query: when was the cross first used in christianity

pos: Christian cross Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a "nomen sacrum" (nomina sacra). The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century. However, the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century, as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the "Octavius" of Minucius Felix, chapters IX and XXIX, written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next, and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria, who died between

pos: Grapevine cross Grapevine cross The grapevine cross (Georgian: ჯვარი ვაზისა, "Jvari Vazisa"), also known as the Georgian cross or Saint Nino's cross, is a major symbol of the Georgian Orthodox Church and dates from the 4th century AD, when Christianity became the official religion in the kingdom of Iberia (Kartli). It is recognisable by the slight drooping of its horizontal arms. Traditional accounts credit Saint Nino, a Cappadocian woman who preached Christianity in Iberia (corresponding to modern eastern Georgia) early in the 4th century, with this unusual shape of cross. The legend has it that she received the grapevine cross from the

pos: Grapevine cross tsar Alexander I, who returned it to Georgia in 1802 on the occasion of Georgia's incorporation within the Russian Empire. Since then, the cross has been preserved in the Sioni Cathedral in Tbilisi, Georgia. Grapevine cross The grapevine cross (Georgian: ჯვარი ვაზისა, "Jvari Vazisa"), also known as the Georgian cross or Saint Nino's cross, is a major symbol of the Georgian Orthodox Church and dates from the 4th century AD, when Christianity became the official religion in the kingdom of Iberia (Kartli). It is recognisable by the slight drooping of its horizontal arms. Traditional accounts credit Saint Nino, a Cappadocian

neg: Cross of Lorraine Hungary was raised in the Byzantine Empire in the 12th century, and it was during his rule when the double cross became a symbol of Hungary. Also the 'dual cross' is the consonant 'gy' in ancient Hungarian runic writing which reads "egy" (one) when it stands alone mostly, if not always, with "God" meaning. A golden double cross with equal bars, known as the Cross of Jagiellons, was used by Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Jogaila since his conversion to Christianity in 1386, as a personal insignia and was introduced in the Coat of Arms of Lithuania.

neg: Flag of Iceland the flag. The blue areas are right angled rectangles, the rectilinear surfaces are parallel and the outer rectilinear surfaces as wide as them, but twice the length. The dimensions between the width and length are 18:25. Iceland's first national flag was a white cross on a deep blue background. It was first shown in parade in 1897. The modern flag dates from 1915, when a red cross was inserted into the white cross of the original flag. This cross represents Christianity. It was adopted and became the national flag when Iceland gained independence from Denmark in 1918. For the Icelandic

neg: Blessing cross Blessing cross A blessing cross is a hand cross held by a priest or bishop in Eastern Christianity when he gives a benediction. It is often made of precious metal and may be adorned with enamelwork, and precious or semi-precious gemstones. The cross may also have other icons on it, such as the Theotokos (Mother of God), John the Baptist, the Four Evangelists or Prophets. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, the hand cross is kept on the Holy Table (altar) and used at certain moments during the liturgy, most noticeably

neg: Christianity symbols. The cross, today one of the most widely recognized symbols, was used by Christians from the earliest times. Tertullian, in his book "De Corona", tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace the sign of the cross on their foreheads. Although the cross was known to the early Christians, the crucifix did not appear in use until the 5th century. Among the earliest Christian symbols, that of the fish or Ichthys seems to have ranked first in importance, as seen on monumental sources such as tombs from the first decades of the 2nd century. Its popularity

neg: Flag of the East India Company was viewed as a symbol of Christianity, which the Japanese had banned in 1614. The Lê dynasty in Tonkin banned the Company from using the flag, believing the cross on it to be an endorsement of Christianity, promotion of which the Tonkinese had prohibited. The Company's trading rivals, the Dutch East India Company, argued on the Company's behalf that the cross was a symbol of the English nation and not of Christianity, but the Tonkinese insisted on banning the flying of the flag unless the cross was removed. In 1673, when the Company attempted to restart trade with Japan, they

neg: Sun cross German and used in the 1955 translation of Rudolf Koch's "Book of Signs" ("The Sun-Cross or Cross of Wotan", p. 94). The German term was used in 19th-century scholarly literature of any cross symbol interpreted as a solar symbol, an equilateral cross either with or without a circle, or an oblique cross (Saint Andrew's cross). was used of the flag design of the Paneuropean Union in the 1920s. In the 1930s, a version of the symbol with broken arms (resembling a swastika) was popular as a link between Christianity and Germanic paganism in the German Faith Movement. Popular legend in

neg: Five Holy Wounds wounds on his coat of arms as king of Portugal. The Cross of Jerusalem, or "Crusaders’ Cross", remembers the Five wounds through its five crosses. The Holy Wounds have been used as a symbol of Christianity. Participants in the Crusades would often wear the Jerusalem cross, an emblem representing the Holy Wounds; a version is still in use today in the flag of Georgia. The "Five Wounds" was the emblem of the "Pilgrimage of Grace", a northern English rebellion in response to Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. When consecrating an altar a number of Christian churches anoint it in

neg: Holy water in Eastern Christianity very similar to the one used at Theophany, but when he immerses the hand cross into the water three times, instead of singing the troparion of Theophany, he sings the troparion of the Cross: Save, O Lord, Thy people and bless Thine inheritance, granting unto the faithful victory over enemies. And by the power of Thy Cross, do Thou preserve Thy commonwealth.The Lesser Blessing of Waters may be performed according to need. It is specifically called for on August 1 (the feast of the Procession of the Cross); on Bright Friday (Friday in Easter Week) which is the feast of

neg: Knight of the Golden Spur (Hungary) of Inchofer, saying that the order was founded by Saint Stephen, and the order could be originated from the cross that was sent to the king by the pope. The king was also entitled to carry this cross before him in the processions. The king was also considered the Apostle of Hungary, because his determined activities in propagation of Christianity. However, the first chivalry orders were created only during the 12th century, so Hélyot thought that the institution of Cross-Bearers was established, when Pope Sylvester II sent the crown and the cross to the king in 1000. They might be

neg: Liudhard medalet so that it could be worn as jewellery, and has an inscription on the obverse or front surrounding a robed figure. The inscription refers to Liudhard, a bishop who accompanied Bertha to England when she married Æthelberht the king of Kent. The reverse side of the coin has a double-barred cross, or patriarchal cross, with more lettering. The coin was probably struck at Canterbury in the late 6th century, most likely between 578 and 589. Although it could have been used as a coin, it was more likely made as a medallion to proclaim the wearer's conversion to Christianity. The

