query: bacteria are usually referred to by which pair of names

pos: Bacterial taxonomy Bacterial taxonomy Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species has to be assigned to a genus (binary nomenclature), which in turn is a lower level of a hierarchy of ranks (family, suborder, order, subclass, class, division/phyla, kingdom and domain). In the currently accepted classification of life, there are three domains (Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea), which, in terms of taxonomy, despite following the same principles have several different conventions between them and between their subdivisions as are studied by different disciplines (botany, zoology, mycology and microbiology), for

pos: Methanotroph among the "Proteobacteria", they are members of different subclasses. Other methanotroph species are found in the "Verrucomicrobiae". Methanotrophy is a special case of methylotrophy, using single-carbon compounds that are more reduced than carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs, however, can also make use of multi-carbon compounds which differentiates them from methanotrophs that are usually fastidious methane and methanol oxidizers. The only facultative methanotrophs isolated to date are members of the genus "Methylocella" and Methylocystis. In functional terms, methanotrophs are referred to as methane-oxidizing bacteria, however, methane-oxidizing bacteria encompass other organisms that are not regarded as sole methanotrophs. For this reason methane-oxidizing bacteria

pos: Nuclease electrostatic interaction with the DNA. Some nucleases involved in DNA repair exhibit partial sequence-specificity. however most are nonspecific, instead recognizing structural abnormalities produced in the DNA backbone by base pair mismatches. For details see flap endonuclease. There are more than 900 restriction enzymes, some sequence specific and some not, have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria since the initial discovery of "Hind"II. These restriction enzymes generally have names that reflect their origin—The first letter of the name comes from the genus and the second two letters come from the species of the prokaryotic cell from which they were

pos: Coprothermobacter isolated , and ""thermos"", meaning hot, warm, because of the relatively high temperatures at which these bacteria are able to grow, which can be as high as 75°C. Actually, very few known bacterial species are included in this genus, which are characterized by sharing genetic information with microorganisms belonging to "Archaea", a taxonomic domain separate from the domain "Bacteria". For this reason, "Coprothermobacteria" are considered a diverging lineage of bacteria. Among the species included in this genus, "Coprothermobacter platensis" and "Coprothermobacter proteolyticus" (formerly named "Thermobacteroides proteolyticus)" are the only strains with validly published names. Coprothermobacter Coprothermobacter is a genus of

pos: Aquificae the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) Aquificae The Aquificae phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name 'Aquificae' was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, "Aquifex" (“water maker”), which is able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen. They have been found in springs, pools, and oceans. They are autotrophs, and are the primary carbon fixers in their environments. These bacteria are Gram-negative, nonspore-forming rods. They are true bacteria (domain Bacteria) as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea. The

pos: Spirillum and usually found in stagnant freshwater rich in organic matter. Spirillum Spirillum is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family "Spirillaceae" of the "Nitrosomonadales" of the "Betaproteobacteria". There are two species of "Spirillum" with validly or effectively published names - "Spirillum winogradskyi" and "Spirillum volutans". Other "species" classified as "Spirillum" such as ""Spirillum minus"", ""Spirillum pleomorphum"", and ""Spirillum pulli"" are of uncertain phylogeny and in any case, these are names that have never been validly or effectively published and thus have no standing in nomenclature. Members of the genus "Spirillum" are large, elongate, spiral shaped, rigid cells. Some have

pos: Onthophagus taurus in the Gore District of Southland. These beetles pull the manure into the ground to create their brood balls, which they use as egg chambers. This increases grazing space for cattle, reduces habitats for flies and bacteria, and reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Onthophagus taurus The taurus scarab ("Onthophagus taurus") is a species of dung beetle in the genus "Onthophagus". "Onthophagus taurus" can reach a length of . These small beetles are oval shaped, the color is usually black or reddish brown. Sometimes the pronotum has a weak metallic sheen. Males have on the heads a pair of long

neg: Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xmucane and Xpiacoc Xmucane () and Xpiacoc (), alternatively Xumucane and Ixpiyacoc, are the names of the divine grandparents of Maya mythology of the K'iche' people and the daykeepers of the "Popol Vuh". They are considered to be the oldest of all the gods of the K'iche' pantheon and are identified by a number of names throughout the text, reflecting their multiple roles throughout the Mayan creation myth. They are usually mentioned together, although Xmucane seems to be alone during most of the interactions with the Maya Hero Twins, when she is referred to as simply "grandmother". The pair were

neg: Subcellular localization Subcellular localization The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments. Some major constituents of eukaryotic cells are: extracellular space, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisome, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear matrix and ribosomes. Bacteria also have subcellular localizations that can be separated when the cell is fractionated. The most common localizations referred to include the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane (also referred to as the inner membrane in Gram-negative bacteria), the cell wall (which is usually thicker in Gram-positive bacteria) and the extracellular environment. The cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall are

neg: Subcellular localization human and animals, and ProtSecKB for protein subcellular locations of all protists. Subcellular localization The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments. Some major constituents of eukaryotic cells are: extracellular space, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisome, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear matrix and ribosomes. Bacteria also have subcellular localizations that can be separated when the cell is fractionated. The most common localizations referred to include the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane (also referred to as the inner membrane in Gram-negative bacteria), the cell wall (which is usually thicker in Gram-positive bacteria) and the

neg: Red wine after the alcoholic fermentation of red wines. This is usually referred to as the malolactic fermentation (MLF), in which malic acid, naturally present in grape juice, is converted into lactic acid under the influence of bacteria (it is not strictly a fermentation). MLF is almost universally practised for red wines. It often occurs naturally, owing to the presence of lactic acid bacteria in wineries, but there are also commercially available preparations of bacteria to inoculate for MLF if necessary. Once the MLF is complete, the red wine is usually racked (decanted) off its lees (dead yeast cells and other solids),

neg: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 because of similar infection. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These include the antibiotics of the carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria that produce carbapenemases are often referred to in the news media as "superbugs" because infections caused by them are difficult to treat. Such bacteria are usually susceptible only to polymyxins and tigecycline. NDM-1 was first

neg: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These include the antibiotics of the carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria that produce carbapenemases are often referred to in the news media as "superbugs" because infections caused by them are difficult to treat. Such bacteria are usually susceptible only to polymyxins and tigecycline. NDM-1 was first detected in a "Klebsiella

neg: Skin flora Skin flora The term skin flora (also commonly referred to as skin microbiota) refers to the microorganisms which reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla. Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles. Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting

