query: member of ireland society founded in 1795 to uphold protestant religion

pos: Orange Order Orange Order The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order (), is a Protestant fraternal order based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has lodges in the Republic of Ireland, a Grand Orange Lodge in the Scottish Lowlands and other lodges throughout the Commonwealth, as well as in the United States and Togo. The Orange Order was founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant–Catholic sectarian conflict, as a Masonic-style fraternity sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in 1798. Its name

pos: Orange Order de l'Action nationale. Orange Order The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order (), is a Protestant fraternal order based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has lodges in the Republic of Ireland, a Grand Orange Lodge in the Scottish Lowlands and other lodges throughout the Commonwealth, as well as in the United States and Togo. The Orange Order was founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant–Catholic sectarian conflict, as a Masonic-style fraternity sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in

pos: Orange Order Orange Order The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order (), is a Protestant fraternal order based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has lodges in the Republic of Ireland, a Grand Orange Lodge in the Scottish Lowlands and other lodges throughout the Commonwealth, as well as in the United States and Togo. The Orange Order was founded in County Armagh in 1795, during a period of Protestant–Catholic sectarian conflict, as a Masonic-style fraternity sworn to maintain the Protestant Ascendancy. It is headed by the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, which was established in 1798. Its name

pos: Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland rebellion in the Scottish Highlands. The mainly-Protestant armies of William (Williamites) defeated the mainly-Catholic armies of James (Jacobites). The Orange Order was founded in Ulster in 1795 – during a period of Protestant-Catholic sectarian conflict – as a brotherhood sworn to defend the Protestant Ascendancy and the Protestant British monarchy. Its name is a tribute to William of Orange. In 1798, Protestant British soldiers from Scotland were sent to Ireland to help suppress an Irish republican rebellion. These soldiers fought alongside Orange militiamen and, when they returned to Scotland, they founded Scotland's first Orange lodges. The Scottish Orange Order grew

pos: History of Ireland (1691–1800) on Britain and they developed from a political movement into a military organisation preparing for armed rebellion. The Volunteer movement was also suppressed. However, these measures did nothing to calm the situation in Ireland and these reforms were bitterly opposed by the "ultra-loyalist" Protestant hardliners such as John Foster. Violence and disorder became widespread. Hardening loyalist attitudes led to the foundation of the Orange Order, a hardline Protestant grouping, in 1795. The United Irishmen, now dedicated to armed revolution, forged links with the militant Catholic peasant society, the Defenders, who had been raiding farmhouses since 1792. Wolfe Tone, the United

pos: Peep o' Day Boys Peep o' Day Boys The Peep o' Day Boys was an agrarian Protestant association in 18th-century Ireland. Originally noted as being an agrarian society around 1779–80, from 1785 it became the Protestant component of the sectarian conflict that emerged in County Armagh, their rivals being the Catholic Defenders. After the Battle of the Diamond in 1795, where an offshoot of the Peep o' Day Boys known as the Orange Boys defeated a force of Defenders, the Orange Order was instituted, and whilst repudiating the activities of the Peep o' Day Boys, they quickly superseded them. The Orange Order would blame

pos: Flag of the Orange Order centre. When referred to as the 'Orange Standard', the name of the flag is also shared with that of the official newspaper of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland. Flag of the Orange Order The Flag of the Orange Order, also known as the Boyne Standard or the Orange Standard, is the flag used by the Northern Irish Protestant fraternal organisation, the Orange Order. The flag consists of an orange background with purple star and a Cross of Saint George in canton. The Orange Order was founded in 1795 to commemorate the Protestant King William III of England, Scotland and

pos: The Troubles rent. With Roman Catholics allowed to buy land and enter trades from which they had formerly been banned, tensions arose resulting in the Protestant "Peep O'Day Boys" and Catholic "Defenders". This created polarisation between the communities and a dramatic reduction in reformers among Protestants, many of whom had been growing more receptive to democratic reform. Following the foundation of the republican Society of the United Irishmen by Presbyterians, Catholics, and liberal Anglicans, and the resulting failed Irish Rebellion of 1798, sectarian violence between Catholics and Protestants continued. The Orange Order (founded 1795), with its stated goal of upholding the Protestant

pos: Loyalism to describe those who were opposed to the United Irishmen, who were in support of an independent Irish Republic. In 1795, Ulster loyalists founded the Orange Order and organised the Yeoman Militia, which helped to put down the rebellion. Some loyalists, such as Richard Musgrave, considered the rebellion a Catholic plot to drive Protestant colonists out of Ireland. During the early 19th century, nearly every English and Welsh county formed a Loyalist Association of Workers in an effort to counter a perceived threat from radical societies. The first such association was founded in Westminster on 20 November 1792. The Sydney

pos: Battle of the Boyne period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens for example with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). But, after the Orange Order was founded in 1795 amid sectarian violence in County Armagh, the two events were combined in the late 18th century. The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today in Northern Ireland, where some Protestants remember it as the great victory over Catholics that resulted in the sovereignty of Parliament and the Protestant monarchy. In recent decades, "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations,

pos: Society of United Irishmen as well as their Presbyterian counterparts in Ulster, had been shaped by the sectarianism that was prevalent in eighteenth century Ireland and it was no mean feat to persuade Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter to put aside their differences and view each other simply as fellow Irishmen. Although the project met with remarkable success, it was quickly recognised by the establishment that sectarianism was a useful ally in the fight against the United Irishmen. The formation of the Orange Order in 1795 was to prove particularly useful as it provided the government with allies who had detailed local knowledge of the

pos: Royal Black Institution Royal Black Institution The Royal Black Institution, also known as the Royal Black Preceptory, the Imperial Grand Black Chapter Of The British Commonwealth, or simply the Black Institution, is a Protestant fraternal society. The Royal Black Institution was formed in Ireland in 1797, two years after the formation of the Orange Order in Daniel Winter's cottage, Loughgall, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The society is formed from Orangemen and can be seen as a progression of that Order although they are separate institutions. Anyone wishing to be admitted to the Royal Black Institution must first become a member of an Orange

neg: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland () founded in 1839, is the "competent authority for architects and professional body for Architecture in the Republic of Ireland." The RIAI’s purpose is "to uphold the highest standards in architecture and to provide impartial and authoritative advice and information in issues affecting architects, the built environment and society." The RIAI’s primary roles are in the areas of: Protecting the consumer; Promoting architecture; Supporting architects and architectural technologists; and Regulating architects. The Institute is governed by a 26-member council. In addition to providing a range

