query: when was puerto rico declared a us territory

pos: History of Puerto Rico they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900, which established a civil government, and the Jones Act of 1917, which made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens, paved the way for the drafting of Puerto Rico's Constitution and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952. However, the political status of Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth controlled by the United States remains The settlement of Puerto Rico began with the

pos: Puerto Rican literature in Puerto Rico, resulting in the failed attempt known as the Grito de Lares in 1868. When the Americans invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War in 1898, many members of the Puerto Rican literary class welcomed them believing that eventually Puerto Rico would be granted its independence. Instead, Puerto Rico was declared a territory of the United States. The new government failed to realize that Puerto Rico was already a nation with its own culture and proceeded to Americanize the island. Many writers and poets expressed their opposition by writing about patriotic themes through their work. Puerto Rican literature

pos: Puerto Rico Police are 601 Franklin D. Roosevelt Avenue in San Juan. The Puerto Rico Police traces its history back to 1837, when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created "La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico" (Puerto Rico Civil Guard) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans, who at the time were Spanish subjects. It provided police services to the entire island, although many municipalities maintained their own police force. Since invading and taking possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898, as a result of the Spanish–American War, the United States has controlled the island as a US territory.

pos: Captaincy General of Puerto Rico parliament and the municipal councils occurred in early 1898. The island legislature first met in July, only eight days before the US invasion of the island. Following Spain's defeat, the US annexed Puerto Rico as a territory. Captaincy General of Puerto Rico The Captaincy General of Puerto Rico () was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire, created in 1580 to provide better military management of the island of Puerto Rico, previously under the direct rule of a simple governor and the jurisdiction of Audiencia of Santo Domingo. Its creation was part of the, ultimately futile, Habsburg attempt in the

pos: Puerto Rico on stamps were also initially overprinted "PORTO RICO" and later "PUERTO RICO". U.S. stamps are now used on the island. Insular Territories were commemorated over three months of October to December 1937, in four 3-cent stamps commemorating Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. The third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring 'La Fortaleza', the Spanish Governor's Palace. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in an 1898 treaty ending the Spanish–American War. Though some thought the stamp was limited to Puerto Rico, it was valid throughout the U.S. and its territories. The first free election for governor of the US territory of

pos: Melville Fuller something in between: "noncitizen nationals". In this famous immigration case, Isabel Gonzalez arrived from Puerto Rico at Ellis Island in August 1902. Immigration Commissioner William Williams held her as an "illegal" with plans to deport Gonzalez back to San Juan, Puerto Rico. She appealed her case, whereby the Court ruled in favor of Gonzalez and allowed her to remain in the US. Fuller's opinion did not go so far as to claim that she was automatically a US citizen, however, he recognized that Puerto Rico was a territory of the US (as of the 1898 Spanish–American War), and therefore Gonzales

pos: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris could not empower the Spanish to give what was no longer theirs. The US administered Puerto Rico as a territory, initially with a military government. It was also the age of banana republics, and here was an opportunity to create a banana republic on US occupied territory. (It was not the first one, though, as Big Five-dominated Hawaii had been annexed in 1898.) In 1901, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, Charles Herbert Allen, became the president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the American

pos: Capital punishment in Puerto Rico Capital punishment in Puerto Rico Capital punishment in Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States, is abolished. However, a number of people were executed in the territory before abolition. From the 16th century until 1898, Puerto Rico was a part of the Spanish Empire. The number of people executed in Puerto Rico by the Spanish authorities is: 289 in the 16th Century, 70 in 17th Century, 44 in the 18th Century and 144 in 19th Century. In result of the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico became U.S. territory. 27 people were executed under American administration during the 20th century.

pos: Francisco Mariano Quiñones 1898, after the Spanish–American War when Puerto Rico became a colonial territory of the United States, Quiñones joined the Puerto Rican Republican Party founded by José Celso Barbosa and which championed the idea of converting Puerto Rico into a state of the U.S.. Quiñones was elected and served as a representative in Puerto Rico's House of Representatives in 1900 and 1902. Francisco Mariano Quiñones is buried in the City of San Germán, Puerto Rico. Among his most important written works of literature are ""Artículos" (1887) and "Apuntes para la Historia de Puerto Rico" (1888). Francisco Mariano Quiñones Francisco Mariano Quiñones

pos: Puerto Rican government-debt crisis debt. Prior to 1898, the people of Puerto Rico had Spanish citizenship; after Puerto Rico stopped being part of Spain, the people of Puerto Rico had neither independent nor colonial citizenship. In April 1900, President William McKinley signed the Foraker Act, which allowed popular election of only the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico. The Insular Cases, a series of Supreme Court Opinions passed in the early 1900's defined Puerto Rico as an unincorporated territory, "a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution.” (1)

pos: Military history of Puerto Rico police occurred; one officer was killed and three others were wounded before the rest dropped their weapons and surrendered. The nationalists cut the telephone lines and burned the post office. Canales led the group into the town square where the illegal light blue version of the Puerto Rican Flag was raised (it was against the law to carry a Puerto Rican Flag from 1898 to 1952.) In the town square, Canales gave a speech and declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. The town was held by the nationalists for three days. The United States declared martial law in Puerto Rico

pos: Nuyorican Movement Lower East Side, known to much of its Puerto Rican community as Loisaida, is long and extensive. From early 1400s to the end of the 1800s, Puerto Rico had slavery and was dutiful to the Spanish Crown. With granted autonomy from Spain in 1897, Puerto Rico was allowed to elect and print their own currency for a year as a territory. In 1898, The United States seized control over the territory. Being a sugar cane and coffee dependent nation allowed for the United States to intervene and rule Puerto Rico politically and economically, with no intention of giving Puerto Ricans

pos: 2012 Puerto Rican status referendum in 1998. Puerto Rico has been an unincorporated territory of the United States since the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898. Although Puerto Ricans were granted United States citizenship with the 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act, they cannot vote for the President of the United States unless registered to vote in one of the United States. In addition, the US retains the exclusive right to create and manage foreign policy, including any that affects the island. In June 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization asked the United States to expedite the process for political status self-determination in Puerto Rico.

