query: who wrote the preamble to the constitution of the united states of america

pos: Preamble to the United States Constitution Preamble to the United States Constitution The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of the Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve. The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style, which wrote its final draft, with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort. It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution of violating, once charged, a person may challenge the law's validity, even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime. The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for, and is binding only in, the United States of America. For example, in "Casement v. Squier", a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China. After being sent to prison in the State of Washington, he filed a writ of "habeas corpus" with the local federal court, claiming he had been unconstitutionally put on

neg: Lewis G. Morris the sister of William Henry Ludlow. His great uncle was Gouverneur Morris Jr. and his great-great uncle was Gouveneur Morris, a Founding Father of the United States, signatory to the Articles of Confederation and U.S. Constitution who wrote the Preamble to the United States Constitution and has been called the "Penman of the Constitution.". Morris, who inherited "Mt. Fordham", his family's estate, was a resident of Morris Heights, New York, maintained a small farm at Fordham, until it was encroached upon. He then purchased another farm in Scarsdale and on these farms bred sheep and cattle. In 1838, he took

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution imposing taxes. Also, the institution was created as a government over the States and people, not an agreement (union) between the States. Later, the phrase came to mean the continual process of improvement of the country. The phrase has also been interpreted to support the federal supremacy clause and that state nullification of any federal law, dissolution of the Union, or secession from it, are not contemplated by the Constitution. Preamble to the United States Constitution The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general

neg: Gouverneur Morris Gouverneur Morris Gouverneur Morris I (30 January 1752 – 6 November 1816) was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. He wrote the Preamble to the United States Constitution and has been called the "Penman of the Constitution." In an era when most Americans thought of themselves as citizens of their respective states, Morris advanced the idea of being a citizen of a single union of states. He represented New York in the United States Senate from 1800 to 1803. Morris was born into

neg: Wyandotte Constitution Constitution of 1855, the Lecompton Constitution of 1857 and the Leavenworth Constitution of 1858. Amended many times (including a universal suffrage amendment in 1912), the Wyandotte Constitution is still the . Slavery is prohibited: "SEC. 6. There shall be no slavery in this State, and no involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Kansas's constitution is the only state constitution to attempt to recognize "civil privileges" through "Almighty God" distinct from rights of citizens of the United States. The preamble also conflates "America" with "United States" in its reference to seeking

neg: Gouverneur Morris including the famous Lon Chaney film, "The Penalty" in 1920. Morris established himself as an important landowner in northern New York, where the Town of Gouverneur and Village of Gouverneur in St. Lawrence County are named after him. In 1943, a United States liberty ship SS "Gouverneur Morris" was launched. She was scrapped in 1974. Gouverneur Morris Gouverneur Morris I (30 January 1752 – 6 November 1816) was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. He wrote the Preamble to the United States Constitution

neg: Constitution of Puerto Rico 3, 1952. The Preamble reads: The Preamble of the Constitution of Puerto Rico is more extensive than the Preamble to the United States Constitution. However, it has the similarity that the preamble neither grants any powers nor inhibits any actions; it only explains the rationale behind the Constitution. Yet, it specifically details the determining factors that the Puerto Rican people have chosen as the basis for their new government. It also establishes the Constitution's loyalty to the "principles" of the Federal Constitution. The remainder of the document consists of nine articles: Article One establishes the new government for the island,

neg: Constitution of Massachusetts a legislative body. Only the Constitution of San Marino has sections still in force that are older. The Massachusetts Constitution was written last of the original states' first constitutions. Rather than taking the form of a list of provisions, it was organized into a structure of chapters, sections, and articles. It served as a model for the Constitution of the United States of America, drafted seven years later, which used a similar structure. It also influenced later revisions of many other state constitutions. The Massachusetts Constitution has four parts: a preamble, a declaration of rights, a description of the framework

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created (i.e., the federal government). In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations" in modern equivalent). A state is said to be "sovereign," if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it; the concept is distinct from mere land-title or "ownership." While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the Supreme Court held that the "United States of America" consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; the individual states may not

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution a part of our nation's system of hospitals, is as a public service and use within the highest meaning of such terms. "Surely this is in accord with an objective of the United States Constitution: '* * * promote the general Welfare."'" On the other hand, courts will not interpret the Preamble to give the government powers that are not articulated elsewhere in the Constitution. "United States v. Kinnebrew Motor Co." is an example of this. In that case, the defendants were a car manufacturer and dealership indicted for a criminal violation of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The Congress

neg: U.S. state Confederate States of America (CSA). Following the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in 1865, those states were brought back into the Union during the ensuing Reconstruction Era. The federal government never recognized the sovereignty of the CSA, or the validity of the ordinances of secession adopted by the seceding states. Following the war, the United States Supreme Court, in "Texas v. White" (1869), held that states did not have the right to secede and that any act of secession was legally void. Drawing on the Preamble to the Constitution, which states that the Constitution was intended to "form

neg: Preamble to the United Nations Charter US was successful in changing and shortening the Preamble, however, with much of Smuts' original text reattached at the end. The opening phrase "We the peoples of the United Nations .." echoing that of the United States Constitution, was suggested by US congressman and Conference delegate Sol Bloom. The preambulatory phrase "In Larger Freedom" became the title of a UN reform proposal by the seventh Secretary-General, Kofi Annan. The Preamble reads as follows: Preamble to the United Nations Charter The Preamble to the United Nations Charter is the opening (preamble) of the United Nations Charter. Jan Smuts from South Africa

