajar Dynasty. The Revolution opened the way for cataclysmic change in Persia, heralding the modern era. It saw a period of unprecedented debate in a burgeoning press. The revolution created new opportunities and opened up seemingly boundless possibilities for Persia’s future. Many different groups fought to shape the course of the Revolution, and all sections of society were ultimately to

neg: Communist Party of Persia Communist Party of Persia The Communist Party of Iran (or Communist Party of Persia) was an Iranian communist party founded in June 1920 in Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan Province. Originally established as the Justice Party () in 1917 by the former social democrats who supported Baku-based Bolsheviks, it participated in Third International in 1919 and was renamed to the "Communist Party of Iran" in 1920. Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli, one of the leaders of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, was elected as its general secretary. Its foundation came about as a result of the establishment of the Soviet Republic of Gilan,

neg: Transoxiana warāʼ an-Nahr" (Land Beyond the River) passed into Persian literary usage and stayed on until post-Mongol times. The region was one of the satrapies (provinces ) of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under the name Sogdiana. It was defined within the classical world of Iran to distinguish it from Iran proper, especially its northeastern province of Khorasan—a term originating with the Sasanians,—although early Arab historians and geographers tended to subsume the region within the loosely defined term "Khorasan" designating a much larger territory. The name Transoxiana stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of Alexander the Great, who extended

neg: Lar, Iran language of Sassanid Persia, which is also a precursor to Modern Persian and all other existing dialects included in the southwest branch of the Iranian language group. The name "Pahlavi" was applied to a number of different dialects spoken in a rather vast area from Ctesiphon in modern-day Iraq to the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. The area corresponds to the greater Pars province. Please see more information about Pahlavi by searching the following phrase: "The term 'Pahlavi,' in its widest extent, is applied to all the varying forms of the medieval Persian language, from the time when the

neg: Diocese of Iran Diocese of Iran The Diocese of Iran is one of the four dioceses of the Anglican Province of Jerusalem and the Middle East. The diocese was established in 1912 as the Diocese of Persia and was incorporated into the Jerusalem Archbishopric in 1957. The current bishop is Azad Marshall. His title is Bishop in Iran, rather than the often expected Bishop "of" Iran. The beginnings of the Anglican Diocese of Iran were in 1883 when Valpy French, an Episcopal bishop, came to Lahore and traveled through Persia. In 1912, Charles Stileman became the first bishop of the new diocese. James

neg: Ariana (name) Ariana (name) Ariana is a feminine Persian name, popular in many languages. Arianna and Ariane are the two most common variations. The name "Ariana" has the several possible following origins. Ariana, the Latinized form of (Greek: ἡ 'Αρειανή/Arianē), was also a general geographical term used by some Greek and Roman authors of antiquity for an extensive territory in Central Asia, east of Persia and west of India, broadly covering modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. The name of Iran (Persia) originates from the Sanskrit word Aryānā (Ariana) meaning "The Land of the Aryans". The name "Arianna" is also the Latinized form of

neg: Persia and Iraq Command Persia and Iraq Command The Persia and Iraq Command was a Command of the British Army established during the Second World War in September 1942 in Baghdad. Its primary role was to secure from land and air attack the oilfields and oil installations in Persia (officially Iran) and Iraq. Its further role was to ensure the transport of supplies from Persian Gulf ports through Iraq and Persia to the Soviet Union. During the rebellion in Iraq the command of land forces in the country was passed from GHQ India to Middle East Command, as the latter was the only formation

neg: Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18) the Persian side was reduced from 200 loads to 100 loads of silk. Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18) The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603–18 consisted of two wars between Safavid Persia under Abbas I of Persia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed I. The first war began in 1603 and ended with a Safavid victory in 1612, when Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590. The second war began in 1615 and ended in 1618 with minor territorial adjustments. As a result of the Ottoman–Safavid War

neg: Persian Corridor route to be developed to supply Soviet needs. English-language official documents from the Persian Corridor period continue to make the word "Persia" interchangeable with the name of Iran. In correspondence by the government of the United Kingdom, usage of "Persia" over "Iran" was chosen by Winston Churchill to avoid possible confusion with neighbouring Iraq. Following Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Britain and the USSR saw the newly opened Trans-Iranian Railway as an attractive route to transport supplies from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union. Britain and the USSR used