pos: Proposed political status for Puerto Rico status referendum, 2012, when for the first time, the majority (54%) of Puerto Ricans voted against it. Full statehood was the preferred option of those who wanted a change. The results were highly controversial: many ballots were left blank and the results were criticized by several parties. The federal government took no action except to provide funding for a subsequent referendum. The Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 was the fifth, held on June 11, 2017. Puerto Rico became an American territory in 1898 when, as per the terms of the Treaty of Paris which concluded the Spanish–American War, Spain ceded

neg: Taxation in Puerto Rico Taxation in Puerto Rico The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States and Puerto Ricans are US citizens. However, Puerto Rico is not a US state. Because of this, only Puerto Rican residents who are government employees, and those with income sources outside of the territory, pay federal income tax. All other employers and employees pay no federal "income" taxes. However, residents of Puerto Rico and businesses operating in Puerto Rico do pay some federal taxes, and the commonwealth's government has its own taxes as well. In July 2018, approximately 21% of the labor force on

neg: Decolonization 1917, Puerto Ricans became full U.S. citizens. The US government declared Puerto Rico the territory was no longer a colony and stopped transmitting information about it to the United Nations Decolonization Committee. As a result, the UN General Assembly removed Puerto Rico from the U.N. list of non-self-governing territories. Four referenda showed little support for independence, but much interest in statehood such as Hawaii and Alaska received in 1959. The Monroe Doctrine was expanded by the Roosevelt Corollary in 1904, providing that the United States had a right and obligation to intervene "in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence"

neg: Politics of Puerto Rico in Puerto Rico are counted in the decennial population census and in some other demographic studies carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau, but are not included in the national totals since Puerto Rico is only a territory of the US. Despite the fact that the U.S. Federal Government holds ultimate sovereignty over all U.S. citizens and the territory of Puerto Rico, residents of Puerto Rico are without an effective voice in that government. To be clear, this is not because Puerto Rican residents do not have the right to vote. Rather it is because the territory itself does not

neg: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Paris. Puerto Rico became an unincorporated, organized territory of the US with Commonwealth status through a series of judicial decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States, collectively known as "The Insular Cases" and the enactment of several statutes by Congress. In 1900, the US Congress enacted the Foraker Act, establishing a civil government in the territory and then in 1917, Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship, by the enactment of the Jones-Shafroth Act. The Office of the President is responsible for policy relations between the United States and Puerto Rico, although according to the Territorial Clause of Constitution

neg: Tropical Depression Fifteen (1970) as one of the worst in Puerto Rico history. The Governor of the Virgin Islands, Melvin Evans, requested aid similar to Puerto Rico, and that territory was also declared a federal disaster area about a week after the rains ended. The heavy rainfall in the Virgin Islands caused a marked dinoflagellate algal bloom in the days after the rains ended. Tropical Depression Fifteen (1970) Tropical Depression Fifteen in 1970 was the wettest known tropical cyclone to affect the United States territory of Puerto Rico. The long-lived depression formed on September 24 just off the west coast of Africa, and for

neg: History of Puerto Rico military rule of the island after the Spanish–American War. It was formed by Luis Munoz Rivera and other members of the Autonomist Party. The Partido Federal favored immediate transformation of Puerto Rico into an organized unincorporated territory and eventually join US statehood. The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico (Socialist Labor Party of Puerto Rico) were founded by Santiago Iglesias Pantin. Overtime the Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico was also in favor of statehood with the US. The Partido Federal campaigned for assimilation into the United States and wanted to develop prosperously with their best interests under the new

neg: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico (Treaty of Paris) became effective, and established a military government in Puerto Rico. This was short lived, since the following year (April 2, 1900) Congress enacted the Foraker Act, which established a civil government and free trade between Puerto Rico and the USA. Puerto Ricans, although incapable of electing members of the territory's executive branch, but were now able to elect their local representatives and a resident commissioner to the US Congress, who had voice but no vote. In 1917, the enactment of the Jones-Shafroth Act the territory of Puerto Rico was organized and statutory US citizenship was granted to

neg: Status quo movement in Puerto Rico Status quo movement in Puerto Rico The status quo movement in Puerto Rico refers to initiatives throughout the history of Puerto Rico aimed at maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico, that of a commonwealth of the United States. Puerto Rico is currently a territory of the United States. As a Commonwealth, Puerto Rico receives less in federal funding than the states. Residents are US citizens and can vote in elections but do not have the right to vote in presidential elections. They receive lower Social Security and Medicare benefits. The Commonwealth or municipal governments of Puerto Rico are

neg: Juan Manuel García Passalacqua in Mount Vernon, Ohio Governor Fortuño declared three days of mourning, July 3, 5 and 6, during which the flags of Puerto Rico and United States will be flown at half-mast. Flags are never flown at half-mast on Independence Day, even though Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory. Juan Manuel García Passalacqua Juan Manuel Garcia-Passalacqua (February 22, 1937 – July 2, 2010) was a well-known lawyer, writer and political analyst from Puerto Rico. Garcia Passalacqua, who was born in the Hato Rey district of San Juan, Puerto Rico, showed interest in studying from a very young age, and he held

neg: Economy of Puerto Rico the Commonwealth's government managed funds of $10.12 billion. As result of the recent reduction of Spain's credit rating, Puerto Rico holds the second highest credit rating awarded by the agency to a Spanish speaking territory in the long term (BBB+, Stable ). In June 2013, a $300 million US Medicaid payment to Puerto Rico was delayed because the Puerto Rican Government had changed their nationally sponsored insurance carrier without obtaining approval from the US Health and Human Services Department. This one of several troubling economic developments, including high debt to population ratios, that have, per Forbes Magazine, caused consternation in

