query: where was the worlds first bobsleigh track built

pos: Bobsleigh Games and World Championships, all competitions (for both men and women) consist of four heats. Bobsleigh Bobsleigh or bobsled is a winter sport in which teams of two or four teammates make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sleigh. The timed runs are combined to calculate the final score. The various types of sleds came several years before the first tracks were built in St. Moritz, Switzerland, where the original bobsleds were adapted upsized luge/skeleton sleds designed by the adventurously wealthy to carry passengers. All three types were adapted from boys' delivery sleds and toboggans.

pos: Bobsleigh Bobsleigh Bobsleigh or bobsled is a winter sport in which teams of two or four teammates make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sleigh. The timed runs are combined to calculate the final score. The various types of sleds came several years before the first tracks were built in St. Moritz, Switzerland, where the original bobsleds were adapted upsized luge/skeleton sleds designed by the adventurously wealthy to carry passengers. All three types were adapted from boys' delivery sleds and toboggans. Competition naturally followed, and to protect the working class and rich visitors in the streets

pos: Hammarstrand track of its kind in Scandinavia. The track was the last natural track to host the FIL European Luge Championships and was the last natural track to host the FIL World Luge Championships until the 2000 event in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Its last use was in 2001. Hammarstrand Hammarstrand is a locality and the seat of Ragunda Municipality in Jämtland County, Sweden with 1,052 inhabitants in 2010. The town is host to a bobsleigh and luge track. It was built on the dry bed of the former lake Ragundasjön, which drained suddenly catastrophically in 1796. Constructed in 1964, the track

neg: Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is a bobsleigh and luge track situated on Trebević mountain overlooking the City of Sarajevo, built for the 1984 Winter Olympics. When Sarajevo was awarded the 1984 Winter Olympics in 1977, a bobsleigh and luge track was proposed. The track design was approved in 1981, with construction starting on 1 June of that year. Construction was completed on 30 September 1982 at a cost YUD 563,209,000. The first international competition of merit held at the track was the 1983 European Bobsleigh Championships in January of that year. The

neg: Korketrekkeren Tobagganing also took place in the nearby Heftyebakken, but from 1950 Korketrekkeren became the sole tobogganing hill and Heftyebakken was used for cross-country skiing. The bobsleigh track was built for the 1952 Winter Olympics, where it hosted two bobsleigh events. Contrary to popular belief, this was not built at Korketrekkeren but as a separate run nearby also starting at Frognerseteren. It was built as a temporary, artificial track with the curves being constructed in snow and then frozen hard to ice. Trial runs were undertaken in 1951 and the bobsleigh course was not used after 1952. Both Olympic events were

neg: Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track the track is, in fact, suitable for four-man teams, but to make it perfect for bobsleigh, most of the track should be rebuilt. The track will undergo major renovation after 2014 season. Also, an artificial ice start estacade was built in summer of 2008. No vertical drop, percent grading, or turn names were mentioned. Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is located in Sigulda, Latvia, built in 1986. Currently, the track manager is Dainis Dukurs, former bobsleigh brakeman and the father of skeleton racers Martins and Tomass Dukurs. Sledding took place in Sigulda

neg: Bobsleigh how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds opened in 1902 outside St Moritz. Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning tracks. The original wooden sleds gave way to streamlined fiberglass and metal ones. The "International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation" (FIBT) was founded in 1923. Men's four-man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and the men's two-man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Though not included

neg: Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track success of the first permanent bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Königssee, West Germany, completed in 1968 and first used for the world luge championships the following year, also played a factor. In 1969, it was decided to construct a permanent facility in Oberhof. The track was completed in 1971 with a World Cup test taking place the following year. Since then the track has hosted World Cup events, mostly in luge though it has hosted events in bobsleigh (1974 in two-man) and skeleton (1993). Oberhof has also undergone three track renovations, the first in 1996 where it was closed

neg: Venues of the 1980 Winter Olympics Games. A new luge track was built between fall 1977 and February 1979. The original plan for the luge track was to include bobsleigh two-man on the track, but that was abandoned to excessive costs. It was the first luge track in North America. This was also the last Winter Olympics that would have separate bobsleigh and luge tracks. Cross-country skiing was first timed to the nearest full second from the first Winter Olympics in 1924 until 1956. By the time of the 1960 Winter Olympics, both biathlon and cross-country skiing began timing their events to the tenth of the

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track then Holmenkollen in Oslo, before Hunderfossen was decided upon. The track is , giving a competition length of for bobsleigh and men's singles luge, and for other luge competitions. The bobsleigh course has a vertical drop of , giving an 8.5 percent average grade. The track has been part of the proposed Oslo 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics bids. Prior to the Lillehammer Olympics, there was no bobsleigh and luge track in Norway. During the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Korketrekkeren had been built as a temporary venue, but it was made of snow and was not reused after the

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track () is a bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track located at Hunderfossen in Lillehammer, Norway, north of the town center of Lillehammer. It was completed in 1992 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted the bobsleigh events and luge events. It has since also hosted the FIBT World Championships 1995 in skeleton and the FIL World Luge Championships 1995, and hosted 2016 Winter Youth Olympics. Original plans called for the track to be located at Fåberg. Later it was proposed moved to Kanthaugen in the town center and

neg: Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton located in Schönau am Königsee, Germany. It is located near Königssee (German for "King's Lake"). Completed in 1968, it is the first permanent, artificially refrigerated bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in the world. In 1967, Königssee hosted the European luge championships on a naturally refrigerated track. Later that year, it was decided to construct a permanent, reinforced concrete structure that was artificially refrigerated. The track, initially for luge, was completed in 1968. The first international competition took place the

neg: Spiral (bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton) Spiral (bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton) The Spiral is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in Iizuna village, located north of Nagano, Japan. Used for the bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1998 Winter Olympics, it is the first permanent bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Asia and the first of its type in the world with two or more uphill sections. It is officially referred to as the Nagano Bobsleigh-Luge Park in Japan. The track was among part of the venues used for the 1998 Winter Olympics that was started in 1990. Construction on the track started in November