neg: Economy of Iran cities of Persia. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–41) improved the country’s overall infrastructure, implemented educational reform, campaigned against foreign influence, reformed the legal system, and introduced modern industries. During this time, Iran experienced a period of social change, economic development, and relative political stability. Reza Shah Pahlavi, who abdicated in 1941, was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1941–79). No fundamental change occurred in the economy of Iran during World War II (1939–45) and the years immediately following. However, between 1954 and 1960 a rapid increase in oil revenues and sustained foreign aid led to greater investment

neg: Central Bank of Iran of the Asian Clearing Union, controls gold and capital flows overseas, represents Iran in the International Monetary Fund and internationally concludes payment agreements between Iran and other countries. The first attempt at introducing paper currency in Iran occurred during the Mongol Ilkhanate of the 13th century CE. The innovation, developed in Song Dynasty China, did not take hold in Iran, and paper currency did not return to Iran in any significant manner for several centuries. In 1889, the British-owned Imperial Bank of Persia ("Bānk-e Šāhī") was founded and it was given the exclusive right to issue bank notes in Iran.

neg: Ottoman wars in Asia borderline of Iran was drawn by the Treaty of Zuhab. During Afsharid and Qajar dynasties of Persia, Ottomans fought against Persia numerous times with relatively little changes in the gained and lost territories except during the reign of Nader Shah, when large territories were abandoned to Persia but were recovered upon his death. At the end of the wars, with the last one ending in 1823, the border line drawn was almost the same as that of the Treaty of Zuhab. (Present Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.) In 1538, Suleyman I sent a navy to the Indian Ocean. Although Hadım

neg: France–Iran relations visited Persia between 1673 and 1680. Numerous trade contacts continued to occur between Persia (modern Iran) and France. In 1705, Louis XIV dispatched an Ambassador Extraordinary in the person of Jean-Baptiste Fabre, accompanied by a party including Jacques Rousseau, uncle of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and a woman named Marie Petit, who owned a gaming house, probably also a brother, in Paris. Fabre died in Persia, but negotiations were taken over by Pierre-Victor Michel, leading to a largely ineffective signed in September 1708. Prior to that he had to sideline Marie Petit who, "in the name of the Princesses of France", tried

neg: Iraqforce after Persia (modern Iran) was invaded, "Iraq Command" was renamed "Persia and Iraq Force" (PAI Force). "PAI Force" was still commanded by Quinan and he still reported to India Command. "Iraqforce" was variously part of India Command, Middle East Command and then Persia and Iraq Command. "Sabine Force" was despatched from Karachi by GHQ India to seize the port of Basra and to supplement the British Forces in Iraq at RAF Shaibah and RAF Habbaniya. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill saw Basra as a major supply base in the future for material from the United States. Churchill did not recognise

neg: Hadith of Persian Men The term is believed to convey an exaggerated expression of remoteness. The contextual meaning of "Persia/Iran" may be mistaken by contemporary readers as modern Iran; however, a fuller comprehension of the Hadith requires an understanding of the Hadith Historicity context and definitions of its terminology regarding what was meant by "Persia". Possibilities include: Hadith of Persian Men Hadith of Persian Men ( ) refers to a Hadith, an IslamIc "report", "account," or "narrative" about the people of Iran (Persia). The central Hadith of Persian Men is understood to concern three concepts: Iman (faith), Deen (Religion) and Ilm (knowledge). The Hadith

neg: Persian miniature falls into over-sophistication and decline. Tabriz in the north-west of Iran is the longest established centre of production, and Baghdad (then under Persian rule) was often important. Shiraz in the south, sometimes the capital of a sub-ruler, was a centre from the late 14th century, and Herat, now in Afghanistan, was important in the periods when it was controlled from Persia, especially when the Timurid prince Baysonqor was governor in the 1420s; he was then the leading patron in Persia, commissioning the Baysonghor Shahnameh and other works. Each centre developed its own style, which were largely reconciled and combined under

neg: Prime Minister of Iran Prime Minister of Iran The Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era (when the country was internationally known as Persia) until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution. In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by different titles. The post itself was mainly known as "ataabak" or "ataabak-e a'zam" (grand "ataabak"), or sometimes "sadr-e a'zam" (premier) at the beginning, but became "ra'is ol-vozaraa" (head of ministers) at the end. The title of "nakhost vazir" (prime minister) was