neg: PACT (Protestant Adoption Society) PACT (Protestant Adoption Society) PACT is an Irish adoption organisation founded in 1952, formerly called the Protestant Adoption Society. Its main office is "Arabella House" in Rathfarnham is named after the philanthropist Lady Arabella Denny. PACT is an independent Irish charity providing a range of adoption services to Irish families and is officially accredited by the Irish Governments Adoption Authority of Ireland PACT run the "Here2Help" Crisis Pregnancy Service. Following legislation in 1952 which set up a legal framework for Adoption in Ireland, the Protestant Adoption Society was set up in the offices of the "Church of Ireland Moral Welfare

neg: Religion in Scouting higher ideal" in their promise. The SGP association (Scouts et Guides Pluralistes) offer that same text as an alternative to "God" or "my religion". Scouting Ireland is a member of WOSM. The association is open to members without prejudice to birth, nationality, sexual orientation, religion or belief. The Law contains no reference to God and members are offered three alternative variants of the promise, one which refers to God a second requiring that the member do their best to further their understanding and acceptance of a Spiritual Reality, and a third to uphold Scout Principles. In Jordan the units are

neg: Council for World Mission Council for World Mission The Council for World Mission (CWM) is a worldwide community of mainly protestant Christian churches. The 31 members share their resources of money, people, skills and insights to carry out their missionary work. CWM was established in 1977 in its present form. It grew out of the London Missionary Society (LMS, founded 1795), the Commonwealth (Colonial) Missionary Society (1836) and the (English) Presbyterian Board of Missions (1847). Most member churches have backgrounds in the Reformed tradition. Many are united churches. The Council was created as an experiment in a new kind of missionary organisation. No longer

neg: John Robb (surgeon) John Robb (surgeon) John D.A. Robb (c. 1933 – 13 February 2018) was a surgeon from Ballymoney in County Antrim, Northern Ireland who served for seven years a member of Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (the legislature of the Republic of Ireland). A liberal Protestant in the all-Ireland tradition, Robb was educated at Rockport School, Holywood, County Down, and at Merchiston Castle School Edinburgh. Later, he became a Wolfe Tone Society contact in the 1960s, and in the early 1980s he founded the New Ireland Group, which sought to promote a new vision of Ireland which would

neg: History of Ireland (1536–1691) of England over Ireland, but wanted to be full subjects of the triple Stuart monarchy and maintain their pre-eminent position in Irish society. This was prevented by their religious dissidence and the threat posed to them by the extension of the Plantations. The Protestant settler-dominated Government of Ireland tried to confiscate more land from the native landowners by questioning their medieval land titles and as punishment for non-attendance at Protestant services. In response, Irish Catholics appealed directly to the King, first to James I and then Charles I, for full rights as subjects and toleration of their religion: a programme

neg: Evangelical Protestant Society Evangelical Protestant Society The Evangelical Protestant Society (EPS) is a pressure group representing Christian evangelicalism in Northern Ireland. It was founded in Belfast in 1946 and opposes what it terms "liberalism and false ecumenism", "Romanism" and "Popery". The EPS sought, as did the National Union of Protestants (NUP), to serve as an umbrella organisation for evangelicals in the various Protestant denominations and organisations. The Union collapsed in the early 1950s and Norman Porter, who had been the NUP's director since 1948, took over as secretary of the EPS in 1953. In the same year Porter was elected an Independent Unionist

neg: Apprentice Boys of Derry Apprentice Boys of Derry The Apprentice Boys of Derry is a Protestant fraternal society with a worldwide membership of over 10,000, founded in 1814 and based in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland. There are clubs and branches in Ulster and elsewhere in Ireland, Scotland, England, Australia and Toronto, Canada. The society aims to commemorate the 1689 Siege of Derry when Catholic James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland laid siege to the walled city, which was at the time a Protestant stronghold. Apprentice Boys parades once regularly led to virulent opposition from the city's Irish nationalist

neg: Defenders (Ireland) Defenders (Ireland) The Defenders were a Roman Catholic agrarian secret society in 18th-century Ireland, founded in County Armagh. Initially, they were formed as local defensive organisations opposed to the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys; however, by 1790 had become a secret oath-bound fraternal society made up of lodges. By 1796, the Defenders had allied with the United Irishmen, and participated in the 1798 rebellion. By the 19th century, the organisation had developed into the Ribbonmen. The Defenders were formed in the mid-1780s by Catholics in response to the failure of the authorities to take action against the Protestant Peep o'

neg: Society for the Arts, Religion and Contemporary Culture Society for the Arts, Religion and Contemporary Culture The Society for the Arts, Religion, and Contemporary Culture, or ARC, was founded in October 1961 by three people, Alfred Barr, the art critic and founder of the Museum of Modern Art, the theologian Paul Tillich, and Marvin Halverson an American Protestant theologian sometime of the Chicago Theological Seminary and the author of a 1951 booklet, "Great Religious Paintings". Its aims and program are based on the deep and complex relationship between religion and the arts. Its first board of directors included these three as well as Unitarian Universalist theologian and parish

neg: Society of United Irishmen to the Catholic population and seen as a threat by the majority of the Protestant population. Society of United Irishmen The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a liberal political organisation in 18th-century Ireland that initially sought Parliamentary reform. However, it evolved into a revolutionary republican organisation, inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France. It launched the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British monarchical rule over Ireland and founding a sovereign, independent Irish republic. During the 1780s, a few liberal members of the ruling Protestant Ascendancy, organised as the Irish Patriot Party

neg: Society for the Arts, Religion and Contemporary Culture major focus of the Society has been the role of myth in culture resulting in two publications. Presently SARCC sponsors public lectures and currently publishes a newsletter, Seedbed. Previously it has published a periodical entitled "ARC Directions." The archives of SARCC are maintained at the Andover-Harvard Theological Library Society for the Arts, Religion and Contemporary Culture The Society for the Arts, Religion, and Contemporary Culture, or ARC, was founded in October 1961 by three people, Alfred Barr, the art critic and founder of the Museum of Modern Art, the theologian Paul Tillich, and Marvin Halverson an American Protestant theologian sometime

