query: when did the first male-to-female transsexual surgical transformation take place

pos: Sex reassignment surgery (male-to-female) Sex reassignment surgery (male-to-female) Sex reassignment surgery for male-to-female involves reshaping the male genitals into a form with the appearance of, and, as far as possible, the function of female genitalia. Before any surgery, patients usually undergo hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and, depending on the age at which HRT begins, facial hair removal. There are associated surgeries patients may elect to, including facial feminization surgery, breast augmentation, and various other procedures. Lili Elbe was the first known recipient of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, in Germany in 1930. She was the subject of four surgeries: one for orchiectomy, one to transplant

neg: Sex reassignment surgery during sexual activity, including masturbation. The ability to obtain orgasms is positively associated with sexual satisfaction. Frequency and intensity of orgasms are substantially different among transsexual men and transsexual women. Almost all female-to-male individuals have revealed an increase in sexual excitement and are capable of achieving orgasms through sexual activity with a partner or via masturbation, whereas only 85% of the male-to-female individuals are able to achieve orgasms after SRS. A study found that both transmen and transwomen reported that they had experienced transformation in their orgasms sensuality. The female-to-male transgender individuals reported that they had been experiencing intensified and

neg: Homosexual transsexual not always been agreed on. In recent years scientists working on the topic have criticized the practice of categorizing transsexuals by sexual orientation and sex at birth. In the words of Benjamin, male-to-female transsexuals can only be homosexual if anatomy alone is considered, and the psyche of MTF transsexuals is ignored. According to him after SRS calling a male-to-female transsexual homosexual is pedantic. One must bear in mind that when Benjamin was writing, transsexual implied male-to-female, and attracted to men. For a time in the 1980s terms which SJ Wahng describes as homosexual transsexual were in the DSM-III-R (transsexual, homosexual

neg: Ethnic plastic surgery to a larger class of personal surgical interventions. This larger class includes transsexual identity change, body art, cosmetic surgery, Munchhausen syndrome and voluntary female genital cutting. Her basic thesis is that the arguments against the ethical nature of racial transformation (e.g. "it's not possible", "betrayal of group identity", "reinforces oppression", etc.) stand or fall with the ethical arguments related to transsexual change. Basically, if it's OK for persons to change their gender, it's OK for persons to change their race. Cressida Heyes, professor of Philosophy of Gender and Sexuality at the University of Alberta, disagrees with Overall's schema. Heyes feels

neg: Baptist Medical Center sex reassignment surgery controversy (SRS) for transsexual people. The number of surgeries rivaled those of Stanley Biber of Trinidad, Colorado. Most of the patients were trans women. The hospital was one of about seven U.S. hospitals offering sex reassignment surgery. The surgical procedures offered by Foerster and Reynolds were essentially the same male to female transsexual sex reassignment procedures pioneered by Georges Burou of Casablanca. Foerster used the penile inversion procedure. The famous transsexual actress and activist Christine Jorgensen came to Oklahoma in the late seventies to have some minor corrective surgery on her surgically created genitals. The Oklahoma team handled Jorgensen's care at

neg: Transgender people and religion Church. "The key point", that document states, "is that the transsexual surgical operation is so superficial and external that it does not change the personality. If the person was a male, he remains male. If she was female, she remains female." The document also concludes that a "sex-change" operation could be morally acceptable in certain extreme cases, but that in any case transgender people cannot validly marry. Pope Benedict XVI denounced gender studies, warning that it blurs the distinction between male and female and could thus lead to the "self-destruction" of the human race. He warned against the manipulation that

neg: Eunuch 19th century. The last famous Italian castrato, Giovanni Velluti, died in 1861. The sole existing sound recording of a castrato singer documents the voice of Alessandro Moreschi, the last eunuch in the Sistine Chapel choir, who died in 1922. The hijra of India (see above) may number as many as 2,000,000, and are usually described as "eunuchs", although they may be more of a male-to-female transsexual individual, but have surgical castration instead of reassignment surgery, and seldom have access to hormones. The loss of testosterone and lack of estrogen means their bodies take on the characteristics of post-pubertal eunuchs. The

neg: Heart transplantation over five years compared to men receiving male hearts. Survival rates for women did not significantly differ based on male or female donors. Heart transplantation A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease when other medical or surgical treatments have failed. , the most common procedure is to take a functioning heart, with or without transplanting one or both lungs at the same time, from a recently deceased organ donor (brain death is the standard) and implanting it into the patient. The patient's own

neg: Transsexual Symposium (2007) arguing that the data from their own and other studies actually imply much higher prevalence, with minimum lower bounds of 1:4,500 male-to-female transsexual people and 1:8,000 female-to-male transsexual people for a number of countries worldwide. They estimate the number of post-op women in the US to be 32,000 and obtain a figure of 1:2500 male-to-female transsexual people. They further compare the annual incidences of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) and male birth in the U.S. to obtain a figure of 1:1000 MTF transsexual people and suggest a prevalence of 1:500 extrapolated from the rising rates of SRS in the

neg: Transsexual the concern that it implies something to do with sexuality, when it is actually about gender identity. For example, Christine Jorgensen, the first person widely known to have sex reassignment surgery (in this case, male-to-female), rejected "transsexual" and instead identified herself in newsprint as "trans-gender", on this basis. The word "transsexual" is most often used as an adjective rather than a noun – a "transsexual person" rather than simply "a transsexual". Like other trans people, transsexual people prefer to be referred to by the gender pronouns and terms associated with their gender identity. For example, a trans man is a

neg: Same-sex marriage in Australia same-sex marriage from the perspective of the genders the couple identifies as, but it did mean that a male-to-female transsexual could legally marry a man, and a female-to-male transsexual could legally marry a woman. In October 2007, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal overturned a decision by the Foreign Affairs Department refusing to issue a transgender woman a passport listing her as female because she is married to a woman. The tribunal ordered that she be issued a passport listing her as female, in accordance with her other official documents, thereby recognising the existence of a marriage between two persons who are

neg: Transsexual person who was assigned the female sex at birth on the basis of his genitals, but despite that assignment, identifies as a man and is transitioning or has transitioned to a male gender role; in the case of a "transsexual" man, he furthermore has or will have a masculine body. Transsexual people are sometimes referred to with directional terms, such as "female-to-male" for a transsexual man, abbreviated to "F2M", "FTM", and "F to M", or "male-to-female" for a transsexual woman, abbreviated "M2F", "MTF" and "M to F". Individuals who have undergone and completed sex reassignment surgery are sometimes referred to