neg: 51st state in the US House of Representatives but does not have full voting power, due to its unequal status as a US territory. The legislation cites the two referenda Puerto Rico voted on in favor of Statehood to call on Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a State as an expression of the will of the people in the territory. Guam (formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. In the 1980s and early 1990s, there

neg: United States–Venezuela relations Puerto Rico as a base for actions against him and Latin America. He referred to Puerto Rico as a "gringo colony" and that one day the island would be liberated. During the 2008 U.S. election, Chávez declared that he had no preference between Barack Obama and John McCain stating "the two candidates for the US presidency attack us equally, they attack us defending the interests of the empire". After Obama had won the election, Venezuela's foreign minister labeled the outcome a historic moment in international relations and added that the American people had chosen a "new brand" of diplomacy. When

neg: Flag of Puerto Rico position, that their flag is older than Puerto Rico's. The shipping company's flag is still in use, . Some of the flags which have at one time or another flown over Puerto Rican soil prior to Puerto Rico becoming a United States Territory: Flag of Puerto Rico The flag of Puerto Rico represents and symbolizes the island of Puerto Rico and its people. The origins of the current flag of Puerto Rico, adopted by the commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952, can be traced to 1868, when the first Puerto Rican flag, "The Revolutionary Flag of Lares", was conceived by

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Jayuya Uprising was a revolt in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico, which occurred on October 30, 1950. The revolt, led by Blanca Canales, was one of the most notable among the various revolts which occurred that day against the island's US-supported government. In the town square, Canales gave a speech and declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. Under the direction of the Puerto Rican commander of the Puerto Rican National Guard, the town was attacked by US-supplied planes and artillery. The town was held by the Nationalists for three days. The Utuado Uprising was a revolt that occurred in

neg: Juan Mari Brás States." The court based this decision on the Immigration and Nationality Act section 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38), which defines the term "United States", and evince that Puerto Rico is a part of the United States for such purposes. In light of the Supreme Court's decision, on June 4, 1998, the U.S. State Department reversed its November 22, 1995 decision and declared that Mari Brás was still a US citizen. The U.S. State Department argued that as Mari Brás had continued living in a US territory, he was still a US citizen. According to the State Department, US Immigration and Naturalization

neg: Caparra Archaeological Site Caparra Archaeological Site Caparra is an archaeological site in the municipality of Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. It was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1994. The site contains the remains of the first Spanish capital of the island, settled in 1508 and abandoned in 1521. It represents the oldest known European settlements on United States territory. The site is on the grounds of the Museum of the Conquest and Colonization of Puerto Rico (Museo de la Conquista y Colonizaciòn), which features artifacts from the site and other archaeological sites in Puerto Rico. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the

neg: Independence movement in Puerto Rico proposed the idea of independence for Puerto Rico. The men were disappointed when their ideas were rejected by the US government and the island was organized as a US territory. Zeno Gandia returned to the island and continued as an activist. A number of leaders, including a well-known intellectual and legislator called José de Diego, sought independence from the United States via political accommodation. On June 5, 1900, President William McKinley named De Diego, together with Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, José Celso Barbosa, Manuel Camuñas, and Andrés Crosas to an Executive Cabinet under U.S.-appointed Governor Charles H. Allen. The Executive Cabinet

neg: Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status within the United States. According to this report, residence in Puerto Rico and U.S. territories and possessions does not qualify as residence within the United States for these purposes. Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory (see above) and not a U.S. state, the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise US citizens residing in Puerto Rico. Only the "fundamental rights" under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Rico, including the Privileges and Immunities Clause (U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the Comity Clause) that prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in

neg: History of Puerto Rico which the United States was not fully self-sufficient. An economically evolving Puerto Rico called for a new advancement in political status. Powerful, innovative Puerto Rican leaders including Luis Muñoz Rivera, José de Diego, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, Manuel Zeno Gandía, Luis Lloréns Torres, Eugenio Benítez Castaño, and Pedro Franceschi contributed to the rise of multiple successful political parties. However, the birth of multiple political groups led to a diversion of the island's interests: uniting as a statehood with the US, becoming a US territory commonwealth, or declaring independence altogether. In 1900, the Partido Federal (Federal Party) was formed during the US

neg: Puerto Ricans in the United States "Regla del Sacar", in which people of mixed-race origin were identified as "white", the opposite of the one-drop rule in the United States. Puerto Rican culture is a blend of Spanish, Taíno, and West African cultures, with recent influences from the United States and neighboring Latin American and Caribbean countries. Due to Puerto Rico's status as a US territory, people in Puerto Rico have the most exposure to US culture and Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States tend to be the most "American-ized" of all major Hispanic groups. Though, 1st-generation Puerto Rico-born migrants tend to be more traditional, while

neg: Status quo movement in Puerto Rico prohibited from filing for bankruptcy. In the Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012, 54% of the ballots cast were against the continuation of the island's status as a territory of the US. Of the votes for new status, a 61.1% majority chose statehood. This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates. In all earlier referenda, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. On December 11, 2012, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent

neg: Puerto Rico v. Branstad the end the Extradition Act, which clearly includes U.S. territories. Justice O'Connor noted that fact in her concurrence and did not join the opinion of the Court regarding Puerto Rico's status. Justice Scalia also did not join that section of the opinion and noted that "no party before us has asserted the lack of power of Congress to require extradition from a State to a Territory." The decision effectively overruled "Kentucky v. Dennison" and reversed the judgments of the Eighth Circuit and the Southern District of Iowa. Puerto Rico v. Branstad Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219 (1987), was