neg: Glycogen debranching enzyme as Glycogen storage disease type III can result. Glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in "E. coli" and other bacteria, complicating nomenclature. Proteins that catalyze both functions are referred to as glycogen debranching enzymes (GDEs). When glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are catalyzed by distinct enzymes, "glycogen debranching enzyme" usually refers to the glucosidase enzyme. In some literature, an enzyme capable only of glucosidase is referred to as a "debranching enzyme". Together with phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzymes function in glycogen breakdown and glucose mobilization. When phosphorylase has digested

neg: Rat-bite fever Rat-bite fever Rat-bite fever is an acute, febrile human illness caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, in most cases, which is passed from rodent to human by the rodent's urine or mucous secretions. Not to be confused with Rat fever which is usually alternative name for Leptospirosis. Alternative names for rat-bite fever include streptobacillary fever, streptobacillosis, spirillary fever, bogger, and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a rare disease spread by infected rodents and can be caused by two specific types of bacteria. Most cases occur in Japan, but specific strains of the disease are present in the United States, Europe,

neg: Thermomicrobia Thermomicrobia The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria. Based on species "Thermomicrobium roseum" (type species) and "Sphaerobacter thermophilus", this bacteria class has the following description: The class Thermomicrobia subdivides into two orders with validly published names: "Thermomicrobiales" and "Sphaerobacterales" . Gram negative. Pleomorphic, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods. Non-sporulating. No diamino acid present. No peptidoglycan in significant amount. Atypical proteinaceous cell walls. Hyper-thermophilic, optimum growth temperature at 70-75 °C. Obligatory aerobic and chemoorganotrophic. As thermophilic bacteria, members of this class are usually found in environments which are distant from human activity. However, they have features like improved growth in

neg: Columnaris Columnaris Columnaris (also referred to as cottonmouth) is a symptom of disease in fish which results from an infection caused by the Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium "Flavobacterium columnare". It was previously known as "Bacillus columnaris, Chondrococcus columnaris, Cytophaga columnaris" and "Flexibacter columnaris". The bacteria are ubiquitous in fresh water, and cultured fish reared in ponds or raceways are the primary concern – with disease most prevalent in air temperatures above 12–14 °C. It is often mistaken for a fungal infection. The disease is highly contagious and the outcome is often fatal. It is not zoonotic. The bacteria usually enter fish

neg: Consorts of Ganesha the northern Indian sources, Cohen remarks: "They are depersonalized figures, interchangeable, and given their frequent depiction fanning are often referred to as "dasīs" — servants. Their names represent the benefits accrued by the worshipper of , and thus is said to be the owner of and Siddhi; he similarly functions as the father of Śubha (auspiciousness) and Lābha (profit), a pair similar to the (prosperity) and Lābha. Though in Varanasi the paired figures were usually called and Siddhi, 's relationship to them was often vague. He was their "mālik", their owner; they were more often dasīs than patnīs (wives)." In

neg: Eurypterid (sometimes referred to as the "prosomal shield") on which the compound eyes and ocelli (simple eye-like sensory organs) were located. The prosoma also bore six pairs of appendages which are usually referred to as appendage pairs I to VI. The first pair of appendages, the only pair placed before the mouth, are referred to as the chelicerae (homologous to the fangs of spiders) and were equipped with small pincers used to manipulate food fragments and push them into the mouth. In one lineage, the Pterygotidae, the chelicerae were large and long, with strong, well-developed teeth on specialised chelae (claws). The

neg: Exotoxin inhibit protein synthesis. These "toxins" allow the further spread of bacteria and, as a consequence, deeper tissue infections. Examples are hyaluronidase and collagenase. These molecules, however, are enzymes that are secreted by a variety of organisms and are not usually considered toxins. They are often referred to as virulence factors, since they allow the organisms to move deeper into the hosts tissues. Exotoxins have been used to produce vaccines. This process involves inactivating the toxin, creating a toxoid that does not induce toxin-related illness and is well-tolerated. A widely used toxoid vaccine is the DPT vaccine, which is usually administered

neg: Atypical bacteria not retain crystal violet or safranin, resulting in no color. Ricketsiaceae are technically Gram-negative, but are too small to stain well, so are often considered atypical. Peptidoglycans are the site of action of beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins, so chlamydia and mycoplasma are naturally resistant to these drugs, which in this sense also makes them “atypical” in the treatment of their infections. Macrolides such as erythromycin however, are usually effective at such staining. Finally, some of these bacteria can cause a specific type of pneumonia referred to as atypical pneumonia. That is not to say that atypical pneumonia

neg: Epiphytic bacteria which live on leaves are referred to as phyllobacteria, and bacteria which live on the root system are referred to as rhizabacteria. They adhere to the plant surface forms as 1-cluster 2- individual bacterial cell 3- biofilm . The age of the organ also affects the epiphytic bacteria population and characteristics and has a role in the inhibition of phytopathogen on plant. Epiphytic bacteria found in the marine environment have a role in the nitrogen cycle. There are diverse species of epiphytic bacteria. An incomplete list: Many epiphytic bacteria are rod-shaped, and classified as either gram negative or gram positive,

neg: Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser his final handicap (he loses a hand). The Mouser, in one episode called "the best swordsman in the World", also fights with a pair of weapons: a "slim, curving" sword or sabre called Scalpel, and a dagger called Cat's Claw, the latter usually hidden in the small of the Mouser's back, and the original of which had a very subtle curve. (It was a straight-bladed weapon by the events of "Lean Times in Lankhmar".) As the pair are often divested of their property, these are names they apply to any of their appropriate weapons and not necessarily names of specific

neg: Bacterial taxonomy proposed by Cavalier-Smith are generally disregarded by the molecular phylogeny community ("e.g".) ("vide supra"). For the "Archaea" the suffix "-archaeota" is used. For bacterial phyla it was proposed that the suffix "-bacteria" be used for phyla. Consequently for main phyla the name of the phyla is the same as the first described class: Whereas for others where the -ia suffix for class is used regardless of grammar they differ: An exception is the phylum "Deinococcus–Thermus", which bears a hyphenated pair of genera—only non-accented Latin letters are accepted for valid names, but phyla are not officially recognised. More recently it has