neg: Trevor MacDonald (health researcher) Trevor MacDonald (health researcher) Trevor MacDonald (born 1985) is a Canadian transgender health researcher and author in the field of LGBTQ lactation and infant feeding. He is the first female-to-male transsexual to have been accredited as a leader with the breastfeeding support organization, La Leche League. Having been born female, MacDonald transitioned to male by taking testosterone and undergoing chest surgery. When he and his partner decided to start a family, on advice from a doctor, MacDonald stopped hormone therapy and was able to become pregnant. Although MacDonald did not plan to breastfeed and assumed it would not be possible,

neg: Homosexual transsexual the "fraternal birth order effect". In 2000 Richard Green wrote "Homosexual male-to-female transsexuals have a later than expected birth order and more older brothers than other subgroups of male-to-female transsexuals. Each older brother increases the odds that a male transsexual is homosexual by 40%." Green did not find a higher incidence of homosexuality in the younger brothers of homosexual transsexuals. Zucker and Blanchard wrote that studies have consistently supported the "fraternal birth order effect" that homosexual transsexuals have more brothers than sisters and are born later in birth order. In contrast, in their study using an Asian sample they found

neg: Gender system "eunuch" or intersexed, and is a term of sexual impotence. In the culture’s definition, a hijra is one born as a male, but adopts the clothing, behavior, and occupations of women. Their status in society is neither male nor female, neither man nor woman. When hijras are asked whether or not they are male or female, most often they respond with comments like "We hijras are like women", demonstrating their place in culture. Hijras walk, gesture, speak, and use facial expressions more common to women in India. They even take feminine names as part of their gender transformation. Becoming a

neg: Christianity and transgender people Most Christian denominations do not recognize gender transition. A 2000 document from the Catholic Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith concludes that sex reassignment procedures do not change a person’s gender in the eyes of the Church. “The key point,” said the reported document, “is that the transsexual surgical operation is so superficial and external that it does not change the personality. If the person was a male, he remains male. If she was female, she remains female.” The document also concludes that a “sex-change” operation could be morally acceptable in certain extreme cases, but that in all cases

neg: Miroslav Djordjevic age. He is the founder and leader of the Belgrade Center for Genital Reconstructive Surgery. His experience in sex reassignment surgery has resulted in new knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the male and female genitalia. Djordjevic has published many papers on the surgical treatment of hypospadias, epispadias, Peyronie's disease, adult hypospadias, buried penis, urethral reconstruction, pediatric reconstructive urology, penile enhancement surgery as well as transsexual surgery. Since 1999, Djordjevic has been a Professor of Surgery, Medical School, at Belgrade University. Since 2013, he has been a member of the Academy of Serbian Medical Association. In 2008 Djordjevic jointly authored

neg: Sex reassignment therapy or larger cup size. For trans women, breast augmentation is done in a similar manner to those done for cisgender women. As with cisgender women, there is a limit on the size of implant that may be used, depending on the amount of pre-existing breast tissue. Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) refers to the surgical and medical procedures undertaken to align intersex and transsexual individuals' physical appearance and genital anatomy with their gender identity. SRS may encompass any surgical procedures which will reshape a male body into a body with a female appearance or vice versa, or more specifically refer to

neg: Tara Foundation Tara Foundation The Tara Foundation was a charity organization dedicated to the support of low-income and disabled transsexual people. The foundation was started in 2001 with the assistance of a $10,000 grant from the Marin Community Foundation. As of April 2008, the Foundation appears to be defunct. The main focus of the Tara Foundation was to provide financial assistance to both transsexual male-to-female women and transsexual female-to-male men for sex reassignment surgery. Specifically, this assistance was aimed at disabled and low-income transsexual individuals. The Foundation stated that most insurance companies do not cover transsexual related treatments and maintained that the

neg: Homosexual transsexual women." According to them Blanchard reported in 1987 that only one in 72 female-to-male transsexuals he saw at his clinic were primarily attracted to men. They write that these individuals were so uncommon that some researchers thought that androphilic female-to-male transsexuals did not exist or they were misdiagnosed them as homosexual transsexuals, attracted to women. Relatively few studies have examined childhood gender variance in biological females. In the 2005 study by Smith and van Goozen, their findings in regards to female-to-male transsexuals were different from their findings for male-to-female transsexuals. Smith and van Goozen's study included 52 female-to-male transsexuals, who

neg: Blanchard's transsexualism typology of categorization, used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual", terms once used in differential diagnoses. The clinical literature of Freund, Blanchard, and others has consistently divided male-to-female transsexuals into two distinct groups - "homosexual transsexuals," people who are sexually attracted to (ideally heterosexual) men and supposedly desire a normative female body to attract them, and "heterosexual fetishistic transvestites" in which the transsexual purportedly finds the idea of having a normative female body sexually arousing but desires a heterosexual female partner. Kurt Freund first distinguished between these two proposed types in a 1982 research article, theorizing that the "homosexual" transsexuals

neg: Transsexual to use the term to refer to those who desired a change of physiological sex. In 1969, Harry Benjamin claimed to have been the first to use the term "transsexual" in a public lecture, which he gave in December 1953. Benjamin went on to popularize the term in his 1966 book, "The Transsexual Phenomenon", in which he described transsexual people on a scale (later called the "Benjamin scale") of three levels of intensity: "Transsexual (nonsurgical)", "Transsexual (moderate intensity)", and "Transsexual (high intensity)". In his book, Benjamin described "true" transsexualism as the following: Benjamin suggested that moderate intensity male to female

neg: Feminine essence concept of transsexuality anatomy. A widely cited research study of this topic examined the brain anatomy of six deceased male-to-female transsexuals, who had undergone during their lives hormonal treatment and surgical sex reassignment. The study reported that a brain structure called the "central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis" (BSTc), which is larger in typical males than in typical females, was in the female range in the transsexual subjects. The interpretation and the methods of that study have been criticized, and the finding continues to be a matter of debate. Neurological research has found that the brains of transsexuals differ

neg: Transsexual the female to male transsexual, for whom genital surgery may not be practical. Benjamin gave certifying letters to his MTF transsexual patients that stated "Their anatomical sex, that is to say, the body, is male. Their psychological sex, that is to say, the mind, is female." After 1967 Benjamin abandoned his early terminology and adopted that of "gender identity." Around the same time as Benjamin's book, in 1965, the term "transgender" was coined by John Oliven. By the 1990s, "transsexual" had come to be considered a subset of the umbrella term "transgender". The term "transgender" is now more common, and