neg: All of Creation (song) the foundation of what we believe in. The whole idea that Christ was born of a virgin, he died on the cross, he rose again. Just the basic principles of Christianity". He also commented that "the song kind of takes us there, I say 'kind of' because the first line used to be talking about until a child was born, but it was instantly a Christmas song... but it does, the first verse goes through talking about how we were completely separated until the cross, basically." Regarding the chorus of the song, Millard said "the whole idea of the chorus

neg: Nordic Cross flag Christianity, and the characteristic shift of the center to the hoist side is early modern, first described the Danish civil ensign ("Koffardiflaget") for merchant ships in a regulation of 11 June 1748, which specified the shift of the cross center towards the hoist as "the two first fields must be square in form and the two outer fields must be lengths of those". The Danish design was adopted for the flags of Norway (civil ensign 1821) and Sweden (1906), both derived from a common ensign used during the Union between Sweden and Norway 1818–1844, as well as Iceland (1915) and

neg: Growth of religion approximately 2.7 million converting to Christianity annually from another religion, "World Christian Encyclopedia" also cited that Christianity rank at first place in net gains through religious conversion. On the other hand, demographer Conrad Hackett of Pew Research Center stated that the World Christian Encyclopedia gives a higher estimate for percent Christian when compared to other cross-national data sets"". It's been reported also that increasing numbers of young people are becoming Christians in several countries. It's been also reported that conversion into Christianity is significantly increasing among Korean, Chinese, and Japanese in the United States. By 2012 percentage of Christians on

neg: Manal Matha Shrine miraculous powers of St.Thomas. St.Thomas preached Christianity to the King and his followers and they soon started following Christianity. St.Thomas renamed the King as "Sabor". As a mark of respect, the King donated 3 cents of land to St.Thomas to build a church for Mother Mary. As per tradition in those days, St.Thomas built the church with palm leaves. This piece of land was the first in India to be donated to Christianity. In this church, St.Thomas embibed a holy cross made of wood and instructed the people to pray the cross. St.Thomas marked the letters INRI on the top

neg: Ringed cross Glanfeuil Abbey. E.g., in Saha cemetery around the chapel in North Estonia. Old Coptic crosses often incorporate a circle, as in the form called a "Coptic cross" by Rudolf Koch in his The Book of Signs (1933). Sometimes the arms of the cross extend through the circle (dividing it into four quadrants), as in the "Celtic cross". The circle cross was also used by the early Gnostic sects. Ringed cross The ringed cross is a class of Christian cross symbols featuring a ring or nimbus. The concept exists in many variants and dates to early in the history of Christianity.

neg: Holy water in Eastern Christianity the Theotokos of the "Life-giving Spring"; and on the Feast of Mid-Pentecost, when all of the fields are blessed. There is also a tradition of blessing Holy Water on the first day of each month. Though there is no special blessing said over it, the water used for the Washing of Feet on Maundy Thursday could be considered a form of holy water, in that the Bishop or Hegumen will bless the faithful with it at the end of the ceremony. Among the Coptics, this water "is" blessed with the cross before the Washing of Feet. The Coptics also sprinkle

neg: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement other places. In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the "Greek Red Cross" (now Hellenic Red Cross); that term is also used in United States law to describe the Red Cross. The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag, whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not. The Red Cross flag is the colour-switched version of the Flag of Switzerland. In 1906, to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was

neg: Ringed cross Ringed cross The ringed cross is a class of Christian cross symbols featuring a ring or nimbus. The concept exists in many variants and dates to early in the history of Christianity. One variant, the cruciform halo, is a special type of halo placed behind the head of Jesus in Christian art. Other common variants include the Celtic cross, used in the stone high crosses of Ireland and Britain; some forms of the Coptic cross; and ringed crosses from western France and Galicia. The nimbus or ringed shape was appended to the Christian cross and other symbols relatively early. In

neg: Christianity in Sri Lanka Christianity in Sri Lanka Christianity is a minority religion in Sri Lanka. Christianity was introduced to the island in first century, probably in AD 72. Traditionally, after Thomas the Apostle's visit in Kerala in AD 52, Christianity is said to have been introduced via India because of its close geographical and commercial ties. According to Christian traditions, the apostle Thomas preached the Gospel in Sri Lanka Records suggest that St. Thomas Christians and Nestorian Christians lived in Sri Lanka. Anuradhapura cross is one of the archaeological claims that suggest Christianity in Sri Lanka before Portuguese. Roman Catholicism was introduced by

neg: Idolatry did not abandon all icons and symbols of Christianity. They typically avoid the use of images, except the cross, in any context suggestive of veneration. The cross remained their central icon. Technically both major branches of Christianity have had their icons, states Carlos Eire, a professor of religious studies and history, but its meaning has been different to each and "one man's devotion was another man's idolatry". This was particularly true not only in the intra-Christian debate, states Eire, but also when soldiers of Catholic kings replaced "horrible Aztec idols" in the American colonies with "beautiful crosses and images of

neg: Cross hieroglyph "two crossed sticks" (Gardiner Z9). According to W. E. Vine's "Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words", worshippers of Tammuz in Chaldea and thereabouts used the cross as symbol of that god. The shape of the cross ("crux", "stauros" "stake, gibbet"), as represented by the letter T, came to be used as a "seal" or symbol of Early Christianity by the 2nd century. Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century calls it ("the Lord's sign") he repeats the idea, current as early as the Epistle of Barnabas, that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in Genesis 14:14 was

neg: History of Christian flags Celtic Cross. The Church of Ireland use the St Patrick's Saltire but also use the Compass-rose Flag of the Anglican Communion equally. The Evangelical Church in Germany, a federation of Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant churches, has a flag with a violet Latin cross. Additionally, many Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox churches maintain the use of the Labarum, a historical symbol of Christianity, which is rarely used as a flag at present. In the beginnings of ecumenical movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Christian Flag was first conceived on September 26, 1897, at Brighton Chapel on Coney

neg: Gothic Christianity which were Christian. This is assumed to represent the first lasting contact of the Goths with Christianity. The conversion of the Goths to Christianity was a relatively swift process, facilitated on the one hand by the assimilation of Christian captives into Gothic society and on the other by a general equation of participation in Roman society with adherence to Christianity. Within a few generations of their appearance on the borders of the Empire in 238 AD, the conversion of the Goths to Christianity was nearly all-inclusive. The Christian cross appeared on coins in Gothic Crimea shortly after the Edict of