neg: Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is located in Sigulda, Latvia, built in 1986. Currently, the track manager is Dainis Dukurs, former bobsleigh brakeman and the father of skeleton racers Martins and Tomass Dukurs. Sledding took place in Sigulda as early as 1887. Several alpine skiing venues were held near the track following World War II. By the late 1960s, the city government of Sigulda approved the construction of a new track, designed by the Leipzig Sports Facilities Scientific and Technical Centre in East Germany. Construction began in 1984 with the participation of

neg: Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in Winterberg, Germany. It is the only track of its kind in the world with a turn that has corporate sponsorship with turn seven being sponsored by Veltins, a German brewery which has its headquarters located in neighboring Meschede. Completed in 1977, the track underwent a redesign of its start house area where the women's luge start house was moved from before turn four to near the men's luge start house prior to turn one in 2006. This was

neg: Venues of the 1980 Winter Olympics track was built that would be completed in time for the 2000 Winter Goodwill Games. The combination venue hosted the men's bobsleigh World Championships in 2003. In 2009, the combination track became the first track to host the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton world championships the same year in a non-Winter Olympic year. On 4 February 2010, the entire venue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in the United States. Lake Placid host the men's version of the Biathlon World Championships in 1987. The city also hosted the first FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships held outside of Europe

neg: La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins (Pellerins Bobsleigh Track in ) was a bobsleigh track constructed for the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The track was 1369.88 metres long with 19 curves and an elevation difference of 156.29 metres. Turns 1-2, 4-6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 have no names attached to them. Average grade for the track was 11.4%. During the bobsleigh competitions, a total of nine teams from five countries competed. Two teams withdrew after the first run while another team withdrew after the third run. The three medalist teams were

neg: 1952 Winter Olympics permanent bobsleigh run in Norway. Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice. This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren. From Frognerseteren a separate long, 13-turn course was designed and built. The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952. A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track. Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time.

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics Three bobsleigh events were competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics, at the Cesana Pariol venue. The competition took place between February 17 and February 26, 2006. The events used the newly built Cesana Pariol track measuring 1435 metres with 19 curves, a vertical change of 114 metres, and an approximate top speed of 130 kilometres per hour. Competitions comprised four heats. Teams raced in the first and third heats in the order of the draw. The second heat was raced in order of ranking after the first heat, and the fourth heat is raced

neg: Venues of the 1988 Winter Olympics Completed in 1983, the Olympic (Scotiabank since October 2010) Saddledome has played host to the Flames ever since, including three Stanley Cup Finals (championship in 1989) and the NHL All-Star Game in 1985. An innovation for the games was the first indoor long-track speed skating venue which has served as a model for future Olympics. The bobsleigh and luge track was the first combination track in North America and was noted for the Jamaican bobsleigh team crash during the four-man event. Both the Oval and the bobsleigh/luge (now bobsleigh/luge/skeleton) track continue to host the World Championships in their respective sports

neg: Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track done under the auspices of the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation (FIBT) and the International Luge Federation (FIL) and included a completely covered sled storage area, new changing rooms, and facilities for coaches and officials. The women's singles luge start house was integrated near the men's singles luge start house during the construction. The track hosted the first two-woman bobsleigh world championships in 2000. The venue includes a maximum grade of 15% and an average grade of 9.8% Turns 4–6, 8–10 and 14 have no names listed in the track diagram. Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Winterberg bobsleigh,

neg: Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics Bobsleigh is an event in the Winter Olympic Games where a two- or four-person team drives a specially designed sled down an ice track, with the winning team completing the route with the fastest time. The event has been featured since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France, with the exception of the 1960 games in Squaw Valley when the organizing committee decided not to build a track in order to reduce expenses. Other than that exception, the four-man competition has been competed at every game (in 1928, it was a five-man competition).

neg: Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run bobsleigh part of the 1980 Winter Olympics. In 1978 actual construction took place during September 1978-February 1979 with the creation of a reinforced concrete, artificially refrigerated bobsleigh track. The bobsleigh track was approved for competition in December 1979. In fall 1977, a separate luge track for the 1980 Games, the first one in the United States, was constructed with completion in time for the test competition in February 1979. During preparations for the 1980 Games, a combined two-man bobsleigh and luge track was considered, but abandoned to high cost and the track was redesigned with permission from the International Luge

neg: Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track following year with the FIL World Luge Championships On 3–4 December 1977, the track hosted the first Luge World Cup event won by Paul Hildgartner (Italy - men's singles), Andrea Fendt (West Germany - women's singles), and Italy's Peter Gschnitzer and Karl Brunner (men's doubles). Bobsleigh was added to the track in the 1970s in time for the track to host their sports' championship event in 1979, the first time any track would host both bobsleigh and luge in the same year in a non-Winter Olympic year (the track in Igls, Austria, was the first to do this at the

neg: La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track team staff was recruited in August 1990 while the first ice test was performed in January 1991. The first bobsleigh test event was in February 1991 while the first luge test event was in March 1991. The track hosted the skeleton event of the FIBT World Championships in 1993. Since the 1992 Winter Olympics, the track has been host to programs on bobsleigh rides performed by 1998 Winter Olympic medalist Bruno Mingeon. The track was part of neighboring Annecy's bid package for the 2018 Winter Olympics which was submitted to the International Olympic Committee on 15 October 2009. The track

neg: Venues of the 1976 Winter Olympics of ammonia refrigeration were added to Eisschnellaufbahn to maintain the ice at . The biggest change was at the bobsleigh and luge track where a single track was used for combined events, the first of its kind in the world. Construction of the track began in 1973 under the auspices of the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation and International Luge Federation and was completed the following year. During the 1975 Olympic Test Competition on the track, East Germany set up cameras and timers all along the run to determine the fastest lines through each of the straights and curves. In