neg: The Transsexual Empire The Transsexual Empire The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (1979; second edition 1994) is a book about transsexualism by the American radical feminist author and activist Janice Raymond. The book is derived from Raymond's dissertation, which was produced under the supervision of the feminist theologian Mary Daly. Raymond investigates the role of transsexualism in society – particularly psychological and surgical approaches to it – and argues that transsexualism reinforces traditional gender stereotypes. Raymond also writes about the ways in which the medical-psychiatric complex is medicalizing gender identity and the social and political context that has helped spawn transsexual

neg: Transsexual transsexual people may benefit from estrogen medication as a "substitute for or preliminary to operation." Some people have had sex reassignment surgery (SRS) but do not meet the above definition of transsexual (e.g. Gregory Hemingway). Other people do not desire SRS although they meet the other elements of Benjamin's definition of a "true transsexual". Transsexuality was included for the first time in the DSM-III in 1980 and again in the DSM-III-R in 1987, where it was located under "Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence". Beyond Benjamin's work, which focused on male-to-female transsexual people, there are cases of

neg: Pagan Kennedy life during her twenties. Kennedy wrote a biography called "The First Man-Made Man" about Michael Dillon who in the 1940s was the first successful case of female-to-male sex change treatment; he established himself as a medical student. It describes how he later fell in love with a male-to-female transsexual, Roberta Cowell, who was at the time the only other transsexual in Britain. In July 2012, Kennedy was named design columnist for the "New York Times Magazine". Her column, "Who Made That," detailed the origins of everything from the cubicle to the home pregnancy test. Kennedy resigned from the column after

neg: Max Wolf Valerio a male gender identity started to come back from childhood. In 1988, after discussions with a friend and roommate who was formally transitioning from male to female, Valerio realized that he was transsexual and began considering a sex change. Max found the FMT Organization in San Francisco run by Lou Sullivan and started attending meetings. Valerio was amazed by the other female to male transsexuals/transgender people and realized that it could be done. Like an "explosion" in his mind Max Valerio had realized he was not a lesbian but a transsexual man. Valerio transitioned in 1989 from female to male.

neg: Homosexual transsexual were categorized as either homosexual or non-homosexual. Smith concluded that female-to-male transsexuals, regardless of sexual orientation, reported more GID symptoms in childhood, and a stronger sense of gender dysphoria. Smith wrote that she found some differences between homosexual and non-homosexual female-to-male transsexuals. Smith says that non-homosexual female-to-males reported more gender dysphoria than any group in her study. Smith says "It is of interest, though, that a few female-to-male transsexuals reported to have been sexually aroused in adolescence when dressing in male clothes, as this has never been reported before." The concept that androphilic male-to-female transsexualism is related to homosexuality in

neg: Gender psychology there are variations between the individuals of each sex. There have been studies conducted to try and associate hormones with the gender identity of males and females. Okayama University in Japan did a study investigating the biological nature of gender identity disorder. The researchers looked at five different sex related hormones and whether or not they increased the chances of an individual being a transsexual. They examined male to female (MTF) and female to male (FTM) transsexuals, using control males and females for comparison. Their research did not find a significant difference in the distribution of the examined genes. The

neg: Lydia Foy transsexual and was prescribed a course of hormone treatment. Foy attended two further psychiatrists in England who diagnosed her as suffering from gender dysphoria. Foy then began a process of transitioning from male to female, with electrolysis, breast augmentation surgery, operations on the nose and Adams apple and voice surgery. On 25 July 1992, Foy underwent full, irreversible sex reassignment surgery in Brighton, England. This involved the removal of some external and internal genital tissues and surgical reconstruction of a vulva. The Irish Eastern Health Board paid £3,000 towards the cost of the procedure. Subsequently, Foy lived entirely as a

neg: Feminist views on transgender topics living "authentic lives" that should be "celebrated". In 1979, Janice Raymond wrote a book on trans women called "The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male", which looked at the role of transsexuality–particularly psychological and surgical approaches to it—in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, the ways in which the "medical-psychiatric complex" is medicalizing "gender identity", and the social and political context that has helped spawn transsexual treatment and surgery as normal and therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintains that transsexualism is based on the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image". She argued that this is done

neg: LGBT people in prison the complainant was entitled to continue her hormone treatment". In Petitioning the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, Kavanagh argued that "The Correctional Service of Canada has discriminated and continues to discriminate against me because of my disability and sex (Transsexualism), contrary to Section 5 of the Canadian Human Right Act, by refusing to provide me with necessary medical and surgical treatment." Kavanagh continues to elaborate on her transition prior to imprisonment in this address, stating "since 1981 I have been diagnosed as a transsexual, which means that my gender is female but my sex is male. For 13 years, I was

neg: Transgender sex to anotherthe standard transsexual modelis the best or only solution. This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly genderqueer people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients' sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance. Acknowledgment of the lack of clinical training has increased; however, research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused

neg: Burdizzo method because of the reduced risk of bleeding and infection. Burdizzos have also been used by some human males as a means of self-castration, often by those seeking a remedy for a high libido, or those who, for religious, friends influence, fun or personal reasons, seek to become eunuchs. The burdizzo has also been used by some transsexual women and other male-to-female transgender persons, as an alternative to the surgical procedure known as an orchiectomy. Because an incision is not required, castration by burdizzo is usually bloodless and, according to some research, has a lower risk of infection, compared with

neg: Gender binary refusing terms like "male" and "female". Transgender people have a unique place in relation to the gender binary. In some cases, their gender expression aligns with their sex. Attempting to conform to societal expectations for their gender, transsexual individuals may opt for surgery, hormones, or both, which can be difficult if the individual does not "pass" as cisgender. According to Thomas Keith in "Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture", the longstanding cultural assumption that male–female dualities are "natural and immutable" partly explains the persistence of systems of patriarchy and male privilege in modern society. Some feminist scholars have contested the existence

neg: Be Like Others transsexuals". "Be Like Others" shows the experiences of male and female patients at Dr. Bahram Mir-Jalali's Mirdamad Surgical Centre, a sex-reassignment clinic in Tehran. One of them is Ali Askar, a 24-year-old man who faces harassment from other men due to his feminine appearance and behaviour. He does not want to become a woman but sees no other options for him in Iranian society. He decides to go ahead with the surgery despite death threats from his father and finds support from Vida, a post-operative transsexual he meets at the clinic. By the end of the film, Ali has become