neg: Christian cross are commonly used to symbolize the LDS faith. Christian cross The Christian cross, seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus, is the best-known symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix (a cross that includes a "corpus", usually a three-dimensional representation of Jesus' body) and to the more general family of cross symbols, the term "cross" itself being detached from the original specifically Christian meaning in modern English (as in many other western languages). The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross with unequal arms (✝) and the Greek cross (✚) with

neg: Christian cross variants Christian cross variants This is a list of Christian cross variants. The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a crucifix and the figure is often referred to as the corpus (Latin for "body"). The term Greek cross designates a cross with arms of equal length, as in a plus sign, while the term Latin cross designates a cross with an elongated descending arm. Numerous other variants have been developed during the medieval period. Christian crosses are used

neg: Christianity in Jamaica Christianity in Jamaica Christianity was introduced by Spanish settlers who arrived in Jamaica in 1509. Thus, Roman Catholicism was the first Christian denomination to be established. Protestant missions were very active, especially the Baptists, and played a key role in the abolition of slavery. Anglicanism was introduced by the British in 1664. The first church was built on the spot of the Spanish Church of the Red Cross in Spanish Town, and is the oldest Anglican cathedral outside of the British Isles and the oldest place of continuous worship in the western hemisphere. By the early nineteenth century, abolitionism had

neg: Blessing cross for a majority of the service. In some traditions, the priest will have the blessing cross with him all the time, even when he is outside the church. In Ethiopia, blessing crosses are often made out of brass. Blessing cross A blessing cross is a hand cross held by a priest or bishop in Eastern Christianity when he gives a benediction. It is often made of precious metal and may be adorned with enamelwork, and precious or semi-precious gemstones. The cross may also have other icons on it, such as the Theotokos (Mother of God), John the Baptist, the Four

neg: Serra Cross Mission San Buenaventura. The second cross collapsed in a windstorm on November 2, 1875. An article published four days later in the "Ventura Free Press" noted: "Fallen--the wooden cross, which stood on the summit of the hill back of town, after having stood the storms of a decade, succumbed to the elements on Tuesday night and fell. A cross placed on the same spot when the Mission was founded, and the emblem of Christianity has always been replaced whenever it fell." For more than 35 years after Father John Campala's cross collapsed, no cross was erected at the site. After

neg: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing "Proof of Power": How can miracles continue to be used as a base for Christianity when we have no proof of miracles? Historical truths which are in doubt cannot be used to prove metaphysical truths (such as God's existence). As Lessing says it: "That, then, is the ugly great ditch which I cannot cross, however often and however earnestly I have tried to make that leap." In the final leg of his life, Lessing threw himself into an intense evaluation of theology and religion. He did much of his studying by reading manuscripts he found while working as a librarian.

neg: Hana Catherine Mullens in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the London Missionary Society. Hana learnt Bengali from the servants at home and at the age of 12 started teaching Bengali in a newly established school in Calcutta (now, Kolkata). In 1845, she was married to Joseph Mullens, who was also engaged in preaching Christianity in India. It was a period when Sanskrit was used for literary purposes and Bengali was only a language of conversation. Her first Bengali book "Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran" was written for native Christian women in 1852. The objective was to preach Christianity. This book was published

neg: Calumpit is celebrated as the town fiesta. Inside the church is a tunnel that, as legend would have it, was used by priests during the Spanish era as an escape route in the event of Chinese and Moro pirate attacks. It is a declared Diocesean Shrine of the Diocese of Malolos. The Meyto Shrine marks the cradle of Christianity in western Bulacan, where a wooden cross was first planted and first mass in the region was said in May 1572. The shrine, located in the western part of town, is also the site of the original church of Calumpit, predating the

neg: Reculver by April 1867. In 2000 the surviving fragments of an early medieval cross that once stood inside the old church were used to design a Millennium Cross to commemorate two thousand years of Christianity. This stands at the entrance to the car park and was commissioned by Canterbury City Council. During the Second World War, the coastline east of the village was used to test prototypes of Barnes Wallis's bouncing bomb. This area was chosen for its seclusion, while the clear landmark of the church towers and the ease of recovering prototypes from the shallow water were probably also factors.

neg: Macedonian Cross Macedonian Cross The Macedonian Cross (, "Makedonski krst"), also known as Veljusa Cross (, "Veljuški krst"; or Cross from Veljusa (, "Krstot od Veljusa")), is a variation of the Christian cross which is mainly connected with the Christianity in Macedonia. The cross is a symbol of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. The cross can be found on many churches in Macedonia, it is displayed on the coat of arms of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, and the cross is the main element of the "Holy Macedonian Cross Table Medal" of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. The cross was first displayed in the "Holy

neg: Non-material culture that society. There can be symbols that cross cultural boundaries. For example, a cross is a universal symbol of Christianity, and is so universally known due to the prevalence of Christianity in different cultures. Though the first stop sign first appeared in Michigan in the United States, the physical attributes are so well known in many different cultures due to its use in so many different countries. Some symbols meaning only to a particular cultures. In American culture, a white picket fence is a widely recognized symbol for a successful and happy suburban life. The culture that an individual is

neg: Christian symbolism origins are not clear. The Celtic cross has nevertheless been repeated in statuary, as a dominant feature of the anthropogenic Irish landscape, for at least 5,000 years. The Celtic cross and the Christian cross are similar enough in shape, that the former was easily adopted by Irish Catholic culture, following the Christianization of Ireland. The Celtic cross is accurately described as an ancient symbol of cultural significance in pre-Christian, Druidic Ireland. It also is used as a symbolic icon of the interpretation of Christianity, unique to Irish culture in that pre-Christian Celtic tradition and Irish Druidic iconography are hybridized with

neg: Cross of Saint Peter was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner that Jesus died. As such, some Catholics use this cross as a symbol of humility and unworthiness in comparison to Jesus. According to Roman Catholicism, the pope is Peter's successor as Bishop of Rome. Therefore, the Papacy is often represented by symbols that are also used to represent Peter, one example being the Keys of Heaven and another the "Petrine Cross". By inverting the primary symbol of Christianity, the upside-down cross has become popular within anti-religion groups and has appeared in films such as "The Amityville Horror", "The Masque of the

