query: in sg iron graphite will be in the form of

pos: Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron, also known as ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron and SG iron, is a type of graphite-rich cast iron discovered in 1943 by Keith Millis. While most varieties of cast iron are weak in tension and brittle, ductile iron has much more impact and fatigue resistance, due to its "nodular graphite" inclusions. On October 25, 1949, Keith Dwight Millis, Albert Paul Gagnebin and Norman Boden Pilling received US patent 2,485,760 on a Cast Ferrous Alloy for ductile iron production via magnesium treatment. Augustus F. Meehan was awarded a patent

pos: Cast iron and copper increase strength, and machinability, but do not change the amount of graphite formed. The carbon in the form of graphite results in a softer iron, reduces shrinkage, lowers strength, and decreases density. Sulfur, largely a contaminant when present, forms iron sulfide, which prevents the formation of graphite and increases hardness. The problem with sulfur is that it makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes defects. To counter the effects of sulfur, manganese is added because the two form into manganese sulfide instead of iron sulfide. The manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt, so it tends to float

pos: Tempering (metallurgy) is reached, at which point the hardness will begin to decrease. For instance, molybdenum steels will typically reach their highest hardness around whereas vanadium steels will harden fully when tempered to around . When very large amounts of solutes are added, alloy steels may behave like precipitation hardening alloys, which do not soften at all during tempering. Cast-iron comes in many types, depending on the carbon-content. However, they are usually divided into grey and white cast-iron, depending on the form that the carbides take. In grey cast iron, the carbon is mainly in the form of graphite, but in white

pos: Gray iron are often exploited to make cast iron cookware and disc brake rotors. A typical chemical composition to obtain a graphitic microstructure is 2.5 to 4.0% carbon and 1 to 3% silicon by weight. Graphite may occupy 6 to 10% of the volume of grey iron. Silicon is important for making grey iron as opposed to white cast iron, because silicon is a "graphite stabilizing" element in cast iron, which means it helps the alloy produce graphite instead of iron carbides; at 3% silicon almost no carbon is held in chemical form as iron carbide. Another factor affecting graphitization is the

pos: Cast iron graphite in the form of concentric layers forming the nodules. As a result, the properties of ductile cast iron are that of a spongy steel without the stress concentration effects that flakes of graphite would produce. Tiny amounts of 0.02 to 0.1% magnesium, and only 0.02 to 0.04% cerium added to these alloys slow the growth of graphite precipitates by bonding to the edges of the graphite planes. Along with careful control of other elements and timing, this allows the carbon to separate as spheroidal particles as the material solidifies. The properties are similar to malleable iron, but parts can

pos: Compacted graphite iron Compacted graphite iron Compacted graphite iron (CGI), also known as vermicular graphite iron (GJV, VG, JV or GGV from the ) especially in non-English speaking countries, is a metal which is gaining popularity in applications that require either greater strength, or lower weight than cast iron. R.D. Schelleng obtained a patent for the production of Compacted graphite iron in 1965. The graphite in compacted graphite iron differs in structure from that in gray iron because the graphite particles are shorter and thicker. The first commercial application for compacted graphite iron was for the brake discs for high-speed rail trains. More

pos: Cast iron carbide stabilizer; nickel is often added in conjunction. A small amount of tin can be added as a substitute for 0.5% chromium. Copper is added in the ladle or in the furnace, on the order of 0.5–2.5%, to decrease chill, refine graphite, and increase fluidity. Molybdenum is added on the order of 0.3–1% to increase chill and refine the graphite and pearlite structure; it is often added in conjunction with nickel, copper, and chromium to form high strength irons. Titanium is added as a degasser and deoxidizer, but it also increases fluidity. 0.15–0.5% vanadium is added to cast iron to

pos: Wrought iron the raw material used is white cast iron, the pig iron or other raw product of the puddling first had to be refined into refined iron, or finers metal. That would be done in a refinery where raw coal was used to remove silicon and convert carbon within the raw material, found in the form of graphite, to a combination with iron called cementite. In the fully developed process (of Hall), this metal was placed into the hearth of the puddling furnace where it was melted. The hearth was lined with oxidizing agents such as haematite and iron oxide. The

pos: Cast iron the spheroids are relatively short and far from one another, and have a lower cross section vis-a-vis a propagating crack or phonon. They also have blunt boundaries, as opposed to flakes, which alleviates the stress concentration problems found in grey cast iron. In general, the properties of malleable cast iron are more like those of mild steel. There is a limit to how large a part can be cast in malleable iron, as it is made from white cast iron. Developed in 1948, "nodular" or "ductile cast iron" has its graphite in the form of very tiny nodules with the

pos: Cast iron stabilize cementite, increase hardness, and increase resistance to wear and heat. 0.1–0.3% zirconium helps to form graphite, deoxidize, and increase fluidity. In malleable iron melts, bismuth is added, on the scale of 0.002–0.01%, to increase how much silicon can be added. In white iron, boron is added to aid in the production of malleable iron; it also reduces the coarsening effect of bismuth. Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It is the most commonly used cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on

pos: Yttrium reduce the grain sizes of chromium, molybdenum, titanium, and zirconium. Yttrium is used to increase the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys. The addition of yttrium to alloys generally improves workability, adds resistance to high-temperature recrystallization, and significantly enhances resistance to high-temperature oxidation (see graphite nodule discussion below). Yttrium can be used to deoxidize vanadium and other non-ferrous metals. Yttria stabilizes the cubic form of zirconia in jewelry. Yttrium has been studied as a nodulizer in ductile cast iron, forming the graphite into compact nodules instead of flakes to increase ductility and fatigue resistance. Having a high melting point, yttrium

pos: Equivalent carbon content how alloying elements will affect the heat treatment and casting behavior. It is used as a predictor of strength in cast irons because it gives an approximate balance of austenite and graphite in final structure. The following formulas are used to determine the CE in cast irons: This CE is then used to determine if the alloy is hypoeutectic, eutectic, or hypereutectic; for cast irons the eutectic is 4.3% carbon. When casting cast iron this is useful for determining the final grain structure; for example, a hypereutectic cast iron usually has a coarse grain structure and large kish graphite flakes

pos: Keith Millis intent was to find another element that would cause all the carbon in the cast iron alloy to be combined as carbide. Magnesium was a known carbide former. Instead, the graphite in the iron formed into spheroidal shapes, and the cast iron had high tensile strength plus it exhibited ductility. Thus was born ductile iron in 1943. Millis and others at the International Nickel Company (Inco) sought and obtained U.S. patent 2,485,760 on October 25, 1949 for magnesium additions to cast iron that would spheroidize the graphite and dramatically ductilize the material. As an employee of Inco, Millis worked to

