query: the governor-general of fort william became the governor-general of india under the charter act of

pos: Governor-General of India Governor-General of India The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, officially the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British administration in India and, later, after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of "Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William". The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official came

pos: Governor-General of India 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773. A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council were named in the Act. The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor-General and Council of Fort William with the Governor-General and Council of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the Sovereign's approval. After the Indian

pos: Council of India Council of India The Council of India was the name given at different times to two separate bodies associated with British rule in India. The original Council of India was established by the Charter Act of 1833 as a council of four formal advisors to the Governor-General at Fort William. The "Governor-General in Council" was subordinate only to the East India Company's Court of Directors and to the British Crown. In 1858 the Company's involvement in India's government was transferred by the Government of India Act 1858 to the British government. The Act created a new governmental department in London

pos: Lord William Bentinck the largest cannon ever cast, a historical artefact which dated to the reign of Akbar the Great. The efforts to eradicate the Thugs, a community of robber-murderers, were also started under Bentinck, and directed by William Henry Sleeman and organised thuggery was completely eradicated by 1837. Bentinck removed flogging as a punishment in the Indian Army. The Saint Helena Act 1833, also called the Charter Act of 1833, was passed during Bentinck's tenure and, accordingly, monopoly of the East India Company was abolished. The Governor-General of Bengal became the Governor-General of India. This Act added a law member to the

pos: Governor-General of India Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor-General or by the Company's Court of Directors. While the Governor-General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the Charter Act 1833, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and

pos: Governor-General of India Institute of Advanced Study. Governor-General of India The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, officially the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British administration in India and, later, after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of "Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William". The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833,

pos: Supreme Council of Bengal Supreme Council of Bengal Supreme Council of Bengal was the highest executive authority under Company rule in India from 1774 till 1833 when Charter Act of 1833 established Council of India. The Council was established in 1773 by the Regulating Act of 1773. It was designed to consist of five members, including the Governor General, and was appointed by the Court of directors. At times it also included the Commander-in-Chief of India, who was also at times the Governor General. The council was also known as Governor-General-in-Council and was subordinate only to the East India Company's Court of Directors and

pos: Governor-General of India provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General. In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding. The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was

pos: Supreme Council of Bengal residing in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. The Regulating Act of 1773 made presidencies of Bombay and Madras subordinate to Bengal. Governor-in-Council of Bombay and Madras presidencies were required to obey the orders of Governor General of Bengal. Governor-General-in-Council was given the power to make rules, ordinances and regulations. These rules and regulations were required to be registered with the Supreme court and could only be dissolved by the King-in-Council within 2 years. Supreme Council of Bengal Supreme Council of Bengal was the highest executive authority under Company rule in India from 1774 till 1833 when Charter Act of 1833 established

pos: Council of India of Four", as it was known in its early days, did in fact attempt to impeach the first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, but in his subsequent trial by Parliament he was found to be not guilty. In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding. The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and

pos: Company rule in India Indian affairs by the British Crown and Parliament increased as well. By the 1820s British nationals could transact business or engage in missionary work under the protection of the Crown in the three presidencies. Finally, under the terms of The Saint Helena Act 1833, the British Parliament revoked the Company's monopoly in the China trade and made it an agent for the administration of British India. The Governor-General of Bengal was redesignated as the Governor-General of India. The Governor-General and his executive council were given exclusive legislative powers for the whole of British India. Since the British territories in north

pos: Governor-General of India over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its President, but the election required the Viceroy's approval. Until 1833, the title of the position was "Governor-General of Bengal". The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into "Governor-General of India." The title "Viceroy and Governor-General" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858. It was never conferred by an act of parliament, but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where

pos: Thomas Babington Macaulay Grey from 1832 until 1833. The financial embarrassment of his father meant that Macaulay became the sole means of support for his family and needed a more remunerative post than he could hold as an MP. After the passing of the Government of India Act 1833, he resigned as MP for Leeds and was appointed as the first Law Member of the Governor-General's Council. He went to India in 1834, and served on the Supreme Council of India between 1834 and 1838. In his well-known "Minute on Indian Education" of February 1835, Macaulay urged Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General to

pos: William Astell India Company's Charter Act of 1833. Although at first opposed to the abolition of the monopoly which the company enjoyed in respect of its trade with China, Astell eventually acquiesced in the settlement of the question made by Earl Grey's government. As chairman again in 1844 he took a leading part in the recall of Lord Ellenborough, whose policy as governor-general he considered to be highly detrimental to the good government of that country. He was averse to annexation, unless clearly required for the safety of the British possessions, and was a staunch advocate of the policy of respecting the

pos: R v Bonjon from the French, nevertheless decided to enter into a peace treaty with the local Carib people. Having compared the Australian situation with America, New Zealand, Jamaica and Saint Vincent, Judge Willis then drew a contrast with the areas under the British Raj. Those territories, he said, were certainly claimed by conquest, yet "the unchristian practice of Suttees and the Jughernaut were permitted to prevail"; but more pointedly, the "Charter Act 1833" expressly gave the Governor-General of India powers to make, alter and repeal laws for both British and native inhabitants of India. "There is", the Judge said, "no express law,

pos: Parliament of Singapore to be a separate presidency and were placed under the Bengal Presidency's control by the EIC. In 1833, the Government of India Act passed by the British Parliament created a local government for the whole of India made up of the Governor-General and his Counsellors. They were collectively known as the Governor-General of India in Council and had sole power to pass laws for the Straits Settlements. However, India's slow response to problems in the Settlements such as the ineffective court system and the lack of Straits representation in the Indian legislative council prompted merchants and other prominent people to

