query: who was the first pharaoh of ancient egypt and what was he commonly known as

pos: Narmer of Horus" ritual. In an interview in 2012, Gatto also describes the king in the inscription as Narmer. However, Hendricks (2016) places the scene slightly before Narmer, based, in part on the uncharacteristic absence of Narmer's royal name in the inscription. Narmer Narmer was an ancient Egyptian king of the Early Dynastic Period. He probably was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka, or possibly Scorpion. Some consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. Narmer's identity is the subject of ongoing debates, although the dominant

pos: Crowns of Egypt this is a metaphorical reference to Upper Egypt conquering Lower Egypt as described on the Narmer Palette. Menes is credited with the invention of the double crown, although the first pharaoh to wear the Crown was Djet. Horus is depicted wearing the double crown as well as Atum, both of which have a distinct relationship with the pharaoh.As with the deshret and hedjet, no pschent has been found; everything known about them comes from ancient tales, inscriptions, and depictions. Attested as early as the Old Kingdom, the cap crown is most commonly associated with the Dynasty 25 Kushite kings, who

pos: History of ancient Egypt the Naqada III period. His name is known primarily from the famous Narmer Palette, whose scenes have been interpreted as the act of uniting Upper and Lower Egypt. Menes is now thought to be one of the titles of Hor-Aha, the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty. Funeral practices for the elite resulted in the construction of mastabas, which later became models for subsequent Old Kingdom constructions such as the step pyramid, thought to have originated during the Third Dynasty of Egypt. The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as spanning the period of time when Egypt was ruled by

pos: Narmer Narmer Narmer was an ancient Egyptian king of the Early Dynastic Period. He probably was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka, or possibly Scorpion. Some consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. Narmer's identity is the subject of ongoing debates, although the dominant opinion among Egyptologists identifies Narmer with the pharaoh Menes, who is renowned in the ancient Egyptian written records as the first king, and the unifier of Ancient Egypt. Narmer's identification with Menes is based on the Narmer Palette (which shows Narmer

pos: Thinis Thinis Thinis or This (Egyptian: Tjenu) was the capital city of the first dynasties of ancient Egypt. Thinis is, as yet, undiscovered but well attested to by ancient writers, including the classical historian Manetho, who cites it as the centre of the Thinite Confederacy, a tribal confederation whose leader, Menes (or Narmer), united Egypt and was its first pharaoh. Thinis began a steep decline in importance from Dynasty III, when the capital was relocated to Memphis which thought to be the first true and stable capital after unification of old Egypt by Menes, this is despite of the power of

pos: History of surgery and medical compensation as well as malpractice and victim's compensation: Around 3100 BCE Egyptian civilization began to flourish when Narmer, the first Pharaoh of Egypt, established the capital of Memphis. Just as cuneiform tablets preserved the knowledge of the ancient Sumerians, hieroglyphics preserved the Egyptian's. In the first monarchic age (2700 BCE) the first treaty on surgery was written by Imhotep, the vizier of Pharaoh Djoser, priest, astronomer, physician and first notable architect. So much was he famed for his medical skill that he became the Egyptian god of medicine. Other famous physicians from the Ancient Empire (from 2500 to

pos: Hor-Aha evidenced in the archaeological record (both figures are credited with the unification of Egypt and as the first pharaoh of Dynasty I) as the predecessor of Hor-Aha (the second pharaoh). There has been some controversy about Hor-Aha. Some believe him to be the same individual as the legendary Menes and that he was the one to unify all of Egypt. Others claim he was the son of Narmer, the pharaoh who unified Egypt. Narmer and Menes may have been one pharaoh, referred to with more than one name. Regardless, considerable historical evidence from the period points to Narmer as the

pos: Menes Menes Menes (; , probably pronounced *; ) was a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period of ancient Egypt credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt and as the founder of the First Dynasty. The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus identifies Menes with the Naqada III ruler Narmer (most likely) or First Dynasty pharaoh Hor-Aha. Both pharaohs are credited with the unification of Egypt to different degrees by various authorities. The Egyptian form, "mnj", is taken from the Turin and Abydos King Lists, which are dated to the

neg: Sematawytefnakht Sematawytefnakht Sematawytefnakht or Somtutefnakht and other variants ("floruit" 330s BCE), was an ancient Egyptian high official, known for having witnessed the conquest of Persian Egypt by the hands of Alexander the Great. Sematawytefnakht probably began his successful career under Nectanebo II of the 30th Dynasty. After the Achaemenid conquest of Egypt in 343 BCE by the hands of Artaxerxes III, Sematawytefnakht swore allegiance to the new foreign pharaoh of Egypt, thus becoming a sort of collaborationist. He is known by his limestone funerary stela – commonly referred as the "Naples Stela" – which was originally placed in a temple at

neg: Mut and in Egypt the temple in Karnak. That temple had the statue that was regarded as an embodiment of her real "ka". Her devotions included daily rituals by the pharaoh and her priestesses. Interior reliefs depict scenes of the priestesses, currently the only known remaining example of worship in ancient Egypt that was exclusively administered by women. Usually the queen, who always carried the royal lineage among the rulers of Egypt, served as the chief priestess in the temple rituals. The pharaoh participated also and would become a deity after death. In the case when the pharaoh was female, records

neg: Military of ancient Egypt Military of ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the northern reaches of the Nile River in Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history occurred in a series of stable "kingdoms", separated by periods of relative instability known as "intermediate periods". Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in the

neg: Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Eastern societies, including ancient Egypt. Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Homosexuality in ancient Egypt is a passionately disputed subject within Egyptology: historians and egyptologists alike debate what kind of view the ancient Egyptians' society fostered about homosexuality. Only a handful of direct hints still survive and many possible indications are only vague and offer plenty of room for speculation. The best known case of possible homosexuality in ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep. Both men lived and served under pharaoh Niuserre during the 5th Dynasty (c. 2494–2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep each had families of

neg: History of timekeeping devices bowl indicated elapsed time, as the surface of the water reached them. The oldest-known waterclock was found in the tomb of pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504), suggesting that they were first used in ancient Egypt. Another Egyptian method of determining the time during the night was using plumb-lines called merkhets. In use since at least 600, two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris, the north pole star, to create a north–south meridian. The time was accurately measured by observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the "merkhets". Water clocks, or clepsydrae, were commonly used in Ancient Greece