neg: Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track and the "Zielkurve" (German for "Finish Curve") is turn fourteen, a Kreisel (or circular) curve. Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a venue used for bobsled, luge and skeleton located in Oberhof, Germany. Oberhof had been the home of sledding activities since 1905, mostly bobsleigh. In 1931, the facility hosted the first ever FIBT World Championships in the two-man bobsleigh event won by the two-man German team of Hanns Killian and Sebastian Huber. After World War II, Oberhof was partitioned into East Germany. Following the successes of the East Germans at the

neg: Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a venue used for bobsled, luge and skeleton located in Oberhof, Germany. Oberhof had been the home of sledding activities since 1905, mostly bobsleigh. In 1931, the facility hosted the first ever FIBT World Championships in the two-man bobsleigh event won by the two-man German team of Hanns Killian and Sebastian Huber. After World War II, Oberhof was partitioned into East Germany. Following the successes of the East Germans at the FIL World Luge Championships during the 1960s with Thomas Köhler (men's singles world champion in

neg: Korketrekkeren as its water source. Engineer Luigi Angelini from Switzerland was hired to supervise the construction of the curves, which cost NOK 615,000. The track was first constructed for training in 1951 and then for the Olympics in 1952. There have been occasional proposals that Norway should build a permanent bobsleigh track, where Korketrekkeren was the leading location. The debate died out in the 1990s with the selection of Lillehammer as the host of the 1994 Winter Olympics and the subsequent construction of Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track. Also the Oslo bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics proposed using the

neg: La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track the bobsleigh and luge track in Igls, Austria assisted the ice workers during production and maintenance of the ice for the 1992 Winter Olympics. There are no turn names listed for the track. La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in La Plagne, France. The track was the venue for the bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1992 Winter Olympics whose host city was neighboring Albertville. In 1986, Albertville was awarded the 1992 Winter Olympics over Sofia, Bulgaria; Falun, Sweden; Lillehammer, Norway; Cortina d'Ampezzo,

neg: La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The La Plagne bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in La Plagne, France. The track was the venue for the bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1992 Winter Olympics whose host city was neighboring Albertville. In 1986, Albertville was awarded the 1992 Winter Olympics over Sofia, Bulgaria; Falun, Sweden; Lillehammer, Norway; Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy; Anchorage, Alaska, United States; and Berchtesgaden, West Germany. The track was constructed from September 1988 to December 1990 designed for use in bobsleigh and luge competitions with the drivers in mind. Ice

neg: Mt. Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run the track 8–10 January with Melanie Troxel on the NHRA becoming the first woman to competes in the event. In 2009, the track became the first to host bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton world championships in the same year in a non-Winter Olympic year (The bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Park City, Utah was the first to do so for the 2002 Winter Olympics in neighboring Salt Lake City). The track names were given by John Morgan during Speed Channel's World Cup bobsleigh coverage on 30 December 2006. Turn one is not listed. Even though luge - men's singles has

neg: Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics The two-man event was introduced at the 1932 games and a two-woman event was first contested at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Athletes who won at least one gold medal and one bronze medal are listed below. "Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics." Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics Bobsleigh is an event in the Winter Olympic Games where a two- or four-person team drives a specially designed sled down an ice track, with the winning team completing the route with the fastest time. The event has been featured since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France, with the exception of

neg: Eugenio Monti track and an elevation drop of 152 metres. When a bobsleigh track was not built for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California in the United States, the track in Cortina was used to host the world championships that year in place of being excluded from the Winter Olympic Games. The track played a key role in improving bobsleigh safety when West Germany's Toni Pensperger was killed during the four-man event at the 1966 world championships. Because of Pensperger's death, the world championships did not take place at the track until safety improvements were made satisfactory to the Fédération Internationale

neg: Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex The Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex is a winter sports complex located at the foot of Mount Van Hoevenberg near Lake Placid, New York. Part of the Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA), it was created following the 1980 Winter Olympics. The complex includes a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track along with trails for both biathlon and cross-country skiing. Constructed in 1930 for the 1932 Winter Olympics, the track was the first bobsleigh track located outside of Europe. In 1949, it hosted the FIBT World Championships, also the first outside of Europe. The original bobsleigh track

neg: Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in Calgary, Alberta. Part of Canada Olympic Park, it hosted the bobsleigh and luge competitions at the 1988 Winter Olympics. This track is one of only two of its type in the world to be featured in a non-documentary film when it was part of the 1993 American film "Cool Runnings" which loosely followed the Jamaican Bobsled Team during their competition in bobsleigh at the 1988 Games (The other was the 1981 British film "For

neg: Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Your Eyes Only" which included scenes from the bobsleigh track in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.). In 1981, Calgary was awarded the 1988 Winter Olympics over Falun, Sweden and Cortina d'Ampezzo. The track was constructed on a fast-track program running from fall 1984 to spring 1986. This was done with the help of East German technology and a consulting firm from Canada. It was the first combined track in North America and only the second of its type on the continent (Lake Placid, New York in the United States bobsleigh and luge tracks were separate when Calgary's construction was completed in spring

neg: Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck The Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton located in Igls, Austria (southeast of Innsbruck). The most recent version of the track was completed in 1975 and is the first permanent, combination artificially refrigerated bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track, serving as a model for other tracks of its kind worldwide. It hosted the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton competitions for the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. In 1935, Igls hosted the two-man event of the world bobsleigh championships when the track ran from Römerstrasses to the Patscherkofel valley railroad station. Several fatal accidents

neg: Elana Meyers to win the first world championship title in women's bobsled for the United States. This also made Meyers the first U.S. bobsled driver, either male or female, in 56 years to win a worlds title on a non-North American track. In February 2018, Meyers and pusher Lauren Gibbs won a silver medal in the two-woman bobsleigh event at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Elana Meyers Elana Meyers Taylor (born Elana Alessandra Meyers; October 10, 1984), is an American bobsledder who has competed since 2007. Born in Oceanside, California, Meyers was raised in Douglasville, Georgia and is a graduate of The George

neg: Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton located in Altenberg, Germany. Altenberg raced bobsleigh as early as 1908 on a natural track going downhill. By the late 1970s, the East Germans who were already successful in luge, began getting success in bobsleigh. This included a total of six Winter Olympic medals in bobsleigh in 1976 and 1980, along with five world bobsleigh championship medals between 1977 and 1979. In order to increase East Germany's effort to win more bobsleigh and luge medals both at the Winter