neg: Battle of Killiecrankie 'regardless of religion,' while the Test Act required all public officials to swear unconditional loyalty to James. Both of these contained the crucial qualifier that officials and James 'promise to uphold the true Protestant religion.' Many regarded 'tolerance' of Roman Catholicism as contrary to those commitments and, when Parliament refused to approve his measures, James resorted to arbitrary rule. Dissent became a crisis with the birth of James Francis Edward in June 1688, with the prospect of a Catholic dynasty causing widespread civil disorder. On 5 November 1688, James' Protestant son-in-law William of Orange landed in England and James II

neg: History of Ireland (1691–1800) in 1795 the government assisted in building St. Patrick's College in Maynooth for Catholic seminarians. Some in Ireland were attracted to the more militant example of the French Revolution of 1789. In 1791, a small group of Protestant radicals formed the Society of the United Irishmen in Belfast, initially to campaign for the end to religious discrimination and the widening of the right to vote. However, the group soon radicalised its aims and sought to overthrow British rule and found a non-sectarian republic. In the words of Theobald Wolfe Tone, its goals were to ""substitute the common name of Irishman

neg: Religion in Northern Ireland they had no religion in the 2011 census were concentrated in largely Protestant areas, suggesting that they were mostly from a Protestant background. In their respective 2011 censuses Northern Ireland had a lower proportion of people stating that they were Christian (82.3%) than the Republic of Ireland (90.4%) and had a higher proportion of people stating that they had no religion or not indicating a religious belief (16.9%) than the Republic of Ireland (7.6%). While in the 2011 census 84.2% of people in the Republic of Ireland identified themselves as Catholic in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland only 40.8%

neg: Christian Union (Netherlands) Balkenende cabinet. In some elections, it forms an alliance with the Calvinist Reformed Political Party (SGP), which, unlike the CU, is a testimonial party. Primarily a Protestant party, the CU bases its policies on the Bible, and takes the theological principles of charity and stewardship as bases for its support for public expenditure and environmentalism. The party seeks for government to uphold Christian morality, but supports freedom of religion under the doctrine of sphere sovereignty. The party is moderately Eurosceptic; it sits with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament. It is a member of the

neg: Evangelical Protestant Society the Caleb Foundation, served on the EPS Council from 1999 but his name disappeared from its website in late 2012. DUP politician George Dawson, who joined the EPS Council in 2001, was its treasurer at the time of his death in 2007. Evangelical Protestant Society The Evangelical Protestant Society (EPS) is a pressure group representing Christian evangelicalism in Northern Ireland. It was founded in Belfast in 1946 and opposes what it terms "liberalism and false ecumenism", "Romanism" and "Popery". The EPS sought, as did the National Union of Protestants (NUP), to serve as an umbrella organisation for evangelicals in the

neg: Ulster Constitution Defence Committee months prior to the creation of the UCDC. Ian Paisley met with fellow loyalists including Noel Doherty in April, 1966 where he discussed a proposal by Doherty to create the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee. Paisley was made the Chairman and a "12-man united society of Protestant patriots pledged by all lawful methods to uphold and maintain the constitution of Northern Ireland" (also known as "the 12 disciples") was created. Doherty was made the Secretary.(Boulton 34-36) The public debut of the UCDC took place on the Shankill Road (West Belfast) on April 17, 1966, in the form of a parade led

neg: Friedrich Hartmann Graf led the chapel of the stadtholder's court in The Hague. Later he became the music director of all Protestant churches, and cantor of the school of St. Anna in Augsburg where he founded a civil society concert in 1779. Here he also met Mozart. Graf died 19 August 1795 in Augsburg. Friedrich Hartmann Graf Friedrich Hartmann Graf (23 August 1727 – 19 August 1795) was a German flautist and composer. Graf was born 23 August 1727 in Rudolstadt. He was trained by his father Johann Graf and then served as a drummer in a Dutch army regiment where he was

neg: Francis Beaufort Francis Beaufort Rear Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, KCB, FRS, FRGS, FRAS, MRIA (; 27 May 1774 – 17 December 1857) was an Irish hydrographer and officer in the Royal Navy. Beaufort was the creator of the Beaufort Scale for indicating wind force. Francis Beaufort was descended from French Protestant Huguenots, who fled the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century. His parents moved to Ireland from London. His father, Daniel Augustus Beaufort, was a Protestant clergyman from Navan, County Meath, Ireland, and a member of the learned Royal Irish Academy. His mother Mary was the daughter and co-heiress of

neg: Boetius Egan (archbishop of Tuam) Egan returned to Ireland and served as a priest until he was appointed Bishop of Achonry in 1785. Two years later he was appointed Archbishop of Tuam. Accustomed during his whole life in Ireland to the barest toleration of his religion, he welcomed the Catholic Relief Act of 1793, and hastened to express his gratitude to king George III. When Maynooth College was founded in 1795, he became one of its trustees. One of his last public acts was to sign an address to the Irish viceroy, Lord Camden, condemning the revolutionary associations then in Ireland. In this address he

neg: James Dickey (United Irishmen) James Dickey (United Irishmen) James Dickey (1775/1776 – 26 June 1798) was an Ulster Presbyterian barrister and member of the Society of the United Irishmen, a revolutionary republican organisation in late 18th century Ireland. The United Irishmen were initially founded as a group of liberal Protestant and Presbyterian men interested in promoting Parliamentary reform, and later became a revolutionary movement influenced by the ideas of Thomas Paine and his book ‘The Rights of Man’. In 1791 Theobald Wolfe Tone published the pamphlet ‘Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland’ where he set out that religious division was being used

neg: Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon this was extremely controversial since it implied a Catholic being placed on a body designed by James to enforce compliance on the Protestant Church of England. While he denied it, suspicions were enhanced when he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire and Derbyshire in December 1687 and exempted from the 1678 Test Act requirement that office holders swear to uphold 'the Protestant religion.' In late 1687, James took steps to ensure a Parliament that would vote for his Declaration of Indulgence allowing religious toleration for Catholics and Protestant dissenters. Lord Lieutenants were to assess the suitability of potential MPs by

neg: United Kingdom no religion. The Church of England is the established church in England. It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor. In Scotland, the Church of Scotland is recognised as the national church. It is not subject to state control, and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession. The Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and, as the Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland, there

