query: who calculated the volume of pyramids and cones

pos: Cavalieri's principle base × height, can be established by Cavalieri's principle if one knows only that it is true in one case. One may initially establish it in a single case by partitioning the interior of a triangular prism into three pyramidal components of equal volumes. One may show the equality of those three volumes by means of Cavalieri's principle. In fact, Cavalieri's principle or similar infinitesimal argument is "necessary" to compute the volume of cones and even pyramids, which is essentially the content of Hilbert's third problem – polyhedral pyramids and cones cannot be cut and rearranged into a standard shape,

neg: Volume as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as Now Combining yields formula_15 This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere's surface area, which is formula_16. The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one-third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well. However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of thickness

neg: Base (geometry) parallelogram or the volume of a prism or cylinder can be calculated by multiplying its "base" by its height; likewise, the areas of triangles and the volumes of cones and pyramids are fractions of the products of their bases and heights. Some figures have two parallel bases (such as trapezoids and frustums), both of which are used to calculate the extent of the figures. The extended base of a triangle (a particular case of an extended side) is the line that contains the base. The extended base is important in the context of obtuse triangles: the altitudes from the acute

neg: Affine geometry all pyramids, even slanting ones whose apex is not directly above the center of the base, and those with base a parallelogram instead of a square. The formula further generalizes to pyramids whose base can be dissected into parallelograms, including cones by allowing infinitely many parallelograms (with due attention to convergence). The same approach shows that a four-dimensional pyramid has 4D volume one quarter the 3D volume of its parallelepiped base times the height, and so on for higher dimensions. Affine geometry can be viewed as the geometry of an affine space of a given dimension "n", coordinatized over a

neg: Solid geometry Solid geometry In mathematics, solid geometry is the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. Stereometry deals with the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (three-dimensional figures) including pyramids, prisms and other polyhedrons; cylinders; cones; truncated cones; and balls bounded by spheres. The Pythagoreans dealt with the regular solids, but the pyramid, prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonists. Eudoxus established their measurement, proving the pyramid and cone to have one-third the volume of a prism and cylinder on the same base and of the same height. He was probably also the discoverer of

neg: Egyptian geometry 45, 46) compute the volume of a rectangular granary. Problem 14 of the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus computes the volume of a truncated pyramid, also known as a frustum. Problem 56 of the RMP indicates an understanding of the idea of geometric similarity. This problem discusses the ratio run/rise, also known as the seqed. Such a formula would be need for building pyramids. In the next problem (Problem 57), the height of a pyramid is calculated from the base length and the "seked" (Egyptian for slope), while problem 58 gives the length of the base and the height and uses these

neg: Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam calculating the volume and surface area of solids (mainly rectangular parallelepipeds, right circular prisms, square pyramids, and circular cones). The first few chapters contain rules for determining the area, diagonal, perimeter, and other parameters for different types of triangles, rectangles and squares. Some of Abu Kamil's lost works include: Ibn al-Nadim in his "Fihrist" listed the following additional titles: "Book of Fortune" ("Kitāb al-falāḥ"), "Book of the Key to Fortune" ("Kitāb miftāḥ al-falāḥ"), "Book of the Adequate" ("Kitāb al-kifāya"), and "Book of the Kernel" ("Kitāb al-ʿasīr"). The works of Abu Kamil influenced other mathematicians, like al-Karaji and Fibonacci, and as

neg: Melnik Earth Pyramids creates not only pleasing yellowish and reddish colour gamut, but also determines the extremely diverse forms of the pyramids. They are shaped in a diverse variety of forms, resembling pyramids, cones, giant mushrooms, ancient towers and obelisks spanning a territory of 17 km. The landscape includes both deep river valleys at the bottom of the site and spacious meadows in the highest sections. The Melnik Earth Pyramids reach a height of up to 100 m near Karlanovo, where the oldest Neogene formations are situated. To the south of Rozhen there are sand chimneys crowned by rock pieces. Near Melnik they

neg: Mesoamerican pyramids Mesoamerican pyramids Mesoamerican pyramids or pyramid-shaped structures form a prominent part of ancient Mesoamerican architecture. Although similar to each other in shape or form, these New World structures bear only a very weak architectural resemblance to Egyptian pyramids. The Mesoamerican examples – usually step pyramids with temples on top – recall the ziggurats of Mesopotamia rather than the pyramids of Ancient Egypt. The Mesoamerican region's largest pyramid by volume – the largest pyramid in the world by volume – is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the east-central Mexican state of Puebla. The builders of certain classic Mesoamerican pyramids have

neg: Steinmetz solid bicylinder describes a total of 8 pyramids. The volume of the cube (red) minus the volume of the eight pyramids (blue) is the volume of the bicylinder (white). The volume of the 8 pyramids is: formula_12, and then we can calculate that the bicylinder volume is formula_13 The intersection of three cylinders whith perpendicularly intersecting axes generates a surface of a solid with vertices where 3 edges meet and vertices where 4 edges meet. The set of vertices can be considered as the edges of a rhombic dodecahedron. The key for the determination of volume and surface area is the

neg: William Winstanley manuscript of Bishop Percy. An engraved portrait of Winstanley in an oval constructed of vines and barley was prefixed to later editions of his "Loyall Martyrology", with the date in the inscription 1667 aet. 39.' Another engraved portrait-bust standing between two pyramids was prefixed to his "Lives of the Poets", 1687. The earliest volume published under the pseudonym of "Poor Robin" was an almanac calculated from the meridian of Saffron Walden, which is said to have been originally issued in 1661 or 1662. No copy earlier than 1663 now survives. It was taken over by the Stationers' Company, and was

neg: Pyramid (geometry) calculus for pyramids with rectangular bases. Consider a unit cube. Draw lines from the center of the cube to each of the 8 vertices. This partitions the cube into 6 equal square pyramids of base area 1 and height 1/2. Each pyramid clearly has volume of 1/6. From this we deduce that pyramid volume = height × base area / 3. Next, expand the cube uniformly in three directions by unequal amounts so that the resulting rectangular solid edges are "a", "b" and "c", with solid volume "abc". Each of the 6 pyramids within are likewise expanded. And each pyramid

neg: Truncated octahedron side length 3"a" by the removal of six right square pyramids, one from each point. These pyramids have both base side length ("a") and lateral side length ("e") of "a", to form equilateral triangles. The base area is then "a". Note that this shape is exactly similar to half an octahedron or Johnson solid J. From the properties of square pyramids, we can now find the slant height, "s", and the height, "h", of the pyramid: The volume, "V", of the pyramid is given by: Because six pyramids are removed by truncation, there is a total lost volume of "a".

