query: where is a function 's return type specified

pos: Return type A method returns to the code that invoked it when it completes all the statements in the method, reaches a return statement, or throws an exception, whichever occurs first. You declare a method's return type in its method declaration. Within the body of the method, you use the return statement to return the value. Any method declared void doesn't return a value. It does not need to contain a return statement, but it may do so. In such a case, a return statement can be used to branch out of a control flow block and exit the method and is

neg: Return type Return type In computer programming, the return type (or result type) defines and constrains the data type of the value returned from a subroutine or method. In many programming languages (especially statically-typed programming languages such as C, C++, Java) the return type must be explicitly specified when declaring a function. In the Java example: the return type is "int". The program can therefore rely on the method returning a value of type "int". Various mechanisms are used for the case where a subroutine does not return any value, e.g., a return type of "void" is used in some programming languages:

neg: XLeratorDB a single value. An example of this type of function is LOG, which returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base. Aggregate functions operate on a series of values but return a single, summarizing value. An example of this type of function is AVG, which returns the average of values in a specified group. In XLeratorDB there are some functions which have characteristics of aggregate functions (operating on multiple series of values) but cannot be processed in SQL CLR using single column inputs, such as AVG does. For example, irregular internal rate of return (XIRR), a financial function,

neg: C syntax table. A C function definition consists of a return type (void if no value is returned), a unique name, a list of parameters in parentheses, and various statements: A function with non-void return type should include at least one return statement. The parameters are given by the <parameter-list>, a comma-separated list of parameter declarations, each item in the list being a data type followed by an identifier: <data-type> <variable-identifier>, <data-type> <variable-identifier>, ... If there are no parameters, the <parameter-list> may be left empty or optionally be specified with the single word void. It is possible to define a function as

neg: Unit type a value; these are specified as having the void return type. Such functions are called procedures in other imperative languages like Pascal, where a syntactic distinction, instead of type-system distinction, is made between functions and procedures. The first notable difference between a true unit type and the void type is that the unit type may always be the type of the argument to a function, but the void type cannot be the type of an argument in C, despite the fact that it may appear as the sole argument in the list. This problem is best illustrated by the following

neg: Return type The getArea method returns a primitive type. A method can also return a reference type. For example, in a program to manipulate Bicycle objects, we might have a method like this: Return type In computer programming, the return type (or result type) defines and constrains the data type of the value returned from a subroutine or method. In many programming languages (especially statically-typed programming languages such as C, C++, Java) the return type must be explicitly specified when declaring a function. In the Java example: the return type is "int". The program can therefore rely on the method returning a

neg: Scala (programming language) It is equivalent to the Lisp form codice_103. Note that neither the type of codice_104 nor the return type need be explicitly specified, and can generally be inferred by type inference; but they can be explicitly specified, e.g. as codice_105 or even codice_106. Anonymous functions behave as true closures in that they automatically capture any variables that are lexically available in the environment of the enclosing function. Those variables will be available even after the enclosing function returns, and unlike in the case of Java's "anonymous inner classes" do not need to be declared as final. (It is even possible

neg: Hack (programming language) Hack (programming language) Hack is a programming language for the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created by Facebook as a dialect of PHP. The language implementation is open-source, licensed under the BSD License. Hack allows programmers to use both dynamic typing and static typing. This kind of a type system is called gradual typing, which is also implemented in other programming languages such as ActionScript. Hack's type system allows types to be specified for function arguments, function return values, and class properties; however, types of local variables are always inferred and cannot be specified. Hack was introduced on March 20, 2014.

neg: Subtyping the width supertype. If "T" → "T" is a function type, then a subtype of it is any function type "S" → "S" with the property that "T" <: "S" and "S" <: "T". This can be summarised using the following typing rule: formula_1 The argument type of "S" → "S" is said to be contravariant because the subtyping relation is reversed for it, whereas the return type is covariant. Informally, this reversal occurs because the refined type is "more liberal" in the types it accepts and "more conservative" in the type it returns. This is what exactly works in

neg: S-algol codice_12 data type for I/O streams, and several variations of codice_13 and codice_14 are defined to operate on the basic types. It is expected that individual implementations will extend these simple facilities as needed. ALGOL languages have been criticized as being verbose. S-algol attempts to improve this by providing less restrictive syntax. This is demonstrated primarily in the declaration syntax. Since variable declarations must always include an initial value, the type does not need to be explicitly specified. Although it would be possible to infer procedure parameter and return types by examining where the procedure is called, S-algol does require

neg: C++11 its type must be specified explicitly. However, with the advent of template types and template metaprogramming techniques, the type of something, particularly the well-defined return value of a function, may not be easily expressed. Thus, storing intermediates in variables is difficult, possibly needing knowledge of the internals of a given metaprogramming library. C++11 allows this to be mitigated in two ways. First, the definition of a variable with an explicit initialization can use the codice_40 keyword. This creates a variable of the specific type of the initializer: The type of codice_41 is simply whatever the particular template function override of

neg: Write (system call) Data is written to a file by calling the write function. The function prototype is: In above syntax, codice_2 is a codice_3. It is a signed data type defined in codice_4. Note that codice_5 does not return an unsigned value; it returns -1 if an error occurs so it must return a signed value.<br> The write function returns the number of bytes successfully written into the array, which may at times be less than the specified nbytes. It returns -1 if an exceptional condition is encountered, see section on errors below. Listed below are some errors that could be encountered

neg: Hack (programming language) types to be specified for function arguments and function return values. Functions in Hack are thus annotated with types like the following: <?hh // Hack functions are annotated with types. function negate(bool $x): bool { Hack (programming language) Hack is a programming language for the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created by Facebook as a dialect of PHP. The language implementation is open-source, licensed under the BSD License. Hack allows programmers to use both dynamic typing and static typing. This kind of a type system is called gradual typing, which is also implemented in other programming languages such as ActionScript. Hack's