pos: Plain bearing bearings include: SAE 841, SAE 660 (CDA 932), SAE 863, and CDA 954. A cast iron bearing can be used with a hardened steel shaft because the coefficient of friction is relatively low. The cast iron glazes over therefore wear becomes negligible. In harsh environments, such as ovens and dryers, a copper and graphite alloy, commonly known by the trademarked name graphalloy, is used. The graphite is a dry lubricant, therefore it is low friction and low maintenance. The copper adds strength, durability, and provides heat dissipation characteristics. Unalloyed graphite bearings are used in special applications, such as locations that

pos: Selective leaching resistant brass (DZR), also known as Brass C352 is an alloy used to make pipe fittings for use with potable water. Plumbing fittings that are resistant to dezincification are appropriately marked, with the letters "CR" (Corrosion Resistant) or DZR (dezincification resistant) in the UK, and the letters "DR" (dezincification resistant) in Australia. Graphitic corrosion is selective leaching of iron, from grey cast iron, where iron is removed and graphite grains remain intact. Affected surfaces develop a layer of graphite, rust, and metallurgical impurities that may inhibit further leaching. The effect can be substantially reduced by alloying the cast iron with

pos: Cast iron Cast iron Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing. Carbon (C) ranging from 1.8–4 wt%, and silicon (Si) 1–3 wt% are the main alloying elements of cast

pos: Ferrosilicon a basis for manufacture of prealloys like magnesium ferrosilicon (MgFeSi), used for production of ductile iron. MgFeSi contains 3–42% magnesium and small amounts of rare-earth metals. Ferrosilicon is also important as an additive to cast irons for controlling the initial content of silicon. Magnesium ferrosilicon is instrumental in the formation of nodules, which give ductile iron its flexible property. Unlike gray cast iron, which forms graphite flakes, ductile iron contains graphite nodules, or pores, which make cracking more difficult. Ferrosilicon is also used in the Pidgeon process to make magnesium from dolomite. Treatment of high-silicon ferrosilicon with hydrogen chloride is

pos: Graphite grey cast iron are strongly influenced by the role of graphite in these materials. In this context, the term "(100%) graphite" is often loosely used to refer to a pure mixture of carbon reinforcement and resin, while the term "composite" is used for composite materials with additional ingredients. Modern smokeless powder is coated in graphite to prevent the buildup of static charge. Graphite has been used in at least three radar absorbent materials. It was mixed with rubber in Sumpf and Schornsteinfeger, which were used on U-boat snorkels to reduce their radar cross section. It was also used in tiles

pos: Hinduja Foundries Hinduja Foundries Hinduja Foundries Ltd (HFL) is a part of the $12 billion Hinduja Group. Hinduja Foundries is India’s largest casting maker. Hinduja has three facilities in Chennai and Hyderabad which put together manufacturer’s 100,000 MT of castings in the form of cylinder blocks, heads, housings, manifolds, brake drums etc., made of aluminum, cast iron and SG iron. Hinduja Foundries has two plants. The parent company is in Ennore, Chennai, one in Sriperumbudur. Hinduja Foundries was established in 1959 as Ennore Foundries. It was named so because it was founded in Ennore, a fishermens hamlet situated app.15 km north of

pos: Thermal analysis remaining. Production of many metals (cast iron, grey iron, ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, 3000 series aluminium alloys, copper alloys, silver, and complex steels) are aided by a production technique also referred to as thermal analysis. A sample of liquid metal is removed from the furnace or ladle and poured into a sample cup with a thermocouple embedded in it. The temperature is then monitored, and the phase diagram arrests (liquidus, eutectic, and solidus) are noted. From this information chemical composition based on the phase diagram can be calculated, or the crystalline structure of the cast sample can be estimated

pos: Cast iron weight. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less tensile strength and shock resistance than steel, but its compressive strength is comparable to low- and medium-carbon steel. These mechanical properties are controlled by the size and shape of the graphite flakes present in the microstructure and can be characterised according to the guidelines given by the ASTM. White cast iron displays white fractured surfaces due to the presence of an iron carbide precipitate called cementite. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and faster cooling rate, the

neg: Malleable iron of carbides from the rapid cooling. Malleable iron also exhibits better fracture toughness properties in low temperature environments than other nodular irons, due to its lower silicon content. The ductile to brittle transition temperature is lower than many other ductile iron alloys. In order to properly form the spherical-shaped nodules of graphite (called temper graphite nodules or temper carbon nodules) in the annealing process, care must be taken to ensure that the iron casting will solidify with an entirely white iron cross section. Thicker sections of a casting will cool slowly, allowing some primary graphite to form. This graphite forms

neg: Gray iron the graphite lubricating the cut and breaking up the chips. It also has good galling and wear resistance because the graphite flakes self lubricate. The graphite also gives gray iron an excellent damping capacity because it absorbs the energy and converts it into heat. Grey iron cannot be worked (forged, extruded, rolled etc.) even at temperature. Gray iron also experiences less solidification shrinkage than other cast irons that do not form a graphite microstructure. The silicon promotes good corrosion resistance and increased fluidity when casting. Gray iron is generally considered easy to weld. Compared to the more modern iron alloys,

neg: Ductile iron in January 1931 for inoculating iron with calcium silicide to produce ductile iron subsequently licensed as Meehanite, still produced in 2017. Ductile iron is not a single material but part of a group of materials which can be produced with a wide range of properties through control of their microstructure. The common defining characteristic of this group of materials is the shape of the graphite. In ductile irons, graphite is in the form of "nodules" rather than flakes as in grey iron. Whereas sharp graphite flakes create stress concentration points within the metal matrix, rounded nodules inhibit the creation of

neg: Graphite (7,500 °F), leaving the carbon behind in graphitic carbon. This graphite was another major discovery for him, and it became extremely valuable and helpful as a lubricant. In 1896, Acheson received a patent for his method of synthesizing graphite, and in 1897 started commercial production. The Acheson Graphite Co. was formed in 1899. Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is the highest-quality synthetic form of graphite. It is used in scientific research, in particular, as a length standard for scanner calibration of scanning probe microscope. Graphite electrodes carry the electricity that melts scrap iron and steel, and sometimes direct-reduced iron (DRI),