neg: Megalithic Temples of Malta faces south or south-east. The monuments’ façades and internal walls are made up of orthostats, a row of large stone slabs laid on end. The centre of the façades is usually interrupted by an entrance doorway forming a "trilithon", a pair of orthostats surmounted by a massive lintel slab. Further trilithons form a passage, which is always paved in stone. This in turn opens onto an open space, which then gives way to the next element, a pair of D-shaped chambers, usually referred to as ‘apses’, opening on both sides of the passage. The space between the apses’ walls and

neg: Coliform index from human and animal feces to water, from where they can be ingested by people and infect them. Water that has been contaminated by feces usually contains pathogenic bacteria, which can cause disease. Some types of coliforms cause disease, but the coliform index is primarily used to judge if other types of pathogenic bacteria are likely to be present in the water. The coliform index is used because it is difficult to test for pathogenic bacteria directly. There are many different types of disease-causing bacteria, and they are usually present in low numbers which do not always show up in

neg: 25-pair color code by the pair number. For example, "pair 9" is also called the "red-brown pair". In technical tabulations, the colors are often suitably abbreviated. "Violet" is the standard name in the telecommunications and electronics industry, but it is sometimes referred to as "purple". Similarly, "slate" is a particular shade of gray. The names of most of the colors were taken from the conventional colors of the rainbow or optical spectrum, and in the electronic color code, which uses the same ten colors, albeit in a different order. When used for POTS, the first wire is known as the "tip" or "A"-leg

neg: Vietnamese name or a hierarchic pronoun, which usually connotes a degree of family relationship or kinship, in normal usage. Due to the frequency of the major family names such as Nguyễn, Trần, and Lê, persons are often referred to by their middle name along with their given name in Vietnamese media and youth culture. The Vietnamese language is tonal, and so are Vietnamese names. Names with the same spelling (ignoring diacritics) but with different tones are different names, which can confuse non-Vietnamese people when the diacritics are dropped, as is commonly done outside Vietnam. Anyone applying for Vietnamese nationality must adopt a

neg: Crotalus ruber to form a pair of anterior chin shields. The dorsal scales are usually arranged in 29 rows, but may vary from 25 to 31 rows. Ventrals range from 185 to 206. Common names include: red diamond rattlesnake, red rattlesnake, red diamond snake, red diamond-backed rattlesnake, red rattler, and western diamond rattlesnake. The form found on Cedros Island, previously described as "C. exsul", was referred to as the Cedros Island diamond rattlesnake, or Cedros Island rattlesnake. Red diamond rattlesnakes are found in the United States in southwestern California and southward through the Baja California peninsula, although not in the desert east

neg: Bacterial taxonomy (irregular plurals) of the noun (the salmonellae); the latter is problematic as the plural of - bacter would be -bacteres, while the plural of myces (N.L. masc. n. from Gr. masc. n. mukes) is mycetes. Customs are present for certain names, such as those ending in -monas are converted into -monad (one pseudomonad, two aeromonads and not -monades). Bacteria which are the etiological cause for a disease are often referred to by the disease name followed by a describing noun (bacterium, bacillus, coccus, agent or the name of their phylum) e.g. cholera bacterium ("Vibrio cholerae") or Lyme disease spirochete ("Borrelia

neg: Nguyen most common surname in Norway and tops the foreign name list in the Czech Republic. In Vietnamese tradition, people are referred to by their personal names and not by their family names even in formal situations. Thus, there is not as much confusion about who is being referred to as one might expect. However, some groups distinguish themselves from other Nguyễn by passing elements of their names that are usually considered middle names to their children. This practice is more common with male than with female children. Some of the prominent subgroups within the Nguyễn family are, in no particular

neg: Paramecium aurelia known as "cytoproct." Osmoregulation is carried out by a pair "of contractile vacuoles" on either end of the cell, which actively expel water absorbed by osmosis from the surroundings. "Paramecium aurelia" is a species complex composed of 15 known species (syngens), which are Paramecia are found in freshwater environments, and are especially in scums. Paramecia are attracted by acidic conditions, since they eat bacteria, which often acidify their surroundings. They are an important link in the detrital food web in aquatic ecosystems, eating bacteria and dead organic matter often associated with these bacteria, and being preyed on by protists and

neg: Rhizobacteria crop. Rhizobacteria Rhizobacteria are root-colonizing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with many plants. The name comes from the Greek "rhiza", meaning root. Though parasitic varieties of rhizobacteria exist, the term usually refers to bacteria that form a relationship beneficial for both parties (mutualism). They are an important group of microorganisms used in biofertilizer. Biofertilization accounts for about 65% of the nitrogen supply to crops worldwide. Rhizobacteria are often referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPRs was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become commonly used in scientific literature. PGPRs have

neg: Rhizobacteria Rhizobacteria Rhizobacteria are root-colonizing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with many plants. The name comes from the Greek "rhiza", meaning root. Though parasitic varieties of rhizobacteria exist, the term usually refers to bacteria that form a relationship beneficial for both parties (mutualism). They are an important group of microorganisms used in biofertilizer. Biofertilization accounts for about 65% of the nitrogen supply to crops worldwide. Rhizobacteria are often referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPRs was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become commonly used in scientific literature. PGPRs have different

neg: Bacterial taxonomy burgdorferi"), note also rickettsialpox ("Rickettsia akari") (for more see). "Treponema" is converted into treponeme and the plural is treponemes and not treponemata. Some unusual bacteria have special names such as Quin's oval ("Quinella ovalis") and Walsby's square ("Haloquadratum walsbyi"). Before the advent of molecular phylogeny, many higher taxonomic groupings had only trivial names, which are still used today, some of which are polyphyletic, such as Rhizobacteria. Some higher taxonomic trivial names are: Bacterial taxonomy Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species has to be assigned to

neg: Marine sanitation device of air pump is necessary to provide sufficient oxygen for the bacteria. This air pump can be a fan or roots blower connected to the tank. By providing sufficient air, most of the smell caused by sewage and anaerobic bacteria is eliminated. In Type I MSDs, sewage is broken down usually through the use of chlorination and/ or maceration. The chlorination process is usually done within a large tank sometimes referred to as the contact chamber. By adding chlorine to the sewage, the effluent is sanitized and it is discharged from the MSD. The maceration process aboard ships is usually