neg: Hack (programming language) hints (for example, for scalar types such as integer or string), as well as by extending the use of type hints (for example, for class properties or function return values). However, types of local variables cannot be specified. Since Hack uses a gradual typing system, in the default mode, type annotations are not mandatory even in places they cannot be inferred; the type system will assume the author is correct and admit the code. However, a "strict" mode is available which requires such annotations, and thus enforces fully sound code. The basic file structure of a Hack script is similar

neg: Variadic template the some_function calls will be executed in an unspecified order, because the order of evaluation of function arguments is undefined. To avoid the unspecified order, brace-enclosed initializer lists can be used, which guarantee strict left-to-right order of evaluation. An initializer list requires a non-void return type, but the comma operator can be used to yield 1 for each expansion element. Instead of executing a function, a lambda expression may be specified and executed in place, which allows executing arbitrary sequences of statements in-place. However, in this particular example, a lambda function is not necessary. A more ordinary expression can be

neg: Continuous function compact space and its codomain is Hausdorff, then it is a homeomorphism. Given a function where "X" is a topological space and "S" is a set (without a specified topology), the final topology on "S" is defined by letting the open sets of "S" be those subsets "A" of "S" for which "f"("A") is open in "X". If "S" has an existing topology, "f" is continuous with respect to this topology if and only if the existing topology is coarser than the final topology on "S". Thus the final topology can be characterized as the finest topology on "S" that

neg: Tweedie distribution for different cases of the Tweedie models. A cumulant generating function (CGF) may then be obtained from the cumulant function. The additive CGF is generally specified by the equation and the reproductive CGF by where "s" is the generating function variable. The cumulant functions for specific values of the index parameter "p" are where "α" is the Tweedie exponent For the additive Tweedie models the CGFs take the form, and for the reproductive models, The additive and reproductive Tweedie models are conventionally denoted by the symbols "Tw"("θ","λ") and "Tw"("θ","σ"), respectively. The first and second derivatives of the CGFs, with "s"

neg: Dwell mechanism Dwell mechanism A dwell mechanism (either a linkage or cam-follower type) is an intermittent motion mechanism that alternates forward and return motion with holding position(s). In a single dwell Cam mechanism, there are three motion functions that follow each other and then repeat: a dwell, a rise, and a return function. It is sometimes desired to use a Rise function such that its acceleration does not become zero at its end. To maintain continuity of acceleration, the return function should begin with a same non-zero acceleration that matches the end of the rise function. There are a number of functions

neg: Algebraic data type List datatype can also be represented in type theory in a slightly different form, thus: formula_4. (Note how the formula_5 and formula_6 constructs are reversed relative to the original.) The original formation specified a type function which body was a recursive type. The revised version specifies a recursive function on types. (The type variable formula_7 is used to suggest a function rather than a "base type" like formula_8, since formula_7 is like a Greek "f".) The function must also now be applied formula_7 to its argument type formula_11 in the body of the type. For the purposes of the List

neg: Instantaneous phase "t", assuming "s"("t") is a continuous function of "t". Unless otherwise indicated, the continuous form should be inferred. where "ω" > 0. In this simple sinusoidal example, the constant "θ" is also commonly referred to as "phase" or "phase offset". "φ"("t") is a function of time; "θ" is not. In the next example, we also see that the phase offset of a real-valued sinusoid is ambiguous unless a reference (sin or cos) is specified. "φ"("t") is unambiguously defined. where "ω" > 0. In both examples the local maxima of "s"("t") correspond to "φ"("t") = 2π"N" for integer values of "N".

neg: Mortar (masonry) require the flexibility, softness and breathability of lime if they are to function correctly. In the United States and other countries, five standard types of mortar (available as dry pre-mixed products) are generally used for both new construction and repair. Strengths of mortar change based on the ratio of cement, lime, and sand used in mortar. The ingredients and the mix ratio for each type of mortars are specified under the ASTM standards. These premixed mortar products are designated by one of the five letters, M, S, N, O, and K. Type M mortar is the strongest, and Type K

neg: Monad (functional programming) modified subcontext. As in a state monad, computations in the environment monad may be invoked by simply providing an environment value and applying it to an instance of the monad. A state monad allows a programmer to attach state information of any type to a calculation. Given any value type, the corresponding type in the state monad is a function which accepts a state, then outputs a new state (of type s) along with a return value (of type t). This is similar to an environment monad, except that it also return a new state, and thus allows modeling a

neg: Average itself. The function provides the arithmetic mean. The function (where the list elements are positive numbers) provides the geometric mean. The function (where the list elements are positive numbers) provides the harmonic mean. A type of average used in finance is the average percentage return. It is an example of a geometric mean. When the returns are annual, it is called the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). For example, if we are considering a period of two years, and the investment return in the first year is −10% and the return in the second year is +60%, then the average

neg: Filter design way is that they contain many small ripples in the passband(s), since such a filter minimizes the peak error. Another method to finding a discrete FIR filter is "filter optimization" described in Knutsson et al., which minimizes the integral of the square of the error, instead of its maximum value. In its basic form this approach requires that an ideal frequency function of the filter formula_11 is specified together with a frequency weighting function formula_12 and set of coordinates formula_13 in the signal domain where the filter coefficients are located. An error function formula_14 is defined as where formula_16 is

neg: Function prototype Function prototype In computer programming, a function prototype or function interface is a declaration of a function that specifies the function's name and type signature (arity, data types of parameters, and return type), but omits the function body. While a function definition specifies "how" the function does what it does (the "implementation"), a function prototype merely specifies its interface, i.e. "what" data types go in and come out of it. The term function prototype is particularly used in the context of the programming languages C and C++ where placing forward declarations of functions in header files allows for splitting a

neg: Phase-type distribution until absorption in the absorbing state. This process can be written in the form of a transition rate matrix, where "S" is an "m" × "m" matrix and S = –S1. Here 1 represents an "m" × 1 vector with every element being 1. The distribution of time "X" until the process reaches the absorbing state is said to be phase-type distributed and is denoted PH(α,"S"). The distribution function of "X" is given by, and the density function, for all "x" > 0, where exp( · ) is the matrix exponential. It is usually assumed the probability of process starting