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution the government under the Constitution was intended to govern and protect "the people" directly, as one society, instead of governing only the states as political units. The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States. Stated in negative terms, the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states. The Constitution claims to be an act of "We the People." However, because it represents a general social contract, there are limits on the ability

neg: Henry van Zile Hyde particular the drafting of the WHO constitution, Hyde suggested including a preamble to the Constitution, which was accepted by the committee. Hyde wrote to his wife: “It [the preamble] presents 13 fundamental truths and I believe can become an Atlantic charter of health.” Andrija Stampar introduced the first draft preamble that was edited by the drafting committee, for which Hyde was the secretary. Working on the sub-committee for the preamble, Hyde collaborated closely with Brock Chisholm and Szeming Sze, who claimed authorship of the now very famous first principle, namely that “health is a state of complete physical, mental, and

neg: A More Perfect Union (speech) would have trusted its sentiments. Obama's speech began by quoting the preamble to the United States Constitution: "We the people, in order to form a more perfect union ...". Noting his proximity to Independence Hall, Obama highlighted the tension between the ideals of equal citizenship and freedom expressed in the Constitution and America's history of slavery, and connected the American Civil War and civil rights movement with the goals of his own campaign, "to continue the long march of those who came before us, a march for a more just, more equal, more free, more caring and more prosperous America."

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution beforehand. The initial wording of the preamble did not refer to the people of "the United States", rather, it referred to people of the various states, which was the norm. In earlier documents, including the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, the Articles of Confederation, and the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence, the word "people" was not used, and the phrase "the United States" was followed immediately by a listing of the states, from north to south. The change was made out of necessity, as the Constitution provided that whenever the popularly elected ratifying conventions of nine states

neg: Constitution Act, 1867 is "seriously out of date". He claims the Constitution Act, 1867 "lacks an inspirational introduction". The preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 is not the Constitution of Canada's only preamble. The Charter also has a preamble. Part I consists of just two sections. Section 1 gives the short title of the law as "The British North America Act, 1867". Section 2 indicates that all references to the Queen (then Victoria) equally apply to all her heirs and successors. The British North America Act, 1867 established the Dominion of Canada by fusing the North American British "Provinces" (colonies) of Canada, New

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution it also argued that the Preamble's statement that the Constitution was created to "promote the general Welfare" should be understood to permit Congress to regulate transactions such as the one in this case, particularly in the face of an obvious national emergency like the Great Depression. The court, however, dismissed this argument as erroneous and insisted that the only relevant issue was whether the transaction that prompted the indictment actually constituted "interstate commerce" under the Supreme Court's precedents that interpreted the scope of the Commerce Clause. The Preamble's reference to the "United States of America" has been interpreted over the

neg: United States Constitution "A frame of Government" when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public. This "Frame of Government" consisted of a preamble, seven articles and a signed closing endorsement. The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It neither assigns powers to the federal government, nor does it place specific limitations on government action. Rather, it sets out the origin, scope and purpose of the Constitution. Its origin and authority is in "We, the people of the United States". This echoes the Declaration of

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution of the United States" has long been understood to mean "nationals and citizens." This approach reasons that, if the political community speaking for itself in the Preamble (""We" the People") includes only U.S. nationals and citizens, by negative implication it specifically excludes aliens and foreign nationals. It has also been construed to mean something like "all under the sovereign jurisdiction and authority of the United States." The phrase has been construed as affirming that the national government created by the Constitution derives its sovereignty from the people, (whereas "United Colonies" had identified external monarchical sovereignty) as well as confirming that

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution trial without a jury. The court held that, since his trial was conducted by an American court and was, by American standards, basically fair, he was not entitled to the specific constitutional right of trial by jury while overseas. Since the Preamble declares the Constitution to have been created by the "People of the United States", "there may be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no part of the Union." The following examples help demonstrate the meaning of this distinction: The phrase "to form a more perfect Union" has been construed as referring to the shift

neg: Labor federation competition in the United States and disunion; whereas the history of the non-producers of all ages proves that a minority, thoroughly organized, may work wonders for good or evil. Conforming to the old adage, 'In union there is strength,' the formation of a Federation embracing every trade and labor organization in North America, a union founded upon a basis as broad as the land we live in, is our only hope. —Preamble to the Constitution of the American Federation of Labor, 1886 The AFL Preamble had been preserved intact from its FOOTALU predecessor. Years later, the Industrial Workers of the World would declare, [The AFL's]

neg: Natural-born-citizen clause of the Constitution of the United States of America", he wrote: The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted. ... [He] who was subsequently born the citizen of a State, became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States. Therefore every person born within the United States, its territories or districts, whether the parents are citizens or aliens, is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution, and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity. ... Under our Constitution the question

neg: History of Massachusetts wrote in the "Preamble to the Constitution of the Commonwealth": Bostonian John Adams, known as the "Atlas of Independence", was an important figure in both the struggle for independence as well as the formation of the new United States. Adams was highly involved in the push for separation from Britain and the writing of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 (which, in the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases, effectively made Massachusetts the first state to have a constitution that declared universal rights and, as interpreted by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice William Cushing, abolished slavery). Adams became minister to Britain

neg: Military history of Jewish Americans group in the United States. It has an estimated 37,000 members. The Jewish War Veterans were established in 1896. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. In the preamble to its National Constitution the purpose of the JWV is stated: To maintain true allegiance to the United States of America; to foster and perpetuate true Americanism; to combat whatever tends to impair the efficiency and permanency of our free institutions; to uphold the fair name of the Jew and fight his or her battles wherever unjustly assailed; to encourage the doctrine of universal

neg: A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights to view the congressional politics of race. The book contains about 75 pages of biographical/autobiographical content which provide context for the subsequent political analysis. Critical reviews do not analyze the biographical content. Instead, the reviews focus on the political analysis of race, economic issues, geographical divide, and states' rights as well as the constitutional amendments proposed in this book. The title of the book comes from the Preamble to the United States Constitution. The preamble includes the phrase "in Order to form a more perfect Union" as the first specifically mentioned purpose of the United States Constitution. The book has