neg: Ancient Egypt 525 BC, the powerful Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from Iran, leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. A few successful revolts against the Persians marked the 5th century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians. Following its annexation by Persia, Egypt was joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. This first period of Persian rule over Egypt, also known

neg: Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Homosexuality in ancient Egypt is a passionately disputed subject within Egyptology: historians and egyptologists alike debate what kind of view the ancient Egyptians' society fostered about homosexuality. Only a handful of direct hints still survive and many possible indications are only vague and offer plenty of room for speculation. The best known case of possible homosexuality in ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep. Both men lived and served under pharaoh Niuserre during the 5th Dynasty (c. 2494–2345 BC). Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep each had families of their own with children and

neg: Sesheshet Sesheshet Sesheshet, occasionally known as Sesh, was the mother of King Teti, the first and founding pharaoh of the sixth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She was instrumental in enabling her son to gain the throne and reconciling two warring factions of the royal family. In 2008 archeologists discovered what is believed to have been her pyramid. Sesheshet was a grandmother of King Pepi I Meryre. Queen Iput I, Teti's wife, was a daughter of King Unas, the last king of the Fifth dynasty. The dynasty that arose from Teti is considered part of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, a term

neg: Prenomen (Ancient Egypt) nisba ending "-j" is not represented in writing. During the first three dynasties, the prenomen was depicted either alone or in pair with the Nebty name. Semerkhet was the first pharaoh who devoted his prenomen to the Two Ladies. From Pharaoh Huni, the probable last king of the Third Dynasty onward, the prenomen was encircled by the cartouche (the elongated form of the shen ring). The "Nswt-Bjtj" title is recorded from the time of the First Dynasty. It is conventionally paraphrased as "Dual King" or "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", but its literal interpretation would be "[He of] sedge

neg: Horus Bird (Pharaoh) commonly accepted, the presence of Horus-Bird serekh in the tomb of Qa'a pointing rather to an interregnum with Horus-Bird between the first and second dynasties. Horus-Bird's burial site is unknown. Horus Bird (Pharaoh) Horus Bird, also known as Horus-Ba, is the serekh-name of a pharaoh who may have had a very short reign between the 1st dynasty and 2nd dynasty of Egypt. There are very few reliable name sources for Horus-Bird. The first known attestation of this king may be a serekh with an undetailed bird found by F. Petrie in the tomb of Qa'a at Abydos. Another more legible

neg: Ammittamru I long struggle with the Egyptians. Another good example for such letters that show submission to Egypt is KTU 2.23 = RS 16.078+.15-24 sent to a contemporary pharaoh that says: After his death, he was succeeded by his son, Niqmaddu II. Ammittamru I Ammittamru I (Known by some sources as Amishtammru I or Amistammru I) was a king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit who ruled c. 1350 BC. The first mention of him is EA 45 sent by Ammittamru I to Egypt, either in the late reign of Amenophis III or in the first years of Akhenaten. The damaged

neg: Sesheshet of the valuables from inside the sarcophagus, leaving behind the body parts, some pottery and gold that was used to cover fingers of royal pharaohs. Although ancient graphics in good condition adorn the structure, it is presumed that the tomb was robbed of its valuable artifacts centuries ago. Sesheshet Sesheshet, occasionally known as Sesh, was the mother of King Teti, the first and founding pharaoh of the sixth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She was instrumental in enabling her son to gain the throne and reconciling two warring factions of the royal family. In 2008 archeologists discovered what is believed to

neg: Coronation of the pharaoh the king of Upper and Lower Egypt", "khaj-nisut-bitj". The earliest known mention of this feast dates back to king Djoser, first pharaoh of 3rd dynasty. One of the most important feasts of Ancient Egypt linked with a king's time on the throne was the Sed festival, the "heb-sed". It included many complex rituals, which are not fully understood up to this day and which are seldom depicted. The first celebration of the feast was held during the year of the coronation. After that, the next celebration was held in the 30th year of the pharaoh on the throne, and the

neg: Osorkon the Elder Elder must have become king 2 years before the induction of Nespaneferhor in 992 BC. Osorkon the Elder's reign is significant because it foreshadows the coming the Libyan 22nd Dynasty. He is credited with a reign of six years in Manetho's "Aegyptiaca" and was succeeded in power by Siamun, who was either Osorkon's son or an unrelated native Egyptian. Osorkon the Elder Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon the Elder was the fifth king of the 21st Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and was the first Pharaoh of Meshwesh (Ancient Libyan) origin. He is also sometimes known as Osochor, following Manetho's "Aegyptiaca". Osorkon the

neg: Winged Pharaoh Winged Pharaoh Winged Pharaoh is a novel by Joan Grant first published in 1937. Grant attributed the source of her information in this novel to her "Far Memory" extrasensory abilities, particularly the ability to remember her own past lives. The story is narrated by Sekhet-a-Ra, familiarly known as Sekeeta. Most of the story takes place in the city of 'Me'n-atetiss', Memphis, Egypt, founded by Sekeeta's ancestor 'Meniss' (Menes). In the course of the narrative she becomes co-Pharaoh with her brother Neyah during the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. The narrative follows her life and training in the arts of war,

neg: Caesareum of Alexandria Caesareum of Alexandria The Caesareum of Alexandria is an ancient temple in Alexandria, Egypt. It was conceived by Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic kingdom, the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, to honour her first known lover Julius Caesar. The edifice was finished by the Roman Emperor Augustus, after he defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in Egypt. He destroyed all traces of Antony in Alexandria, and apparently dedicated the temple to his own cult. Converted to a Christian church in the late 4th century, the Caesareum was the headquarters of Cyril of Alexandria, the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444.