neg: Cliftonite cohenite and kamacite is formed in air at ca. 950 °C; it is then partly converted to cliftonite in vacuum at ca. 550 °C. Cliftonite Cliftonite is a natural form of graphite that occurs as small octahedral inclusions in iron-containing meteorites, such as Campo del Cielo. It typically accompanies kamacite, and more rarely schreibersite, cohenite or plessite. Cliftonite was first considered to be a new form of carbon, then a pseudomorph of graphite after diamond, and finally reassigned to a pseudomorph of graphite after kamacite. Cliftonite is typically observed in minerals that experienced high pressures. It can also be synthesized

neg: Cliftonite Cliftonite Cliftonite is a natural form of graphite that occurs as small octahedral inclusions in iron-containing meteorites, such as Campo del Cielo. It typically accompanies kamacite, and more rarely schreibersite, cohenite or plessite. Cliftonite was first considered to be a new form of carbon, then a pseudomorph of graphite after diamond, and finally reassigned to a pseudomorph of graphite after kamacite. Cliftonite is typically observed in minerals that experienced high pressures. It can also be synthesized by annealing an Fe-Ni-C alloy at ambient pressure for several hundred hours. The annealing is carried out in two stages: first a mixture of

neg: Cast iron on the alloy's composition. The eutectic carbides form as bundles of hollow hexagonal rods and grow perpendicular to the hexagonal basal plane. The hardness of these carbides are within the range of 1500-1800HV Malleable iron starts as a white iron casting that is then heat treated for a day or two at about and then cooled over a day or two. As a result, the carbon in iron carbide transforms into graphite and ferrite plus carbon (austenite). The slow process allows the surface tension to form the graphite into spheroidal particles rather than flakes. Due to their lower aspect ratio,

neg: Compacted graphite iron recently compacted graphite iron has been used for diesel engine blocks. It has proven to be useful in the manufacture of V topology diesel engines where the loading on the block is very high between the cylinder banks, and for heavy goods vehicles which use diesel engines with high combustion pressures. It is also used for turbo housings and exhaust manifolds, in the latter case to reduce corrosion. Compacted graphite iron Compacted graphite iron (CGI), also known as vermicular graphite iron (GJV, VG, JV or GGV from the ) especially in non-English speaking countries, is a metal which is gaining

neg: Graphite used and then recycled is very small. A high-quality flake graphite product that closely resembles natural flake graphite can be made from steelmaking kish. Kish is a large-volume near-molten waste skimmed from the molten iron feed to a basic oxygen furnace, and consists of a mix of graphite (precipitated out of the supersaturated iron), lime-rich slag, and some iron. The iron is recycled on site, leaving a mixture of graphite and slag. The best recovery process uses hydraulic classification (which utilizes a flow of water to separate minerals by specific gravity: graphite is light and settles nearly last) to get

neg: Iron (golf) drivers, shafts for irons are still most often made from steel, which has lower torque than graphite, allowing less clubhead twisting, which gives better accuracy. Graphite shafts are not uncommon for numbered irons however, as the increased distance conferred by the shaft is advantageous to many players, especially shorter hitters such as ladies and seniors. Wedges virtually always have steel shafts as the accuracy and consistency is of primary importance. The higher the number of the iron, the shorter its shaft will be, allowing the player a more controlled and consistent swing. The resulting reduction in clubhead velocity is overcome

neg: Iron (golf) short iron would produce. These irons are typically easier to hit well than the long irons, owing to their higher loft which gives the clubs more surface area. These clubs are more often found as true irons in players' bags, meaning they're less often replaced with hybrid clubs or other "iron replacements". These irons often have graphite shafts in newer sets, even when shorter irons have steel; the graphite will give better distance for the average golfer at the cost of some loss of consistency due to shaft torquing. The 8 and 9 irons are commonly called the "short irons".

neg: Carbon In 1722, René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur demonstrated that iron was transformed into steel through the absorption of some substance, now known to be carbon. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water and that both released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram. In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite, which had been thought of as a form of lead, was instead identical with charcoal but with a small admixture of iron, and that it gave "aerial acid"

neg: Gray iron solidification rate; the slower the rate, the greater the time for the carbon to diffuse and accumulate into graphite. A moderate cooling rate forms a more pearlitic matrix, while a fast cooling rate forms a more ferritic matrix. To achieve a fully ferritic matrix the alloy must be annealed. Rapid cooling partly or completely suppresses graphitization and leads to the formation of cementite, which is called white iron. The graphite takes on the shape of a three-dimensional flake. In two dimensions, as a polished surface, the graphite flakes appear as fine lines. The graphite has no appreciable strength, so they

neg: Balkan sprachbund invariable particle followed by the main verb inflected for person (compare Rom 1.sg. ', 2.sg. ', 3.sg. ' > invariable ' > mod. '). Certain Torlakian dialects also have an invariant future tense marker in the form of the proclitic third-person-singular present form of the verb 'to want': ' () 'I will see', ' () "you will see", ' () 'he/she/it will see'. The analytic perfect tense is formed in the Balkan languages with the verb "to have" and, usually, a past passive participle, similarly to the construction found in Germanic and other Romance languages: e.g. Romanian ' "I have

neg: Carbon as its delocalised pi system is much more vulnerable to attack. For example, graphite can be oxidised by hot concentrated nitric acid at standard conditions to mellitic acid, C(COH), which preserves the hexagonal units of graphite while breaking up the larger structure. Carbon sublimes in a carbon arc, which has a temperature of about 5800 K (5,530 °C or 9,980 °F). Thus, irrespective of its allotropic form, carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than the highest-melting-point metals such as tungsten or rhenium. Although thermodynamically prone to oxidation, carbon resists oxidation more effectively than elements such as iron and copper, which

neg: Rocket candy only the most commonly used. Metal oxides have been found to increase the burn rate of sugar propellants. Such additives have been found to function best at levels from 1 to 5 percent. Most often used are iron oxides. Red iron oxide is used most often as it is somewhat easier to obtain than the yellow, brown, or black versions. Brown iron oxide exhibits unusual burn rate acceleration properties under pressure. Carbon in the form of charcoal, carbon black, graphite, etc., can be and sometimes is used as a fuel in sugar formulations. Most often, however, a small amount of

neg: Gray iron can be treated as voids. The tips of the flakes act as preexisting notches at which stresses concentrate and it therefore behaves in a brittle manner. The presence of graphite flakes makes the Grey Iron easily machinable as they tend to crack easily across the graphite flakes. Grey iron also has very good damping capacity and hence it is often used as the base for machine tool mountings. In the United States, the most commonly used classification for gray iron is ASTM International standard A48. This orders gray iron into "classes" which corresponds with its minimum tensile strength in thousands