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble from the United Kingdom and the adoption of the first constitution in 1970, the abrogation of that constitution in 1987, and the subsequent proclamation of the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji and the promulgation of a republican constitution by the President, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, in 1990, and the subsequent constitutional review undertaken in the mid-1990s, leading to the adoption of the present document. "The Preamble sees an unbroken continuity connecting all of these historical events that have left their mark on Fiji's constitutional history." The Preamble goes on to recognize that ""all those who chose to make their homes

neg: Secession in the United States of an independent nation." Historian Kenneth Stampp notes that a historical case against secession had been made that argued that "the Union is older than the states" and that "the provision for a perpetual Union in the Articles of Confederation" was carried over into the Constitution by the "reminder that the preamble to the new Constitution gives us one of its purposes the formation of 'a more perfect Union'". Concerning the White decision Stampp wrote: The Republic of Texas successfully seceded from Mexico in 1836 (this, however took the form of outright rebellion against Mexico, and claimed no warrant under

neg: Name of Canada to Lord Knutsford on the topic of the loss of the use of the word kingdom, Macdonald said: He added as a postscript that it was adopted on the suggestion of British colonial ministers to avoid offending republican sensibilities in the United States: Use of the term "dominion" was formalized in 1867 through Canadian Confederation. In the Constitution of Canada, namely the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts), the preamble of the Act indicates: And section 2 indicates that the provinces: In J.S. Ewart's two volume work, "The Kingdom Papers", it is noted that the following names were considered

neg: Confederate States of America States" rather than providing for the "general welfare". State legislatures had the power to impeach officials of the Confederate government in some cases. On the other hand, the Confederate Constitution contained a Necessary and Proper Clause and a Supremacy Clause that essentially duplicated the respective clauses of the U.S. Constitution. The Confederate Constitution also incorporated each of the 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that had been ratified up to that point. The Confederate Constitution did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also

neg: Champoeg Meetings as Court Clerk and Recorder, Joseph L. Meek as Sheriff and William H. Willson as Treasurer. A gathering was held on July 5 to vote on the work of the legislative committee. The original Organic Laws of Oregon were modeled after the Ordinance of 1787 and Iowa's Organic Law, laying out the framework of a political structure modeled on the United States, with three branches of government. The government was created, as its preamble declared, "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us." This document was recognized as the "de facto" first Oregon constitution.

neg: Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution The preamble and the first title of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 determine the general outlines of Switzerland as a democratic federal republic of 26 cantons governed by the rule of law. The preamble to the Constitution states, in full: By opening with a solemn invocation of God, the preamble is in line with all preceding Swiss constitutional documents, back to the Federal Charter of 1291, except for the constitutions adopted under French sway in the time of the Helvetic Republic. Apart from continuing tradition, the "invocatio dei"

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution are also used to interpret the Constitution. As a result, the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution. Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording; the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the "spirit" of the Constitution. Additionally, when interpreting a legal document, courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating

neg: Wyoming Constitution 19 contains miscellaneous provisions. Article 20 deals with amending the Constitution. Article 21 deals with transitioning from the old Constitution. Wyoming Constitution The Wyoming Constitution is the supreme governing document of the U.S. state of Wyoming. It was approved by a statewide vote of 6,272 to 1,923 on November 5, 1889. It was last amended in 2008. It was the first constitution in the United States which explicitly gave women the right to vote (though an earlier New Jersey constitution gave women who owned property the right to vote because of an ambiguity in its text). The Preamble to the

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution it; as a result, the courts have cited the Preamble for evidence of the history, intent and meaning of the Constitution as it was understood by the Founders. Although revolutionary in some ways, the Constitution maintained many common law concepts (such as "habeas corpus", trial by jury, and sovereign immunity), and courts deem that the Founders' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created (i.e., the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal system) are uniquely important because of the authority "the People" invested them with to create it. Along with evidence of

neg: Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina Kohl), United Kingdom (John Major), France (Jacques Chirac) and Russian Federation (Viktor Chernomyrdin). This nature of the Constitution was also of vital importance for the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in its landmark decision on constituency of peoples (U-5/98), since it declared that the Constitution could be interpreted as a treaty defined in Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties from 1969, which was of great importance in the interpretation of the Preamble of the Constitution. The Preamble states, among other things, the commitment of Bosnia and Herzegovina to freedom, equality, tolerance and democratic institutions of government. It also

neg: World War Veterans WWV does not seem to have had a constitution in its earliest phase, but was based around an organizational "preamble": The World War Veterans are strictly non-partisan. The slogan of the World War Veterans was: "The enforcement of the Constitution of the United States of America as it is written, and in the spirit of its founders." The primary unit of the WWV was known as a "Post," consisting of 10 or more ex-service men. Charters were obtained from state headquarters for $5, and the Post was responsible for sending per capita dues of 10 cents each month to state

