query: who was the first african american appointed to supreme court

pos: Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including "Brown v. Board of Education". Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall graduated from the Howard University School of Law in 1933. He established a private legal practice in Baltimore before founding the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where he served as

pos: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States "represented the first time in American history that an African American was an actual contender for the high court". The first African American appointed to the Court was Thurgood Marshall, appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. The second was Clarence Thomas, appointed by George H. W. Bush to succeed Marshall in 1991. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark, saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." Marshall was confirmed as an Associate Justice by a Senate

pos: Hugo Black noting that he "earlier had appointed Miss Annie Butt, a Catholic, as a secretary, and the Supreme Court had designated Leon Smallwood, a Negro and a Catholic as his messenger." Black was one of the nine justices of the Supreme Court who in 1955 ruled unanimously in "Brown v. Board of Education" that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The plaintiffs were represented by Thurgood Marshall. A decade later, on October 2, 1967 Marshall became the first African American to be appointed to the Supreme Court, and served with Black on the Court until Black's retirement on September 17, 1971.

pos: Trenton Six of execution granted. In the process of appeal, the Communist Party USA took on the legal defense of half the defendants, with Emanuel Hirsch Bloch acting as their attorney. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) defended the other three men, seeking to get their convictions overturned. Among the NAACP attorneys were Thurgood Marshall, who led many legal efforts by the organization; he later was appointed as the first African American to the Supreme Court of the United States; Clifford Roscoe Moore, Sr., later appointed as U.S. Commissioner for Trenton, New Jersey, the first African American appointed

pos: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson confidant on the Supreme Court who could provide him with inside information, and chose prominent attorney and close friend Abe Fortas to fill that role. He created an opening on the court by convincing Justice Goldberg to become United States Ambassador to the United Nations. A second vacancy arose in 1967 due to the retirement of Tom C. Clark. Johnson appointed Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall to the Court, and Marshall became the first African American Supreme Court justice in U.S. history. In 1968, Johnson nominated Fortas to succeed retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren; he also Homer Thornberry to succeed Fortas

pos: John F. Davis (lawyer) Justice Earl Warren, succeeding James R. Browning, who had been appointed to a federal judgeship by President Kennedy. As Clerk, Davis was responsible for maintaining the Court's docket and files. He also administered the oath of office to several new Justices, including Thurgood Marshall, the Court's first African American member, and Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. Davis served as Clerk of the Supreme Court until 1970, when he returned to private practice in Washington, also serving during the 1970s as a Special Master for the Supreme Court in two cases within the Court's original jurisdiction and co-authoring a law review

pos: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States represent all geographic regions of the country, as opposed to ethnic, religious, or gender diversity. The 20th century saw the first appointment of justices who were Jewish (Louis Brandeis, 1916), African-American (Thurgood Marshall, 1967), female (Sandra Day O'Connor, 1981), and Italian-American (Antonin Scalia, 1986). The 21st century saw the first appointment of a Hispanic justice (Sonia Sotomayor, 2009), if justice Benjamin Cardozo, who was a Sephardi Jew of Portuguese descent and appointed in 1932, is excluded. In spite of the interest in the Court's demographics and the symbolism accompanying the inevitably political appointment process, and the views of some commentators

pos: Tom C. Clark a conflict of interest when his son, Ramsey Clark, was appointed Attorney General. He was succeeded on the Court by Thurgood Marshall. Lyndon Johnson was said to have appointed Ramsey Clark as Attorney General precisely to force his father off the bench, leaving a vacancy so that Johnson could appoint Marshall as the first African-American Justice on the Supreme Court. After Clark's retirement, he took a trip around the world as goodwill ambassador, then headed a commission of the American Bar Association (ABA) studying the lawyer disciplinary system. This Special Committee on Evaluation of Disciplinary Enforcement, which the ABA had

pos: Vivian Burey Marshall Vivian Burey Marshall Vivian "Buster" Burey Marshall (February 11, 1911 – February 11, 1955) was an American civil rights activist and was married for 25 years until her death to Thurgood Marshall. Thurgood Marshall lead counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, who managed "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), he was appointed as the first African-American U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Vivian Burey was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 11, 1911. She grew up in a middle-class black family; her parents Christopher and Maud Burey worked in catering in the city. She attended local schools. She met Thurgood Marshall

pos: Lyndon B. Johnson condition of many by the color of his skin. To dissolve, as best we can, the antique enmities of the heart which diminish the holder, divide the great democracy, and do wrong—great wrong—to the children of God ..." In 1967, Johnson nominated civil rights attorney Thurgood Marshall to be the first African-American justice of the Supreme Court. To head the new Department of Housing and Urban Development, Johnson appointed Robert C. Weaver, the first African-American cabinet secretary in any U.S. presidential administration. In 1968, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of

neg: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States four months after her parents immigrated from Poland. No African-American candidate was given serious consideration for appointment to the Supreme Court until the election of John F. Kennedy, who weighed the possibility of appointing William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Hastie had been the first African-American elevated to a Court of Appeals when Harry S. Truman had so appointed him in 1949, and by the time of the Kennedy Administration, it was widely anticipated that Hastie might be appointed to the Supreme Court. That Kennedy gave serious consideration to making this appointment

neg: Robert D. Rucker and practiced general law in East Chicago, Indiana. Justice Rucker was appointed to the Indiana Supreme Court by Governor Frank O'Bannon in 1999. He is the second African American to serve on the Supreme Court of Indiana, succeeding Myra Selby, the first African American, and the first woman to ever serve on the Supreme Court of Indiana. Justice Rucker is the only Court of Appeals judge to ever be elevated to the Supreme Court. Since his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1999 he has served on the longest continuous group of justices to serve together in the Court's long

neg: John Carro interaction with the young Lee Harvey Oswald. From 1965 to 1969 Carro was in private practice and was law partner with Mary Johnson Lowe, a prominent African American attorney who was later appointed a Federal Court Judge. In 1969, Carro was appointed as Judge of the Criminal Court by New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay. In 1976, Carro became an Acting Supreme Court Justice and in 1977, was officially elected to the Supreme Court. Carro was the first Puerto Rican to be elected to the Supreme Court in the Bronx. Two years later in 1979, Governor Hugh L. Carey