neg: Miranda (programming language) a number by two and return its reciprocal. Although Miranda is a strongly typed programming language, it does not insist on explicit type declarations. If a function's type is not explicitly declared, the interpreter infers it from the type of its parameters and how they are used within the function. In addition to the basic types (codice_3, codice_4, codice_5), it includes an "anything" type where the type of a parameter does not matter, as in the list-reversing function: which can be applied to a list of any data type, for which the explicit function type declaration would be: Finally, it

neg: Concepts (C++) Concepts can be used to choose function template overloads and class template specializations based on properties of their template arguments, as an alternative to SFINAE and tag dispatching. If an argument satisfies more than one concept, the overload associated with the more constrained concept is chosen. Concepts may be used instead of the unconstrained type deduction placeholder in variable declarations and function return types: Concepts, as specified in ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015, are implemented in GCC 6. During the C++ standards committee meeting in March 2016, the evolution working group moved to merge Concepts into the mainline C++17 standard, but the

neg: Type system expecting a certain kind of value from being used with values for which that operation does not make sense (logic errors). Type systems are often specified as part of programming languages, and built into the interpreters and compilers for them; although the type system of a language can be extended by optional tools that perform added kinds of checks using the language's original type syntax and grammar. An example of a simple type system is that of the C language. The portions of a C program are the function definitions. One function is invoked by another function. The interface of

neg: Functional (C++) called a "binary predicate". In general, a function object has restrictions on the type of its argument. The type restrictions need not be simple, though: may be overloaded or may be a member template. Similarly, there need be no way for a program to determine what those restrictions are. An adaptable function object, however, does specify what the argument and return types are, and provides nested s so that those types can be named and used in programs. If a type is a model of an adaptable generator, then it must define . Similarly, if is a model of the

neg: Bottom type Bottom type In type theory, a theory within mathematical logic, the bottom type is the type that has no values. It is also called the zero or empty type, and is sometimes denoted with falsum (⊥). A function whose return type is bottom cannot return any value. In the Curry–Howard correspondence, the bottom type corresponds to falsity. In subtyping systems, the bottom type is the subtype of all types. (However, the converse is not true—a subtype of all types is not necessarily the bottom type.) It is used to represent the return type of a function that does not return

neg: Type class function over values of type codice_21 in whatever way they see fit. Once they have done this, they may use the function codice_13 on codice_29, that is, lists of elements of type codice_21. Note that type classes are different from classes in object-oriented programming languages. In particular, codice_5 is not a type: there is no such thing as a "value" of type codice_5. Type classes are closely related to parametric polymorphism. For example, note that the type of codice_13 as specified above would be the parametrically polymorphic type codice_15 were it not for the type class constraint "codice_35". A type

neg: Inductive type the function "S" to another natural number. "S" is the successor function which represents adding 1 to a number. Thus, "0" is zero, "S 0" is one, "S (S 0)" is two, "S (S (S 0))" is three, and so on. Since their introduction, inductive types have been extended to encode more and more structures, while still being predicative and supporting structural recursion. Inductive types usually come with a function to prove properties about them. Thus, "nat" may come with: This is the expected function for structural recursion for the type "nat". W-types are well-founded types in intuitionistic type theory

neg: Semipredicate problem type (thus expanding the type). It is a dynamically-typed equivalent to returning a null pointer. For example, a numeric function normally returns a number (int or float), and while zero might be a valid response; false is not. Similarly, a function that normally returns a string might sometimes return the empty string as a valid response, but return false on failure. This process of type-juggling necessitates care in testing the return value: e.g. in PHP, use === [i.e. equal and of same type] rather than just == [i.e. equal, after automatic type-conversion]. It works only when the original function is

neg: Dependent type a type formula_6. We say that the type "B(a)" varies with "a". A function whose type of return value varies with its argument (i.e. there is no fixed codomain) is a dependent function and the type of this function is called dependent product type, pi-type or dependent function type. For this example, the dependent function type is typically written as formula_7 or formula_8 If formula_4 is a constant function, the corresponding dependent product type is equivalent to an ordinary function type. That is, formula_10 is judgmentally equal to formula_11 when "B" does not depend on "x". The name 'pi-type' comes

neg: Survival analysis is, the survival function is the probability that the time of death is later than some specified time "t". The survival function is also called the "survivor function" or "survivorship function" in problems of biological survival, and the "reliability function" in mechanical survival problems. In the latter case, the reliability function is denoted "R"("t"). Usually one assumes "S"(0) = 1, although it could be less than 1 if there is the possibility of immediate death or failure. The survival function must be non-increasing: "S"("u") ≤ "S"("t") if "u" ≥ "t". This property follows directly because "T">"u" implies "T">"t". This reflects

neg: Bayesian game and associating probabilities or a probability mass function with those types (in the course of the game, Nature randomly "chooses" a type for each player according to the probability distribution across each player's type space). Harsanyi's approach to modeling a Bayesian game in such a way allows games of incomplete information to become games of imperfect information (in which the history of the game is not available to all players). The type of a player determines that player's payoff function. The probability associated with a type is the probability that the player, for whom the type is specified, is that

neg: User-defined function Has both control-flow and DML statements in its body similar to stored procedures. Does not allow changes to any Global Session State, like modifications to database or external resource, such as a file or network. Does not support output parameter. DEFAULT keyword must be specified to pass the default value of parameter. Errors in UDF cause UDF to abort which, in turn, aborts the statement that invoked the UDF. Data type supported in Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Like a temporary table used to store results Mostly used to define temporary variable of type (table) and the return value of a

neg: Nim (programming language) world!") echo "Hello, World!" A simple demonstration showing many of Nim's features. proc reverse(s: string): string = let str1 = "Reverse This!" echo "Reversed: ", reverse(str1) One of the more exotic features is the implicit codice_1 variable: every procedure in Nim with a non-void return type has an implicit result variable that represents the value that will be returned. In the for loop we see an invocation of codice_2 which is an iterator, if an iterator is omitted then the compiler will attempt to use an codice_3 iterator if one is defined for the type that was specified in the