neg: Edmonton City Hall from the public as they felt it looked like dunce caps and nuclear reactors. Dub Architects then revised their design to replace the cones with the pyramids, with the pyramids designed to be evocative of the Rocky Mountains. The design was received much more warmly by the public, and was dubbed "Pyramid Power" by the press. Edmonton City Hall Edmonton's City Hall is the home of the municipal government of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Designed by Dub Architects, the building was completed in 1992. It was built to replace the former city hall after it had become outdated and expensive to

neg: The Books of Abarat curiously reassuring places" whereas the six pyramids at Xuxux are "sites of mystery and tragedy". The character Christopher Carrion uses the pyramids as a breeding-ground for the diverse, monstrous insects known as the Sacbrood. Klepp, who never visited it while sober, described Idjit as an island of "immense charm", saying that it "encourages excesses, a kind of happy foolishness". It shares with neighbouring Gorgossium a "spiky, barren topography, [while] storms rage perpetually about the landscape. It has been calculated [Klepp adds] that a visitor to Idjit is more likely to be struck by lightning than a man on the roosts

neg: Tetrakis hexahedron The volume of the pyramid is ; so the total volume of the six pyramids and the cube in the hexahedron is . It can be seen as a cube with square pyramids covering each square face; that is, it is the Kleetope of the cube. It is very similar to the 3D net for a 4D cubic pyramid, as the net for a square based is a square with triangles attached to each edge, the net for a "cubic pyramid" is a cube with square pyramids attached to each face. It is a polyhedra in a sequence defined by

neg: John Shae Perring in 1931 and excavations there only recommenced in 1948, under Jean-Philippe Lauer). Perring added some graffiti inside the Red Pyramid at Dahshur, which can still be viewed today. Perring's work resulted in his three-volume "The Pyramids of Gizeh", published in 1839 to 1842. Vyse also published Perring's sketches in the third volume of his own three-part work "Appendix to Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837". John Shae Perring John Shae Perring (1813–1869) was a British engineer, anthropologist and Egyptologist, most notable for his work excavating and documenting Egyptian pyramids. In the field of Egyptology his work

neg: Elementary mathematics one can be obtained from the other by uniformly scaling (enlarging or shrinking), possibly with additional translation, rotation and reflection. This means that either object can be rescaled, repositioned, and reflected, so as to coincide precisely with the other object. If two objects are similar, each is congruent to the result of a uniform scaling of the other. Solid geometry was the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. Stereometry deals with the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (three-dimensional figures) including pyramids, cylinders, cones, truncated cones, spheres, and prisms. Rational number is any number that can

neg: Mound the word "tumulus" may be used as a synonym for an artificial hill, particularly if the hill is related to particular burial customs. While the term "mound" may be applied to historic constructions, most mounds in the United States are pre-Columbian earthworks, built by Native American peoples. Native Americans built a variety of mounds, including flat-topped pyramids or cones known as platform mounds, rounded cones, and ridge or loaf-shaped mounds. Some mounds took on unusual shapes, such as the outline of cosmologically significant animals. These are known as effigy mounds. Some mounds, such as a few in Wisconsin, have rock

neg: Littoral cone the minimum size of lava flows that have formed such cones in Hawaii is . Of these, about 5-6% of their volume is converted to fragments. Usually littoral cones are formed by aa lava as their fragmented nature allows ideal water-lava interactions, but pahoehoe and intermediary lavas can also form littoral cones. Other properties such as the speed of the lava flow and the structure of the flow front also influence the formation of littoral cones. Larger lava flow rates generate larger cones. In some littoral cones on Hawaii that were formed by pahoehoe lava flows, the collapse of a

neg: The Method of Mechanical Theorems as infinitely many infinitesimal right triangles going around the circumference (see Measurement of the Circle), the volume of the sphere could be thought of as divided into many cones with height equal to the radius and base on the surface. The cones all have the same height, so their volume is 1/3 the base area times the height. Archimedes states that the total volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of a cone whose base has the same surface area as the sphere and whose height is the radius. There are no details given for the argument, but

neg: Jom-Bolok volcanic field two other flows), Stariy ("old" in Russian, and ), Treshina ("fissure" in Russian) and Troynoy ("triplet" in Russian, three high domes). Most of these cones are located within the Hee-Gol valley rather than the Jom-Bolok valley itself. These cones are constructed on top of three different faults. An alkali basalt lava flow erupted during the Holocene has a volume of and reached a length of along Jom-Bolok river, reaching the Oka river in a large fan and damming it. This volume is comparable to the volume of lavas emitted during the 1973 Tolbachik eruption, albeit smaller than the Eldgja and

neg: Cavalieri's quadrature formula established: the cube has 3-fold symmetry, with fundamental domain a pyramids, dividing the cube into 3 pyramids, corresponding to the fact that the volume of a pyramid is one third of the base times the height. This illustrates geometrically the equivalence between the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of a pyramid, which were computed classically by different means. Alternative proofs exist – for example, Fermat computed the area via an algebraic trick of dividing the domain into certain intervals of unequal length; alternatively, one can prove this by recognizing a symmetry of the graph "y" = "x" under

neg: Victor Meyer apparatus Victor Meyer apparatus The Victor Meyer apparatus is the standard laboratory method for determining the molecular weight of a volatile liquid. It was developed by Viktor Meyer, who spelled his name "Victor" in publications at the time of its development. In this method, a known mass of a volatile solid or liquid under examination is converted into its vapour form by heating in a Victor Meyer's tube. The vapour displaces its own volume of air. The volume of air displaced at experimental temperature and pressure is calculated. Then volume of air displaced at Standard Temperature and Pressure is calculated. Using

neg: Square gyrobicupola gyrobicupola is an Archimedean solid because, although it meets every other standard necessary to be an Archimedean solid, it is not highly symmetric. The following formulae for volume and surface area can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length "a": formula_1 formula_2 The square gyrobicupola forms space-filling honeycombs with tetrahedra, cubes and cuboctahedra; and with tetrahedra, square pyramids, and elongated square bipyramids. (The latter unit can be decomposed into elongated square pyramids, cubes, and/or square pyramids).<br> Square gyrobicupola In geometry, the square gyrobicupola is one of the Johnson solids ("J"). Like the square orthobicupola ("J"), it can