neg: Nimlot A Nimlot A Nimlot A was a "Great Chief of the Ma" during the late 21st Dynasty of ancient Egypt. He is mainly known for being the father of the founder of the 22nd Dynasty, pharaoh Shoshenq I. Nimlot A was a son of the "Great Chief of the Ma" Shoshenq A and of the "King's mother" Mehtenweskhet A, and thus a full-brother of the 21st Dynasty pharaoh Osorkon the Elder. His wife was Tentsepeh A by whom he had a son, Shoshenq B who later became pharaoh (Shoshenq I): for this reason Nimlot and Tentsepeh were posthumously called "God's father"

neg: Pedubast I Pedubast I Pedubastis I or Pedubast I was an Upper Egyptian Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt during the 9th century BC. Based on lunar dates which are known to belong to the reign of his rival in Upper Egypt Takelot II and the fact that Pedubast I first appeared as a local king at Thebes around Year 11 of Takelot II's rule, Pedubast I is today believed to have had his accession date in either 835 BC or 824 BC. This local Pharaoh is recorded as being of Libyan ancestry and ruled Egypt for 25 years according to the redaction of

neg: Ptolemy XII Auletes Ptolemy XII Auletes Ptolemy Neos Dionysos Theos Philopator Theos Philadelphos (, "Ptolemaios Néos Diónysos Theós Philopátōr Theós Philádelphos" "Ptolemy New Dionysus, God Beloved of his Father, God Beloved of his Brother"; uncertain–c. 51 BC) was a pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He was commonly known as Auletes (, "Aulētḗs" "the Flutist"), referring to the king's love of playing the flute in Dionysian festivals. He ruled from 80 to 58 BC and again from 55 to 51 BC, with an interregnum of forced exile to Rome as his eldest daughter Berenice IV claimed the Ptolemaic throne. With the

neg: Karomama II Karomama II Karomama II (full name Karomama Meritmut; also known as Karomama D, Merytmut II) was an ancient Egyptian queen, Great Royal Wife of pharaoh Takelot II of the 23rd Dynasty of Egypt. Karomama brought various titles such as "King's Wife, King's Daughter, Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt". She was a daughter of the High Priest of Amun Nimlot C and the lady Tentsepeh C. Her paternal grandparents were pharaoh Osorkon II and queen Djedmutesankh. Karomama married pharaoh Takelot II and was mother of pharaoh Osorkon III. Karomama also was the grandmother of both pharaohs Takelot III and Rudamun

neg: Menkheperraseneb I Menkheperraseneb I Menkheperraseneb I was a high official under the reign of king (pharaoh) Thutmose III and Amenhotep II. He was a High Priest of Amun and therefore the most important religious official in his days. Menkheperraseneb was a son of the High Priest of Amun, "Min-nakht" (or "Nakht-Min"). Most possibly, as it was commonly tradition in Ancient Egypt, he inherited his offices and ranks from his father. Menkheperraseneb was married to a woman named "Ta-nj-Iwnw" (also read "Ta-Iwnw"). More details about his family are not known. Menkheperraseneb held high official positions, he was "Member of the elite", "Hereditary noble",

neg: Ancient Egyptian philosophy maxims addressed to his son, Akhethotep, speaking on such topics as daily behavior and ethical practices. Ancient Egyptian philosophy Almost nothing is known of Ancient Egyptian philosophy. Although many scholars believe the Ancient Greek philosophy had its roots in Egypt, the many also hold that Egypt had little influence on the philosophies of Europe and Asia. One ancient Egyptian philosopher was Ptahhotep. He served as vizier to the pharaoh in the late 25th, early 24th century BC. Ptahhotep is known for his comprehensive work on ethical behavior and moral philosophy, called "The Maxims of Ptahhotep." The work, which is believed

neg: Osorkon the Elder Osorkon the Elder Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon the Elder was the fifth king of the 21st Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and was the first Pharaoh of Meshwesh (Ancient Libyan) origin. He is also sometimes known as Osochor, following Manetho's "Aegyptiaca". Osorkon the Elder was the son of Shoshenq A, the "Great Chief of the Ma" by the latter's wife Mehtenweshkhet A who is given the prestigious title of 'King's Mother' in a document. Osorkon was the brother of Nimlot A, the Great Chief of the Ma, and Tentshepeh A the daughter of the Great Chief of the Ma and, thus, an

neg: Den (pharaoh) Den (pharaoh) Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen and Udimu, is the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period. Den is said to have brought prosperity to his realm and numerous innovations are attributed to his reign. He was the first to use the title "King of Lower and Upper Egypt", and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white). The floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab near Abydos is made of red and black

neg: Den (pharaoh) bodies of actual people to aid the pharaohs with the work expected of them in the afterlife. Den (pharaoh) Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen and Udimu, is the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period. Den is said to have brought prosperity to his realm and numerous innovations are attributed to his reign. He was the first to use the title "King of Lower and Upper Egypt", and the first depicted as wearing the double crown (red and white).

neg: Ancient Egyptian philosophy Ancient Egyptian philosophy Almost nothing is known of Ancient Egyptian philosophy. Although many scholars believe the Ancient Greek philosophy had its roots in Egypt, the many also hold that Egypt had little influence on the philosophies of Europe and Asia. One ancient Egyptian philosopher was Ptahhotep. He served as vizier to the pharaoh in the late 25th, early 24th century BC. Ptahhotep is known for his comprehensive work on ethical behavior and moral philosophy, called "The Maxims of Ptahhotep." The work, which is believed to have been compiled by his grandson Ptahhotep Tshefi, is a series of 37 letters or

neg: Ancient Egypt the temples, and were not as likely to be as educated as men. The head of the legal system was officially the pharaoh, who was responsible for enacting laws, delivering justice, and maintaining law and order, a concept the ancient Egyptians referred to as Ma'at. Although no legal codes from ancient Egypt survive, court documents show that Egyptian law was based on a common-sense view of right and wrong that emphasized reaching agreements and resolving conflicts rather than strictly adhering to a complicated set of statutes. Local councils of elders, known as "Kenbet" in the New Kingdom, were responsible for

neg: Pharaoh Pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; "Pǝrro") is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Sedge and Bee ("nswt-bjtj") name, and the Two Ladies ("nbtj") name. The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added. In Egyptian society, religion was central to everyday life. One

neg: Baka (prince) into "Bikheris". For this reason, the unfinished tomb shaft at Zawyet el'Aryan is also called "Pyramid of Bikheris". This theory is not commonly accepted, though. Aidan Dodson is convinced of the depiction of a sitting Seth-animal, reading the royal name as "Seth-Ka" ("Seth is mine Ka"). In this case, Setka had actually followed his father onto the throne. Baka (prince) Baka is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince. He is known for his destroyed statuette. He is also subject of a theory that claims he was pharaoh of Egypt for a very short time. Thus, he might be identical

neg: Amenemhat II Amenemhat II Nubkaure Amenemhat II was the third pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Although he ruled for at least 35 years, his reign is rather obscure, as well as his family relationships. Archaeological findings have provided the name of Amenemhat's mother, the "king's mother" Neferu III, but not the name of his father. Nevertheless, it is commonly assumed that he was a son of his predecessor Senusret I. An early attestation of Amenemhat may have come from the tomb of the namesake nomarch Amenemhat, buried at Beni Hasan This nomarch, who lived under Senusret I, escorted the

