query: who is the giffgaff mobile network run by

pos: Giffgaff the song that’s heard at the end of the ad was Hong Kong Garden Giffgaff Giffgaff (stylised "giffgaff") is a mobile telephone network running as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) using the United Kingdom O2 network. Owned by O2's owners Telefónica, Giffgaff was launched on 25 November 2009. In 2010, Giffgaff won two industry awards: the Forrester Groundswell Award in November, also the Most Innovative Community Award at the Social CRM Customer Excellence Awards. In November, Giffgaff was nominated for the Marketing Society's Brand of the Year, but lost to the department store John Lewis. In June 2012, Giffgaff

pos: Giffgaff Giffgaff Giffgaff (stylised "giffgaff") is a mobile telephone network running as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) using the United Kingdom O2 network. Owned by O2's owners Telefónica, Giffgaff was launched on 25 November 2009. In 2010, Giffgaff won two industry awards: the Forrester Groundswell Award in November, also the Most Innovative Community Award at the Social CRM Customer Excellence Awards. In November, Giffgaff was nominated for the Marketing Society's Brand of the Year, but lost to the department store John Lewis. In June 2012, Giffgaff was named the best MVNO (mobile virtual network operator) in the Mobile Industry Awards.

neg: Giffgaff In 2014, Giffgaff won the "Which?" best telecom services provider award. Since 2014, giffgaff has won the uSwitch Network of the Year, for 6 consecutive years. As of 2018 giffgaff has changed the always on bundle to 20GB. At launch, the first product was a prepaid SIM card providing all standard 2G and 3G mobile phone services, charged on a pay as you use basis. After launch, bundles of minutes, texts and data, called "goodybags", were introduced. The idea for bundles emerged from the community forums. In June 2012 it was announced that customers would be able to set goodybags

neg: Giffgaff data included at no extra cost. If the user doesn't have a 4G ready device or is not in a 4G area, the device will connect to O2's 3G service. After goodybags with unlimited internet allowance were introduced, complaints were made to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) from customers who had their internet access disabled. The reason given by Giffgaff for their disconnection was a clause in the terms and conditions stating [We may disconnect you] "if you do anything...which we reasonably think adversely impacts the Service to other Giffgaff customers or may adversely affect the Network". The complaint was

neg: Giffgaff options. iPhone devices were on sale from 4 June 2014. Giffgaff has no customer service phone lines. Non-account specific problems are raised via an online message board system and are answered by other Giffgaff members, in exchange for "payback points", which are exchanged twice a year for cash via PayPal or account credit. Account-specific queries are directed to "agents", who are employed by Giffgaff. If neither of these avenues resolve the issues, there is a dedicated complaint team, and responding to complaints can take up to five working days. As of September 2015, all of Giffgaff's 'goodybags' come with 4G

neg: Giffgaff not upheld by the ASA who concluded that unlimited internet was advertised correctly. Giffgaff noted that their customer service agents had used the clause above incorrectly and promised to rectify this. In May 2013 Giffgaff ran an online and television advertising campaign with the strapline "Don't be scared" which featured zombies converging on a village. Although the television advert appeared after the 9pm watershed, the ASA received 105 complaints. The ASA did not uphold the complaints, stating that it was not in breach of any BCAP rules. In October 2013 Giffgaff ran two adverts in an online campaign with the

neg: Toll-free telephone number such charges during December 2005. Certain helplines, such as those in the 0808 80x xxxx series had remained free from most networks on a voluntary basis and some niche operators, such as Giffgaff always offered freephone calls at no charge. The UK mobile operators offer an alternative product to organisations who wish to provide toll-free services - 5-digit voice short codes which are sold through mobile aggregators. 0500 numbers, introduced by Mercury Communications in 1982 (and later Cable and Wireless, now Virgin Media), will be withdrawn by Ofcom on 3 June 2017. A three-year transition will allow existing subscribers to

neg: Giffgaff to renew automatically once a debit or credit card was saved on the site. On 17 October 2012 Giffgaff added data-only goodybags, called gigabags, to their lineup of products. In March 2014 Giffgaff announced that it would add a line of 4G LTE goodybags available for purchase from April 2014. In May 2014 Giffgaff announced that they were now an official Apple carrier, which was closely followed by another announcement that they would soon be stocking iPhones in their online shop – this would unlock options on iPhones that would have normally been locked for users, including tethering and voicemail

neg: Heather Taylor PR manager for Giffgaff and the former editor and filmmaker for PayPal's "Let's Talk" social media and consumer advocacy website. While in that role, in addition to PayPal related topics, she regularly produced video interviews with experts in mobile, finance, social media and web development. In 2011, she was listed by Brand Republic as one of the top 200 most influential bloggers. Taylor organised the cleanup in Clapham Junction after the London Riots in August 2011 and led what is now referred to as the Broom Army. She won a Wandsworth Community Champion award for her efforts. Heather Taylor Heather

neg: Bolt (web browser) OEMs and mobile network operators who will benefit from BOLT’s many advantages. BOLT has partnered with GetJar. Subscribers gain immediate access to GetJar’s library of applications via a GetJar branded apps store link on the favorites page. The BOLT browser has received numerous awards and mentions in the media. Some of the important awards for the BOLT browser are: Bolt (web browser) The BOLT Browser is a web browser for mobile phones including feature phones and smartphones that can run Java ME applications. The BOLT Browser is offered free of charge to consumers and by license to Mobile network operators

neg: Spark New Zealand Mobile Spark New Zealand Mobile The XT Mobile Network is a UMTS and LTE mobile network run by Spark New Zealand (formerly Telecom New Zealand). The network was initially built nationwide on WCDMA/UMTS 850 MHz, with 2100 MHz infill in major urban areas. The UMTS network is HSPA+ enabled, with a maximum downlink transmission rate of 21.1 Mbit/s and an uplink rate of 5.2 Mbit/s attainable for capable hardware. HSPA+ has a theoretical maximum of 56 Mbit/s download speed and 22 Mbit/s upload speed. Then under Spark 4G LTE is being built out. The network is not 2G capable, Telecom never

neg: Talkmobile Talkmobile Talkmobile is an online based mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) operating in the United Kingdom on the Vodafone network. As part of Vodafone, the business is based in Newbury, Berkshire. Launched by Carphone Warehouse in October 2007 using the Vodafone network, Talkmobile was launched as a postpaid MVNO and was one of two MVNO run by Carphone Warehouse in 2007. The other was Fresh Mobile, a prepaid MVNO using the one2one/T-Mobile network. Fresh Mobile, was discontinued on 19 March 2010 in favour of Talkmobile. Vodafone bought Talkmobile from Carphone Warehouse in 2015. In April 2017 Talkmobile stopped selling new