neg: Governor-General of India Governors-General. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956... The Governor-General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other Presidencies of the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor-General and Council of Fort William. The powers of the Governor-General, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the India Act 1784. The

neg: Supreme Council of Bengal to the British Crown. The Regulating Act of 1773 created the post of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal Presidency and the presidencies of Bombay and Madras were made subordinate to the Bengal Presidency. Prior to this all the three presidencies were independent of each other and was headed by Governor General and his Council or Governor-in-council. The act designated Governor of Bengal as the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William to serve as Governor General of all British Territories in India. It also added provision that Governor General was to be assisted by an executive

neg: Company rule in India act asserted the supremacy of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) over those of Fort St. George (Madras) and Bombay. It also nominated a Governor-General (Warren Hastings) and four councillors for administering the Bengal Presidency (and for overseeing the Company's operations in India). "The subordinate Presidencies were forbidden to wage war or make treaties without the previous consent of the Governor-General of Bengal in Council, except in case of imminent necessity. The Governors of these Presidencies were directed in general terms to obey the orders of the Governor-General-in-Council, and to transmit to him intelligence of all important matters." However, the

neg: Governor-General of India the Governor-General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors-General. This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor-General only. The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early nineteenth century, when Government House was constructed. In 1854, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India. Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said

neg: Governor-General of India Viceroy was abolished. The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India acquired independence, the Governor-General's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the President of India continued to perform the same functions. The Governor-General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council." The Regulating Act 1773

neg: John Vaughan (East India Company officer) Major John Vaughan was appointed to the staff position of Town and Fort Major of Fort William in Calcutta and will only vacate the appointment with his death in 1830. Next year, from 13 January 1823 to 1 August, Vaughan was supernumerary Aide-de-Camp to the acting Governor-General, John Adam. When Lord Amherst, the new Governor-General approached Calcutta by ship on 30 July 1823, Major Vaughan was sent on board with a 4 member’s deputation to greet and escort him to Calcutta on the next day in order to make the solemn oaths as Governor-General of Fort William. On 11 July

neg: Government of India Act, 1912 Bihar and Orissa, and Assam. The first section of the act modified the powers of the newly appointed Governor of Bengal. Until 1912, the Governor-General of India also served as Governor of Bengal Presidency. In March 1912, the Secretary of State for India proclaimed that the reunified Bengal Province would be a province under its own governor. The Act gave the new governor the same powers as the governors of Bombay and Madras, including acting as governor-general in the governor-general's absence, the salary of the governor and his council, and the number and qualifications of members of the executive councils.

neg: Orfeur Cavenagh in political charge of the Nepal Embassy under Jung Bahadur Rana. In 1854 he was appointed Town and Fort Major of Calcutta. In this role he was responsible to the Governor-General, the Marquess of Dalhousie followed by Lord Canning, for the safety of Fort William during the time of the Indian Rebellion. It was in recognition of his services during the Rebellion that Canning offered him the post of Governor of the Straits Settlements: he took up the post on 8 August 1857. Under a royal charter of 1826, Singapore, Malacca, Penang and Dinding had been combined to form the

neg: Governor-General of India Rebellion of 1857, the East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign. The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The Governor-General, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's approval. India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but Governors-General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor-General of India for some time after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native

neg: History of Bombay under British rule the "Royal Charter" of 27 March 1668, led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English East India Company for an annual rent of £10. Sir George Oxenden became the first Governor of Bombay under the regime of the English East India Company. Gerald Aungier, who became Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the mint and printing press in Bombay and developed the islands into a centre of commerce. He also offered various business incentives, which attracted various communities like Gujuratis, Parsis, Dawoodi Bohras, and Jews. On 20 February 1673, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of

neg: Cornwallis in India each governed by a separate presidency, the Bengal region, including Calcutta, had come under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1757, with authority to levy taxes, and its presidency dominated the others. Its civil head, the Governor-General of Fort William, ranked ahead of those of Madras and Bombay. Cornwallis quickly established himself as a transformational leader. British colonial administration was dominated in the 1760s and 1770s by Warren Hastings, the first man to hold the title of Governor-General. The military arm of the East India Company was directed during the Seven Years' War and the Second

neg: Princely state of territory: British India and the "Native states" or "Princely states". In its Interpretation Act 1889, the British Parliament adopted the following definitions: (4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India. (5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor

neg: Alexander Ross (civil servant) was re-appointed as a Member of the council of the Governor General from which he resigned on 15 October 1838. On 20 October 1837 he was appointed as President of the Council of India, and Deputy Governor of the Presidency of Fort William and of the town of Calcutta (now Kolkata. He was 1st Ordinary Member of the Supreme Council of Government of India in 1838. He was Deputy Governor in the Government of Bengal in 1838. He was appointed Deputy Governor of the garrison at Fort William in 1838. Alexander Ross (civil servant) Alexander Ross (1800–1889) was a British

neg: Constable Hook of Bergen Township when established in 1693. On March 15, 1861, the New Jersey Legislature approved unification of Constable Hook along with Bergen Point, Centerville and Salterville into the Township of Bayonne. Three weeks later the Charter for the City of Bayonne was signed by Governor Charles S. Olden. In 1646, the Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Director-General William Kieft, gave a land grant to Jacob Jacobsen Roy who was a chief gunner or constable in Fort Amsterdam in New Amsterdam. the capital of New Netherland. The area, "Konstapel's Hoeck" in Dutch, takes its name from Roy's

neg: William Wilberforce Bird (governor) William Wilberforce Bird (governor) William Wilberforce Bird (1784–1857) was a British colonial administrator who served as Deputy-Governor of Bengal Presidency and, in 1844, as the acting Governor General of India. William Wilberforce Bird had the same name as his father, who was Member of Parliament for Coventry. He was born in 1784 and educated in Warwick and Geneva before being nominated to join the British East India Company in 1802. After training, he arrived in Calcutta in 1803, where he undertook further training at the Fort William College and was then posted to Benares. Bird conducted himself well in Benares,