neg: Puerto Rico Teachers Federation resulted in arrests and jail time for members of the union. On February 21, 2008, the FMPR officially declared a strike. Exactly nine days after it began, the FMPR declared the strike over. Puerto Rico Teachers Federation The Teachers' Federation of Puerto Rico (, FMPR) is a union of teachers in Puerto Rico. Its primary base is among employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Education. The FMPR was formed in 1960s by radical union activists. It currently has 32,000 members, making it one of the largest unions in Puerto Rico. The FMPR has recently disaffiliated from the American Federation

neg: Territories of the United States express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States, especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary." Part of the act of incorporation is on the people of the territory, not on the territory per se, by extending the privileges and immunities clause of the constitution to them, such as when it was extended to Puerto Rico in 1947 (despite this, Puerto Rico remains officially unincorporated). The 2016 Supreme Court case "Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle" ruled that territories don't have their own sovereignty. In 2016, the Supreme Court declined to rule on

neg: Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol nation through schools and public aviation events. Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol The Puerto Rico Wing of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in the territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Wing headquarters are located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing consists of over 1,000 cadet and adult members at over 34 locations across the territory of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing performs the three primary missions of the Civil Air Patrol: providing emergency services; offering cadet programs for youth; and providing aerospace education for Civil Air Patrol

neg: Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol Puerto Rico Wing Civil Air Patrol The Puerto Rico Wing of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is the highest echelon of Civil Air Patrol in the territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Wing headquarters are located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing consists of over 1,000 cadet and adult members at over 34 locations across the territory of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Wing performs the three primary missions of the Civil Air Patrol: providing emergency services; offering cadet programs for youth; and providing aerospace education for Civil Air Patrol members and the general public. The Civil

neg: Puerto Rico National Guard Puerto Rico National Guard may be called into federal service in response to a call by the President of the United States or Congress, usually at the request of the governor of Puerto Rico. When under state/territory control, the governor serves as commander-in-chief. When troops from the Puerto Rico National Guard are called to federal service, the President serves as commander-in-chief. The federal mission assigned to the different National Guards is: "To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, national emergency or as otherwise needed." The governor of Puerto Rico may call individuals or units of

neg: Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Non-Self-Governing Territories Commission while the situation was being overseen. Following a prolonged debate, the United States managed to convince the United Nations to remove Puerto Rico from the Commission's scope with the argument that a new status -in association by mutual agreement [and] invested with political sovereignty – had been reached. Parallel to this, Fernós presented Joint Resolution 252 in the US House of Representatives, also known as the "Cosmetic Project", it was the first step to "perfect" his model. The bill intended to "fortify" the notion that Puerto Rico was no longer a territory or possession and directly focused

neg: History of Puerto Rico The European powers quickly realized the potential of the newly discovered lands and attempted to gain control of them. The first school in Puerto Rico and the first school in the United States after Puerto Rico became a US territory, was the Escuela de Gramatica (Grammar School). The school was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513, in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy, and theology. Sparked by the possibility of immense wealth, many European powers

neg: English language in Puerto Rico English language in Puerto Rico English, along with Spanish, is an official language of the Government of Puerto Rico. Spanish has been an official language in Puerto Rico since it was colonized in the 15th century. English, on the other hand, was first introduced as an official language when the United States occupied the island during the Spanish–American War. Since then, the Puerto Rican government has declared English an official language on several occasions while removing it from that status on as many occasions. Spanish is the most widely spoken and written language, and the vast majority of Puerto Ricans

neg: John Robles John Robles John Anthony Robles II (born 10 April 1966) is a journalist and presenter on the Voice of Russia the Russian government's international radio broadcasting service. He is the presenter of the English Language program "Moscow Mailbag" which answers questions from listeners all over the world on all aspects of the USSR and Russia. He was born a US Citizen in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico being a US territory and is of Taino Indian extraction. John and his two American born children were granted full political asylum in the Russian Federation in 2007 after the US Embassy

neg: Dependent territory Puerto Rico, "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico", literally "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico", which sounds similar to "free association" particularly when loosely used in Spanish, is sometimes erroneously interpreted to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is based on a Compact of Free Association and at other times erroneously held to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is based on an Interstate compact. This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. For various reasons Puerto Rico's political status

neg: Río Piedras, Puerto Rico Río Piedras, Puerto Rico Río Piedras is a former municipality of Puerto Rico, which was consolidated with the capital municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1951. It was founded in 1714, and has been the home of the University of Puerto Rico's main campus since 1903, earning the popular name of "Ciudad Universitaria" (University City). Río Piedras' origins go back to 1714 when a settlement along the shores of the Piedras river was recognized by Governor Juan de Rivera. Originally known as El Roble, it eventually adopted the name of the river that crossed its territory (Río Piedras in

neg: History of Puerto Rico US administration. They wanted to fully integrate US law and government. Their plan was to become a territory and have representation through a delegate and eventually become a US state with no restrictions. The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico did not advocate for independence. Instead party leader, Santiago Iglesias Pantin, advocated for statehood and change in economic policies which were influenced by his practice in founding the Federación Regional de Trabajadores (Regional Workers Federation) and labor newspaper "Ensayo Obrero". The party was based on the principles of the Socialist Labor Party of America and received much support from American

neg: Puerto Rico at the 2018 Winter Olympics island territory, effectively ending any hopes for athletes competing at the Winter Olympics. Alpine skier Kristina Krone qualified to represent the territory at both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Sochi respectively. However, both times the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee refused to even acknowledge her qualification and the territory did not compete. In December 2017, the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee allowed a six-month temporary membership to the Winter Sports Federation, thus allowing the territory to compete at the 2018 Games. Although Charles Flaherty was born in the mainland United States, he has resided in Puerto Rico for