neg: Sahure Sahure Sahure (meaning "He who is close to Re", also known in Greek as Sephrês, Σϵϕρής) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the second ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, who reigned for about 12 years in the early 25th century BC. Sahure is considered to be one of the most important kings of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, his reign being a political and cultural high point of the Fifth Dynasty. He was probably the son of his predecessor Userkaf with queen Neferhetepes II, and was in turn succeeded by his son Neferirkare Kakai. During Sahure's time on the throne, Egypt

neg: Ankh the symbol often appeared as a physical object representing either life or substances such as air or water that are related to it. It was especially commonly held in the hands of deities, or being given by them to the pharaoh, to represent their power to sustain life and to revive human souls in the afterlife. It was also used as a decorative motif, one of the most common in ancient Egypt. Cultures that neighbored ancient Egypt sometimes adopted the ankh as an artistic motif, and Coptic Christians adapted it, as the crux ansata, into a variant form of the

neg: Christian Jacq power is unchallenged. However, a dark conspiracy seeks to strike at the Pharaoh ... only an idealistic judge and a young doctor stand between Egypt and oblivion. Christian Jacq Christian Jacq (; born April 28, 1947) is a French author and Egyptologist. He has written several novels about ancient Egypt, notably a five book series about pharaoh Ramses II, a character whom Jacq admires greatly. Born in Paris, Jacq's interest in Egyptology began when he was thirteen, when he read "History of Ancient Egyptian Civilization" by Jacques Pirenne. This inspired him to write his first novel. By the time he

neg: History of ancient Egypt belong to the Middle Kingdom. The earliest pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom traced their origin to two nomarchs of Thebes, Intef the Elder, who served a Heracleopolitan pharaoh of the Tenth Dynasty, and his successor, Mentuhotep I. The successor of the latter, Intef I, was the first Theban nomarch to claim a Horus name and thus the throne of Egypt. He is considered the first pharaoh of the Eleventh Dynasty. His claims brought the Thebans into conflict with the rulers of the Tenth Dynasty. Intef I and his brother Intef II undertook several campaigns northwards and finally captured the important

neg: Menkheperraseneb I inscriptions of TT86 reveal that Menkheperraseneb had a nephew, who was also called "Menkheperraseneb", but married to a different woman, "Nebet-ta". Thus, Menkheperraseneb I was obviously interred in TT86 and Menkheperreseneb II in TT112. Menkheperraseneb I Menkheperraseneb I was a high official under the reign of king (pharaoh) Thutmose III and Amenhotep II. He was a High Priest of Amun and therefore the most important religious official in his days. Menkheperraseneb was a son of the High Priest of Amun, "Min-nakht" (or "Nakht-Min"). Most possibly, as it was commonly tradition in Ancient Egypt, he inherited his offices and ranks from

neg: Neferkaure Neferkaure Neferkaure was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. According to the Abydos King List and the latest reconstruction of the Turin canon by Kim Ryholt, he was the 15th king of the Eighth Dynasty. This opinion is shared by the egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath, Thomas Schneider and Darell Baker. As a pharaoh of the Eighth Dynasty, Neferkaure's seat of power was Memphis and he may not have held power over all of Egypt. Neferkaure is named on the 54th entry of the Abydos King List, a king list redacted some 900 years after the First

neg: Neferkaure Neferkaure Neferkaure was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. According to the Abydos King List and the latest reconstruction of the Turin canon by Kim Ryholt, he was the 15th king of the Eighth Dynasty. This opinion is shared by the egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath, Thomas Schneider and Darell Baker. As a pharaoh of the Eighth Dynasty, Neferkaure's seat of power was Memphis and he may not have held power over all of Egypt. Neferkaure is named on the 54th entry of the Abydos King List, a king list redacted some 900 years after the First

neg: Ancient Egyptian retainer sacrifices there was a variety in the demographics of those retainers that were sacrificed. During the First Dynasty, pharaohs were not the only individuals that had retainer sacrifices carried out. Servants of both royalty and high court officials were slain to accompany their master in the next world. The number of retainers buried surrounding the king's tomb was much greater than those of high court officials; however, again suggesting the greater importance of the pharaoh. King Aha, the second pharaoh of the first dynasty of Egypt, was also known as King Hor-Aha. According to Ellen Morris, he had thirty-five retainer sacrifices

neg: Shoshenq A children, the 21st Dynasty pharaoh Osorkon the Elder, and the "Great Chief of the Ma" Nimlot A, himself the father of the future founder of the 22nd Dynasty, pharaoh Shoshenq I, who therefore was a grandson of Shoshenq A. Shoshenq A Shoshenq A, sometimes also called Shoshenq the Elder, was a "Great Chief of the Ma" during the 21st Dynasty of ancient Egypt. He is mainly known for being an ancestor of the 22nd Dynasty pharaohs. His wife was the "King's mother" Mehtenweshkhet A, who is actually better attested on monuments than her husband; thanks to those monuments and to

neg: Djoser First Cataract, thus ending a seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription as a legend at the time it was inscribed. Nonetheless, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Egyptians still remembered Djoser. Although he seems to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy, a pharaoh from the 2nd dynasty, was the last pharaoh to be buried at Abydos, some Egyptologists infer that the shift to a more northerly capital was completed during Djoser's time. One of

neg: Seti I Seti I Menmaatre Seti I (or Sethos I as in Greek) was a pharaoh of the New Kingdom Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, the son of Ramesses I and Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. As with all dates in Ancient Egypt, the actual dates of his reign are unclear, and various historians claim different dates, with 1294 BC to 1279 BC and 1290 BC to 1279 BC being the most commonly used by scholars today. The name 'Seti' means "of Set", which indicates that he was consecrated to the god Set (also termed "Sutekh" or "Seth"). As with most

neg: Rudamun Rudamun Rudamun was the final pharaoh of the Twenty-third dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His titulary simply reads as Usermaatre Setepenamun, Rudamun Meryamun, and excludes the Si-Ese or Netjer-Heqawaset epithets employed by his father and brother. He was the younger son of Osorkon III, and the brother of Takelot III. He is a poorly attested pharaoh of this dynasty according to Kenneth Kitchen's seminal book on The Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. Kitchen credits him with a brief reign of about two to three years due to the few contemporary documents known for him. These include a small amount of decorative