neg: Christianity and violence by the Inquisition for eliciting confessions from heretics. By 1256, inquisitors were given absolution if they used instruments of torture. "The overwhelming majority of sentences seem to have consisted of penances like wearing a cross sewn on one's clothes, going on pilgrimage, etc." When a suspect was convicted of unrepentant heresy, the inquisitorial tribunal was required by law to hand the person over to the secular authorities for final sentencing, at which point a magistrate would determine the penalty, which was usually burning at the stake although the penalty varied based on local law. The laws were inclusive of proscriptions

neg: Consecrations in Eastern Christianity front of each place where the house was anointed. As he anoints each wall in the Sign of the Cross, the priest says, "This house is blessed through the anointing with this Holy Oil, in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." Among the imagery used in the service is the salvation which came to the house of Zaccheus when Jesus visited it (). There are a number of other blessings which take place in the home, such as the annual blessing at Theophany, and the slava which is celebrated on the

neg: Uppland Runic Inscription 873 stone is a memorial raised by Þingfastr to his father Holmgeirr, who is described as being the husband of Inga. By referring to her in this manner, the text is probably indicating that she was also deceased when the stone was raised. Consistent with the cross on the stone identifying it as a Christian memorial, the text includes a prayer for Holmgeirr's "sál", or soul, a word which was not used in Old Norse until after the introduction of Christianity. Uppland Runic Inscription 873 Runic inscription U 873 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age memorial runestone that

neg: Baptism in early Christianity Creed, longer than the text adopted by the First Council of Nicaea of 325, and known also as the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed because of its adoption in that form by the First Council of Constantinople in 381, was probably the baptismal creed then in use in Constantinople, the venue of the 381 Council. Scholars "generally agree that the early church baptized by immersion", but sometimes used other forms. Howard Marshall says that immersion was the general rule, but affusion and even sprinkling were also practised, His presentation of this view has been described by Porter and Cross as "a compelling argument".

neg: Flag of Sweden Flag of Sweden The flag of Sweden () consists of a yellow or gold Nordic Cross (i.e. an asymmetrical horizontal cross, with the crossbar closer to the hoist than the fly, with the cross extending to the edge of the flag) on a field of blue. The Nordic Cross design traditionally represents Christianity. The design and colors of the Swedish flag are believed to have been inspired by the present coat of arms of Sweden of 1442, which is blue divided quarterly by a cross pattée of gold, and modeled on the Danish flag. Blue and yellow have been used

neg: World War I memorials were criticised for their blending of Christian and non-Christian design, while the London Cenotaph was critiqued by the "Catholic Herald" as being "insulting to Christianity". Some Christian symbols were redesigned in the simplified classical style, however, including the Cross of Sacrifice. This cross, in a classical style and featuring a white cross and an inverted bronze sword, was designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield for the War Graves Commission, widely used in Commonwealth countries. The design was criticised by some who felt that it excluded other faiths from the memorial site, but nonetheless, over a 1,000 of these crosses were ultimately

neg: Sign of the cross Christianity. The five open fingers are often said to represent the Five Wounds of Christ. This symbolism was adopted after the more ancient gesture of two or three fingers was simplified. Though this is the most common method of crossing by Western Christians, other forms are sometimes used. The West also employs the "Small Sign of the Cross" (+). The primary use for this is immediately before the reading of The Gospel during the Mass. Using the right thumb, a small cross is traced over the forehead, lips, and heart of the individual while whispering or silently praying the words

neg: Bayamón, Puerto Rico of Bayamón. The sugarcane flowers (guajanas) allude directly to the sugarcane industry that is of social and economic importance to the origin and development of Bayamón. The five-tower crown, which is used for cities, was assigned to Bayamón as an exception for its extraordinary urban development, the magnitude of its population and for its religious dignity, which will possibly be raised to become Episcopal seat. The motto "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES" makes reference to Emperor Constantine when in the 4th century had the vision in which the victory was promised to him if it accepted the Cross of Christianity as

neg: Christian symbolism sects, as well as some modern denominations, preferred to some extent not to use figures in their symbols, by invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry. The shape of the cross, as represented by the letter T, came to be used as a "seal" or symbol of Early Christianity by the 2nd century. At the end of the 2nd century, it is mentioned in the "Octavius" of Minucius Felix, rejecting the claim by detractors that Christians worship the cross. The cross (crucifix, Greek "stauros") in this period was represented by the letter T. Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century

neg: Myrhorod Kiev Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Myrhorod was first mentioned in chronicles in 1575 when Stephen Bathory, King of Poland made it a "regiment city". According to some historians, there was an earlier mentioning of the city in 1530, when the city coat of arms were established - yellow cross over an eight-pointed star, which signifies the victory of Christianity over Islam. Myrhorod was a royal city of Poland. Myrhorod was the regimental base of the Myrhorod Cossacks who were very active in several Ukrainian Cossack uprisings, particularly during the

neg: The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross: A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity Within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East is a 1970 book about the linguistics of early Christianity and fertility cults in the Ancient Near East. It was written by John Marco Allegro (1923–1988). The book relates the development of language to the development of myths, religions, and cultic practices in world cultures. Allegro argues, through etymology, that the roots of Christianity, and many other religions, lay in fertility cults, and that cult practices, such as ingesting visionary

neg: Kingdom of Aksum its neighbors. Many of the coins are used as signposts about what was happening when they were minted. An example being the addition of the cross to the coin after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. The presence of coins also simplified trade, and was at once a useful instrument of propaganda and a source of profit to the empire. In general, elite Aksumite buildings such as palaces were constructed atop podia built of loose stones held together with mud-mortar, with carefully cut granite corner blocks which rebated back a few centimeters at regular intervals as the wall got

neg: Ministers and elders of the Church of Scotland in the higher courts, including Moderator of the Assembly. When a congregation is unable to form a Kirk Session, for example when a new congregation is first founded, so-called "assessor elders", from neighbouring Kirk Sessions, may be appointed by the Presbytery. Ministers and elders of the Church of Scotland A Church of Scotland congregation is led by its minister and elders. Both of these terms are also used in other Christian denominations: see Minister (Christianity) and Elder (Christianity). This article discusses the specific understanding of their roles and functions in the Scottish Church. The Greek term , used in the

