query: what are cavities in the teeth also called quizlet

pos: Tooth decay Tooth decay Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss, and infection or abscess formation. The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum). The acid is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. Simple sugars

pos: Maya social classes include indicators of social standing. Nutritional diseases during life are recorded in an individual's bones, and their presence and severity differs based on access to resources, which is also related to social standing. Such nutritional diseases include dental caries or cavities in an individual's teeth. Cavities form when bacteria in the mouth metabolize sugars from carbohydrates and demineralize the enamel of a tooth. An individual with an easily accessible carbohydrate-rich diet will be more likely to have more cavities. Using burial location as a proxy for social status, Cucina and Tiesler (2003) found that cavities were more common in elite

pos: Tooth decay Tooth decay Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, is a breakdown of teeth due to acids made by bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss, and infection or abscess formation. The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum). The acid is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface. Simple sugars

pos: Impacted wisdom teeth asymptomatic, disease-free wisdom teeth point out that wisdom teeth commonly develop periodontal disease or cavities which may eventually damage the second molars and that there are costs associated with monitoring wisdom teeth. They also point to the fact that there is an increase in the rate of post-operative periodontal disease on the second molar, difficulty of surgery and post-operative recovery time with age. The UK has also seen an increase in the rate of dental caries on the lower second molars increasing from 4–5% prior to the NICE guideline to 19% after its adoption. Although most studies arrive at the

pos: Tooth loss in which a person may protect his or her permanent teeth from loss. The main method of preventing tooth loss is prevention of oral diseases. Tooth loss can be due to tooth decay and gum disease. Tooth decay is caused by increased plaque retention. Bacteria can then invade the plaque and cause dental caries (cavities). If cavities persist untreated for an extended period of time, tooth breakdown occurs. Plaque retention and bacterial presence also affect the gums and bone and their ability to hold the teeth in place. Disease of the gums, known as periodontitis, leads to detachment of the

pos: Tooth enamel the development of tooth: Progress of enamel formation for primary teeth The high mineral content of enamel, which makes this tissue the hardest in the human body, also makes it susceptible to a demineralization process that often occurs as dental caries, otherwise known as cavities. Demineralization occurs for several reasons, but the most important cause of tooth decay is the ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates. Tooth cavities are caused when acids dissolve tooth enamel: Sugars and acids from candies, soft drinks, and fruit juices play a significant role in tooth decay, and consequently in enamel destruction. The mouth contains a great

pos: Teeth cleaning Teeth cleaning Teeth cleaning is part of oral hygiene and involves the removal of dental plaque from teeth with the intention of preventing cavities (dental caries), gingivitis, and periodontal disease. People routinely clean their own teeth by brushing and interdental cleaning, and dental hygienists can remove hardened deposits (tartar) not removed by routine cleaning. Those with dentures and natural teeth may supplement their cleaning with a denture cleaner. Careful and frequent brushing with a toothbrush helps to prevent build-up of plaque bacteria on the teeth. Electric toothbrushes were developed, and initially recommended for people with strength or dexterity problems in

pos: Dental radiography Dental radiography Dental radiographs are commonly called X-rays. Dentists use radiographs for many reasons: to find hidden dental structures, malignant or benign masses, bone loss, and cavities. A radiographic image is formed by a controlled burst of X-ray radiation which penetrates oral structures at different levels, depending on varying anatomical densities, before striking the film or sensor. Teeth appear lighter because less radiation penetrates them to reach the film. Dental caries, infections and other changes in the bone density, and the periodontal ligament, appear darker because X-rays readily penetrate these less dense structures. Dental restorations (fillings, crowns) may appear lighter

pos: Teeth cleaning and bleeding gums. Dentists and dental hygienists can instruct and demonstrate proper brushing or flossing techniques. Historically, professional tooth cleaning was sometimes referred to as "odontexesis" (literally "tooth-scraping") or "odontexis" ("scraping off"), and the instruments involved "odontoglyphs". Teeth cleaning Teeth cleaning is part of oral hygiene and involves the removal of dental plaque from teeth with the intention of preventing cavities (dental caries), gingivitis, and periodontal disease. People routinely clean their own teeth by brushing and interdental cleaning, and dental hygienists can remove hardened deposits (tartar) not removed by routine cleaning. Those with dentures and natural teeth may supplement their

pos: Oral hygiene Oral hygiene Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing of the teeth (dental hygiene) and cleaning between the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental disease and bad breath. The most common types of dental disease are tooth decay ("cavities", "dental caries") and gum diseases, including gingivitis, and periodontitis. General guidelines suggest brushing twice a day: after breakfast and before going to bed, but ideally the mouth would be cleaned after every

pos: Lactobacillus such as "L. rhamnosus" are associated with a reduction of atopic eczema, also known as dermatitis, due to anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by this probiotic bacteria..In addition, lactobacillus with other probiotic organisms in ripen milk and yogurt progress the immunity in the mucous intestine in humans through rising the number of LgA (+) Some "Lactobacillus" species have been associated with cases of dental caries (cavities). Lactic acid can corrode teeth, and the "Lactobacillus" count in saliva has been used as a "caries test" for many years. Lactobacilli characteristically cause existing carious lesions to progress, especially those in coronal caries. The issue

neg: Wisdom tooth cavities that increases with age. Less than 2% of adults age 65 years or older maintain the teeth without cavities or periodontal disease and 13% maintain unimpacted wisdom teeth without cavities or periodontal disease. Impacted wisdom teeth are classified by the direction and depth of impaction, the amount of available space for tooth eruption and the amount soft tissue or bone that covers them. The classification structure allows clinicians to estimate the probabilities of impaction, infections and complications associated with wisdom teeth removal. Wisdom teeth are also classified by the presence of symptoms and disease. Treatment of an erupted wisdom

neg: Sjögren syndrome biologic immunosuppressant drugs such as rituximab and belimumab that work via B-cell pathology are often used and have less toxic profiles than traditional immunosuppressive regimens. Preventive dental treatment is also necessary (and often overlooked by the patient), as the lack of saliva associated with xerostomia creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of bacteria that cause cavities. Treatments include at-home topical fluoride application to strengthen tooth enamel and frequent teeth cleanings by a dental hygienist. Existing cavities must also be treated, as cavities that extend into the tooth can not be effectively treated through teeth cleaning alone, and are at