neg: Cavalieri's principle volume of the cylinder, thus the volume "outside" of the cone is formula_12 the volume of the cylinder. Therefore the volume of the upper half of the sphere is formula_12 of the volume of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is Therefore the volume of the upper half-sphere is formula_15 and that of the whole sphere is formula_16. The fact that the volume of any pyramid, regardless of the shape of the base, whether circular as in the case of a cone, or square as in the case of the Egyptian pyramids, or any other shape, is (1/3) ×

neg: Visual system brain: A 2006 University of Pennsylvania study calculated the approximate bandwidth of human retinas to be about 8960 kilobits per second, whereas guinea pig retinas transfer at about 875 kilobits. In 2007 Zaidi and co-researchers on both sides of the Atlantic studying patients without rods and cones, discovered that the novel photoreceptive ganglion cell in humans also has a role in conscious and unconscious visual perception. The peak spectral sensitivity was 481 nm. This shows that there are two pathways for sight in the retina – one based on classic photoreceptors (rods and cones) and the other, newly discovered, based

neg: Combined driving finish line). These penalties are added to any section time penalties. Further penalties may be given for infringements such as dislodging a part of the obstacle (a knock down), the groom dismounting the carriage or even for the carriage overturning. In the obstacle cone driving, time penalties are awarded for exceeding the time allowed to complete the cones course, which is calculated by taking the measured distance of the course and dividing it by the speed allowed. Penalties are also awarded for knocking down a ball from any of the cones on the course. In all phases of the competition,

neg: Parinacota (volcano) flow. Other recent activity, originally considered to be the youngest, formed the Ajata cones. These cones are constructed by basaltic andesite with a volume of about . The Ajata cones form four groups of different ages: The lower Ajata flows were erupted 5,985 ± 640 and 6,560 ± 1,220 years ago, the upper Ajata flows 4,800 ± 4,000 years ago, the middle Ajata flows 9,900 ± 2,100 years ago, and the High Ajata flows 2,000 – 1,300 years ago. These groups also form compositionally distinct units. The youngest surface exposure date obtained is 1,385 ± 350 years ago. According to

neg: Anti-reflective coating reflection in this case, effective medium approximations can be used. To minimize reflection, various profiles of pyramids have been proposed, such as cubic, quintic or integral exponential profiles. If wavelength is smaller than the textured size, the reflection reduction can be explained with the help of the geometric optics approximation: rays should be reflected many times before they are sent back toward the source. In this case the reflection can be calculated using ray tracing. Using texture reduces reflection for wavelengths comparable with the feature size as well. In this case no approximation is valid, and reflection can be calculated

neg: Tree volume measurement of the tree together. Where segments are short, the volume of each segment is calculated as the volume of a frustum of a cone where volume is calculated by any of the three forms: Volume= h(π/3)(r + r +rr) Volume= h(π/12)(D + D +DD) Volume= h/3(A + A +(AA)) A similar, but more complex formula can be used where the trunk is significantly more elliptical in shape where the lengths of the major and minor axis of the ellipse are measured at the top and bottom of each segment. Let D = major axis of upper ellipse of the frustum

neg: Mount Tendürek Mount Tendürek Tendürek (, ) is a shield volcano located in the Ağrı and Van provinces of eastern Turkey, close to the borders with Iran. The elongated volcano rises above the Doğubeyazıt plain, south of Mount Ararat. Two main cones with a crater each and several minor lateral cones form the edifice. The edifice dates 700,000–500,000 years BP to 13,000 BP and is mostly constructed from basaltic lavas, with some pyroclastics and trachytic/trachyandesitic lavas. It has a volume of more than 300 km and covers a surface area of about 650 km. Pyroclastic cones with basaltic lava flows on the

neg: Molar volume sample is a mixture containing "N" components, the molar volume is complex. It can be simply the sum of the individual components, and calculated using: But this is violated by many liquid-liquid mixtures. For instance mixing pure ethanol into pure water causes a "decrease" in the volume calculated by this formula. This effect is called "excess volume". For ideal gases, the molar volume is given by the ideal gas equation; this is a good approximation for many common gases at standard temperature and pressure. The ideal gas equation can be rearranged to give an expression for the molar volume of

neg: Mount Haddington Mount Haddington Mount Haddington is a massive high shield volcano comprising much of James Ross Island in Graham Land, Antarctica. It is wide and has had numerous subglacial eruptions throughout its history, forming many tuyas. Some of its single eruptions were bigger in volume than a whole normal-sized volcano. Old eruption shorelines are widespread on the volcano's deeply eroded flanks. Haddington formed along the Larsen Rift dominantly during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs but more recent eruptions have produced tuff cones on its slopes. The youngest tuff cones and pyroclastic cones on the eastern slope are situated below the summit

neg: Vehicle size class than or equal to 8,500 pounds and all medium-duty passenger vehicles which possess special features and which the Administrator determines are more appropriately classified separately from typical automobiles or which do not meet the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section will be classified as special purpose vehicles. Interior volume index is calculated differently for different vehicle classes: All dimensions and volumes shall be determined from the base vehicles of each body style in each car line, and do not include optional equipment. Front seat volume is calculated as product of: Rear seat volume is calculated for vehicles

neg: Volume circular shapes can be easily calculated using arithmetic formulas. Volumes of complicated shapes can be calculated with integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. One-dimensional figures (such as lines) and two-dimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional space. The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by fluid displacement. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of just one of the substances. However, sometimes one substance dissolves in

neg: Puyuhuapi (volcanic group) high secondary cone nested within its wide summit crater. The eruption fissures also generated lava flows; the cones formed afterwards over the fissures. On the northern end of the Puyuhuapi channel, the eruptions filled part of the channel and separated Lake Risopatrón from it; this activity may have been phreatomagmatic in nature. Two edifices have a volume of and respectively. The cones were constructed by basaltic andesite, which contains clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase. The petrologically primitive composition suggests that they were constructed from primitive asthenosphere derived magmas that reached the surface directly, through the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault system. The cones may

neg: Tree measurement need to be evenly spaced along the trunk of the tree, but a sufficient number of measurements need to be taken to adequately represent the changes in diameter of the trunk. To calculate trunk volume, the tree is subdivided into a series of segments with the successive diameters being the bottom and top of each segment and its length equal to the difference in height between the lower and upper diameter. Cumulative trunk volume is calculated by adding the volume of the measured segments of the tree together. The volume of each segment is calculated as the volume of a