neg: History of ancient Egypt the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BCE). The royal capital of Egypt during this period was located at Memphis, where Djoser (2630–2611 BCE) established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids, which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, this epoch is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids." The first notable pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of the first pyramid, the Pyramid of Djoser, in Memphis' necropolis of Saqqara. It

neg: Ptahhotep Ptahhotep Ptahhotep ( "piˈtaħħaːtip" "Peace of Ptah"), sometimes known as Ptahhotep I or Ptahhotpe, was an ancient Egyptian vizier during the late 25th century BC and early 24th century BC Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Ptahhotep was the city administrator and vizier (first minister) during the reign of Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi in the Fifth Dynasty. He is credited with authoring "The Maxims of Ptahhotep", an early piece of Egyptian "wisdom literature" meant to instruct young men in appropriate behavior. He had a son named Akhethetep, who was also a vizier. He and his descendants were buried at Saqqara. Ptahhotep's tomb is

neg: Djehutynakht (10A) Djehutynakht (10A) Djehutynakht, tentatively identified with Djehutynakht IV or Djehutynakht V, was an ancient Egyptian "Overlord of the Hare nome" (the 15th nome of Upper Egypt) during the very end of the 11th Dynasty or the early 12th Dynasty (21st-20th century BCE). He is well known for his painted outer coffin (commonly called “Bersha coffin”) now exhibited in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston along with his other grave goods. Once believed to have lived during the reign of pharaoh Senusret III of the 12th Dynasty, from the analysis of his furniture it has been deducted that he actually lived

neg: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVIII, alternatively 28th Dynasty or Dynasty 28) is usually classified as the third dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Late Period. The 28th Dynasty lasted from 404 BC to 398 BC and it includes only one Pharaoh, Amyrtaeus (Amenirdis), also known as Psamtik V or Psammetichus V. Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais, who is known to have carried on a rebellion in 465–463 BC with the Libyan chief, Inarus (himself a grandson of Psamtik III), against the satrap Achaemenes of Achaemenid Egypt. As early as

neg: Prenomen (Ancient Egypt) Prenomen (Ancient Egypt) The prenomen, cartouche name or throne name ( of the Sedge and Bee) of ancient Egypt was one of the five royal names of pharaohs. The first pharaoh to have a Sedge and Bee name was Den during the First Dynasty. Most Egyptologists believe that the Prenomen was a regnal name. The term "of the Sedge and Bee") is written by the hieroglyphs representing a sedge, representing Upper Egypt (𓇓 Gardiner M23) and a bee, representing Lower Egypt (𓆤 L2), each combined with the feminine ending "t" (𓏏 X1), read as "nsw.t" and "bj.t" respectively; the adjectival

neg: Bolesław Prus 1895, he completed four major novels: "The Outpost", "The Doll", "The New Woman" and "Pharaoh". "The Doll" depicts the romantic infatuation of a man of action who is frustrated by his country's backwardness. "Pharaoh", Prus' only historical novel, is a study of political power and of the fates of nations, set in ancient Egypt at the fall of the 20th Dynasty and New Kingdom. Aleksander Głowacki was born 20 August 1847 in Hrubieszów, now in southeastern Poland, very near the present-day border with Ukraine. The town was then in the Russian-controlled sector of partitioned Poland, known as the "Congress Kingdom".

neg: Nebiriau II Nebiriau II Nebiriau II (also Nebiryraw II, Nebiryerawet II) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Theban-based 16th Dynasty, during the Second Intermediate Period. He is commonly assumed by some Egyptologists to be the son of his predecessor Nebiryraw I, given the rarity of the name "Nebiriau" in Egyptian historical sources. Unlike his presumed father who ruled Upper Egypt for 26 years, he was an obscure king who is completely unattested by contemporary archaeological sources. The only two non-contemporary attestations for Nebiriau II are the mention of his personal name on the Ramesside Turin Canon (position 13.5, his throne name

neg: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt BC–1458 BC), the longest-reigning woman pharaoh of an indigenous dynasty, and Akhenaten (c. 1353–1336 BC), the "heretic pharaoh", with his Great Royal Wife, Nefertiti. The Eighteenth Dynasty is unique among Egyptian dynasties in that it had two women who ruled as sole pharaoh: Hatshepsut, who is regarded as one of the most innovative rulers of ancient Egypt, and Neferneferuaten, usually identified as the iconic Nefertiti. Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I, the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the 17th Dynasty. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers. His reign is seen as the

neg: Pectoral (Ancient Egypt) Pectoral (Ancient Egypt) The pectorals of ancient Egypt were a form of jewelry, often represented as a brooch. These were mostly worn by richer people and the pharaoh. One type is attached with a nah necklace, meant to be suspended from the neck but to lie upon the breast. Statuary from the Old Kingdom onwards shows this form. A later form was attached as a brooch, with the thematic, iconographic function and statement outweighing its actual use as a piece of jewellery for adornment. The thematic statements were typically about the pharaoh or statements of ancient Egyptian mythology and culture.

neg: History of ancient Egypt certain measures away with the help of Greek mercenaries. However, during this period Babylonian emperor Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BC) campaigned against the Egyptians and drove them back over the Sinai. And in 567 BC he went to war with Pharaoh Amasis, and briefly invaded Egypt itself. By the end of this period a new power was growing in the Near East: Persia. The pharaoh Psamtik III had to face the might of Persia at Pelusium; he was defeated and briefly escaped to Memphis, but ultimately was captured and then executed. Achaemenid Egypt can be divided into three eras: the first

neg: Nasekheperensekhmet Nasekheperensekhmet Nasekheperensekhmet was an ancient Egyptian Vizier who officiated most likely during the reign of pharaoh Psamtik I of the 26th Dynasty. Nasekheperensekhmet is known only from a block statue depicting him. From it, it is known that his mother was called Shepamuntashepet, and that he also held the charges of priest of Amun and governor of the city, beside being a vizier. During the 26th Dynasty there were two viziers at the same time, one for the North and one for the South of the country (Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt respectively): since the statue was found in Saqqara,