neg: Wyoming Constitution Wyoming Constitution The Wyoming Constitution is the supreme governing document of the U.S. state of Wyoming. It was approved by a statewide vote of 6,272 to 1,923 on November 5, 1889. It was last amended in 2008. It was the first constitution in the United States which explicitly gave women the right to vote (though an earlier New Jersey constitution gave women who owned property the right to vote because of an ambiguity in its text). The Preamble to the Constitution is: Article 1 is the Declaration of Rights. Article 2 distributes power among the three branches. Article 3 describes

neg: United Mine Workers merged groups would meet on January 22, 1890. When the union was founded, the values of the UMWA were stated in the preamble: We have founded the United Mine Workers of America for the purpose of ... educating all mine workers in America to realize the necessity of unity of action and purpose, in demanding and securing by lawful means the just fruits of our toil. The UMWA constitution listed eleven points as the union's goals: John L. Lewis (1880 – 1969) was the highly combative UMW president who thoroughly controlled the union from 1920 to 1960. A major player

neg: Philippines–United States relations international disputes by peaceful means, not to endanger international peace and security, and to refrain from the threat or use of force “in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.” Importantly, the Preamble notes that both parties “share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines.” The Preamble later concludes, “all United States access to and use of facilities and areas will be at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the Philippines Constitution and Philippine laws. Two-way U.S. merchandise trade

neg: Edward Bates bloodshed. Barton was killed in a duel on the island in 1823. Bates's first foray into politics came in 1820, with election as a member of the state's constitutional convention. He wrote the preamble to the state constitution—an honor that later influenced his fight against the radical Missouri Constitution of 1865. He next was appointed as the new state's Attorney General. In 1822, Bates was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for a single term (1827–1829). Next, he was elected to the State Senate from 1831 to 1835, then

neg: Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 The Preamble to the "Constitution Act, 1867 provides: This has had a significant impact on constitutional jurisprudence concerning the nature of Canadian Confederation and the independence of the Canadian courts. Although significant cases had been decided on the general nature of Confederation since the 1930s, it was not until 1997 that the Supreme Court of Canada endeavoured to explain and consolidate its jurisprudence that derives from the Preamble. Lamer C.J. summarized it thus: Section 96 of the "Constitution Act, 1867" states: In the 1930s, in cases such as "Re Adoption Act of Ontario" (where

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution of the political theory behind the Constitution have prompted the Supreme Court to articulate a variety of special rules of construction and principles for interpreting it. For example, the Court's rendering of the purposes behind the Constitution have led it to express a preference for broad interpretations of individual freedoms. An example of the way courts utilize the Preamble is "Ellis v. City of Grand Rapids". Substantively, the case was about eminent domain. The City of Grand Rapids wanted to use eminent domain to force landowners to sell property in the city identified as "blighted", and convey the property to

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble The 1997 Constitution of Fiji begins with a Preamble, which sets out the historical, cultural, and political reasons for the drafting of the 1997 Constitution. The writing of the Preamble was a careful balancing act. Fijian society has often been culturally, economically, and politically polarized in recent decades between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians, who are descendants of migrants brought to work the British-owned sugar plantations between 1879 and 1916. The framers of the Constitution wanted the Preamble to acknowledge the unique place of indigenous Fijians and Rotumans, whilst at the same time affirming the equal

neg: Canadian federalism declared the property of the Crown in right of British Columbia. Federal-provincial management agreements have been implemented concerning offshore petroleum resources in the areas around Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia. Much distribution of power has been ambiguous, leading to disputes which have been decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and (after 1949) the Supreme Court of Canada. The nature of the Canadian constitution was described by the Privy Council in 1913 as not truly federal (unlike the United States and Australia); although the British North America Act, 1867, states in its preamble that the colonies had

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution the understandings of the men who debated and drafted the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention, the courts are also interested in the way that government officials have put into practice the Constitution's provisions, particularly early government officials, although the courts reserve to themselves the final authority to determine the Constitution's meaning. However, this focus on historical understandings of the Constitution is sometimes in tension with the changed circumstances of modern society from the late 18th century society that drafted the Constitution; courts have ruled that the Constitution must be interpreted in light of these changed circumstances. All of these considerations

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution gave their approval, it would go into effect for those nine, irrespective of whether any of the remaining states ratified. The Preamble serves solely as an introduction, and does not assign powers to the federal government, nor does it provide specific limitations on government action. Due to the Preamble's limited nature, no court has ever used it as a decisive factor in case adjudication, except as regards frivolous litigation. The courts have shown interest in any clues they can find in the Preamble regarding the Constitution's meaning. Courts have developed several techniques for interpreting the meaning of statutes and these