neg: Quizlet Ventures to expand its digital study tools and grow internationally. In 2011, Quizlet added the ability to listen to content using text-to-speech. In August 2012, Quizlet released an app for the iPhone and iPad and shortly afterward released an app for Android devices. On April 29, 2015, Quizlet enabled HTTPS on their site.. On August 10, 2016, Quizlet introduced a revamp to their website with a new design interface, along with a new logo and homepage. Their mobile apps for iOS and Android also received a design interface update. On August 23, 2017, Quizlet introduced a new diagramming feature to

neg: Tooth enamel and have many pulp tubules, hence the name of the order Tubulidentata. In dogs, the teeth are less likely than humans to form dental cavities because of the very high pH of dog saliva, which prevents enamel from demineralizing. Sometimes called cuspids, these teeth are shaped like points (cusps) and are used for tearing and grasping food Like human teeth, whale teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of cementum in both species, but in human teeth, the protrusions are located on the outside of the root, while in whales

neg: Inlays and onlays canal treatment, and with patients who exhibit para-functional habits such as bruxism , or teeth clenching. Inlays/onlays are indicated when teeth are weakened and extensively restored. There are no obvious contrast between the two. Inlays are usually indicated when there has been repeated breach in the integrity of a direct filling as metal inlays are more superior in strength. It is also indicated when placement of direct restoration may be challenging to achieve satisfactory parameters (shape, margin, occlusion). They are usually reserved for larger cavities as tooth conservation is paramount in current practice and small cavities can be restored with

neg: Quizlet help learners with subjects heavy on visuals like geography, vocabulary, anatomy, and architecture. On February 6, 2018, Quizlet announced that it had raised an additional $20 million in Series B funding, led by Icon Ventures. On October 31, 2018, Quizlet announced the opening of their second office, which was located in Denver. As a memorization tool, Quizlet lets registered users create sets of terms and definition customized for their own needs. These sets of terms can then be studied under several study modes. Quizlet provides an API that allows others to access Quizlet data. Available functions include uploading and downloading

neg: Quizlet Quizlet Quizlet is a mobile and web-based study application that allows students to study information via learning tools and games. It is currently used by 2-in-3 high school students and 1-in-3 college students in the United States. It was created by Andrew Sutherland in October 2005 and released to the public in January 2007. Quizlet trains students via flashcards and various games and tests. As of April 30, 2018, Quizlet has over 200 million user-generated flashcard sets and more than 30 million active users. It now ranks among the top 50 websites in the U.S. In 2016, Quizlet was recognized

neg: Quizlet flashcards, modifying users' flashcards, and finding definitions created by Quizlet users. Quizlet Quizlet is a mobile and web-based study application that allows students to study information via learning tools and games. It is currently used by 2-in-3 high school students and 1-in-3 college students in the United States. It was created by Andrew Sutherland in October 2005 and released to the public in January 2007. Quizlet trains students via flashcards and various games and tests. As of April 30, 2018, Quizlet has over 200 million user-generated flashcard sets and more than 30 million active users. It now ranks among the

neg: Dental material colored fillings on back teeth. Note that root canaled (endodontically) treated teeth have AFR's between 2% and 12%. The main reasons for failure are cavities that occur around the filling and fracture of the real tooth. These are related to personal cavity risk and factors like grinding teeth (bruxism). Amalgam is a metallic filling material composed from a mixture of mercury (from 43% to 54%) and powdered alloy made mostly of silver, tin, zinc and copper, commonly called the amalgam alloy. Amalgam does not adhere to tooth structure without the aid of cements or use of techniques which lock in

neg: Oral hygiene Tooth decay is the most common global disease. Over 80% of cavities occur inside fissures in teeth where brushing cannot reach food left trapped after eating and saliva and fluoride have no access to neutralize acid and remineralize demineralized teeth, unlike easy-to-clean parts of the tooth, where fewer cavities occur. Teeth cleaning is the removal of dental plaque and tartar from teeth to prevent cavities, gingivitis, gum disease, and tooth decay. Severe gum disease causes at least one-third of adult tooth loss. Since before recorded history, a variety of oral hygiene measures have been used for teeth cleaning. This has

neg: Quizlet by SimilarWeb as the fastest growing US Education site in 2015. Quizlet began as an idea conceptualized by Sutherland to memorize 111 animal names for his French class. To aid in memorizing the names, he began writing a program to help him study. These first lines of code were deleted and then rewritten over a course of 420 days. In October 2005, Quizlet was released to the public. Until 2011, Quizlet shared staff and financial resources with the Collectors Weekly web site. In 2015, Quizlet announced raising $12 million from Union Square Ventures, Costanoa Venture Capital, Altos Ventures and Owl

neg: Impacted wisdom teeth impacted teeth in those over 20 year of age, the most common pathology seen, and the most common reason for wisdom teeth removal, is pericoronitis or infection of the gum tissue over the impacted tooth. The bacteria associated with infections include Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides bacteria. The next most common pathology seen is cavities or tooth decay. Fifteen percent of people with retained wisdom teeth exposed to the mouth have cavities on the wisdom tooth or adjacent second molar due to a wisdom tooth. The rate of cavities on the back of the second molar has been reported anywhere from

neg: Social media in education solve problems and create new projects. Students can also use their devices to access learning management systems like Blackboard and Canvas. Students are able to complete their work anywhere as long as they have internet service, which grants them more freedom outside the classroom. Other apps have been developed that combine learning tasks with elements of social media. Quizlet is a new tool that helps students study in a new way. Quizlet allows users to create flashcard sets that are always available to study. It also takes these card sets and automatically generates practice tests and other activities to help

neg: Kabwe 1 and thick protruding brow ridges). Consequently, researchers came up with interpretations such as "African Neanderthal". However, with regard to the skull's extreme robustness, recent research has highlighted several intermediate features between modern "Homo sapiens" and Neanderthal. The skull has cavities in ten of the upper teeth and is considered one of the oldest known occurrences of cavities. Pitting indicates significant infection before death and implies that the cause of death may have been due to dental disease infection or possibly chronic ear infection. Kabwe 1 Kabwe 1 (also called the Broken Hill skull, Rhodesian Man) is a Middle Paleolithic fossil

neg: Mobile phone use in schools Quizlet app is very easy and accessible to use. Quizlet has multiple ways to test yourself using different variations of games. Quizlet has over 30 million active users. Tophat is used in many different classes to record attendance and take quizzes. It allows the professors to know whether you were in class or not and whether you were participating or not. TurningPoint is similar to the previous mentioned app, Tophat. It is used as an interactive polling inside the classroom. Professors can also track attendance and provide quizzes for the students with the use of this app. Rider is an