neg: Hungarian orthography whole compound: the three rules dealing with it are referred to as “mobility rules”. The following type of proper names are distinguished: personal names, animals’ names, geographical names, astronomical names, names of institutions, brand names, names of awards and prizes, and titles (of works). Proper names may become common names, and in this case they are written in lowercase (e.g. "röntgen" ‘x-ray’) and even their derived compounds may become lowercase, losing the hyphen (e.g. "ádámcsutka" rather than "*Ádám-csutka" ‘Adam’s apple’). Surnames and given names are capitalized. Surnames may have an old-fashioned spelling, which is usually retained – except if their

neg: Rat-bite fever in the lungs. Any tissue or organ throughout the body may develop an abscess. Rat-bite fever Rat-bite fever is an acute, febrile human illness caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, in most cases, which is passed from rodent to human by the rodent's urine or mucous secretions. Not to be confused with Rat fever which is usually alternative name for Leptospirosis. Alternative names for rat-bite fever include streptobacillary fever, streptobacillosis, spirillary fever, bogger, and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a rare disease spread by infected rodents and can be caused by two specific types of bacteria. Most cases occur in

neg: English name English name English names are names used in, or originating in, England. In England as elsewhere in the English-speaking world, a complete name usually consists of a given name, commonly referred to as a first name or Christian name, and a (most commonly patrilineal) family name or surname, also referred to as a last name. There can be several given names, some of these being often referred to as a second name, or middle name(s). Most given names used in England do not have English etymology. Most traditional names are Latin or Romance, Christian or Biblical names/Hebrew (Daniel, David, John,

neg: Ropes course Ropes course A ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high and/or low elements. Low elements take place on the ground or above the ground. High elements are usually constructed in trees or made of utility poles and require a belay for safety. Ropes courses are referred to using several different names, including Challenge Courses, Ropes Challenge Courses, Teams Course, and Low Ropes, as well as more idiosyncratic names such as the Challenging Outdoor Personal Experience (Project COPE) course (used by the Boy Scouts of America). An Aerial Adventure Park (or

neg: Plant pathology soft rot. "Agrobacterium" species change the level of auxins to cause tumours with phytohormones. Exopolysaccharides are produced by bacteria and block xylem vessels, often leading to the death of the plant. Bacteria control the production of pathogenicity factors via quorum sensing. Significant bacterial plant pathogens: "Phytoplasma" and "Spiroplasma" are genera of bacteria that lack cell walls and are related to the mycoplasmas, which are human pathogens. Together they are referred to as the mollicutes. They also tend to have smaller genomes than most other bacteria. They are normally transmitted by sap-sucking insects, being transferred into the plant's phloem where it

neg: Linezolid resistance in "E. faecium" will increase if linezolid use continues at current levels or increases. Nevertheless, linezolid continues to be an important antimicrobial agent with near-complete activity (0.05% resistance). The "intrinsic" resistance of most Gram-negative bacteria to linezolid is due to the activity of efflux pumps, which actively "pump" linezolid out of the cell faster than it can accumulate. Gram-positive bacteria usually develop resistance to linezolid as the result of a point mutation known as "G2576T", in which a guanine base is replaced with thymine in base pair 2576 of the genes coding for 23S ribosomal RNA. This is the

neg: Soil biology billion in a gram. They are capable of very rapid reproduction by binary fission (dividing into two) in favourable conditions. One bacterium is capable of producing 16 million more in just 24 hours. Most soil bacteria live close to plant roots and are often referred to as rhizobacteria. Bacteria live in soil water, including the film of moisture surrounding soil particles, and some are able to swim by means of flagella. The majority of the beneficial soil-dwelling bacteria need oxygen (and are thus termed aerobic bacteria), whilst those that do not require air are referred to as anaerobic, and tend

neg: Toraja father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia. Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings. Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group;

neg: Lava filter Plants are usually chosen which are indigenous in that location for environmental reasons and optimum workings of the system. In addition to water-purifying (de-nutrifying) plants, plants that supply oxygen, and shade are also added in ecologic water catchments, ponds, ... This to allow a complete ecosystem to form. Finally, in addition to plants, locally grown bacteria and non-predatory fish are also added to eliminate pests. The bacteria are usually grown locally by submerging straw in water and allowing it to form bacteria (arriving from the surrounding atmosphere). The plants used (placed on an area 1/4 of the water mass) are

neg: Gram-negative bacteria still treat them as a monophyletic taxon (though not a clade; his definition of monophyly requires a single common ancestor but does not require holophyly, the property that all descendants be encompassed by the taxon) and refer to the group as a subkingdom "Negibacteria". Bacteria are traditionally divided into the two groups: gram-positive and gram-negative, based on their gram-staining response. Gram-positive bacteria are also referred to as "monoderms" having one membrane, and gram-negative bacteria are also referred to as "diderms", having two membranes. These groups are often thought of as lineages, with gram-negative bacteria more closely related to one another

neg: Somali Sea Somali Sea The Somali Sea is a body of water that borders the eastern coast of Somalia. The Somali Sea has been referred to by numerous names throughout history, including "Azania Sea" and "Erythraean Sea". The southern part was historically referred to as "Zanj Sea". The central region of the Somali Sea has a 250 kilometer stretch of a luminous phenomenon whereby large areas of seawater appears to glow brightly enough at night to be seen by satellites which some scientists have attributed to bioluminescent bacteria or dinoflagellates, causing the sea to uniformly display a light blue glow at night.

neg: Skin flora that is not found in gut studies. Both gut and skin flora however lack the diversity found in soil flora. Skin flora The term skin flora (also commonly referred to as skin microbiota) refers to the microorganisms which reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla. Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles. Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The

neg: Pathogen with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally significant diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as "Streptococcus" and "Pseudomonas", and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as "Shigella", "Campylobacter", and "Salmonella". Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Bacteria can often be killed by antibiotics, which are usually designed to destroy the cell wall. This expels the pathogen's DNA, making it incapable

neg: Expanded genetic code not crosstalk with the endogenous tRNA and synthetase sets, while still being functionally compatible with the ribosome and other components of the translation apparatus. The active site of the synthetase is modified to accept only the novel amino acid. Most often, a library of mutant synthetases is screened for one which charges the tRNA with the desired amino acid. The synthetase is also modified to recognize only the orthogonal tRNA. The tRNA synthetase pair is often engineered in other bacteria or eukaryotic cells. In this area of research, the 20 encoded proteinogenic amino acids are referred to as standard amino