neg: Ministry of Law and Justice (India) General in Council. By virtue of this authority and the authority vested under him under section 22 of the Indian Councils Act 1861 the Governor General in Council enacted laws for the country from 1834 to 1920. After the commencement of the Government of India Act 1919 the legislative power was exercised by the Indian Legislature constituted thereunder. The Government of India Act 1919 was followed by the Government of India Act 1935. With the passing of the Indian Independence Act 1947 India became a 'dominion' and the 'dominion legislature' made laws from 1947 to 1949 under the provisions of

neg: Lord William Bentinck erratic behaviour over the recent months had led the Prime Minister Lord Liverpool to brand him simply "mad", and his scope of authority was sharply reduced; though he was not finally dismissed from his grand post as Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean until April the following year. Lord William Bentick was the first governor general of British India . Everyone else before him was the governor of bengal(Fort William) On his return to England, Bentinck served in the House of Commons for some years before being appointed Governor-General of Bengal in 1828. His principal concern was to turn around the loss-making

neg: Diarchy of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions". Montagu and Viscount Chelmsford, the Governor-General of India, then made an extensive tour of the subcontinent in 1917 and 1918. The Montague–Chelmsford Report's recommendations formed the basis for the Government of India Act of 1919 that established "diarchy" in British India. Under that act, the executive was to be headed by a governor appointed by the Secretary of State, who could consult the Governor General. The governor was responsible to the Secretary of State for acts of omission and commission. He was to maintain law

neg: Eastern South Asia and the Suri and Mughal Empires (including the important province of Mughal Bengal). A confederation of Muslim and Hindu aristocrats called the Baro-Bhuyan existed in the late 16th and early 17thcenturies. The Bengal Presidency was established in the 18thcentury by the British Empire, with its headquarters in Fort William, in coastal southwestern Bengal. The British made Bengal the center of their Indian empire, during which Bengal became synonymous with India. Until the mid-19th century, the Bengal Presidency's jurisdiction covered British-controlled territories in north India, northeast India, and Southeast Asia. The Governor of Bengal was concurrently the Governor General of India

neg: I. I. Chundrigar Court of Gujarat and moved to practice and read law at the Bombay High Court in 1937, where he established his reputation. During this time, he became acquainted with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sharing the similar ideology, work ethics, and political views. In 1935, Chudrigar was represented by the Muslim League to give a response to the Government of India Act introduced by the British government in India. Over the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar notably contradicted the powers enjoyed by the Governor-General under the act introduced in 1935. From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced and read

neg: Nabakrishna Deb some administrative powers also. Later he became a political "banyan" (a powerful middleman) of the British East India Company. When Warren Hastings took over as governor (Governor General of Fort William in Bengal) in 1772, he became even more powerful. In 1776, he earned the "talukdari" (landholder with peculiar tenure) of Sutanati. It is beyond reasonable doubt that along with Mir Jafar, Jagat Sheth, Omichund and Krishna Chandra Roy, Ram Chandra Roy, Ali Beg; Nabakrishna Deb also played a crucial role in turning India to a British colony, instrumental in the plot against Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula. He created a sensation in

neg: William Wilberforce Bird (governor) including on occasions when he had to deal with civil disturbances involving local people. He was involved in both financial and judicial work before being appointed to the Supreme Council of India, of which in due course he became president when the then Governor-General of India was absent. He served as Deputy-Governor of Bengal Presidency throughout the period when Lord Ellenborough was Governor, standing in for him while Ellenborough was engaged in the North-Western Provinces. Bird then replaced Ellenborough as Governor-General of India, acting in that capacity until the arrival of Sir Henry Hardinge from England in 1844. Hardinge reappointed

neg: Nicholas Easton treason. However, for the Rhode Island colony came a very positive development in the form of the Royal Charter of 1663, and Easton was one of several prominent citizens named in the document. In the wake of the disjointed government under the Patent of 1643, the new charter settled once and for all the conflicting claims of colonial existence and ownership. Easton served as Deputy in the General Assembly from Newport from 1665 to 1666, then became the Deputy Governor of the entire colony from 1666 to 1672. In May 1672 William Brenton was elected Governor of the colony, but

neg: University of Allahabad restored through the University Allahabad Act 2005 of the Parliament of India. [life gold] The foundation stone of the Muir Central College was laid by Governor-General of India, Lord Northbrook on 9 December 1873. The college was named after Sir William Muir, Lt. Governor of United Province, who was instrumental in its foundation. The building was designed by William Emerson, who also designed Victoria Memorial in Kolkata and Crawford Market in Mumbai in a combination of Indo-Saracenic, Egyptian and Gothic styles. Initially it functioned under the University of Calcutta and later, on 23 September 1887, the University of Allahabad was

neg: William John Butterworth William John Butterworth Major-General William John Butterworth (10 June 1801 – 4 November 1856) was the governor of the Straits Settlements from August 1843 to 21 March 1855. In 1851, when the Straits Settlements were transferred from the authority of the Governor of Bengal to be directly under the control of the Governor-General of India, Butterworth remained as governor. The town of Butterworth, Penang is named after him. Butterworth's parents were Captain William Butterworth RN and his wife Ann (née Hodgkinson). Captain Butterworth died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Butterworth joined the army in Madras and was appointed