neg: Spark New Zealand Mobile can be used simultaneously to speed up data access (available in Auckland). Spark New Zealand Mobile The XT Mobile Network is a UMTS and LTE mobile network run by Spark New Zealand (formerly Telecom New Zealand). The network was initially built nationwide on WCDMA/UMTS 850 MHz, with 2100 MHz infill in major urban areas. The UMTS network is HSPA+ enabled, with a maximum downlink transmission rate of 21.1 Mbit/s and an uplink rate of 5.2 Mbit/s attainable for capable hardware. HSPA+ has a theoretical maximum of 56 Mbit/s download speed and 22 Mbit/s upload speed. Then under Spark 4G LTE

neg: Bolt (web browser) Bolt (web browser) The BOLT Browser is a web browser for mobile phones including feature phones and smartphones that can run Java ME applications. The BOLT Browser is offered free of charge to consumers and by license to Mobile network operators and handset manufacturers. BOLT is produced by Bitstream Inc., the company which previously produced the ThunderHawk for Mobile network operators and handset manufacturers. BOLT was originally introduced into private beta on January 15, 2009 and was made available to the public on February 16, 2009 when the public beta was announced at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. Today, BOLT

neg: Tello mobile Tello mobile Tello Mobile is a US mobile virtual network operator running on Sprint network, launched in 2016. Tello Mobile offers telecom services to US market. Customers can build their own plan by selecting the amount of minutes, text messages and data or choose Pay As You Go Credit. The products are developed based on a no contract policy and are available exclusively online. No tethering fees are charged by Tello to share the connection with laptops or other Wi-Fi capable devices since users pay for their service based on their usage of data. Tello supports devices that run on

neg: O2 (UK) of MVNO networks Tesco Mobile and Giffgaff. To apologise for this, O2 announced that it would be giving hundreds of thousands of its customers compensation for the issue. Pay monthly customers received a 10 per cent discount on their bill whereas Pay As You Go users received a 10 per cent refund on their first top up in September. On 24 November 2014, it was reported that BT were in talks to buy back O2, while at the same time BT confirmed that it was also in talks to buy EE. BT subsequently entered into exclusive talks with EE. On

neg: Simple Mobile that can be purchased on an installment plan. With the exception of iPhones, all of Simple Mobile's phones run the Android operating system. In contrast to Net10 and Tracfone, Simple Mobile only offers service through T-Mobile's network and thus its phones will not work in areas where T-Mobile does not offer service; Simple Mobile does not ship phones to these areas. Simple Mobile Simple Mobile (stylized SIMPLE Mobile) is a prepaid mobile virtual network operator headquartered in Miami, Florida, in the United States and became a subsidiary of America Móvil (parent of TracFone Wireless Inc.) after it was acquired in

neg: Free Mobile bands in the 900 MHz and 2100 MHz frequency bands. Free Mobile signed a 2G and 3G roaming agreement with Orange on 3 March 2011. It will run until the end of 2020. 100% of the 2G traffic will go through Orange's network as Free Mobile has no 2G license. Free Mobile has for legal obligation to cover 27% of the French population by January 2012, 75% by January 2015 and 90% by January 2018. Free Mobile was already covering 30% of the French population in November 2011. A 3G roaming agreement with Orange enables communications channeled through Orange's network,

neg: TelOne Zimbabwe PTC into three different companies whose activities were commercialised. The commercialisation took place in 2000 with the breaking up of PTC into TelOne - a fixed telecommunications provider, Net*One - a mobile network providing a cellular network and ZimPost – a postal services company. All these entities were regulated by the Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe. TelOne is 100% owned by the government of Zimbabwe and it is run by the Ministry of Minister of Information Technology and Courier Services. The company is led by a board of directors who are appointed by the ministry. This board is

neg: ESPN MVP ESPN MVP ESPN MVP was a cellular phone-based sports information service offered by ESPN and Verizon Wireless on feature phones. It was carried on the Verizon Wireless network after it was relaunched in May 2007 as the ESPN MVP, and was operated until 2013, when smartphones with mobile web and application access had long supplanted limited feature phones. Previously known as Mobile ESPN, it was an Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) run by Disney using Sprint's EVDO wireless network from November 25, 2005, until December 2006. The service was widely considered overpriced and a failure. Its key feature was a

neg: The MANIAC Challenge and Yu Wang University of North Carolina at Charlotte - Computer Science The second run of the competition was scheduled to take place in Galveston, on 8–9 March 2009 along with PERCOM 2009. The MANIAC Challenge The Mobile Ad hoc Networking Interoperability And Cooperation (MANIAC) Challenge is a multi-institution team competition with participants forming a real-world mobile ad hoc network. The objective of the competition is to observe the trade-offs experienced by teams in focusing towards delivery of their own packets versus cooperating in forwarding other teams' packets, essential in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) to permit delivery across

neg: Network switching subsystem use generic Internet technologies and form next-generation telecommunication networks. MSS software may run on generic computers or virtual machines in cloud environment. The MSC connects to the following elements: Tasks of the MSC include: The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time. The

neg: Mobile device forensics difficult to find the test access port. Mobile devices do not provide the possibility to run or boot from a CD, connecting to a network share or another device with clean tools. Therefore, system commands could be the only way to save the volatile memory of a mobile device. With the risk of modified system commands it must be estimated if the volatile memory is really important. A similar problem arises when no network connection is available and no secondary memory can be connected to a mobile device because the volatile memory image must be saved on the internal non-volatile

neg: Joint Innovation Lab Applications Community was formed by a group of 24 mobile network operators and announced at Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona with the remit to tackle device fragmentation through the introduction of ‘open standard’ web technologies. Over the following year, more and more companies expressed a commitment to the common cause and WAC now boasts over 60 members in its ranks, including handset manufacturers, software development companies and mobile network operators from all over the world. In September 2010, just six months after the initial announcement, the first WAC 1.0 mobile web run time specification was released, signalling the organisation’s

neg: Yieldmo Ventures and Genacast Ventures. The funding round brought the company's total funding to $22.1 million. In December 2014, Bloomberg listed Yieldmo in their Machine Intelligence Landscape report. In January 2015, AdExchanger listed Yieldmo's Hyperscroller as one of the most innovative mobile ad formats of 2014. Also in 2015, Yieldmo became the first mobile network to run comScore's Media Metrix for its mobile ad network rankings. Yieldmo delivered ad impressions to 105 million smartphones, an audience that only four other media properties, including Yahoo!, Google, Amazon and Facebook, have been able to generate. Yieldmo Yieldmo is a mobile advertising technology company