neg: Oral hygiene process of remineralization. Drinking fluoridated water is recommended by some dental professionals while others say that using toothpaste alone is enough. Milk and cheese are also rich in calcium and phosphate, and may also encourage remineralization. Foods high in fiber may help to increase the flow of saliva and a bolus of fibre like celery string can force saliva into trapped food inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces where over 80% of cavities occur, to dilute carbohydrates like sugar, neutralize acid and remineralize teeth on easy to reach surfaces. Sugars are commonly associated with dental cavities. Other carbohydrates, especially

neg: Diabetes management since plaque creates more harmful proteins in the gums. Tooth decay and cavities are some of the first oral problems that individuals with diabetes are at risk for. Increased blood sugar levels translate into greater sugars and acids that attack the teeth and lead to gum diseases. Gingivitis can also occur as a result of increased blood sugar levels along with an inappropriate oral hygiene. Periodontitis is an oral disease caused by untreated gingivitis and which destroys the soft tissue and bone that support the teeth. This disease may cause the gums to pull away from the teeth which may

neg: Online quiz Online quiz Online quizzes are quizzes that are published on the Internet and are generally for entertainment purposes. Online quizzes are a popular form of entertainment for web surfers. Online quizzes are generally free to play and for entertainment purposes only though some online quiz websites offer prizes. Websites feature online quizzes on many subjects. One popular type of online quiz is a personality quiz or relationship quiz which is similar to what can be found in many women's or teen magazines. Websites hosting quizzes include Quizilla, FunTrivia, OkCupid, Sporcle, and Quizlet. Blog quizzes (also known as quiz blog) refer

neg: Biological aspects of fluorine helping teeth that are in the very early stages of tooth decay. When teeth begin to decay from the acid of sugar-consuming bacteria, calcium is lost ("demineralization"). However, teeth have a limited ability to recover calcium if decay is not too far advanced ("remineralization"). Fluoride appears to reduce demineralization and increase remineralization. Also, there is some evidence that fluoride interferes with the bacteria that consume sugars in the mouth and make tooth-destroying acids. In any case, it is only the fluoride that is directly present in the mouth (topical treatment) that prevents cavities. Fluoride ions that are swallowed do not

neg: Gold teeth existing teeth, most people who purchase them for aesthetic purposes opt for removable gold teeth caps. In 2005, Nelly released the rap single "Grillz" which promotes the dental apparatus. Gold teeth have appeared in characters conveyed through many different forms of entertainment media. Gold teeth Gold teeth are a form of dental prosthesis. They are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes. Dentists have used gold for filling cavities (before mercury amalgam became available), for crowns, and for other purposes since ancient times. Gold is malleable, nearly immune to corrosion, and hard enough to form a biting surface that can be used

neg: Water fluoridation about any differences. A 2007 Australian systematic review used the same inclusion criteria as York's, plus one additional study. This did not affect the York conclusions. A 2011 European Commission systematic review based its efficacy on York's review conclusion. A 2015 Cochrane systematic review estimated a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. The evidence was of poor quality. Fluoride may also prevent cavities in adults of all ages. A 2007 meta-analysis by CDC researchers found that

neg: Oral hygiene are consumed. The more frequently sugars are consumed, the greater the time during which the tooth is exposed to low pH levels, at which point demineralisation occurs (below 5.5 for most people). It is important therefore to try to encourage infrequent consumption of food and drinks containing sugar so that teeth have a chance to be repaired by remineralisation and fluoride. Limiting sugar-containing foods and drinks to meal times is one way to reduce the incidence of cavities. Sugars from fruit and fruit juices, e.g., glucose, fructose, and maltose can also cause cavities. Sucrose is used by Streptococcus mutans bacteria

neg: Restorative dentistry Restorative dentistry Restorative dentistry is the study, diagnosis and integrated management of diseases of the teeth and their supporting structures and the rehabilitation of the dentition to functional and aesthetic requirements of the individual. Restorative dentistry encompasses the dental specialties of endodontics, periodontics and prosthodontics and its foundation is based upon how these interact in cases requiring multifaceted care. In addition, restorative needs derive from not only diseases of the teeth like cavities and medical conditions but also from trauma. "Traumatic injuries to anterior (front) teeth are frequently encountered in children and adults". The degree of the trauma will dictate

neg: Fuyan Cave Fuyan Cave Fuyan Cave () is a complex of limestone caves in Tangbei village, Lefutang town, Daoxian, Hunan province, south central China famous for the discovery of the oldest evidence for unambiguously fully modern humans outside Africa. 47 human teeth, dating to between 80,000 and 120,000 years ago, were discovered at Fuyan Cave. The teeth are also unusual for showing signs of cavities, a feature typically not found in teeth older than 50,000 years. Fuyan consists of three caves connected by tunnels. The cave system has a volume of and ranges over . Fuyan Cave was discovered in 1984. The

neg: Water fluoridation of cavities in young permanent teeth, and its effectiveness is improved if higher concentrations of fluoride are used, or if the toothbrushing is supervised. Fluoride mouthwash and gel are about as effective as fluoride toothpaste; fluoride varnish prevents about 45% of cavities. By comparison, brushing with a nonfluoride toothpaste has little effect on cavities. The effectiveness of salt fluoridation is about the same as that of water fluoridation, if most salt for human consumption is fluoridated. Fluoridated salt reaches the consumer in salt at home, in meals at school and at large kitchens, and in bread. For example, Jamaica has

neg: Teeth cleaning their hands, but they have come into widespread general use. The effectiveness of electric toothbrushes at reducing plaque formation and gingivitis is superior to conventional manual toothbrushes. In addition to brushing, cleaning between teeth may help to prevent build-up of plaque bacteria on the teeth. This may be done with dental floss or interdental brushes. 80% of cavities occur in the grooves, or pits and fissures, of the chewing surfaces of the teeth, however, there is no evidence currently showing that normal at-home flossing reduces the risk of cavities in these areas. Special appliances or tools may be used to

neg: New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat pollen. The bats may be an important pollinator of the wood rose ("Dactylanthus taylorii"), a threatened parasitic plant which grows on the roots of trees on the forest floor. Short-tailed bats are nocturnal, spending the day roosting in hollow trees. Many bats roost alone, using small cavities in the wood, but colonies of over a hundred individuals are not uncommon. Although they generally use natural cavities or crevices, they have also been reported to chew out burrows within the wood using their sharp incisor teeth. Such burrows consist of hollowed out chambers connected by narrow tunnels up to several metres