neg: Madras Presidency 1655. In 1684, it was re-elevated to a Presidency and Elihu Yale was appointed as president. In 1785, under the provisions of Pitt's India Act, Madras became one of three provinces established by the East India Company. Thereafter, the head of the area was styled "Governor" rather than "President" and became subordinate to the Governor-General in Calcutta, a title that would persist until 1947. Judicial, legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861, 1909, 1919 and 1935. Regular elections were conducted in Madras up to

neg: Parliament of Singapore Raffles for the British East India Company (EIC) to establish a "factory" or trading post on the island of Singapore. Raffles, who was Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen (now Bengkulu, Indonesia), placed Singapore under Bencoolen's jurisdiction. As Bencoolen was itself a factory subordinate to the Bengal Presidency in British India, only the Governor-General in Council in Bengal was authorized to enact laws for Singapore. On 24 June 1824 Singapore was removed from Bencoolen's control and, together with Malacca, formally transferred to the EIC. This made them subordinate to Fort William in Calcutta (now Kolkata), the capital of the Bengal Presidency. By a

neg: Charter of Liberties and Privileges Charter of Liberties and Privileges The Charter of Liberties and Privileges was an act passed by the New York General Assembly during its first session in 1683 that laid out the political organization of the colony, set up the procedures for election to the assembly, created 12 counties, and guaranteed certain individual rights for the colonists. The colony operated under the Charter until May 1686 when Thomas Dongan, the governor of New York, received instructions from King James II that New York would be assimilated into the Dominion of New England. After the Glorious Revolution William III and Mary II

neg: Governor-General of India on the advice of the newly-sovereign Indian Government. Governors-General served at the pleasure of the Sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. Governors-General could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional Governor-General was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first Governor-General of British India was Lord William Bentinck, and the first Governor-General of independent India was Louis, Lord Mountbatten. Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company, which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor. In

neg: William Grey (governor) director general of the post office in 1859 after holding various temporary offices. In 1861 he became a member of the council of the governor-general of Bengal. In 1867 he became lieutenant-governor of Bengal. As an administrator, he opposed excessive centralization and helped decentralise the postal department. He opposed the application of income-tax rules in India. He often held opposing views to those of the governor-general Sir John Lawrence. He felt that the use of land cess to support education was unjust to the landholders. His position did not find favour with Lord Mayo. He was made Knight Commander of

neg: Council of India (the India Office), headed by the cabinet-ranking Secretary of State for India, who was in turn to be advised by a new Council of India (also based in London). In consequence, the existing council in India was formally renamed by the Act (s. 7) as the Council of the Governor General of India. The 1773 Act provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional casting vote. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General. The "Council

neg: William John Butterworth a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1838 Coronation Honours. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the 38th Madras Regiment. While he was governor of the Straits Settlements, Butterworth was instrumental in establishing the Singapore Volunteer Corps. William John Butterworth Major-General William John Butterworth (10 June 1801 – 4 November 1856) was the governor of the Straits Settlements from August 1843 to 21 March 1855. In 1851, when the Straits Settlements were transferred from the authority of the Governor of Bengal to be directly under the control of the Governor-General of India, Butterworth remained

neg: Chunar Fort 1781, he raised a rebellion in Varanasi and near the villages around the fort when Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India (1773 to 1784) took shelter in the Chunar Fort. A small armed force was collected under Major Home Riggs Popham and Chait Singh was eventually evicted from his control of neighboring areas. In 1791, Chunar Fort became the headquarters of an invalid battalion of European and Indian troops serving in India; those officers and men who were considered medically unsuitable for field duty were shifted to this fort and given light duty. From 1815, the fort also housed

neg: John Vaughan (East India Company officer) 13 March, to be supernumerary Aide-de-Camp to the acting Governor-General, now William Butterworth Bayley (later chairman of the British East India Company). On 2 April 1828 and until his death in 1830, John Vaughan assumed the command of 37th Regiment of Native Infantry. At the same year, Vaughan was appointed Aide-de-Camp to the new Governor-General of India, General Lord William Bentinck on 26 September. As A.D.C. to the Governor General, Vaughan accompanied Lord William Bentinck in his visit to the Presidency of Penang, Malacca and Singapore in early 1829. On 5 June, Lt-Col. Commandant Vaughan was promoted to Colonel. In

neg: William Carey (missionary) goodwill of the local Danish government and Richard Wellesley, then Governor-General of India. The conversion of Hindus to Christianity posed a new question for the missionaries concerning whether it was appropriate for converts to retain their caste. In 1802, the daughter of Krishna Pal, a Sudra, married a Brahmin. This wedding was a public demonstration that the church repudiated the caste distinctions. Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. The same year, the Governor-General founded Fort William, a college intended to educate civil servants. He offered Carey the position of professor of Bengali. Carey's colleagues at the college included pundits, whom

neg: Penang High Court and Sessions Courts was also completed. As Penang Island, then named the "Prince of Wales Island", flourished into a strategic entrepôt with a growing immigrant population, Captain Francis Light sought the advice of the Governor-General in India on establishing a judicial authority within the new settlement. In 1807, a Royal Charter of Justice was granted by King George III for the British East India Company authorities in Penang to establish a police force and a Court of Justice. The Supreme Court of Penang was opened at Fort Cornwallis, George Town on 31 May 1808. Sir Edmond Stanley became the first

neg: Company rule in India was the Commander in Chief of the Presidency army. Although the supervisory powers of the Governor-General-in-Council in Bengal (over Madras and Bombay) were extended—as they were again in the Charter Act of 1793—the subordinate presidencies continued to exercise some autonomy until both the extension of British possessions into becoming contiguous and the advent of faster communications in the next century. Still, the new Governor-General appointed in 1786, Lord Cornwallis, not only had more power than Hastings, but also had the support of a powerful British cabinet minister, Henry Dundas, who, as Secretary of State for the Home Office, was in