neg: Shemale pornography. The term "shemale" has been used since the mid-19th century, when it was a humorous colloquialism for "female", especially an aggressive woman. Some biologists have used "shemale" to refer to male non-human animals displaying female traits or behaviors, such as female pheromones being given off by male reptiles. The term is used by some psychologists to refer to male-to-female transsexual people who have transitioned to female but have not undergone genital surgery. Biologist and Darwin-critic, Joan Roughgarden, rejected use of the term in the reptile literature, as she says it is "degrading and has been borrowed from the porn

neg: Homosexuality in Indonesia the quintessential male essence. The act of ingestion itself takes the form of fellatio or anal intercourse. The inseminators are older members of the tribes, usually uncles, fathers or older brothers of the boys' future wives. The rituals are repeated as needed and cease when the boys reach adulthood, which occurs among these tribes when the boys begin to develop beards and are married off soon after puberty. In Indonesia, effeminate male homosexual or male-to-female transsexual are called "banci", "bencong" or "waria" (Indonesian: "wanita-pria" lit: female-male). While lesbians are called "lesbi" or "lines". A rather straight-acting gay male are rarely

neg: Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People The Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People are international clinical protocols outlining the recommended assessment and treatment for gender non-conforming individuals across the lifespan or transgender or transsexual people who wish to undergo social, hormonal or surgical transition to the other sex. Clinicians' decisions regarding patients' treatment are often influenced by this standard of care (SOC). Prior to the advent of the first SOCs, there was no semblance of consensus on psychiatric, psychological, medical, and surgical requirements or procedures. Before

neg: Deirdre McCloskey a key person in the Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy and in the debate over J. Michael Bailey's book "The Man Who Would Be Queen", both regarding the reasons why transsexual women desire a male to female transformation. McCloskey has described herself as a "literary, quantitative, postmodern, free-market, progressive Episcopalian, Midwestern woman from Boston who was once a man. Not 'conservative'! I'm a Christian libertarian." Deirdre McCloskey Deirdre Nansen McCloskey (born September 11, 1942), is the Distinguished Professor of Economics, History, English, and Communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). She is also adjunct professor of Philosophy

neg: LGBT movements in the United States figures of the militant transgender activism on the West Coast were Beth Elliot and Angela Douglas. Elliot was one of the first politically active transsexual lesbians, who at one point served as vice-president of the San Francisco chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis, the lesbian homophile organization, and edited the chapter's newsletter, "Sisters". Elliot became a flashpoint for the issue of MTF (male-to-female) transsexual inclusion in the women's community when, after a divisive public debate, she was ejected from the West Coast Women's Conference in 1973. Douglas had been active in GLF-Los Angeles in 1969 and wrote extensively about sexual

neg: Trevor MacDonald (health researcher) coverage in The New York Times, The Guardian, The Toronto Star, Buzzfeed, Gay Star News, Metro UK, The Advocate, Rewire, and on the Canadian Television Network's national newscast. Trevor MacDonald (health researcher) Trevor MacDonald (born 1985) is a Canadian transgender health researcher and author in the field of LGBTQ lactation and infant feeding. He is the first female-to-male transsexual to have been accredited as a leader with the breastfeeding support organization, La Leche League. Having been born female, MacDonald transitioned to male by taking testosterone and undergoing chest surgery. When he and his partner decided to start a family, on

neg: Max Wolf Valerio adapting to a deeper voice, and having straight women make advances towards him He also discusses the emotional experiences of telling everyone who didn’t yet already know that he was becoming a male. He describes an in detail encounter of coming out as transsexual to one of his female co-workers as a way to narrate the difficulty of identity politics when transitioning With this woman, Valerio experienced his first intimate encounter with a female since transitioning to becoming a man. Valerio narrates his perceptual experiences of not yet having bottom surgery, but being physically male otherwise The book ends off

neg: Homosexual transsexual Weinrich said that Blanchard asserted all female-to-male transsexuals were "woman loving". Leavitt and Berger criticized the term in 1990, saying that it was "both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment." Critics argue that the term "homosexual transsexual" is "heterosexist", "archaic", and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their gender identity. Benjamin, Leavitt, and Berger have all used the term in their own work. Sexologist John Bancroft also expressed regret for having used this terminology, which was standard when he used it, to refer to transsexual women. He says that he now tries

neg: Homosexuality in Indonesia such as a transsexual prostitute. The less effeminate male homosexuals however, are hard to detect and often blend in society. In traditional Indonesian culture, when a boy or a girl reach puberty, the relations between teenage boys and girls are limited. Traditional mores — especially in villages and rural area — disapprove the teenage courtship, as they may lead to premarital sex. Traditional mores also frowned upon the mixing between unmarried women and men, as they could led to scandalous fornication. Male bonding and close friendship however, are encouraged. The homoerotic experiences or even homosexual incidents might take place within

neg: Causes of transsexuality by Zhou "et al." (1995) found that in a region of the brain called the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), a region which is known for sex and anxiety responses (and which is affected by prenatal androgens), cadavers of six persons who were described as having been male-to-female transsexual or transgender persons in life had female-normal BSTc size, similar to the study's cadavers of cisgender women. While the transsexuals studied had taken hormones, this was accounted for by including cadavers of non-transsexual male and female controls who, for a variety of medical reasons, had experienced hormone reversal. The

neg: The Transsexual Empire hate-speech against transsexual men and women. In "The Transsexual Empire" Raymond included sections on Sandy Stone, a trans woman who had worked as a sound engineer for Olivia Records, and Christy Barsky, accusing both of creating divisiveness in women's spaces. These writings have been heavily criticized as personal attacks on these individuals. Writing in "The Transgender Studies Reader" (2006), Carol Riddell argues that "The Transsexual Empire" "did not invent anti-transsexual prejudice, but it did more to justify and perpetuate it than perhaps any other book ever written." The Transsexual Empire The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (1979; second

neg: K. S. Rajah number of significant family law cases. In "Lim Ying v. Hock Kian Ming Eric", he held that the gender of a transsexual person was to be determined according to biological criteria, which meant that sex reassignment surgery did not alter a person's gender. Thus, a marriage between an individual who had undergone female-to-male sex reassignment surgery and a woman was void, being a marriage between two persons of the same gender. The decision prompted Parliament to amend the Women's Charter to permit transsexual people to marry in the capacity of their new gender. In 1992, Rajah J.C. annulled the marriage