neg: Puerto Rican crested anole also used in determining dominance when attempting to control territory. They are usually in length, but can occasionally grow up to . When looking for a mate or defending its territory, this anole will display its dewlap and perform "push-ups" to establish dominance. Males aggressively defend territories when mating, but only rarely does this result in physical combat. As a defense against predators, they autotomize their tails. The Puerto Rican crested anole is found throughout Puerto Rico, excepting some of the mountainous regions of the island. They are also found on some offshore islands of Puerto Rico. Anoles have been

neg: English language in Puerto Rico using Spanish." English language in Puerto Rico English, along with Spanish, is an official language of the Government of Puerto Rico. Spanish has been an official language in Puerto Rico since it was colonized in the 15th century. English, on the other hand, was first introduced as an official language when the United States occupied the island during the Spanish–American War. Since then, the Puerto Rican government has declared English an official language on several occasions while removing it from that status on as many occasions. Spanish is the most widely spoken and written language, and the vast majority of

neg: Hurricane Betsy (1956) a total of , which was the highest total related to Betsy's passage. Across Puerto Rico, Betsy destroyed 15,023 houses and left $40 million in damage. There were sixteen deaths on the island, which was less than expected due to well-heeded warnings. There were also 24 injuries in the territory related to the storm. Betsy was the first hurricane on record to be observed from the San Juan radar. On the island, it is known as the Santa Clara hurricane. Due to the damage, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower declared Puerto Rico as a disaster area on August 18, which allocated

neg: Griselio Torresola Massacre (1937), the extrajudicial murders of some members, and the jailing of Pedro Albizu Campos, president of the Nationalist Party, for his advocacy of violent resistance. They felt the impending changes of Puerto Rico's status from a non-autonomous territory to a partially self-governing commonwealth were a continuation of United States imperialism. They viewed Puerto Rico as a colony demanding independence from the United States. On October 30, 1950, Torresola's brother and sister participated in the Jayuya Uprising, part of insurgent efforts across Puerto Rico by Nationalists. They attacked police headquarters and other facilities. The island government declared martial law and

neg: Roman Catholic Diocese of Caguas diocese of the Metropolitan Province of San Juan de Puerto Rico, of which it was previously a part. Auxiliary Bishops †= Deceased On September 7, 2018, following a similar ruling by the Puerto Rico Supreme Court, US Bankruptcy Judge Edward Godoy ruled that the bankruptcy filed by the Archdiocese of San Juan would also apply to every other Puerto Rican Catholic Diocese, including Caguas, and that assets would be seized from the Puerto Rican Catholic Church. Roman Catholic Diocese of Caguas The Roman Catholic Diocese of Caguas () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in

neg: Jayuya Uprising were fired, one officer was killed, three were wounded, and the other officers surrendered. The Nationalists cut the telephone lines and burned the U.S. post office. Canales led the group into the town square where, in defiance of the Puerto Rico Gag Law, they raised the Puerto Rican Flag. In the town square, Canales declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. Torresola had a brother, Griselio Torresola, living in New York City, who was outraged by the attacks. The governor, Luis Muñoz Marin, declared martial law. The Puerto Rico National Guard, under the command of the Puerto Rico Adjutant General, Major

neg: Puerto Rico Outgoing Committee on Government Transition Law No. 197 of 2002 declared by the 14th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico thereafter established and regulated the transitioning process, and set forth which government officers shall be part of the Outgoing Committee. The law establishes that certain government officials must be part of the Committee and allows the Governor to appoint up to three additional officials. The required members include the following: Puerto Rico Outgoing Committee on Government Transition The Puerto Rico Outgoing Committee on Government Transition () is one of the two ad hoc committees formed when the executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico must

neg: Puerto Rico Incoming Committee on Government Transition government. Law No. 197 of 2002 declared by the 14th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico thereafter established and regulated the transitioning process, and set forth the rules for the Committee. The law also established that the Governor-elect may appoint up to 10 members to the Committee, from which the position of President and Executive Director must be filled. Puerto Rico Incoming Committee on Government Transition The Puerto Rico Incoming Committee on Government Transition () is one of the two ad hoc committees formed when the executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico must transition from one Governor to another.

neg: Electoral reform in Puerto Rico Electoral reform in Puerto Rico Electoral reform in Puerto Rico refers to the efforts to reform the process and regulation of voting, as well as the electoral and governmental relations with the United States in the unincorporated territory of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Since 1917, people born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens. As such, they are entitled to vote at the federal level, but not from the island, as the territory is not incorporated. The legal restriction to vote at the federal level extends only to the territory, not to its citizens. This means that all U.S. citizens

neg: Puerto Rico Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. However, Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner. As residents of a U.S. territory, American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States, nor pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income. Like other territories and the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators. Congress approved a local constitution in 1952, allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. Puerto Rico's future political status has consistently been

neg: Puerto Rico Democracy Act Puerto Rico is a self-governing unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands. It was ceded to the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris during the Spanish–American War. In 1952, the U.S. Congress ratified the Constitution of Puerto Rico, proclaiming Puerto Rico as an insular commonwealth. However, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has territorial status subject to United States congressional authority under the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, "to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory

neg: Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War was presented before the US House of Representatives as requested. After a sister project was presented in the US Senate by James E. Murray, the collective bills became known as the Fernós-Murray Project. This initiative intended to replace the Federal Relation Statute of Public Law 600 with a series of "association articles" and requested Congress to make it clear that Puerto Rico was no longer a territory or possession of the United States. The Fernós-Murray Project also included the multilateral economy, as stated in the original concept of the "Estado Libre Asociado". Another straggled proposal that it intended to revive

neg: French immigration to Puerto Rico islands of Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and Puerto Rico to re-establish their commercial, trading and agricultural enterprises. These islands were part of the Spanish and New World Catholic Empire, which welcomed and protected the French from their English and Protestant enemy. When the British attempted to invade Puerto Rico in 1797 under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby, many of the newly arrived French immigrants offered their services to the Spanish colonial government in Puerto Rico in defense of the Island that had taken them in when they fled from the Louisiana "Territory" of the United States.