neg: Solomon Kane staff in ancient Egypt. The feline head which now decorates the staff's top was itself carved out of a pre-existing decoration, though it is now impossible to say what manner of eldritch symbol (or creature) was originally effigiated on it. With the staff Moses (known as "Musa" in Arabic) did wonders before the Pharaoh and carried it with him when his people fled Egypt. For centuries it was the Scepter of Israel (mentioned in Numbers 24:17), and Solomon used it to combat magicians and capture djinns. The staff may be related to Aaron's rod, Moses' rod or the Rod of

neg: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt monuments from this dynasty have been found. In 398 BC Amyrtaeus was overthrown and executed by Nefaarud I, ending the 28th Dynasty and beginning the 29th Dynasty. Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVIII, alternatively 28th Dynasty or Dynasty 28) is usually classified as the third dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Late Period. The 28th Dynasty lasted from 404 BC to 398 BC and it includes only one Pharaoh, Amyrtaeus (Amenirdis), also known as Psamtik V or Psammetichus V. Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais, who is known to have carried

neg: Cats in ancient Egypt Cats in ancient Egypt Cats in ancient Egypt were represented in social and religious practices of Ancient Egypt for more than 30 centuries. Several Ancient Egyptian deities were depicted and sculptured with cat-like heads such as Mafdet, Bastet and Sekhmet, representing justice, fertility and power. The deity Mut was also depicted as a cat and in the company of a cat. Cats were praised for killing venomous snakes and protecting the Pharaoh since at least the First Dynasty of Egypt. Skeletal remains of cats were found among funerary goods dating to the 12th Dynasty. The protective function of cats is

neg: Lysimachus of Telmessos Lysimachus of Telmessos Lysimachus of Telmessos (, flourished 3rd century BC), also known as Lysimachus II was a Greek Prince from Asia Minor who served as a Ptolemaic Client King under the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Lysimachus was the first-born son and heir of Ptolemy I Epigone by an unnamed Greek aristocratic mother and had a younger brother called Epigonos of Telmessos. Lysimachus’ father Ptolemy, was a Greek Prince who through marriage and adoption was to be the first intended heir of the Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Lysimachus through his father, was a relation to three of the Diadochi

neg: History of malaria confirmed the high prevalence of "P. falciparum" malaria in ancient Egypt. The Ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote that the builders of the Egyptian pyramids (circa 2700–1700 BCE) were given large amounts of garlic, probably to protect them against malaria. The Pharaoh Sneferu, the founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, who reigned from around 2613–2589 BCE, used bed-nets as protection against mosquitoes. Cleopatra VII, the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, similarly slept under a mosquito net. However, whether the mosquito nets were used for the purpose of malaria prevention, or for more mundane purpose of avoiding the discomfort of mosquito

neg: Tjahapimu Tjahapimu Tjahapimu or Tjahepimu, ("fl." c.360 BCE) was an ancient Egyptian prince, general and regent during the 30th Dynasty. Tjahapimu most likely was a son of pharaoh Nectanebo I and thus a brother of pharaoh Teos, though he is sometimes rather reported as a "brother" of Nectanebo I and an "uncle" of Teos. When Teos went to the Near East leading a military expedition against the Achaemenid Empire, he left Tjahapimu in Egypt as his regent.<br> However, Tjahapimu took advantage of Teos' unpopularity in Egypt, which was due to the harsh tax regime that the pharaoh imposed in order to

neg: Ramesses I being sheltered by Bithiah, who in the film is said to be the daughter of Rameses I and sister of Seti I. In the 2000 animated musical film "", by DreamWorks Animation, Ramesses I is depicted as the pharaoh who has his dreams interpreted by Joseph and who appoints Joseph to the office of Vizier when his foresight and administrative skills prevent Egypt from being ruined by famine. Ramesses I Menpehtyre Ramesses I (or Ramses) was the founding pharaoh of ancient Egypt's 19th dynasty. The dates for his short reign are not completely known but the time-line of late 1292–1290

neg: Arsinoe II Arsinoe II Arsinoë II (, 316 BC – unknown date between July 270 and 260 BC) was a Ptolemaic queen and co-regent of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of ancient Egypt. Arsinoe was queen of Thrace, Anatolia and Macedonia by marriage to King Lysimachus () and co-ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom with her brother-husband, Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( "Ptolemy the Sibling-Loving"). Arsinoe was given the unprecedented Egyptian title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", marking her as a full pharaoh. Arsinoë was the first daughter of Pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter (Greek: Πτολεμαίος Σωτήρ, "Ptolemy the Savior"), founder of the Hellenistic state

neg: Decree of Canopus Decree of Canopus The Decree of Canopus is a trilingual inscription in three scripts, which dates from the Ptolemaic period of Ancient Egypt. It was written in three writing systems: Egyptian hieroglyphs, demotic, and Greek, on several ancient Egyptian memorial stones, or steles. The inscription is a record of a great assembly of priests held at Canopus, Egypt, in 238 BCE. Their decree honoured Pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes; Queen Berenice, his wife; and Princess Berenice. In 1866, Karl Richard Lepsius discovered at Tanis the first copy of this Decree (this copy was originally known as the 'Şân Stele'). Another copy

neg: Takelot I Takelot I Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot I was an ancient Libyan ruler who was pharaoh during the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Takelot I was the son of Osorkon I and Queen Tashedkhons who ruled Egypt for thirteen years according to Manetho. Takelot would marry Queen Kapes who bore him Osorkon II. Initially, Takelot was believed to be an ephemeral Dynasty 22 Pharaoh since no monuments at Tanis or Lower Egypt could be conclusively linked to his reign, or mentioned his existence, except for the famous Stela of Pasenhor, which dates to Year 37 of Shoshenq V. However, since the late 1980s,

neg: Ancient Egypt and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace

neg: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt been overthrown by Setnakhte, who was likely already middle aged at the time. A consistent theme of this dynasty was the loss of pharaonic power to the High Priests of Amun. Horemheb, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, had restored the traditional Ancient Egyptian religion and the priesthood of Amun after their abandonment by Akhenaten. With the High Priests now acting as intermediaries between the gods and the people, rather than the pharaoh, the position of pharaoh no longer commanded the same kind of power as it had in the past. Setnakhte stabilized the situation in Egypt, and may have

neg: Wegaf Wegaf Khutawyre Wegaf (or Ugaf) was a pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt who is known from several sources, including a stele and statues. There is a general known from a scarab with the same name who is perhaps identical with this king. A king with the name Khutawyre appears in the Turin King List as first ruler of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. However, some researchers--especially Kim Ryholt--argue that the writer of the king list confused the name "Khutawyre" with that of "Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep" and consequently placed Wegaf as the first pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty when