neg: Function prototype of the function, return type and access specifier. In this case the name of the function is "main". The function signature determines the number of parameters and their types. In the above example, the return type is "void". This means that the function is not going to return any value. In earlier versions of C, if a function was not previously declared and its name occurred in an expression followed by a left parenthesis, it was implicitly declared as a function that returns an codice_1 and nothing was assumed about its arguments. In this case the compiler would not be

neg: Curry (programming language) where pattern matching supports the convenient separation of the different cases. For instance, the concatenation operation “++” on polymorphic lists can be defined as follows (the optional type declaration in the first line specifies that “++” takes two lists as input and produces an output list, where all list elements are of the same unspecified type): Beyond its application for various programming tasks, the operation “++” is also useful to specify the behavior of other functions on lists. For instance, the behavior of a function last that yields the last element of a list can be specified as follows: for

neg: Functional (C++) C++11 is a general-purpose polymorphic function wrapper. Instances of codice_2 can store, copy, and invoke any callable target—functions, lambda expressions (expressions defining anonymous functions), bind expressions (instances of function adapters that transform functions to other functions of smaller arity by providing values for some of the arguments), or other function objects. The algorithms provided by the C++ Standard Library do not require function objects of more than two arguments. Function objects that return Boolean values are an important special case. A unary function whose return type is is called a "predicate", and a binary function whose return type is is

neg: Spatial query or three dimensional shape): Function prototype: "functionName (parameter(s)) : return type " Spatial query A spatial query is a special type of database query supported by geodatabases and spatial databases. The queries differ from non-spatial SQL queries in several important ways. Two of the most important are that they allow for the use of geometry data types such as points, lines and polygons and that these queries consider the spatial relationship between these geometries. The function names for queries differ across geodatabases. The following list contains commonly used functions built into PostGIS, a free geodatabase which is a PostgreSQL extension

neg: Vienna Development Method the example specification above must always return the same result for the same input. A more constrained function specification is arrived at by strengthening the postcondition. For example, the following definition constrains the function to return the positive root. All function specifications may be restricted by "preconditions" which are logical predicates over the input variables only and which describe constraints that are assumed to be satisfied when the function is executed. For example, a square root calculating function that works only on positive real numbers might be specified as follows: The precondition and postcondition together form a "contract" that to

neg: Distortion risk measure Distortion risk measure In financial mathematics, a distortion risk measure is a type of risk measure which is related to the cumulative distribution function of the return of a financial portfolio. The function formula_1 associated with the distortion function formula_2 is a "distortion risk measure" if for any random variable of gains formula_3 (where formula_4 is the L space) then where formula_6 is the cumulative distribution function for formula_7 and formula_8 is the dual distortion function formula_9. If formula_10 almost surely then formula_11 is given by the Choquet integral, i.e. formula_12 Equivalently, formula_13 such that formula_14 is the probability measure

neg: Subtyping Scala: a "n"-ary function is internally a class that inherits the FunctionN(-A1, -A2, …, -An, +B) trait (which can be seen as a general interface in Java-like languages), where "A1", "A2", … "An" are the parameter types, and "B" is its return type; "-" before the type means the type is contravariant while "+" means covariant. In languages that allow side effects, like most object-oriented languages, subtyping is generally not sufficient to guarantee that a function can be safely used in the context of another. Liskov's work in this area focused on behavioral subtyping, which besides the type system safety

neg: Loewner differential equation a Jordan arc from an interior point to the boundary removed. The point where it touches the boundary is independent of "s" and defines a continuous function λ("t") from [0,∞) to the unit circle. κ("t") is the complex conjugate (or inverse) of λ("t"): Equivalently, by Carathéodory's theorem "f" admits a continuous extension to the closed unit disk and λ("t"), sometimes called the driving function, is specified by Not every continuous function κ comes from a slit mapping, but Kufarev showed this was true when κ has a continuous derivative. used his differential equation for slit mappings to prove the Bieberbach

neg: Subtyping the object "coerce"("s") of type "T". A coercion function may be defined by composition: if "S" <: "T" and "T" <: "U" then "s" may be regarded as an object of type "u" under the compound coercion ("coerce" ∘ "coerce"). The type coercion from a type to itself "coerce" is the identity function "id" Coercion functions for records and disjoint union subtypes may be defined componentwise; in the case of width-extended records, type coercion simply discards any components which are not defined in the supertype. The type coercion for function types may be given by "f"'("s") = "coerce"("f"("coerce"("t"))), reflecting the

neg: Test (Unix) or empty, type: If the file specified by the first positional parameter to the shell procedure, $1, does not exist or is of size 0, the test command displays the message. If $1 exists and has a size greater than 0, the test command displays nothing. Note: There must be a space between the -s function and the file name. The quotation marks around $1 ensure that the test works properly even if the value of $1 is a null string. If the quotation marks are omitted and $1 is the empty string, the test command displays the error message:

neg: Haxe following type signatures have different semantics than in the aforementioned languages. The type F is a function that takes an Int and a String as arguments, and returns a value of type Float. The same notation in a language with unary functions only, would refer to a function that takes an Int as argument, and returns a function of type String->Float. Types F2 and F3 denote the same type. Both are binary functions that return a binary function of type F. For F3 the syntax to declare a function type within a function type is used. typedef F = Int->String->Float;

neg: Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model with an aggregate production function that satisfies the Inada conditions, often specified to be of Cobb–Douglas type, formula_1, with factors capital formula_2 and labour formula_3. Since this production function is assumed to be homogeneous of degree 1, one can express it in "per capita" terms, formula_4. The amount of labour is equal to the population in the economy, and grows at a constant rate formula_5, i.e. formula_6 where formula_7 was the population in the initial period. The first key equation of the Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model is the state equation for capital accumulation: a non-linear differential equation akin to the Solow–Swan model,