neg: Supreme Court of Puerto Rico controversial instance occurred in November 2004, when the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico declared that all ballots should be counted during the Puerto Rican general election, 2004. The New Progressive Party brought the matter to the Federal Court and claimed that some of the ballots were applied. Federal Judge Daniel Dominguez took jurisdiction of the case, in a ruling that would effectively have nullified the decision of the Supreme Court. However, on December 15, 2004, the First Circuit Court reversed Dominguez's decision and found that questions on the electoral process of Puerto Rico are matters reserved for the Puerto Rico

neg: Punta Cana International Airport in Puerto Rico, which is considered part of Latin America but is a U.S. territory) to offer such preclearance service. On October 13, 2014, the engine of a Jetstream Bae 32 aircraft belonging to Air Century Airlines caught fire while landing after a charter flight from Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The airplane crew declared an emergency and landed the aircraft at 20:45 local time, after a 49-minute flight, but the plane was destroyed in a subsequent fire. There were no injuries among the 13 passengers and two crew members. Punta Cana International Airport Punta

neg: Political status of Puerto Rico in Puerto Rico is an American citizen, with 41% believing that person would be a Puerto Rican citizen, and 15% not sure. Political status of Puerto Rico The political status of Puerto Rico is that of an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, the island is neither a sovereign nation nor a U.S. state. Because of that ambiguity, the territory, as a polity, lacks certain rights but enjoys certain benefits that other polities have or lack. For instance, in contrast to sovereign nations, Puerto Rico does not have voting rights in its federal legislature nor in electing its

neg: 3-D Secure since Visa and Mastercard treat the unincorporated US territory of Puerto Rico as a non-US international, rather than a domestic US location, cardholders there may confront a greater incidence of 3-D Secure queries than cardholders in the fifty states. Complaints to that effect have been received by Puerto Rico Department of Consumer Affairs "equal treatment" economic discrimination site. The newest variant of 3D Secure, which incorporates one-time passwords, is a form of software-based strong authentication. However, the legacy variant with static passwords does not meet the European Central Bank's (ECB) January 2013 requirements. 3D Secure relies upon the issuer actively

neg: Baseball in Puerto Rico a score of 9 to 3. Later that same year, Puerto Rico became an American territory when the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish–American War. By way of recreation, the American soldiers stationed in Puerto Rico were permitted to organize a baseball club to play against the local Puerto Rican clubs. On November 4, 1900 the "Almendares" Baseball Club trounced the American Baseball Club of the Second Regiment of Infantry, by a score of 32 to 18. In the early 1920s teams from Puerto Rico, such as the San Juan Baseball Club and the Porto Rican Stars, would travel

neg: Political status of Puerto Rico speak at the UN. The U.S. position has not been that Puerto Rico is not a territory; rather, the U.S. position of record, based on General Assembly Resolution 748, is that the Decolonization Committee lacks jurisdiction, that the matter is one for the United States and Puerto Rico to resolve, and that Puerto Rico has not sought a new status." In 1972, the UN set a precedent when, after approving Puerto Rico's association with the United States in 1953 as sufficient evidence to remove PR from the list of Colonized Countries, the United Nations reopened the matter in 1972 and

neg: 1998 Puerto Rican general strike offered a "fire sale price, at least $3bn below its value". Some Puerto Ricans saw the proposal as an attempt to gain favor with mainland US business interests, to promote Rosselló's declared goal of statehood for the commonwealth. The PRTC was seen as an organizational focus of nationalistic pride among many on the island. Representing a militant extreme, the Boricua Popular Army said, "This sale is nothing more than a declaration of war. Now they will know what war is." On 19 June 1998, when the Senate of Puerto Rico approved the sale, 6,400 PRTC workers went on strike. The

neg: Kiaraliz Medina Kiaraliz Medina Kiaraliz Medina Morales (born November 24, 1992) is a Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder from Moca, Puerto Rico who was named Miss America Puerto Rico 2012. She won the title of Miss Puerto Rico on July 14, 2012, when she received her crown from outgoing titleholder Laura Ramirez. Medina’s platform is “The Power within Us: Reinforcing positive self-esteem” and she said she hoped to improve self-esteem among young people during her year as Miss Puerto Rico. Her competition talent is Flamenco dancing. Medina is a junior at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez majoring in chemical engineering.

neg: Puerto Rico the United Nations approved Resolution 748, removing Puerto Rico's classification as a non-self-governing territory. The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self-governing status of Puerto Rico. According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Political Status in its December 21, 2007 report, the U.S., in its written submission to the UN in 1953, never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory's consent. It stated that the U.S. Justice

neg: University of Puerto Rico strikes, 2017 University of Puerto Rico strikes, 2017 The 2017 University of Puerto Rico strikes were a series of student strikes which began on the March 28, 2017, when the university's campus at Rio Piedras declared a one-week shutdown, from the 28th of March to the 5th of April followed by an indefinite strike, which began on the 6th of April. The strikes come as a response to a budget cut of 450 million dollars to the public university system, proposed by the controversial Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act. A national assembly, which took place on the 5th of

neg: Puerto Rico at the 2018 Winter Olympics several years, which gave him eligibility to compete for the territory. The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Puerto Rican delegation per sport. Puerto Rico qualified one male athlete, Charles Flaherty. Puerto Rico at the 2018 Winter Olympics Puerto Rico competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018. This marked the return of the territory to the Winter Olympics for the first time since 2002. It was represented by only one athlete, alpine skier Charles Flaherty. In 2002, the bobsleigh team that was set to compete for