neg: National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) association with the Office of Public Works (OPW), Dublin local authority parks departments, and the Golfing Union of Ireland. The Director is the chief officer of the Gardens, with a residence provided on site. Directors have included: National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) The National Botanic Gardens (Irish: "Garraithe Náisiúnta na Lus") are located in Glasnevin, 5 km north-west of Dublin city centre, Ireland. The 19.5 hectares are situated between Prospect Cemetery and the River Tolka where it forms part of that river's floodplain. The gardens were founded in 1795 by the Dublin Society (later the Royal Dublin Society) and are today

neg: David Morgan (art historian) the history of Protestant visual culture since the eighteenth century. He has also studied Catholic devotional images, the history of art theory, and religion and media. He was co-founder and is co-editor of the journal, "Material Religion", and co-edits two book series at Routledge (London): Religion, Media, Culture, and Research in Religion, Media, and Culture He is an Elected Life Member, Clare Hall, Cambridge University and Elected member, American Antiquarian Society. Morgan is a recipient of the Annual Book Award from the Association of American Publishers in Professional and Scholarly Publishing for 1999 in the category of Religion and Philosophy

neg: Norman Porter in Northern Ireland. Norman Porter Norman Porter was a loyalist politician in Northern Ireland. A lay preacher, an Orangeman, an Apprentice Boy and a member of the Royal Black Institution, Porter became the leader of the National Union of Protestants in Northern Ireland in 1948. Ian Paisley was treasurer of the group, but left after Porter refused to join his new Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster. The Union disintegrated soon after. In 1953, Porter became the Director of the Evangelical Protestant Society. He also edited the "Ulster Protestant" newspaper, which he produced with William McConnell Wilton. At the Northern Ireland

neg: Religion in the Republic of Ireland census. This was a 73.6% increase from 2011 Researchers debate the relative significance of secularisation as a general feature of Irish society, the interpretation of census results and the extent to which religious syncretism is becoming more widespread. The second largest Christian denomination, the Church of Ireland (Anglican), declined in membership for most of the twentieth century, but has more recently experienced an increase, as have other small Christian denominations. Other significant Protestant denominations are the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, followed by the Methodist Church in Ireland. The country's Hindu and Muslim populations have experienced significant growth in recent years,

neg: Catholic schools in Canada Protestant majority and Catholic minority. They wanted a separate education from the Protestants that focused on their religion. Catholic schools were often based in Irish Catholicism. During the mid-1800s, Irish Catholics in Ontario had a strong distrust towards public education. In Ireland, the Protestant minority ruled over the Catholic majority, and there was a strong connection between the Protestant government and the control of religion. The Catholic church in Ireland felt condemned by the Protestant government, so when in Canada, Irish Catholics had precedent to distrust an English based government. Public school legislation made the Irish Catholics worried about losing

neg: History of religion in the Netherlands other at the level of government. The social distance grew. People read different newspapers; by the 1930s they listened to different radio programs. Catholic and Protestant children did not play together. Adults did not socialize across religious lines. Marriage across religious lines grew rare. Jews had become fully integrated into Dutch society after the 1795. Most Jews would later on become aligned within the socialist pillar; many of them became highly secularized and westernized in appearance. They formed a considerable minority: one eighth of the population of Amsterdam was Jewish. In 1940, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Most

neg: Wolfgang Achtner the Kleines Lutherstipendium for the translation of his own book "Dimensionen der Zeit" into English ("Dimensions of Time", 2002). He founded the Local Society Initiative Group at Giessen, and won a stipend for the Templeton Oxford Seminars in Science and Christianity. He is a member of ESSAT and the Protestant Academy of Arnoldshain. has lectured in Germany, France, Great Britain, Switzerland and the United States. Wolfgang Achtner is editor of the Giessen University Sermons and the newsletter Science and Religion (in German). Wolfgang Achtner Wolfgang Achtner (2 September 1957 – 31 October 2017) has played a key role as an

neg: Religion in the United Kingdom 15 churches in the UK. The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and second largest church in Northern Ireland. The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster was founded on 17 March 1951 by the cleric and politician Ian Paisley. It has about 60 churches in Northern Ireland. The Presbyterian Church of Wales seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823. The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland, with the first Presbytery being formed in Antrim in 1725. The United Reformed Church (URC), a

neg: National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) The National Botanic Gardens (Irish: "Garraithe Náisiúnta na Lus") are located in Glasnevin, 5 km north-west of Dublin city centre, Ireland. The 19.5 hectares are situated between Prospect Cemetery and the River Tolka where it forms part of that river's floodplain. The gardens were founded in 1795 by the Dublin Society (later the Royal Dublin Society) and are today in State ownership through the Office of Public Works. They hold 20,000 living plants and many millions of dried plant specimens. There are several architecturally notable greenhouses. Today the Glasnevin site is the headquarters of the National

neg: Sectarian violence works with teenagers from Northern Ireland and the United States to provide safe, non-denominational environments to discuss sectarianism in Northern Ireland. These organizations are attempting to bridge the gap of historical prejudice between the two religious communities. Although state schools in Northern Ireland are non-denominational, most Catholic parents still send their children to specifically Catholic schools or Irish-language medium schools, thus ensuring that state school students are almost wholly Protestant. There are some integrated schools and the Society of Friends (Quakers) have long been an advocate of co-education in terms of religion, operating the Friends' School in Lisburn (first established

neg: József Kármán one of the earliest of the Magyar freemasons) and personal beauty opened the doors of the best houses to him. He was generally known as the Pest Alcibiades, and was especially at home in the salons of the Protestant magnates. In 1792, together with Count Ráday, he founded the first theatrical society at Buda. He maintained that Pest, not Pozsony should be the literary center of Hungary, and in 1794 founded the first Hungarian quarterly, "Urania", but it met with little support and ceased to exist in 1795, after three volumes had appeared. Kármán, who had long been suffering from

neg: Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer was born in 1955. He currently holds the chairs of Protestant Theology and Sociology of Religion at the Faculty of History, Philosophy and Theology and the Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University. He is member and co-founder of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Religion and Society. In 1983, 1985 and 1986 he conducted field research on religious movements (with emphasis on Pentecostalism) in the Central American civil wars based on the sociology of Bourdieu. From 1989 to 2006 he was pastor of the Protestant Church of Westfalia. In 1991 he received the title of