neg: Cross (crown) Cross (crown) A cross is the decoration located at the highest level of a crown on top of the "monde". Its usage traditionally symbolised the Christian nature of the monarchy of that country, though not all crowns even in monarchies associated with Christianity used a cross as its top decoration, with some French crowns using other national symbols. While many early crowns were uncovered circlets (and some European crowns continue to have this form (see e.g. the Danish crown), from the late Middle Ages onward it became traditional to enclose the crown in a head-covering or cap, in part due

neg: Flag of Finland Flag of Finland The flag of Finland (, ), also called "siniristilippu" ("Blue Cross Flag"), dates from the beginning of the 20th century. On a white background, it features a blue Nordic cross, which represents Christianity. The state flag has a coat of arms in the centre, but is otherwise identical to the civil flag. The swallow-tailed state flag is used by the military. The presidential standard is identical to the swallow-tailed state flag but also has in its upper left corner the Cross of Liberty after the Order of the Cross of Liberty, which has the President of Finland

neg: Nine (Southern Cross Austereo) first networked logo produced and used across its regional stations was in 2002, featuring the word "Southern Cross" below Network Ten's logo. This logo was used across the network until 2005, when a new logo was introduced featuring a blue and yellow star with the word "Ten" added beside "Southern Cross". This logo has been used since, and was launched concurrently with similarly designed logos on Southern Cross' Seven-affiliated stations and across Southern Cross Broadcasting's other assets. Once Southern Cross switched affiliation to Nine, the channel started using generic Nine branding. Nine (Southern Cross Austereo) Nine Regional is an Australian

neg: Contemplation or reasoned understanding of theory (see Gnosis). Whereas with rational thought one uses logic to understand, one does the opposite with God (see also Apophatic theology). Within Western Christianity contemplation is often related to mysticism as expressed in the works of mystical theologians such as Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross as well as the writings of Margery Kempe, Augustine Baker and Thomas Merton. Dom Cuthbert Butler notes that contemplation was the term used in the Latin Church to refer to mysticism, and "'mysticism' is a quite modern word". In Christianity, contemplation refers to a content-free mind directed

neg: Christian cross David Williams, writing of medieval images of monsters, says: "The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross, which, before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation, was a pagan symbol of fertility." The study, "Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain" states: "Before the fourth century CE, the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of Christianity, symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal." This reaction in the Anglican and other Reformed Churches was shortlived and the cross became ubiquitous in these Christian traditions. Jehovah's Witnesses do not use the symbol of the

neg: Russian traditions and superstitions world but the “other world.” In Christianity, the white clothing worn by the corpse represents the pure life the deceased promised to live when he or she was baptized. The body must wear a belt during its burial because the deceased will need it when he or she is resurrected during the Last Judgment. Belts are significant in both Christian and folk rituals. Christians value them babies receive them, along with a cross, at their christening. Thus, it symbolizes a person’s commitment to Christianity. In folk tradition, belts mark out an individual’s private space and prove that he or she

neg: Lift High the Cross Lift High the Cross "Lift High the Cross" is a 19th-century English Christian hymn. It was written in 1887 by George Kitchin and revised in 1916 by Michael R. Newbolt. Kitchin wrote "Lift High the Cross" in 1887, while he was the Church of England Dean of Winchester, for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. It has been suggested that the hymn was inspired by the story of Constantine the Great's conversion to Christianity after seeing a cross with "In hoc signo vinces" on it. It was intended as a festival hymn and was first performed in Winchester

neg: Constantine's Sword Paul IV, Pius IX, Pius XII, John XXIII, and John Paul II. The book's title refers to Constantine's transformation of the cross, which Carroll points out, was not a symbol used by Christians in the first three centuries of the Church's existence, into a symbolic sword infusing a spirit of violent intolerance into the development of Christianity. A documentary film based on the book was shown at film festivals in August 2007. Although exploring the same themes as the book, the documentary also focuses on events which occurred subsequent to the book's publication, especially the controversy surrounding evangelical proselytizing at

neg: Cuernavaca Cathedral show the triumph of Christianity over native beliefs. The cross proper is made of a single piece of sandstone. The atrium also contains a monument to the memory of “certain Spaniards who were murdered.” On the west side of the complex, on the south side of both the Cathedral itself and its attached cloister is the open chapel. This was one of the very first constructions of the Spanish built after Hernán Cortés choose Cuernavaca as a seat over his dominions. The chapel was originally bigger than what remains today. The open chapel here was used not only for Mass,

neg: Iron Cross occasions from the 13th century. The Prussian Army black cross pattée was also used as the symbol of the succeeding German Army from 1871 to March/April 1918, when it was replaced by the "Balkenkreuz". In 1956, it was re-introduced as the symbol of the ", the modern German armed forces. The Black Cross (") is the emblem used by the Prussian Army, and by the army of Germany from 1871 to present. It was designed on the occasion of the German Campaign of 1813, when Frederick William III commissioned the Iron Cross as the first military decoration open to all

neg: Rosicrucianism Freemasonry, based on earlier conjectures (1784) by a Rosicrucian scholar Baron de Westerode and also promulgated by the 18th century secret society called the "Golden and Rosy Cross", the Rosicrucian Order was created in the year 46 when an Alexandrian Gnostic sage named Ormus and his six followers were converted by one of Jesus' disciples, Mark. Their symbol was said to be a red cross surmounted by a rose, thus the designation of Rosy Cross. From this conversion, Rosicrucianism was supposedly born, by purifying Egyptian mysteries with the new higher teachings of early Christianity. According to Maurice Magre (1877–1941) in

neg: Crossed fingers known for vitiating oaths. Wishing for luck is gestured by pressing thumbs. The same gesture is used in many Slavic countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Bulgaria and ex-Yugoslav republics. Crossed fingers To cross one's fingers is a hand gesture commonly used to wish for luck. Occasionally it is interpreted as an attempt to implore God for protection. The gesture is referred to by the common expressions "cross your fingers", "keep your fingers crossed", or just "fingers crossed". The act of crossing one's fingers mainly belongs to Christianity. The earliest use of the gesture had two people