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution citizens only. The constitution guarantees the freedom of expression, assembly and religion for all citizens. It stipulates that the state is the guarantor and protector of the citizen's personal freedom and dignity. The constitution guarantees that all citizens will be equal before the law in their rights and duties. It also states that work is a right and duty for every citizen and that the state will undertake to provide work for all citizens. Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution The Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution is the first part of the Syrian constitution introduced

neg: General welfare clause the basis of equality and reciprocity. . . . . The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by law for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare. . . . ." The United States Constitution contains two references to "the General Welfare", one occurring in the Preamble and the other in the Taxing and Spending Clause. The U.S. Supreme Court has held the mention of the clause in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution "has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the Government of the

neg: Compact theory States was ordained and established not by the States in their sovereign capacities, but emphatically, as the preamble of the Constitution declares, by 'the people of the United States.'" The Court contrasted the earlier Articles of Confederation with the Constitution, characterizing the Articles of Confederation as a compact among states, while stating that the Constitution was established not by the states, but by the people. Likewise, in "McCulloch v. Maryland" (1819), the Supreme Court stated that the federal Constitution proceeded directly from the people, and was not created by the states. The Court stated that the Constitution was binding on

neg: Constitution of Cameroon and progress". The preamble asserts that the Cameroonian people shall advance "ever-growing bonds of solidarity among African Peoples" and shall adhere to "the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations". The preamble declares that the nation shall use its natural resources to improve the lives of its citizens. The preamble lists several "inalienable rights" granted to all Cameroonian citizens. Among them are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the United Nations, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The preamble is the only portion of the Constitution to have remained unchanged since 1960.

neg: Limited government government in which all three of these assertions would be respected. The Preamble to the Constitution serves to communicate the goals sought to be accomplished by specifically enumerating the powers of the United States government—the promotion of “the general Welfare” is one of these goals. The Preamble does not grant any power to the government, rather it serves to explain the limits of the delegated powers listed later in the Constitution. This is to say, in the case of the general welfare clause, that the government is not allowed to exercise its powers on a whim, rather they must be

neg: Nullification (U.S. Constitution) have the power to nullify federal laws. The courts have rejected the compact theory, finding that the Constitution was not a contract among the states. Rather, the Constitution was established directly by the people, as stated in the preamble: "We the people of the United States. . . ." The people made the federal government superior to the states in certain ways. Under the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, the Constitution and federal laws made in pursuance thereof are "the supreme law of the land . . . any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the

neg: Living Constitution of law, and judicial independence are held to derive in part from the preamble of the constitution, which declared the constitution of Canada to be "similar in principle" to that of the United Kingdom. The concept of an evolving constitution has notably been applied to determine the division of powers between provinces and the federal government in areas of jurisdiction not contemplated at the time of enactment of the British North America Act. For example, authority over broadcasting has been held to fall within the federal "peace, order and good government" power. The Supreme Court of Canada, in (2004), held

neg: Separation of church and state in the United States that Jefferson echoes the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America, Roger Williams who, in 1644, wrote of However, when considered in context, the relationship appears questionable. Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States." Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In "Reynolds v. United States" (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope

neg: Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 relations, with the Convention's Committee on the Preamble and Bill of Rights initially stating that, ""the General Government of the United States is paramount to that of an individual state, except as to rights guaranteed to each State by the Constitution of the United States." But ex-Confederate Jacob N. Liggett of Rockingham County voiced the ex-Confederate doctrine that "the Federal Government is the creature of the acts of the States." Christopher Y. Thomas of Henry County proposed a compromise, to simply assert Article VI. of the U.S. Constitution for Virginia's Bill of Rights, Section 2, that "the Constitution of the

neg: Constitution of Indonesia in the Elucidation was transformed become articles in the new amendments. Then, final article of the amended Constitution states that the Constitution consists of the Preamble and the articles. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia contains the Pancasila state philosophy. States that Indonesia is a unitary republic based on law with sovereignty in the hands of the people and exercised through laws. States that the People's Consultative Assembly is made up of the members of the People's Representative Council and the Regional Representatives Council, all of the members of both bodies being directly elected. The People's Consultative Assembly

neg: Conspiracy (criminal) in an event leading up to his eventual resignation. Conspiracy against the United States, or conspiracy to defraud the United States, is a federal offense in the United States of America under . The crime is that of two or more persons who conspire to commit an offense against the United States, or to defraud the United States. The United States has a federal statute dealing with conspiracies to deprive a citizen of rights secured by the U.S. Constitution. The United Nations special rapporteur Joseph Cannataci wrote a letter to the Japanese Prime-Minister, Shinzō Abe, expressing concerns about Anti-Conspiracy Bill.

neg: Constitution Act, 1867 records. Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources. The Act begins with a preamble that declares that the three provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which would become Ontario and Quebec) have requested to form "one Dominion...with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom". This description of the Constitution has proven important in its interpretation. As Peter Hogg wrote in "Constitutional Law of Canada", some have argued that since the United Kingdom had some freedom of expression in 1867, the

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution of individual citizens to pursue legal claims allegedly arising out of the Constitution. For example, if a law was enacted which violated the Constitution, not just anybody could challenge the statute's constitutionality in court; instead, only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge. For example, a person claiming certain benefits that are created by a statute cannot then challenge, on constitutional grounds, the administrative mechanism that awards them. These same principles apply to corporate entities, and can implicate the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies. In this same vein, courts will not answer

neg: Constitution Week 17, 1787. Specifically, the Daughter's of the American Revolution state the purpose as: President Donald Trump proclaimed "Constitution Week" on September 27, 2017. Members of the Daughters of the American Revolution observe Constitution Week by ringing bells at 4pm EST on Constitution Day (Sep 17th), obtaining proclamations from public officials, creating displays in schools, libraries, courthouses, and other public areas, distributing copies of the Constitution, Preamble to the Constitution, and other patriotic literature, and other efforts to educate their community about the Constitution. Constitution Week Constitution Week is an American observance to commemorate the adoption of the United States Constitution.