neg: Reeta Devi for the construction. The centre, a twenty bedded unit, was donated to "Snehalaya", a charity organization run by Fatima sisters of the catholic community and is now called "Ila Snehalaya". The second Delhi based unit was started in 2007 with the assistance of Elton John Aids Foundation, followed by the third unit in 2012. The mobile clinic network of Ila Trust is manned by 12 doctors, 4 pharmacists, 6 screeners, 3 drivers and 2 administration personnel. Reeta Devi was successful in inducting a few highly trained medical doctors to work with the network. The mobile units provide medical service to

neg: T-Mobile UK network behind Virgin Mobile UK (the world's first virtual mobile operator), for both 2G and 3G signals. Post-merger, Virgin Mobile continues to run on the EE network. On March 26, 2014, the T-Mobile UK website was closed and redirected to the EE website. In February 2015, T-Mobile UK and Orange UK tariffs were no longer offered to new or upgrading customers. Existing T-Mobile UK and Orange UK plans continue to use EE's 2G and 3G networks. Effective 1 February 2011 T-Mobile UK lowered their fair-use capacity limit on Internet usage from 3GB to 500MB per month and clarified that Internet

neg: OEDN OEDN OEDN is an OpenCable Application Platform (OCAP) EBIF Developer Network that was founded in October, 2007. It is an online developer network for the promotion of Interactive Television application and service development on digital cable television. The goal of the network is to support the emerging and long-term needs of software engineers and product teams who are building OCAP (tru2way) and EBIF applications. The goal is to run it not only on digital cable television, but also converged applications and services spanning mobile and broadband devices. OEDN.net is a networked Community of Practice with a membership constituency drawn from

neg: Direct marketing ads that appear inside the mobile application or app; "Location-Based Marketing:" marketing messages delivered directly to a mobile device based on the user's location; "QR Codes" (quick-response barcodes): This is a type of 2D barcode with an encoded link that can be accessed from a smartphone. This technology is increasingly being used for everything from special offers to product information. "Mobile Banner Ads:" Like standard banner ads for desktop Web pages but smaller to fit on mobile screens and run on the mobile content network Another common form of direct marketing is telemarketing, in which marketers contact customers by phone.

neg: Network Norway Norwegian mobile network operator who sells the new Nexus One in Norway. In 2011 Tele2 was the owner of Network Norway. In 2014 Tele2 was bought by TeliaSonera (NetCom (Norway)) while Network Norway was sold from Tele2 to Ice.net Network Norway The company was founded in 2006 by small group of people from Telenor and NetCom (Norway). Together with Siemens - during a few months in 2006/2007 - they built a new mobile operator from scratch and had a commercial launch of the GSM-900 network in 2007. This is probably one of the quickest launches of a mobile operator in

neg: Giffgaff strapline "Different takes guts". The advert featured a crowd of people dressed in white in an empty swimming pool throwing guts at each other. The ASA upheld the complaints that the content was in violation of BCAP rules for harm and offence and also BCAP rule 5.2 because the advert was not suitably age rated. It was recommended that the advert not appear again in its current form. In August 2014 Giffgaff ran three adverts in an online campaign with the strapline "At home with your parents you're not the boss" which featured siblings being subjected to awkward situations with

neg: Giffgaff their parents, one of which was reported to the ASA and featured an adult son walking in on his parents as they were engaged in sexual intercourse. The ASA upheld the complaint that the content was in violation of BCAP rule 4.1 for harm and offence and recommended that the advert not appear again in its current form In April 2018 Giffgaff ran an advert with the strapline "Stay because you want to stay" which features a girl recites a poem about small being better than big and staying because you want to stay in this unusual retro-looking TV and

neg: Starmedia Network Americas, run by CEO Giuliano Stiglitz. Orange Advertising Network Americas is one of the leading players in US Hispanic and Latin American online marketing. In 2002, led by Board of Directors Chair Susan Segal, StarMedia Mobile was renamed CycleLogic and shareholders approved a one-for-1,000 reverse stock split. Shortly thereafter, CycleLogic deregistered its shares from NASDAQ. Segal ran the company until it filed for bankruptcy in 2003. On March 2004 the assets of CycleLogic were acquired out of bankruptcy by an international group of investors, becoming a part of the IMS group of companies, Intelligent Mobile Solutions Inc. Starmedia StarMedia

neg: Mobile procurement mobile tools operating in their network. Oil and gas environments are often remote and require apps that can work with limited Internet access. A downside to mobile apps is the memory they occupy on a device. Because of this, many businesses will steer away from apps that require a great deal of storage. Web Apps and HTML5 A Web app is run by a browser and is really a responsive Web site. Responsive sites change and adapt to any digital environment, including operating system, screen size and orientation. This has several advantages for mobile procurement platforms. Responsive design can adjust

neg: Information and communication technologies for development use in developing countries shows that the use of mobile phones improves access to information, helps to address market inefficiencies, and can be used in disaster relief. In contrast, studies from rural regions in Ethiopia, India, and Indonesia suggest that farmers use mobile phones to connect to those who are already in their social network, which limits the usability of mobile phones for wider information sharing and change in practices. Furthermore, it has been suggested that those who don't have access to technology run the risk of being marginalized and bypassed. The users and non-users of ICTs can be categorized

neg: Red Compartida “wholesale only”. This means that the company which builds and operates the network will not be involved in providing mobile service to consumers. Instead, the operator will provide access to the network to mobile operators, who will in turn use the network capacity to provide a consumer mobile product. Access to the network for these operators will be sold to the highest bidder in regular auctions. The advantage of a wholesale only network is that many new entrants can enter the Mexican consumer market at once. The cost of building a mobile network is prohibitive and requires billions of dollars

neg: Mobile by Sainsbury's marketing was handled by Cake, who pitched the service at mothers and families, seeking to play on Sainsbury's status as a trusted brand. Cable.co.uk were critical of the poor value for money offered and Sainsbury's lack of experience in mobile phones, while praising the coverage and offer of emergency credit. This review was before the new bundles launched in February 2014. Mobile by Sainsbury's Mobile by Sainsbury's was a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in the UK, operated by Sainsbury's between July 2013 and January 2016, using the Vodafone UK network. Sainsbury's original mobile virtual network was launched in 2001