neg: La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins from Switzerland (gold), Great Britain (silver), and Belgium (bronze). Bobsleigh speeds reached up to 115 km/h (71.5 mph) during competition. The track is no longer in use. It was located near the "Ligne du téléférique de l'Aiguille du Midi" aerial tramway area, near the village of Les Pèlerins. La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins (Pellerins Bobsleigh Track in ) was a bobsleigh track constructed for the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The track was 1369.88 metres long with 19 curves and an elevation difference of 156.29 metres. Turns 1-2, 4-6, 8, 10, 12,

neg: Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track the Yugoslav company Graming d.o.o. and local builders, and the track was finally completed in 1986. It was built primarily for the needs of Soviet bobsledders and lugers, but after the restoration of the independence of Latvia in 1990, the track became the training center for Latvian wintersport athletes. Although skeleton wasn't initially in the building plan, Sigulda has hosted World Cup races in skeleton since the 2000s. Also, luge competitions are hosted in Sigulda each year, however, the track can't host four-man bobsleigh races, therefore there haven't been any World Championship races hosted in Sigulda, although in the 2018/2019

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Olympics. In its bid for the 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer had proposed placing the bobsleigh and luge track next to Balbergbakken in Fåberg. By May 1989, plans for most of the venues were being reshuffled and the track was then proposed located at Kanthaugen as part of an Olympic Park at Stampesletta. The Kanthaugen proposal was estimated to cost NOK 231 million. Lillehammer Municipal Council, Oppland County Council and the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage rejected the location because of the environmental impact. These institutions instead proposed that the track be built at Huseskogen at Hunderfossen. The Lillehammer Olympic Organizing

neg: Hammarstrand Hammarstrand Hammarstrand is a locality and the seat of Ragunda Municipality in Jämtland County, Sweden with 1,052 inhabitants in 2010. The town is host to a bobsleigh and luge track. It was built on the dry bed of the former lake Ragundasjön, which drained suddenly catastrophically in 1796. Constructed in 1964, the track was 1045 meters long with 11 curves and a start height of 900 meters. Its last World Cup luge competition was held in 1990. Until the completion of the bobsleigh and luge track used for the 1994 Winter Olympics at Lillehammer in 1992, it was the only

neg: Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track and was badly damaged. Renovation of the refrigeration plant was carried out in December 2010 with ammonia being pumped in on the 18th. Olympic champion Felix Loch made the first run on the luge part of the track on the 23rd in time for the World Cup event on 5–6 January 2011. The renovation was also done for the 2011 FIBT World Championships that took place in late February. The track has a vertical drop of from the bobsleigh perspective. Turns 1, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 15 have no names listed in the track diagram. Königssee bobsleigh, luge,

neg: Eugenio Monti track Eugenio Monti track The Eugenio Monti track ( ) is a bobsleigh and skeleton track located in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. It is named after Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), who won six bobsleigh medals at the Winter Olympic Games between 1956 and 1968 and ten medals at the FIBT World Championships between 1957 and 1966. It was featured in the 1981 James Bond film "For Your Eyes Only", held after the 1981 FIBT World Championships, before the track was shortened to its current configuration. In January 2008, after a last bobsleigh race tournament, the track was closed. Bobsleigh at Cortina d'Ampezzo was

neg: Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track names were initially given during the 1988 Winter Olympic broadcast (ABC in the United States). All curves shown are bobsleigh curves. The luge section joins the boblsleigh and skeleton section at turn five. Turns 1 through 5 do not have turn names. Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in Calgary, Alberta. Part of Canada Olympic Park, it hosted the bobsleigh and luge competitions at the 1988 Winter Olympics. This track is one of only two of its type in the world

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track and Kvitfjell in their bid. Tromsø originally planned to build their own track, but later in the bidding process also Tromsø announced that they intended to bid using the Lillehammer track, despite a distance of between Tromsø and Lillehammer. This was after the International Olympic Committee signaled that they wanted more moderation in venue construction costs and that they would prefer bid which used existing venues, even if it increased distances. This was backed by the International Luge Federation and the International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation, who both did not want additional tracks built in the world because of the

neg: Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation (FIBT) and the International Luge Federation (FIL) the following year. The track was part of the training used by SG Dynamo Zinnwald/ SV Dynamo until the 1990 German reunification. Men's skeleton first competed in 1992. In 1997, the women's single luge start house was created before turn three after being shared with the men's double luge start house before turn seven from 1989 to 1996. Women's skeleton first began competition in 1999 while women's bobsleigh first started the following year. An 18th curve was modified during the summer of 2007 with the addition of a finish

neg: Michael Young (bobsleigh) moved to Dallas, Texas where he is a business consultant. Michael Young (bobsleigh) Michael Young (born August 15, 1944) is a Canadian former bobsledder who competed in the 1960s. He won two medals at the 1965 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz with a gold in the four-man event and a bronze in the two-man event. The following year, he was severely injured during a four-man competition at the bobsleigh track in Lake Placid, New York when his sled hit the superstructure of the track at Turns 13 and 14, known as the "Zig-Zag Curves", damaging his face. Young was

neg: Caux Palace Hotel Palace Hotel could be granted to the customers. Several smaller hotels were therefore built in Caux in the wake of the opening of the Caux Palace Hotel, such as the “Pavillon des Fougères” (later “Hotel Alpina”) or the “Hotel Maria”. A school was opened in Caux in 1905, an Anglican chapel was built in 1906 and a Catholic one in 1907. Many private chalets were also built around the same years. Winter sport facilities included ski and sledge slopes, three ice rinks for skating and a bobsleigh track. The world bobsleigh federation and the world ice hockey federation were be

neg: Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics both events. Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics was held at the Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track on the mountain of Trebević between February 10–18, 1984. This was the first time that Yugoslavia entered bobsleigh teams, and did so as hosts. Chinese Taipei also entered bob teams for the first time. The two events also saw the Swede, Carl-Erik Eriksson compete in the Games for the sixth time and the age of 53. The German Democratic Republic dominated events and won Gold & Silver in both disciplines, with Wolfgang Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer winning

neg: Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics Bobsleigh at the 1984 Winter Olympics was held at the Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track on the mountain of Trebević between February 10–18, 1984. This was the first time that Yugoslavia entered bobsleigh teams, and did so as hosts. Chinese Taipei also entered bob teams for the first time. The two events also saw the Swede, Carl-Erik Eriksson compete in the Games for the sixth time and the age of 53. The German Democratic Republic dominated events and won Gold & Silver in both disciplines, with Wolfgang Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer winning Golds in