neg: Scottish religion in the nineteenth century 1890s. Freemasonry also made advances in the late nineteenth century, particularly among skilled artisans. A major emphasis of Evangelical Protestantism were organised missions. In the eighteenth century the focus had been the Highlands and Islands through the Royal Bounty provided by the government and the Scottish Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SSPCK), who had 229 schools in the Highlands by 1795. Gaelic school societies were founded, beginning in Edinburgh in 1811, supporting travelling schools to the northern Highlands and western Isles. In 1797 James Haldane founded the non-denominational Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Home, whose lay-preachers established

neg: William Pitt the Younger sides had begun in 1793 between Catholic "Defenders" vs Protestant "Peep o'Day Boys". A section of the Peep o'Day Boys had renamed themselves the Loyal Orange Order in September 1795, who were fanatically committed to upholding Protestant supremacy in Ireland at "almost any cost". In December 1796, a French invasion of Ireland led by General Lazar Hoche that was supposed to land at the same time the United Irishmen would rise up only failed because of bad weather in the Bay of Biscay. Pitt sent General Lake to Ulster in 1797 to call out Protestant Irish militiamen and organised an

neg: Norman Porter Norman Porter Norman Porter was a loyalist politician in Northern Ireland. A lay preacher, an Orangeman, an Apprentice Boy and a member of the Royal Black Institution, Porter became the leader of the National Union of Protestants in Northern Ireland in 1948. Ian Paisley was treasurer of the group, but left after Porter refused to join his new Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster. The Union disintegrated soon after. In 1953, Porter became the Director of the Evangelical Protestant Society. He also edited the "Ulster Protestant" newspaper, which he produced with William McConnell Wilton. At the Northern Ireland general election, 1953,

neg: Wesley Wildman Dennett, religion scholar Ann Taves, sociologist of religion Nancy Ammerman, and many of the leading figures in the scientific study of religion and the cognitive science of religion. Wildman is also known for pastoral research into ideological differences in Christian denominations, particularly the meaning of the distinctions among liberal, evangelical, and moderate Protestants in the United States. His work has been influenced by such figures as Protestant theologians Friedrich Schleiermacher and Paul Tillich, comparative religion scholar Huston Smith, and philosophers John Searle and Robert Neville. Wildman is a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion, and a

neg: Edmund Burke the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements. The statement that "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing" is

neg: Edmund Burke I do, without any previous communications having passed between us". Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws

neg: George Dawson (Northern Ireland politician) He was also Grand Master of the Independent Orange Order and Treasurer of the Evangelical Protestant Society. George Dawson (Northern Ireland politician) George Dawson (10 May 1961 – 7 May 2007) was a Northern Irish politician and a member of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) since 1979. He was an MLA for East Antrim from November 2003 until his death following a short battle with cancer. He was seen as a potential member of the power-sharing executive of the first minister, the DUP leader Ian Paisley, whose evangelical Protestant and strong unionist beliefs he shared. Dawson was a founder in

neg: George Douglas, 1st Earl of Dumbarton not extend to Catholicism in general; the 1681 Scottish Test Act also required all public officials and MPs to swear unconditional loyalty to the King but with the crucial qualifier they 'promise to uphold the true Protestant religion.' In 1683, rumours spread that Dumbarton was about to replace the Protestant Tam Dalyell as Commander of Chief in Scotland, which may explain why he was asked to lead a diplomatic mission to France in July. In 1684, Charles paid him £1,500 in compensation for losses incurred as a result of his Catholicism. James became king in February 1685 and in June,

neg: Apprentice Boys of Derry public during the summer months, July to September. It has recently received funding from the EU to create a visitors centre. Members can only be initiated within the city walls. The wearing of crimson collarettes by members recalls the crimson flag flown from the cathedral during the siege. Membership is limited to Protestant men. Apprentice Boys of Derry The Apprentice Boys of Derry is a Protestant fraternal society with a worldwide membership of over 10,000, founded in 1814 and based in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland. There are clubs and branches in Ulster and elsewhere in Ireland, Scotland, England,

neg: Donnybrook, Dublin entered the English language to describe a rowdy brawl. Donnybrook Castle was an Elizabethan mansion and residence of the Ussher family. James Ussher was appointed Archbishop of Armagh in the Church of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth I of England. The mansion was replaced in 1795 by the existing Georgian house. It is now occupied by the Religious Sisters of Charity. Donnybrook Graveyard dates back to the 8th century and was once the location of a church founded by St Broc. It was also the site of Catholic and Protestant churches, both called St Mary's. Those buried in it include Dr.

neg: Religious thought of Edmund Burke principles and enable the fulfillment of man’s obligations both to his neighbors and to God. Religious thought of Edmund Burke The religious thought of Edmund Burke includes published works by Edmund Burke and commentary on the same. Burke's religious thought was grounded in his belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticized deism and atheism, and emphasized Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Protestant father and Catholic mother, Burke vigorously defended the Church of England but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state religion

neg: Religious thought of Edmund Burke Religious thought of Edmund Burke The religious thought of Edmund Burke includes published works by Edmund Burke and commentary on the same. Burke's religious thought was grounded in his belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticized deism and atheism, and emphasized Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Protestant father and Catholic mother, Burke vigorously defended the Church of England but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state religion with the preservation of citizens’ constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity’s benefits not only to the

neg: Northern Ireland Chinese (6,300) and Indian (6,200). Black people of various origins made up 0.2% of the 2011 population and people of mixed ethnicity made up 0.2%. At the 2011 census, 41.5% of the population identified as Protestant/non-Roman Catholic Christian, the biggest of these denominations being the Presbyterian Church (19%), the Church of Ireland (14%) and the Methodist Church (3%), 41% as Roman Catholic, and 0.8% as non-Christian, while 17% identified with no religion or did not state one. In terms of community background (i.e. religion or religion brought up in), 48% of the population came from a Protestant background, 45% from

neg: Theories about religions but diverged from Durkheim by arguing, for example in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that religion can be a force of change in society. In the book Weber wrote that modern capitalism spread quickly partially due to the Protestant worldly ascetic morale. Weber's main focus was not on developing a theory of religion but on the interaction between society and religion, while introducing concepts that are still widely used in the sociology of religion. These concept include Somewhat differing from Marx, Weber dealt with status groups, not with class. In status groups the primary motivation