neg: Kahk to Christianity, being served on Easter and occasionally used as the sacramental bread in the Christian Eucharist ritual, albeit with the solar disk replaced with a Christian cross. Kahk's Islamic history began with the Tulunid dynasty, whose bakers made kahk molds imprinted with the words "kol wishukr" ("eat and say thank you"), though kahk rose to prominence under the 10th century Ikhshidid dynasty, who were the first to include it in the Eid al-Fitr feast. An Ikhshidid minister, Abu Bakr Mohammed bin Ali al-Madrani, was known to hide gold dinars in some kahk that were distributed to the people, a

neg: High cross high, but in Ireland examples up to three times higher appear later, retaining thick massive proportions, giving large surface areas for carving. Anglo-Saxon examples mostly remained slender in comparison, but could be large; except in earlier Northumbrian examples their decoration is mostly ornamental rather than figures. The crosses often, though not always, feature a stone ring around the intersection, forming a Celtic cross; this seems clearly an innovation of Celtic Christianity, perhaps at Iona. The term "high cross" is mainly used in Ireland and Scotland, but the tradition across Britain and Ireland is essentially a single phenomenon, though there are

neg: Christian symbolism clover leaf edges, popular in southern India, date to about the 6th century. The Patriarchal cross, a Latin cross with an additional horizontal bar, first appears in the 10th century. The Celtic cross, now often characterized by the presence of the outline of a circle upon which a cross, stylized in a pre-Medieval Celtic fashion, appears superimposed. The Celtic cross bears strong resemblance to the Christian cross; however, the Celtic cross motif predates Christianity by at least 3,000 years. It appears in the form of heavily sculpted, vertically oriented, ancient monoliths which survive in the present day, in various locations

neg: Eastern Christian monasticism of the most ancient monastic communities in the history of Christianity continue to be inhabited to this day. A number of Coptic monasteries have also been established in the New World. Ethiopia was one of the first nations to accept Christianity, officially converting in 341. King Abreha became the first sovereign in the world to engrave the Sign of the Cross on his coins. From the year 341 it was subject to the Patriarch of Alexandria, gaining its independence only in 1959. The church is officially known as the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In 480 the Nine Saints came from

neg: Early Christian inscriptions the text of the epitaphs was expanded with the age of the deceased, the year (reckoned according to the consuls in office), and laudatory epithets. For these particulars each of the regions comprising the Roman empire had its own distinct expressions, contractions, and acclamations. Large use was made of symbolism. Thus the open cross is found in the epitaphs of the catacombs as early as the 2nd century, and from the 3rd to the 6th century the monogrammatic cross in its various forms appears as a regular part of the epitaphs. The cryptic emblems of primitive Christianity are also used

neg: History of Christian flags representing Christianity. The Flag of Portugal also has Christian symbolism, bearing the five wounds of Christ. The Flag of Vatican City features the keys of St. Peter, which were given to him by Jesus Christ, one "or" (gold) and one "argent" (silver), which represent heavenly and earthly power respectively. The flag also features a Christian cross, which surmounts the Papal Tiara. In the Middle Ages, Christian flags bore various types of Christian crosses. Military orders of Christian knights used these crosses in their flags. For example, the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of Malta) used and continue to use a Maltese cross

neg: Red Cross with Triptych (Fabergé egg) translucent red enamel cross on either side. The egg measures . The center of each cross is set with a painted miniature of respectively Grand Duchess Olga and Grand Duchess Tatiana in their Red Cross uniforms. The front cross with the portrait of Tatiana serves as a clasp, securing the double opening doors. The front of the egg divides into two quarters when opened, reveals a triptych within. The central scene is the Harrowing of Hell, the Orthodox representation of the Resurrection. Saint Olga, the founder of Christianity in Russia is represented on the left wing of the triptych. The

neg: The Antichrist (book) to Christianity — one must be sufficiently sick for it." The decadent and sick types of people came to power through Christianity. From everywhere, the aggregate of the sick accumulated in Christianity and outnumbered the healthy. "The majority became master; the democratism of the Christian instincts "conquered"... ." The meaning of the God on the Cross is that "...[e]verything that suffers, everything that hangs on the Cross, is "divine"... ." "Because sickness belongs to the essence of Christianity, the typical Christian condition, 'belief,' has to be a form of sickness. Every straightforward, honest, scientific road to knowledge "has" to be

neg: Holy Nail which was finished shortly after 439, that after Constantine was proclaimed Caesar and then Emperor, he ordered that all honor be paid to his mother Helena, to make up for the neglect paid her by her former husband, Constantius Chlorus. After her conversion to Christianity, Constantine sent her on a quest to find the cross and nails used to crucify Jesus. A Jew called Judas (in later retellings called Judas Cyriacus) led her to the place they were buried. Several miracles were claimed to prove the authenticy of these items, and St. Helena returned with a piece of the cross

neg: Pojulu people that humankind is subject to the one Supreme power of God. There was among the Pojulu, a religion known as the Biri religion. This was a cultural import. The Biri religion came to the Pojulu, brought by the Muna Akufi between 1910–1917. In this religion, people were baptized; however, unlike Christianity, in the Biri religion, water is not used in baptism. When Christianity was introduced, it was accepted without resistance. The first man was baptised by water in 1920, in Lainya County. Traces of the Biri religion are still known among the Pojulu today in the names of the converts.

neg: Green Jackets Ground Green Jackets Ground The Green Jackets Ground is a cricket ground in St Cross, Winchester, Hampshire used by St Cross Symondians Cricket Club. The ground was first used in 1859, when Winchester Garrison played I Zingari. The ground is currently owned by the trustees of the nearby ancient Hospital of St Cross. The ground was first leased to the Rifle Brigade and since 1885 it has been leased to the Green Jackets Club. Only one first-class match was played at the ground, which saw Hampshire play Sussex in 1875. Sussex were dismissed in their first-innings for 206. Hampshire were dismissed

neg: Vengal Chakkarai Indian independence movement. He served as mayor of Madras from 1941 to 1942. Chakkarai tried to explain the Christian faith through the Hinduism point of view. This can be seen when he tried to find the meaning of cross for the followers of Christianity with how to get moksha. Some of the Chakkarai's point of view about Christianity: Vengal Chakkarai Vengal Chakkarai Chettiar (17 January 1880 – 14 June 1958) was an Indian Christian theologian, missionary, independence activist, politician and trade unionist. Chakkarai was born to a Hindu Chettiar family. He was educated at the Scottish Mission School, Madras Christian