neg: Ethnic minorities in Iran separatist groups in Iran. Hersh mentions that part of the covert activities include "the support of the minority the Ahwazi Arab and Baluchi groups and other dissident organizations". Iran (then called Persia) traditionally was governed over the last few centuries in a fairly decentralised way with much regional and local autonomy. In particular, weaker members of the Qajar dynasty often did not rule much beyond the capital Tehran, a fact exploited by the imperial powers Britain and Russia in the 19th century. For example, when British cartographers, diplomats, and telegraph workers traveled along Iran's southern coast in the early 19th

neg: History of the Jews in Iran was a well-established and influential Jewish community in Persia. Persian Jews have lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V conquered the (Northern) Kingdom of Israel (722 BC) and sent the Israelites (the Ten Lost Tribes) into captivity at Khorasan. In 586 BC, the Babylonians expelled large populations of Jews from Judea to the Babylonian captivity. Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. The Persian Jewish communities include the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still-extant) communities not only of Iran,

neg: Iran–South Korea relations dark blue glass found in the Cheonmachong Tomb, one of Silla's royal tombs unearthed in Gyeongju. An exotic golden sword found in Gyerim-ro, a street also located in Gyeongju. These are all relics that are presumed to be sent to Silla from ancient Iran or Persia through the Silk Road. It was only the Koryeo Dynasty during King HyeonJong's reign when trade with Persia was officially recorded in Korean history. But in academic circles, it is presumed that both countries had active cultural exchanges during the 7th century Silla era which means the relationship between Korea and Iran began more

neg: Touraj Daryaee Hautes Etudes. He specializes in the history and culture of Ancient Persia. He is he editor of the "Name-ye Iran-e Bastan", "The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies", "DABIR: Digital Ar", as well as the director of "Sasanika Project", a project on the history and culture of Sasanians. His most famous publications include "Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire" and "Sasanian Iran (224-651 CE): Portrait of a Late Antique Empire". Most recently he has written a book on Iranian history from the Pre-historic era to modern history. He is known for his unwavering support of Iran's former

neg: Shiraz wine name, there is no proven connection between the city of Shiraz and the modern-day red grape variety "Shiraz", planted in Australia, South Africa, Canada, the United States, and some other countries. Shiraz wine Shiraz wine refers separately to two different well-known wines. Historically, the name refers to the wine produced around the city of Shiraz in Persia/Iran. In the current era, "Shiraz" is a marketing term for Syrah produced in Australia and South Africa. The modern "Shiraz" grape is identical to Syrah and originating in southeast France with no established connection to Persia (Iran). By the ninth century, the city

neg: Military history of Iran Great Game "(See papers by Waibel and Esandari Qajar within the Qajar Studies source)". Russia backed the Persian attacks, using Persia as a 'cat's paw' for expansion of its own interests. Britain feared the seizure of Herat would leave a route to attack India controlled by a power friendly to Russia, and threatened Persia with closure of the trade of the Persian Gulf. When Persia abandoned its designs on Herat, the British no longer felt India was threatened. This, combined with growing Persian fears about Russian designs on their own country, led to the later period of Anglo-Persian military co-operation.

neg: Liberalism in Iran Liberalism in Iran Liberalism in Iran or Iranian liberalism is a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 20th century. During the constitutional period of Persia and active during the 2nd term of Majlis, 1909–1911, the party Society of the Supporters for Progress championed the development of southern provinces of Persia and was consisted of MPs representing the southerners. They promoted building hospitals, women's education and regarded Persian as "the official and scholarly" language of Iran. The party was liberal Islamic, nationalist, constitutionalist and anti-imperialist. Its organ "Jonub" () was printed in Tehran and usually criticized Bakhtiaris, and held

neg: Iran–United States relations Embassy report from 1932 admits that the British put Reza Shah "on the throne". At that time, Persia did not view the United States as an ally of Britain. In 1936, Iran withdrew its ambassador in Washington after the publication of an article criticizing Reza Shah in the New York Daily Herald. The withdrawal lasted for nearly one year. Morgan Shuster was soon followed by Arthur Millspaugh, who was appointed Treasurer General by Reza Shah, and Arthur Pope, who was a main driving force behind the Persian Empire revivalist policies of Reza Shah. The friendly relations between the United States