neg: Henry Joy McCracken Henry Joy McCracken Henry Joy McCracken (31 August 1767 – 17 July 1798) was an Irish Republican and industrialist from Belfast, Ireland. He was a founding member of the Society of the United Irishmen. Henry Joy McCracken was born in High street, Belfast into two of the city's most prominent Protestant industrial families. He was the son of a shipowner, Captain John McCracken and Ann Joy, daughter of Francis Joy, of French Huguenot descent. The Joy family made their money in linen manufacture and founded the "Belfast News Letter". Henry was the elder brother of political activist and social reformer

neg: Dunbar Barton of the Anglican Archbishop of Dublin, Barton was a sincere Protestant, but exceptionally tolerant in all matters of religion: Maurice Healy recalled him quoting a saying of his father that whether one is a Protestant or a Catholic is largely a chance of birth. Barton was called to the Irish Bar in 1880, to the English Bar in 1893, from Gray's Inn (of which he was elected Treasurer in 1922), and took silk in 1898. He served as an Irish Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Mid Armagh from 1891 to 1900 and was Solicitor-General for Ireland for two years

neg: Battle of Loup Hill of the natural heir 'regardless of religion,' the duty of all to swear allegiance to that king and the independence of the Scottish Crown. The Scottish Test Act passed at the same time required all public officials and MPs to swear unconditional loyalty to the King but with the crucial qualifier that they 'promise to uphold the true Protestant religion.' The linking of these two meant Parliament would support James but in return he would not alter the religious settlement. James was closely involved in passing the Acts as Lord High Commissioner, as well as swearing to this in his

neg: Glorious Revolution in Scotland dreadfull consequences of a civil war.' However, the 1681 Scottish Test Act also required all public officials and MPs to swear unconditional loyalty to the King but with the crucial qualifier they 'promise to uphold the true Protestant religion.' James failed to appreciate tolerance for his personal beliefs did not extend to Catholicism in general. When James became King in April 1685, his position in Scotland was secure; three years later this was no longer the case. The 1681 Scottish Succession and Test Acts made obedience to the King a legal obligation, 'regardless of religion' and in return confirmed the

neg: James Douglas (English Army officer) for Popish soldiers.' This concern increased when all three Tangier regiments were designated 'garrison' troops on their return to England in early 1684 and thus remained in being. James II succeeded Charles in April 1685 with widespread support in both countries; the 1681 Scottish Test Act required all public officials and MPs to swear unconditional loyalty to the monarch, 'regardless of religion,' but with the crucial qualifier that they 'promise to uphold the true Protestant religion.' The religious conflicts of the 17th century meant most Scots saw both dissident Presbyterians and Catholics as threats and opposed 'tolerance' for either, one

neg: Freedom of religion by country shall they be married to one. The king or queen must promise to uphold the rights of the Presbyterian church in Scotland and the Anglican church in England. He or she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, holding the title of Defender of the Faith, but an ordinary member of the Church of Scotland. Neither church receives direct funding from taxation. According to a government investigation conducted in 2013, 75% of Sikhs in the UK have experienced discrimination. The Troubles in Northern Ireland were characterized by sectarian killings between Catholics and Protestants, but since the Good Friday

neg: Society of United Irishmen Society of United Irishmen The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a liberal political organisation in 18th-century Ireland that initially sought Parliamentary reform. However, it evolved into a revolutionary republican organisation, inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France. It launched the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British monarchical rule over Ireland and founding a sovereign, independent Irish republic. During the 1780s, a few liberal members of the ruling Protestant Ascendancy, organised as the Irish Patriot Party led by Henry Grattan, campaigned for: reform of the Irish parliament; a lessening of British interference

neg: History of Ireland Ireland's history as part of the British Empire. During the 17th century, this division between a Protestant landholding minority and a dispossessed Catholic majority, divided not only by religion but also by cultural origin, was intensified and conflict between them was to became a recurrent theme in Irish history. Protestant domination of Ireland under a Protestant Ascendancy was reinforced after two periods of religious war, the Irish Confederate Wars in 1641-52 and the Williamite war in 1689-91. Political power thereafter rested almost exclusively in the hands of a minority Protestant Ascendancy, while Catholics and members of dissenting Protestant denominations suffered

neg: Caleb Foundation from a number of small evangelical Protestant churches. It is not a membership organisation. The Foundation is led by a "Council of Reference" including ministers, pastors and other activists from a variety of small Protestant sects. The largest single denomination represented is the Free Presbyterian Church founded by Rev. Ian Paisley, with others including the Congregational Union of Ireland, the Evangelical Presbyterian, Independent Methodist, Baptist, Reformed Presbyterian, Congregational Reformed and Elim Pentecostal churches, the Church of the Nazarene and the Evangelical Protestant Society. Prominent members of the Council (in 2012) include Ron Johnstone, who succeeded Paisley as leader of the

neg: Irish nationalism adopted social issues in the late 1870s – especially the question of land redistribution. Michael Davitt (an IRB member) founded the Irish Land League in 1879 during an agricultural depression to agitate for tenant's rights. Some would argue the land question had a nationalist resonance in Ireland as many Irish Catholics believed that land had been unjustly taken from their ancestors by Protestant English colonists in the 17th century Plantations of Ireland. Indeed, the Irish landed class was still largely an Anglo-Irish Protestant group in the 19th century. Such perceptions were underlined in the Land league's language and literature. However,

neg: Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland what is now the Republic of Ireland from 1901 to 2011: In comparison, the number of Catholics increased from 3,681,446 to 3,861,335. People who stated they had no religion increased from 186,318 to 269,811. The following table shows the percentage change between each census for the three main Protestant denominations in what is now the Republic of Ireland from 1901 to 2011: The following table shows the annual percentage change for the three main Protestant denominations in what is now the Republic of Ireland from 1901 to 2011: Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland

neg: Religious thought of Edmund Burke on religion reveals a remarkable consistency throughout his long career. For Burke, the French Revolution was a vivid example of the catastrophic consequences of deism, which he had ridiculed in "A Vindication of Natural Society" more than thirty years before. The inadequacy of natural religion for both personal salvation and civil society are enduring themes of Burke’s thought. Burke believed that only revealed religions, especially Christianity, offer the possibility of social and political improvement. Linking morality and religion, Burke believed that the former could not exist without the latter. According to Burke, only institutional churches can effectively uphold these sublime

neg: Scottish Protestant missions organisations such as the United Evangelistic Associations of Glasgow and Dundee, the United Working Men's Christian Mission, the Protestant Missionary Society of Glasgow, the Salvation Army and the various temperance societies. The Faith Mission was founded in 1886 and sponsored "pilgrims" who went wherever they were invited. The imposition of Evangelical religion above also began to be rejected by the working classes themselves, who began to resist attendance at organised events and visitations. In the early twentieth century the focus of the churches began to broaden to include social problems. In 1900 the inter-denominational Scottish Christian Social Union was formed.