neg: Constant false alarm rate background against which targets are to be detected is constant with time and space, then a fixed threshold level can be chosen that provides a specified probability of false alarm, governed by the probability density function of the noise, which is usually assumed to be Gaussian. The probability of detection is then a function of the signal-to-noise ratio of the target return. However, in most fielded systems, unwanted clutter and interference sources mean that the noise level changes both spatially and temporally. In this case, a changing threshold can be used, where the threshold level is raised and lowered to

neg: Fortress (programming language) compliant implementation targeting the Java Virtual Machine. In July 2012, Steele announced that active development on Fortress would cease after a brief winding-down period, citing complications with using Fortress's type system on existing virtual machines. This is the Fortress version of the archetypal hello world program, as presented in the "Fortress Reference Card": The "export" statement makes the program executable and every executable program in Fortress must implement the "run()" function. The file where the program is saved for compilation must have the same name as the one specified in the initial "component" statement. The "println()" function is what outputs

neg: Forward curve Forward curve The forward curve is a function graph in finance that defines the prices at which a contract for future delivery or payment can be concluded today. For example, a futures contract forward curve is prices being plotted as a function of the amount of time between now and the expiry date of the futures contract (with the spot price being the price at time zero). The forward curve represents a term structure of prices. A forward interest rate is a type of interest rate that is specified for a loan that will occur at a specified future date.

neg: Unit type side effect, and the argument type of a function that does not require arguments. In C, C++, C#, D and Java, codice_19 is used to designate a function that does not return anything useful, or a function that accepts no arguments. The unit type in C is conceptually similar to an empty codice_20, but a struct without members is not allowed in the C language specification. Instead, 'codice_19' is used in a manner that simulates some, but not all, of the properties of the unit type, as detailed below. Like most imperative languages, C allows functions that do not return

neg: Mathematical statistics distribution is a function that assigns a probability to each measurable subset of the possible outcomes of a random experiment, survey, or procedure of statistical inference. Examples are found in experiments whose sample space is non-numerical, where the distribution would be a categorical distribution; experiments whose sample space is encoded by discrete random variables, where the distribution can be specified by a probability mass function; and experiments with sample spaces encoded by continuous random variables, where the distribution can be specified by a probability density function. More complex experiments, such as those involving stochastic processes defined in continuous time, may

neg: Const (computer programming) and if the input string is const the return value should be as well – most simply because it might return exactly the input pointer, if the first character is a match – but on the other hand the return value should not be const if the original string was not const, since the caller may wish to use the pointer to modify the original string. In C++ this is done via function overloading, typically implemented via a template, resulting in two functions, so that the return value has the same const-qualified type as the input: char* strchr(char* s, int

neg: Dependent type types. Two common examples of dependent types are dependent functions and dependent pairs. A dependent function's return type may depend on the "value" (not just type) of an argument. A function that takes a positive integer "n" may return an array of length "n". (Note that this is different from polymorphism and generic programming, both of which include the type as an argument.) A dependent pair may have a second value that depends on the first. It can be used to encode a pair of integers where the second one is greater than the first. Dependent types add complexity to

neg: Mm'-type filter and the impedance departs less than 2% from nominal from 0 to 0.96 rad/s, that is, nearly all of the passband. The transfer function of an mm'-type is the same as an m-type with "m" set to the product "mm"<nowiki>'</nowiki> and in this case "mm"<nowiki>'</nowiki>=0.3. Where an m-type section is used for impedance matching the optimum value of "m" is "m"=0.6. Steepness of cut-off increases with decreasing "m" so an mm'-type section has this as an incidental advantage over an m-type in this application. The operating frequencies, transmission parameters and transfer function are identical to those for the m-type and

neg: Bounded quantification model for object classes, where every class member is a record element and all class members are named functions. Object attributes are represented as functions that take no argument and return an object. The specific behaviour is then some function name along with the types of the arguments and the return type. Bounded quantification allows to considers all objects with such a function. An example would be a polymorphic codice_1 function that considers all objects that are comparable to each other. "F"-bounded quantification or recursively bounded quantification, introduced in 1989, allows for more precise typing of functions that are applied

neg: Procedural parameter live may be arbitrarily deep in the stack. This is the so-called downwards funarg problem. The concept of procedural parameter is best explained by examples. A typical application is the following generic implementation of the insertion sort algorithm, that takes two integer parameters "a","b" and two procedural parameters "prec", "swap": This procedure can be used to sort the elements "x"["a"] through "x"["b"] of some array "x", of arbitrary type, in a user-specified order. The parameters "prec" and "swap" should be two functions, defined by the client, both taking two integers "r", "s" between "a" and "b". The "prec" function should

neg: Distortion risk measure generated by formula_15, i.e. for any formula_16 the sigma-algebra then formula_17. In addition to the properties of general risk measures, distortion risk measures also have: Distortion risk measure In financial mathematics, a distortion risk measure is a type of risk measure which is related to the cumulative distribution function of the return of a financial portfolio. The function formula_1 associated with the distortion function formula_2 is a "distortion risk measure" if for any random variable of gains formula_3 (where formula_4 is the L space) then where formula_6 is the cumulative distribution function for formula_7 and formula_8 is the dual distortion

neg: C++11 if the return value depends on the parameters of the function. As an example: Instantiating the class template codice_300, the function object of codice_301 will have always the same return type as the function object of codice_302. However, given class codice_303 below: Attempting to instantiate codice_304 will cause the return type of codice_305 to not be the same as that of class codice_303. The compiler may generate warnings about the conversion from codice_44 to codice_143 and vice versa. TR1 introduces, and C++11 adopts, the template class codice_309 that allows one to determine and use the return type of a function

neg: Whiley (programming language) illustrates many of the interesting features in Whiley, including the use of postconditions, loop invariants, type invariants, union types and flow typing. The function is intended to return the first index of an integer codice_21 in an array of integer codice_22. If no such index exists, then codice_23 is returned. // Define the type of natural numbers type nat is (int x) where x >= 0 public function indexOf(int[] items, int item) -> (int|null index) // If int returned, element at this position matches item ensures index is int ==> items[index] == item // If int returned, element at this