neg: Ventilator-associated pneumonia and fungi are uncommon causes in people who do not have underlying immune deficiencies. Though any microorganism that causes CAP can cause VAP, there are several bacteria which are particularly important causes of VAP because of their resistance to commonly used antibiotics. These bacteria are referred to as multidrug resistant (MDR). It is thought by many, that VAP primarily occurs because the endotracheal or tracheostomy tube allows free passage of bacteria into the lower segments of the lung in a person who often has underlying lung or immune problems. Bacteria travel in small droplets both through the endotracheal tube and

neg: Educational stage (primary school) and "Ensino Médio" (high school), which are generally completed by age eighteen. Basic education is designed to provide the necessary minimum knowledge for the exercise of citizenship. It also serves to develop consciousness for choosing future professions. In Brazil, after the name of the grade one may use the names "série" or "ano." The educational stages in Brazil are divided as follows: In Canada, schooling officially begins at Kindergarten (or Maternelle in Quebec), followed by "grades", with some variations for certain levels in certain provinces/territories. When referred to as a grade, school years are usually referred to by

neg: Bacteria that may contain genes for various useful functions such as antibiotic resistance, metabolic capabilities, or various virulence factors. Bacteria genomes usually encode a few hundred to a few thousand genes. The genes in bacterial genomes are usually a single continuous stretch of DNA and although several different types of introns do exist in bacteria, these are much rarer than in eukaryotes. Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit an identical copy of the parent's genomes and are clonal. However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors

neg: Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and the non-typical 3 daughter-cell division, commonly referred to as Y-cell division. AAPB are usually pink or orange in color when isolated from water. Current data suggests that marine bacteria have generation times of several days, whereas new evidence exists that shows AAPB to have a much shorter generation time. All species of AAPB produce large amounts of carotenoid pigments. The color of each species is due to the presence of carotenoids, giving peaks in the blue and green absorption spectra. AAPBs are currently classified taxonomically in 6 freshwater genera, Roseococcus, Erythromicrobium, Porphyrobacter, Acidiphilium, Erythromonas, and Sandaracinobacter. The remaining 2

neg: Middle name even if the bearer would insist that that name is being mistakenly called a "middle name", and is actually (to mention several types of common cases): In the United States, such names are specifically referred to as middle names; in most other countries, as far as they are given names and not, for example, patronymics, they would simply be regarded as second, third etc. given names. In the U.S., the "middle name" is often abbreviated to the middle initial (e.g. Mary Lee Bianchi becomes Mary L. Bianchi, which is usually standard for signatures) or omitted entirely in everyday use (e.g.

neg: Human pathogen bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as "Streptococcus" and "Pseudomonas", and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as "Shigella", "Campylobacter", and "Salmonella". Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and Hansen's disease. They typically range between 1 and 5 micrometers in length. Fungi comprise a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes, but can cause diseases in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections in humans most often occur in immunocompromised patients or vulnerable people with a weakened immune system, although fungi are

neg: Babaylan not normally appear in human form and are usually gender-less or androgynous. They rarely concern themselves with human affairs. Rituals involving these spirits are almost always conducted outdoors. The second type of spirits are the "unbound" spirits which have independent existence. They appear in animal (usually as birds) or human-like forms, have gender differentiation, and have personal names. They are most similar to the fairies of European folklore. These are the most common types of spirits to become "abyan", as they are the most "sociable" and can take interest in human activities. These spirits are usually referred to as "engkanto"

neg: Bracket to refer to a specific type of bracket: in modern American usage, this is usually the square bracket and in modern British usage, this is usually the round bracket. Chevrons (⟨ ⟩) were the earliest type of bracket to appear in written English. Desiderius Erasmus coined the term "lunula" to refer to the rounded parentheses (), recalling the shape of the crescent moon. Some of the following names are regional or contextual. The characters ‹ › and « », known as or angular quote brackets, are actually quotation mark glyphs used in several European languages. Which one of each pair

neg: Acetic acid bacteria cycle enzymes. Other genera, such as "Gluconobacter", do not oxidize ethanol, as they do not have a full set of Krebs cycle enzymes. As these bacteria produce acid, they are usually acid-tolerant, growing well below pH 5.0, although the pH optimum for growth is 5.4-6.3. One species of "Acetobacter", "Acetobacter xylinum", is able to synthesize cellulose, something normally done only by plants. Acetic acid bacteria Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family "Acetobacteraceae". Several species

neg: Hungarian language Luther), "Husz János" (Jan Hus), "Kálvin János" (John Calvin); just like the names of monarchs, for example the king of Spain, Juan Carlos I is referred to as "I. János Károly" or the queen of the UK, Elizabeth II is referred to as "II. Erzsébet". Japanese names, which are usually written in western order in the rest of Europe, retain their original order in Hungarian, e. g. "Kuroszava Akira" instead of Akira Kurosawa. The Hungarian convention for date and time is to go from the generic to the specific: 1. year, 2. month, 3. day, 4. hour, 5. minute, (6.

neg: Podge and Rodge does special sessions. They have been given full names also: Padraig Judas O'Leprosy and Rodraig Spartacus O'Leprosy. Each episode follows the same pattern: Rodge, the dumber of the two, arrives home. Originally the pair would get into bed but in recent seasons they sit at the kitchen table. They talk about what Rodge was doing, with Podge usually insulting him. This leads Podge on to telling a story (acted out by live actors) about some people (whose names are usually sexual innuendos, e.g. Enda Meshank, Chris Peacock, Ulick McGee) who inevitably come to an unpleasant end. Rodge interrupts the story

neg: Lactic acid bacteria variation in molecular structures of exopolysaccharides and the complexity of the mechanisms by which physical changes in foods and bioactive effects are elicited. Lactic acid bacteria Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an order of gram-positive, low-GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring, either rod-shaped (bacilli) or spherical (cocci) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation. This trait has, throughout history, linked LAB with food fermentations, as acidification inhibits the growth of spoilage agents. Proteinaceous bacteriocins are produced by several

neg: Genetic recombination of alleles are not produced since the sister chromosomes are usually identical. In meiosis and mitosis, recombination occurs between similar molecules of DNA (homologous sequences). In meiosis, non-sister homologous chromosomes pair with each other so that recombination characteristically occurs between non-sister homologues. In both meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination between homologous chromosomes is a common mechanism used in DNA repair. Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea, which use asexual reproduction. Recombination can be artificially induced in laboratory (in vitro) settings, producing recombinant DNA for purposes including vaccine development. V(D)J recombination in organisms with an