neg: Law of Singapore together with the Resident Councillor Kenneth Murchison, were obliged to hold the first assizes in Singapore by themselves. Claridge was eventually recalled to the UK in 1829. The Charter conferred no legislative power on the Governor and Council of Prince of Wales' Island or, indeed, on any other individual or institution. The general power to make laws was vested with the Supreme Government of India and the British Parliament. By the East India Company Act 1813 (also known as the Charter Act 1813), Prince of Wales' Island itself had been conferred an extremely limited power to issue regulations relating to

neg: Fort William College are noted below: Fort William College Fort William College (also called the College of Fort William) was an academy and learning centre of Oriental studies established by Lord Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India. The law to establish its foundation was passed on 4 May 1800, to commemorate the first anniversary of the victory over Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam. It was founded on 10 July 1800, within the Fort William complex in Calcutta. Thousands of books were translated from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu into English at this institution. Fort William College aimed at training British officials in

neg: Fort William College Fort William College Fort William College (also called the College of Fort William) was an academy and learning centre of Oriental studies established by Lord Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India. The law to establish its foundation was passed on 4 May 1800, to commemorate the first anniversary of the victory over Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam. It was founded on 10 July 1800, within the Fort William complex in Calcutta. Thousands of books were translated from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu into English at this institution. Fort William College aimed at training British officials in Indian languages and,

neg: Supreme Council of Bengal council of four members and was given a casting vote but no veto. This changed the structure of Governor in-council where Governor General was the sole authority to a council of 5 members. The members could only be removed by the British Monarch on representation from Court of Directors. In 1774, Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, hence, the first head of the Supreme Council of Bengal. Other members of the council included Lt. General John Clavering, George Monson, Richard Barwell and Philip Francis. Philip Francis along with Monson and Clavering reached Calcutta in

neg: History of East Pakistan and October 1954 a chain of events culminated in a confrontation between the governor general and the prime minister. Prime Minister Bogra tried to limit the powers of Governor General Ghulam Mohammad through hastily adopted amendments to the "de facto" constitution, the Government of India Act of 1935. The governor general, however, enlisted the tacit support of the army and civil service, dissolved the Constituent Assembly, and then formed a new cabinet. Bogra, a man without a personal following, remained prime minister but without effective power. General Iskander Mirza, who had been a soldier and civil servant, became minister of

neg: John Goldsborough hierarchy in India, and no officer initially succeeded Child. In January 1691, the Company directors resolved to appoint Gainsborough to act as the first member of council at the different settlements in India. In February, he was knighted, and given the official title of ‘supervisor-commissary-general and chief governor' and set sail for India in March. The following year he was made ‘captain-general and commander-in-chief’ based at Madras. He arrived at Fort St. George on 5 December 1692. His first instructions from the directors were to proceed with the construction of a steeple at a church at Fort George and to

neg: Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet the wounded Dieskau, an act memorialized in later paintings of the event. The battle brought an end to the expedition against Crown Point, and Johnson built Fort William Henry at Lake George to strengthen British defences. In December, tired of army life, Johnson resigned his commission as major general. General Shirley, who had become the commander in chief upon Braddock's death, sought to have Johnson's commission as Indian agent modified so that Johnson would be placed under his command. But Shirley was soon replaced both as governor and commander in chief, and Johnson's star was on the rise. Although the

neg: Rhode Island Royal Charter Governor, Deputy Governor, and Assistants were to be chosen annually by election at Newport on the first Wednesday of May, and the Deputies were to be chosen by their representative towns. The entire legislative body would be called the General Assembly, and would meet twice a year in May and October, but the places and times of meeting could be altered. Until the first election, Benedict Arnold was named in the charter as Governor and William Brenton named as Deputy Governor. The ten Assistants named in the charter were William Boulston, John Porter, Roger Williams, Thomas Olney, John Smith, John

neg: William Henry Mackinnon William Henry Mackinnon General Sir (William) Henry Mackinnon, (15 December 1852 – 17 March 1929) was a British Army General during World War I. Educated at Rose Hill School and then Harrow School, Henry Mackinnon was commissioned into the Grenadier Guards in 1870. He was appointed Military Secretary to Governor of Malta in 1884 and then Private Secretary to the Governor of Madras in India in 1885–1887. He then became Assistant Adjutant General at Home District in 1893. After the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, a corps of imperial volunteers from London was formed in late

neg: Henri Gondry Henri Gondry Henri Ernest Gondry (9 February 1845 – 18 May 1889) was a Belgian civil servant and colonial administrator who served as inspector-general and acting vice governor-general of the Congo Free State briefly in 1889. Born in Ghent, Gondry became an honorary engineer of bridges and roads ("ingénieur honoraire des ponts et chaussées") and was the administrative director of the Belgian State Railways when he was called to serve in the Congo. He was appointed inspector-general under Vice Governor-General Herman Ledeganck and Governor-General Camille Janssen, a post which would require him to act as governor-general in the absence of

neg: Walter Clarke (governor) became a Quaker himself. In 1667 Clarke was elected as a Deputy to the General Assembly from Newport, launching a public career that would span nearly half a century. He was again elected Deputy in 1670, 1672, and 1673, and then was chosen as an Assistant for three years from 1673 to 1676. Under the Royal Charter of 1663, the freemen of the colony elected a governor, deputy governor, ten assistants, and a number of deputies from each town, the entire body being called the General Assembly. Eventually, the House of Deputies became the Lower House of the legislature, and