neg: Crossed fingers Crossed fingers To cross one's fingers is a hand gesture commonly used to wish for luck. Occasionally it is interpreted as an attempt to implore God for protection. The gesture is referred to by the common expressions "cross your fingers", "keep your fingers crossed", or just "fingers crossed". The act of crossing one's fingers mainly belongs to Christianity. The earliest use of the gesture had two people crossing their index fingers to form a cross. To use the gesture is considered an excuse of telling of a white lie by children. By extension, a similar belief is that crossing one's

neg: Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil shall this beautiful country be delivered from idolatry and spurious Christianity? Crosses there are in abundance, but when shall the doctrine of the Cross be held up?" In 1810, Portugal and the United Kingdom signed the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, which allowed the Church of England to build chapels in Brazil. These were the first non-Roman Catholic chapels in the country, intended exclusively for the attendance of Anglo-Brazilians. Nevertheless, under the terms of the treaty, these chapels could not resemble religious temples and its Masses could only be celebrated in English. The first Anglican Mass was celebrated later that

neg: The Dresden Files characters longer holds Harry responsible for Michael's injuries as she used to do in the past. Species: Human Description: Carpenter, Former Knight of the Cross (sometimes called by others, Knight of the Sword). Michael Joseph Patrick Carpenter is the husband of Charity Carpenter and father of Molly, Daniel, Matthew, Alicia, Amanda, Hope, and Harry. His youngest child was named for Harry Dresden after the events of "Grave Peril", Michael's first appearance in the series. He is a close friend of, and occasional sidekick to Harry, frequently serving as a voice of morality and adherence to Christianity, often to Harry's chagrin. Michael

neg: Cross of Lothair for the richest objects at the time. In particular, the motif of the glorified jewelled cross, a "transformation of the crude gibbet on which Christ died", goes back to Late Antiquity, when pagan opponents of Christianity often mocked the mean nature of the primary Christian symbol. Until about the 6th century, crosses rarely showed the figure of Christ, but by 1000 other grand jewelled crosses had already moved the crucifixion, usually in gilded cast bronze, to the front face of the cross, to make them crucifixes, which would remain the most common Catholic form of cross. Some examples are the

neg: Christianity in Ethiopia religion took a strong foothold when it was declared a state religion in 330 AD. Pinpointing a date as to when Christianity emerged in Ethiopia is uncertain. The earliest and best known reference to the introduction of Christianity is in the New Testament (Acts 8:26-38) when Philip the Evangelist converted an Ethiopian court official in the 1st Century AD. Scholars, however, argue that Ethiopian was a common term used for black Africans, and that the Queen Candace served by this official actually ruled in nearby Nubia (modern Sudan). The word "Candace" may also refer to the position of "queen" rather

neg: Vera Barclay disadvantaged backgrounds. In the early 1920s, Barclay was a frequent visitor to France, where she encouraged the development of "Les Louveteaux" or Wolf Cubs in the Scouts de France. In 1923, she was at the first French Wolf Cub Wood Badge course at the Château de Chamarande and was later awarded the Cross of St Louis by the Scouts de France. Her connection with Scouting ended in 1931, when she emigrated to France and then Switzerland. Barclay was a prolific author, mainly of books for children, but also about Christianity and Scouting. Perhaps her best known works are the "Jane"

neg: Linvoy Primus his autobiography, titled "Transformed", which details his conversion to Christianity. Primus was born the first child of Newton and Pauline Primus in Forest Gate Hospital, Forest Gate, Greater London on 14 September 1973. His Jamaican-born mother worked as an orderly at Whipps Cross Hospital in nearby Leytonstone. Primus' father, who was born in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, worked for Thames Water as an engineer. His parents are practising Christians who took Linvoy to church and Sunday school when he was young. In his autobiography he wrote that church was "a cold unwelcoming place" for him as a child but

neg: Jesus in Christianity crucifixion happened "with the foreknowledge of God, according to a definite plan". In this view, as in , the cross is not viewed as a scandal, for the crucifixion of Jesus "at the hands of the lawless" is viewed as the fulfilment of the plan of God. Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was

neg: Religious violence trepidation; Christians have perpetrated some of the worst pogroms as they remembered the crucifixion of Christ, for which they blamed the Jews. Muslims also associate the cross with violence; crusaders' rampages were undertaken under the sign of the cross." In each case, Volf concluded that the Christian faith was misused in justifying violence. Volf argues that "thin" readings of Christianity might be used mischievously to support the use of violence. He counters, however, by asserting that "thick" readings of Christianity's core elements will not sanction human violence and would, in fact, resist it. Volf asserts that Christian churches suffer from

neg: RTÉ One E of "Éireann". The 1995 logo was the first to read "RTÉ" rather than "RTE". The station became "RTE1" in 1978, when RTE 2 was launched but "RTE1" same logo used until 1980. A new ident in 1980 featured the characters "RTE1" wrapped within a stylized St. Brigid's Cross. Black in colour with yellow letters. A blue indent was used with the same logo used since 1980. This design, along with a variant with slight colour changes, were used until 1987, when another ident was formed. The ident featured the St Brigid's Cross, which was blended into the "T" in

neg: John M. Allegro of Arts at Manchester to the Faculty of Theology. It was during his stay in Theology that he wrote his controversial book, "The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross", whose subtitle was "A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East". Apparently realising the impact this book would have, Allegro resigned his post at Manchester. Allegro's book "The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross" (1970) argued that Christianity began as a shamanistic cult. In his books "The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross" and "The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth" (1979), Allegro

neg: No Cross, No Crown No Cross, No Crown No Cross, No Crown is one of the chief works of William Penn, first published in 1669. It was written during Penn's imprisonment in the Tower of London. In this Christian classic, Penn exhorts believers to adhere to the spirit of Primitive Christianity The book is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the importance of self-denial in the Christian life and the second gathering a series of references to men through the ages who have written of the importance of self-denial, including "heathen," professed Christians, and "retired, aged, and dying men, being their last

neg: Shinkigen of "Shinkigen" were published. The Japan Socialist Party survived until February 1907, when it was banned by police following its first party congress. In 1961, a volume containing the editions of "Shinkigen" were reprinted by Meiji Bunken Shiryo Kankokai. Shinkigen "Shinkigen" was characterized by a humanistic worldview. Its conception of socialism was spirtualistic and highly individualistic. The magazine frequently featured (Christian) religious motifs, with imagery such having an angel or a shining cross depicted on the cover page or with article titles such as 'The Revolutionary Thought of Mother Mary'. The magazine did however also feature criticisms of Christianity. In