neg: Burette all been removed from the Burette otherwise the data will be inaccurately measured. Also, reading the data at the eye level means looking straight at the bottom of the meniscus. The initial and final volumes collected will be calculated for the difference in volume which equal to the total volume of solution drained out of the Burette. The difference in volume can be calculated by taking the difference of final volume and initial volume Using the Burette with a colorless solution is sometimes difficult to observe the bottom of the meniscus so Black Strip Technique can help to accurately observe

neg: Negative volume index 2) add the difference to the cumulative NVI beginning at zero, and 3) retain the current NVI reading for the days when volume is greater than the prior day's volume. He calculated PVI in the same manner but for the days when volume was greater than the prior day's volume. NVI and PVI can be calculated daily or weekly. Initially, Dysart believed that PVI would be the more useful series, but in 1967, he wrote that NVI had “proved to be the most valuable of all the breadth indexes.” He relied most on NVI, naming it AMOMET, the acronym of

neg: Donald P. Ryan the site of the Pyramids of Guimar on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Ryan has been entrusted with continuing some of the research aspects of Heyerdahl’s legacy. Other research by Ryan includes investigations of ancient Egyptian cordage and other technologies, studies of inscribed Egyptian funerary cones, biographical studies of early archaeologists including Giovanni Belzoni, studies of the influence of antiquity on culture and the arts, and the documentation of petroglyphs on the island of Hawaii. As a writer and researcher, Ryan is the author of numerous scientific and popular articles on archaeological subjects. His books include volumes in the popular

neg: Portrait of Jacques Nayral beauty." Claude of "Le Petit Parisien" accused the salon cubists of "arrivisme", Janneau for "Gil Blas" questioned the "sincerity" of the cubists, and Tardieu in "Echo de Paris" condemned 'the snobbery of the gullible which applauds the most stupid nonsenses of the arts of painting presented to idiots as the audacities of genius." Henri Guilbeaux, reviewing the 1911 Indépendants for "Les Hommes du jour" described the paintings of Metzinger, Léger and others as 'grotesque, ridiculous, intended to bewilder – it would appear – the bourgeoisie', paintings 'whose cubes, cones and pyramids pile up, collapse and...make you laugh.' Vauxcelles, perhaps more

neg: Nanoindenter numerous available geometries are three and four sided pyramids, wedges, cones, cylinders, filaments, and spheres. Several geometries have become a well established common standard due to their extended use and well known properties; such as Berkovich, cube corner, Vickers, and Knoop nanoindenters. To meet the high precision required, nanoindenters must be made following the definitions of ISO 14577-2, and be inspected and measured with equipment and standards traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The tip end of the indenter can be made sharp, flat, or rounded to a cylindrical or spherical shape. The material for most

neg: Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States from the 1990 census and previous censuses due, in large part, to giving respondents the option to report more than one race. Black population (2000 and 2010) Hispanic or Latino (Estimates) Hispanic population (2000 and 2010) Hispanic or Latino Population by Type of Origin and Race: 2010 Hispanic or Latino 2010-2017 (Estimates) Asian 2000-2017 (Estimates) Asian population (2000 and 2010) Asian population pyramids (Census 2010) American Indian and Alaska Native 2010-2017 (Estimates) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 2010-2017 (Estimates) Immigration to the United States by region and country: Cyprus was calculated in Europe. South Sudan was calculated in Sub-Saharan

neg: Base (geometry) vertices are external to the triangle and perpendicularly intersect the extended opposite base (but not the base proper). Base (geometry) In geometry, a base is a side of a polygon or a face of a polyhedron, particularly one oriented perpendicular to the direction in which height is measured, or on what is considered to be the "bottom" of the figure. This term is commonly applied to triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, cylinders, cones, pyramids, parallelepipeds and frustums. Bases are commonly used (together with heights) to calculate the areas and volumes of figures. In speaking about these processes, the measure (length or area)

neg: Frustum is shaped like a truncated cone. If all the edges are forced to be identical, a frustum becomes a uniform prism. Each plane section is a floor or base of the frustum. Its axis if any, is that of the original cone or pyramid. A frustum is circular if it has circular bases; it is right if the axis is perpendicular to both bases, and oblique otherwise. The height of a frustum is the perpendicular distance between the planes of the two bases. Cones and pyramids can be viewed as degenerate cases of frusta, where one of the cutting planes

neg: Base (geometry) Base (geometry) In geometry, a base is a side of a polygon or a face of a polyhedron, particularly one oriented perpendicular to the direction in which height is measured, or on what is considered to be the "bottom" of the figure. This term is commonly applied to triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, cylinders, cones, pyramids, parallelepipeds and frustums. Bases are commonly used (together with heights) to calculate the areas and volumes of figures. In speaking about these processes, the measure (length or area) of a figure's base is often referred to as its "base." By this usage, the area of a

neg: BZFlag SourceForge.net site). However, using blender in combination with a BZFlag map plug-in is currently the most popular mapping method. As to the simplicity of maps, there are a number of basic objects in a map: boxes, pyramids, teleporters, cones, arcs, cylinders, spheres, team bases and meshes. Teleporters are rectangular, yellow-bordered objects that teleport a tank to another teleporter. A mapmaker may choose to not have a teleporter teleport tanks by leaving out links, or simple definitions of two points for teleporters to link between. Teleporters are also capable of teleporting to themselves, reflecting bullets and tanks that enter. Team Bases

neg: Constructive solid geometry called primitives. Typically they are the objects of simple shape: cuboids, cylinders, prisms, pyramids, spheres, cones. The set of allowable primitives is limited by each software package. Some software packages allow CSG on curved objects while other packages do not. It is said that an object is constructed from primitives by means of allowable operations, which are typically Boolean operations on sets: union, intersection and difference, as well as geometric transformations of those sets. A primitive can typically be described by a procedure which accepts some number of parameters; for example, a sphere may be described by the coordinates of

neg: Topiary suggested Traditional topiary forms use foliage pruned and/or trained into geometric shapes such as balls or cubes, obelisks, pyramids, cones, or tiered plates and tapering spirals. Representational forms depicting people, animals, and man-made objects have also been popular. The royal botanist John Parkinson found privet "so apt that no other can be like unto it, to be cut, lead, and drawn into what forme one will, either of beasts, birds, or men armed or otherwise." Evergreens have usually been the first choice for Early Modern topiary, however, with yew and boxwood leading other plants. Topiary at Versailles and its imitators