neg: Political status of Puerto Rico Political status of Puerto Rico The political status of Puerto Rico is that of an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, the island is neither a sovereign nation nor a U.S. state. Because of that ambiguity, the territory, as a polity, lacks certain rights but enjoys certain benefits that other polities have or lack. For instance, in contrast to sovereign nations, Puerto Rico does not have voting rights in its federal legislature nor in electing its federal head of government. But, in contrast to U.S. states, residents of Puerto Rico are not subject to federal income taxes. The

neg: Politics of Puerto Rico a former edition of the US Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual, "the fact that someone is a natural born citizen pursuant to a statute does not necessarily imply that he or she is such a citizen for Constitutional purposes." The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in the United Nations and the International Community. According to two consecutive Bush Administration President's Task Force Reports, the latest of which was issued on December 21, 2007 Puerto Rico is an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, subject to the plenary

neg: Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico, , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that certain provisions of the U.S. Constitution did not apply to territories not incorporated into the union. It originated when Jesús M. Balzac was prosecuted for criminal libel in a district court of Puerto Rico. Balzac declared that his rights had been violated under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as he was denied a trial by jury, since the code of criminal procedure of Puerto Rico did not grant a jury trial in misdemeanor cases. In

neg: Sports in Puerto Rico Rico became an American territory when the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish–American War. The American soldiers stationed in Puerto Rico were permitted to organize a baseball club to play against the local clubs as diversional outlet. On November 4, 1900 the Almendares Baseball Club composed of Puerto Ricans and Cubans beat the American Baseball Club of the Second Regiment of Infantry with a score of 32 to 18. In the early 1920s, teams from Puerto Rico, such as the San Juan Stars, would travel to New York City and play against some of teams there which included teams

neg: LGBT rights in Puerto Rico on the legal rights of LGBT citizens. Same-sex marriage has been legal in the commonwealth since June 2015, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of "Obergefell v. Hodges" that same-sex marriage bans are unconstitutional. In 2002, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court ruled that the commonwealth's ban on sodomy was constitutional. The next year, however, the U.S. Supreme Court declared unconstitutional all state and territorial statutes penalizing consensual sodomy, when limited to noncommercial acts between consenting adults in private, in "Lawrence v. Texas". Puerto Rico modified its Penal Code in 2004 to reflect the decision and remove private,

neg: Puerto Rican citizenship del territorio de Puerto Rico será ciudadano de Puerto Rico"" ("Every person who possesses the nationality and is a citizen of the United States and resides within the jurisdiction of the territory of Puerto Rico shall be a citizen of Puerto Rico"). Since the summer of 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to grant Puerto Rican citizenship certificates to Puerto Ricans. Certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship are issued to any persons born on the island as well as to those born outside of the island that have at least one parent who was born on the

neg: Charles Flaherty (alpine skier) Caribbean waters. He also trains in Canada and Chile for a few weeks each summer. Flaherty had to convince the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee to allow him to compete for the country. In 2002, the bobsleigh team that was set to compete for Puerto Rico was withdrawn as one athlete (Michael Gonzales) did not meet Puerto Rico Olympic Committee rules about eligibility. After this, the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee withdrew the recognition of the Winter Sports Federation for the territory, effectively ending any hopes for athletes competing at the Winter Olympics. Alpine skier Kristina Krone qualified to represent the territory

neg: Young Republican Federation of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico was the host organization of the 2011 Young Republican Federation National Convention, held in San Juan, Puerto Rico. As of 2017, the YRFPR Executive Committee consists of: Young Republican Federation of Puerto Rico The Young Republican Federation of Puerto Rico, commonly referred to as the Puerto Rico Young Republicans or YRFPR, is a political organization for members of the Republican Party of the United States between the ages of 18 and 40. It is the official chartered chapter of the Young Republicans in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. Young Republican Clubs are both social and political in

neg: United States of Banana years prior for the crime of having been born. When the king remarries, he frees his son, and for the sake of reconciliation, makes Puerto Rico the fifty-first state and grants American passports to all Latin American citizens. The experimental play dramatizes the plight of Latino prisoners in the United States, Puerto Rico's position as an American territory, and Braschi's struggle for liberty. By having the people of Puerto Rico vote on Segismundo's liberty, the work satirizes the three political options of Puerto Rico: statehood, nation, and colony. In 2017, the novel was adapted as a Swedish graphic novel illustrated

neg: Charles Flaherty (alpine skier) at both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Sochi respectively. However, both times the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee refused to even acknowledge her qualification and the territory did not compete. In December 2017, the Puerto Rico Olympic Committee allowed a six-month temporary membership to the Winter Sports Federation, without funding, thus allowing the territory to compete at the 2018 Games. Although Flaherty was born in the United States, he has resided in Puerto Rico Since 2010, which gave him eligibility to compete for the country. Puerto Rico Olympic Committee’s eligibility requirement is three years of residency on

neg: History of the United States (2008–present) Hurricane Wilma in 2005. It devastated Houston, Texas, causing extreme flooding, 83 confirmed deaths, and an estimated $70 billion to $200 billion in damage. Harvey's highest winds hit 130 mph. In September 2017, Hurricane Irma hit Florida, killing 102 people and causing over $62.87 billion in damage, making it unofficially the fourth-costliest hurricane on record. The size of the storm spanned across the entire Florida peninsula, and all 67 counties of Florida declared a state of emergency. Irma's highest winds were 185 mph. Later in September 2017, Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico, a US territory, killing over 547 people and

neg: Presidential executive orders on the political status of Puerto Rico the December 2007 report reiterated and confirmed the U.S. position that had been expressed in the report of 2005: that Puerto Rico continued to be a territory of the U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress. This position continues to be shared by the other two major political parties in Puerto Rico: New Progressive Party and the Puerto Rican Independence Party. On March 16, 2011, the President's Task Force on Political Status issued a third report which once again concludes that "(u)nder the Commonwealth option, Puerto Rico would remain, as it is today, subject to the Territory Clause