neg: Transsexual the final months of the life of Robert Eads, a female-to-male transsexual living in Georgia. Eads was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and rejected for treatment by over two dozen doctors due to his transsexuality. The documentary follows Eads and several of his closest friends, a support group of transsexual southerners known as "Southern Comfort". The documentary won several awards, including the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival, First Prize at the Seattle International Film Festival, and the Special Audience Award at the Berlin International Film Festival. Two notable films depict transphobic violence based on true events: "Soldier's Girl"

neg: Rape by gender Conviction rates differ by the gender of both the perpetrator and victim. Various studies argue that male-male and female-female prison rape are quite common and may be the least reported form of rape. Furthermore, a large number of rape cases take place when the victims are below the age of consent, bringing in the issue of child sexual abuse or statutory rape. In the 2001 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 10.2% of girls and 5.1% of boys reported "[having] ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when [they] did not want to". In a 2010 study of heterosexual couples

neg: Max Wolf Valerio may obtain the female to male transitioning hormone: testosterone. Sometimes called "T" in the FTM scene. What Max went through was a visit to a counselor for three months. That counselor then decides if the patient is "sincere and that [they] probably are transsexual". The counselor then writes a letter so that the patient may obtain testosterone to start the transition from female to male. The standard dosage of testosterone is one injection every two weeks inter-muscularly. That is what Max Valerio did in early stages of transitioning. Valerio went to an Endocrinologist to obtain the hormones with the letter

neg: Transgender legal history in the United States is believed to be the first legal case which specifically addresses transsexual marriage. In the 1999 case "Littleton v. Prange, 9 SW3d 223 (1999)", Christie Lee Littleton, a post-operative female transsexual, argued to the Texas 4th Court of Appeals that her marriage to her deceased male husband was legally binding and she was entitled to his estate. The court decided that Littleton's gender corresponded to her chromosomes, which were XY (male). The court subsequently invalidated her revision to her birth certificate, as well as her Kentucky marriage license, ruling "We hold, as a matter of law, that Christie Littleton is

neg: Max Wolf Valerio Valerio's initial exposure to transsexual information were two pieces that have been considered by LGBTQ groups as being exceptionally trans-phobic. The first book Valerio picked up was "Female-to-Male Transsexualism" by Leslie Lothstein. Valerio says in "The Testosterone Files" that "Lothstein's book is damning" and that he "paints the transsexual men he is working with as psychopathic, borderline, fractured, pathetic". Valerio also says that Lothstein's book says that Lothstein "feels that most of the men are mistaken in asking for sex reassignment". The second resource Valerio picked up was Janice Raymond's book, "The Transsexual Empire". Valerio states that "Raymond postulated that

neg: Transsexual stigmatization or for the deprivation of gender patients' civil rights. "Sex reassignment therapy" (SRT) is an umbrella term for all medical treatments related to sex reassignment of both transgender and intersex people. Individuals make different choices regarding sex reassignment therapy, which may include female-to-male or male-to-female hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to modify secondary sex characteristics, sex reassignment surgery (such as orchiectomy) to alter primary sex characteristics, chest surgery such as top surgery or breast augmentation, or, in the case of trans women, a trachea shave, facial feminization surgery or permanent hair removal. To obtain sex reassignment therapy, transsexual people are

neg: Homosexual transsexual the DSM IV-TR. Most research of the research on homosexual transsexuality has been conducted on trans women. They are usually socioeconomically disadvantaged, born later in a series of brothers, are unlikely to display cross-gender fetishism or autogynephilia, and come out at a younger age than non-homosexual trans women. Relatively little research has been done on gender variance in assigned women and the prevalence of female-to-male gender identity disorder (GID) is less than that of male-to-female GID. The term "homosexual" transsexual was defined by Kurt Freund in 1974, and is used by various sexologists and psychiatrists to describe trans women who

neg: Loren Cameron photographs document the lives and bodies of both transsexual men and women, providing positive, beautiful images of transgender people. His first published works ("Body Alchemy" and "Man Tool: The Nuts and Bolts of Female-to-Male Surgery") consists largely of self-portraits, FTM body modifications, and portraits of other female to male transsexuals. More recently published work is a diverse and unprecedented representation of both female and male transsexuals, portraits and classical nudes ("Body Photographs by Loren Cameron Volume 1 and 2", and "Cameron Correspondence 1997-2003", Taller Experimental Cuerpos Pintados 2003). A current photographic project focuses on the sexuality of gay FTMs. Film

neg: Womyn-born womyn indicating that "less than 1 in 100,000" attendees would be against the exclusion of transsexual women from the festival; and while the replies about "female-to-male transsexuals" were not tabulated, it was determined that "80% of respondents were against their inclusion". However, the presence of male-to-female transsexual people at MichFest was understood to exist. After 40 years, the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival held its last event in 2015. This final gathering followed the withdrawal of support by the National Center for Lesbian Rights, National LGBTQ Task Force, and "The TransAdvocate" nonprofit website, of a boycott petition against MichFest and its womyn-born

neg: Condom that it applied to heterosexual and transsexual prostitutes, whether male or female, as well. He did, however, also clarify that the Vatican's principles on sexuality and contraception had not been changed. More generally, some scientific researchers have expressed objective concern over certain ingredients sometimes added to condoms, notably talc and nitrosamines. Dry dusting powders are applied to latex condoms before packaging to prevent the condom from sticking to itself when rolled up. Previously, talc was used by most manufacturers, but cornstarch is currently the most popular dusting powder. Talc is known to be toxic if it enters the abdominal cavity

neg: Travesti than travesti (such as literal translations of transsexual woman, transgender woman and trans woman), a politically loaded term, who are still not legally female, especially those who decide some forms of legally requested body modification, or those who for however reason still did not undergo such practices. This preoccupation with physical changes to genitalia is condemned by some local activists and their allies, but it is still highly prevalent, up to the pervasive use of male pronouns by media of people known to be travestis when most travesti refer to each other using feminine pronouns. Transgender people of non-binary gender

neg: Transgender youth due to contaminated needles. Sexually transmitted infections are a large health problem for transgender teens as well, as sexual partners often do not perceive these youth as health risks, especially since male-to-female youth cannot become pregnant. This trend of unprotected sex among the transgender population puts them at increased risk and has led to higher numbers of STIs among the group However, the latest revision of the Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People has addressed the needs of transgender children. When an individual is transitioning from female to male (FTM) or male to