neg: Standard conditions for temperature and pressure as important to indicate the applicable reference conditions of temperature and pressure when stating the molar volume of a gas as it is when expressing a gas volume or volumetric flow rate. Stating the molar volume of a gas without indicating the reference conditions of temperature and pressure has very little meaning and can cause confusion. The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown

neg: Fiber volume ratio seen in the cross-section of the composite. Voids are often formed in a composite structure throughout the manufacturing process and must be calculated into the total fiber volume fraction of the composite. The fraction of fiber reinforcement is very important in determining the overall mechanical properties of a composite. A higher fiber volume fraction typically results in better mechanical properties of the composite. Calculating the volume of fiber ratio in a composite is relatively simple. The volume fiber fraction can be calculated using a combination of weights, densities, elastic moduli, stresses in respective directions, poison's ratios, and volumes of the

neg: Zerok District persons. In this area mountains belong to common people not to government. Each year the pine crops are divided among people. Each person is received a Dadai. Dadai is a certain area or certain amount of Pine trees. Dadai is calculated according to male persons. Women are not calculated for achieving any dadai. Once divided, people go to mountains group by group for harvesting or collecting the pine fruit. It's a hard work. It takes 15–30 days to collect the fruit. During this time people live in tents. After harvesting, the cones of pine trees are then put to sun

neg: Buckminster Fuller It was replaced by an iron rebar set vertically in the concrete footing and then bent inward and welded in place to create the dome's wireform structure and performed satisfactorily. Domes up to three stories tall built with this method proved to be remarkably strong. Other shapes such as cones, pyramids and arches proved equally adaptable. The project was enabled by a grant underwritten by Syracuse University and sponsored by US Steel (rebar), the Johnson Wire Corp, (mesh) and Portland Cement Company (concrete). The ability to build large complex load bearing concrete spanning structures in free space would open many

neg: VTPR been the base for the VTPR development. VTPR implements a correction to the pure component densities resp. volume. This volume translation corrects systematic deviations of the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS). The translation constant is obtained by determining the difference between the calculated density at T=0.7 and the real value of the density obtained from experimental data. T is close to the normal boiling point for many substances. The volume translation constant c formula_8 is therefore component specific. This volume/density translation is then applied to the complete density/volume curve calculated by the PR EOS. This is sufficient because the

neg: Negative volume index January 7, 1976 letter called Dysart "one of the most brilliant of the pioneer market technicians." The daily volume of the New York Stock Exchange and the NYSE Composite Index's advances and declines drove Dysart's indicators. Dysart believed that “volume is the driving force in the market.” He began studying market breadth numbers in 1931, and was familiar with the work of Leonard P. Ayres and James F. Hughes, who pioneered the tabulation of advances and declines to interpret stock market movements. Dysart calculated NVI as follows: 1) if today's volume is less than yesterday's volume, subtract declines from advances,

neg: Tree measurement segment calculated individually. For example, the crown could be subdivided into a series of disk-like slices by elevation, the volume of each disk calculated, and the total of all the disks are added together to determine crown volume. Frank developed a simpler method that requires measuring average crown spread, height of the crown from base to top, and matching the crown profile to best fit of a family of crown profile shapes. The method calculates the volume enclosed by rotating the selected profile around the axis of the tree given the measured crown length and average crown spread. Tree volume

neg: Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar math trick, or interesting videos. Then the team members present maths and science topics in the form of activities, stories, or real-life examples, the goal being to relate the topics to their daily lives, and rise above the usual learning methods that involve cramming without understanding. The students find interesting the stories of the periodic table, demonstrations of science concepts through small experiment, the live demos of the calculation of simple and compound interest, examples of ratios and proportions taken from prices at malls, and making pyramids, cones, cylinders and learning their areas and volumes, etc. Regular quizzes, presentations, and

neg: Mound Builders the mounds were constructed by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Sixteenth-century Spanish explorers met natives living in a number of later Mississippian cities, described their cultures, and left artifacts. Research and study of these cultures and peoples has been based mostly on archaeology and anthropology. The namesake cultural trait of the Mound Builders was the building of mounds and other earthworks. These burial and ceremonial structures were typically flat-topped pyramids or platform mounds, flat-topped or rounded cones, elongated ridges, and sometimes a variety of other forms. They were generally built as part of complex villages. The early earthworks built in

neg: Scuba gas planning has been used. This will result in the diver being somewhat negative at the start of the dive, and the buoyancy compensator must have sufficient volume to neutralise this excess. Calculation of the required weight and buoyancy volume can be done if the mass of the stored gas is known. A simple method for calculating the mass of a volume of gas is to calculate the mass at STP, at which densities for gases are available. The mass of each component gas is calculated for the volume of that component calculated using the gas fraction for that component. Example: Twin

neg: Jardins du Château Val Joanis are pyramids of ivy and hops (humulus lupulus). The middle terrace features flowers, particularly roses. The paths are bordered with iris germanica and with yew trees trimmed into cones. The lower terrace features fruit trees, particularly old varieties of apples and pears. The garden also has a garden of herbs, a collection of asters, and boxwood hedges trimmed in ornamental forms. An arbor or pergola covered with climbing roses and trumpet creeper (Campsis) climbs the hill and joins the three terraces. Tables and seats are placed at scenic spots with views of the garden and the vineyards beyond. The best

neg: Geography of North Dakota yellows appear in buttes, pyramids, domes, and cones. They stretch for about 190 miles (305 km) and are from 6 to 20 miles (10 to 30 km) wide. In some areas of the Badlands the rocks contain lignite coal that has been burning for many years. The clay above these coal beds has turned bright pink and red. White Butte, the highest point in North Dakota, is located in the Badlands, and stands 3506 feet (1069 m) above sea level. Extreme points Physiographic points Hydrographic points Geography of North Dakota The Geography of North Dakota consists of three major geographic