neg: Magnetite a cubic habit have been found in just one location: Balmat, St. Lawrence County, New York. Magnetite can also be found in fossils due to biomineralization and are referred to as magnetofossils. There are also instances of magnetite with origins in space coming from meteorites. Biomagnetism is usually related to the presence of biogenic crystals of magnetite, which occur widely in organisms. These organisms range from bacteria (e.g., "Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum") to animals, including humans, where magnetite crystals (and other magnetically-sensitive compounds) are found in different organs, depending on the species. Biomagnetites account for the effects of weak magnetic fields on

neg: Alphabet where they are produced in the mouth. This organization is used in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean hangul, and even Japanese kana, which is not an alphabet. The Phoenician letter names, in which each letter was associated with a word that begins with that sound (acrophony), continue to be used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic. The names were abandoned in Latin, which instead referred to the letters by adding a vowel (usually e) before or after the consonant; the two exceptions were Y and Z, which were borrowed from the Greek alphabet rather than Etruscan,

neg: Pair (parliamentary convention) of courtesy would normally arrange for one of its members to act as the pair. A pairing would usually not apply for critical votes, such as no-confidence votes. The member abstaining from voting is referred to as a pair. In the United States, pairing is an informal arrangement between members and the pairs are called live pairs. An alternative method of maintaining the relative voting positions of parties in a legislative body is proxy voting, which is not commonly used, but is used, for example, in New Zealand. In Australia, following the 2010 federal election, the Gillard Government formed a

neg: Endonuclease used notation for restriction endonucleases is of the form ""vwxyz"", where ""vwx"" names the life form (bacteria) where this restriction endonuclease may be found, ""y"" names the strain (and is optional), and ""z"" (in Roman numerals) indicates different restriction endonucleases in the same life form (bacteria). Thus for example, "EcoRI" means that the restriction endonuclease is found in "Escherichia coli" ("Eco"); strain RY13 ("R"), restriction endonuclease number "I". Another example: "HaeII" and "HaeIII" refer to bacterium "Haemophilus aegyptius", number II and number III, respectively. The restriction enzymes used in molecular biology usually recognize short target sequences of about 4 –

neg: Siamang siamang prefers calling in the living, high, and big trees, possibly where another group is easy to see. Besides that, living, big, and tall trees can support siamang movement. Calling trees are usually near feeding trees, but sometimes they call in the feeding trees. Mated pairs produce loud, well-patterned calling bouts, which are referred to as duetting. These calls function to advertise the presence and status of a mated pair. Newly formed pairs spend more time singing than an established pair. Advertising the presence of a strong bond is advantageous in territorial defense. Siamang duetting differs from other species because

neg: Purple sulfur bacteria lakes and other aquatic habitats where hydrogen sulfide accumulates and also in "sulfur springs" where geochemically or biologically produced hydrogen sulfide can trigger the formation of blooms of purple sulfur bacteria. Anoxic conditions are required for photosynthesis; these bacteria cannot thrive in oxygenated environments. The most favorable lakes for the development of purple sulfur bacteria are meromictic (permanently stratified) lakes. Meromictic lakes stratify because they have denser (usually saline) water in the bottom and less dense (usually fresh water) nearer the surface. Growth of purple sulfur bacteria is also supported by the layering in holomictic lakes. These lakes are thermally

neg: Lock (water navigation) Canal it is referred to as the cill Bumper. Some canal operation authorities, primarily in the United States and Canada, call the ledge a "miter sill" (mitre sill in Canada). Gates are the watertight doors which seal off the chamber from the upper and lower pounds. Each end of the chamber is equipped with a gate, or pair of half-gates, made of oak or elm (or now sometimes steel). The most common arrangement, usually called "miter gates", was invented by Leonardo da Vinci, sometime around the late 15th century. When closed, a pair meet at an angle like a chevron

neg: Bacteria (also called BT), a gram-positive, soil dwelling bacterium. Subspecies of this bacteria are used as a Lepidopteran-specific insecticides under trade names such as Dipel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these pesticides are regarded as environmentally friendly, with little or no effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators and most other beneficial insects. Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the function of genes, enzymes

neg: Lemierre's syndrome of the microorganisms that inhabit the mouth and throat. Species of "Fusobacterium", specifically "Fusobacterium necrophorum", are most commonly the causative bacteria, but various bacteria have been implicated. One 1989 study found that 81% of Lemierres's syndrome had been infected with "Fusobacterium necrophorum", while 11% were caused by other Fusobacterium species. MRSA might also be an issue in Lemierre infections. Rarely Lemierre's syndrome is caused by other (usually Gram-negative) bacteria, which include "Bacteroides fragilis" and "Bacteroides melaninogenicus", "Peptostreptococcus spp.", "Streptococcus microaerophile", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Streptococcus pyogenes", and "Eikenella corrodens". Lemierre's syndrome begins with an infection of the head and neck region. Usually

neg: Douglas A-20 Havoc air forces, bomber/attack variants of the DB-7 were usually known by the service name Boston, while night fighter and intruder variants were usually known as Havoc. An exception to this was the Royal Australian Air Force, which referred to all variants of the DB-7 by the name Boston. The USAAF referred to night fighter variants as P-70. In March 1937, a design team headed by Donald Douglas, Jack Northrop, and Ed Heinemann produced a proposal for a light bomber powered by a pair of 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior radial engines mounted on a shoulder

neg: Burkholderia mallei the lungs and airways. Human infection with "B. mallei" is rare, although it occasionally occurs among laboratory workers dealing with the bacteria or those who are frequently near infected animals. The bacteria usually infect a person through their eyes, nose, mouth, or cuts in the skin. Once people are infected, they develop a fever and rigors. Eventually, they get pneumonia, pustules, and abscesses, which prove fatal within a week to 10 days if left untreated by antibiotics. The way someone is infected by the bacteria also affects the type of symptoms that will result. If the bacteria enter through the

neg: Type three secretion system regarding the system remain unresolved: Since the beginning of the 1990s new T3SS proteins are being found in different bacterial species at a steady rate. Abbreviations have been given independently for each series of proteins in each organism, and the names usually do not reveal much about the protein's function. Some proteins discovered independently in different bacteria have later been shown to be homologous; the historical names, however, have mostly been kept, a fact that might cause confusion. For example, the proteins SicA, IpgC and SycD are homologs from "Salmonella", "Shigella" and "Yersinia", respectively, but the last letter (the "serial