neg: Supreme Court of Mississippi the only African-American justice, though not the first to serve on the court. The first female justice was Lenore Prather, who became chief justice; the first African-American was Reuben Anderson. To date, no female African-American justice has served on the Mississippi Supreme Court. Supreme Court of Mississippi The Supreme Court of Mississippi is the highest court in the state of Mississippi. It was created in the first constitution of the state following its admission as a State of the Union in 1817. Initially it was known as the "High Court of Errors and Appeals." The court is an appellate court,

neg: Adrienne Nelson in February 2006, to replace Sidney Galton. She was re-elected to a new six-year term in 2012. Governor Kate Brown appointed Nelson to the Oregon Supreme Court in January 2018, to replace justice Jack Landau, who retired on December 31, 2017. Justice Nelson's current term on the Supreme Court ends in January 2019, and she is eligible to run for re-election in November 2018. Nelson is the first African-American to serve on the Oregon Supreme Court, or on any kind of appellate court in Oregon. Adrienne Nelson Adrienne Nelson (born 1967) is an American lawyer and judge who is an

neg: Charles L. Owens to the Oklahoma Bar Association in 1960 and formed a partnership with Edward Lawrence Goodwin, publisher of the Oklahoma Eagle. He was appointed as the first African-American assistant attorney general in Oklahoma in 1963 by Charles R. Nesbitt. Owens argued a U.S. Supreme Court Case in 1968, which was the first criminal case from Oklahoma which the Supreme Court granted a full hearing. Charles L. Owens Charles L. Owens (April 13, 1930 – May 24, 2016) was the first African-American judge in Oklahoma. He was appointed by Governor Dewey F. Bartlett in 1968. Owens was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and

neg: Juanita Kidd Stout African-American woman in the US to be elected to a judgeship. On November 15, 1959, Justice Stout appeared on the game show "What's My Line?" from that position. She later was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas, where she specialized in homicide cases. In 1988 she was appointed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the first African-American woman in the United States to serve on the Supreme Court of any state. That year her husband died. She served for one year before obligatory retirement at age 70. Stout died in Philadelphia in 1998. Juanita Kidd Stout Juanita Kidd Stout

neg: Tom Colbert first African-American to serve on that Court. Colbert briefly served as Chief Judge of the Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals in 2004, then was appointed to the Oklahoma Supreme Court District 6 seat in 2004, by Governor Brad Henry, becoming the first African-American to serve on this court. On January 4, 2013, he was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, replacing the former Chief Justice Steven Taylor. Very little has been published about Tom Colbert's personal life. One source revealed that he has a wife and three children. Another said that he was raised by a single

neg: Louisiana Supreme Court end of 2008, Justice Hughes was appointed Pro Tempore to fill in until an election could be held. Justice Hughes won the election to the Louisiana Fifth Supreme Court District on December 8, 2012, over the Democrat John Michael Guidry, an African American circuit court judge, who had led in the first round of balloting on November 6. Hughes was a judge on the 21st Judicial District Court from 1990 to 2005, and later a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals from 2005 to 2013. He earned his Juris Doctor from Louisiana State University Law School. Justice Weimer

neg: Noah W. Parden Noah W. Parden Noah Walter Parden (c. 1868February 23, 1944) was an American attorney and politician who was active in Chattanooga, Tennessee, East St. Louis, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri between 1891 and 1940. In 1906 he became one of the first African-American attorneys to serve as lead counsel in a case before the United States Supreme Court, and he was among the first to make an oral argument before the Court. In 1935 he became the first African American to be appointed to the position of Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, a public office, in St. Louis. Noah Parden was born

neg: Noah W. Parden attorneys working at the center, in honor of Parden and his partner in the Johnson appeal. Noah W. Parden Noah Walter Parden (c. 1868February 23, 1944) was an American attorney and politician who was active in Chattanooga, Tennessee, East St. Louis, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri between 1891 and 1940. In 1906 he became one of the first African-American attorneys to serve as lead counsel in a case before the United States Supreme Court, and he was among the first to make an oral argument before the Court. In 1935 he became the first African American to be appointed to

neg: Robert Benham (judge) Benham was appointed by Governor Joe Frank Harris to the Court of Appeals, where he served for five years following his statewide election to the court, distinguishing himself as the first African American to win statewide election in Georgia since Reconstruction. In 1989, Justice Benham was further distinguished as the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of Georgia, following his appointment by Governor Harris. He won the statewide election to a full term on the Supreme Court in 1990, where he continues as a Justice after serving as Chief Justice for six years, 1995-2001. Justice Benham holds

neg: Louisiana Supreme Court Louisiana State University Law Center in Baton Rouge 1969. In 1984, she was elected District Judge for the Civil District Court for Orleans Parish. In 1994, she was elected Chief Judge of that Court. Justice Johnson began serving on the Supreme Court in 1994. She was not elected but appointed to the post after the U.S. government sued the state to insure that at least one seat on the Supreme Court be held by a minority person. The state expanded the court from six to seven seats and appointed Johnson at that time. She is the first African-American woman to

neg: Violette Neatley Anderson a court reporting agency, as an assistant prosecuting attorney, and became vice-president of the Cook County Bar Association (1920-1926). Additionally, by becoming one of the first Black woman to graduate from law school in Illinois, she also became the first African-American woman admitted to practice by examination by the state board of examiners, the African-American woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, the first woman to engage in her own active law practice in the state of Illinois, the first African American woman admitted to the United States District Court, Eastern Division of Illinois, the African American woman appointed

neg: Louis B. Butler Louis B. Butler Louis Bennett Butler Jr. (born 1952) is a former justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Butler was appointed to the Supreme Court by Governor Jim Doyle in August 2004; his term expired on July 31, 2008. He is the first African American to serve on the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Louis Butler was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He earned his bachelor's degree from Lawrence University in 1973 and his law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1977. After serving as an assistant state public defender from 1979 to 1992, Louis Butler was appointed

neg: Randy Evans tenure as the longest serving Republican Speaker of the House in history including the Bush vs. Gore election in 2000 and the attacks on September 11, 2001. Beginning in 2002, Evans represented Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue, who was the first Republican governor in Georgia since Reconstruction. Later, Perdue nominated Harold Melton to the Georgia Supreme Court. Melton was appointed as the first Republican African-American justice to Georgia's Supreme Court. Evans went on to represent Perdue's successor, Governor Nathan Deal. Evans has represented former House Republican Conference Chairman J. C. Watts since his last term in Congress. He later served as