neg: Trans man Trans man A trans man (sometimes trans-man or transman) is a man who was assigned female at birth (AFAB). The label of transgender man is not always interchangeable with that of transsexual man, although the two labels are often used in this way. "Transgender" is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people). Many trans men choose to undergo surgical or hormonal transition, or both (see sex reassignment therapy), to alter their appearance in a way that aligns with their gender identity or alleviates gender dysphoria. Although the literature indicates that most trans men

neg: Trans man have heard of, or known about, such cases in their communities". Accessing health care services for trans men can be difficult. HIV infection between trans men and others is still increasing. Trans man A trans man (sometimes trans-man or transman) is a man who was assigned female at birth (AFAB). The label of transgender man is not always interchangeable with that of transsexual man, although the two labels are often used in this way. "Transgender" is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people). Many trans men choose to undergo surgical or hormonal transition,

neg: Archaster typicus is male or female, probably by chemotactic recognition. On recognizing a female, the male will climb on top of her and may remain there for two months. The female can move about and feed but the male is more restricted in his activities. During this time they synchronize their gonadal activity so that when the female is ready to spawn, so is the male. When she releases her eggs, he releases his sperm almost simultaneously thereby increasing the chances that successful fertilisation will take place. Mating occurs in September and October in the Philippines and pair densities reach up to

neg: Sex change is associated with breast development in men. Humans are most commonly said to have "a sex change" when they undergo sex reassignment therapy, that is, a set of medical procedures undergone by transsexual people to alter their sexual characteristics from male to female or from female to male. The term may also refer specifically to sex reassignment surgery, which usually refers to genital surgery only. The term is also sometimes used for the medical procedures intersex people undergo, or, more often, are subjected to as children. The term "sex change" is sometimes also used for the whole process of changing

neg: Transsexual decide whether a transman erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a transwoman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject. Psychologist Rachel Ann Heath writes, "The terms homosexual and heterosexual are awkward, especially when the former is used with, or instead of, gay and

neg: Douglas Ousterhout in 1982 when Darrell Pratt, a plastic surgeon who performed sex reassignment surgeries, approached Ousterhout with a request from a male-to-female transsexual patient of Pratt's; the patient wanted plastic surgery to make her face appear more feminine, since people still reacted to her as though she were a man. Ousterhout's prior practice had involved reconstructing faces and skulls of people who had suffered birth defects, accidents or other trauma. Ousterhout was interested in helping but knew that he didn't know what a "female face" was, so he investigated by first reading the physical anthropology from the early 20th century to

neg: Transsexual as "transsexed" individuals; however, the term "transsexed" is not to be confused with the term "transsexual", which can also refer to individuals who have not yet undergone SRS, and whose anatomical sex (still) does not match their psychological sense of personal gender identity. The terms "gender dysphoria" and "gender identity disorder" were not used until the 1970s, when Laub and Fisk published several works on transsexualism using these terms. "Transsexualism" was replaced in the DSM-IV by "gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults". Male-to-female transsexualism has sometimes been called "Harry Benjamin's syndrome" after the endocrinologist who pioneered the study of

neg: Transgender mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have now been superseded by "trans man" and "trans woman", respectively, and the terms "trans-masculine" or "trans-feminine" are increasingly in use. This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans woman") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition

neg: Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male) Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male) Sex reassignment surgery for female-to-male transgender people includes a variety of surgical procedures that alter female anatomical traits to provide physical traits more appropriate to the trans man's male identity and functioning. Many trans men considering the option do not opt for genital reassignment surgery; more frequent surgical options include bilateral mastectomy (removal of the breasts) and chest contouring (providing a more typically male chest shape), and hysterectomy (the removal of internal sex organs). Sex reassignment surgery is usually preceded by beginning hormone treatment with testosterone. Many trans men seek bilateral mastectomy, also called "top surgery",

neg: Escort agency clients. Some agencies may specifically deal in a certain type of escort. There are male-for-male, female-for-male, and female-for-female escort agencies, as well as a few male-for-female agencies. Agencies commonly specialize in only one sex. Transsexual or transgender escorts are available from some escort agencies. It is very common for escorts to enter the business through referrals from friends who have been in the business. The effectiveness of ads in weeklies or specialized sites has been questioned by some operators as there are so many that they are diluted. Typically, an escort will interview with an agency. Once an agency decides

neg: The Transsexual Empire treatment and surgery as normal and therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintains that transsexualism is based on the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image". She claims this is done in order "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality", adding: "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves ... Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive." "The Transsexual Empire" was first published in the United States by Beacon Press in 1979. In 1980, the book

neg: Loren Cameron coincided with the beginning of his physical changes as he documented his own physiological transition from female to male at this time. Despite his lack of formal training, beginning in 1993 Cameron studied the rudiments of photography and began to photograph the transsexual community. Since 1994, he has given lectures on his work at universities, educational conferences and art institutes. By 1995, Cameron's photographs had been shown in solo exhibitions in San Francisco, Minneapolis, a Los Angeles. Cameron's photography and writing was first published by Cleis Press in 1996. "", documented Cameron's personal experience of transition from female to male,

neg: LGBT rights in the Bahamas between persons who were male and male or female and female. So, in this Maritime Marriage Bill we are stating this fact in the clear positive — a marriage must take place between a male and a female and we want that to be abundantly clear that, that is so and that is keeping with our community standard.” There are no prohibitions on LGBT citizens serving in the Bahamian police or military forces. In May 1998, National Security Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Frank Watson declared that the Bahamanian military, prison service, and police force did not discriminate based on

neg: Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male) the arm, the thigh or stomach and an erectile prosthetic (phalloplasty). In either case, the urethra can be rerouted through the phallus to allow urination through the newly constructed penis. The labia majora are united to form a scrotum, where prosthetic testicles can be inserted. Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male) Sex reassignment surgery for female-to-male transgender people includes a variety of surgical procedures that alter female anatomical traits to provide physical traits more appropriate to the trans man's male identity and functioning. Many trans men considering the option do not opt for genital reassignment surgery; more frequent surgical options include bilateral

neg: Shemale a "she-male" or "male-to-constructed female" is still male and constitutes a patriarchal attack by males upon the female essence. In some cultures it can also be used interchangeably with other terms referring to trans women. The term has since become an unflattering term applied to male-to-female transsexual people. Psychologists Dana Finnegan and Emily Mcnally write that the term "tends to have demeaning connotations." French professor John Phillips writes that "shemale" is "a linguistic oxymoron that simultaneously reflects but, by its very impossibility, challenges [gender] binary thinking, collapsing the divide between the masculine and the feminine." Trans author Leslie Feinberg writes,