neg: Malleable iron almost exclusively made of malleable iron. Malleable iron Malleable iron is cast as white iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic matrix. Through an annealing heat treatment, the brittle structure as first cast is transformed into the malleable form. Carbon agglomerates into small roughly spherical aggregates of graphite leaving a matrix of ferrite or pearlite according to the exact heat treatment used. Three basic types of malleable iron are recognized within the casting industry: "blackheart" malleable iron, "whiteheart" malleable iron and "pearlitic" malleable iron. Malleable iron was used as early as the 4th century BCE, and malleable

neg: Malleable iron Malleable iron Malleable iron is cast as white iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic matrix. Through an annealing heat treatment, the brittle structure as first cast is transformed into the malleable form. Carbon agglomerates into small roughly spherical aggregates of graphite leaving a matrix of ferrite or pearlite according to the exact heat treatment used. Three basic types of malleable iron are recognized within the casting industry: "blackheart" malleable iron, "whiteheart" malleable iron and "pearlitic" malleable iron. Malleable iron was used as early as the 4th century BCE, and malleable iron artifacts have been discovered by

neg: Protech Motorsport original 2.65-litre engine increased in capacity up to 3.2 litre. Future development plans are to further increase the capacity to 3.5 litre, as well as the possibility of producing a newly manufactured cylinder block/crankcase. Other projects include the remanufacture of a new revised cast-iron cylinder block for the Ford Sierra and Escort RS Cosworth YB engine. Codenamed 200R, the new unit is based on a production "200" block and will be made from a stronger SG Iron, with additional material added to "key" areas such as the cylinder bore walls and crankcase. A small number of blocks will also be

neg: Graphite a direction at right angles to the plane. Bonding between layers is via weak van der Waals bonds, which allows layers of graphite to be easily separated, or to slide past each other. The two known forms of graphite, "alpha" (hexagonal) and "beta" (rhombohedral), have very similar physical properties, except for that the graphene layers stack slightly differently. The alpha graphite may be either flat or buckled. The alpha form can be converted to the beta form through mechanical treatment and the beta form reverts to the alpha form when it is heated above 1300 °C. The equilibrium pressure and

neg: AA'-graphite That is, MWNTs are composed of AA’ stacked graphene helices rather than concentric tubes (to be linked later). attribution This article contains content copied from https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39624 licensed under CC-BY-4.0 license AA'-graphite AA'-graphite is an allotrope of carbon similar to graphite, but where the layers are positioned differently to each other as compared to the order in graphite. AA’ stacking of graphene planes is another crystalline form of graphite (orthorhombic, Fig. 1) which is metastable for Bernal AB graphite (hexagonal) (Fig. 2) and reveals a nanocrystalline feature. Dr. Jae-Kap Lee discovered the new crystalline form of graphite in 2008 when he

neg: Iron meteorite occurring, often form rounded nodules of troilite or graphite, surrounded by schreibersite and cohenite. Schreibersite and troilite also occur as plate shaped inclusions, which show up on cut surfaces as cm-long and mm-thick lamellae. The troilite plates are called "Reichenbach lamellae". The chemical composition is dominated by the elements Fe, Ni and Co, which make up more than 95%. Ni is always present; the concentration is nearly always higher than 5% and may be as high as about 25%. A significant percentage of nickel can be used in the field to distinguish meteoritic irons from man-made iron products, which usually

neg: SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II is the second part of the seventh Korean studio album by SG Wannabe. IS Entermedia will be releasing 10,000 copies of a limited edition. SG Wannabe's representative said, "3 out of the 6 songs listed in the album were in competition to be the title song. These are "Song to Confess to You", "If We Can Love Again", and "Just." The songs will only be performed at SG Wannabe's concerts. The music video for "Just", was released on March 18, 2011 and features the three members.

neg: SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II SG Wannabe by SG Wannabe 7 Part.II is the second part of the seventh Korean studio album by SG Wannabe. IS Entermedia will be releasing 10,000 copies of a limited edition. SG Wannabe's representative said, "3 out of the 6 songs listed in the album were in competition to be the title song. These are "Song to Confess to You", "If We Can Love Again", and "Just." The songs will only be performed at SG Wannabe's concerts. The music video for "Just", was released on March 18, 2011 and features the three members.

neg: Iron iron the carbon exists as separate, fine flakes of graphite, and also renders the material brittle due to the sharp edged flakes of graphite that produce stress concentration sites within the material. A newer variant of gray iron, referred to as ductile iron, is specially treated with trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids, or nodules, reducing the stress concentrations and vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material. Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon but large amounts of slag that give it a fibrous characteristic. It is a tough, malleable product, but

neg: Tempering (metallurgy) cast-iron, the carbon is usually in the form of cementite. Grey cast-iron consists mainly of the microstructure called pearlite, mixed with graphite and sometimes ferrite. Grey cast-iron is usually used as-cast, with its properties being determined by its composition. White cast-iron is composed mostly of a microstructure called ledeburite mixed with pearlite. Ledeburite is very hard, making the cast-iron very brittle. If the white cast-iron has a hypoeutectic composition, it is usually tempered to produce malleable or ductile cast-iron. Two methods of tempering are used, called "white tempering" and "black tempering." The purposes of both tempering methods is to cause

neg: EcoMotors primary investors in EcoMotors were Khosla Ventures and Bill Gates. Vinod Khosla, who founded Khosla Ventures in 2004, was founder and CEO of Sun Microsystems and formerly a general partner at Kleiner Perkins. In April 2013 EcoMotors announced a deal to have Chinese auto parts giant Zhongding Power build a $200 million factory in the Anhui Province in eastern China. The factory hoped to produce 150,000 OPOC engines per year, with a further site reserved to take production to 400,000. The engine blocks will be made of CGI (compacted graphite iron) and will be produced at a fully automated Zhongding

neg: Paul-Werner Hozzel the first "Stuka" pilot to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 8 May 1940. Hozzel was appointed commander of "Sturzkampfgeschwader" 2 on 16 October 1941. With SG 2, he fought in the Battle of Stalingrad, the "Geschwader" flew 12,000 combat missions in this engagement. It was then tasked to form ""Gefechtsverband" Hozzel" from parts of the "Stuka-Geschwaders" 1, 2 and 77 participating in the battles around Dnipropetrovsk. Hozzel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 14 April 1943. He finished the war in a staff position of "Luftflotte" 1. He