neg: Akhnaton (play) events he has caused. Akhnaton dies and Nefertiti herself drinks the brew… A Captain reads out a proclamation to a group of stonemasons. The religion of Amon is to be restored to Egypt. Akhnaton (play) Akhnaton is a play by Agatha Christie. It was written in 1937, around the same time she was writing "Death on the Nile". It is set in Ancient Egypt, and followed the exploits of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhnaton, his wife Nefertiti and his successor Tutankhaton (who would take the name Tutankhamun when he became Pharaoh). In writing the play, Christie was assisted by the eminent

neg: Djaty Djaty Djaty I (also Djati) was a prince who lived in the ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty. He was an overseer of a royal expedition. Djaty was a son of Queen Meresankh II, daughter of King Khufu. Djaty's sisters were Nefertkau III and Nebty-tepites. Because Djaty had the title "King's of his body", it is assumed he was a son of one pharaoh. It is known that Meresankh II married a king after death of her first husband Horbaef. This king would be a father of Djaty – either Djedefre or Khafra. On the other hand, Djaty maybe had

neg: Djibouti known to the Ancient Egyptians as "Punt" (or "Ta Netjeru", meaning "God's Land"). The first mention of the Land of Punt dates to the 25th century BC. The Puntites were a nation of people who had close relations with Ancient Egypt during the reign of the 5th dynasty Pharaoh Sahure and the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut. According to the temple murals at Deir el-Bahari, the Land of Punt was ruled at that time by King Parahu and Queen Ati. Through close contacts with the adjacent Arabian Peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar ethnic groups in the

neg: Baka (prince) Baka (prince) Baka is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince. He is known for his destroyed statuette. He is also subject of a theory that claims he was pharaoh of Egypt for a very short time. Thus, he might be identical to a scarcely known king named Bikheris. Baka was a son and prince of pharaoh Djedefre. He lived and worked during the 4th dynasty. His private live is unknown, the names of his own family members are lost. Since the names of three other sons of Djedefre, namely Setka, Harnit and Nykau-Djedefre, are archaeologically detected, these should be

neg: Nakhtmin Nakhtmin Nakhtmin (also Minnakht) held the position of generalissimo during the reign of pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His titles during the reign of Tutankhamun included "the true servant who is beneficial to his lord, the king's scribe," "the servant beloved of his lord," "the Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King," and "the servant who causes to live the name of his lord." These titles were found on five ushabtis that Nakhtmin offered as funerary presents for pharaoh Tutankhamun. He was the heir to the throne during the reign of the pharaoh Ay though

neg: Kagemni I pass it onto his children. The text then proceeds to mention that the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Huni had died and was succeeded by Sneferu. Kagemni was appointed as overseer of the pyramid town and Vizier by Sneferu. Kagemni should not be confused with vizier Kagemni from the time of Pharaoh Teti (6th dynasty). Kagemni I Kagemni I was an Ancient Egyptian who lived from the end of the 3rd dynasty to the beginning of the 4th dynasty. He was a vizier to both Pharaoh Huni and Pharaoh Sneferu. Kagemni may have written instructions for his sons and

neg: Nebty name (Egypt. "Wadyt"; "she who thrives" or simply "lady of the green") was the "mistress of Lower Egypt". Nekhbet was worshipped as the "celestial mother of a king", which is expressed in the Ancient Egyptian queen title "Mwt-niswt" ("mother of the king"). The cobra of Wadjet was worshipped as the "celestial diadem snake on the king's forehead", believed to spit fire at anyone who dared to take on the pharaoh. This protective behaviour made Wadjet become very popular and already in early dynastic times several deities were depicted as wearing a uraeus on their foreheads. With the Nebty name each pharaoh

neg: Takelot I Nile Level Texts No.8 and No.9. Takelot I Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot I was an ancient Libyan ruler who was pharaoh during the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Takelot I was the son of Osorkon I and Queen Tashedkhons who ruled Egypt for thirteen years according to Manetho. Takelot would marry Queen Kapes who bore him Osorkon II. Initially, Takelot was believed to be an ephemeral Dynasty 22 Pharaoh since no monuments at Tanis or Lower Egypt could be conclusively linked to his reign, or mentioned his existence, except for the famous Stela of Pasenhor, which dates to Year 37 of Shoshenq

neg: Nofret Nofret Nofret was a woman who lived in Ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty of Egypt. "Nefert" means "beautiful". Nofret is alternatively known as Nefert or Neferet. Nofret's parents are not known. Nofret married Prince Rahotep, a son of Pharaoh Sneferu. She had three daughters and three sons with Rahotep. Nofret was buried with her husband in mastaba 16 at Meidum. In 1871 by Daninos, beautiful statues of Rahotep and Nofret were found. Nofret is depicted with a black wig and very fair face. Her titles in hieroglyphs on the back of her chair name her as "King's Acquaintance". The

neg: Horus falcon or peregrine falcon, or as a man with a falcon head. The earliest recorded form of Horus is the tutelary deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt, who is the first known national god, specifically related to the ruling pharaoh who in time came to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death. The most commonly encountered family relationship describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris, and he plays a key role in the Osiris myth as Osiris's heir and the rival to Set, the murderer of Osiris. In another tradition Hathor is

neg: Pschent The Cairo fragment, on the other hand, shows these prehistoric rulers wearing the Pschent. As is the case with the Deshret and the Hedjet Crowns, no Pschent has survived. It is known only from statuary, depictions, inscriptions, and ancient tales. Among the deities sometimes depicted wearing the Double Crown are Horus and Atum or Ra both representing the pharaoh or having a special relationship to the pharaoh. Pschent The Pschent (; Greek "ψχεντ") was the double crown worn by rulers in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians generally referred to it as sekhemty "(sḫm.ty)," the Two Powerful Ones. It combined the

neg: Joel L. Malter as a gift came from the Ptolemaic Dynasty in Ancient Egypt—a silver tetradrachm of Ptolemy I, Soter, pharaoh between 305 and 283 B.C. Malter sought more ancient coins to collect, research and use in school to help educate his students. His strong passion for learning as much as he could about ancient coins and then teaching what he had learned to his students made his ancient-history class one of the most sought-after courses in the entire school. In a matter of a few years, ancient coins had consumed his teaching duties and had steered him towards a new career. He