neg: Le goûter (Tea Time) "Les Hommes du jour" described the paintings of Metzinger, Léger and others as 'grotesque, ridiculous, intended to bewilder—it would appear—the bourgeoisie', paintings 'whose cubes, cones and pyramids pile up, collapse and ... make you laugh.' Vauxcelles, perhaps more so than his fellow critics, indulged in witty mockery of the salon Cubists: 'But in truth, what honor we do to these bipeds of the parallelepiped, to their lucubrations, cubes, succubi and incubi'. Vauxcelles was more than just skeptical. His comfort level had already been surpassed with the 1907 works of Matisse and Derain, which he perceived as perilous, 'an uncertain schematization,

neg: Pyramid (geometry) has the same volume "abc"/6. Since pairs of pyramids have heights "a"/2, "b"/2 and "c"/2, we see that pyramid volume = height × base area / 3 again. When the side triangles are equilateral, the formula for the volume is This formula only applies for "n" = 2, 3, 4 and 5; and it also covers the case "n" = 6, for which the volume equals zero (i.e., the pyramid height is zero). The surface area of a pyramid is formula_10, where "B" is the base area, "P" is the base perimeter, and the slant height formula_11, where "h" is

neg: Air well (condenser) dew-nights. In a year it provides a total of about of potable water for the school which owns and operates the site. Although flat designs have the benefit of simplicity, other designs such as inverted pyramids and cones can be significantly more effective. This is probably because the designs shield the condensing surfaces from unwanted heat radiated by the lower atmosphere, and, being symmetrical, they are not sensitive to wind direction. New materials may make even better collectors. One such material is inspired by the Namib Desert beetle, which survives only on the moisture it extracts from the atmosphere. It

neg: Formal garden are cut into geometric shapes, such as spheres, pyramids, or cones but also into animal shapes or other more fanciful shapes. In larger formal gardens, usually there are hedge mazes, which are constructed by means of topiary. These mazes include archways, hidden resting places and cul-de-sacs. Usually, low perennial plants and flowers harmonize well are planted in the flower beds. However, the main criterion is not the bloom but rather the shape and effect produced by the color of the leaves. Therefore, ornamental foliage plants are often selected for the beds. The type of lawn that can be found in

neg: Egyptian pyramids (or Chephren); the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen's pyramids"; and the Great Sphinx of Giza. Of the three, only Khafre's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction – it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity and was popularized in Hellenistic times when

neg: Pyramid that less material higher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above. This distribution of weight allowed early civilizations to create stable monumental structures. Civilizations in many parts of the world have built pyramids. The largest pyramid by volume is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexican state of Puebla. For thousands of years, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids—first the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khufu, both in Egypt—the latter is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still remaining. Khufu's Pyramid, built mainly

neg: Steinmetz solid this shape. Deriving the volume of a bicylinder (white) can be done by packing it in a cube (red). A plane (parallel with the cylinders' axes) intersecting the bicylinder forms a square and its intersection with the cube is a larger square. The difference between the areas of the two squares is the same as 4 small squares (blue). As the plane moves through the solids, these blue squares describe square pyramids with isosceles faces in the corners of the cube; the pyramids have their apexes at the midpoints of the four cube edges. Moving the plane through the whole

neg: Tree volume measurement In each method, the tree is subdivided into smaller sections, the dimensions of each section are measured and the corresponding volume calculated. The section volumes are then totaled to determine the overall volume of the tree or part of the tree being modeled. In general most sections are treated as frustums of a cone, paraboloid, or neiloid, where the diameter at each end and the length of each section is determined to calculate volume. Direct measurements are obtained by a tree climber who uses a tape to measure the girth at each end of a segment along with its length.

neg: Elongated triangular orthobicupola = 4 tetrahedra, so total we have 20 tetrahedra. What is the volume of a tetrahedron? Construct a tetrahedron having vertices in common with alternate vertices of a cube (of side formula_1, if tetrahedron has unit edges). The 4 triangular pyramids left if the tetrahedron is removed from the cube form half an octahedron = 2 tetrahedra. So formula_2 The hexagonal prism is more straightforward. The hexagon has area formula_3, so formula_4 Finally formula_5 numerical value: formula_6 The elongated triangular orthobicupola forms space-filling honeycombs with tetrahedra and square pyramids.<br> Elongated triangular orthobicupola In geometry, the elongated triangular orthobicupola is one

neg: Esophogeal doppler values calculated from these, such as stroke volume (SV), flow-time corrected (FTc) and cardiac output (CO). Using manual input of age, weight and height; body surface area (BSA) and body mass index (BMI) estimates are calculated, so that indexed values may be calculated and displayed, such as cardiac output index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI or SI). Often available is recording of instantaneous values and display of a long term trend graph. In an Esophageal Doppler Monitor (EDM) or Oesophageal Doppler Monitor (ODM), during the time the aortic valve is open (ejection time or flow time), the average aortic

neg: Paleoneurobiology endocasts are not exact replicas, or exact casts, of a once-living brain, computer algorithms and CT scans are needed to calculate endocranial volume. The calculated endocranial volume includes the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and cranial nerves. Therefore, these volumes end up larger than the once-living brain. This information is useful for calculating relative brain size, RBS, and encephalization quotient, EQ. The corresponding body weight of the subject must also be known to calculated RBS. RBS is calculated by dividing the weight of the brain by body weight. EQ can be determined several different ways depending on the data set used. For

neg: Pyramid Nubians who ruled Egypt in the Late Period, though their pyramids had steeper sides. Nubian pyramids were constructed (roughly 240 of them) at three sites in Sudan to serve as tombs for the kings and queens of Napata and Meroë. The pyramids of Kush, also known as Nubian Pyramids, have different characteristics than the pyramids of Egypt. The Nubian pyramids were constructed at a steeper angle than Egyptian ones. Pyramids were still being built in Sudan as late as 200 AD. One of the unique structures of Igbo culture was the Nsude Pyramids, at the Nigerian town of Nsude, northern

neg: Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles They discovered 67 pyramids, recorded in the pioneering Lepsius list of pyramids, and more than 130 tombs. The chief result of this expedition was the publication of "Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien" ("Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia"), a massive twelve-volume "compendia" of nearly 900 plates of ancient Egyptian inscriptions, as well as accompanying commentary and descriptions published in 1849. This expedition was accompanied by Joseph Bonomi and another English architect James William Wild. Cleopatra's Needle was re-erected in London in 1878, see Cleopatra's Needle, London. The first obelisks may start to appear in the later 16th century and it is