neg: Daniel Payne European-American representatives of the Cincinnati Methodist Episcopal Conference, Payne served on the founding board of directors of Wilberforce University in Ohio in 1856. Among the trustees who supported the abolitionist cause and African-American education was Salmon P. Chase, then governor of Ohio, who was appointed as Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court by President Abraham Lincoln. The denominations jointly sponsored Wilberforce in 1856 to provide collegiate education to African Americans. It was the first historically black college in which African Americans were part of the founding. Wilberforce was located at what had been a popular summer resort, called Tawawa

neg: Cleveland–Marshall College of Law integrating women and minorities into the American legal field, including Carl Stokes, the first African-American mayor of a major city in the U.S., Mary Grossman, the first woman in Ohio elected to a Municipal Court Bench as well as one of the first female members of the American Bar Association, Genevieve Cline, the first woman appointed to the U.S. federal bench, and Lillian Walker Burke, the first African-American female judge in Ohio. Louis Stokes, older brother of Carl and Ohio's first elected African American to the House of Representatives. Louis Stokes also argued the landmark United States Supreme Court case

neg: Wilhelmina Wright District Court in 2000 and in 2002 he appointed her to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, on which she served from September 3, 2002, to September 26, 2012. Governor Mark Dayton appointed Wright to the Minnesota Supreme Court on August 20, 2012, with her term beginning on September 27, 2012. She is the first African American woman to serve on the court. On April 15, 2015, President Barack Obama nominated Wright to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, to the seat vacated by Judge Michael J. Davis, who

neg: Belford Lawson Jr. Belford Lawson Jr. Belford Vance Lawson Jr. (July 9, 1901 – February 23, 1985) was an American attorney and civil rights activist who made at least eight appearances before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was the first African-American man to win a case before the Supreme Court and the first African-American president of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). Lawson attended the University of Michigan and was the school's second African-American varsity football player (having been preceded by George Jewett in the 1890s) and the only African American on the varsity during Fielding H. Yost's coaching tenure. In 1924, after

neg: Henry Stern to a New York State Supreme Court Justice, Matthew M. Levy. He was appointed Secretary of the Borough of Manhattan in 1962, and was an assistant to Borough Presidents Edward R. Dudley (a former ambassador, and prominent African American civil rights activist) and Constance Baker Motley, the first African-American woman to become a federal court judge. In 1966, Parks Commissioner Thomas Hoving appointed him executive director of the agency. He later became Assistant City Administrator in the office of Deputy Mayor Timothy W. Costello. In 1969, Commissioner Bess Myerson of the newly created NYC agency that was formed by consolidating

neg: Otis M. Smith Otis M. Smith Otis M. Smith (1922–1994) was the first African American justice on the Michigan Supreme Court and the General Counsel for General Motors. Smith graduated from law school at The Catholic University of America in 1950, where he was a member of the first volume of the school's "Law Review". He then went to Flint, Michigan, where he engaged in private practice until 1957. At that time he was appointed to the Michigan Public Service Commission. From 1959 until 1961 Smith served as Michigan Auditor General. He was appointed a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1961

neg: Noah W. Parden dark and without identifying themselves. He also remained involved in local politics, becoming active as a Democrat in St. Louis's Twenty-third Ward. He spent the final five years of his career working as an Assistant Prosecuting Attorney and was recognized as the first black attorney to be appointed to the position. Noah Parden was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court in 1906 on the recommendation of Emanuel D. Molyneaux Hewlett, an African American attorney and member of the Supreme Court bar who acted as a co-counsel in many cases involving black southerners. His only appearance before

neg: Frank Drowota 1965. He served in the United States Naval Reserve as a Judge Advocate General's Corps officer. Drowota practiced law with Goodpasture, Carpenter, Woods & Sasser in Nashville until 1970, when he was elected chancellor of the Davidson County Chancery Court. From this position he was elevated to the Tennessee Court of Appeals in 1974. In 1980, Drowota was elected to an unexpired term on the Tennessee Supreme Court to the seat of former justice Joe Henry, who had died of a heart attack. Drowota defeated George Brown, the court's first African-American member, who had been appointed to the position by

neg: Belford Lawson Jr. was elected President of the National Council of the YMCA. He died in Washington, D.C., in 1985, after having battled Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Belford Lawson Jr. Belford Vance Lawson Jr. (July 9, 1901 – February 23, 1985) was an American attorney and civil rights activist who made at least eight appearances before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was the first African-American man to win a case before the Supreme Court and the first African-American president of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). Lawson attended the University of Michigan and was the school's second African-American varsity football player (having been

neg: Juanita Kidd Stout Juanita Kidd Stout Juanita Kidd Stout (March 7, 1919 – August 21, 1998), born in Wewoka, Oklahoma, was an attorney and judge, last serving as Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, from 1988–1989. She set up a practice in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1954. After working in the District Attorney's office, where Stout was known for her successful prosecutions, she was appointed on an interim basis to the municipal court bench in 1959, becoming the first African-American woman to serve as a judge in the state. Elected that year to the municipal court, she was the first African-American woman elected

neg: John Charles Thomas (judge) to make partner. In 1983, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Virginia, becoming the first African American and (being 32) the youngest person of any race to sit there. In the middle of his seventh year on the court, he resigned (due to illness) and was succeeded by Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr.. who later became the court's first black chief justice. Judge Thomas now practices law in Richmond, Virginia as part of the Hunton & Williams LLP law firm. In 1995, he received the NAACP's Lifetime Image Award. In 2005, Thomas was named a member of the Court

neg: Louis B. Butler was returned to the President on December 17, 2011, pursuant to the rules of the Senate. Louis B. Butler Louis Bennett Butler Jr. (born 1952) is a former justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Butler was appointed to the Supreme Court by Governor Jim Doyle in August 2004; his term expired on July 31, 2008. He is the first African American to serve on the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Louis Butler was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He earned his bachelor's degree from Lawrence University in 1973 and his law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1977.