neg: Pycnodysostosis The permanent teeth are commonly irregular and teeth may be missing (hypodontia). The collar bones are often underdeveloped and malformed. The skin over the back of the fingers is very wrinkled. The nails are flat and grooved. Pycnodysostosis also causes problems that may become evident with time. Aside from the broken bones, the distal phalanges and the collar bone can undergo slow progressive deterioration. Vertebral defects may permit the spine to curve laterally resulting in scoliosis. The dental problems often require orthodontic care and cavities are common. This is an autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasia that maps to chromosome 1q21. Deficiency of

neg: Bolinao Skull he described him as having “three spots of gold on every tooth” with "teeth [appearing] as if bound with gold". Tooth goldwork was called "pusad", and the "mananusad" was the professional dental worker who was paid for his services. In more recent times, dentists used gold to fill in cavities because the metal is soft and does not decay. For these same reasons, our ancestors used the metal for dental decoration in the pre-colonial era. The gold would be made into pegs that would be put in the teeth; this was a painful procedure. Teeth goldwork, therefore, was not just

neg: Oral hygiene cooked starches, e.g. crisps/potato chips, may also damage teeth, although to a lesser degree (and indirectly) since starch has to be converted to glucose by salivary amylase (an enzyme in the saliva) first. Sugars that are higher in the stickiness index, such as toffee, are likely to cause more damage to teeth than those that are lower in the stickiness index, such as certain forms of chocolate or most fruits. Sucrose (table sugar) is most commonly associated with cavities. The amount of sugar consumed at any one time is less important than how often food and drinks that contain sugar

neg: Bruxism reality. Abfraction cavities are said to occur usually on the facial aspect of teeth, in the cervical region as V-shaped defects caused by flexing of the tooth under occlusal forces. It is argued that similar lesions can be caused by long-term forceful toothbrushing. However, the fact that the cavities are V-shaped does not suggest that the damage is caused by toothbush abrasion, and that some abfraction cavities occur below the level of the gumline, i.e., in an area shielded from toothbrush abrasion, supports the validity of this mechanism of tooth wear. In addition to attrition, erosion is said to synergistically

neg: Dental fluorosis smooth enamel surface on most of the teeth. With increasing severity, the subsurface enamel, all along the tooth becomes more porous. Enamel may appear yellow/ brown discolouration and/ or many and pitted white-brown lesions that look like cavities. They are often described as “mottled teeth”. Fluorosis does not cause discolouration to the enamel directly, as upon eruption into the mouth, affected permanent teeth are not discoloured yet. In dental enamel, fluorosis causes subsurface porosity or hypomineralizations, which extend toward the dentinal-enamel junction as severity increases. Hence, affected teeth are more susceptible to staining. Due to diffusion of exogenous ions (ex,

neg: Estelle Lazer show signs of arthritis, some having a form of arthritis usually associated with old age. Many of the skulls examined by Lazer have teeth which show considerable wear compared to teeth today. Some are worn down to the gumline, exposing the nerve, which must have been a very painful condition. The wearing down of teeth was probably caused by traces of grit and stone in the bread which came from the millstone used to grind the wheat into flour. Some teeth have cavities and others have a heavy build-up of plaque which would have caused bad breath. There are signs

neg: Dentin hypersensitivity sensitivity is temporary and will go away within a few days. If teeth sensitivity is experienced after using a teeth whitening product, taking a break may help. At-home treatments include desensitizing toothpastes or dentifrices, potassium salts, mouthwashes and chewing gums. A variety of toothpastes are marketed for dentin hypersensitivity, including compounds such as strontium chloride, strontium acetate, arginine, calcium carbonate, hydroxyapatite and calcium sodium phosphosilicate. Desensitizing chewing gums and mouthwashes are also marketed. Potassium-containing toothpastes are common; however, the mechanism by which they may reduce hypersensitivity is unclear. Animal research has demonstrated that potassium ions placed in deep dentin cavities

neg: Tooth decay Eastern and African cultures. There is some limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these alternative methods of oral hygiene. People who eat more free sugars get more cavities, with cavities increasing exponentially with increasing sugar intake. Populations with less sugar intake have fewer cavities. In one population, in Nigeria, where sugar consumption was about 2g/day, only two percent of the population, of any age, had had a cavity. In the presence of sugar and other carbohydrates, bacteria in the mouth produce acids that can demineralize enamel, dentin, and cementum. The more frequently teeth are exposed to this environment, the more

neg: Mammal tooth these are replaced by larger molars. The new molars shift forward from the back of the jaw as the old wear down. The final set of molars last for about twenty years. Manatees are polyphyodonts with mandibular molars developing separately from the jaw and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue. Walrus tusks are canine teeth that grow continuously throughout life. In dogs, the teeth are less likely than humans to form dental cavities because of the very high pH of dog saliva, which prevents enamel from demineralizing. In Aardvarks, teeth lack enamel and have many pulp

neg: Tooth brushing Tooth brushing Tooth brushing is the act of scrubbing teeth with a toothbrush equipped with toothpaste. Interdental cleaning (with floss or an interdental brush) can be useful with tooth brushing, and together these two activities are the primary means of cleaning teeth, one of the main aspects of oral hygiene. Brushing teeth properly helps prevent cavities, and periodontal, or gum disease, which causes at least one-third of adult tooth loss. If teeth are not brushed correctly and frequently, it could lead to the calcification of saliva minerals, forming tartar. Tartar hardens (then referred to as 'calculus') if not removed every

neg: Turanoceratops determined some typically basal traits, indicating a lower position in the evolutionary tree, and some more derived traits, showing a higher position. Basal traits are the variably developed secondary ridges on the tooth crowns and the possession of just two or three teeth per tooth position. Derived traits, relative to the more basal "Zuniceratops", are the increase of the number of teeth to two or three and the possession of two roots per teeth. More general derived traits are the exclusion of the frontal bone from the upper rim of the eye socket and the presence of incipient cavities in

neg: Ortek Therapeutics Dentistry" found that a confection with AlkaGen Technology was highly effective in preventing caries in Venezuelan children, as those consuming the confections had 62% less cavities than the placebo group. Ortek developed and commercialized two dental pastes for sensitive teeth and were based on the arginine bicarbonate/calcium carbonate technology. These products, DenClude and ProClude were sold to Colgate Palmolive in 2008. ProClude, is now called Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief Desensitizing Paste with Pro Argin Technology. The company is also in late stage development of an electronic early cavity detector, called the Ortek ECD. Ortek Therapeutics Ortek Therapeutics, Inc. is a