neg: Boudouard reaction graphite and lamellar graphite crystallites, as well as producing carbon nanotubes. In graphite production, catalysts used are molybdenum, magnesium, nickel, iron and cobalt, while in carbon nanotube production, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, iron and Ni-MgO catalysts are used. The Boudouard reaction is an important process inside a blast furnace. The reduction of iron oxides is not achieved by carbon directly, as reactions between solids are typically very slow, but by carbon monoxide. The resulting carbon dioxide undergoes a (reverse) Boudouard reaction upon contact with coke carbon. Boudouard reaction The Boudouard reaction, named after Octave Leopold Boudouard, is the redox reaction of

neg: Chicago Pile-1 Pupin Physics Laboratories. Fermi recalled that: The pile was built in September 1941 from graphite blocks and tinplate iron cans of uranium oxide. The cans were cubes. When filled with uranium oxide, each weighed about . There were 288 cans in all, and each was surrounded by graphite blocks so the whole would form a cubic lattice structure. A radium-beryllium neutron source was positioned near the bottom. The uranium oxide was heated to remove moisture, and packed into the cans while still hot on a shaking table. The cans were then soldered shut. For a workforce, Pegram secured the services

neg: MetOp-SG Cloud Imagers to be used on B-series satellites and three MicroWave Sounder instruments. MetOp-SG satellites will come in two series: A carrying optical instruments and B with microwave sensors. First A-series satellite will be launched in 2021, while first B-series satellite will be launched in 2022. MetOp-SG MetOp-SG (Meteorological Operational Satellite - Second Generation) is a series of six meteorological satellites developed by European Space Agency and EUMETSAT to be deployed from year 2021. In May 2014 during ILA Berlin Air Show, in a presence of chancellor Angela Merkel, ESA, EUMETSAT and Airbus Defence and Space signed the first documents

neg: Tempering (metallurgy) surface of the metal, increasing the malleability of the cast-iron. Ductile (non-porous) cast-iron (often called "black iron") is produced by black tempering. Unlike white tempering, black tempering is done in an inert gas environment, so that the decomposing carbon does not burn off. Instead, the decomposing carbon turns into a type of graphite called "temper graphite" or "flaky graphite," increasing the malleability of the metal. Tempering is usually performed at temperatures as high as for up to 20 hours. The tempering is followed by slow-cooling through the lower critical temperature, over a period that may last from 50 to over

neg: Radiocarbon dating samples decades of the technique. Libby's first measurements were made with lamp black, but this technique is no longer in use; these methods were susceptible to problems caused by the created by nuclear testing in the 1950s and 1960s. Solid targets can be used for accelerator mass spectrometry, however; usually these are graphite, though and iron carbide can also be used. The steps to convert the sample to the appropriate form for testing can be long and complex. To create lamp black, Libby began with acid washes if necessary to remove carbonate, and then converted the carbon in the sample to

neg: Graphite a 70% graphite rough concentrate. Leaching this concentrate with hydrochloric acid gives a 95% graphite product with a flake size ranging from 10 mesh down. Graphite Graphite (), archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. It occurs naturally in this form and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Under high pressures and temperatures it converts to diamond. Graphite is used in pencils and lubricants. Its high conductivity makes it useful in electrodes. The principal types of natural graphite, each occurring in different

neg: AA'-graphite AA'-graphite AA'-graphite is an allotrope of carbon similar to graphite, but where the layers are positioned differently to each other as compared to the order in graphite. AA’ stacking of graphene planes is another crystalline form of graphite (orthorhombic, Fig. 1) which is metastable for Bernal AB graphite (hexagonal) (Fig. 2) and reveals a nanocrystalline feature. Dr. Jae-Kap Lee discovered the new crystalline form of graphite in 2008 when he grew graphite onto diamond. He realized that graphene layers comprising graphite grew on diamond (111) plane with stacked in the sequence of AA', due to the crystallographic feature of diamond.

neg: Exploration geophysics iron ore deposits, skarn deposits and salt diapirs which can form oil and gas traps. Electromagnetic (EM) surveys can be used to help detect a wide variety of mineral deposits, especially base metal sulphides via detection of conductivity anomalies which can be generated around sulphide bodies in the subsurface. EM surveys are also used in diamond exploration (where the kimberlite pipes tend to have lower resistance than enclosing rocks), graphite exploration, palaeochannel-hosted uranium deposits (which are associated with shallow aquifers, which often respond to EM surveys in conductive overburden). These are indirect inferential methods of detecting mineralisation, as the commodity

neg: Herbert G. MacPherson neutron) before they will be captured by other uranium atoms. It was well known in 1939 that the two most promising moderators were heavy water and graphite (a semi-crystalline form of pure carbon). In February 1940, using funds that were allocated partly as a result of the Einstein-Szilard letter to President Roosevelt, Leo Szilard purchased 4 tons of graphite from National Carbon for use in Enrico Fermi's experimental reactor, the so-called exponential pile. Fermi writes that "The results of this experiment was [sic] somewhat discouraging" presumably due to the absorption of neutrons by some unknown impurity. So, in December 1940

neg: Wireless@SG not meet IDA's requirements for the next deployment phase of the programme and will remain support until 30 June 2013. On Monday, 11 April 2016, Parliament announced that the surfing speeds of Wireless@SG will be increased to 5 Mbit/s, up from 2Mbit/s. The number of hotspots will also double to 20,000. To access Wireless@SG, users need to be located within the respective Wireless@SG coverage areas. The list of hotspots include shopping centres, libraries, museums, public swimming pools, cafes, restaurants, fast food joints and other public venues. The latest coverage areas can be found at Google Earth and at the IDA

neg: Diamond battery this, much of it can be effectively removed from the blocks. This can be done by heating them to the sublimation point of 3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) which will release the carbon in gaseous form. After removal, blocks will be less radioactive and more easy to dispose of. Researchers propose that C-14 gas obtained by heating the radioactive graphite waste will be collected and subjected to high pressure and elevated temperature, to produce a man-made diamond. This particular diamond, being made of radioactive C-14, will also be radioactive and its radioactivity may allow it to act as a

neg: Graphite Graphite Graphite (), archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. It occurs naturally in this form and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Under high pressures and temperatures it converts to diamond. Graphite is used in pencils and lubricants. Its high conductivity makes it useful in electrodes. The principal types of natural graphite, each occurring in different types of ore deposits, are Graphite occurs in metamorphic rocks as a result of the reduction of sedimentary carbon compounds during metamorphism. It also occurs