neg: Mobile phone industry in Russia legislation signed into law by President Vladimir Putin a year earlier, on December 26, 2012. Operators have repeatedly stated that the time allotted is not enough to run services. Within 12 days since the law came into force, 9090 subscribers filed applications to move to another operator, of which only 57 until satisfied. Mobile phone industry in Russia The mobile phone industry in Russia has expanded rapidly to become one of the largest in the world. In 1963, Russia's first mobile phone network using the car phone came into operation. Initial selection of technological mobile standard in Russia had been

neg: Ambient network are divided into Functional Entities (FEs). The ACS provides a flexible and extensible framework to run these FEs as a distributed system. Examples are More information on FEs is contained in the Ambient Networks Framework Architecture and the latest version of the System Description. Alice has a PAN, a Personal Area Network on her body: she has a Bluetooth enabled PDA, mobile phone and laptop that she is carrying, and are all currently turned on, and forming a network. Her laptop also has the ability to connect using an available WLAN, and her mobile phone has the ability to connect

neg: NASCAR on ESPN end of NASCAR's 30-year, two-stint run on ESPN, dating back to 1981 and also, ending an eight-year stint with the network since 2007. Allen Bestwick, who served as lap-by-lap announcer for ESPN's Sprint Cup Series races since 2011, worked his final NASCAR broadcast on network television, marking the end of his role with the network in 29 years covering the sport and remained with ESPN and ABC covering IndyCar races from 2015 to 2018. Each broadcast began with NASCAR Countdown, ESPN's pre-race show. Using a mobile pit studio similar to FOX's Hollywood Hotel, the pre-race was typically led by host

neg: Tesco Mobile Only customers at no extra cost, extending the service to Pay As You Go customers on 24 July 2014. Tesco Mobile UK Customer Care services are contracted out to O2 Communications Ltd in Bury, Greater Manchester. Device Technical support services are contracted out to LucidCX based in Bristol. Device repair services are contracted to A Novo UK Ltd. Tesco Mobile was established in May 2003, it is run on the O2 Network in the United Kingdom, and as such, has 99% network coverage in the United Kingdom. On 19 December 2006, Tesco Ireland announced that it would enter into a

neg: Emergency Mobile Alert Japan, Taiwan, Chile, Philippines. Many countries have implemented location-based alert systems based on Cell Broadcast. The alert messages to the population, already broadcast by various media, are relayed over the mobile network using cell broadcast. Emergency Mobile Alert Emergency Mobile Alerts (EMA) is an alerting network in New Zealand designed to disseminate emergency alerts to mobile devices. Emergency Mobile Alerts are messages about emergencies sent by New Zealand authorised emergency agencies to capable mobile phones. The alerts are sent to participating wireless providers who will distribute the alerts to their customers with compatible devices via Cell Broadcast, a technology best

neg: Uhuru Mobile Uhuru Mobile Uhuru Mobile is a secure Android-based operating system. An operating system is the principal program allowing Smartphones, Tablets and PCs to run. This central tool connects and coordinates all the components such as kernel, computers programs, software or device drivers, letting users managing their devices. Uhuru Mobile is a solution composed with its application encryption market, a modified Android-based OS, a virtual private network and a SMS encryption solution. The purpose of Uhuru Mobile is to prevent physical attacks. The name Uhuru comes from the Swahili language and means "freedom" and "independence". Uhuru Mobile is the result of

neg: Mobile phone features expensive, but it can be available in very remote areas. With newer smartphones, screen resolution and processing power has become bigger and better. Some new phone CPUs run at over 1 GHz. Many complex programs are now available for the various smartphones, such as Symbian and Windows Mobile. Connection speed is based on network support. Originally data transfers over GSM networks were possible only over CSD (circuit switched data), it has bandwidth of 9600 bit/s and usually is billed by connection time (from network point of view, it does not differ much from voice call). Later, there were introduced improved

neg: Global network common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. In order to achieve this, these networks must be interconnected by way of peering arrangements, and therefore the GSM network is a truly global one. The telegraph and telex communication networks have been phased out, so interconnection among existing global networks arise at several points, such as between the voice telephony and digital data networks, and between these and satellite networks. Many applications run now on several networks, such as VoIP (voice over IP). Mobile communication (voice and data) networks are also intimately

neg: Advertising network search engines, mobile, and online video resources. An advertiser can buy a run of network package, or a run of category package within the network. The advertising network serves advertisements from its central ad server, which responds to a site once a page is called. A snippet of code is called from the ad server, that represents the advertising banner. Large publishers often sell only their remnant inventory through ad networks. Typical numbers range from 10% to 60% of total inventory being remnant and sold through advertising networks. Smaller publishers often sell all of their inventory through ad networks. One

neg: Public land mobile network Public land mobile network In telecommunication, a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication services offered by a specific operator in a specific country. A PLMN typically consists of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G, offered by a single operator within a given country, often referred to as a cellular network. A PLMN is identified by a globally unique PLMN code, which consists of a MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code). Hence, it is a five- to six-digit number indentifying a country, and a mobile network operator in that country, usually represented

neg: Yemen Mobile Yemen Mobile Yemen Mobile is a CDMA 2000 network provider founded in Yemen in 2004 by the Yemen ministry of telecommunication and is considered the first CDMA network operator in the Middle East. Yemen Mobile CDMA system is based on the HUAWEI Technologies. According to the 3GPP2 standard, CDMA 2000 system is fully compatible with IS-95 cellular phones, so it is normal that any IS-95 phone is supported by Yemen mobile.In 2012, Yemen mobile implemented ZTE network beside Huawei network as well as using LG-Nortel network in some eastern parts of the country. Yemen Mobile is the first 3G company

neg: Eamon Dunphy was a highly publicised "ratings war", and was cancelled before its original run was to conclude. Dunphy is the first presenter of a made-for-mobile TV show on the 3 mobile network in Ireland. Dunphy's rants and "Spoofer of the Week" are watched by thousands of 3 customers. The shows were awarded "Best Entertainment Show" at Ireland's Digital Media Awards. Dunphy readily admits he never uses a mobile himself, but enjoys filming for a mobile audience from the comfort of his own living room in Ranelagh. In 2009, he made an emotive outburst on "The Late Late Show" during a discussion