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track difficulties funding their operation. The 2018 proposals were shelved, but a renewed Oslo bid process for the 2022 Olympics also calls for the use of Lillehammer. The following is an incomplete list of track records; while including luge and women's skeleton, it excludes bobsleigh and men's skeleton. The list contains both start times and track times, as well, as the athlete and their nationality, and the date of the record. Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track () is a bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track located at Hunderfossen in Lillehammer, Norway, north of the town

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Four-man Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Four-man The Four-man bobsleigh competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 24 and 25 February, at Cesana Pariol. While the IOC does not consider bobsled times eligible for Olympic records, the FIBT does maintain records for both the start and a complete run at each track it competes. Prior to this competition, the existing Cesana Pariol track records were as follows. The following track records were established during this event. Twenty-six sleds were entered in the four-man event, with one, from New Zealand, not starting the first run

neg: Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in) at a temperature of -13 deg C (9 deg F). The venue includes a vertical drop of 122.22 meters from start to finish with a maximum grade of 15% and an average grade of 8.66% Turns 1, 2, 11–14, and 18 have no names listed in the track diagram. Turn 18 is followed by a "Bremshang", a finish/braking straight. Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton located in Altenberg, Germany. Altenberg raced bobsleigh as early as 1908 on a natural track going downhill. By the

neg: St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun The Olympia Bob Run St. Moritz-Celerina is a bobsleigh track located in the Engadin Valley, Switzerland. It officially opened on New Year's Day 1904 and is the oldest bobsleigh track in the world and the only one that is natural refrigerated. It is also used for other sliding sports, including skeleton and luge. The track was initially created for winter guests from Great Britain who invented bobsleigh. In 1897, the St. Moritz Bobsleigh Club was created. Because of the popularity of the sport, fund raising for was completed in 1903 with CHF 11,000 raised. The track

neg: St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun base, there are no start records and track records. St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun The Olympia Bob Run St. Moritz-Celerina is a bobsleigh track located in the Engadin Valley, Switzerland. It officially opened on New Year's Day 1904 and is the oldest bobsleigh track in the world and the only one that is natural refrigerated. It is also used for other sliding sports, including skeleton and luge. The track was initially created for winter guests from Great Britain who invented bobsleigh. In 1897, the St. Moritz Bobsleigh Club was created. Because of the popularity of the sport, fund raising for was

neg: Sliding Center Sanki Sliding Center Sanki The Sliding Center Sanki (Санки) (a.k.a. the Sanki Sliding Center) is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in Rzhanaya Polyana, Russia, located 60 km (37 mi) northeast of Sochi. Located in the Western Caucasus. The venue hosted the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton events for the 2014 Winter Olympics. In 2006, it was announced that Russia would construct two new bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks. The first track was located near Moscow while the second one would be located in Krasnaya Polyana. Sochi was chosen to host the 2014 Winter Olympics over Pyeongchang, South Korea and Salzburg,

neg: Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track outdoor usage of ammonia refrigeration systems, three cooling systems consisting of an ammonia-carbon dioxide cascade system was used. Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton located in Paramonovo, Russia, outside of Moscow. During the 1970s, the Soviet Union found success in luge with Vera Zozula, Dainis Bremse, Algars Kirkis, and Sergey Danilin at the Winter Olympics, FIL World Luge Championships, and FIL European Luge Championships. By 1986, a track at Sigulda in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (now Latvia) was completed which allowed bobsledders and lugers to compete.

neg: Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track The Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton located in Paramonovo, Russia, outside of Moscow. During the 1970s, the Soviet Union found success in luge with Vera Zozula, Dainis Bremse, Algars Kirkis, and Sergey Danilin at the Winter Olympics, FIL World Luge Championships, and FIL European Luge Championships. By 1986, a track at Sigulda in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (now Latvia) was completed which allowed bobsledders and lugers to compete. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in late 1991, which included Latvia's independence a year earlier, the

neg: Elisabeth Maier to Austrian bobsleigh driver Benjamin Maier. Vathje's first international race was on the North American Cup in 2010, at Lake Placid, where she finished 8th. The following season, she finished 16th in her first Junior World Championships and continued to race on the North American circuit, taking her first international gold at Lake Placid in 2013. Vathje was promoted to the Intercontinental Cup during the 2013–14 season, and won a silver medal at her fourth Junior Worlds in Winterberg, Germany, earning her a promotion to the World Cup squad. In the 2014–15 World Cup season, her first on the top

neg: Udo Gurgel and luge track to be built in East Germany, following the first permanent track in West Germany: the Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track. Since Gurgel and his colleagues had no insight into the detailed planning of the Königssee track - i.e. because the countries were rivals because of the cold war - many technical solutions had to be rethought. Thus they developed the use of no wood for shuttering the curve geometry, the STC and the contractor Ulrich Müther together made a concrete formwork free injection method, which is still used in railway construction. In addition, use was made

neg: Randy Jones (bobsleigh) Randy Jones (bobsleigh) Randal "Randy" Jones (born June 24, 1969 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is an American bobsledder. Jones competed in both the 2-man and 4-man events in four Winter Olympics. Jones attended Robert B. Glenn High School in Kernersville, North Carolina and was a standout track and football star. Jones was a big part in leading the school to a state championship in track in 1986. Jones graduated from Glenn High School in 1987. Jones attended Duke University where he played football and ran track while earning a Mechanical Engineering degree. Graduating from Duke in 1991, he still holds