neg: Kuwaiti Arabic from Persia (modern-day Iran), known in Kuwait by the name Ayam. Kuwaiti Arabic is rapidly changing due to many factors. /b/, /f/, /l/, /m/, /n/ and /r/ become the emphatics ḅ, f, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, and ṛ only when they are in the contiguity of an emphatic, a back vowel, or if they precede /a:/. Kuwaiti is divided into two varieties: Urban (Sedentary) and Nomadic or Bedouin. The first is believed to have developed due to exposure to the outside world, as well as Kuwait being a country of multi-regional immigrants during its infancy. The Urban dialect is seen as

neg: Peach "malum persicum" "Persian apple", later becoming French "pêche", hence the English "peach". The scientific name, "Prunus persica", literally means "Persian plum", as it is closely related to the plum. Fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming, dating to 2.6 million years ago. In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach, the name "Prunus kunmingensis" has been assigned to these fossils. Although its botanical name "Prunus persica" refers to Persia (present Iran) from where it came to Europe, genetic studies

neg: Joshekan Joshekan Joshekan was a small province of Qajar dynasty Persia covering about . Under the Safavid dynasty, the region was called Meimeh, and the tax collector resided in the large village of Joshekan-Kali. Under the Qajar dynasty, the province of Joshekan was created as a fiefdom for Bahram Mirza Moezz-od-Dowleh Qajar. Upon his death in 1882 it passed to his son Ism'ail Mirza Moezz-od-Dowleh. It was later incorporated into Isfahan Province of modern Iran. Joshekan took its name from the village of Joshekan-Kali, once known for its wool production and carpet-making. The word "kali" from its name means carpet. Later,

neg: Germany–Iran relations Germany–Iran relations German–Iranian relations refer to bilateral relations between Germany and Iran. While official diplomatic relations between Iran and post-WW2 Germany began in 1952 when Iran opened its first diplomatic mission office in Bonn, the two countries have enjoyed diplomatic relations since the 19th century. Unofficial relations between the German Reich and Iran date to the early 19th century. Goethe's dedication of his "West-östlicher Divan" (West-Eastern Divan) to Hafez in 1819 is an illustration of how far back such cultural ties went. During the Qajar era, with the growing unpopularity of world powers in Persia such as Russia and Great

neg: Name of Iran "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably. However the issue is still debated today. The name "Irān" is first attested in the Avesta as "airyānąm" (the text of which is composed in Avestan, an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what are now Turkmenistan and Tajikistan). The Modern Persian word "Īrān" () derives immediately from Middle Persian "Ērān" (Pahlavi spelling: "ʼyrʼn"), first attested in an inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of the first Sassanid king Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rustam. In this inscription, the king's Middle Persian appellation is "ardašīr šāhān šāh ērān" while

neg: Society for the Progress of Iran Progress Party against the Democrat Party. Society for the Progress of Iran Society of the Supporters for Progress, Society for the Progress of Iran or Society of the Seekers of Advancement of Iran () or simply the Progressives, also known as the Liberals () was a political party in constitutional period Persia and was active during the 2nd term of the Majlis, 1909–1911. Progressives championed the development of the southern provinces of Persia and consisted of MPs representing the southerners. They promoted the building of hospitals, women's education and regarded Persian as "the official and scholarly" language of Iran. Its

neg: Society for the Progress of Iran Society for the Progress of Iran Society of the Supporters for Progress, Society for the Progress of Iran or Society of the Seekers of Advancement of Iran () or simply the Progressives, also known as the Liberals () was a political party in constitutional period Persia and was active during the 2nd term of the Majlis, 1909–1911. Progressives championed the development of the southern provinces of Persia and consisted of MPs representing the southerners. They promoted the building of hospitals, women's education and regarded Persian as "the official and scholarly" language of Iran. Its organ "Jonub" () was printed in

neg: Name of Iran this matter (in both English and Persian) in "Rahavard Quarterly", "Pars Monthly", "Iranian Studies Journal", etc. After him, a few Iranian scholars and researchers such as Prof. Kazem Abhary, and Prof. Jalal Matini followed the issue. Several times since then, Iranian magazines and Web sites have published articles from those who agree or disagree with usage of "Persia" and "Persian" in English. It is the case in many countries that the country's native name is different from its international name (see Exonym), but for Persians and Iranians this issue has been very controversial. Main points on this matter: There are