neg: Mobile dialer application can run behind network address translation (NAT) and on private IP and can pass through firewalls or blocked networks when combined with tunneling software. Making calls from the mobile phone is most preferred way of calling. Consumers may switch to VoIP as it offers international calling at affordable rates. Mobile Dialer allows users to use VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol on their mobile phones with great ease. Mobile dialers remove the traditional VoIP limitation of using computer or other VoIP devices restricted to home environment. New generation mobile phone users have access to varieties of internet services like

neg: Mobile IP create support for mobile networking without requiring any pre-deployed infrastructure as it currently is required by MIP. One such example is Interactive Protocol for Mobile Networking (IPMN) which promises supporting mobility on a regular IP network just from the network edges by intelligent signalling between IP at end-points and application layer module with improved quality of service. Researchers are also working to create support for mobile networking between entire subnets with support from Mobile IPv6. One such example is Network Mobility (NEMO) Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol by the IETF Network Mobility Working Group which supports mobility for entire Mobile

neg: Tesco Mobile Tesco Mobile Tesco Mobile Limited (trading as Tesco Mobile) is a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. It is operated by Tesco, using the O2 Network as its carrier except in Hungary, where the network operator is Vodafone and Ireland, where the network operator is Three Ireland. Network services supported in the United Kingdom: Voicemail, Call Waiting. Network services "not" supported in the United Kingdom: Visual voicemail, Conference calling and Call Forwarding (also diverting). On 30 January 2014, Tesco Mobile started offering 4G service for its Pay Monthly and Sim

neg: Generic Access Network customers in the UK. The announcement, the largest to date, covers more than 60m of Orange's mobile subscribers in the UK, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands. Cincinnati Bell announced the first UMA deployment in the United States. The service, originally called CB Home Run, allows users to transfer seamlessly from the Cincinnati Bell cellular network to a home wireless network or to Cincinnati Bell's WiFi HotSpots. It has since been rebranded as Fusion WiFi. This was followed shortly by T-Mobile US on June 27, 2007. T-Mobile's service, originally named "Hotspot Calling", and rebranded to "Wi-Fi Calling" in 2009, allows

neg: Network Unaffiliated Virtual Operator Network Unaffiliated Virtual Operator A Network Unaffiliated Virtual Operator (NUVO) is similar to an Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) however it has one key difference — a NUVO is not affiliated with a specific carrier. NUVO’s use real telephone numbers, and through these they combine with all other commercial operators, allowing NUVO users to communicate with anyone — not just other people who use an mobile App, for example. By assigning telephone numbers to their users, NUVO’s can transmit text messages and voice call to anyone who has a telephone number. This allows an app user to communicate with anyone

neg: Bonbon (mobile phone operator) Bonbon (mobile phone operator) Bonbon (usually stylised as bonbon, in lowercase) is a mobile network operator based in Croatia. It operates as a mobile virtual network operator using the T-Mobile network. It is owned by Hrvatski Telekom (HT) and was launched on 1 October 2010. Bonbon offers exclusively prepaid SIM cards and Internet SIM cards. In October 2011, the number of mobile network customers reached more than 300.000. Bonbon was the first network in Croatia not to have a call setup fee. It differs from other conventional mobile phone operators by not having standardized tariffs, but instead lets the users

neg: WIND (Italy) operator to join the Italian market (after TIM and Vodafone Italy, formerly known as Omnitel Pronto Italia). Wind had run a GSM (900/1800/E900), GPRS, EDGE, UMTS (videocall and mobile broadband), HSPA and LTE network. While the GSM/GPRS/EDGE network is available almost everywhere, UMTS, HSPA and LTE are still expanding in the country. Wind has been also the exclusive provider for Italy of i-mode. In April 2013, Wind announced it would be investing $1.3 billion on building a fourth-generation (4G) mobile broadband network to catch-up with its rivals Telecom Italia and Vodafone. On August 6, 2015 VimpelCom Ltd (Wind) and CK

neg: IP Multimedia Subsystem in a single network, for dimensioning, load balancing or organizational issues. The user can connect to IMS in various ways, most of which use the standard IP. IMS terminals (such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and computers) can register directly on IMS, even when they are roaming in another network or country (the visited network). The only requirement is that they can use IP and run SIP user agents. Fixed access (e.g., Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modems, Ethernet), mobile access (e.g. W-CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS) and wireless access (e.g., WLAN, WiMAX) are all supported. Other phone systems

neg: T-Mobile Nederland for the 4G band. So, Tele2 is an 4G-only operator and uses T-Mobile's infrastructure for the old 3G and 2G bands. T-Mobile announced in May 2010 that it was dealing with major capacity problems on its 3G network. T-Mobile admitted the problems after much pressure from customers and the Dutch media. T-Mobile could not keep up with the growing data demand from smartphones, caused by the number of new customers who wanted an iPhone: T-Mobile in the Netherlands failed to keep up with the demand, and capacity problems on the network were the result. T-Mobile denied the problems at first

neg: Virgin Mobile UK of the quadplay of Virgin Media services and received a new logo in-line with its parent. Virgin Media was subsequently purchased by Liberty Global in 2013. Virgin provide pay as you go and contract mobile packages, as well as mobile broadband services. It sells its services directly, as well as through Virgin Media's retail stores. Virgin Mobile was launched in November 1999 as a private joint venture between One2One (later T-Mobile) and the Virgin Group. The joint venture involved leasing network bandwidth from One2One and re-selling it under the Virgin Mobile brand, making it significantly cheaper to run than if

neg: Mastodon (software) written as open source, web-based software for federated microblogging, which anybody can contribute code to, and which anyone can run on their own server infrastructure, if they wish, or join servers run by other people within the fediverse network. Its server-side technology is Ruby on Rails, and its front end is written in JavaScript (React.js and Redux). The service is interoperable with the federated social network GNU social and other OStatus platforms, and since version 1.6 as well with those platforms that use the ActivityPub standard. Client apps (mobile, desktop or alternative web clients) interacting with the Mastodon API are

neg: Spark New Zealand Mobile operated a public GSM network. After lengthy internal and corporate trials, the XT Network was launched to the public on 29 May 2009, at 7:30am. The network was the successor to Telecom NZ's CDMA mobile network. With the shutdown of CDMA in 2012, XT is currently the company's sole mobile network. The name "XT Mobile Network" does not get used by Spark anymore, it has been called: "XT Mobile Network", then "The Smartphone Network" under Telecom, and now "Spark Mobile" under Spark. With the launch of the XT network, a number of new services were available to subscribers, including Prepaid

neg: Tikhon Bernstam a cloud application platform powering tens of thousands of apps, including those for Cadillac, the Green Bay Packers, Home Depot, and the Food Network. Fast Company named Parse one of the top 50 most innovative companies of 2013. Parse was founded in 2011 by Tikhon Bernstam, Ilya Sukhar, James Yu, and Kevin Lacker, a small group of seasoned Googlers and Y Combinator alums who got together to build a useful set of back-end tools for mobile developers. Parse offers services that help mobile developers store data in the cloud, manage identity log-ins, handle push notifications and run custom code in

neg: Mobile number portability the donor network. This is also known as "indirect routing" and is highly inefficient as it is wasteful of transmission and switching capacity. Because of its donor dependent nature, indirect routing also means that if the donor network develops a fault or goes out of business, the customers who have ported numbers out of that network will lose incoming calls to their numbers. The UK telecoms regulator Ofcom completed its extended review of the UK MNP process on 29 November 2007, and mandated that ACQ/CDB be implemented for mobile to mobile ported calls by no later than 1 September 2009.