neg: Maurice Walsh a sense of bogs and woods". In his novels, he appeals to the idea of a united Gaeldom and a united Ireland, regardless of nationality or religion; "And No Quarter" is set within Montrose's combined Scottish-Irish army, while the hero Martin Somers is an Englishman and member of the Protestant Church of Ireland, which in 2016 still had over 126,400 members in Eire. The five stories in "Green Rushes" that include "The Quiet Man" share a common theme of IRA members coming to terms with their memories of the fighting. However, it has been argued that after 1922, '...Romantic Nationalism,

neg: Religion in the United Kingdom separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century, is recognized as the national church. It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession. The adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain, especially among recusants and in the north of England, but most strongly in Ireland. This would expand in Great Britain, partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century, the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of

neg: Protestantism in Ireland Protestantism in Ireland Protestantism is a Christian minority on the island of Ireland. In the 2011 census of Northern Ireland, 48% (883,768) described themselves as Protestant, which was a decline of approximately 5% from the 2001 census. In the 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland, 4.27% of the population described themselves as Protestant. In the Republic, Protestantism was the second largest religious grouping until the 2002 census in which they were exceeded by those who chose "No Religion". Some forms of Protestantism existed in Ireland in the early 16th century before the English Reformation, but demographically speaking these were

neg: Temperance movement in Ireland "temperance lodges" and abstain from drinking. These particular lodges are more common in rural areas where the religious ethos of the organisation is more to the fore. Temperance movement in Ireland The Temperance movement in Ireland was an influential movement dedicated to lowering consumption of alcohol that involved both Protestant and Catholic religious leaders. In Ireland, a Catholic priest Theobald Mathew persuaded thousands of people to sign the pledge, therefore, establishing the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838. Many years later, in 1898, James Cullen founded the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association in response of the fading influence of the original temperance

neg: Temperance movement in Ireland Temperance movement in Ireland The Temperance movement in Ireland was an influential movement dedicated to lowering consumption of alcohol that involved both Protestant and Catholic religious leaders. In Ireland, a Catholic priest Theobald Mathew persuaded thousands of people to sign the pledge, therefore, establishing the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838. Many years later, in 1898, James Cullen founded the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association in response of the fading influence of the original temperance pledge. In 1829, the Presbyterian minister Rev. John Edgar initiated a temperance movement, by "pouring his stock of whiskey out his window". Also, many Orange lodges are

neg: Society of Actuaries in Ireland Society of Actuaries in Ireland The Society of Actuaries in Ireland is the professional body of Irish actuaries. The Society was founded on 3 May 1972 by seventeen members of the Institute and the Faculty of Actuaries residing in Ireland. Since then, the membership has grown to more than 1 000. Current president of the Society is Maurice Whyms. The Society is a full member of the International Actuarial Association and the Actuarial Association of Europe. The Society of Actuaries in Ireland offers five types of membership: The Society does not hold its own examinations and its members gain fellowship

neg: Sectarianism Catholics could work together for Ireland. After the Partition of Ireland in 1922, Northern Ireland witnessed decades of intensified conflict, tension, and sporadic violence between the dominant Protestant majority and the Catholic minority, which in 1969 finally erupted into 25 years of violence known as “The Troubles” between Irish Republicans whose goal is a United Ireland and Ulster loyalists who wish for Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom. The conflict was primarily fought over the existence of the Northern Irish state rather than religion, though sectarian relations within Northern Ireland fueled the conflict. However, religion is

neg: Religion in Chile Society of Chile. Religion in Chile The majority religion in Chile, according to a 2018 survey conducted by Plaza Publica Cadem, is Christianity (68%), with an estimated 54% of Chileans belonging to the Catholic Church, 14% to Protestant or Evangelical churches and just 7% to any other religion. The religiously unaffiliated population (25%) includes: atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion. According to another 2017 poll conducted by the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and Adimark, 59 percent of the population identify as Roman Catholic and 17 percent as surveyed declared to be Protestant. All

neg: Ulster Clubs more formalised arrangement, the Ulster Clubs, was announced. A network of clubs was to be established across Northern Ireland with the aim, according to Ian S. Wood, of working to uphold "equal citizenship" and "fight the erosion of their Protestant heritage". Before long 88 clubs had been established, with around 20,000 members listed as having joined. The new name was chosen in homage to a similarly titled network established by Edward Carson during the crisis surrounding the Government of Ireland Act 1914. Wright hoped that the Ulster Clubs could organise a widespread campaign of civil disobedience that would make Northern

neg: Defenders (Ireland) 1793 where a priest who preached in favour of the Militia Act was almost hanged to death. The fortunes of the Defenders were closely tied to the United Irishmen by the outbreak of the rebellion in 1798 and they did not survive its failure; however their influence endured in the later formation of similar groups like the Ribbonmen in the 1830s. Defenders (Ireland) The Defenders were a Roman Catholic agrarian secret society in 18th-century Ireland, founded in County Armagh. Initially, they were formed as local defensive organisations opposed to the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys; however, by 1790 had become

neg: History of the Orange Institution miss the connection between this fact, and the lie propagated by the Clare-Beresford faction that Fitzwilliam was there to replace the Protestant ascendancy with a Catholic one. With Defenders, again in action, he says, every successful defence against Peep of Day attack being then portrayed as a "Catholic outrage." This "artificially worked-up pogrom" would culminate in what came to be known as the Battle of the Diamond. In the aftermath of the "battle" which occurred on 21 September 1795 the Orange Society was founded, with the first Orange lodge established in Dyan, County Tyrone. Its first grand master was James

neg: Netherlands grew. By 1960, Protestantism shrunk demographically to equal Roman Catholicism, and going onwards, both Christian branches began to decline. There is one major exception: Islam which grew considerably as the result of immigration. Since the year 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to Muslim extremism. The Dutch royal family has been traditionally associated with Calvinism, specifically the 1795 disestablished and now non-existent Dutch Reformed Church. The Dutch Reformed Church has been the only major Protestant church in the Netherlands from the Protestant Reformation up until the 19th century. It encompassed the vast majority of Protestants in