neg: Gold teeth Gold teeth Gold teeth are a form of dental prosthesis. They are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes. Dentists have used gold for filling cavities (before mercury amalgam became available), for crowns, and for other purposes since ancient times. Gold is malleable, nearly immune to corrosion, and hard enough to form a biting surface that can be used for years. Gold was used before silver became available and has continued to be used for specialized purposes. Dental restorations are often made from a combination of precious metals. In "Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account", concentration camp survivor Dr. Miklós Nyiszli (who served

neg: Stereosternum in a quasi-alternate polyphyodont pattern. Going more distally, the teeth seem to have periodontal ligaments connecting the teeth to the alveolar bone and then even more distally the tooth is connected by the anchorage trabeculae, which is composed of cementum and probably the alveolar bone. The anchorage trabeculae structure acts as an additional structure to hold the teeth in place. Within the adult teeth, the pulp cavity is enclosed within on itself, and inside those pulp cavities are canals that connect the tooth to the alveolar bone. Those canals were the spaces that were filled by blood vessels and nerves,

neg: Fluoride therapy fluoride lozenges and fluoride pills provided clear evidence early that fluoride acts topically. Medical fluoride supplements in the form of tablets, lozenges, or liquids (including fluoride-vitamin preparations) are used primarily for children in areas without fluoridated drinking water. The evidence supporting the effectiveness of this treatment for primary teeth is weak. The supplements prevent cavities in permanent teeth. A significant side effect is mild to moderate dental fluorosis. A Cochrane review also found no evidence that daily fluoride supplementation in pregnant women was effective in preventing tooth decay or causing fluorosis in their children. Fluoride therapy Fluoride therapy is the

neg: Combretum glutinosum malaria in a decoction with a number of other leaves obtained in the bush. In the Senegambia region, it is one of a number of trees whose twigs are used as "chewing sticks," used in lieu of toothbrushes to clean teeth, remove food particles after eating, and to chew for pleasure. It is also used to fill cavities of carious teeth, to dress wounds, for fumigation and as incense. A decoction of the leaves is used for baths to relieve fatigue. Combretum glutinosum Combretum glutinosum is a shrub species of the genus "Combretum", found in the Sahel belt in parts

neg: Fluoridation by country cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay without its use. Recent studies suggest that water fluoridation, particularly in industrialized countries, may be unnecessary because topical fluorides (such as in toothpaste) are widely used and caries rates have become low. Although fluoridation can cause dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of developing teeth or enamel fluorosis, the differences are mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or

neg: Oral ecology flossing the teeth are critical because they disrupt biofilms and their ability to permanently damage the teeth or gums. The less you brush your teeth, the better chance that bacteria will form plaque and potentially cause serious oral and health issues. Diet has an influence in our oral health as well. Most of us have been warned against eating too much candy because it will give us cavities. This is true because much of the bacteria in our mouths are nourished by simple sugars and carbohydrates. An excess of candy, soda, or other simple sugars is an easy way to

neg: Gigantopithecus and closely aligned. The features of teeth and jaws suggested that the animal was adapted to chewing tough, fibrous food by cutting, crushing, and grinding it. "Gigantopithecus" teeth also have a large number of cavities, similar to those found in giant pandas, whose diet, which includes a large amount of bamboo, may be similar to that of "Gigantopithecus". In addition to bamboo, "Gigantopithecus" consumed other vegetable foods, as suggested by the analysis of the phytoliths adhering to its teeth. An examination of the microscopic scratches and gritty plant remains embedded in "Gigantopithecus" teeth suggests that they fed on seeds and

neg: Bird nest more species—including parrots, tits, bluebirds, most hornbills, some kingfishers, some owls, some ducks and some flycatchers—use natural cavities, or those abandoned by species able to excavate them; they also sometimes usurp cavity nests from their excavating owners. Those species that excavate their own cavities are known as "primary cavity nesters", while those that use natural cavities or those excavated by other species are called "secondary cavity nesters". Both primary and secondary cavity nesters can be enticed to use nest boxes (also known as bird houses); these mimic natural cavities, and can be critical to the survival of species in areas

neg: Diadectidae procumbent front teeth of the lower jaw project forward. Diadectids likely had strong jaw muscles for processing plant material; the placement of the jaw joints above or below the level of the occlusal plane (the plane at which the teeth come together) would have given diadectid jaws mechanical advantage. The joints themselves give the jaws a complex range of movement suitable for consuming plants. Large holes and cavities in the skull called adductor chambers and temporal openings would have provided room for large jaw-closing muscles. A ridge on the dentary bone of the lower jaw may have provided a surface

neg: Toothpaste the teeth has no impact on the level of plaque removal. In addition to 20%–42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of components, the three main ones being abrasives, fluoride, and detergents. Abrasives constitute at least 50% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque and calculus helps minimize cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)), calcium carbonate (CaCO), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and hydroxyapatite (Ca(PO)OH). Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause a small amount

neg: Fluoride therapy salt in a very high concentration (approximately 50,000 ppm) onto the surface of the teeth. Fluoride varnish is a resin-based application that is designed to stay on the surface of the teeth for several hours. As this varnish rests on the tooth's surface, saliva dissolves the fluoride salt, which in turn allows fluoride ions to be released and absorbed by the teeth and soft tissues. Later, the fluoride is re-released into the oral cavity from these reservoirs which acts as protection for the teeth against cavities. Currently, there is also no published evidence that indicates that professionally applied fluoride varnish

neg: Dental implant real world complications. Long-term failures are due to either loss of bone around the tooth and/or gingiva due to peri-implantitis or a mechanical failure of the implant. Because there is no dental enamel on an implant, it does not fail due to cavities like natural teeth. While large-scale, long-term studies are scarce, several systematic reviews estimate the long-term (five to ten years) survival of dental implants at 93–98 percent depending on their clinical use. During initial development of implant retained teeth, all crowns were attached to the teeth with screws, but more recent advancements have allowed placement of crowns on

neg: Malvaceae but some are trees and lianas. Leaves are generally alternate, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be entire, but when dentate, a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically stellate.. Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles. The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious, or terminal. They often bear supernumerary bracts in

neg: Majungasaurus cavities, perhaps to reduce weight. The teeth were typical of abelisaurids in having short crowns, although "Majungasaurus" bore seventeen teeth in both the maxilla of the upper jaw and the dentary of the lower jaw, more than in any other abelisaurid except "Rugops". The postcranial skeleton of "Majungasaurus" closely resembles those of "Carnotaurus" and "Aucasaurus", the only other abelisaurid genera for which complete skeletal material is known. "Majungasaurus" was bipedal, with a long tail to balance out the head and torso, putting the center of gravity over the hips. Although the cervical (neck) vertebrae had numerous cavities and excavations (pleurocoels)