neg: Leah Ward Sears lawsuit to end that restriction. Leah Ward Sears Leah Ward Sears (born June 13, 1955) is an American jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Sears was the first African-American female Chief Justice in the United States. When she was first appointed as justice in 1992 by Governor Zell Miller, she became the first woman and youngest person to sit on Georgia's Supreme Court. Leah Ward Sears was born in Heidelberg, Germany to United States Army Colonel Thomas E. Sears and Onnye Jean Sears. The family eventually settled in Savannah, Georgia, where she attended and graduated

neg: Post–civil rights era in African-American history elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1989, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party. Colin Powell was appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1989. In 1990 Douglas Wilder was elected as the first African-American governor in Virginia. Four white police officers were videotaped beating African-American Rodney King in Los Angeles, on March 3, 1991. Clarence Thomas was confirmed to the US Supreme Court in 1991. The 1992 Los Angeles riots erupted after the officers accused of beating Rodney King were acquitted. In 1992 Mae Carol Jemison became the

neg: Leah Ward Sears Leah Ward Sears Leah Ward Sears (born June 13, 1955) is an American jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Sears was the first African-American female Chief Justice in the United States. When she was first appointed as justice in 1992 by Governor Zell Miller, she became the first woman and youngest person to sit on Georgia's Supreme Court. Leah Ward Sears was born in Heidelberg, Germany to United States Army Colonel Thomas E. Sears and Onnye Jean Sears. The family eventually settled in Savannah, Georgia, where she attended and graduated from Beach High School. Sears

neg: Ronnie L. White Missouri House of Representatives, where he served for six years. In 1993, he was appointed as a City Counselor for St. Louis City. In May 1994, Governor Mel Carnahan appointed him a judge for the Eastern District of the Missouri Court of Appeals. Carnahan appointed White to the Supreme Court of Missouri in October 1995. He was the court's first African-American Chief Justice, from 2003 to 2005. White retired from the court on July 6, 2007 and was succeeded by Judge Patricia Breckenridge. In 1997, President Bill Clinton nominated White for a United States district court seat. White's nomination passed

neg: Post–civil rights era in African-American history Colin Powell was appointed as the first African American to be Secretary of State on January 20, 2001. Supreme Court in "Grutter v. Bollinger" upheld the University of Michigan Law School's admission policy on June 23, 2003. However, in the simultaneously heard "Gratz v. Bollinger," the university is required to change a policy. The Millions More Movement held a march in Washington D.C on October 15, 2005. Rosa Parks died at the age of 92 on October 25, 2005; she was a noted civil rights activist who had helped initiate the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. As an honor, her

neg: Wallace B. Jefferson is a graduate of John Jay High School in San Antonio, Texas, the James Madison College at Michigan State University and the University of Texas School of Law. In 2001, then Texas Governor Rick Perry initially appointed Jefferson to become the first African American member of the Texas Supreme Court. Jefferson was appointed on April 18, 2001 to fill the vacancy left by Alberto R. Gonzales, who resigned to become White House counsel to U.S. President George W. Bush. In November 2002, Jefferson stood for election to retain the position to which he had been appointed, and defeated William E.

neg: Joseph C. Howard Sr. Joseph C. Howard Sr. Joseph Clemens Howard Sr. (December 9, 1922 – September 16, 2000) was the first African American to win an election as judge for the Baltimore City Supreme Bench and was later appointed by President Jimmy Carter to be a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, becoming the first African American to serve on that bench as well. Howard was born to Charles Preston Howard and Maude L. (Lewis) Howard in Des Moines, Iowa. His parents were African-American. His father, a friend of civil rights leader Dr. Ralph

neg: John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates his first vacancy on the Supreme Court. Two names initially came up as potential nominees: Judge William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Harvard Law School Professor Paul A. Freund. United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had recommended Hastie, who would have become the first African-American on the Supreme Court. Robert F. Kennedy said "it would mean so much overseas that we had a Negro on the Supreme Court." However, Hastie was opposed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who balked because "he's not a liberal and he'll be opposed to all

neg: Charles C. Bernstein to 1948, he was secretary of the Democratic State Central Committee. In 1949 he was appointed as a Superior Court Judge in Arizona, becoming "the first Jewish judge in Arizona history", where he "achieved a national reputation as a juvenile court judge". On May 5, 1954, Bernstein ruled that segregation of African-American students in Phoenix's Wilson Elementary School District was a violation of the 14th Amendment in "Heard vs. Davis". At the time, the U.S. Supreme Court was preparing to decide "Brown v. Board of Education", and the Supreme Court requested a copy of Judge Bernstein's opinion. On May 17,

neg: Mary Yu was appointed by Washington Governor Jay Inslee to the Washington Supreme Court, making her the first openly LGBTQ member of the court, in addition to the first Latina-American and Asian-American. She is the 11th woman to serve on the Washington Supreme Court (and one of six currently serving), the first person of Asian descent, the third person of Hispanic descent, and the first Hispanic woman. Yu, who is openly gay, is also the first LGBT person to hold this position. Yu is one of twelve LGBT state supreme court justices currently serving in the United States. She was sworn in

neg: Tom Colbert Tom Colbert Tom Colbert (born December 30, 1949) is an Associate Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. He was appointed to the Court's District 6 seat in 2004, by Governor Brad Henry, becoming the first African-American to serve on this court. On January 4, 2013, he was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, replacing the former Chief Justice Steven Taylor and served as Chief Justice until January 2015. Colbert was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and graduated from high school in Sapulpa, Oklahoma. His educational background includes an associate degree from Eastern Oklahoma State College, and a

neg: Leslie D. King to the Mississippi House of Representatives, serving from 1980 to 1994. In 1994, King was elected to the Mississippi Court of Appeals, where he served until his appointment to the Mississippi Supreme Court in 2011. King is only the 4th African American to serve as a Mississippi Supreme Court Justice in the state's history. On February 23, 2011, Governor Haley Barbour appointed King to the Mississippi Supreme Court. Leslie D. King Leslie D. King (born January 17, 1949) is a justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court. King graduated from Coleman High School in Greenville, Mississippi in 1966 and then attended

neg: Kurtis T. Wilder 1992, Governor John Engler appointed Wilder as judge of the Washtenaw County Circuit Court to complete the six-year term of Ross W. Campbell. In November 1992, Wilder was elected to a full term, and was the first African American judge elected in that county. In December 1998, Governor Engler elevated Wilder to the Michigan First District Court of Appeals. Wilder was elected in 2000, and re-elected in 2004, 2010 and 2016. On May 9, 2017, Governor Snyder appointed Wilder to the Michigan Supreme Court. Wilder will complete his predecessor Robert P. Young Jr.'s term in December 2018. In November 2018,