neg: Public land mobile network of these services strongly depends on the particular technology used to implement a PLMN. Public land mobile network In telecommunication, a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication services offered by a specific operator in a specific country. A PLMN typically consists of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G, offered by a single operator within a given country, often referred to as a cellular network. A PLMN is identified by a globally unique PLMN code, which consists of a MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code). Hence, it is a five- to six-digit

neg: Lucky Mobile Lucky Mobile Lucky Mobile is a Canadian prepaid mobile virtual network operator and a subsidiary of BCE Inc. Founded in December 2017, Lucky Mobile operates on the Bell Mobility network alongside fellow subsidiary Virgin Mobile Canada. It targets the same market segment as discount mobile brands Chatr (owned by Rogers Communications) and Public Mobile (owned by Telus). After being announced on December 1, 2017, Lucky Mobile launched on December 4. At launch, the network is available for users in 17 metro areas in Canada. The launch was viewed as a way for BCE to compete with the discount mobile brands

neg: MOJO TV MOJO TV MOJO TV is a satellite news network in Telugu Language owned by Media NXT India Private Limited founded on 2016. MOJO TV, also abbreviated as Mobile Journalism, uses cutting edge technology for the first time in the country to collect, curate & showcase news around Politics, People Issues, Technology, Movies, etc., catering to the young, upwardly suave audience in the age bands of 18-40 years of age. MOJO TV is founded & run by a team of media professionals leading the path to creating change. It is promoted by Mr. Hari Kiran C & Ms. Revathi Pogadadanda, who

neg: Roaming so it is avoided. This type refers to customers who purchase service with a mobile phone operator intending to permanently roaming, or be off-network. This becomes possible because of the increasing popularity and availability of "free roaming" service plan, where there is no cost difference between on and off network usage. The benefits of getting service from a mobile phone operator that is not local to a user can include cheaper rates, or features and phones that are not available on their local mobile phone operator, or to get to a particular mobile phone operator's network to get free calls

neg: Asda Mobile Asda Mobile Asda Mobile is a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in the United Kingdom, operated by Asda, using the EE network. Asda Mobile previously used the Vodafone network until December 2013. Asda Mobile is available in over 360 stores across the UK and online through purchasing either a SIM Card (Standard, Micro or Nano SIM) or through an Asda Mobile handset. Asda Mobile operates a single tariff which can have one of six bundles added onto it, valid for 30 days. Standard Tariff This table outlines the standard cost paid by any Asda Mobile customer unless a bundle option

neg: Network Unaffiliated Virtual Operator simply by dialing their phone number, rather than limiting their communications to just other app users, as most over the top content (OTT) apps do. Network Unaffiliated Virtual Operator A Network Unaffiliated Virtual Operator (NUVO) is similar to an Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) however it has one key difference — a NUVO is not affiliated with a specific carrier. NUVO’s use real telephone numbers, and through these they combine with all other commercial operators, allowing NUVO users to communicate with anyone — not just other people who use an mobile App, for example. By assigning telephone numbers to their

neg: Mobile social network a monetary amount that you will pay if you don’t succeed. Using the app, you can prove that you were at the gym through GPS or that you ate healthy meals by uploading pictures of the meal. If you succeed in your goal, you earn cash paid by members who didn’t keep to their goals. Strava is another mobile social network application that lets you keep track of your activities using GPS and analyze your performance through metrics such as speed and distance. Using the social network, you can meet other individuals who are also into the same activities as

neg: Virgin Mobile UK Virgin Mobile UK Virgin Mobile, also known as Mobile from Virgin Media, is a mobile phone service provider operating in the United Kingdom, and a subsidiary of Virgin Media. The company was launched by Virgin Group in 1999 as the world's first Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO). As a virtual network operator, Virgin Mobile does not maintain its own network, but instead has contracts to use the existing network of EE (called One2One at the time Virgin launched). NTL:Telewest bought Virgin Mobile on 4 April 2006 and rebranded itself as Virgin Media on 9 February 2007. Virgin Mobile became part

neg: GAIT (wireless) modes used in North America. Such phones are sometimes called "world phones," although this phrase is also used to describe a GSM phone that supports all four frequency bands used throughout the world. A GAIT-compliant mobile phone typically accepts a SIM card, similar to a standard GSM phone; however, depending on the wireless provider, the SIM card enables access not only to that wireless provider's GSM network, but also enables use of the telephone on any TDMA or AMPS networks run by the wireless provider. In addition to the usual IMEI found on standard GSM mobile phones, a GAIT-compliant mobile

neg: Mobile network operator Mobile network operator A mobile network operator or MNO, also known as a wireless service provider, wireless carrier, cellular company, or mobile network carrier, is a provider of wireless communications services that owns or controls all the elements necessary to sell and deliver services to an end user including radio spectrum allocation, wireless network infrastructure, back haul infrastructure, billing, customer care, provisioning computer systems and marketing and repair organizations. In addition to obtaining revenue by offering retail services under its own brand, an MNO may also sell access to network services at wholesale rates to mobile virtual network operators. A

neg: T-Mobile UK T-Mobile UK T-Mobile UK was a mobile network operator in the UK, owned by Deutsche Telekom since 1999 and was originally launched as Mercury One2One (later One2One) in 1993. It merged with France Télécom's (now Orange S.A.) Orange UK to form a joint venture, EE in 2010. EE continued to operate the T-Mobile brand until February 2015, when new connections and upgrades on T-Mobile tariffs were withdrawn. Existing T-Mobile customers who wish to upgrade must switch to an EE tariff when their contract term ends, or can choose to remain on their existing T-Mobile tariff without renewing. The network was