neg: Phage ecology which is approximately equivalent (depending on how it is defined) to the phage period of infection. Single-step growth experiments also are employed to determine a phage's burst size, which is the number of phage (on average) that are produced per phage-infected bacterium. The adsorption curve is obtained by measuring the rate at which phage virion particles (see Virion#Structure) attach to bacteria. This is usually done by separating free phage from phage-infected bacteria in some manner so that either the loss of not currently infecting (free) phage or the gain of infected bacteria may be measured over time. A population is

neg: Soy yogurt Soy yogurt Soy yogurt, also referred to as Soya yogurt, Soygurt or Yofu (a portmanteau of yogurt and tofu), is yogurt prepared with soy milk. Soy yogurt is made using soy milk, adding yogurt bacteria ("Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus" and "Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus"), sometimes adding sweeteners such as fructose, glucose, or sugar. It is suitable for vegans, ovo-vegetarians, for people with PKU or other dangerous diseases, and for those with lactose intolerance or milk allergy, as the bacteria for shop-bought soy yogurt are usually not grown on a dairy base. Due to certain recurring doubts and controversies about the

neg: Coxed pair as a bowloader). With a bowloader, amplification is needed to communicate with the crew which is sitting behind, but the cox has a better view of the course and the weight distribution may help the boat go faster. When there is no cox, the boat is referred to as a "coxless pair". Racing boats (often called "shells") are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a composite material (usually carbon-fibre reinforced plastic) for strength and weight advantages. Pairs have a fin

neg: Antibiotic sensitivity Antibiotic sensitivity Antibiotic sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility is the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. Because susceptibility can vary even within a species (with some strains being more resistant than others), antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is usually carried out to determine which antibiotic will be most successful in treating a bacterial infection in vivo. Testing for antibiotic sensitivity is often done by the Kirby-Bauer method. Small wafers containing antibiotics are placed onto a plate upon which bacteria are growing. If the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotic, a clear ring, or zone of inhibition, is seen around the wafer indicating poor

neg: Angle C, and ∠CAB to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from C to B. The names, intervals, and measured units are shown in a table below: When two straight lines intersect at a point, four angles are formed. Pairwise these angles are named according to their location relative to each other. A transversal is a line that intersects a pair of (often parallel) lines and is associated with "alternate interior angles", "corresponding angles", "interior angles", and "exterior angles". There are three special angle pairs which involve the summation of angles: The size of a geometric angle is usually characterized by the magnitude

neg: Sixareen unlike the yoal where three men rowed a pair of oars each. The size of a sixareen was about 25–30 feet overall, with a beam of 7–8 feet. The boat carried a square sail which was used when the wind was favourable, but often in light winds or in a head wind the crew could row for many hours to complete their journey. Fishing trips usually were over three days, with the boats making two trips each week when the weather permitted. As with the yoal, all the parts of a sixareen have names, which are usually found only in

neg: Horse gait as the lateral ambling gaits. There are a significant number of names for various four-beat intermediate gaits. Though these names derive from differences in footfall patterns and speed, historically they were once grouped together and collectively referred to as the "amble." In the United States horses that are able to amble are referred to as "gaited." In almost all cases, the primary feature of the ambling gaits is that 3 of the 4 feet are on the ground at any time, reflected in the colloquial term, "singlefoot." All ambling gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a

neg: Tlingit clans network of extended families which functions as a political unit in Tlingit society. The two moieties of the Tlingit society are the Raven ("Yéil") and Eagle/Wolf ("Ch'aak'/Gooch"). The latter has two names because its primary crest differs between the north and the south regions of Tlingit territory, probably due to influence from the neighboring tribes of Haida, Tsimshian and Nisga'a. Each moiety is further subdivided into clans, and each clan is subdivided into houses. The Tlingit clans have names whose meaning typically reflects the foundation story of the clan. The clans are usually referred to in English by the name

neg: Doug Dye to the development of pathovar nomenclature, applied internationally to plant pathogenic bacteria today. Subsequently, he clarified the relationships within the major bacterial groups represented by "Erwinia" and "Corynebacterium". Dye worked on several committees connected with bacterial taxonomy, most notably the International Committee on the Systematics of Bacteria, participating in the complete revision of bacterial names contained in the Approved Lists of Names of Bacteria, and the Committee on Taxonomy of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria of the International Society for Plant Pathology, which developed the International Standards for Naming Pathovars. From the late 1960s, as head of an expanding Bacteriology Section in

neg: Telephone exchange books. To reduce the expense of outside plant, some companies use "pair gain" devices to provide telephone service to subscribers. These devices are used to provide service where existing copper facilities have been exhausted or by siting in a neighborhood, can reduce the length of copper pairs, enabling digital services such as Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). Pair gain or digital loop carriers (DLCs) are located outside the central office, usually in a large neighborhood distant from the CO. DLCs are often referred to as Subscriber Loop Carriers (SLCs), after a Lucent proprietary product. DLCs

neg: Surnames by country as an initial – Ts. Elbegdorj. People are normally just referred to and addressed by their given name (Elbegdorj "guai" – Mr. Elbegdorj), and if two people share a common given name, they are usually just kept apart by their initials, not by the full patronymic. Since 2000, Mongolians have been officially using clan names – "ovog", the same word that had been used for the patronymics before – on their IDs. Many people chose the names of the ancient clans and tribes such Borjigin, Besud, Jalair, etc. Also many extended families chose the names of the native places of

neg: Standard model (cryptography) a trusted third party. Collectively, these models are referred to as models with special setup assumptions. Standard model (cryptography) In cryptography the standard model is the model of computation in which the adversary is only limited by the amount of time and computational power available. Other names used are bare model and plain model. Cryptographic schemes are usually based on complexity assumptions, which state that some problems, such as factorization, cannot be solved in polynomial time. Schemes which can be proven secure using only complexity assumptions are said to be secure in the standard model. Security proofs are notoriously difficult

neg: Intravenous therapy also become kinked, causing poor function. While some central lines have their catheter pass through the skin and then directly into the vein, other central lines called "tunneled catheters" insert through the skin and then pass or "tunnel" a significant distance before inserting into the vein. This reduces the risk of infection, since bacteria from the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein. These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. These include the Hickman line or Broviac catheter. A port (often referred to by brand names such as "Port-a-Cath" or "MediPort")