neg: Function type a polymorphic function. The syntax used for function types in several programming languages can be summarized, including an example type signature for the higher-order function composition function: When looking at the example type signature of, for example C#, the type of the function is actually codice_2. Due to type erasure in C++11's codice_3, it is more common to use templates for higher order function parameters and type inference (codice_4) for closures. The function type in programming languages does not correspond to the space of all set-theoretic functions. Given the countably infinite type of natural numbers as the domain and the

neg: Void type pointer types have the same size. A function with void result type ends either by reaching the end of the function or by executing a return statement with no returned value. The void type may also appear as the sole argument of a function prototype to indicate that the function takes no arguments. Note that despite the name, in all of these situations, the void type serves as a unit type, not as a zero or bottom type (which is sometimes confusingly called the "void type"), even though unlike a real unit type which is a singleton, the void type

neg: Name mangling a prefixed length. codice_26: The class name the function belongs to, again, with a prefixed length. codice_27: The function name. codice_28: The function attribute. In this case it’s ‘f’, which is a normal function. codice_29: Designates the type of the first parameter (namely the class instance) as the first in the type stack (here codice_20 is not nested and thus has index 0). codice_31: This begins the type list for the parameter tuple of the function. codice_32: External name of first parameter of the function. codice_33: Indicates builtin Swift type codice_34 for the first parameter. codice_35: The return type; again

neg: Haxe representation of a type. They can be used to implement structural typing for function arguments (see below), and can be given an alias with the keyword codice_6: typedef AliasForAnon = { a:Int, b:String, c:Float->Void }; Functions are first-class values in Haxe. Their type is denoted by using arrows between argument types, and between the argument type(s) and return type, as common in many functional languages. However, unlike in prominent examples like Haskell or the ML language family, not all functions are unary functions (functions with one argument only), and in Haxe, functions can't be partially applied per default. Thus, the

neg: Boundary conditions in fluid dynamics of all flow variables needs to be specified at inlet boundaries mainly flow velocity. This type of boundary conditions is common and specified mostly where inlet flow velocity is known. In outlet boundary conditions, the distribution of all flow variables needs to be specified, mainly flow velocity. This can be thought as a conjunction to inlet boundary condition. This type of boundary conditions is common and specified mostly where outlet velocity is known. The flow attains a fully developed state where no change occurs in the flow direction when the outlet is selected far away from the geometrical disturbances. In

neg: Polylogarithm Abel–Plana formula is applied to the defining series of the polylogarithm, a Hermite-type integral representation results that is valid for all complex "z" and for all complex "s": where Γ is the upper incomplete gamma-function. Note that all (but not part) of the ln("z") in this expression can be replaced by −ln(⁄). A related representation which also holds for all complex "s", avoids the use of the incomplete gamma function, but this integral fails for "z" on the positive real axis if Re("s") ≤ 0. This expression is found by writing 2 Li(−"z") / (−"z") = Φ("z", "s", ⁄) −

neg: Decltype type as the wrapped function, regardless of the type it is instantiated with. Without codice_1, it is not generally possible to accomplish this. An example, which also utilizes the "trailing-return-type": codice_1 is essential here because it preserves the information about whether the wrapped function returns a reference type. Similarly to the codice_4 operator, the operand of codice_1 is unevaluated. Informally, the type returned by codice_18 is deduced as follows: These semantics were designed to fulfill the needs of generic library writers, while at the same time being intuitive for novice programmers, because the return type of codice_1 always matches the

neg: Graphics BASIC of waveform type, tone (frequency), and amplitude envelopes. In addition, sequences of tones can be specified and played automatically in the background. In addition to graphics and sound commands, Graphics BASIC also provides various other useful commands such as codice_15 to list the file directory of a device, codice_16 to return the position of a joystick, codice_17 to program function keys, codice_18 to renumber the current program line numbers. Graphics BASIC also added an codice_19 command to perform error capturing, a codice_20 command that allowed variables to be passed to subroutines, and added codice_21 to the codice_22 command. Graphics BASIC

neg: Scala (programming language) code, and if the block of code is the body of a function, it will be returned by the function. To make it clear that all functions are expressions, even methods that return codice_25 are written with an equals sign or equivalently (with type inference, and omitting the unnecessary braces): Due to type inference, the type of variables, function return values, and many other expressions can typically be omitted, as the compiler can deduce it. Examples are codice_100 (for an immutable constant or immutable object) or codice_101 (for a variable whose value can later be changed). Type inference in Scala

neg: C++ Technical Report 1 used (for a constant reference codice_4 is used). Wrapper references are useful above all for template functions, when argument deduction would not deduce a reference (e.g. when forwarding arguments): Smart pointers – adds several classes that simplify object lifetime management in complex cases. Three main classes are added: The proposal is based on Boost Smart Pointer library. These four modules are added to the codice_8 header file: Polymorphic function wrapper (codice_9) – can store any callable function (function pointers, member function pointers, and function objects) that uses a specified function call signature. The type does not depend on the kind

neg: ?: Railo, and ColdFusion 11 also implement the Elvis operator, codice_1 which will return the value of the expression if it is not-null, otherwise the specified default. Syntax: Example: The function codice_28 will return codice_29 roughly 50% of the time, otherwise will not return anything. If codice_28 returns "value", codice_31 will take that value, otherwise will take the value "default". Example of using this operator in CoffeeScript: Returns "false value". Assignment using a conditional expression in Common Lisp: Alternative form: In Delphi the codice_32 function can be used to achieve the same as codice_1. If the codice_34 library is used, the

neg: Zeta distribution Riemann zeta function, but it only converges for values of "s-n" that are greater than unity. Thus: Note that the ratio of the zeta functions is well defined, even for "n" > "s" − 1 because the series representation of the zeta function can be analytically continued. This does not change the fact that the moments are specified by the series itself, and are therefore undefined for large "n". The moment generating function is defined as The series is just the definition of the polylogarithm, valid for formula_19 so that The Taylor series expansion of this function will not necessarily