neg: Line Mobile Line Mobile Line Mobile (stylized as LINE MOBILE) is a division by Line Corporation operates mobile virtual network operator service in Japan and Taiwan, while in Thailand it operates as a light MVNO service provider in Thailand. Unlike LINE's other service LINE Out (which operates as a paid VoIP service), Line Mobile offers SIM card with simplified plans. Line Mobile was launched in Japan on September 2016 by LINE MOBILE Corporation, a subsidiary of Line Corporation. It initially operates on the NTT DoCoMo network. In Japan, Line Mobile offers simplified plans includes free access to LINE application and social network

neg: Mobile computing of networks, a mobile virtual private network (mobile VPN) not only handles the security concerns, but also performs the multiple network logins automatically and keeps the application connections alive to prevent crashes or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss. Mobile computing Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage, which allows for transmission of data, voice and video. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware

neg: TPG Telecom subscription television service that operated using PAS 8. It was launched in February 2000. TPG Mobile acts as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator for the Optus network since August 2008. In late 2015, TPG switched its mobile service provider to Vodafone. However, TPG subsidiary iiNet still acts as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator on the Optus network, as does TPG subsidiary Internode. AAPT is TPG's wholesale arm. It is Australia's second-largest internet service provider and largest mobile virtual network operator. A lawsuit over TPG's advertising campaigns was filed against TPG Telecom by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) in

neg: Subscriber identity module in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network (for USIM network, you still need K but other parameters are also needed). Each SIM holds a unique K assigned to it by the operator during the personalization process. The K is also stored in a database (termed authentication center or AuC) on the carrier's network. The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting the K by using the smart-card interface. Instead, the SIM card provides a function, "Run GSM Algorithm", that the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the K. This,

neg: China Mobile China Mobile China Mobile Communications Corporation () d/b/a simply China Mobile is a Chinese state-owned telecommunication corporation that provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide mobile telecommunications network across mainland China. China Mobile is the largest mobile telecommunications corporation by market capitalisation, and also the world's largest mobile phone operator by total number of subscribers, with over 902 million subscribers . The core subsidiary of the group, "China Mobile Limited", is listed on both the NYSE and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. China Mobile also operates China Mobile Hong Kong, a subsidiary mobile network in Hong Kong. ,

neg: Mobile network operator systems or functions and still be considered a mobile network operator. Mobile network operator A mobile network operator or MNO, also known as a wireless service provider, wireless carrier, cellular company, or mobile network carrier, is a provider of wireless communications services that owns or controls all the elements necessary to sell and deliver services to an end user including radio spectrum allocation, wireless network infrastructure, back haul infrastructure, billing, customer care, provisioning computer systems and marketing and repair organizations. In addition to obtaining revenue by offering retail services under its own brand, an MNO may also sell access to

neg: Mobile social network internet. iPhones have transformed the mobile social network market, and today there is numerous mobile development for social network apps. The US mobile social networking market experienced steady growth in 2008 with 6.4 million mobile social network users. Since then, the number of mobile users has continued to grow and below is graph forecasting the growth until 2013. According to Statista.com, the most popular social media networking app as of 2016 is Facebook at 123.55 million monthly users, surpassing the next most popular app, Facebook Messenger, which has 97.86 million monthly users. Mobile social network Mobile social networking (MSN) is

neg: Quake-Catcher Network Quake-Catcher Network project. Quake-Catcher Network The Quake-Catcher Network is an initiative run by the University of Southern California that aims to use computer-based accelerometers to detect earthquakes. It uses the BOINC volunteer computing platform (a form of distributed computing, similar to SETI@home). It currently supports mobile devices (smartphones and some tablets/laptops) that have a built-in accelerometer. It also supports three external USB devices currently - the codemercs.com JoyWarrior 24F8, the ONavi sensor, and the MotionNode Accel. In 2011, project scientist Elizabeth Cochran was awarded a Presidential Early Career Award from US President Barack Obama in large part due to her

neg: Aquafon is in turn 100% owned by Bermuda based ComTel Eastern, which also owns 31% of MegaFon and 50% of Sky Link. Until 2006, Aquafon held a monopoly on the mobile telephone market of Abkhazia. In 2006, a second company, A-Mobile, started to provide services. Aquafon Aquafon is a state run telecommunications company in Abkhazia. In 2014 it had 80,000 subscriptions. Aquafon was established March 6, 2003, and its network became operational on July 13 of that year. By April 2007, the number of subscriptions had reached 50,000 and, in 2008, this number had further risen to 80,000. In summer 2008,

neg: T-Mobile UK to make cold calls to the customers offering them a new contract with a new network. T-Mobile UK T-Mobile UK was a mobile network operator in the UK, owned by Deutsche Telekom since 1999 and was originally launched as Mercury One2One (later One2One) in 1993. It merged with France Télécom's (now Orange S.A.) Orange UK to form a joint venture, EE in 2010. EE continued to operate the T-Mobile brand until February 2015, when new connections and upgrades on T-Mobile tariffs were withdrawn. Existing T-Mobile customers who wish to upgrade must switch to an EE tariff when their contract term

neg: Mobile virtual private network the following advantages over a standard phone system: Mobile virtual private network A mobile virtual private network (mobile VPN or mVPN) is a VPN which is capable of persisting during sessions across changes in physical connectivity, point of network attachment, and IP address. The "mobile" in the name refers to the fact that the VPN can change points of network attachment, not necessarily that the mVPN client is a mobile phone or that it is running on a wireless network. Mobile VPNs are used in environments where workers need to keep application sessions open at all times, throughout the working

neg: Mobile virtual private network Mobile virtual private network A mobile virtual private network (mobile VPN or mVPN) is a VPN which is capable of persisting during sessions across changes in physical connectivity, point of network attachment, and IP address. The "mobile" in the name refers to the fact that the VPN can change points of network attachment, not necessarily that the mVPN client is a mobile phone or that it is running on a wireless network. Mobile VPNs are used in environments where workers need to keep application sessions open at all times, throughout the working day, as they connect via various wireless networks,

neg: Mobile CDN combination of Mobile WEB and Mobile Apps. The challenge of consistent user experience across desktop, mobile device both mobile App and mobile WEB are critical. Mobile CDN A mobile content delivery network or mobile content distribution network (Mobile CDN) is a network of servers - systems, computers or devices - that cooperate transparently to optimize the delivery of content to end users on any type of wireless or mobile network. Like traditional CDNs, the primary purpose of a Mobile CDN is to serve content to end users with high availability and high performance. In addition, Mobile CDNs can be used

neg: T-Mobile MHz radio band and amend a network sharing agreement with smaller rival 3. The merger was completed the following month, the new company's name later being announced as EE. Orange and T-Mobile continued as separate brands in the market until 2015, both run by the new parent company. T-Mobile UK and Orange UK announced on 15th February 2015 the sale of EE_Limited to BT Group for £12.5B and to take shares of 12% within the BT Group as part of the deal. T-Mobile US provides wireless voice, messaging, and data services in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S.