neg: Iran–Israel relations lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when Shalmaneser V conquered the (Northern) Kingdom of Israel (722 BC) and sent the Israelites into captivity at Khorasan. In 586 BC, the Babylonians expelled large populations of Jews from Judea to the Babylonian captivity. Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. The Jewish Bible's Ketuvim ends in Second Chronicles with the decree of Cyrus, which returned the exiles to the Promised Land from Babylon along with a commission to rebuild the temple. 'Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia:

neg: Christianity in Iran Assyrian Church of Mart Maryam (St. Mary) in northwestern Iran, for example, as the second-oldest church in Christendom after the Church of Bethlehem in the West Bank. A Chinese princess, who contributed to its reconstruction in 642 AD, has her name engraved on a stone on the church wall. The famous Italian traveller Marco Polo also described the church following his visit. The Arab Islamic conquest of Persia, in the 7th century, originally benefited Christians as they were a protected minority under Islam. However, from about the 10th century religious tension led to persecution once more. The influence of European

neg: Greater Iran of as being between Persia and the Indian subcontinent. However, this is a Greek pronunciation of the name Haroyum/Haraiva (Herat), which the Greeks called 'Aria'. A land listed separately from the homeland of the Aryans. While up until the end of the Parthian period in the 3rd century CE, the idea of "Irān" had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom in a political sense is a purely Sasanian one. It was the result of a convergence of interests between the new dynasty and the

neg: Persian name is considered by many the masterpiece of Persian literature. Approximately 10%-15% of all Persian names are from Shahnameh. A few examples are Abtin, Ardeshir, Armeen, Arzhang, Babak (Papak), Bijan, Bizhan, Bozorgmehr, Darab, Dariush (Darius), Esfandiar, Esfandyar, Javid, Faramarz, Farhad, Fariborz, Farshid, Farzad, and Yazdan. Prior to 1919, the people of Persia (Iran) did not use surnames. An act of the Vosough od-Dowleh government in 1919 introduced the use of surnames, and the practice expanded during the reign of Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941). Prior to that, a person was often distinguished from others by a combination of prefixes and suffixes attached

neg: Abortion in Iran texts to and from China, India, Greece, and Persia led to attempts to develop extensive lists of all medical practices, including abortion, and the practice is described in detail in texts from many different regions. One text, written by physician and jurist Hakim Esmail Jorjani (1042-1137 AD), gives instruction for the appropriate use of natural abortifacients, with the caveat that these instructions are meant only for "a very young mother who fears she may die...or when there is disease in the uterus". For a long time, abortion in Persia (and then Iran) was a legal gray area, which may explain

neg: CIA activities in Iran CIA activities in Iran There are many claims that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persia), from the 1953 Mosaddeq coup to present. The CIA collaborated with the last Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The 1979 hostage crisis at the American embassy in Tehran stemmed from the CIA and its past affairs with Iran. Its personnel have been involved in the Iran-Contra affair of the 1980s. More recently in 2007–08, the CIA claimed to be supporting the Sunni terrorist group Jundallah against Iran, but these claims were refuted

neg: Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18) Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18) The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603–18 consisted of two wars between Safavid Persia under Abbas I of Persia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed I. The first war began in 1603 and ended with a Safavid victory in 1612, when Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590. The second war began in 1615 and ended in 1618 with minor territorial adjustments. As a result of the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90) the Ottomans had gained swaths of the Safavid territories in the northwest

neg: Iran–Netherlands relations attractions. Iran–Netherlands relations Diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and Iran (Persia) have existed since the 17th century. However, the relationship changed significantly after the Iranian Revolution. Political relations between Persia and the Netherlands started under Shah Abbas I. In 1626, the first Persian ambassador to Holland, Mousa Beig () presented his credentials at the States-General of the Netherlands. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Persian and Dutch royal families made various state visits to each other's countries. The Netherlands has condemned Iran over its nuclear program. In 2011, the Dutch Foreign Minister announced the suspension of official relations between the

neg: Iran–Netherlands relations Iran–Netherlands relations Diplomatic relations between the Netherlands and Iran (Persia) have existed since the 17th century. However, the relationship changed significantly after the Iranian Revolution. Political relations between Persia and the Netherlands started under Shah Abbas I. In 1626, the first Persian ambassador to Holland, Mousa Beig () presented his credentials at the States-General of the Netherlands. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Persian and Dutch royal families made various state visits to each other's countries. The Netherlands has condemned Iran over its nuclear program. In 2011, the Dutch Foreign Minister announced the suspension of official relations between the Netherlands