neg: Fred L. Banks Jr. Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, during the administration of President Bill Clinton, as there were no African American judges on the Fifth Circuit. Clinton ultimately appointed Louisiana state court judge Carl E. Stewart as the first African American judge on the Fifth Circuit. Banks retired from the court in 2001, and thereafter became a senior partner at the law firm of Phelps Dunbar. Fred L. Banks Jr. Fred L. Banks Jr. (born September 1, 1942) is a former Mississippi Supreme Court justice, having served on the court from 1991 to 2001. Banks grew up in Jackson, Mississippi, the son of

neg: John Swainson appointed the first African American to sit on the Michigan Supreme Court. In 1962, Swainson was defeated by Republican George W. Romney, the chairman of the American Motors Corporation, who had never before held elected office. The win was attributed in part to Romney's appeal to independent voters, as well as to the increasing influence of suburban Detroit voters, who, by 1962, were more likely to vote Republican than the heavily Democratic city. On June 23, 1963, Swainson accompanied the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., Detroit mayor Jerome Cavanagh, and approximately 125,000 people on a "Walk for Freedom" march down

neg: Reuben K. Davis for 11 years. From 1966 to 1967 Davis served as a Deputy Corporation Counsel for the City of Rochester, New York. In March 1967 he was appointed as the first African American Rochester City Court Judge. He was then appointed Commissioner of the Bureau of Buildings & Property Conservation and served from 1968 to 1970. He was elected to a full term on the Rochester City Court in 1974 and to State Supreme Court in 1982. He was designated to the Appellate Division, Fourth Department by Governor Mario Cuomo on January 1, 1987, and served as an Associate Justice until

neg: Samuel R. Lowery Samuel R. Lowery Samuel R. Lowery (December 9, 1830-c1900) was an African American preacher and lawyer, who was the first black lawyer to argue a case before the Supreme Court of the United States of America. Lowery was sponsored to the Supreme Court Bar by Belva Ann Lockwood, the first woman admitted to the bar, in 1880. Lowery was the fifth black attorney to be admitted to the bar. Later in his life, he worked for African American industrial education and attempted to establish silk farming in Alabama. Samuel R. Lowery was born December 9, 1830 or 1832 near Nashville,

neg: Otis M. Smith University of America. Otis M. Smith Otis M. Smith (1922–1994) was the first African American justice on the Michigan Supreme Court and the General Counsel for General Motors. Smith graduated from law school at The Catholic University of America in 1950, where he was a member of the first volume of the school's "Law Review". He then went to Flint, Michigan, where he engaged in private practice until 1957. At that time he was appointed to the Michigan Public Service Commission. From 1959 until 1961 Smith served as Michigan Auditor General. He was appointed a justice of the Michigan Supreme

neg: Bernette Joshua Johnson In October 2012, the state Supreme Court members (Johnson, Victory and another candidate recused themselves) declared that Johnson would succeed Kimball because the start of Johnson's tenure predated that of Victory. They concluded that her seniority was more important than the fact that she had not gained her seat on the Supreme Court by election. Johnson is the first African American to serve as chief justice in Louisiana. She is the first African-American woman to serve on the Louisiana Supreme Court as both associate justice and chief justice. Justice Victory retired from the Supreme Court on December 31, 2014. He

neg: Leah Ward Sears Emory University School of Law. Sears was appointed by Mayor Andrew Young to the City of Atlanta Traffic Court in 1985. She then became a Superior Court judge in 1988, becoming the first African-American woman to hold that position in the state. Sears was appointed as a state Supreme Court justice in 1992. Twelve years later, in what is historically a non-partisan election, the Georgia Republican Party and Georgia Christian Coalition targeted Sears for defeat in 2004. However, she easily defeated her challenger with 62 percent of the vote, and became Chief Justice of the Court in June 2005. Sears

neg: Kenneth and Mamie Clark In 1966 he was the first African American appointed to the New York State Board of Regents and the first African American to be president of the American Psychological Association. Much of Clark’s work came as a response to his involvement in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court desegregation decision. Lawyers Jack Greenberg and Robert L. Carter, with resources and funding from the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and Topeka Jewish Community Relations Bureau, hired Clark to present his work on the effects of segregation on children. After the Brown v. Board of Education case, Clark was

neg: Juan Chastang commission seat. Juan Chastang Juan H. Chastang (born 1961 or 1962) is an African-American politician in Mobile County, Alabama. He is notable for being the subject in the case of Riley vs. Kennedy, a case concerning Alabama election and appointment law which was taken on and ruled upon by the United States Supreme Court. In 2005, longtime County Commissioner Sam Jones was elected as Mayor of Mobile. This left a vacancy in the first district seat on the County Commission. Governor Bob Riley appointed Chastang, an African-American Republican, to serve out the remainder to the term in the heavily African-American

neg: Juan Chastang Juan Chastang Juan H. Chastang (born 1961 or 1962) is an African-American politician in Mobile County, Alabama. He is notable for being the subject in the case of Riley vs. Kennedy, a case concerning Alabama election and appointment law which was taken on and ruled upon by the United States Supreme Court. In 2005, longtime County Commissioner Sam Jones was elected as Mayor of Mobile. This left a vacancy in the first district seat on the County Commission. Governor Bob Riley appointed Chastang, an African-American Republican, to serve out the remainder to the term in the heavily African-American and Democratic

neg: Post–civil rights era in African-American history developed the musical blueprint for what later became hip-hop, later playing live shows for high school-age students in the Bronx, New York City. Alex Haley published his novel "" in 1976; it became a bestseller and generated great levels of interest in African-American genealogy and history. It was adapted as a TV series that attracted a huge audience across the country. President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young to serve as Ambassador to the United Nations in 1977, the first African American to serve in the position. In "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke" (1978), the US Supreme Court

neg: Dale Wainwright election to the supreme court. Wainwright and Wallace B. Jefferson were the first African Americans to be elected to the Texas Supreme Court. Jefferson was initially appointed by Perry in 2001, and won his seat in 2002, in the same election in which Wainwright was elected to an open seat on the court. Like all justices on the state supreme court, Wainwright was a Republican. In 2008, Wainwright sought his first reelection to the court. His main opponent was Democratic lawyer Sam Houston. Wainwright was reelected to a new six-year term with 51 percent of the vote to Houston's 45

neg: William L. Marbury Jr. (1867–1948). Marbury Sr.'s family were slave-holding plantation owners in Southern Maryland before he came to Baltimore in the 1870s. Marbury Sr. was a eugenicist who helped draft a plan to disenfranchise African-Americans. In 1915, he argued before the U.S. Supreme Court that states had separate rights to discriminate if they chose. He is a descendant of William Marbury (1762–1835), 18th-Century American businessman and one of the "Midnight Judges" appointed by U.S. President John Adams the day before he left office. He was plaintiff in the landmark 1803 Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison. This ancestor came from Piscataway, Maryland; nearby