neg: Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual marriage. For these reasons, it was ruled that Kevin’s marriage was valid as he was male at the time of the marriage. There were broader social implications of this case than just the ruling for Kevin and Jennifer. One key point of contention in the trial was the use of the term Transsexual. The judge felt the term to be dehumanizing, and he felt that since Kevin had always identified as male, that the term was not quite accurate. However, this case took place before the popularization of the word transgender, and as such the judge used transsexual but acknowledged

neg: Stria terminalis a female-typical number of cells in the BSTc, whereas a trans man (female-to-male) was found to have a male-typical number. The authors (W. Chung, G. De Vries, Dick Swaab) also examined subjects with hormone-related disorders and found no pattern between those disorders and the BSTc while the single untreated male-to-female transsexual had a female-typical number of cells. They concluded that the BSTc provides evidence for a neurobiological basis of gender identity and proposed that such was determined before birth. Since somatostatin-expressing neurons typically block dendritic inputs to the postsynaptic neuron, thus inhibiting signals traveling through accociated structures, it is believed

neg: Sex reassignment therapy transsexual men, but cannot regress facial hair for transsexual women. HRT may, however, reverse some characteristics, such as distribution of body fat and muscle, as well as menstruation in trans men. Generally, those traits that are easily reversible will revert upon cessation of hormonal treatment, unless chemical or surgical castration has occurred, though for many trans people, surgery is required to obtain satisfactory physical characteristics. But in trans men, some hormonally-induced changes may become virtually irreversible within weeks, whereas trans women usually have to take hormones for many months before any irreversible changes will result. As with all medical activities,

neg: Trans woman gender differently than assigned at birth. In addition, they may want or undergo surgery to change their physical appearance. Thus trans women fall under the umbrella of being transgender because their gender was assigned male at birth but they identify as a woman. However, not all trans women are transsexual since they may or may not choose to undergo sex-reassignment surgery. Some trans women who feel that their gender transition is complete prefer to be called simply "women," considering "trans woman" or "male-to-female transsexual" to be terms that should only be used for people who are not fully transitioned. Likewise,

neg: Feminist views on transgender topics invades the female world with substitutes." "Transsexualism, which Janice Raymond has shown to be essentially a male problem, is an "attempt" to change males into females, whereas in fact no male can assume female chromosomes and life history/experience." "The surgeons and hormone therapists of the transsexual kingdom . . . can be said to produce feminine persons. They cannot produce women." In 1999, in the book "The Whole Woman", Germaine Greer published a sequel to "The Female Eunuch". One chapter was titled "Pantomime Dames", wherein she states her opposition to accepting trans women who were assigned male at birth as

neg: Tara Foundation procedures are "medically necessary and life-changing" as opposed to elective or cosmetic. The foundation also advocated the advancement of civil rights for transgender people, social acceptance, and the elimination of discrimination toward transgender people. Tara Foundation The Tara Foundation was a charity organization dedicated to the support of low-income and disabled transsexual people. The foundation was started in 2001 with the assistance of a $10,000 grant from the Marin Community Foundation. As of April 2008, the Foundation appears to be defunct. The main focus of the Tara Foundation was to provide financial assistance to both transsexual male-to-female women and transsexual

neg: Trans man be clocked", and means not passing. Originally, the term "trans men" referred specifically to female-to-male transsexual people who underwent hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or sex reassignment surgery (SRS), or both. The definition of "transition" has broadened to include theories of psychological development or complementary methods of self-acceptance. Many of those who identify as transgender may face gender dysphoria. Transsexual and transgender men may seek medical interventions such as hormones and surgery to make their bodies as congruent as possible with their gender presentation. However, many transgender and transsexual men cannot afford or choose not to undergo surgery or hormone replacement

neg: Natalie Buxton plans an escape on her "weekend out" with Janine. Fenner also promises her compassionate leave for the weekend. Her first attempt is thwarted before she can leave the prison, when Pat Kerrigan (Liz May Brice) arrives and holds Sister Thomas Moore hostage. Natalie and Fenner's relationship soon becomes hostile and it is not long before she ends up becoming one of his many enemies. Natalie, Janine and Darlene begin to torment Arun when they discover she is a male-to-female transsexual. Before Arun is transferred to a men's prison or commits suicide, Natalie's new found arch enemy, Pat, defends her. The

neg: Brittany CoxXx the 2009 AVN Awards in the category of "Best Transsexual Release", while Brittany herself was nominated in the "Transsexual Performer Of The Year" category. "America’s Next Top Tranny 2" took the Best Transsexual release award, whilst the Transsexual Performer Of The Year went to Wendy Williams, who had been a nominee in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Speaking of "Brittany's Transformation", CoxXx commented that "since this is my first movie as a woman – in my new bod, which I totally "love" by the way – it's a whole new experience onscreen for myself and for the viewers". Brittany was partnered

neg: Trans man identify as heterosexual (meaning they are sexually attracted to women), trans men, like cisgender men, can also have any sexual orientation or sexual identity, such as homosexual, gay, bisexual, pansexual, polysexual or asexual, and some trans men might consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable to them. The term "trans man" is used as a short form for either identity (transsexual man and transgender man). This commonly referred to as female-to-male (FTM or F2M). Trans men may identify as transsexual, as transgender, neither, or both. "Transgender man" is an umbrella term that may include anybody who was assigned female

neg: Springbok 5 to 21 days. When a female approaches a rutting male, the male holds his head and tail at level with the ground, lowers his horns, and makes a loud grunting noise to attract her. The male then urinates and sniffs the female's perineum. If the female is receptive, she urinates, as well, and the male makes a flehmen gesture, and taps his leg till the female leaves or permits him to mate. Copulation consists of a single pelvic thrust. Gestation lasts five to six months, after which a single calf (or rarely twins) is born. Most births take place

neg: Blanchard's transsexualism typology Would Be Queen", in which he based his portrayal of male-to-female transsexual people on Blanchard's taxonomy, an enormous controversy resulted. Jaimie Veale gathered a convenience sample over the Internet of trans women's impressions of and opinions on Blanchard's typology. Of the people answering the survey, 52.5% had a negative response. Of the 170 respondents, 33 said the typology was too narrow and restrictive, 15 said it did not apply to their experiences, and 5 that the typology was driven by questionable motives such as "to encourage 'elitist divisionism'." Other participants, however, said they did, in fact, experience autogynephilia. Criticism of