neg: Reference Re Alberta Statutes automatically as well, while Cannon J considered the subject matter of the bill to be solely under federal jurisdiction. In their concurring opinion for the majority, Duff CJ and Davis J argued that press freedom was too important to be left entirely to the provinces. The three judges argued that the preamble of the "British North America Act, 1867", which states that Canada has a constitution similar to that of the United Kingdom, implies that freedom of the press is vital to Canada's democratic system. The Board declared that, as the "Alberta Social Credit Act" had been subsequently repealed by

neg: March 19, 2008 anti-war protest of Congress and protest in smaller towns across the country. The Washington D.C. chapter did push a pink bed on wheels down the street, urging Americans to "wake up". Members of the "Granny Peace Brigade" delivered hand-knitted "stump socks" – "meant to keep the ends of amputated limbs warm" – to the Department of Veterans Affairs. A "March of the Dead" demonstration was staged near the Women in Military Service for America Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery. Outside the National Archives and Records Administration protesters laid a large cloth on the ground with the Preamble to the United States Constitution

neg: Islam in the United States that there would be practical problems with abolishing slavery in North Africa; this satirizes similar arguments that were then made about the enslavement of Blacks in North America. Thomas Jefferson defended religious freedom in America including those of Muslims. Jefferson explicitly mentioned Muslims when writing about the movement for religious freedom in Virginia. In his autobiography Jefferson wrote "[When] the [Virginia] bill for establishing religious freedom ... was finally passed, ... a singular proposition proved that its protection of opinion was meant to be universal. Where the preamble declares that coercion is a departure from the plan of the holy

neg: Organic Laws of Oregon Then on July 5, 1843 the Organic Laws of Oregon are adopted by popular vote after being recommended by the Legislative Committee, with the laws modeled after Iowa’s Organic Law and the Ordinance of 1787, creating the "de facto" first Oregon constitution. Scholars and historians have appraised the First Organic Laws as being "very crude and unsatisfactory", not allowing for an effective government body to function. In the preamble this "temporary government" was intended to exist "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us." The articles of the first Section were from the 14th

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India India, the Supreme Court once again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution. As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a "sovereign democratic republic", to which the terms "Secular" and "Socialist" were later added by the 42nd Amendment. The preamble-page, along with other pages of the original Constitution of India, was designed and decorated by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur who was at Shantiniketan with acharya Nandalal Bose at that time. Nandalal Bose endorsed Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's artwork without any alteration whatsoever. As such, the page bears Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's short

neg: Joseph Story ever so much as addressed the issue explicitly. The manner in which Story framed the American republic is profoundly indicative of his philosophy. Story noted, "The Constitution of the United States was established, not by the states in their sovereignty capacities, but emphatically, as the preamble declares 'by the people of the United States." Story expanded upon Marshall's earlier rhetoric to create a more expansive proclamation of national sovereignty. Story argued that the language of the Constitution made it clear that federal power and consequently the power of the Supreme Court was necessarily supreme and uniform. Regarding the nominal issue

neg: Appeal of the Independent Democrats in imminent peril” This essentially meant, “We warn you that ideas of freedom and the Union will be destroyed if this bill will continue to stay passed. They wrote that no matter what any political figure claimed, the Union could only remain intact if slavery did not rule over everyone. They continued on with, “The Union was formed to establish justice and secure the blessings of liberty.” This referred back to the Preamble to the Constitution which stated, “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for

neg: Pledge Across America Pledge Across America The synchronized Pledge Across America is conducted each year on September 17th - Constitution Day. Pledge Across America is the nationally synchronized recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools. In 2001 shortly after September 11 the President of the United States and the United States Secretary of Education and both the United States Senate and House of Representatives joined over 52 million students in the synchronized Pledge of Allegiance to the flag. September 17, 2008 marked the 17th year the Pledge Across America takes place, and it also marked 117 years since Francis Bellamy wrote and

neg: Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia church and state, being concerned that the Commonwealth might prohibit its members from working on Sundays. Both sides to some extent achieved their objectives: Section 116 was approved by the final convention, while Glynn successfully moved for the symbolic mention of "Almighty God" in the preamble to the British statute that was to contain the Constitution. The Constitution was then approved by popular referendums in each of the six colonies and took effect on 1 January 1901 (the colonies thus became the states of Australia). Section 116 reflects two provisions of the United States Constitution: the First Amendment, which prohibits

neg: Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir show the articles included in a particular part. Articles 148 to 152 have been omitted in Part XIII. Schedules: Although India has a unitary citizenship, Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir defines a concept of Permanent Residency, in Part III. This concept is functionally similar to citizenship, and permanent residents of the State enjoy rights not enjoyed by non-residents. Citizens of India who do not have permanent residency in the State have limited property ownership rights. Preamble to the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is as quoted below. The preamble resembles almost verbatim to the Preamble to the Constitution of India.