neg: Lynn Nakamoto the first Asian American to serve on the supreme court. Nakamoto was a founding member of the Oregon Minority Lawyers Association and sat on the board of the Q Center, an LGBT community center in North Portland. Nakamoto is a lesbian. She is one of twelve openly LGBT state supreme court justices currently serving in the United States. Nakamoto and her partner have a daughter named Eleanor adopted from Vietnam. Lynn Nakamoto Lynn R. Nakamoto (born May 24, 1960) is an American judge who is an associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. She was appointed to the court by

neg: Samuel R. Lowery Supreme Court Bar by Belva Ann Lockwood, the first woman admitted to the bar, February 2, 1880. In this, Lowery was the fifth African American and first African-American Southerner to be admitted to the Supreme Court Bar and the first to actually practice before the Supreme Court. About 1874, his ten-year-old daughter, Annie L. Lowery, attended an exhibition of silkworms by Lewis Theobald and persuaded her father to buy some silkworm eggs. Annie began to raise silkworms on white mulberry trees at their home in Huntsville. Annie died in 1877, and Samuel continued her work. He met with other major

neg: Ernest A. Finney Jr. 1972. He was subsequently appointed a member of the House Judiciary Committee, making him the first African-American to serve on that key committee in modern times. Finney was one of the founders of the Legislative Black Caucus and served as charter Chairperson from 1973-75. In May 1994, the state's general assembly elected Ernest Finney to the position of Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court, effective December 1994, making him the first African-American Chief Justice of South Carolina since Reconstruction. In 1976, he won an election to become South Carolina's first black circuit judge. He has been on the state

neg: Juanita Kidd Stout to any judgeship in the United States. When she was appointed to the state's supreme court, Stout was the first African-American woman to serve on the Supreme Court of any state. She was born as Juanita Kidd in Wewoka, Oklahoma on March 7, 1919; her parents were Henry and Mary Kidd. They were both teachers, but were not paid well in the segregated state. She always "credited her mother with instilling a lifelong habit of hard work." As a child, Stout learned to read at age 3, entered the third grade at age 6, and started college at age 16.

neg: John J. Parker had been quoted correctly, and asked him if he still held such views. He never responded. Parker's supporters pointed out that his opinion in the labor case closely followed Supreme Court precedent and his 1920 remarks were in response to charges that the Republican Party was organizing the African-American vote. The rejection of his nomination by the U.S. Senate was the first such unsuccessful nomination to the Supreme Court since that of Wheeler Hazard Peckham in 1894. Owen Roberts was later appointed and confirmed to the seat. In 1945–1946, Parker served as an alternate judge on the International Allied Military

neg: Ernest A. Finney Jr. a variety of practice areas, including civil litigation, workers' compensation, and probate. Ernest A. Finney Jr. Ernest Adolphus Finney Jr. (March 23, 1931 – December 3, 2017) was the first African-American Supreme Court Justice appointed to the South Carolina Supreme Court since the Reconstruction Era. He spent the last years of his life in Sumter, South Carolina. He was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Finney was born in Smithfield, Virginia. His mother died when he was ten days old, so he was raised by his father, Dr. Ernest A. Finney Sr. Finney earned a Bachelor of Arts degree

neg: Ernest A. Finney Jr. Ernest A. Finney Jr. Ernest Adolphus Finney Jr. (March 23, 1931 – December 3, 2017) was the first African-American Supreme Court Justice appointed to the South Carolina Supreme Court since the Reconstruction Era. He spent the last years of his life in Sumter, South Carolina. He was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Finney was born in Smithfield, Virginia. His mother died when he was ten days old, so he was raised by his father, Dr. Ernest A. Finney Sr. Finney earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Claflin College in 1952. He then enrolled in South Carolina State

neg: Linda L. Ammons Linda L. Ammons Linda L. Ammons was the seventh Dean of the Widener University School of Law. Ammons was the first woman and the first African American to lead the Widener School of Law and the longest-serving African American female dean of any law school in the United States. Ammons served as Executive Assistant to former Ohio Governor Richard F. Celeste, from 1988 to 1991, advising him on legal and policy matters in the criminal justice, regulatory and administrative areas. She was appointed to both the Ohio Supreme Court Futures Commission, as well as to the Ohio Public Defender's Commission,

neg: Johan Froneman Johan Froneman Johan Coenraad Froneman (born 10 February 1953) is a South African judge who currently serves on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. Froneman grew up in Cathcart and was educated at Grey College, Bloemfontein, Stellenbosch University and the University of South Africa. He was admitted as an advocate in 1978 and took silk in 1990. In 1994 Froneman was appointed as a judge of the Eastern Cape Provincial Division of the Supreme Court, now known as the Eastern Cape High Court, Grahamstown. In 1996 he was appointed the first Deputy Judge President of the newly established Labour Court

neg: Roger A. Page Roger A. Page Roger A. Page (born October 7, 1955) is an American lawyer and judge who is a justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court. Having been appointed to the court by Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam. Justice Page was sworn in as a member of the Tennessee Supreme Court in February 2016. He was appointed to this position by Governor Bill Haslam. He was the first Justice to be confirmed by the state legislature under the state's appellate court selection process ratified by state voters in 2014. This amendment to the Constitution of Tennessee requires appointment by the governor and

neg: Clifton Johnson (jurist) Clifton Johnson (jurist) Clifton Earl Johnson (9 December 1941 – 25 June 2009), born in Williamston, NC, Martin County, was an American jurist who served on the North Carolina Court of Appeals from 1982 through 1996. Johnson, who graduated from North Carolina Central University and its law school, was the first African-American to serve as a North Carolina District Court judge and the first to serve as chief judge of a district (in Mecklenburg County). In 1978, he became the first African-American elected superior court judge in the state since Reconstruction. Gov. Jim Hunt appointed Johnson to the Court of

neg: George Stinney water-filled ditch. In his statement he recalls there was not much blood in or around the ditch, suggesting that they may have been killed elsewhere and moved." Wilford "Johnny" Hunter, who was in prison with Stinney, "testified that the teenager told him he had been made to confess" and always maintained his innocence. The solicitor for the state of South Carolina, who argued for the state against exoneration, was Ernest A. Finney III. He is the son of Ernest A. Finney Jr., who was appointed as South Carolina's first African-American State Supreme Court justice since Reconstruction. Rather than approving a