neg: Madras Presidency early years of the Madras Presidency, the English were repeatedly attacked by the Mughals, the Marathas and the Nawabs of Golkonda and the Carnatic region. In September 1774, by Pitt's India Act, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain to unify and regulate the administration of the territories of the East India Company, the President of Madras was made subordinate to the Governor-General of India based in Calcutta. In September 1746, Fort St George was captured by the French, who ruled Madras as a part of French India until 1749, when Madras was handed back to the British under the

neg: Frederick Taylor (colonist) a new title in 1840 of "Glenormiston" by its new owner Niel Black. Taylor spent the next few years in India and Ceylon, consolidating with contacts in the British Army and East India Company with a view to return to Australia and set up new squatting interests. These people were Richard Sterling Jones, John Davison Smith, John Michael Loughnan and Henry Nicholas Loughnan. The Loughnans became particularly close to Taylor. J.M. Loughnan was a Captain in the 10th Bengal Cavalry, Fort Adjutant at Fort William in Calcutta and aide-de-camp to Governor General Lord Auckland. After attaining enough influence and organisation,

neg: Dominion of India Dominion of India India was an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations with King George VI as the head of state between gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947 and the proclamation of a republic on 26 January 1950. It was created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 and was transformed into the Republic of India by the promulgation of the Constitution of India in 1950. The King was represented by the Governor-General of India. However, the Governor-General was not designated "Viceroy", as had been customary under the British Raj. The office of Viceroy was

neg: Governor-General of Australia His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government. However, it remained unclear just whose prerogative it now became to decide who new Governors-General would be. In 1930, King George V and the Australian Prime Minister James Scullin discussed the appointment of a new Governor-General to replace Lord Stonehaven, whose term was coming to an end. The King maintained that it was now his sole prerogative to choose a Governor-General, and he wanted Field-Marshal Sir William Birdwood for the Australian post. Scullin recommended the Australian jurist Sir Isaac Isaacs, and he insisted that George V act

neg: Fort Meigs Fort Meigs Fort Meigs was a United States fortification along the Maumee River in what is now Perrysburg, Ohio during the War of 1812. The British Army, supported by Tecumseh's Confederacy, failed to capture the fort during the Siege of Fort Meigs. It is named in honor of Ohio governor Return J. Meigs, Jr., for his support in providing General William Henry Harrison with militia and supplies for the line of forts along the Old Northwest frontier. Construction of the fort started in February 1813 by soldiers under the command of General William Henry Harrison (future president) at a site

neg: William Cotton (banker) in the cordage manufacturers Huddart & Co., in Limehouse. He was later general manager, until 1838. He became governor of the Bank of England in 1842, with the usual term of two years being extended to three in recognition of his securing a new charter for the bank with the passage of the 1844 Bank Charter Act. During his time at the bank, he developed a machine for the weighing of gold sovereigns, which was capable of weighing twenty-three coins every minute to an accuracy of one ten-thousandth of a grain. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society from

neg: Thomas William Taylor (British Army officer) Thomas William Taylor (British Army officer) Major-General Thomas William Taylor (13 July 1782 – 8 January 1854) of Ogwell House, West Ogwell, in Devon, was a British Army officer who became Lieutenant-Governor of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge and in 1804 was commissioned as a cornet in the 6th Dragoon Guards. He was promoted to captain in 1807 and transferred to the 24th Light Dragoons and then became military secretary to Lord Minto, Governor-General of India. He fought with the 10th Hussars at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

neg: Goa liberation movement border. After failure of diplomacy with the Portuguese, Government of India ordered the Indian Armed Forces to take Goa by force. In a military operation conducted on 18 and 19 December 1961, Indian troops captured Goa with little resistance. The governor-general of Portuguese India signed an instrument of surrender. Major General Kunhiraman Palat Candeth was appointed military governor of Goa that was first created by British government in 1934. In 1963, the Parliament of India passed the 12th Amendment Act to the Constitution of India, formally integrating the captured territories into the Indian Union. Goa, Daman and Diu became a

neg: Governor-General of Ceylon absence of the governor-general, the Chief Justice of Ceylon became acting Governor-General. There were four governors-general. Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore became the last Governor of Ceylon and first governor-general when the "Ceylon Order in Council", the first constitution of independent Ceylon came into effect. He was followed by Lord Soulbury, thereafter by Sir Oliver Goonetilleke the first Ceylonese to be appointed to the post. When William Gopallawa was appointed as Governor-General in 1962, he discarded the ceremonial uniform of office. When Ceylon became a republic in 1972 the post was replaced by the office of President of Sri Lanka. The

neg: West Bengal Legislative Assembly Councils Act of 1861, a 12 Member Legislative Council for Bengal Presidency was established by the Governor-General of British India with the Lt. Governor of Bengal and some nominated members. The strength of the Council was gradually enlarged by subsequent acts. Under the Indian Councils Act of 1892, the maximum strength of the Council was raised to 20 out of which seven were to be elected. The Indian Councils Act of 1909 further raised the number of members of the Council to 50. Under the 1919 Government of India Act, the number of members of the Legislative Council was once

neg: George Wade gentry to sign up and raising the first six companies in 1725 (three of Campbells and one each of Frasers, Grants, and Munros). Also in 1725, Wade put down an insurrection after the government attempted to extend the "malt tax" to Scotland and enraged citizens in Glasgow drove out the military and destroyed the home of their representative in Parliament. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 15 April 1727. On 1 June 1732 he became Governor of Berwick upon Tweed and on 19 June 1733 he became Governor of Fort William, Fort George and Fort Augustus. He was promoted

neg: Bucknell University embracing a High School for male pupils, another for females, a College and also a Theological Institution." The group's efforts for the institution began to crystallize in 1845, when Stephen William Taylor, a professor at Madison University (now Colgate University) in Hamilton, New York, was asked to prepare a charter and act as general agent for the development of the university. The charter for the University at Lewisburg, granted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and approved by the governor on February 5, 1846, carried one stipulation–that $100,000 ($ today) be raised before the new institution would be granted full corporate