neg: Pyramid of Userkaf total volume of . The core of the pyramid is built of small, roughly-hewn blocks of local limestone disposed in horizontal layers. This meant a considerable saving of labor as compared to the large and more accurately-hewn stone cores of 4th Dynasty pyramids. However, as the outer casing of Userkaf's pyramid fell victim to stone robbers throughout the millennia, the loosely assembled core material was progressively exposed and fared much worse over time than that of the older pyramids. This explains the current ruined state of the pyramid. The pyramid core was constructed in a step-like structure, a construction technique

neg: Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Cholula of the rain. This archeological structure consists of several superimposed pyramids, accumulated over six centuries. The base is on each side and high, twice as large as that of the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan and four times bigger in volume than that of Keops in Egypt. In the early 1930s, knowledge about the Great Pyramid was scarce. Exploration began in 1931 under the direction of the architect Ignacio Marquina. After 25 years, eight kilometers of tunnels had been excavated, enabling the discovery of the seven superimposed pyramids. (In the second one the Mural of the Butterflies was discovered,

neg: Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles of the Giza pyramids and to confirm that they were tombs. Detailed renderings of various temples on the Nile, the Pyramids and the Sphinx had been accumulating for connoisseurs and designers in works such as Bernard de Montfaucon's, ten-volume "L'Antiquité expliquée et representée en figures" (1719–1724), which reproduces, methodically grouped, all the ancient monuments. In 1735 Benoît de Maillet's "Description de l'Égypte" (1735) appeared and was followed by Comte de Caylus "Recueil d'antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grècques, romaines et gauloises" of 1752–55. This was followed by Frederic Louis Norden's "Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie" (1755). Norden had travelled widely in Egypt

neg: Headspace gas chromatography for dissolved gas measurement (TCD), a flame ionization detector (FID) or an electron capture detector (ECD). Using the known temperature of the sample, the bottle volume, the concentrations of gas in the headspace (as determined by GC), and Henry's law constant, the concentration of the original water sample is calculated. Using the known temperature of the sample, the bottle volume, the concentrations of gas in the headspace (as determined by GC), and Henry's law constant, the concentration of the original water sample is calculated. Total gas concentration (TC) in the original water sample is calculated by determining the concentration of headspace and converting this

neg: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques limestone. In several cases, later pyramids were built on top of natural hills to further reduce the volume of material needed in their construction. The materials and methods of construction used in the earliest pyramids have ensured their survival in a generally much better state of preservation than for the pyramid monuments of the later pharaohs. One of the major problems faced by the early pyramid builders was the need to move huge quantities of stone. The Twelfth Dynasty tomb of Djehutihotep has an illustration of 172 men pulling an alabaster statue of him on a sledge. The statue is

neg: Cavalieri's quadrature formula cube increasing in size by growing in the direction of these faces – in the 3-dimensional case, adding 3 infinitesimally thin squares, one to each of these faces. Conversely, geometrizing the fundamental theorem of calculus, stacking up these infinitesimal ("n" − 1) cubes yields a (hyper)-pyramid, and "n" of these pyramids form the "n"-cube, which yields the formula. Further, there is an "n"-fold cyclic symmetry of the "n"-cube around the diagonal cycling these pyramids (for which a pyramid is a fundamental domain). In the case of the cube (3-cube), this is how the volume of a pyramid was originally rigorously

neg: Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri its truthfulness was proved, and it was also ascertained that he collected important historical documents in order to know those exotic realities in greater detail. Indeed, the sixth volume of "Giro Del Mondo", which covers only Mexico, contains information gathered from codices that existed prior to the Conquest, which he got access to via Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora; it also contains several illustrations of Aztec warriors gathered from these codices. In New Spain, Gemelli Careri had the opportunity to study the pyramids carefully (their affinity to the Egyptian pyramids led him to believe that the ancient Egyptians and

neg: Elongated square cupola honeycombs with tetrahedra and cubes; with cubes and cuboctahedra; and with tetrahedra, elongated square pyramids, and elongated square bipyramids. (The latter two units can be decomposed into cubes and square pyramids.)<br> Elongated square cupola In geometry, the elongated square cupola is one of the Johnson solids ("J"). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a square cupola ("J") by attaching an octagonal prism to its base. The solid can be seen as a rhombicuboctahedron with its "lid" (another square cupola) removed. The following formulae for volume, surface area and circumradius can be used if all faces are

neg: Tree volume measurement bottom and top of each segment and segment length being equal to the difference in height between the lower and upper diameters, or if the trunk is not vertical, the segment length can be calculated using the limb length formula above. Whether using the aerial or ground based methods, the diameter or girth measurements do not need to be evenly spaced along the trunk of the tree, but a sufficient number of measurements need to be taken to adequately represent the changes in diameter of the trunk. Cumulative trunk volume is calculated by adding the volume of the measured segments

neg: Steinmetz solid observation that the tricylinder can be resampled by the cube with the vertices where 3 edges meet (s. diagram) and 6 curved pyramids (the triangles are parts of cylinder surfaces). The volume and the surface area of the curved triangles can be determined by similar considerations as it is done for the bicylinder above. The volume of a tricylinder is and the surface area is With four cylinders, with axes connecting the vertices of a tetrahedron to the corresponding points on the other side of the solid, the volume is With six cylinders, with axes parallel to the diagonals of

neg: Vehicle size class within a rear seat equipped with rear seat belts (as required by DOT), as product of: For passenger automobiles with no rear seat or with a rear seat but no rear seat belts, the area to the rear of the front seat shall be included in the determination of usable luggage capacity. Cargo volume index is calculated as follows: Cars are divided into six classes based on interior volume. An interior volume index is calculated from the combined passenger and trunk or cargo space. Pickup trucks, special purpose vehicles and vans are segmented in their own respective classes. The above

neg: Polyhedron expressed in terms of their edge lengths or other coordinates. (See Volume § Volume formulas for a list that includes many of these formulas.) Volumes of more complicated polyhedra may not have simple formulas. Volumes of such polyhedra may be computed by subdividing the polyhedron into smaller pieces (for example, by triangulation). For example, the volume of a regular polyhedron can be computed by dividing it into congruent pyramids, with each pyramid having a face of the polyhedron as its base and the centre of the polyhedron as its apex. In general, it can be derived from the divergence theorem

neg: Columba Krebs the Extraterrestrial Contact Movement a bibliography”. Volume One: Unidentified Flying Objects by George M. Eberhart The Scarecrow Press Inc. Metuchen, N. J. 1986 Also mentioned in “The Gods Have landed: New Religions from Other Worlds” edited by James R. Lewis Suny Press 1995 Columba Krebs appeared in Who Was Who in American Art, 1564–1975 Columba Krebs Annabell Krebs Culverwell (June 13, 1902 – April 9, 1998). AnnaBell took the name Columba when signing her paintings and writings, probably related to the constellation Columba, which is the focal point of several Egyptian pyramids. Her parents were Anna Frantz (1867–1930) and Dr.