neg: Stack (abstract data type) Java Virtual Machine. Almost all calling conventionsthe ways in which subroutines receive their parameters and return resultsuse a special stack (the "call stack") to hold information about procedure/function calling and nesting in order to switch to the context of the called function and restore to the caller function when the calling finishes. The functions follow a runtime protocol between caller and callee to save arguments and return value on the stack. Stacks are an important way of supporting nested or recursive function calls. This type of stack is used implicitly by the compiler to support CALL and RETURN statements (or

neg: HHVM language. Hack allows programmers to use both dynamic typing and static typing, which is a concept also known as gradual typing, and allows types to be specified for function arguments, function return values, and class properties; however, types of local variables cannot be specified. At the same time, Hack does not provide complete backward compatibility by not carrying on some of the PHP features, such as the codice_3 statement and dynamic variable names. In 2017 Facebook announced that with the end of life of PHP 5, they will concentrate HHVM development on the Hack language and won't make much effort

neg: Abel transform we may want to know the projection of that function onto a plane parallel to the "z" axis. Without loss of generality, we can take that plane to be the "yz"-plane so that which is just the Abel transform of "f"(ρ",z") in ρ and "y". A particular type of axial symmetry is spherical symmetry. In this case, we have a function "f"("r") where "r" = "x" + "y" + "z". The projection onto, say, the "yz"-plane will then be circularly symmetric and expressible as "F"("s") where "s" = "y" + "z". Carrying out the integration, we have: which is again,

neg: Internal energy constant temperature: In addition to including the entropy "S" and volume "V" terms in the internal energy, a system is often described also in terms of the number of particles or chemical species it contains: where "N" are the molar amounts of constituents of type "j" in the system. The internal energy is an extensive function of the extensive variables "S", "V", and the amounts "N", the internal energy may be written as a linearly homogeneous function of first degree: where α is a factor describing the growth of the system. The differential internal energy may be written as formula_43

neg: Q-Gaussian distribution "q"-Gaussian with specified parameter "q" and formula_28 where formula_30 is the "q"-logarithm and formula_31 These deviates can be transformed to generate deviates from an arbitrary "q"-Gaussian by It has been shown that the momentum distribution of cold atoms in dissipative optical lattices is a "q"-Gaussian. The "q"-Gaussian distribution is also obtained as the asymptotic probability density function of the position of the unidimensional motion of a mass subject to two forces: a deterministic force of the type formula_33 (determining an infinite potential well) and a stochastic white noise force formula_34, where formula_35 is a white noise. Note that in the

neg: GOST (block cipher) 8 rounds use them in reverse order. The S-boxes accept a four-bit input and produce a four-bit output. The S-box substitution in the round function consists of eight 4 × 4 S-boxes. The S-boxes are implementation-dependent – parties that want to secure their communications using GOST must be using the same S-boxes. For extra security, the S-boxes can be kept secret. In the original standard where GOST was specified, no S-boxes were given, but they were to be supplied somehow. This led to speculation that organizations the government wished to spy on were given weak S-boxes. One GOST chip manufacturer

neg: One Definition Rule the class type C occur in the same translation unit. This typically occurs if a header file is included twice by the same source file without appropriate header guards. In the following, forming a pointer to S or defining a function taking a reference to S are examples of legal constructs, because they do not require the type of S to be complete. Therefore, a definition is not required.<ref name="C++03 3.2/4">ISO/IEC (2003). "ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E): Programming Languages - C++ §3.2 One definition rule [basic.def.odr]" para. 4</ref> Defining an object of type S, a function taking an argument of type S, or

neg: Sort (C++) Sort (C++) sort is a generic function in the C++ Standard Library for doing comparison sorting. The function originated in the Standard Template Library (STL). The specific sorting algorithm is not mandated by the language standard and may vary across implementations, but the worst-case asymptotic complexity of the function is specified: a call to must perform comparisons when applied to a range of elements. The function is included from the header of the C++ Standard Library, and carries three arguments: . Here, is a templated type that must be a random access iterator, and and must define a sequence of

neg: C (programming language) C, only functions that return types other than codice_30 must be declared if used before the function definition; functions used without prior declaration were presumed to return type codice_30. For example: The codice_30 type specifiers which are commented out could be omitted in K&R C, but are required in later standards. Since K&R function declarations did not include any information about function arguments, function parameter type checks were not performed, although some compilers would issue a warning message if a local function was called with the wrong number of arguments, or if multiple calls to an external function used different

neg: JASS lets the user get the last value returned by any function, even as another type. To properly utilize the bug, the desired return must be made in a separate function and a return in the calling function should be made impossible. JASS supports one-dimensional arrays of any type (excluding code). The syntax to declare arrays and access members in an array is outlined in the code below. One limitation of arrays in JASS is that they cannot be returned by functions or passed as parameters to other functions, though array members may be returned (in a function that returns a

neg: Minkowski problem Minkowski problem In differential geometry, the Minkowski problem, named after Hermann Minkowski, asks for the construction of a strictly convex compact surface "S" whose Gaussian curvature is specified. More precisely, the input to the problem is a strictly positive real function "ƒ" defined on a sphere, and the surface that is to be constructed should have Gaussian curvature "ƒ"("n"("x")) at the point "x", where "n"("x") denotes the normal to "S" at "x". Eugenio Calabi stated: "From the geometric view point it [the Minkowski problem] is the Rosetta Stone, from which several related problems can be solved." In full generality, the

neg: Semipredicate problem approach, when possible, is to use a data type deliberately wider than strictly needed by the function. For example, the standard function codice_3 is defined with return type codice_4 and returns an unsigned char on success or the value codice_5 (implementation-defined, but outside the range [0, 255]) on the end of the input or a read error. In languages with pointers or references, one solution is to return a pointer to a value, rather than the value itself. This return pointer can then be set to null to indicate an error. it is typically suited to functions that return a