neg: Pencil palm-leaf manuscripts. As a technique for drawing, the closest predecesor to the pencil was Silverpoint until in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish, Cumbria, England. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form. Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently, it was called

neg: SIG SG 510 to retain their weapon (nowadays the SIG SG 550), and the going rate for civilianised SG 510 rifles on the private weapons market is reported to vary between 400 and 500 Swiss francs. In Switzerland the SG 510 is also used for target shooting matches. For this the standard iron sights can be replaced by target shooting diopter and globe sight sighting lines. When the sighting line radius is kept at its original length Swiss sport shooters refer to a such modified rifle as Stgw 57/02. When the sighting line radius is lengthened by mounting the globe sight nearer to

neg: Annealed pyrolytic graphite Annealed pyrolytic graphite Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (APG), also known as Thermally Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (TPG), is a form of synthetic graphite that offers excellent in-plane thermal conductivity. As with pyrolytic carbon or pyrolytic graphite (PG), APG is also low in mass, is electrically conductive, and offers diamagnetic properties that allow it to levitate in magnetic fields. APG is an anisotropic material with extremely high in-plane thermal conductivity (1,700 W/m-K at room temperature ) and low through-thickness conductivity. Its laminate structure remains stable across a wide temperature range allowing it to be used in a variety of heat transfer applications. APG's

neg: Graphite leaves a fine graphite coat that will ease separation of the object cast after the hot metal has cooled. Graphite lubricants are specialty items for use at very high or very low temperatures, as forging die lubricant, an antiseize agent, a gear lubricant for mining machinery, and to lubricate locks. Having low-grit graphite, or even better, no-grit graphite (ultra high purity), is highly desirable. It can be used as a dry powder, in water or oil, or as colloidal graphite (a permanent suspension in a liquid). An estimate based on USGS graphite consumption statistics indicates that 2,200 tonnes was used

neg: Diving weighting system (SG=9.78) and a low melting point. It is less toxic, and its salts are highly insoluble which limits absorption by the body. Tungsten (SG=19.25) is another possible replacement for lead, but it is very expensive by comparison, both as a material and to manufacture in suitable shapes. Non-toxic materials such as iron (SG=7.87) can be used in place of lead and would not cause poisoning and contamination. However, the density of most such materials is significantly lower, so the dive weight needs to be of larger volume and therefore greater mass, to equal the negative buoyancy of the mass of

neg: Chill (casting) casting, thus the chill must be the same material as the casting. Note that internal chills will absorb both heat capacity and heat of fusion energy. "External" chills are masses of material that have a high heat capacity and thermal conductivity. They are placed on the edge of the molding cavity, and effectively become part of the wall of the molding cavity. This type of chill can be used to increase the feeding distance of a riser or reduce the number of risers required. Chills can be made of many materials, including iron, copper, bronze, aluminium, graphite, and silicon carbide.

neg: Graphene production techniques energy interface between the heptane and the water, where they are kept from restacking. The graphene remained at the interface even when exposed to force in excess of 300,000 g. The solvents may then be evaporated. The sheets are up to ~95% transparent and conductive. Graphite particles can be corroded in molten salts to form a variety of carbon nanostructures including graphene. Hydrogen cations, dissolved in molten Lithium chloride, can be discharged on cathodically polarized graphite rods, which then intercalate into the graphite structure, peeling graphite to produce graphene. The graphene nanosheets produced displayed a single-crystalline structure with a lateral

neg: X-energy the reaction. A spherical layer of graphite matrix is pressed on the outside of the fuel core. This layer is called the fuel free zone and acts as a barrier to protect the fuel core. The final pebble form is a 60 mm sphere with a homogenous distribution of TRISO particles in a graphite matrix in the center, surrounded by a layer of graphite containing no fuel. Each pebble contains approximately 18,000 TRISO particles. The Xe-100 will require 220,000 pebbles. X-energy X-energy is a nuclear reactor and fuel design engineering company. X-energy is developing Generation IV high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor

neg: Geochemistry of carbon go on to cause metasomatism or extend to the surface in carbonatite eruptions. The total mid oceanic ridge, and hot spot volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide match the loss due to subduction: 2×10 kg of CO per year. In slowly convecting mantle rocks, diamond that slowly rises above 150 km will slowly turn into graphite or be oxidised to carbon dioxide or carbonate minerals. Earth's core is believed to be mostly and alloy of iron and nickel. The density indicates that it also contains a significant amount of lighter elements. Elements such as hydrogen would be stable in the Earth's

neg: Graphite will float in mid-air above a strong magnet. If it is made in a fluidized bed at 1000–1300 °C then it is isotropic turbostratic, and is used in blood contacting devices like mechanical heart valves and is called pyrolytic carbon, and is not diamagnetic. Pyrolytic graphite and pyrolytic carbon are often confused but are very different materials. Natural and crystalline graphites are not often used in pure form as structural materials, due to their shear-planes, brittleness, and inconsistent mechanical properties. In the 4th millennium BC, during the Neolithic Age in southeastern Europe, the Marița culture used graphite in a ceramic

neg: Engine block except some unusual V or radial engines, are a monobloc for all the cylinders, plus an integrated crankcase. In such cases, the skirts of the cylinder banks form a crankcase area of sorts, which is still often called a crankcase despite no longer being a discrete part. Use of steel cylinder liners and bearing shells minimizes the effect of the relative softness of aluminium. Some engine designs use plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying instead cylinder sleeves, to reduce weight. They can also be produced in compacted graphite iron (CGI) such as some diesel engines. Some modern consumer-grade small engines

neg: Pencil taken over by the Crown and were guarded. When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required. The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well, but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled. The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attention of artists all over the known world. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of encasement. Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for stability. England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until

neg: Carbon by plants in the form of wood, cotton, linen, and hemp. Cellulose is used primarily for maintaining structure in plants. Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool, cashmere and silk. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil. The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead'

neg: SG Wannabe SG Wannabe SG Wannabe (SG 워너비) (the SG representing Simon and Garfunkel) is a South Korean trio that debuted in 2004. Their first song, "Timeless", quickly propelled the group to popularity and their album topped the charts. Unlike other groups, SG Wannabe decided to abstain from promoting their music initially, declining to appear on music shows or in their own videos; the group has stated that they wish their audience will care more about the music, rather than their appearance. SG Wannabe debuted in 2004 with their first album, SG Wanna Be+. It was produced by Lee Kyung Sub and