neg: Red blood cell indices is the average concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume of red blood cells and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit. Red blood cell indices Red blood cell indices are blood tests that provide information about the hemoglobin content and size of red blood cells. Abnormal values indicate the presence of anemia and which type of anemia it is. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average volume of a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hematocrit (Hct) by the concentration of red blood cell count. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of hemoglobin

neg: Toney Mountain volcano than south of it. Most of the mountain is covered by ice and its eastern sector may be a crater. That the mountain is mostly ice covered makes it difficult to determine its composition, the origin of the elongated shape of the volcano and the volcanological relation between the parasitic cinder cones and the main volcanic pile. Its volume may be about . The plateau and parasitic cones are formed by hawaiite and the few outcrops on the main volcano by benmoreite and comendite. They contain phenocrysts of olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene and titanaugite in the former and of clinopyroxene,

neg: Gunfire locator contributions. Most flash suppressors are designed to minimize the visible signature of the gunfire. Flash suppressors break up the expanding gases into focused cones, thereby minimizing the blossoming effect of the exploding gasses. These focused cones contain more of the signature in a smaller volume. The added signal strength helps to increase detection range. Because both the optical flash and muzzle blast are muffled by flash suppressors and muzzle blast suppressors (also known as “silencers”), the efficacy of gunshot detection systems may be reduced for suppressed weapons. The FBI estimates that 1% or fewer of crimes that involve gunfire are

neg: Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Peaks on the Nahlin Plateau. These four volcanoes have volumes of more than , the largest and oldest which is Level Mountain with an area of and a volume of more than . Apart from the large volcanoes, several smaller volcanoes exist throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, including cinder cones which are widespread throughout the volcanic zone. Most of these small cones have been sites of only one volcanic eruption; this is in contrast to the larger volcanoes throughout the volcanic zone, which have had more than one volcanic eruption throughout their history. The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is

neg: Igwisi Hills Igwisi hills are formed by three tuff cones formed in the middle of the Tanzania craton. They are above the landscape with a karst morphology and craters covered with grass, on a low ridge that may be the product of early eruptive stages. The northeastern hill has two craters, one with a breach from which a long lava flow originates, probably formed when a lava lake in the crater escaped through a breach. The central volcano has a lava coulee and a tephra cone in its crater. Craters have diameters of . The total volume of these cones is less

neg: Menan Buttes better known tuff cone Diamond Head on Oahu has a volume of 0.15 cubic miles (0.6 cubic km). The larger buttes in the Menan Complex are asymmetrical. Each has a greater accumulation of material on the northeast, presumably due to strong southwest winds during the initial eruption. The Menan Buttes are located in Madison County, with lower slopes extending westward into Jefferson County. Nearby communities include Menan, Rigby, Rexburg and Idaho Falls, Idaho. Menan Buttes The North and South Menan Buttes in southeastern Idaho are two of the world's largest volcanic tuff cones. The two cones, with four smaller associated

neg: Pyramid Ahmose I who founded the 18th Dynasty and the New Kingdom. The building of pyramids began in the Third Dynasty with the reign of King Djoser. Early kings such as Snefru built several pyramids, with subsequent kings adding to the number of pyramids until the end of the Middle Kingdom. The last king to build royal pyramids was Ahmose, with later kings hiding their tombs in the hills, such as those in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor's West Bank. In Medinat Habu, or Deir el-Medina, smaller pyramids were built by individuals. Smaller pyramids were also built by the

neg: Marsh funnel Marsh funnel The Marsh funnel is a simple device for measuring viscosity by observing the time it takes a known volume of liquid to flow from a cone through a short tube. It is standardized for use by mud engineers to check the quality of drilling mud. Other cones with different geometries and orifice arrangements are called "flow cones", but have the same operating principle. In use, the funnel is held vertically with the end of the tube closed by a finger. The liquid to be measured is poured through the mesh to remove any particles which might block the

neg: Negative volume index for saying that “in the past Negative Volume Indexes have always [his emphasis] been constructed using advance-decline data….” He posited, “There is no good reason for this fixation on the A/D Line. In truth, a Negative Volume Index can be calculated with any market index - the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the S&P 500, or even ‘unweighted’ market measures... Somehow this point has escaped the attention of technicians to date.” The point had not been lost on Dysart, who wrote in Barron’s, “we prefer to use the issues-traded data [advances and declines] rather than the price data of any average

neg: Lemei Rock side of Lemei Rock and joins the Lewis River between the Lower Lewis River Falls Recreation Area and the Swift Reservoir. Lemei Rock is one of the many shield volcanoes topped by cinder cones and spatter cones that make up the Indian Heaven Volcanic Field. About 60 eruptive centers lie on the long, N10°E-trending, Indian Heaven fissure zone. The field has a volume of about and forms the western part of a Quaternary basalt field in the southern Washington Cascades, including the King Mountain fissure zone along which Mount Adams was built. Fishing and hiking destinations in the volcanic field

neg: Resonator guitar an instrument that could produce sufficient volume to compete with brass and reed instruments. Dopyera experimented with configurations of up to four resonator cones and with cones composed of several different metals. In 1927, Dopyera and Beauchamp formed the National String Instrument Corporation to manufacture resonator guitars under the brand name "National". The first models were metal-bodied, and featured three conical aluminum resonators joined by a T-shaped aluminum bar that supported the bridge—a system called the tricone. National originally produced wooden-bodied Tricone models at their factory in Los Angeles, California. They called these models the Triolian, but made only 12

neg: Geology of Sicily about 129 ka. Finally, central-vent type volcanism began with the formation of two small parasitic cones, which the eruption of these two cones ended at 106 and 102 ka. It is suggested that the formation of Mount Etna is closely related to the subduction system of Sicily. Although the magma does not originate from the subducted material, the retreat of African slab creates a low-pressure zone at the mantle wedge under Calabria, which pulls the asthenospheric material under the African plate laterally towards the northeast. This process produces a large volume of magma that caused upwelling under Mount Etna, as