neg: Archaea apart. Like bacteria, archaea lack interior membranes and organelles. Like bacteria, the cell membranes of archaea are usually bounded by a cell wall and they swim using one or more flagella. Structurally, archaea are most similar to gram-positive bacteria. Most have a single plasma membrane and cell wall, and lack a periplasmic space; the exception to this general rule is "Ignicoccus", which possess a particularly large periplasm that contains membrane-bound vesicles and is enclosed by an outer membrane. Most archaea (but not "Thermoplasma" and "Ferroplasma") possess a cell wall. In most archaea the wall is assembled from surface-layer proteins, which

neg: Broad-spectrum antibiotic to as "gram-positive," those that take up the counterstain only are "gram-negative," and those that remain unstained are referred to as "atypical." Further classification includes their requirement for oxygen (ie, aerobic or anaerobic), patterns of hemolysis, or other chemical properties. The most commonly encountered groupings of bacteria include gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli, atypical bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotics are often grouped by their ability to act on different bacterial groups. For example, 1st-generation cephalosporins are primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria, while 4th-generation cephalosporins are generally effective against gram-negative bacteria. Empiric antibiotic therapy refers to the use of antibiotics to treat

neg: Sequencing batch reactor sulfate (alum) is often added during this period. It reacts to form non-soluble compounds, which settle into the sludge in the next stage. The "settling" stage is usually the same length in time as the aeration. During this stage the sludge formed by the bacteria is allowed to settle to the bottom of the tank. The aerobic bacteria continue to multiply until the dissolved oxygen is all but used up. Conditions in the tank, especially near the bottom are now more suitable for the anaerobic bacteria to flourish. Many of these, and some of the bacteria which would prefer an

neg: Maraca Maraca Maraca (), sometimes called rumba shaker, chac-chac, and various other names, is a rattle which appears in many genres of Caribbean and Latin music. It is shaken by a handle, and usually played as part of a pair. Maracas (Mbaracás), also known as tamaracas, were rattles of divination, an oracle of the Brazilian Tupinamba Indians, found also with other Indian tribes (Garifuna, Guarani), and on the Orinoco and in Florida. Rattles made from gourds (Lagenaria) are being shaken by the natural grip, while the round calabash (Crescentia) fruits are fitted to a handle. Human hair is sometimes fastened on

neg: Japanese name of traditional Japanese names, such as Lafcadio Hearn (who was half Anglo-Irish and half Greek), who used the name "Koizumi Yakumo" (). At the time, to gain Japanese citizenship, it was necessary to be adopted by a Japanese family (in Hearn's case, it was his wife's family) and take their name. Individuals born overseas with Western given names and Japanese surnames are usually given a katakana name in Western order when referred to in Japanese. Eric Shinseki, for instance, is referred to as (Erikku Shinseki). However, sometimes Japanese parents decide to use Japanese order when mentioning the child's name in

neg: Food spoilage Food spoilage Spoilage is the process in which food deteriorates to the point in which it is not edible to humans or its quality of edibility becomes reduced. Various external forces are responsible for the spoilage of food. Food that is capable of spoiling is referred to as perishable food. Harvested foods decompose from the moment they are harvested due to attacks from enzymes, oxidation and microorganisms. These include bacteria, mold, yeast, moisture, temperature and chemical reaction. Bacteria can be responsible for the spoilage of food. When bacteria breaks down the food, acids and other waste products are created in

neg: Rowing involves a seated rower who "pulls" on two oars or "sculls", attached to the boat, thereby moving the boat in the direction opposite that which the rower faces. In some multiple-seat boats seated rowers each pull on a single ""sweep"" oar, usually with both hands. Boats in which the rowers are coordinated by a coxswain are referred to as a "coxed" pair/four/eight. Sometimes "sliding seats" are used to enable the rower to use the leg muscles, substantially increasing the power available. An alternative to the sliding seat, called a "sliding rigger", uses a stationary seat and the rower moves the

neg: 16S ribosomal RNA and is currently referred to as 27F and 1492R; however, for some applications shorter amplicons may be necessary for example for 454 sequencing with Titanium chemistry (500-ish reads are ideal) the primer pair 27F-534R covering V1 to V3. Often 8F is used rather than 27F. The two primers are almost identical, but 27F has an M instead of a C. AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG compared with 8F. In addition to highly conserved primer binding sites, 16S rRNA gene sequences contain hypervariable regions that can provide species-specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria. As a result, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become prevalent

neg: Bacterial taxonomy (Eocyta). He has also discovered evidence that Gram-negative bacteria arose from a symbiosis between 2 Gram-positive bacteria. Classification is the grouping of organisms into progressively more inclusive groups based on phylogeny and phenotype, while nomenclature is the application of formal rules for naming organisms. Despite there being no official and complete classification of prokaryotes, the names (nomenclature) given to prokaryotes are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (Bacteriological Code), a book which contains general considerations, principles, rules, and various notes, and advises in a similar fashion to the nomenclature codes of other groups. The taxa which have

neg: Attenuator (electronics) attenuators for use with twisted pair are required to be the balanced form. Four fundamental attenuator circuit diagrams are given in the figures on the left. Since an attenuator circuit consists solely of passive resistor elements, it is both linear and reciprocal. If the circuit is also made symmetrical (this is usually the case since it is usually required that the input and output impedance Z and Z are equal), then the input and output ports are not distinguished, but by convention the left and right sides of the circuits are referred to as input and output, respectively. Various tables

neg: Germ-free animal exhibit defects in the immune system. Because intestinal microorganisms provide additional energy to the animal by breaking down dietary fiber, germ-free animals require more food to keep the same weight than animals that are not germ-free. Germ-free animal Germ-free animals are animals that have no microorganisms living in or on them. Such animals are raised within germ-free isolators in order to control their exposure to viral, bacterial or parasitic agents. When known strains of bacteria or microbiota are introduced to a germ-free animal, it usually is referred to as a gnotobiotic animal, however technically speaking, germ-free animals are also gnotobiotic

neg: Forensic entomological decomposition signs of bloat are apparent. There are no outward signs of physical change, though internal bacteria have begun to digest organ tissues. No odor is associated with the carcass. Early post-mortem changes, used by pathologists as medical markers for early post-mortem interval estimations, have been described by Goff and include livor mortis, rigor mortis and algor mortis. The first insects to arrive at decomposing remains are usually Calliphoridae, commonly referred to as blow flies. These flies have been reported to arrive within minutes of death or exposure, and deposit eggs within 1–3 hours. Adult flies of the families Sarcophagidae (flesh