neg: Nuclear graphite world physics community. In order for the fission process to chain react, the neutrons created by uranium fission must be slowed down by interacting with a neutron moderator (an element with a low atomic weight, that will "bounce", when hit by a neutron) before they will be captured by other uranium atoms. It became well known by late 1939 that the two most promising moderators were heavy water and graphite. In February 1940, using funds that were allocated partly as a result of the Einstein-Szilard letter to President Roosevelt, Leo Szilard purchased several tons of graphite from the Speer Carbon

neg: Alkali metal sodium react with carbon to form acetylides, LiC and NaC, which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium react with graphite; their atoms are intercalated between the hexagonal graphite layers, forming graphite intercalation compounds of formulae MC (dark grey, almost black), MC (dark grey, almost black), MC (blue), MC (steel blue), and MC (bronze) (M = K, Rb, or Cs). These compounds are over 200 times more electrically conductive than pure graphite, suggesting that the valence electron of the alkali metal is transferred to the graphite layers (e.g. ). Upon heating of

neg: Stargate SG-1 (season 9) the meaning of this remark will not be revealed in the series but might come up in the "Stargate SG-1" sequels, "" and "". "Camelot" was the first "Stargate SG-1" season finale since "Revelations" that was not intended to be the "SG-1" series finale, and the first one since "Exodus" that was a cliffhanger. The episode was written without the knowledge that "Stargate SG-1" would be picked up for a tenth season. The Sci Fi Channel cut the opening sequences of the first ten episodes of the season from sixty to ten seconds for the original broadcast. The sequence only

neg: Malleable iron 1826 when Seth Boyden started a foundry for the production of harness hardware and other small castings. Like similar irons with the carbon formed into spherical or nodular shapes, malleable iron exhibits good ductility. Incorrectly considered by some to be an "old" or "dead" material, malleable iron still has a legitimate place in the design engineer's toolbox. Malleable iron is a good choice for small castings or castings with thin cross sections (less than 0.25 inch, 6.35 mm). Other nodular irons produced with graphite in the spherical shape can be difficult to produce in these applications, due to the formation

neg: Carbon planet and Venus, which are composed mostly of silicon–oxygen compounds. The theory is now built on reasonable scientific ideas and has gained support. Different planetary systems have different carbon-to-oxygen ratios, with the Solar System's terrestrial planets closer to being "oxygen planets". The exoplanet 55 Cancri e is a possible example of a carbon planet. Such a planet would probably have an iron- or steel-rich core like the known terrestrial planets. Surrounding that would be molten silicon carbide and titanium carbide. Above that, a layer of carbon in the form of graphite, possibly with a kilometers-thick substratum of diamond if there is

neg: Group 8 element by CAS/US naming. That group is now called group 18. Hassium has not been isolated in macroscopic pure form, and its properties have not been conclusively observed; only iron, ruthenium, and osmium have had their properties experimentally confirmed. All three elements are typical silvery-white transition metals, hard, and have high melting and boiling points. Iron has been known and used to make tools since antiquity. Ruthenium was first identified in 1844 in platinum ores, after all other platinum group metals, including Osmium, which was discovered in 1803; by dissolving impure platinum, salts were created. In a graphite-like dust always found

neg: RBMK thermal expansion of the blocks, and other factors to the pressure tube, while facilitating heat transfer from the graphite blocks. The tubes are welded to the top and bottom metal plates of the reactor vessel. While most of the energy from the fission process is in the fuel itself in the form of heat, approximately 5.5% of it is deposited in the graphite blocks as they moderate the fast neutrons formed from fission. This energy must be removed to avoid overheating the graphite. About 80–85% of the energy deposited in the graphite is removed by the fuel rod coolant channels,

neg: Seathwaite, Allerdale Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company factory in Keswick. The commercial mining of the unusual solid form of graphite found near the hamlet of Seathwaite ceased around 1891 when veins of the solid graphite became harder to find. In addition, around that time the Keswick pencil factories had switched to making pencil pigments out of the familiar combination of clay powder and graphite powder. Graphite powder could be mined and imported from elsewhere. The mine entrance is north-northwest of the hamlet at . For many years Seathwaite was a secluded spot, being connected to the main road at Seatoller by a rough

neg: Graphite in igneous rocks and in meteorites. Minerals associated with graphite include quartz, calcite, micas and tourmaline. The principle export sources of mined graphite are in order of tonnage: China, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, and Madagascar. In meteorites, graphite occurs with troilite and silicate minerals. Small graphitic crystals in meteoritic iron are called cliftonite. Some microscopic grains have distinctive isotopic compositions, indicating that they were formed before the Solar system. They are one of about 12 known types of mineral that predate the Solar System and have also been detected in molecular clouds. These minerals were formed in the ejecta when supernovae

neg: Neutron imaging have increased in availability, including large accelerators with spallation targets and these can be suitable sources for neutron imaging. Portable accelerator based neutron generators utilizing the neutron yielding fusion reactions of deuterium-deuterium or deuterium-tritium . After neutrons are produced, they need to be slowed down (decrease in kinetic energy), to the speed desired for imaging. This can take the form of some length of water, polyethylene, or graphite at room temperature to produce thermal neutrons. In the moderator the neutrons will collide with the nucleus of atoms and so slow down. Eventually the speed of these neutrons will achieve some

neg: Iron (golf) the lowest possible center of gravity and the highest possible usable club face. A stroke in which the ball comes directly off the hosel is known as a "shank", and the ball will usually veer off almost at right angles to the intended target line. The shaft is the true engine of the iron. A shaft that is perfectly suited to the individual golfer increases distance and improves accuracy, while a poorly suited shaft can lead to inconsistent, wayward shots and reduced distance. Although graphite shafts, made from composite materials such as carbon fiber, are now standard in woods, especially

neg: Graphite furnace atomic absorption Graphite furnace atomic absorption Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) (also known as Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ETAAS)) is a type of spectrometry that uses a graphite-coated furnace to vaporize the sample. Briefly, the technique is based on the fact that free atoms will absorb light at frequencies or wavelengths characteristic of the element of interest (hence the name atomic absorption spectrometry). Within certain limits, the amount of light absorbed can be linearly correlated to the concentration of analyte present. Free atoms of most elements can be produced from samples by the application of high temperatures. In GFAAS, samples are