neg: Alpe d'Huez turn 12 was covered with stone and earthwork to prevent concrete coming up, turn 12 was cooled with liquid nitrogen, and shades were built on turns 6, 9, 12, and 13 to minimise direct sunlight. Thawing remained a problem and Olympic bobsleigh events had to be scheduled before sunrise. The track closed in 1972 due to high operating costs but the structure remains as demolition would not have been economical. No turn names were given for the track. The climb to the summit starts at Le Bourg d'Oisans in the Romanche valley. The climb goes via the D211 from where

neg: Caspar Badrutt some Englishmen adapted a type of delivery sled for daring dashes down twisting narrow streets of St. Moritz. Subsequently, other tourists wanted a Victorian ride, and larger steerable devices were contrived: the early luge/skeleton individual sleds, and the bobsleigh (or bobsled). Careening around the town's streets became increasingly popular, but the incidence and frequency of pedestrian collisions and risk to life grew proportionately. Therefore, Badrutt stepped in and created the first purpose-built half-pipe track, now familiar from the Winter Olympic Games. This track later became the model for the Cresta Run skeleton racing track, built in 1884. Caspar Badrutt Swiss

neg: Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track for this event on 8 December 2009. The first bobsleigh and skeleton competition took place at the track on 21 March 2010. Since winter 2005/2006 track is not frozen, all training and competitions are moved in Sochi The track has 19 curves with an elevation difference of 105 meters. Because of the natural elevation difference of only 78 meters, the first 300 meters of the track are mounted on steel pillars up to 27 meters high. Starting from a tower like that of Sigulda, Latvia, the track has a maximum grade of 15%. Because of Russian environmental regulations prohibiting the

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Two-woman Bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Two-woman The two-woman bobsleigh competition at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia was held at the Sliding Center Sanki near Krasnaya Polyana, Russia on 18–19 February. Kaillie Humphries and Heather Moyse of Canada repeated as Olympic Champions, becoming the first duo to do so. While the IOC does not consider bobsled times eligible for Olympic records, the FIBT does maintain records for both the start and a complete run at each track at which it competes. Top finish in each run is in boldface. TR – track record. On 24 November 2017,

neg: Sigulda bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track season a Bobsleigh World Cup stage will take place in Sigulda. Zintis Ekmanis and the original track designers has designed a new layout which would change two curves and make four-man bobsleigh races possible, though some lugers are not happy with this idea, because this may render the track unusable for women's singles and men's doubles lugers. Also, Dainis Dukurs has said in an interview for Sporta Avīze that there was an experiment involving Juris Šics, Andris Šics, Tomass Dukurs and Martins Dukurs, in which the quartet drove with a four-man bobsleigh without crashing. Dukurs stated that this proves that

neg: Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track venue is the track itself, and is structurally in serviceable condition. However, the ultimate goal is to return the track to fully serviceable condition for hosting future sliding competitions and training teams from around the world. There was talk of hosting sliding competitions for the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival, however, due to the massive cost of rebuilding much of the track's critical infrastructure, sliding events will not be run. During its short 10 year operational history, the track hosted a number of high profile sliding events. Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track

neg: Udo Gurgel Udo Gurgel Udo Gurgel (born 1938 in Schwerin, Germany) is a German engineer and designer of luge, bobsled and skeleton tracks. Gurgel studied structural engineering at the School of Civil Engineering in Cottbus until 1963 and then at the Bauhaus University, Weimar. He then worked as an engineer on the team commissioned with the planning of a track for Oberhof, Germany in 1966: the Oberhof bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track. Since then, he has designed and constructed bobsleigh and toboggan runs. In 1968, the Scientific and Technical Centre for sports facilities (STC sports facilities) in Leipzig, commissioned the first bobsleigh

neg: Filming of James Bond in the 1980s Bogner designed the ski chase on the bobsleigh track of Cortina d'Ampezzo hoping to surpass his work in both "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" and "The Spy Who Loved Me". To allow better filming, Bogner developed both a system where he was attached to a bobsleigh, allowing to film the vehicle or behind it, and a set of skis that allowed him to ski forwards and backwards in order to get the best shots. In February 1981, on the final day of filming the bobsleigh chase, one of the stuntmen driving a sleigh, 23-year-old Paolo Rigon, was killed when he

neg: Henning Solberg the drivers' standings. Solberg also appeared in an edition of the BBC show "Top Gear", where he rallied a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution in a downhill snow track in a race against the Norwegian bobsleigh team at Lillehammer. The Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is 1365 meters long with 16 turns and an 8.5% average grade and Solberg's route was equally challenging. With Top Gear presenter James May as his "co-driver," Solberg made it 1:02:24 in the Evo while the bobsled (with presenter Richard Hammond in it) beat Solberg with a time of 59:68. For 2007, Solberg was given a

neg: Randy Jones (bobsleigh) also graduated from Duke University in 2012. Jones currently works as a Technology Director for Omnicom Media Group. Randy Jones (bobsleigh) Randal "Randy" Jones (born June 24, 1969 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is an American bobsledder. Jones competed in both the 2-man and 4-man events in four Winter Olympics. Jones attended Robert B. Glenn High School in Kernersville, North Carolina and was a standout track and football star. Jones was a big part in leading the school to a state championship in track in 1986. Jones graduated from Glenn High School in 1987. Jones attended Duke University where he played

neg: Venues of the 1936 Winter Olympics was artificially refrigerated to prevent ice thawing. The first ski jump in Garmisch-Partenkirchen was constructed in 1902. A permanent structure was completed in 1934 in time for the 1936 Games. Bobsleigh took place in Garmisch as early as 1910. The track used for the 1936 Games was completed in 1934. The first Bobsleigh World Championships that took place at the track was in 1934 in the four-man event. The ice stadium was constructed in only 106 days in 1934. The rink was supported by of steel piping to keep the rink at a consistent temperature. A chiller was used to

neg: Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Winter Olympics the VANOC. VANOC broke some rules in regards to the luging and bobsleigh track. International Luge Federation states that "the length for a luge track must not exceed ." G-force was critical in the accident that killed Kumaritashvili. The rules of the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation states that a g-force of 5 is the limit for the track. A g-force of 5.02 is possible for male lugers on the track in Whistler. The rules of the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation also states that "to prevent the deterioration of the ice during warm, sunny periods, the finish straight should