neg: Silla one of Silla's royal tombs unearthed in Gyeongju. An exotic golden sword was found in Gyerim-ro, a street also located in Gyeongju. These are all relics that are presumed to be sent to Silla from ancient Iran or Persia through the Silk Road. It was only during the Goryeo Dynasty during King HyeonJong's reign when trade with Persia was officially recorded in Korean history. But in academic circles, it is presumed that both countries had active cultural exchanges during the 7th century Silla era which means the relationship between Korea and Iran began more than 1500 years ago."In a history

neg: France–Asia relations Iran, and Turkey, all regional rivals. Cultural links between France and Persia, although gradually developing through this period, suffered at times because of ruptures in diplomatic commercial relations. However, relations picked up intensely with the advent of Napoleon and the Qajar dynasty in Persia. Despite the hostility of Russian Empress Catherine the Great towards both neighbouring rival Persia and the French Revolution, the ascendancy of the new monarchy in Persia represented by the Qajar dynasty did not at once led to closer relations between the two, except for the scientific mission of the physicians Jean-Guillaume Bruguières and Guillaume-Antoine Olivier. However,

neg: Suleiman of Persia Suleiman of Persia Sam Mirza (), later known by his first dynastic name of Safi II (), and thereafter known by his more famous second dynastic name of Suleiman I (), was the eighth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1 November 1666 to 29 July 1694. Sam Mirza was born in February 1648 (or March); he was the elder son of the previous shah Abbas II and Circassian slave Nakihat Khanum. Sam Mirza had a younger brother named Hamza Mirza, as well as two other brothers named Ismail Mirza and Mirza Ali Naqi. He also had two unnamed

neg: 8th Infantry Division (India) Infantry Brigade arrived in Iraq on 26 July. The British, having secured first the Iraqi oilfields and then Syria, now focused their concern on Persia (now Iran) where it had been estimated there were some 3,000 German nationals working as technicians, commercial agents and advisors. The division first saw shots fired in anger during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in August 1941 when 24th Brigade made a night-time amphibious assault across the Shatt al Arab to capture the oil refinery at Abadan in South Persia. Meanwhile, 18th Brigade had crossed into Persia between Basra and Abadan to take Khorramshahr and

neg: Khorasan Province Iranian province of Khorasan were formally defined in the late nineteenth century and the province was divided into three separate administrative divisions in 2004. The name "Khorāsān" (lit. "sunrise"; "East"; or "land of the rising sun") was originally given to the eastern province of Persia during the Sassanian period. The old Iranian province of Khorasan roughly formed the western half of the historical Greater Khorasan, a region which included parts that are today in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Some of the main historical cities of Persia are located in the older Khorasan: Nishapur and Tus (now in Iran);

neg: Pahlavi dynasty "Persia" was a term used by Western peoples for the country called "Iran" in Persian. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably. Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with the UK and the Soviet Union. Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies because of dissatisfaction during the Qajar Dynasty between Persia, the UK, and the Soviets. Although the UK, through its ownership of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Rezā Shāh

neg: Samuel M. Jordan Samuel M. Jordan Dr. Samuel Martin Jordan (1871 – 1952) was an American presbyterian missionary in Persia (Iran). He is sometimes referred to as the "father of modern education in Iran". After graduating first from Lafayette College and then from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1898, he moved to Tehran and spent 43 years as a missionary in Iran. Under his direction, the establishment that later took the name of Alborz High School was upgraded to the "American College of Tehran" and received a permanent charter from the Board of Regents of the State University of New York in 1932.