neg: Blanchard's transsexualism typology woman (transvestism) versus erotic arousal due to physically transforming into a more typically female form (autogynephilia). Blanchard's observations at the Clarke Institute began by categorizing male-to-female transsexuals into four groups based off their supposed sexual orientations: "homosexual," "heterosexual," bisexual, and analloerotics (i.e. trans women attracted to men, women, both, or neither, respectively.) Blanchard then conducted a series of studies on people assigned male at birth with gender dysphoria, including male-to-female transsexual people, and concluded that there existed only two distinct types. Blanchard said that one type of gender dysphoria/transsexualism manifests itself in individuals who are exclusively attracted to men (Homosexual

neg: Sex reassignment surgery stronger excitements while male-to-female individuals have been encountering longer and more gentle feelings. The rates of masturbation have also changed after sex reassignment surgery for both trans women and trans men. A study reported an overall increase of masturbation frequencies exhibited in most transsexual individuals and 78% of them were able to reach orgasm by masturbation after SRS. A study showed that there were differences in masturbation frequencies between trans men and trans women, in which female-to-male individuals masturbated more often than male to female The possible reasons for the differences in masturbation frequency could be associated with the surge

neg: LGBT rights in India parents in India prefer to assign infants with intersex conditions as male, with surgical interventions taking place when parents can afford them. In a reply to a letter from an intersex rights activist Gopi Shankar Madurai, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India replied that "Any kind of invasive medical procedure including sex reassignment surgeries are done only after thorough assessment of the patient, obtaining justification for the procedure planned to be conducted with the help of appropriate diagnostic test and only after taking a written consent of the patient/guardian". Besides male and female, Indian passports are available with

neg: Poundcakes (Marvel Comics) the Grapplers. They forced a young runaway named Lanie to take Songbird's place as the Screaming Mimi. Songbird, learning of this, confronted and defeated the Grapplers, convincing Lanie to return home to her family. Poundcakes, Letha, and Lascivious were taken into custody. While at the Raft, a prison for superhumans on Ryker's Island, Poundcakes attempted to escape alongside several other female inmates after Juggernaut's transformation into Kuurth destroyed the compound. She followed a woman named Indali, who convinced her fellow inmates to defeat the Thunderbolts member Moonstone. They soon encountered the male inmates. Moonstone aided Poundcakes in the battle, and

neg: Dark Guardian (novel series) they are able to initiate the change at will. Traditionally, a male Shifter will endure the first transformation alone, then choose a female mate prior to her change. If the girl accepts, the male will help guide the female Shifter through her first transformation. A romantic bond is often present between the pair, usually before mating, and occasionally after. Following their first change, some Shifters also become Dark Guardians, who work to conceal and defend Wolford from outsiders. Each novel focuses on a selected protagonist among the cast, following their relationship with a love interest. Additionally, these characters make minor

neg: Sylvia Gerasch Friendship in gold (second class) for her sporting success. Her first and only Olympic appearance was at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, where she competed for a unified Germany and finished eighth in the 100 m breaststroke; she was also part of the fourth-place German 4×100 m medley relay team. Dieter Lindemann was accused of giving Gerasch anabolics when she was thirteen years old. Gerasch claimed that Lindemann gave her pink tablets which she did not take. She claimed that some competitors put the tablets in the aquarium, and that the female fish became more colourful like the male ones. Following

neg: Sex reassignment surgery for the first time approved payment for sex reassignment surgery for an active-duty U.S. military service member. The patient, an infantry soldier who identifies as a woman, had already begun a course of treatment for gender reassignment. The procedure, which the treating doctor deemed medically necessary, was performed on November 14 at a private hospital, since U.S. military hospitals lack the requisite surgical expertise. The array of medically indicated surgeries differs between trans women (male to female) and trans men (female to male). For trans women, genital reconstruction usually involves the surgical construction of a vagina, by means of penile

neg: Die Eroberung von Mexico fact the interpreter between the two), fails to re-establish dialogue. Montezuma is increasingly mentally disturbed. Cortez produces a screaming man who enters Montezuma's body. In torment, Montezuma delivers a long address in which his two 'alternative' voices and the female choir also join. Montezuma has died: Cortez dreams before his statue and experiences a dissolution of his own personality. Montezuma's funeral commences and this sparks off the Aztecs and Spaniards to massacre each other (an event which did not take place in history). The male and female choruses chant the ancient Nahuatl poem. When all are dead, the voices of

neg: Reproductive rights humans and other animals, is a variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female. Such variation may involve genital ambiguity, and combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female. Intersex persons are often subjected to involuntary "sex normalizing" surgical and hormonal treatments in infancy and childhood, often also including sterilization. UN agencies have begun to take note. On 1 February 2013, Juan E Mendés, the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, issued a

neg: Feminine essence concept of transsexuality but not least a study done by Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol reached the conclusion that the brain does change in overall volume and the volume of its parts with the use of cross-sex hormone supplements. In the case of male-to-female transsexuals, the brain assumes the proportions of a female brain. The main support for the feminine essence narrative is that many male-to-female transsexuals say they feel it to be true; many autobiographical and clinical accounts by or about transsexual individuals contain variations of the statement of having a female soul or needing to make the external body resemble the inner

neg: Vole take place both inter and intra-specifically Male voles are shown to be territorial and tend to include territories of several female voles when possible, under these conditions polyandry exists and low male parental care is offered. Males mark and aggressively defend their territories and such marking initiate female preference where females are found to prefer males with the most recent marking in a given area Female and male preference are widely shown to be for familiar mates indicated through olfactory sensory exploitation and differ only slightly between monogamous and non-monogamous systems in that monogamous voles show preference for males who

neg: EHF Players of the Month EHF Players of the Month EHF Players of the Month are monthly handball awards which recognises the best male and female players from European Handball Federation competitions. The recipients are chosen by a panel of journalists assembled by the EHF Media department, and are announced on the first Thursday of the following month. The awards were launched in January 2016 and are given on a monthly basis, except for of July and August when the months are combined to allow both male and female younger age category competitions to take place. Any player who has taken part in an EHF

neg: Li Yugang he came across for the first time in his life. Soon, he was allowed to sing a few songs and became a club singer. His breakthrough came when one day a female colleague didn't show up and he had to take her place singing in female voice. "That's how I started with female roles" recalled Li Yugang. His talent to sing both male and female voices impressed the audience. The owner of the establishment hired him full-time and he started to have a proper job. From 1998 to 2006, he began to be trained professionally and to develop his singing