neg: University of Puerto Rico strikes, 2017 strike ended on June 7, 2017, when the last remaining campus still on strike, Humacao, voted during an assembly to end their shutdown. University of Puerto Rico strikes, 2017 The 2017 University of Puerto Rico strikes were a series of student strikes which began on the March 28, 2017, when the university's campus at Rio Piedras declared a one-week shutdown, from the 28th of March to the 5th of April followed by an indefinite strike, which began on the 6th of April. The strikes come as a response to a budget cut of 450 million dollars to the public university

neg: Politics of Puerto Rico 1978, guaranteeing the right of self-determination to the People of Puerto Rico. Under the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of administrative autonomy similar to that of a U.S. state. Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917 as a result of the Jones–Shafroth Act. The act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917. U.S. Federal law approved by the President Harry S. Truman on June 27, 1952 declared all persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941 to be

neg: Sports in Puerto Rico was built in San Juan in 1887. One of the most popular sports was "Boliche". The men would gather in the town plaza and roll a small ball made of wood with the objective of knocking down pins. "Boliche" was similar to bowling. Another popular sport was bullfighting, which was limited to the larger cities of Ponce and San Juan. In the late 19th century "new" sports were introduced in Puerto Rico, after Puerto Rico became an American territory when the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish–American War. Baseball, which was invented in the United States, was introduced to

neg: History of women in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico approved law number 102 that declared every March 2 "Día Internacional de la Mujer" (International Women's Day) as a tribute to the Puerto Rican women. However, the government of Puerto Rico decided that it would only be proper that a week instead of a day be dedicated in tribute to the accomplishments and contributions of the Puerto Rican women. Therefore, on September 16, 2004, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico passed law number 327, which declares the second week of the month of March the "Semana de la Mujer en Puerto Rico" (Women's week in Puerto Rico). In

neg: Proposed political status for Puerto Rico and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty". Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The proposed political status for Puerto Rico encompasses the different schools of thought on whether Puerto Rico, currently a Commonwealth of the United States, should change its current political status. Although there are many differing points of view, there are four that emerge in principle: that Puerto Rico maintains its current status, becomes a state of the United States, becomes fully independent, or becomes a freely associated state. Even though Puerto Rico was granted local autonomy in 1952, it remains a territory of the United

neg: Proposed political status for Puerto Rico Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The proposed political status for Puerto Rico encompasses the different schools of thought on whether Puerto Rico, currently a Commonwealth of the United States, should change its current political status. Although there are many differing points of view, there are four that emerge in principle: that Puerto Rico maintains its current status, becomes a state of the United States, becomes fully independent, or becomes a freely associated state. Even though Puerto Rico was granted local autonomy in 1952, it remains a territory of the United States. Its ambiguous status continues to spark political debates

neg: Puerto Rico Air National Guard Puerto Rico Air National Guard The Puerto Rico Air National Guard (PR ANG) —— is the air force militia of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States of America. It is, along with the Puerto Rico Army National Guard and the Puerto Rico State Guard, an element of the Puerto Rico National Guard. After beginning as four units, the PRANG expanded to 11 units by the 1980s, including the 1956th Tactics Combat Group, the 140th Radar Squadron and others. As commonwealth militia units, the units in the Puerto Rico Air National Guard are not in

neg: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico is the official name of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Literally translated, it means ""Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"". The official name was adopted in 1952. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Some authorities have stated that the official name "Estado Libre Asociado" constitutes an euphemism, that is, a term intended to give positive appearances to negative events or even mislead entirely, and have charged that the official name in English of "Commonwealth" constitutes a fig leaf, i.e., a term used figuratively and

neg: Puerto Rico United Nations (U.N.) Declaration on Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (Spanish for "Rich Port"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (, "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico") and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately southeast of Miami, Florida. An archipelago among the Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. The capital and most populous city is San Juan. The territory's total population is approximately 3.4 million. Spanish and English are the official languages, although

neg: Puerto Rico previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador. As it is a territory of the United States of America, the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander-in-chief. Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard, and its own state defense force, the Puerto Rico State Guard, which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard. The commander-in-chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Puerto Rico still used today on the island as it remains a territory serviced by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Puerto Rican stamps have, as one might safely assume, featured matters related to Puerto Rico such as its places, events, works, and personalities. The first stamps used in Puerto Rico were issues for the Spanish West Indies, for use in both Cuba and Puerto Rico, but these were not generally used in Puerto Rico until 1856. The first stamps inscribed "Puerto Rico" were issued in 1873. Postal cards for Puerto Rico were printed in Spain and sent to their colonies in

neg: Hatillo, Puerto Rico Hatillo, Puerto Rico Hatillo (, "Smallherd") is a municipality located on the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico's north coast, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Lares and Utuado to the south, Camuy to the west, and Arecibo to the east. According to the 2000 US Census Hatillo is spread over 9 wards and Hatillo Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area. Don Agustín Ruiz Miranda, a Canarian immigrant, founded Hatillo on approximately ten "cuerdas" (a cuerda is 0.97 acre) in 1823. Miranda granted this

neg: Convention of Southern Baptists of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Convention of Southern Baptists of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands The Convention of Southern Baptist of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Spanish: Convención de Iglesias Bautistas del Sur en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes) (CSBPR) is a group of churches affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention located in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. The Convention of Southern Baptist of Puerto Rico believes that the Bible is the verbally inspired Word of God, and is sufficient as the only infallible rule of faith and practice. CSBPR is also supportive of The Baptist Faith and Message 2000 which was

neg: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico associated with the covering up of an act that is actually embarrassing or distasteful with something of innocuous appearance. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico is the official name of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Literally translated, it means ""Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"". The official name was adopted in 1952. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States. Some authorities have stated that the official name "Estado Libre Asociado" constitutes an euphemism, that is, a term intended to give positive appearances to negative events or even mislead entirely, and have