neg: Henry Frye Carolina Central University's law school. In 1983, Governor Jim Hunt appointed Frye to the North Carolina Supreme Court as an associate justice, the first African-American to hold that position in North Carolina history. Elected in 1984 to the court and re-elected in 1992, Jim Hunt appointed Frye to the state's highest judicial post, chief justice, in 1999 to replace the retiring Burley Mitchell. He was defeated for election to a full term in 2000 by Associate Justice I. Beverly Lake. Frye currently practices law with Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard in Greensboro, North Carolina. In 2007, Frye received the

neg: Robert Morton Duncan District of Ohio vacated by Judge Carl Andrew Weinman. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 13, 1974, and received his commission on June 20, 1974. His service was terminated on April 15, 1985, due to his resignation. Following his resignation from the federal bench, Duncan returned to private practice with the firm of Jones Day Reavis & Pogue. Duncan was the first African-American elected to judicial office in Franklin County the first to serve on the Ohio Supreme Court, the first to serve on the United States Court of Military Appeals, and the first appointed to

neg: Franklin Cleckley Franklin Cleckley Franklin Dorrah Cleckley (August 1, 1940 – August 14, 2017) was an American law professor and judge. He was Arthur B. Hodges Professor of Law at West Virginia University College of Law. He taught at the law school from 1969 to 2013. He held the endowed professorship emeritus. Cleckley was the first African-American to serve as a Justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. Governor Gaston Caperton appointed Cleckley to the bench in 1994. He served on the Court until 1996. Cleckley was born in Huntington, West Virginia, on August 1, 1940, but was raised in

neg: Russell M. Perry Russell M. Perry Russell M. Perry is an American businessman, banker, publisher, and broadcaster from Oklahoma. Perry served as the Oklahoma Secretary of Commerce from 1999 to 2000, having been appointed by Governor of Oklahoma Frank Keating. Perry was the first African American to hold that position. After being nominated by Keating, Perry was never confirmed by the Oklahoma Senate. Perry's appointment became a central issue in the 2001 Oklahoma Supreme Court case "Keating v. Edmondson". Perry started the Black Chronicle in 1979, a statewide newspaper based out of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma that focuses on the African community in Oklahoma.

neg: Douglas Arant Democratic Party. In the early 1950s, he sponsored the first African-American attorney for membership in the Birmingham Bar Association – Oscar Adams, who later became a justice of the Alabama Supreme Court. He was appointed to the US Postal Commission by Richard Nixon. He was married to Letitia Tyler McNeel on December 31, 1929 and they had three daughters: Adele Goodwyn (Mrs. Richard J. Stockham, Jr.), Letitia Christian and Frances Fairlie (Mrs. David R Maginnes). His grandchildren include Richard J. Stockham, III (married to Connie Ray), Douglas Arant Stockham (married to Angela Browder), Adele Stockham Culp (Mrs. Douglass Culp) &

neg: Roger A. Page Tennessee. Justice Page has also been a Dixie Youth Baseball Coach, and was part of a Jackson (TN) city champions team for Senior Olympics Softball (Age 50-55 division). Roger A. Page Roger A. Page (born October 7, 1955) is an American lawyer and judge who is a justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court. Having been appointed to the court by Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam. Justice Page was sworn in as a member of the Tennessee Supreme Court in February 2016. He was appointed to this position by Governor Bill Haslam. He was the first Justice to be confirmed by the

neg: Myra C. Selby Indianapolis, Indiana, law firm of Ice Miller Donadio & Ryan (now Ice Miller), as an associate in the health care group from 1983 to 1988 and partner from 1988 to 1993. From 1993 to 1994, she served as the Director of Health Care Policy for the State of Indiana under Governor Evan Bayh. As Director of Health Care Policy, she was responsible for policy development and the execution of state health care programs. In 1995, she was appointed to the Indiana Supreme Court, where she served as both the first African American and first woman appointed to the highest state

neg: Robert N. C. Nix Jr. Robert N. C. Nix Jr. Robert Nelson Cornelius Nix Jr. (July 13, 1928 – August 23, 2003) served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 1984 to 1996. Nix was the first African-American Chief Justice of any state's highest court, and the first African American to be elected to statewide office in Pennsylvania. He served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania for 24 years, 12 of which were as chief justice, and was a prominent figure in Pennsylvania law and public service for more than three decades. Nix was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on

neg: Charles Z. Smith African American judge when he was appointed to the Seattle Municipal Court. Governor Dan Evans appointed Smith to the King County Superior Court bench in 1966. Smith became a professor and associate dean at UW's law school in 1973. As a professor he was a regular commentator on KOMO-TV and radio. He retired from teaching in 1983 as professor emeritus and from the Marine Corps Reserve with the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1986. Washington State Governor Booth Gardner appointed Smith to the state Supreme Court in 1988. Smith was re-elected three times, always unopposed, and served for a total

neg: Louis Austin African American on the United States Supreme Court. Austin had highlighted the importance of African American engagement in the political system his entire life, and Marshall's appointment to one of the most prominent institutions in the United States government was a testament to Austin's beliefs that blacks could achieve power in the political system. "The Carolina Times" printed that "The United States Supreme Court opened a historic term October 2, with the swearing of the first Negro justice in its 178-year history." "The Carolina Times" continued to publicize important milestones for the African American community. Austin continued to advocate for

neg: Harold Melton He was the first African-American student elected to that position in the history of the university. He was also the first ever "independent" (non-fraternity member) to be elected to that position. A native of Washington, D.C., Melton grew up in East Point, Georgia, and Marietta. He currently resides in Atlanta with his wife, Kimberly, and their three children. Harold Melton Harold D. Melton (born September 25, 1966) is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. He was first appointed to the Court by Governor Sonny Perdue on July 1, 2005, to fill a vacancy on the bench created

neg: Blyew v. United States citing States Rights in defense of its laws prohibitting African Americans from testifying against Whites. The case was a test of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Supreme Court ruled that victims were not entitled to protection from the state law because word "affected" in the law did not apply to victims of crimes who are not defendants in a case. Noah Swayne (the first Republican appointed to the Supreme Court) and Joseph Bradley dissented. The civil rights legislation was subsequently modified and comments in the dissent are noted for putting forth a group right to the adequate protection