neg: Cranston, Rhode Island Arnold, a brother-in-law of Rhodes and William Arnold, built a gristmill on the Pawtuxet falls and laid out the "Arnold Road" (modern-day "Broad Street") connecting it to the Pequot Trail leading to Connecticut. Arnold's son, Benedict Arnold, became the first Governor of Rhode Island under the charter of 1663. After area residents were unable to agree upon a name for a new town for decades, the Town of Cranston was eventually created by the General Assembly in 1754 from a portion of Providence north of the Pawtuxet River. Historians debate whether the town was named after Governor Samuel Cranston, the

neg: Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms the "Charter" and "Constitution Act, 1982", came into effect in 1982. However, similar provisions had existed in the Constitution of Canada prior to that time. For example, the fact that a House of Commons could not last more than five years was first set by section 50 of the "Constitution Act, 1867". It reads, Although section 50 names the Governor General of Canada as the official who may call an election early (and section 4 does not specify an official), usually the Governor General acts on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. Before and after section 4, the

neg: Barry Jones (Australian politician) quiz champion in the 1960s on Bob Dyer's "Pick a Box", a radio show from 1948, televised from 1957. He was known for taking issue with Dyer about certain expected answers, most famously in response to a question about "the first British Governor-General of India", where he pointed out that Warren Hastings was technically only the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal Presidency. Jones' appearances on "Pick a Box" lasted from 1960 to 1968. As a forward-thinking man he famously claimed that, in the future, there would be more computers than cars in Tasmania. Nationwide, people responded

neg: British Raj The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. In general, the term "British India" had been used (and is still used) to refer also to the regions under the rule of the British East India Company in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also been used to refer to the "British in India". The terms "Indian Empire" and "Empire of India" (like the term

neg: James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721) the Quebec Act of 1774. Murray successfully argued for the Quebec Act to continue slavery in Quebec as it had existed under the French; an advertisement appeared in the "Quebec Gazette" in 1769 for a "negro woman, aged 25 years, with a mulatto male child... formerly the property of General Murray". Murray was lieutenant-governor from 1774 to 1778 and then governor of Minorca from 1778 to 1782. In 1780, he married, as his second wife, Ann Witham, daughter of the Consul-General there. During the American War of Independence, he defended Fort St. Philip, at Port Mahon, against a Franco-Spanish siege

neg: India–Pakistan relations asked Nehru to lose no time in accepting the accession and ensuring the speedy dispatch of Indian troops to the State. (Sheikh Abdullah corroborates this account in his Aatish-e-Chinaar (at pages 416 and 417) and records (at page 417) that V.P. Menon returned to Delhi on 26 October with signed Instrument of accession.) The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-General of India the next day, 27 October 1947. With this signing by the Maharaja and acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of Dominion of India as per the Indian Independence Act 1947

neg: Explanatory Charter of these acts, the Massachusetts Government Act, essentially suspended the charter and gave the crown-appointed governor wide-ranging powers. General Thomas Gage was appointed royal governor in 1774, and implemented the Massachusetts Government Act, dissolving the provincial legislature. Members of the legislature met anyway, and established the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, which "de facto" governed most or all of Massachusetts from 1774 until the ratification of a Constitution or Form of Government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780. Explanatory Charter The Explanatory Charter was a supplement to the royal charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay issued by King George I

neg: John Winthrop freemen of the colony. The first meeting of the General Court consisted of exactly eight men. They decided that the governor and deputy should be elected by the assistants, in violation of the charter; under these rules, Winthrop was elected governor three times. The general court admitted a significant number of settlers, but also established a rule requiring all freemen to be local church members. The colony saw a large influx of immigrants in 1633 and 1634, following the appointment of strongly anti-Puritan William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. When the 1634 election was set to take place, delegations of

neg: Patna High Court Settlements Patna High Court Patna High Court is the High Court of the state of Bihar. It was established on 3 February 1916 and later affiliated under the Government of India Act 1915. The court is headquartered in Patna, the administrative capital of the state. Proclamation made by Governor-General of India on 22 March 1912. The foundation-stone of the High Court Building was laid on Monday, 1 December 1913 by His Excellency the late Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Sir Charles Hardinge of Penshurst. The Patna High Court building on its completion was formally opened by the same Viceroy on

neg: Patna High Court Patna High Court Patna High Court is the High Court of the state of Bihar. It was established on 3 February 1916 and later affiliated under the Government of India Act 1915. The court is headquartered in Patna, the administrative capital of the state. Proclamation made by Governor-General of India on 22 March 1912. The foundation-stone of the High Court Building was laid on Monday, 1 December 1913 by His Excellency the late Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Sir Charles Hardinge of Penshurst. The Patna High Court building on its completion was formally opened by the same Viceroy on 3

neg: Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne served in William Gladstone's government as a Lord of the Treasury from 1869 to 1872 and as Under-Secretary of State for War from 1872 to 1874. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for India in 1880, and, having gained experience in overseas administration, was appointed Governor General of Canada in 1883. The present-day town of Lansdowne, Garhwal in Uttarakhand, India, was established in 1887 and named after him. Lord Lansdowne was Governor General during turbulent times in Canada. His Irish connections made him unpopular with the Catholic Irish element. Sir John A. Macdonald's government was in its second term and