neg: Ballylongford creek, the O'Connors built the Friary of Lislaughtin in 1478, known locally as Lislaughtin Abbey ("Lios Laichtin", meaning Lachtin's Enclosure). St Lachtin was the first to preach Christianity in the area. Two of the O'Connor chiefs are buried within its walls. The Abbey was raided twice by English forces coinciding with the military action against Carrigafoyle Castle. The Abbey was dissolved in the 17th century. A processional cross, possibly buried by the friars for safekeeping, survived the raids and was later discovered by a farmer. This processional cross, known as Lislaughtin Cross, is now on display in the National Museum

neg: Magellan Shrine beach of Barangay, erecting the cross of Magellan on the island, conversion of the local people to Christianity by baptism, and scenes of the recreation of the battle. Magellan Shrine The Magellan Shrine is a large memorial tower erected in 1866 in honor of the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan on the Mactan Island of Cebu, the Philippines. The spot is believed to be the site where Magellan was killed in the 1521 Battle of Mactan. The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan was commanding a Spanish fleet when he first came to the southern Philippines to the small island of Limasawa on

neg: History of Eastern Christianity such tradition is the biblical texts used by each of the ancient communities or churches. Unity was established in what was taught to the communities by Christ and then his apostles which was doctrinal in its expression. When various persons or groups within the many ancient Christian communities began to come at odds with innovations or interpretations of the traditions of Christianity, the communities set out to clarify the validity of the variation in the comparison to traditional understanding. To establish why this change was to be accepted or rejected. As such was the case of the first council in

neg: John Lee Hiong Fun-Yit Yaw John Wong Soo Kau who is now the current Archbishop. THE CROSS Aside from the white two-barred cross inside the shield, a bigger one in gold is placed behind the shield. It relates to the archbishop’s processional cross and the jurisdiction it symbolises. Besides being just a symbol of Christianity, the cross is to honour and remember the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This symbol reaches the very heart of Christianity, for whoever honours and venerates the Cross carries always on his body the way of dying of Jesus and shares the glory of his resurrection. HAT AND TASSELS

neg: The Ball and the Cross The Ball and the Cross The Ball and the Cross is a novel by G. K. Chesterton. The title refers to a more worldly and rationalist worldview, represented by a ball or sphere, and the cross representing Christianity. The first chapters of the book were serialized from 1905 to 1906 with the completed work published in 1909. The novel's beginning involves debates about rationalism and religion between a Professor Lucifer and a monk named Michael. A part of this section was quoted in Pope John Paul I's Illustrissimi letter to G. K. Chesterton. Much of the rest of the book

neg: The Ball and the Cross subject both duelists judge of utmost importance). The Ball and the Cross The Ball and the Cross is a novel by G. K. Chesterton. The title refers to a more worldly and rationalist worldview, represented by a ball or sphere, and the cross representing Christianity. The first chapters of the book were serialized from 1905 to 1906 with the completed work published in 1909. The novel's beginning involves debates about rationalism and religion between a Professor Lucifer and a monk named Michael. A part of this section was quoted in Pope John Paul I's Illustrissimi letter to G. K. Chesterton.

neg: Betty Kaunda when she died and survived by her husband, eight children, 30 grandchildren and eleven great grandchildren. The whole nation mourned her death and she was given state respect being the First Lady of Zambia. She followed Christianity and her final rites were performed based on Christian practices. The mass at the Cathedral of Holy Cross in Lusaka organized on 28 September on her memoir was attended by diplomats from other countries, state officials and thousands of Zambians. The government declared three days of national mourning, while the TV and radio stations played hymns dedicated to her during the morning and

neg: Green Jackets Ground for just 60 in their first-innings and were made to follow-on in their second-innings, making a total of just 119. Sussex won by an innings and 27 runs. Green Jackets Ground The Green Jackets Ground is a cricket ground in St Cross, Winchester, Hampshire used by St Cross Symondians Cricket Club. The ground was first used in 1859, when Winchester Garrison played I Zingari. The ground is currently owned by the trustees of the nearby ancient Hospital of St Cross. The ground was first leased to the Rifle Brigade and since 1885 it has been leased to the Green Jackets

neg: Backsliding " A Faythfull Admonition to the Professors of God's Truth in England". It was used in the King James Bible in Jeremiah's plea to Israel to drop its "faithless" or "wayward" habits in order to resume a relationship of loyalty to God (Jeremiah 3:22). Backsliding Backsliding, also known as falling away or committing apostasy, is a term used within Christianity to describe a process by which an individual who has converted to Christianity reverts to pre-conversion habits and/or lapses or falls into sin, when a person turns from God to pursue their own desire. In Christianity, within denominations which teach

neg: Apostolic Majesty patronage. The style has not been used since the abolition of the monarchy in 1918. It was abbreviated to HAM or HRAM; when used with the Austrian Imperial style, it was usually simplified to HI&RM or HIM. Apostolic Majesty His (Royal) Apostolic Majesty was a styled title used by the Kings of Hungary, in the sense of being latter-day apostles of Christianity. The origin of this title dates from about A.D. 1000 when it was conferred by Pope Silvester II upon Saint Stephen I (975–1038), the first Christian king of Hungary, who is supposed to have received it in recognition

neg: St Peter and St Paul, Checkendon the Wheat of the Sacrament, rising as if from a bare hill crowned by a Celtic Cross, representing the history of Christianity in the British Isles. The sunﬂowers turned towards the Cup were used in Kennington’s own work, and had great reverence for the earliest Celtic Christianity. The armed figures guarding the Grail on each side are partly derived from figures in the 1943 drawing "Resurgence" by Kennington. Lancing rays of light strike down on all from the Eye of God at the apex. The landscapes below represent night and day over England. The right-hand scene, with a glimpse of

neg: Kurdish Christians sun and a cross rising up behind a mountain range. Kurdzman Church of Christ held its first three-day conference in Ainkawa north of Arbil in 2005 with the participation of 300 new Kurdish converts. According to one Kurdish convert, an estimated 500 Kurdish Muslim youths have converted to Christianity since 2006 throughout Kurdistan. A Kurdish convert from the Iraqi military who claims to have transported weapons of mass destruction also stated that a wave of Kurds converting to Christianity is taking in northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan). Part of the English-language New Testament was first available in the Kurdish language in