neg: Lithuanian declension – sg. nom. -s (< -is), sg. gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. nom. -ys – of the third noun declension. Some of the nouns occur in another declensional type only in one case. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. For example, seseris can be said seseria in dialects, but the genitive remains sesers; (older) motė, moters, but also a migrant form: (older) motė, motės. The dialectal and older form sesuva (a type of sesuo), for example, can remain in the original paradigm with sg. gen. sesers or shift to the -a declension:

neg: Hammerscale early stages, the composition will be largely mixed whereas flakes from late stages will be purer iron oxide forms. Ultimately, some still argue that the chemical components of hammerscale besides iron vary widely beyond ionized oxygen to form a metal oxide. Flake Hammerscale forms due to the rapid oxidation of hot iron in air. A heated piece of iron will develop an external layer of iron oxide which then may separate from the original piece due to a hammer strike or differential thermal contraction . Flake Hammerscale is produced in large quantities during multiple stages of the smithing process. To

neg: Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) blocks of graphite, approximately 24 inches thick, stacked outside the core cavity. This permanent reflector was reclaimed from Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor. The core may be loaded to a size of 5 feet by 5 feet (nominal) up to 6 feet by 6 feet (maximum), depending on the needs of the experiment. As described above, the fuel is composed of a mixture of graphite and uranium. The uranium is in the form of uranium oxide particles that are approximately 20 microns in size, and are in direct contact with the graphite moderator. The graphite, in addition to

neg: Carbon (his name for carbon dioxide) when oxidized with nitric acid. In 1786, the French scientists Claude Louis Berthollet, Gaspard Monge and C. A. Vandermonde confirmed that graphite was mostly carbon by oxidizing it in oxygen in much the same way Lavoisier had done with diamond. Some iron again was left, which the French scientists thought was necessary to the graphite structure. In their publication they proposed the name "carbone" (Latin "carbonum") for the element in graphite which was given off as a gas upon burning graphite. Antoine Lavoisier then listed carbon as an element in his 1789 textbook. A new

neg: Molten salt reactor as potential designs for study under the Generation Four Initiative (GEN-IV). One version of the VHTR under study was the Liquid-Salt Very-High-Temperature Reactor (LS-VHTR), also commonly called the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR). It uses liquid salt as a coolant in the primary loop, rather than a single helium loop. It relies on "TRISO" fuel dispersed in graphite. Early AHTR research focused on graphite in the form of graphite rods that would be inserted in hexagonal moderating graphite blocks, but current studies focus primarily on pebble-type fuel. The LS-VHTR can work at very high temperatures (the boiling point of most molten

neg: Zerovalent iron iron of construction grade, has been used as a reactive material for permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. Reactions are generally believed to occur on the Fe (oxide) surface; however, graphite inclusions have been shown can also serve as a reaction site for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) High purity iron is another category that indicates commercial, granular iron for powder metallurgy, etc. Zinc has showed much higher reactivity toward pentachlorophenol than iron. This indicates that zinc may be used as a replacement for ZVI in dechlorinating chlorinated phenols. Chlorinated phenols are sequentially dechlorinated and thus less chlorinated phenols have been identified as

neg: Aggregated diamond nanorod and 20 nanometres and lengths of around 1 micrometre each. Nanodiamond aggregates ca. 1 mm in size also form in nature, from graphite upon meteoritic impact, such as that of the Popigai crater in Siberia, Russia. Aggregated diamond nanorod Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are a nanocrystalline form of diamond, also known as nanodiamond or hyperdiamond. Nanodiamond or hyperdiamond was convincingly demonstrated to be produced by compression of graphite in 2003 and in the same work found to be much harder than bulk diamond. Later it was also produced by compression of fullerene and confirmed to be the hardest and

neg: Joseph Dixon (inventor) In 1827, Joseph Dixon began his business in Salem, Massachusetts and, with his son, was involved with the Tantiusques graphite mine in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Dixon discovered the merits of graphite as a stove polish and an additive in lubricants, foundry facings, brake linings, oil-less bearings, and non-corrosive paints. He also refined the use of graphite crucibles, refractory vessels used for melting metallic minerals. A heat-resistant graphite crucible he invented was widely used in the production of iron and steel during the Mexican–American War. This invention's success led Dixon to build a new mill in what is now the Van Vorst

neg: Iron ore it some other desirable quality. The choice of ore, fuel, and flux determine how the slag behaves and the operational characteristics of the iron produced. Ideally iron ore contains only iron and oxygen. In reality this is rarely the case. Typically, iron ore contains a host of elements which are often unwanted in modern steel. Silica () is almost always present in iron ore. Most of it is slagged off during the smelting process. At temperatures above 1300 °C some will be reduced and form an alloy with the iron. The hotter the furnace, the more silicon will be present

neg: Shaft (golf) at the PGA Merchandise Show but did not gain widespread use until the mid-1990s and is now used on almost all woods and some iron sets, as the carbon-fiber composite of graphite shafts boasts increased flex for greater clubhead speed at the cost of slightly reduced accuracy due to greater torque. Steel, which generally has lower torque but less flex than graphite, is still widely preferred by many for irons, wedges and putters as these clubs stress accuracy over distance. "Graphite" shafts began to emerge in the late twentieth century. The graphite shaft was invented by Frank Thomas in 1969

neg: Electric machine More durable brushes can be made of graphite or liquid metal. It is even possible to eliminate the brushes in a "brushed machine" by using a part of rotor and stator as a transformer which transfer current without creating torque. Brushes must not be confused with a commutator. The difference is that the brushes only transfer electric current to a moving rotor while a commutator also provide switching of the current direction. There is iron (usually laminated steel cores made of sheet metal) between the rotor coils and teeth of iron between the stator coils in addition to black iron

neg:
Rohingya language Tense
 lekír = I/we am/are writing.
 lekór = You(sg./pl.) are writing.
 lekér = He/she/they is/are writing. Present Perfect Tense
 lekífélaiyi = I/we have written.
 lekífélaiyo = You (sg./pl.) have written.
 lekífélaiyós = You (sg.) have written. ("used to very closed people")
 lekífélaiye = He/she/they has/have written. Future Tense
 lekíyóum = I/we will write.
 lekíbá = You (sg./pl.) will write.
 lekíbi = You (sg.) will write. ("used to very closed people")
 lekíbóu = He/she/they will write. Past Tense (Immediate/near past)
 leikkí = I/we wrote.
 leikkó = You (sg./pl.) wrote.
 leikkós = You (sg.) wrote. ("used to very closed people")
 leikké =