neg: Black & White Records White was one of the first companies to issue 12-inch 78 rpm discs in unbreakable material. In 1950, Supreme Records, Incorporated, a small label owned by Al Patrick (Albert T. Patrick; 1910–1973), who was African American, lost a case in United States District Court for the Central District of California, Southern Division, against Decca Records, Inc., a large record label. In 1948, Supreme recorded in Los Angeles and released "A Little Bird Told Me," written by Harvey Oliver Brooks (1899–1968), sung by Paula Watson (1927–2003), who is African American, accompanied by guitarist Mitchell "Tiny" Webb, and others. Her version spent

neg: Jeffrey P. Victory diluted the voting power of African Americans, who constituted a majority in some areas of the state, and prevented them from electing a candidate of their choice. As part of the settlement, DOJ and the state agreed to a consent decree that resulted in Johnson being appointed to the Supreme Court to fill a newly established seventh seat. Johnson's tenure on the Supreme Court preceded that of Victory by less than three months, and he maintained that he was the legitimate successor as chief justice because he was elected to the Supreme Court on November 8, 1994 after service at

neg: Rebecca Duncan 2017, Governor Kate Brown appointed Duncan as an associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, to succeed retiring justice David V. Brewer. She was sworn in on July 1, 2017. Her current term ends in January 2019, and she is eligible to run for re-election in November 2018. Duncan's appointment to the Oregon Supreme Court gave that court a female majority for the first time. Duncan resides in Keizer near Salem, where the Supreme Court is located. She has a husband and two daughters. Rebecca Duncan Rebecca Duncan (born 1971) is an American lawyer and judge, who has been an

neg: Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Lords of Appeal in Ordinary became judges of the Supreme Court, except for Lord Scott of Foscote, who retired the day before the Court began business, and Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, who resigned to become Master of the Rolls. The former Master of the Rolls, Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony, became a judge of the Supreme Court on its first day, the first Justice directly appointed to the Court, and Sir John Dyson was appointed on 13 April 2010, the first Justice not to be a peer. The Senior Law Lord on 1 October 2009, Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, became

neg: Wallace B. Jefferson Wallace B. Jefferson Wallace Bernard Jefferson (born July 22, 1963) is a former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Texas, who served from 2004 until October 1, 2013. In October 2013, he joined the law firm Alexander Dubose Jefferson Townsend LLP as a name partner and now practices appellate law. He sits on the council of the American Law Institute and became its treasurer in May 2014. A member of the Republican Party, Jefferson was the first African American justice to serve on the Texas Supreme Court, the state's court of last resort for civil and juvenile appeals. Jefferson

neg: Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham denied not to control traffic, but to censor ideas. Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 U.S. 147 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court struck down a Birmingham, Alabama ordinance that prohibited citizens from holding parades and processions on city streets without first obtaining a permit. The Petitioner was Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, an African American minister who helped lead 52 African Americans in an orderly civil rights march in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963. He was arrested and convicted for violating 1159 of the city's General Code, an ordinance which proscribes participating

neg: Madison Davis in 1868. Later the same year 25 of 29 African Americans were ejected from office after Georgia's legislature determined that African Americans had no protected right to serve in public office. Four more were investigated by a committee to determine their heritage and determine whether they were more than one-eighth African-American. Madison Davis had a light complexion and was one of two African-American representatives allowed to continue in office. Georgia Supreme Court reversed the decision barring African Americans from office the following year in 1869. He was reelected in 1870. Davis went into the real estate business. He was appointed

neg: Richard Goldstone the 1998 Rome Statute." Richard Goldstone Richard Joseph Goldstone (born 26 October 1938) is a South African former judge. After working for 17 years as a commercial lawyer, he was appointed by the South African government to serve on the Transvaal Supreme Court from 1980 to 1989 and the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa from 1990 to 1994. He is considered to be one of several liberal judges who issued key rulings that undermined apartheid from within the system by tempering the worst effects of the country's racial laws. Among other important rulings, Goldstone made the

neg: Richard Goldstone Richard Goldstone Richard Joseph Goldstone (born 26 October 1938) is a South African former judge. After working for 17 years as a commercial lawyer, he was appointed by the South African government to serve on the Transvaal Supreme Court from 1980 to 1989 and the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa from 1990 to 1994. He is considered to be one of several liberal judges who issued key rulings that undermined apartheid from within the system by tempering the worst effects of the country's racial laws. Among other important rulings, Goldstone made the Group Areas Act –

neg: Peter Tom (judge) Cuomo in 1994 and served as Acting Presiding Justice in 2007 and 2009. He was the first Asian American elected to the New York State Supreme Court from New York County and the first Asian American to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. Peter Tom (judge) Peter Tom is an Associate Justice of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, First Judicial Department. He is a 1975 graduate of Brooklyn Law School In 1976, he worked as a Law Clerk for the New York City Civil Court, working on both criminal and civil assignments. He was appointed as a

neg: Allison H. Eid line." In 2006, a few months after Allison Eid was appointed to the Colorado Supreme Court, President George W. Bush appointed Troy Eid as the 41st United States Attorney for the District of Colorado and the first Egyptian-American U.S. Attorney in the country's history. The Eids reside in Morrison, Colorado, with their son Alex and daughter Emily. Allison H. Eid Allison Hartwell Eid (born January 1965) is a United States Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit who previously served as the 95th Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court. Born in Seattle and raised

neg: Supreme Court of Nepal appointed to led different departments of the Supreme Court and offer administrative assistance to the Court. Officers of the Supreme Court are appointed by Government of Nepal under the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission. Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed from among the judges who have worked for seven years as judges of the High Courts, or Gazetted first class officer of Judicial Service for minimum 12 years or have worked as any Senior Advocate or Advocate with minimum practicing experience of fifteen years, or a distinguished jurist who has worked for minimum 15 years in the judicial

neg: Griffith v. Kentucky Griffith v. Kentucky Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314 (1986), is a case decided by the United States Supreme Court. Randall Lamont Griffith, who is African American, was indicted for first-degree robbery in 1982 at the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Kentucky. This Supreme Court decision concerned the retrospective application of judge-made rules. Specifically, the Court had to decide whether a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges to exclude black jurors, combined with his call to the jury clerk, violated the black petitioner's right to an impartial jury. The Court was called upon to decide whether its previous decision in "Batson