neg: Virtual private network is not fixed to a single IP address, but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple Wi-Fi access points. Mobile VPNs have been widely used in public safety, where they give law-enforcement officers access to mission-critical applications, such as computer-assisted dispatch and criminal databases, while they travel between different subnets of a mobile network. Field service management and by healthcare organizations, among other industries, also make use of them. Increasingly, mobile professionals who need reliable connections are adopting mobile VPNs. They are used for roaming seamlessly across networks and in and out

neg: Proxy Mobile IPv6 Proxy Mobile IPv6 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (or PMIPv6, or PMIP) is a network-based mobility management protocol standardized by IETF and is specified in RFC 5213. It is a protocol for building a common and access technology independent of mobile core networks, accommodating various access technologies such as WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WLAN based access architectures. Proxy Mobile IPv6 is the only network-based mobility management protocol standardized by IETF. Network-based mobility management enables the same functionality as Mobile IP, without any modifications to the host's TCP/IP Protocol stack. With PMIP the host can change its point-of-attachment to the Internet without changing

neg: Mobile CDN Mobile CDN A mobile content delivery network or mobile content distribution network (Mobile CDN) is a network of servers - systems, computers or devices - that cooperate transparently to optimize the delivery of content to end users on any type of wireless or mobile network. Like traditional CDNs, the primary purpose of a Mobile CDN is to serve content to end users with high availability and high performance. In addition, Mobile CDNs can be used to optimize content delivery for the unique characteristics of wireless networks and mobile devices, such as limited network capacity, or lower device resolution. Added intelligence

neg: Fixed–mobile convergence Sotto Wireless (now defunct)) or by offering a mobile device abstraction service as a network service whereby the cell phone is emulated into a SIP end-point at the level of the mobile network (the method used by ESCAUX Fixed-Mobile Unification). Carrier FMC normally uses one of two technologies to implement session continuity, VCC or unlicensed mobile access, also known as Generic Access Network or UMA. UMA is an older technology, which transports GSM packets through the IP network; the handset uses the same GSM signaling stack for Wi-Fi calls as for cellular. With the predicted conversion of the carrier networks

neg: Software-defined mobile network bands. The forwarding nodes and the SDN controller exchange link-state information and other network control signaling in one of the bands, while actual data forwarding takes place in the other band. The SDMN approach has many advantages over hardware-based mobile network designs. Software-defined mobile network Software-defined mobile networking (SDMN) is an approach to the design of mobile networks where all protocol-specific features are implemented in software, maximizing the use of generic and commodity hardware and software in both the core network and radio access network. Through the 20th century, telecommunications technology was driven by hardware development, with most functions implemented

neg: Mobile ad hoc network Mobile ad hoc network A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), also known as wireless ad hoc network or ad hoc wireless network, is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected wirelessly. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. Such networks may operate by themselves or may be

neg: T-Mobile US system is said to improve network quality, issues surrounding net neutrality infringement have been brought up. The type of zero-rating that is offered by T-Mobile allows it to charge higher rates to third-parties, meaning that ISP can prioritize the company that was able to pay the higher premium. This makes it more difficult for smaller third-parties who are unable to compete with the high premium charged by the ISP. On June 28, 2013, T-Mobile agreed to buy wireless spectrum for the Mississippi Valley region from competitor U.S. Cellular for around $308 million, allowing the company to expand its 4G network

neg: Vodafone New Zealand company they pay for these services. MVNO networks do not have their own cellular equipment, so customers connect to Vodafone's network constantly, instead of jumping between networks. Current MVNOs running on Vodafone's network include: Black + White Mobile. This is different from 2degrees, who offloads customers onto the Vodafone network when they are not in a 2degrees mobile coverage zone. 2degrees has a roaming agreement with Vodafone NZ, and as such, their customers roam only on the network when they have no coverage, otherwise they connect to 2degrees' own equipment. In New Zealand all mobile phone numbers start with 02.

neg: Virgin Mobile the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It offers both pre-paid and post-paid plans through over 20,000 sale points in the country. Its offering targets mainly younger population, with flexible price plans and bundles. Virgin Mobile UK is a mobile phone service provider operating in the United Kingdom. The company was the world's first Mobile Virtual Network Operator. It launched in 1999 using the coverage of network operator One2One (subsequently renamed T-Mobile UK). Being a virtual operator, Virgin Mobile does not maintain its own network and instead has contracts to use the existing network of EE. Virgin Mobile was bought by on

neg: Internet with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. High-end mobile phones such as smartphones in general come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. Internet usage by mobile and tablet devices exceeded desktop worldwide for the first time in October 2016 . An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), by the end of

neg: 7-Eleven Speak Out Wireless 7-Eleven Speak Out Wireless 7-Eleven SpeakOut Wireless is a mobile virtual network operator offering proprietary prepaid wireless services. It was launched in April 2003 by the 7-Eleven convenience store chain in the United States, a market from which it has withdrawn in 2010. It was extended to Canada in November 2005. In all cases, 7-Eleven was (or is) a reseller of a virtual mobile network. In the United States, the service used Ztar Mobile, a mobile virtual network enabler (MVNE) on AT&T Mobility's network. In Canada, it uses Ztar Mobile on the Rogers GSM network. SpeakOut offers pay-per-use plans and

neg: Lucky Mobile Mbps which would indicate that speeds on the Lucky Mobile network are indeed throttled. Lucky Mobile carries three budget Android smartphones and one flip phone. Lucky Mobile SIM cards are sold in Walmart, Glentel and The Source locations. In addition, customers can also order these by phone or on the company's website. At launch, the company does not operate any stand-alone locations. Lucky Mobile Lucky Mobile is a Canadian prepaid mobile virtual network operator and a subsidiary of BCE Inc. Founded in December 2017, Lucky Mobile operates on the Bell Mobility network alongside fellow subsidiary Virgin Mobile Canada. It targets