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Two-man Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Two-man The Men's two-man bobsleigh competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 18 and 19 February, at Cesana Pariol. While the IOC does not consider bobsled times eligible for Olympic records, the FIBT does maintain records for both the start and a complete run at each track it competes. Prior to this competition, the existing Cesana Pariol track records were as follows. The following track records were established during this event. The Russian team of Zubkov and Voevoda equalled the track record set just two sleds earlier by

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Four-man Lange, the defending Olympic champion, also had the fastest two start times in the final two runs and the fastest track time in the final run while Holcomb had the fastest track time in the third run. Rush was second after three runs, but Lange's fastest track time in the fourth heat allowed the German, with Rödiger replacing Hoppe, to beat the Canadian by 0.01 seconds to win silver. In the final race of his career, Lange did not win a gold medal in an Olympic bobsledding event. It was the first gold medal for the U.S. men in bobsleigh

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track 1994 Olympic bobsleigh and luge events be held at La Plagne, the site of the events for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. The French authorities were positive, given that Norway pay for part of the construction costs, but the idea was rejected by LOOC-president Gerhard Heiberg. Also fellow party members reacted, who emphasized that NOK 30 million had already been used on blasting the track route. Construction was undertaken by spraying of shotcrete intertwined with of reinforcement bars. It is the first track in the world to build the cooling pipes into an underground culvert. It consists of 31

neg: Luge at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's singles Games in Vancouver, Canada was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler, British Columbia. The track was constructed between 2005 and 2008, and became the 15th competition-level track in the world. It was certified for competition in sliding sports by the International Luge Federation (FIL) and the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation (FIBT) in March 2008 in a process called homologation where hundreds of athletes ran the track. This was the first time many competitors at the 2010 Games were able to try the track and begin to develop strategies for it. Canadian athletes hoped that having it open

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Two-man two runs of the event. Lange tied the track record in the third run that was sent by Florschütz in the second run. The German duo of Lange and Kuske won his record fourth gold medal in bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics and became the second repeat winners of the two-man event after Switzerland's Gustav Weder and Donat Acklin won the event in both 1992 and 1994. TR - Track Record. Top finish in each run is in boldface. Bobsleigh at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Two-man The two-man bobsleigh competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia,

neg: Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track reinforced concrete sections. The concrete work was completed on 31 October 1991. Representatives for the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature stated that they were satisfied with the end result. It is the only artificially frozen bobsleigh and luge track in the Nordic Countries. The venue was completed on 1 October 1992 and cost NOK 201 million. After the Olympics, the ownership of the venue was transferred to Lillehammer Olympiapark, owned by Lillehammer Municipality. The track is long, including braking distance. The competitive length—excluding braking distance—for bobsleigh, skeleton and luge men's singles it is long and for luge men's

neg: Venues of the 1980 Winter Olympics skating. The best known event of the 1980 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympic Center with the United States "Miracle on Ice" with their gold medal win, including the victory over the Soviet Union that occurred two days before the actual final match against Finland. The luge track hosted the FIL World Luge Championships in 1983, the first time the championships were held outside of Europe. Meanwhile, the bobsleigh track would host the FIBT World Championships in 1997 in men's skeleton. In the late 1990s, the luge track was demolished and replaced with a combination bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton

neg: Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton. In 2009, the track will become the first combination track to host the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton world championships in a non-Winter Olympic year. The current track is 1455 meters long with 20 curves and an average grade of 9.8%. The complex is home to the Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex Cross Country Biathlon Center. Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex The Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex is a winter sports complex located at the foot of Mount Van Hoevenberg near Lake Placid, New York. Part of the Olympic Regional Development Authority (ORDA), it was created following

neg: Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track occur on the track, it offers programs for bobsleigh and luge open to the public. Costing C$ 27 million to complete, the track consisted of 48 reinforced concrete sections with five separate starting points. The facility is designed of that like a tuning fork with separate bobsleigh and luge start houses, selected to lessen construction and maintenance costs. The two portions of the track merge at turn five prior to the Omega combination curve. Lined with of refrigeration coolant, the track can hold ice at air temperatures up to 20 deg C (68 deg F). Sunscreens were installed on curves

neg: Winter sport in Australia Bright's gold medal - combined with the gold and silver skiing event medals – made 2010 Australia's most successful winter Olympic Games. Australia lacks any bobsleigh tracks (used for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton), but there is a bobsleigh push track in the Docklands area in Melbourne. Australia used to be a member of the Federation of International Bandy, but has now exited. A national team was supposed to participate in the 2011 World Championship. The flag was even on the poster. However, a late cancellation was made because of the floodings. There was also speculation about participation in the first

neg: Bobsleigh coming due to boredom. He also did not want to make enemies in the town from locals injured by bobsleds. He opened the world's first natural ice half-pipe track in the late 1870s. Formal competitions started down the natural ice Cresta Run in 1884, which was built in an annual partnership between guests and local people. The run, which is still in operation , has served as a host track for skeleton at two Winter Olympics (1928 and 1948). As one of the few natural weather tracks in the world, it does not use artificial refrigeration. It is not known

neg: Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track and adaptable use as a piece of Olympic Legacy Infrastructure. The track can be split into three segments for recreational and training purposes. When the track saw its first real competition (and a test competition ahead of the 1984 Olympic Winter Games), 1,246 heats of 2 and 4 man bobs were completed with only 4 overturns and only 1 serious injury reported. FIL (International Luge Federation) and FIBT (International Federation of Bobsleigh and Tobogganing) experts heralded the track as "Safe, Quick, and technically interesting and requires extreme concentration and technical knowledge." The top section, known as 'Course 1' begins at