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution the federal government, each of which is sovereign over its own affairs. Sometimes, the Supreme Court has even analogized the States to being foreign countries to each other to explain the American system of State sovereignty. However, each state's sovereignty is limited by the U.S. Constitution, which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state; in the event of a conflict, a valid federal law controls. As a result, although the federal government is (as discussed above) recognized as sovereign and has supreme power over those matters within its control, the American constitutional

neg: Virginia Conventions separating the two more controversial proposals, and the remaining constitution was ratified by referendum. It provided for the vote for African-Americans and public education. The convention concerned itself with federal-state relations, with the convention's Committee on the Preamble and Bill of Rights initially stating that, ""the General Government of the United States is paramount to that of an individual state, except as to rights guaranteed to each State by the Constitution of the United States." But Jacob N. Liggett of Rockingham County voiced the ex-Confederate doctrine that "the Federal Government is the creature of the acts of the States." Christopher

neg: Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia the United States, Micronesia has a unicameral legislature, called the National Congress, with fourteen senators. Four of them represent the four states for four-year terms, and the other ten representatives apportioned by population and serve two-year terms. Also, the National Congress is responsible for electing the President and Vice President. Most government functions other than foreign policy and national defense are carried out by the State governments. The constitution prohibits non-citizens from owning land in FSM. The constitution consists of a preamble, and sixteen articles. Article I defines the territory of the Federated States of Micronesia. Article II ensures the

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which the Constitution is meant to serve. It expresses in general terms the intentions of its authors and is sometimes referred by the courts. The Preamble does not assign any powers to the state government or provide specific limitations on government action. Despite the limited nature of the Preamble it has been cited in the courts. For example, the Preamble was cited in the cases of "Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca", "Dixon

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India Preamble to the Constitution of India The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people. The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered the heart and soul of the Constitution. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute. The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws "solely" because they are unconstitutional, but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person's interests. For example, creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt's debts are discharged cannot claim injury, because Congress' power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless. Similarly, while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused

neg: The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation (popularly known as the Constitution Annotated or CONAN) is a publication encompassing the United States Constitution with analysis and interpretation by the Congressional Research Service along with in-text annotations of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. The centennial edition of the Constitution Annotated was published in 2013 by the 112th Congress, containing more than 2,300 pages and referencing almost 6,000 cases. The need for a comprehensive guide to the interpretation of the Constitution was

neg: Compact theory Justice John Jay stated that the Constitution was established directly by the people. Jay noted the language of the Preamble of the Constitution, which says that the Constitution was ordained and established by "We the people," and stated: "Here we see the people acting as sovereigns of the whole country, and, in the language of sovereignty, establishing a Constitution by which it was their will that the State governments should be bound." In "Martin v. Hunter's Lessee" (1816), the Supreme Court explicitly rejected the idea that the Constitution is a compact among the states, stating: "The Constitution of the United

neg: Seventeen-article constitution be regarded as the highest authority. It is one of the earliest constitutions in history. The degree to which the document matches the definition of a "constitution" is debated. While it introduces principles of governance much like the preamble of modern constitutions such as the United States Constitution, it lacks other elements commonly expected. As William Theodore de Bary writes, “Prince Shotoku's ‘constitution’, placed more emphasis on basic moral and spiritual values than on the detailed codification of laws and their enforcement". This constitution remained valid until Ritsuryō went into effect in the late seventh century. It is frequently argued

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble nation today, the Preamble also acknowledges the ""contribution ... of other faiths, to the spiritual life of Fiji."" The Preamble traces Fiji's constitutional history, from its settlement by the ancestors of the Fijian and Rotuman peoples and the subsequent arrival of numerous different peoples, through the decision of Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, the King who had united all of Fiji's tribes under his leadership in 1871, and his subsequent decision to cede the country to Great Britain on 10 October 1874, and the later decision of the Rotuman chiefs to cede Rotuma in November 1879, to the gaining of independence

neg: Constitution of Australia in the constitution. However, there has been fierce opposition, usually on the basis of the content of the preamble, as well as possible legal ramifications of this text. In 1999, a proposed preamble, principally authored by John Howard, the then Prime Minister, was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum. The "Yes" vote (in favour of the insertion of the preamble) did not achieve a majority in any of the six states. At various times since Federation, debates have occurred over whether Australia should become a republic. On 6 November 1999, Australians rejected a proposal to remove

neg: United States Department of Defense functional Unified combatant commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University (NDU) and the National War College (NWC). The history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775. This coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, and create the United States Marine Corps on 10 November 1775. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) sibling could legally sue another was asked and the portion of the Preamble stating "To . . . promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, . . . we the people of Georgia. . . do ordain and establish this Constitution" was quoted in reference to an earlier case, Clabough v. Rachwal. The court found that, in this case, the family immunity doctrine was not applicable. Preamble Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which

neg: Sanford Levinson amendments through Article 5, a lack of representation in the Senate for highly populated states such as California. He also criticizes the primary process in which important states which aren't considered "battleground states" are ignored by presidential candidates. He's often called for a Second Constitutional Convention: "We ought to think about it almost literally every day, and then ask, 'Well, to what extent is government organized to realize the noble visions of the preamble?' That the preamble begins, 'We the people.' It's a notion of a people that can engage in self-determination." Levinson's book "Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution

neg: Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969 of the 1967 sovereignty referendum, where 99.19% of Gibraltarians voted against passing under Spanish sovereignty and in favour of retaining their link with Britain, with democratic local institutions and with Britain retaining its present responsibilities. The crucial feature of the 1969 Constitution for the Gibraltarians was the Preamble to the Order in Council promulgating the Constitution, in its final form began: This Preamble has been called the "single most significant statement made on the sovereignty of Gibraltar since the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht". Upon the request of the United Nations, Spain and the United Kingdom had been developing

neg: Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of law" also appear in the party's official policies regarding what they feel all laws should be based upon, and the party states, "'Human rights' as expressed in the ;"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" can only, therefore, be legitimately interpreted in light of, or in conjunction with, the higher Moral Law of God." Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and "Constitution Act, 1982". In full, it reads, Writing in 1982, when the "Charter" came