neg: Alexander Hope (British Army officer) left permanently lame. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Tynemouth and Cliff Fort in 1797, Lieutenant-Governor of Edinburgh Castle in 1798 and Deputy Assistant Adjutant General to the Forces in Holland in 1799. He went on to serve as Deputy Quartermaster General to the Forces. He became Governor of the Royal Military College in 1812 and, although he stood down as Governor of the College in 1819, he became Governor of the College again in 1824 before he went on to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in 1826. He was promoted full General in 1830. He was made Colonel

neg: Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow Government of India Act 1935. Having previously declined both the governorship of Madras and the governor-generalship of Australia (his father was the first Governor-General of Australia), he became the Viceroy of India, succeeding Lord Willingdon. Travelling out to India on the P&O liner RMS "Strathmore", he arrived in Bombay, with his wife, daughters, and personal staff, on 17 April 1936. Linlithgow implemented the plans for local self-government embodied in the Government of India Act 1935, which led to provincial governments led by the Congress Party in five of the eleven provinces of British India, but the recalcitrance of the princes

neg: Kolkata rule the province. Declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture. Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city

neg: Fort of São Tiago of Banastarim de Albuquerque was not in Goa, the minister of the young Sultan of Bijapur sent an army against Goa, under the command of Fulad Khan whom the Portuguese called Pulatecao. This general invaded the island of Goa, and established himself in the fortress of Benastarim. The fort was later recaptured by a force led by Albuquerque on his return to Goa from Cochin. In the eighteenth century, under the instructions of Jose I of Portugal, to the Governor and Captain-General of the State of India ("Estado da India") in 1774, the Marquis of Pombal said: "There are in the fortress

neg: Governor-General of New Zealand at the opening of parliament in 1994 that one reason New Zealand might move to a republic was that the governor-general would have more influence under the new electoral system. In December 2009 a review of the Civil List Act 1979 by the Law Commission recommended that part 1 of the Act be repealed, and replaced with a new Governor-General Bill to reflect the nature of the modern office of governor-general. The most significant change would be that the governor-general was no longer exempt from paying income tax on their salary. The changes proposed in the report would take effect

neg: California Military Department years old who are not members of the California Military Department are by law the state's unorganized militia, and subject to call of the Governor under CA Military & Veteran's Code § 128. The Adjutant General (TAG) is the commander of all State of California military forces and is subordinate only to the Governor. The AG is: In the 1850 law establishing the California Militia, the office of Adjutant General was separate from that of Quartermaster General. In 1852, the two offices were consolidated when William H. Richardson resigned and Quartermaster General William Chauncey Kibbe became Adjutant General. Adjutant Generals

neg: Governor General of Canada the Irish Free State, immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK. In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy. The governor general thus became solely the representative of the King within Canadian jurisdiction, ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet, and as such would be appointed by the monarch granting his royal sign-manual under the Great

neg: Siege of Fort Meigs the War of 1812, an American Army under Brigadier General William Hull (1753-1825), surrendered following the Siege of Detroit. To recover the town of Detroit and Fort Detroit, the Americans formed the Army of the Northwest. Brigadier General James Winchester (1752-1826), briefly commanded this Army before William Henry Harrison (1773-1841), Congressional delegate and then Secretary of the old Northwest Territory, then first Governor of the Indiana Territory and future 9th President (1841) was commissioned a Major General in the regular United States Army and appointed to the command by fourth President James Madison. Harrison's advance was hampered by bad weather

neg: Emerson R. Boyles from 1912 to 1916. From 1921 until 1927, Boyles was a probate judge for Eaton County. In 1927, Boyles resigned as probate judge to become deputy attorney general under Michigan Attorney General William W. Potter. Boyles remained in that position until 1933, serving under three attorneys general. In 1935, Governor Frank Fitzgerald, appointed Boyles to serve on the Michigan Public Utilities Commission. In 1936, Boyles became the legal advisor to Fitzgerald, and later to Governor Luren Dickinson. On November 5, 1940, Boyles was elected a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court to fill the vacancy of William W. Potter. Boyles

neg: HMS Undaunted (1807) Chatham on October 1815, and remained there kept "in ordinary" until she was recommissioned on 11 August 1827 under Captain Sir Augustus William James Clifford. She was soon employed, attending the Lord High Admiral HRH The Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) during his official visits to Chatham and Sheerness. In 1828 "Undaunted" sailed for India, via the Cape of Good Hope, with Lord William Bentinck aboard as a passenger in order to take up his post as Governor-General. "Undaunted" return to Britain with Major-General Bourke, the former Lieutenant-Governor of the Cape aboard, and was paid off again in

neg: Interpretation Act 1889 Parliament) Order 1937 (SR & O 1937/230), p. 965. This section was inserted by the Government of India (Adaptation of Acts of Parliament) Order 1937 (SR & O 1937/230), p. 965. So much of section 18A as provided that the expression "Governor-General", in relation to the period between the commencement of Part III of the Government of India Act 1935, and the establishment of the Federation of India, meant the Governor-General in Council, did not apply to section 6 of the Indian and Colonial Divorce Jurisdiction Act 1940. In section 18A(2), the words "or the Government of Burma Act, 1935"

neg: British Raj left undefined. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India. India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory: "British India" and the "Native States" (or "Princely States"). In its Interpretation Act 1889, the British Parliament adopted the following definitions in Section 18: (4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. (5.)

neg: William Wilberforce Bird (governor) was having good results in India and raised concerns that a Christian approach might upset the native people, potentially leading to what he described as "catastrophes of a very serious description". William Wilberforce Bird (governor) William Wilberforce Bird (1784–1857) was a British colonial administrator who served as Deputy-Governor of Bengal Presidency and, in 1844, as the acting Governor General of India. William Wilberforce Bird had the same name as his father, who was Member of Parliament for Coventry. He was born in 1784 and educated in Warwick and Geneva before being nominated to join the British East India Company in