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Two-woman Bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Two-woman The Two-woman bobsleigh competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 20 and 21 February, at Cesana Pariol. While the IOC does not consider bobsled times eligible for Olympic records, the FIBT does maintain records for both the start and a complete run at each track it competes. Prior to this competition, the existing Cesana Pariol track records were as follows. The following track records were established during this event. 15 of the 16 two-woman teams entered for the event completed all four runs, with the Netherlands-1 team

neg: Kris Meeke the BBC show "Top Gear" in a challenge similar to that of Henning Solberg driving a rally car against the Norwegian Olympic Bobsleigh team. Meeke rallied a Mini John Cooper Works WRC on a downhill snow track in a race against skeleton competitor Amy Williams at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track. Williams raced down the bobsleigh track whilst Meeke's route ran downhill alongside. With Top Gear presenter James May as his "co-driver," Meeke set a time of 59.73 in the Mini, beating Williams who finished with a time of 1:01.04. On 22 December 2011, Meeke was dropped from

neg: Yvonne Cernota Yvonne Cernota Yvonne Cernota (19 September 1979 – 12 March 2004) was a German bobsledder who competed from 2000 to 2004 at the position of the brakeswomen. She won a bronze medal in the two-woman event at the 2003 FIBT World Championships in Winterberg. Cernota was killed in a training accident at the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Königssee. Two weeks before, she had finished fourth with fellow German bobsledder Cathleen Martini at the World Championships on the same track. It was the first bobsleigh fatality since 1990 and the 42nd overall since being included in the Winter Olympic

neg: Avalanche (Blackpool Pleasure Beach) was built to look like an Alpine village lodge. The loading platform room is decorated with emblems of different Swiss regions and various pictures of famous Bobsled teams, there is predominant picture of the British Bobsleigh team of the Calgary Winter Olympics, 1988 which sits alongside a plaque commemorating the ride's opening by Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards. Traditional Swiss music plays in the station and outside the station building. The trains themselves are painted in the same colours as the 1988 British Bobsled team, and a real bobsleigh car of their team. The various curves of the track are given

neg: Bobsleigh and byways of St Moritz, bobsledding was eventually banned from the public highway. In the winter of 1903/1904 the Badrutt family, owners of the historic Kulm Hotel and the Palace Hotel, allowed Emil Thoma to organise the construction of the first familiarly configured 'half-pipe' track in the Kulm Hotel Park, ending in the village of Cresta. It has hosted the sport during two Olympics and is still in use today. International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, also known as FIBT from the French . National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the

neg: Altenberg, Saxony Altenberg, Saxony Altenberg () is a town in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The town is situated in the Ore Mountains, 32 km south of Dresden, and 15 km northwest of Teplice, Czech Republic. It is home of the Altenberg bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track that has been in use since 1987. The FIBT World Championships 2008 ran February 11–24, 2008 in Altenberg, Saxony, for the fifth time, having done so in 1991 (bobsleigh), 1994 (skeleton), 1999 (skeleton), and 2000 (men's bobsleigh). It was the first time Altenberg has hosted all of the events

neg: Sandra Kiriasis the first time. However, she parted company with the Jamaica Bobsleigh Federation days ahead of the start of bobsleigh training at the Games after she was told she would be demoted from her position as driver coach to the role of track and performance analyst. Sandra Kiriasis Sandra Kiriasis (born 4 January 1975 in Dresden as "Sandra Prokoff") is a German retired bobsledder who has competed from 2000 to 2014. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City she won silver in the two-woman event together with teammate Ulrike Holzner. She also competed in the bobsleigh events at the

neg: Altenberg, Saxony at one championship Altenberg, Saxony Altenberg () is a town in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The town is situated in the Ore Mountains, 32 km south of Dresden, and 15 km northwest of Teplice, Czech Republic. It is home of the Altenberg bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track that has been in use since 1987. The FIBT World Championships 2008 ran February 11–24, 2008 in Altenberg, Saxony, for the fifth time, having done so in 1991 (bobsleigh), 1994 (skeleton), 1999 (skeleton), and 2000 (men's bobsleigh). It was the first time Altenberg has hosted all

neg: Bobsleigh at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Two-woman of the top three finishers. Meyers was the first woman from the American state of Georgia to win a Winter Olympic medal. TR = Track Record. Top finish in each run is in boldface. Bobsleigh at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Two-woman The two-woman bobsleigh competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler, British Columbia, on 20–21 February. The German team of Sandra Kiriasis and Anja Schneiderheinze (Schneiderheinze-Stöckel since 2007) were the defending Olympic champions in this event. Great Britain's team of Nicole Minichiello and Gillian Cooke were

neg: Amilcare Rotta Amilcare Rotta Amilcare Rotta (1 November 1911 – 17 August 1981) was an Italian bobsledder and sportsman who became the second president of the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT – International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation), serving from 1960 to 1978. Rotta was Italian champion in the four-man bobsleigh event who also competed in rowing, boxing, and fencing with success. From 1952 to 1960, he served as president of the Italian Bobsleigh Commission, part of the Italian Winter Sports Federation. Following the refusal of the Organizing Committee at Squaw Valley to construct a bobsleigh track for the 1960

neg: Skeleton at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's only the 15th competition-level track in the world. It was certified for competition in sliding sports by the International Luge Federation (FIL) and the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation (FIBT) in March, 2008 in a process called homologation where hundreds of athletes ran the track. This was the first time many competitors at the 2010 Games were able to try the track and begin to develop strategies for it. Canadian athletes hoped that having it open two years before the Games, and having that amount of time to train on it, would give them an advantage in the Games. The

neg: Venues of the 1956 Winter Olympics it first Bobsleigh World Championships (FIBT) in 1937 in the two-man event. The track was renovated again in 1948 after World War II where all of the turns were rebuilt and the track was lengthened to long and 16 turns. World Championships between 1937 and the 1956 Games took place in 1939 (four-man), 1950, and 1954. Cortina was awarded the 1944 Winter Olympics in 1939, but the games were cancelled due to World War II. "Lo Stadio della neve" () was one of the first venues constructed to meet the needs of television station RAI, Italy's national broadcaster. The Stadium