neg: Speeches of Barack Obama March 18, 2008 in the course of the contest for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential nomination. Speaking before an audience at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Obama was responding to a spike in the attention paid to controversial remarks made by the Reverend Jeremiah Wright, his former pastor and, until shortly before the speech, a participant in his campaign. Obama framed his response in terms of the broader issue of race in the United States. The speech's title was taken from the Preamble to the United States Constitution. Obama addressed the subjects of racial tensions, white privilege, and

neg: Constitution of North Korea governance. The constitution makes excessive references to the "Juche" ideology, leading Christopher Hale to conclude that "it would be accurate to call the constitution a Juche constitution". Amendments to the 1972 Constitution were made in 1992. The 1998 "Kim Il-sung Constitution" abolished the position of President and appointed Kim Il-sung, who had died in 1994, the country's Eternal President. The 1998 constitution was the first one to include a preamble. The preamble recounts on the history of the country focusing on the person of Kim Il-sung. The new, amended in 2009 version of DPRK Constitution is called the ""Songun" Constitution.

neg: Constitution of the Philippines The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas of the Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or binding by the governments of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal to them. In late 1944, President Laurel declared a state of war existed with the United States and the British Empire and proclaimed martial law, essentially ruling by decree. His government in turn went into exile in December 1944, first to Taiwan and then Japan. After the announcement of Japan's surrender, Laurel formally dissolved the Second Republic. The Preamble reads: The 1943

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution government exercises its supreme power not as a unitary entity, but instead via the three coordinate branches of the government (legislative, executive, and judicial), each of which has its own prescribed powers and limitations under the Constitution. In addition, the doctrine of separation of powers functions as a limitation on each branch of the federal government's exercise of sovereign power. One aspect of the American system of government is that, while the rest of the world now views the United States as one country, domestically American constitutional law recognizes a federation of state governments separate from (and not subdivisions of)

neg: United States Declaration of Independence May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee, calling on colonies without a "government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs" to adopt new governments. The resolution passed unanimously, and was even supported by Pennsylvania's John Dickinson, the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress, who believed that it did not apply to his colony. As was the custom, Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution. John Adams wrote the preamble, which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use

neg: Constitution of North Carolina was in 2012, when an amendment was added to limit the rights of citizens by constitutionally preventing recognition of same-sex marriage. The following are significant amendments made since the 1971 constitution: Ratified in 1789, the current North Carolina Constitution contains a Preamble and 14 articles. Each of the articles covers a different area, with the last article including all miscellaneous topics. Each article is further divided into sections. This constitution incorporates amendments into the document, unlike the United States Constitution which only appends amendments. "We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler

neg: Originalism follows: Originalism, in all its various forms, is predicated on a specific view of what the Constitution "is", a view articulated by Chief Justice John Marshall in "Marbury v. Madison": Originalism assumes that "Marbury" is correct: the Constitution is the "operating charter" granted to government by the people, as per the preamble to the United States Constitution, and its written nature introduces a certain discipline into its interpretation. Originalism further assumes that the need for such a written charter was derived from the perception, on the part of the Framers, of the abuses of power under the (unwritten) British Constitution,

neg: Freedom of religion in the United States wrote that the First Amendment erected a "wall of separation between church and state" likely borrowing the language from Roger Williams, founder of the First Baptist Church in America and the Colony of Rhode Island, who used the phrase in his 1644 book, "The Bloody Tenent of Persecution". James Madison, often regarded as the "Father of the Bill of Rights", also often wrote of the "perfect separation", "line of separation", "strongly guarded as is the separation between religion and government in the Constitution of the United States", and "total separation of the church from the state". Controversy rages in the

neg: Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 has no laws of succession, since the preamble of the Constitution Act 1867 (which states: "Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki>, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom") should be interpreted as meaning Canada must always have as its monarch the same person as is monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. He concluded that, though "it makes sense for the Canadian Parliament

neg: Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution and ensuring the independence and security of the country. Like the preamble, this provision is of symbolic, historical, political and normative value. Article 3 provides that ""the Cantons are sovereign insofar as their sovereignty is not limited by the Federal Constitution; they shall exercise all rights which are not transferred to the Confederation."" This maintains the "bottom-up" Swiss constitutional tradition according to which both the whole Confederation and the cantons are states in their own right. Much like U.S. states, the cantons are autonomous in their organisation and in their actions as states, although in principle the Confederation alone is

neg: Preamble to the United Nations Charter Preamble to the United Nations Charter The Preamble to the United Nations Charter is the opening (preamble) of the United Nations Charter. Jan Smuts from South Africa originally wrote the opening lines of the Preamble as, "The High Contracting Parties, determined to prevent a recurrence of the fratricidal strife which twice in our generation has brought untold sorrow and loss upon mankind. . ." which would have been similar to the opening lines of the Covenant of the League of Nations. After considerable argument at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, held in San Francisco, Virginia Gildersleeve from the

neg: George Winterton of Australian republicanism. In 1993, he served as a member of the Republic Advisory Committee. He was appointed as a delegate to the 1998 Constitutional Convention. He wrote the original bi-partisan appointment model. Chief Justice Robert French has written: He also proposed a new preamble for the Constitution and amendments necessary to reflect a minimalist Republican model. George spelt out certain principles which should guide the formulation of a new constitutional preamble. They were reflective of his own personality and approach to legal issues. Shortly they were: 1. A conservative principle -- the existing preamble should be retained as far