neg: Mandible downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings. On arriving at the incisor teeth, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth. In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface. It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to the teeth. Borders

neg: Cavitation (biology) causing them. The most common imaging techniques used to document these cavities are chest x-ray and computed tomography (CT Scan). From these images, the wall thickness of the cavities is examined. Wall thickness helps point diagnosticians in the proper direction as to what the invading pathogen causing the cavitation might be. In addition to these scans, clinical and laboratory data is always taken and analyzed to confirm suspected diagnoses. Cavitation (biology) Cavitation is the formation of cavities, which are spaces or openings in the body. This process occurs in mammalian embryos and can also occur later on in fully developed

neg: Bioceramic in numerous prototypes of implantable systems such as cardiac pumps. Aluminosilicates are commonly used in dental prostheses, pure or in ceramic-polymer composites. The ceramic-polymer composites are a potential way to filling of cavities replacing amalgams suspected to have toxic effects. The aluminosilicates also have a glassy structure. Contrary to artificial teeth in resin, the colour of tooth ceramic remains stable Zirconia doped with yttrium oxide has been proposed as a substitute for alumina for osteoarticular prostheses. The main advantages are a greater failure strength, and a good resistance to fatigue. Vitreous carbon is also used as it is light, resistant

neg: Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning items. The add-on also opens up what EA is calling "the ultimate player housing". Instead of players using a small hut to store their belongings, they are offered a large fortified estate with several buildings and many servants who have their own side quests, the expansion also gives the ability to marry a female Ljosalfar called Sunhilda Lorelle. Additional downloadable content entitled "Teeth of Naros" was released on April 17, 2012. The new content focuses on a new race of beings called the Kollossae, a new region called the Teeth of Naros as well as the floating city of Idylla.

neg: Möbius syndrome become a critical issue early on if adequate nutrition is difficult. The primary (baby) teeth generally start coming in by 6 months of age, and all 20 teeth may be in by two and a half years of age. The eruption timing varies greatly. There may be an incomplete formation of the enamel on the teeth (enamel hypoplasia) that makes the teeth more vulnerable to caries (cavities). There may be missing teeth eruptions. If the infant is not closing down properly, the lower jaws become more noticeably deficient (micrognathia or retrognathia). The front teeth may not touch when the child

neg: Teeth cleaning cleaning, because it increases their revenues. Most dental hygienists recommend having the teeth professionally cleaned every six months. More frequent cleaning and examination may be necessary during treatment of dental and other oral disorders. Routine examination of the teeth is recommended at least every year. This may include yearly, select dental X-rays. See also dental plaque identification procedure and removal. Good oral hygiene helps to prevent cavities, tartar build-up, and gum disease. Overly vigorous or incorrectly performed brushing or flossing may cause injury to the gingiva (gums). Improper or over-vigorous brushing may cause sore gums, damage to tooth enamel, gingivitis,

neg: Catophragmus remaining. 491 As the imbricating whorls are small and apparently deciduous, this is explained as a result of grazing gastropods. The basis is calcareous, thin, and solid. Where it attaches to the shell wall, there are cavities matching small teeth on the basal edge of the wall plates. 491 The scutum differs from that of "Catolasmus" in showing a well defined lateral depressor muscle pit. The labrum bears teeth and bristles, unlike in "Catolasmus". There has been some confusion as to the exact date of Sowerby's publication. Both 1826 and 1827 can be found in different publications. This problem was

neg: Serous membrane parts of the body may also have specific names for these structures. For example, the serosa of the uterus is called the perimetrium. The pericardial cavity (surrounding the heart), pleural cavity (surrounding the lungs) and peritoneal cavity (surrounding most organs of the abdomen) are the three serous cavities within the human body. While serous membranes have a lubricative role to play in all three cavities, in the pleural cavity it has a greater role to play in the function of breathing. The serous cavities are formed from the intraembryonic coelom and are basically an empty space within the body surrounded

neg: Timothy syndrome Facial dysmorphologies such as flattened noses also occur in approximately half of patients. Children with this disorder have small teeth which, due to poor enamel coating, are prone to dental cavities and often require removal. The average age of death due to complications of these symptoms is 2.5 years. Atypical Timothy syndrome has largely the same symptoms as the classical form. Differences in the atypical form are the lack of syndactyly, the presence of musculoskeletal problems (particularly hyperflexible joints), and atrial fibrillation. Patients with atypical Timothy syndrome also have more facial deformities, including protruding foreheads and tongues. Finally, one patient

neg: Xylitol to display the warning: "excessive consumption may induce laxative effects". Chewing gum containing xylitol is permitted. As of 2015, clinical trials examining whether xylitol alone or with other agents can prevent cavities found the evidence was too poor to allow generalizations, although it appeared that when children with permanent teeth use fluoride toothpaste with xylitol, they may get fewer cavities than when using fluoride toothpaste without it. It appears that people get fewer cavities when they chew gum sweetened with xylitol (or similar artificial sweeteners like sorbitol) than when they chew gum sweetened with sucrose. In 2008, the European Food

neg: Rhynchonelloidella alemanica and 3-5 in sinus; growth lines feeble, only visible at anterior margin. At gerontic stage, Shell thickened markedly along margins and frontal margin somewhat truncated, reminiscent of "Goniorhynchia boueti" (Davidson 1852). Interior. — Secondary thickenings in apical cavities of both valves. No pedicle collar observed in sectioned specimens; delthyrium wide, trapezoidal to rectangular in shape; lateral cavities narrow and short; dental plates thick and long, beyond hinge zone and divergent to ventral floor, or subparallel; teeth fairly strong, massive and mallet-like, held tightly in sockets; accessory denticulars and dental cavities present. Septalium variably developed, generally short and V-shaped; septum low

neg: Water fluoridation controversy teeth (average decreases was 2.25 teeth). The review found that the evidence was of moderate quality: few studies attempted to reduce observer bias, control for confounding factors, report variance measures, or use appropriate analysis. Although no major differences between natural and artificial fluoridation were apparent, the evidence was inadequate for a conclusion about any differences. A 2002 systematic review found strong evidence that water fluoridation is effective at reducing overall tooth decay in communities. A 2015 Cochrane review also found benefit in children. Fluoride may also prevent cavities in adults of all ages. A 2007 meta-analysis by CDC researchers found