neg: Women in ancient Egypt first couple; Aset the beautiful; and Nebet Hut, the excellent. Few ancient civilizations enabled women to achieve important social positions. The same is true for ancient Egypt. There are only very few examples of women as high officials. Only very few women made it into the highest office, that of Pharaoh. One example of a woman in a high state position is Nebet who became vizier at in the Sixth Dynasty. The vizier was the highest state official, only second to the king. Egyptian society of antiquity, like many other civilizations of the time, used religion as a foundation for

neg: Passover Seder symbolic foods evoke the twin themes of the evening: slavery and freedom. It is stated in the Hagaddah that "In every generation everyone is obligated to see themselves as if they themselves came out of Egypt"—i.e., out of slavery. The rendering of time for the Hebrews was that a day began at sunset and ended at sunset. Historically, at the beginning of the 15th of Nisan in Ancient Egypt, the Jewish people were enslaved to Pharaoh. After the struck Egypt at midnight, killing all the first-born sons from the first-born of Pharaoh to the first-born of the lowest Egyptian to

neg: Kagemni I Kagemni I Kagemni I was an Ancient Egyptian who lived from the end of the 3rd dynasty to the beginning of the 4th dynasty. He was a vizier to both Pharaoh Huni and Pharaoh Sneferu. Kagemni may have written instructions for his sons and they are known as the "Instructions of Kagemni". The instructions are part of the "Prisse Papyrus", which also contains the teachings of Ptahhotep. At the end of the text regarding Kagemni, it is mentioned that after he learnt all he could about the nature of men, he wrote down what he had learnt so as to

neg: Henutsen Henutsen Henutsen is the name of an Ancient Egyptian queen consort who lived and ruled during the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom Period. She was the second or third wife of pharaoh Khufu and most possibly buried at Giza. Little is known about Henutsen's life. Some scholars believe, that she was the daughter of pharaoh Sneferu, but this is not commonly accepted. Henutsen is not known to have ever borne the title "king's daughter" or "king's bodily daughter", both titles which would have unmistakably designated her as a princess. The only document describing her as a princess is the

neg: Battle of Djahy Battle of Djahy The Battle of Djahy was a major land battle between the forces of pharaoh Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples who intended to invade and conquer Egypt. The conflict occurred somewhere on the Ancient Egyptian Empire's easternmost frontier in Djahy or modern-day southern Lebanon, in the eighth year of pharaoh Ramesses III or about c. 1178 BC. In this battle the Egyptians, led personally by Ramesses III, defeated the Sea Peoples who were attempting to invade Ancient Egypt by land and sea. Almost all that we know about the battle comes from the mortuary temple of Ramesses

neg: Middle Kingdom of Egypt the Old Kingdom pharaoh Khufu in the Westcar Papyrus. Pharaohs of the Twelfth through Eighteenth Dynasty are credited with preserving for us some of the most interesting of Egyptian papyri: Middle Kingdom of Egypt The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of political division known as the First Intermediate Period. The Middle Kingdom lasted from around 2050 BC to around 1710 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the

neg: Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVII, alternatively 27th Dynasty or Dynasty 27), also known as the First Egyptian Satrapy () was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC to 404 BC. It was founded by Cambyses II, the King of Persia, after his conquest of Egypt and subsequent crowning as Pharaoh of Egypt, and was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh. The last pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty, Psamtik III, was defeated by Cambyses II at the battle of Pelusium in the eastern Nile delta

neg: Henutsen did not come with a boat pit, as it was the case for the pyramids G1-a and G1-b. G1-c was later identified as an unfinished pyramid which was constructed in a hurry. Henutsen Henutsen is the name of an Ancient Egyptian queen consort who lived and ruled during the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom Period. She was the second or third wife of pharaoh Khufu and most possibly buried at Giza. Little is known about Henutsen's life. Some scholars believe, that she was the daughter of pharaoh Sneferu, but this is not commonly accepted. Henutsen is not known to

neg: History of ancient Egypt III, who organized an expedition to Punt. His reign saw the realization of some of the finest Egyptian carvings. Mentuhotep III was succeeded by Mentuhotep IV, the final pharaoh of this dynasty. Despite being absent from various lists of pharaohs, his reign is attested from a few inscriptions in Wadi Hammamat that record expeditions to the Red Sea coast and to quarry stone for the royal monuments. The leader of this expedition was his vizier Amenemhat, who is widely assumed to be the future pharaoh Amenemhat I, the first pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty. Amenemhat is therefore assumed by some

neg: Wegaf stela was more likely another pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty, Seth Meribre. Wegaf Khutawyre Wegaf (or Ugaf) was a pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt who is known from several sources, including a stele and statues. There is a general known from a scarab with the same name who is perhaps identical with this king. A king with the name Khutawyre appears in the Turin King List as first ruler of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. However, some researchers--especially Kim Ryholt--argue that the writer of the king list confused the name "Khutawyre" with that of "Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep" and

neg: Aryandes satrapy. Aryandes Aryandes (or Aryavanda) was the first Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt between the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, during the early 27th Dynasty of Egypt. When king Cambyses II defeated pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium (525 BCE), Egypt became a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire, and Aryandes was appointed satrap shortly after. In 522 BCE, Aryandes was overthrown due to a revolt against the Achaemenid rule led by a native Egyptian pharaoh, Petubastis III. The rebellion was personally quelled by the new king Darius I during his expedition to Egypt in 518 BCE, and Aryandes

neg: Aryandes Aryandes Aryandes (or Aryavanda) was the first Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt between the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, during the early 27th Dynasty of Egypt. When king Cambyses II defeated pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium (525 BCE), Egypt became a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire, and Aryandes was appointed satrap shortly after. In 522 BCE, Aryandes was overthrown due to a revolt against the Achaemenid rule led by a native Egyptian pharaoh, Petubastis III. The rebellion was personally quelled by the new king Darius I during his expedition to Egypt in 518 BCE, and Aryandes reinstated.

neg: Plagues of Egypt actually passing through Egypt to kill all firstborn children and cattle, but passing over (hence "Passover") houses which have the sign of lambs' blood on the doorpost. It is debated whether it was actually God who came through the streets or one of his angels. Some also think it may be the Holy Spirit. It is most commonly known as the "Angel of Death". The night of this plague, Pharaoh finally relents and sends the Israelites away under their terms. After the Israelites leave "en masse", a departure known as The Exodus, God introduces himself by name and makes an