neg: History of democracy in classical Iran that we do away with monarchy, and raise the people to power. For the people are all in all." Otanes seems to find democracy inherently more equitable: "the rule of many has first a name attaching to it which is the fairest of all names, that is to say 'Equality.'" Popular government ensures moderate rule, he suggests. The book "The Archaic Smile of Herodotus" notes that "in arguing that democracy will be good for Persia, Otanes contradicts himself, for he proposes to change the traditional form of government. This violation of ancient custom is just the practice of which he

neg: Alfil (chess) to Persia from India, the Sanskrit name was translated to "pil", and when chess came to the Muslims from Persia, the move had not changed, and the only changes to the name were made to suit Arabic phonology. The name thus became "fil" and then "alfil" (prefixing the Arabic definite article, "al"). The names sometimes changed even more when chess eventually reached Europe, but eventually started to refer to the modern bishop rather than the alfil. Although "alfil" is still the name of the bishop in Spanish and some other European languages, its former name "alfil" began to be used

neg: Farah Citadel very long either: in 128 BC, the country was taken over by the Sacae. This is the usual name for the nomad tribes of Central Asia. They had always been kept away from Iran, but had ravaged the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom three or two years before. Drangiana became known as Sacastane, a word that has changed into Sistan, its modern name. The citadel was a minor way-station on the Silk Road network between Persia and India, between which traveled textiles, spices, and treasures. In the 1980s, the Mujahadeen used it as an arms depot. Its expansive interior remains littered with unexploded

neg: Damghan Iran, built as a fire temple during the Sassanid dynasty it was converted into a mosque after the advent of Islam. There are also many other historical buildings belonging to Seljuks and other periods. Apart from its historical interest, the city today is mainly known for pistachios and paper almonds (kaghazi) with very thin shells. The name Damghan comes from "Deh" and "Moghan". "Deh" means village and "Moghan" means Magi. This name was given by Zoroastrians, who included such people as King Cyrus and Darius of ancient Persia. Historiographers ascribe the construction of Damghan to Hooshang, Keyumars' great grandson and

neg: Chariton seen as a deliberate change allowing Chariton "to resurrect her for adventures abroad". Chariton's Artaxerxes represents Artaxerxes II of Persia. Since Hermocrates died in 407 BC and Artaxerxes did not come to the throne until 404 BC, Chariton is anachronistic in having Hermocrates alive during Artaxerxes' reign. The hero Chaereas is not a historical figure, although his name recalls Chabrias, an Athenian general who fought in an Egyptian revolt against Persia in about 360 BC. His capture of Tyre may be based on that by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. Despite the liberties Chariton took with historical fact, he

neg: Abbas I of Persia the Georgian queen Ketevan, who had been sent to the Shah as a negotiator, tortured to death when she refused to renounce Christianity, in an act of revenge for the recalcitrance of Teimuraz. Kakheti lost two-thirds of its population in these years as a result of Abbas' punitive campaign either through deportation to Iran or to a lesser extent being killed. Teimuraz did return to eastern Georgia in 1615 where he defeated a Safavid force. However this was just a brief setback for Abbas as he made plans so that such a revolt could not happen again. Abbas was eventually

neg: Georgia–Persia relations religious factor did not seem to determine state relations, yet the Shah’s court ascribed serious meaning to the valee of Kartli professing Islam. By such policy towards Eastern Georgia, Iran clearly confronted Russian and Ottoman operations in the country. To keep Eastern Georgia loyal and its king a Muslim, the shah made many concessions to the valee of “Gurjistan” – adding to his titles, raising his “salary”, and granting him villages in Iran. In 1703, Vakhtang VI became the ruler of the kingdom of Kartli. In 1716, he adopted Islam and the shah confirmed him as King of Kartli. However,

neg: Anshan (Persia) a survey in 1968. The dig continued for several seasons until 1978, when the Iranian Revolution intervened. Most recently, Tal-i Malyan was excavated by Kamyar Abdi in 1999. A further 6 week dig was conducted in 2004 by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran and Dartmouth College. Anshan (Persia) Anshan ( "Anzan"), modern Tall-i Malyan (), was an ancient city. The site is located 46 km north of Shiraz, in the Beyza/Ramjerd plain, in the province of Fars in the Zagros Mountains, south-western Iran. It was one of the early capitals of Elam from the late 4th millennium BC. Later,

neg: Arthur de Gobineau Persians and argued that the wrong side had won the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC because the Athenian victory ensured the survival of democracy while a Persian victory would have snuffed out the flames of democracy at its very beginning. Gobineau classified the Sasanians as a "Semitic" dynasty, and declared that Aryan Persia ended when Ardashir I took the Peacock Throne. It was at this point Gobineau ended his history of Persia as he wrote: "I stop at the point when a close kinship between us and the dominators of Iran ceased to exist". In 1864, Gobineau became the