neg: Maltese dog of working breeds, such as emotional intelligence. Maltese tend to have many or several tooth problems usually resulting in cavities, without proper care the infected teeth may fall out as the dog gets older. Maltese might need additional care and have their teeth brushed with a soft-bristled toothbrush and special dog toothpaste every week to avoid tooth problems. Maltese dog The Maltese (), "Canis familiaris Maelitacus", is a small breed of dog in the Toy Group. It descends from dogs originating in the Central Mediterranean Area. The breed name and origins are generally understood to derive from the Mediterranean island

neg: Psittacosaurus were more terrestrial than others. Psittacosaurs had self-sharpening teeth that would have been useful for cropping and slicing tough plant material. Unlike later ceratopsians, they did not have teeth suitable for grinding or chewing their food. Instead, they used gastroliths—stones swallowed to wear down food as it passed through the digestive system. Sometimes numbering more than fifty, these stones are occasionally found in the abdominal cavities of psittacosaurs, and may have been stored in a gizzard, as in modern birds. Unlike many other dinosaurs, psittacosaurs had akinetic skulls: that is to say, the upper and lower jaws each behaved as

neg: Eumops nanus or dark brown. Its lips are wrinkled. The ears are large and rounded, extending slightly over the forehead with their inner edges touching each other. Its tragus is large and rounded. Its calcar has a pronounced keel. Its tail extends beyond the edge of the uropatagium. Its dental formula is for a total of 30 teeth. It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day. The holotype was collected under the roof of a house where it was roosting. It is also known to roost in tree cavities. It is insectivorous, consuming moths, beetles, true bugs, and other insects.

neg: Confuciusornithidae suggests an unusual flight behavior, due to anatomy that implies conflicting abilities. They possess feathers similar to those of fast-flapping birds, which rely on quick flapping of their wings to stay aloft. At the same time, their wing anatomy also suggests a lack of flapping ability. Confusiusornithids are also noted for their beak and lack of teeth, similar to modern birds. Both predators and prey, confuciusornithid fossils have been observed with fish remains in their digestive systems and have themselves been found in the abdominal cavities of "Sinocalliopteryx, a" compsognathid predator. Confuciusornithidae was first named by Hou "et al." in

neg: Forging forging, the flash is removed. In commercial impression-die forging, the workpiece is usually moved through a series of cavities in a die to get from an ingot to the final form. The first impression is used to distribute the metal into the rough shape in accordance to the needs of later cavities; this impression is called an "edging", "fullering", or "bending" impression. The following cavities are called "blocking" cavities, in which the piece is working into a shape that more closely resembles the final product. These stages usually impart the workpiece with generous bends and large fillets. The final shape

neg: Pierre Fauchard his colleagues at Angers University Hospital. Fauchard made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from watch makers, jewelers and even barbers, that he thought could be used in dentistry. Fauchard introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities. He asserted that sugar derivate acids like tartaric acid were responsible for dental decay, and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth, in the gums, could appear in the later stages of tooth decay. Fauchard was the pioneer of dental prosthesis, and he discovered many methods to replace lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks

neg: Onychodus pair of tooth spirals (parasymphysial tooth whorls) bearing tusk-like teeth. The most well-preserved specimen of "Onychodus" has been found at the Gogo Formation of Western Australia giving palaeontologists more information about the structure of the fish. Other species of "Onychodus" are known only from poor material based on isolated tusks, teeth and scales. The most characteristic feature is a pair of retractable, laterally compressed tusk whorls at the front of the lower jaw. These were not attached to any other bone, but fit into a pair of deep cavities on the palate and were free to move. The lower jaw

neg: Bertella idiomorpha more sluggish swimmer than "Dolopichthys". "B. idiomorpha" also has smaller and fewer teeth, and its single-headed hyomandibular bone reduces the strength of its bite, again consistent with preying on smaller, slower prey items. "B. idiomorpha" and "Leptacanthichthys gracilispinis" are the only oneirodids known to have parasitic males. Both the tips of the upper and lower jaws of the male "B. idiomorpha" become fused to the female. Small openings to the mouth and opercular cavities of the male are maintained on both sides. Mature female "B. idiomorpha" contain around 7500 eggs per ovary, and have some of the largest eggs amongst

neg: Gorgodon to those of "Phthinosaurus", an enigmatic therapsid from the Middle Permian of Russia that is most likely a dinocephalian. However, the only known teeth of "Phthinosaurus" are from its lower jaw and the known teeth of "Gorgodon" are from its upper jaw. Olson reasoned that the shape of the teeth of "Gorgodon" match what would be expected for the upper teeth of "Phthinosaurus" even though there are no homologous features between the two taxa that would support such a relationship. Olson thought that "Gorgodon" was more primitive than "Phthinosaurus", and that both were ancestors of a group of therapsids called

neg: Crouzon syndrome (PDA) and aortic coarctation. Common features are a narrow/high-arched palate, posterior bilateral crossbite, hypodontia (missing some teeth), and crowding of teeth. Due to maxillary hypoplasia, people with Crouzon syndrome generally have a considerable permanent underbite and subsequently cannot chew using their incisors. For reasons that are not entirely clear, most Crouzon patients also have noticeably shorter humerus and femur bones relative to the rest of their bodies than members of the general population. A small percentage of Crouzon patients also have what is called "Type II" Crouzon syndrome, distinguished by partial syndactyly. The current research indicates fibroblast growth factor receptors

neg: Rule based DFM analysis for forging forging the workpiece is usually moved through a series of cavities in a die to get from an ingot to the final form. The first impression is used to distribute the metal into the rough shape in accordance to the needs of later cavities; this impression is called edging, fullering, or bending impression. The following cavities are called blocking cavities in which the workpiece is working into a shape that more and more resembles the final product. These stages usually impart the workpiece will generous bends and large fillets. The final shape is forged in a final or finisher impression

neg: Dental restoration in low-stress areas such as smooth-surface and small anterior proximal cavities in primary teeth. Results from clinical studies also support the use of conventional glass ionomer restorations in primary molars. They need not be put in layer by layer, like in composite fillings. "Full-porcelain" dental materials include dental porcelain (porcelain meaning a high-firing-temperature ceramic), other ceramics, sintered-glass materials, and glass-ceramics as indirect fillings and crowns or metal-free "jacket crowns". They are also used as inlays, onlays, and aesthetic veneers. A veneer is a very thin shell of porcelain that can replace or cover part of the enamel of the tooth.