neg: Multiple zeta function formula_41 occurs on the left-hand side of formula_28 exactly formula_43 times. It occurs on the right-hand side in those terms corresponding to partitions formula_44 that are refinements of formula_35: letting formula_46 denote refinement, formula_41 occurs formula_48 times. Thus, the conclusion will follow if formula_49 for any k-tuple formula_50 and associated partition formula_35. To see this, note that formula_52 counts the permutations having cycle-type specified by formula_44: since any elements of formula_34 has a unique cycle-type specified by a partition that refines formula_35, the result follows. For formula_56, the theorem says formula_57 for formula_58. This is the main result of. Having

neg: Minkowski problem and a problem of Hermann Minkowski in Euclidean spaces concerning the Dirichlet problem for the real Monge–Ampère equation. Minkowski problem In differential geometry, the Minkowski problem, named after Hermann Minkowski, asks for the construction of a strictly convex compact surface "S" whose Gaussian curvature is specified. More precisely, the input to the problem is a strictly positive real function "ƒ" defined on a sphere, and the surface that is to be constructed should have Gaussian curvature "ƒ"("n"("x")) at the point "x", where "n"("x") denotes the normal to "S" at "x". Eugenio Calabi stated: "From the geometric view point it [the

neg: Hindley–Milner type system returning essentially nothing but with a suitable type. Less desirable is that the type checker (type inferencer) now succeeds with a type for a function that in fact never returns any value, like formula_180. The function "would" return a value of this type, but it "cannot" because no terminating function with this type exists. The type checker's claim that everything is ok thus has to be taken with a grain of salt. The types might only be "claimed" to be checked, but the program can still be typed wrong. Only if all functions are terminating does formula_18 in the logic

neg: Fixed-point combinator different functions, but normally will not terminate unless there is an extra parameter. When the function to be fixed refers to its parameter, another call to the function is invoked, so the calculation never gets started. Instead, the extra parameter is used to trigger the start of the calculation. The type of the fixed point is the return type of the function being fixed. This may be a real or a function or any other type. In the untyped lambda calculus, the function to apply the fix point combinator to may be expressed using an encoding, like Church encoding. In

neg: Void type languages for a comparison. C and C++ also support the pointer to void type (specified as codice_1), but this is an unrelated notion. Variables of this type are pointers to data of an "unspecified" type, so in this context (but not the others) codice_1 acts roughly like a universal or top type. A program can probably convert a pointer to any type of data (except a function pointer) to a pointer to void and back to the original type without losing information, which makes these pointers useful for polymorphic functions. The C language standard does not guarantee that the different

neg: Wave–particle duality particle will be forced into a more localized state as given by the uncertainty principle. When viewed through this formalism, the measurement of the wave function will randomly lead to wave function collapse, or rather quantum decoherence, to a sharply peaked function at some location. For particles with mass the likelihood of detecting the particle at any particular location is equal to the squared amplitude of the wave function there. The measurement will return a well-defined position,and subject to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It is important to note that a measurement is only a particular type of interaction where some data

neg: Quantum state the spin observable) is specified by a non-negative number "S" that, in units of Planck's reduced constant "ħ", is either an integer (0, 1, 2 ...) or a half-integer (1/2, 3/2, 5/2 ...). For a massive particle with spin "S", its spin quantum number "m" always assumes one of the 2"S" + 1 possible values in the set As a consequence, the quantum state of a particle with spin is described by a vector-valued wave function with values in C. Equivalently, it is represented by a complex-valued function of four variables: one discrete quantum number variable (for the spin) is

neg: S-algol call by value is the only parameter passing method in S-algol. Reference and result parameters are rejected, which is consistent with the S-algol ban on passing l-values. Structures and vectors are passed as pointers to the objects, but this is still call by value as the behavior is the same as the value used on the right side of assignments. Every declaration has a parametric equivalent. All procedure parameter types must be specified. Any procedure passed as a parameter has its full type specified (in contrast to Pascal) and the same is true for a structure class. S-algol provides the

neg: Vienna Development Method no function could return an r in set s when the set is empty. multp(i,j:nat)r:nat Applying the proof obligation codice_58 to an explicit definition of codice_59: Then the proof obligation becomes: This can be shown correct by: This is a classical example illustrating the use of implicit operation specification in a state-based model of a well-known data structure. The queue is modelled as a sequence composed of elements of a type codice_60. The representation is codice_60 is immaterial and so is defined as a token type. As a very simple example of a VDM-SL model, consider a system for maintaining

neg: Subtyping a method "m" returning an object of the same type ("i.e." the type of "m" is "T → T", also note that the first argument of "m" is this/self) and a derived class type "S" from "T". By inheritance, the type of "m" in "S" is "S → S". In order for "S" to be a subtype of "T" the type of "m" in "S" must be a subtype of the type of "m" in "T", in other words: "S → S ≤: T → T". By bottom-up application of the function subtyping rule, this means: "S ≤: T" and

neg: FOCAL-69 as greater than, equal or less than. To branch if X > 5, one must compare X - 5. The QUIT command (abbreviation Q) terminates execution of the program and returns control to the editing environment. The RETURN command (abbreviation R) branches execution from a subroutine back to the calling location. The following is a sample subroutine for converting a yes/no prompt into a value. The SET command (abbreviation S) assigns the results of an expression to the specified variable. The TYPE command (abbreviation T) provides for output, displaying each in item in a series. If the item consists of

neg: Function type Function type In computer science, a function type (or arrow type or exponential) is the type of a variable or parameter to which a function has or can be assigned, or an argument or result type of a higher-order function taking or returning a function. A function type depends on the type of the parameters and the result type of the function (it, or more accurately the unapplied type constructor codice_1, is a higher-kinded type). In theoretical settings and programming languages where functions are defined in curried form, such as the simply typed lambda calculus, a function type depends on

neg: COFFEE (Cinema 4D) C++. However, COFFEE is dynamically typed, and so variables are defined with a simple "var" keyword without any reference to their type. Unlike similar scripting languages such as Squirrel and JavaScript, COFFEE does not use a "function" keyword to introduce functions, nor does it require a return type or "void" return like C/C++ - the function definition simply begins with the function name. COFFEE's memory management is handled entirely by a garbage collection process; essentially this means that it looks after itself, and the programmer seldom needs to worry about it. However, it is possible to control the process explicitly