neg: Water fluoridation in the United States impact on the physical appearance of their teeth, the children with stained, mottled and pitted teeth also had fewer cavities than other children. McKay brought this to the attention of Greene Vardiman Black, and Black's interest was followed by greater interest within the dental profession. Initial hypotheses for the staining included poor nutrition, overconsumption of pork or milk, radium exposure, childhood diseases, or a calcium deficiency in the local drinking water. In 1931, researchers from the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) concluded that the cause of the Colorado stain was a high concentration of fluoride ions in the region's drinking

neg: Animal tooth development and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue. This also occurs in elephants' successional teeth, which erupt to replace worn teeth. All members of the order Tubulidentata have no incisors or canines, their teeth have no enamel, and their molars grow continuously from the root. True teeth are unique to vertebrates, although some invertebrates have analogous structures sometimes called "teeth". The organism with the simplest genome bearing such "teeth" is probably the worm genus Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus). Molluscs have a structure called a radula which bears a ribbon of chitinous "teeth". However, these are histologically

neg: Chinese Crested Dog breeds. They are, however, prone to some of these conditions listed. Eye problems such as lens luxation, glaucoma, and PRA (Progressive Retinal Atrophy), luxating patellas, and Legg-Perthes disease. The Powderpuff should have full dentition, not missing or crooked teeth, as is accepted in their sibling the Hairless variety. Cresteds have what is called a "primitive mouth." This means that most of their teeth are pointy, like their canines. Hairless varieties of the Cresteds can be prone to poor dentition. Poor dentition may include missing or crowded teeth and teeth prone to decay when not properly cared for. Most dogs of

neg: Maxilla to the development of the alveolar process and the increase in size of the sinus. The alveolar process of the maxillae holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. Each maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones (cheek bones). Each maxilla assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities: Each maxilla also enters into the formation of two fossae: the infratemporal and pterygopalatine, and two fissures, the inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary. -When the tender bones of the upper jaw and lower nostril are severely or repetitively damaged, at any age the surrounding cartilage can begin to

neg: Oxytetracycline common to the tetracycline antibiotics group. It can also damage calcium-rich organs, such as teeth and bones, although this is very rare. It sometimes causes nasal cavities to erode; quite commonly, the BNF suggests, because of this, tetracyclines should not be used to treat pregnant or lactating women and children under 12 except in certain conditions where it has been approved by a specialist because there are no obvious substitutes. Candidiasis (thrush) is not uncommon following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. It was first found near Pfizer laboratories in a soil sample yielding the soil actinomycete, "Streptomyces rimosus" by Finlay et

neg: Dentition mammals the infants have a set of teeth that fall out and are replaced by adult teeth. These are called deciduous teeth, primary teeth, baby teeth or milk teeth. Animals that have two sets of teeth, one followed by the other, are said to be diphyodont. Normally the dental formula for milk teeth is the same as for adult teeth except that the molars are missing. Because mammal teeth are specialised for different functions, many mammal groups have lost teeth not needed in their adaptation. Tooth form has also undergone evolutionary modification as a result of natural selection for specialised

neg: Nitrogen clathrate water molecules. The large cavity has twelve pentagonal faces, and four hexagonal faces with a cavity radius of 4.73 Å. It is called the hexadecahedral cavity. The symbol for these cavities is 56. The small pentagondodecahedral cavities have twelve pentagon shaped faces and a radius of 3.91 Å. These cavities have a symbol of 5 The large cavities can contain two nitrogen molecules and the small cavities can contain one molecule. The disassociation pressure of nitrogen increases with increasing temperature. At 300K the nitrogen pressure is 2.06 kbar and at 285.6K the pressure is 0.55 kbar. There are four different

neg: Theropoda deduced by the tooth morphology, tooth marks on bones of the prey, and gut contents. Some theropods, such as "Baryonyx", "Lourinhanosaurus", ornithomimosaurs, and birds, are known to use gastroliths, or gizzard-stones. The majority of theropod teeth are blade-like, with serration on the edges, called ziphodont. Others are pachydont or phyllodont depending on the shape of the tooth or denticles. The morphology of the teeth is distinct enough to tell the major families apart, which indicate different diet strategies. An investigation in July 2015 discovered that what appeared to be "cracks" in their teeth were actually folds that helped to prevent

neg: Canine tooth rudiment. Certain antelopes, the musk-deer, camel, horse, boar, various apes, seals, and the walrus, offer instances. In non-mammals, teeth similar to canines may be termed "caniniform" ("canine-shaped") teeth. Canine tooth In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dog teeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. However, they can appear more flattened, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called "incisiform". They developed and are used primarily for firmly holding food in order to tear it apart, and occasionally as weapons. They are

neg: Head and neck anatomy mouth, also called the oral cavity , is the entranceway into the digestive system containing both primary and accessory organs of digestion. Two rows of teeth are supported by facial bones of the skull, the maxilla above and the mandible below. Adults have 32 permanent teeth, and children have 20 deciduous teeth. There are various tooth shapes for different jobs. For example, when chewing, the upper teeth work together with the lower teeth of the same shape to bite, chew, and tear food. The names of these teeth are: The white visible part of a tooth is called the "crown".

neg: Pachyophis the splenial anteroventrally in a vertical joint. The splenial is preserved only at the joint, forming a bulge on the ventral margin. It is inferred then that the intramandibular joint is situated far anteriorly. This resembles that of "Pachyrhachis". The tooth row extends the same length as exhibited in the upper jaw for equal alignment. In contrast to the jaw, "Pachyophis" teeth clearly resemble that of snakes. Their dentition show thecodont nature, their teeth fitted into bowl like alveoli lined on the jaw bones. The enamel layer of the teeth is well developed with large, hollow pulp cavities possessing small

neg: Placodermi from over 100 valid species. The vast majority of placoderms were predators, many of which lived at or near the substrate. Many, primarily the Arthrodira, were active, nektonic predators that dwelled in the middle to upper portions of the water column. A study of the arthrodire "Compagopiscis" published in 2012 concluded that placoderms (at least this particular genus) likely possessed true teeth contrary to some early studies. The teeth had well defined pulp cavities and were made of both bone and dentine. However, the tooth and jaw development were not as closely integrated as in modern gnathostomes. These teeth were

neg: Human tooth sharpening some mandibular teeth during puberty. In Ancient China, a group called Ta-ya Kih-lau (打牙仡佬, literally 仡佬 (Gelao people) who beat out their teeth") had every woman about to wed knock out two of her anterior teeth to "prevent damage to the husband's family." Some cultures have distinctions between which sex does what to their teeth. In the central Congo region, the Upoto tribe has men file only teeth in the maxillary arch, whereas women file both maxillary and mandibular arches. The Mentawai people have also traditionally engaged in this practice. David Livingstone mentions a number of African tribes who practice