neg: Territoriality (nonverbal communication) island's area and residents) both have Catholic majorities while the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (which is a part of the UK and constitutes less than half of the island of Ireland's area and residents) both have Protestant majorities. Many Irish people in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland don't want Northern Ireland to be a part of a nation that is not Catholic-majority, since Catholicism is the religion of the majority of the Irish nation and the religion of the majority of people on the island of Ireland. Territorial disputes in Northern Ireland have been justified by

neg: Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society The Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society was an Irish political movement based in Dublin which was linked to the Irish Conservative Party, the main political party in Ireland until 1859. The Irish Metropolitan Conservative Society was formed in 1836 by the Reverend Charles Boyton and Isaac Butt and was largely led by academics of Trinity College, Dublin, and writers for the Dublin University Magazine, which had been founded by Butt. The first meeting took place at 19, Dawson Street, Dublin, on 16 November 1836, and the new organization superseded the former Irish Protestant Conservative Society. In a

neg: Church Mission Society David Brown, of Calcutta, who sent a proposal in 1787 to William Wilberforce, then a young member of parliament, and Charles Simeon, a young clergyman at Cambridge University. The Baptist Missionary Society was formed in 1792 and the London Missionary Society was formed in 1795 to represent various evangelical denominations. The Society for Missions to Africa and the East (as the society was first called) was founded on 12 April 1799 at a meeting of the Eclectic Society, supported by members of the Clapham Sect, a group of activist evangelical Christians, who met under the guidance of John Venn, the

neg: Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language The membership of the SPIL included Protestant Ascendancy figures such as Lord de Vesci and Colonel W. E. A. Macdonnell. Horace Plunkett represented the Society at the 1901 Pan-Celtic Congress in Dublin. It took a conciliatory approach to the British government and civil service in pursuing its aims, in contrast to the later Gaelic League, which was anti-British in character. Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language The Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language (SPIL; ) was a cultural organisation in late 19th-century Ireland, which was part of the Gaelic revival of the period. It was founded

neg: Society of Actuaries in Ireland through the examinations organised by the Institute and the Faculty of Actuaries. As of 2009, the Society has more than 1 000 members, 517 of them fully qualified. Society of Actuaries in Ireland The Society of Actuaries in Ireland is the professional body of Irish actuaries. The Society was founded on 3 May 1972 by seventeen members of the Institute and the Faculty of Actuaries residing in Ireland. Since then, the membership has grown to more than 1 000. Current president of the Society is Maurice Whyms. The Society is a full member of the International Actuarial Association and the

neg: Religion in Northern Ireland approximately 1968 to the signing of the Belfast Agreement in 1998. Violence nonetheless continued beyond this period and still manifests on a small-scale basis. The principal issues at stake in the Troubles were the constitutional status of Northern Ireland and the relationship between the mainly-Protestant Unionist and mainly-Catholic Nationalist communities in Northern Ireland. The Troubles had both political and military (or paramilitary) dimensions. Its participants included politicians and political activists on both sides, republican and loyalist paramilitary organisations, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), the British Army and the security forces of the Republic of Ireland. Religion in Northern Ireland Christianity

neg: Celbridge Barracks and famous library building at Trinity College both in Dublin. The Collegiate School was founded as a charity school by Louisa Conolly of Castletown (1743–1821). At the time of Lady Louisa's death it had 600 pupils, and served as a boarding school for Protestant girls until 1973. when the Incorporated Society for Promoting Protestant Schools in Ireland closed the school and transferred the pupils to Kilkenny. The building reopened as the Setanta Hotel on 25 January 1980. Setanta Hotel closed down in 2008 but has since been refurbished and has reopened as the four-star Celbridge Manor Hotel. St Wolstan's,

neg: Irish Society for Promoting the Education of the Native Irish through the Medium of Their Own Language Irish Society for Promoting the Education of the Native Irish through the Medium of Their Own Language The Irish society for promoting the scriptural education and religious instruction of the Irish-speaking population chiefly through the medium of their own language, sometimes called the Irish Society, was a Protestant missionary society which proselytized among Irish-speaking Roman Catholics. It was founded in 1818 in Dublin by members of the Church of Ireland and remained in existence until 1914. The main movers in setting up the society were Henry Joseph Monck Mason and Bishop Robert Daly. Its offices were located at 16 Upper

neg: Hugh James Rose lengthy epitaph in Latin. Rose published in 1825 as "The State of the Protestant Religion in Germany". The book was severely criticized in Germany, and in England by Edward Pusey. In 1836 he became editor of the "Encyclopædia Metropolitana", and he projected the "New General Biographical Dictionary", a scheme carried through by his brother Henry John Rose (1800–1873). Hugh James Rose Hugh James Rose (1795–1838) was an English Anglican priest and theologian who served as the second Principal of King's College, London. Rose was born at Little Horsted in Sussex on 9 June 1795 and educated at Uckfield School, where

neg: Cymreigyddion Society Cymreigyddion Society The Cymreigyddion Society () was a London-based Welsh social, cultural and debating society, which existed from 1794 or 1795 until about 1855. The Cymreigyddion Society was stated in later accounts to have been founded in 1795, although a reference to a meeting on 19 November 1794 suggests that it may have assembled informally at a slightly earlier date. It was established by a group of twelve expatriate Welshmen resident in London, most if not all of whom were members of the existing Gwyneddigion Society (founded 1770), and who included Jac Glan-y-gors (John Jones). At a slightly later date

neg: Protestant Unionist Party Protestant Unionist Party The Protestant Unionist Party (PUP) was a unionist political party operating in Northern Ireland from 1966 to 1971. It was the forerunner of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and emerged from the Ulster Protestant Action (UPA) movement. It was founded an led by Ian Paisley, who also founded and led the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster. The UPA had two councillors elected to Belfast Corporation. In 1967, both were re-elected as PUP candidates. The PUP stood six candidates against the ruling Ulster Unionist Party of the Northern Ireland parliament in the January 1969 general election. They polled

neg: William Pitt the Younger Pitt had tried fruitlessly to persuade the Dublin parliament to loosen the anti-Catholic laws to "keep things quiet in Ireland". Pitt's efforts to soften the anti-Catholic laws failed in the face of determined resistance from the families of the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, who forced Pitt to recall Earl Fitzwilliam as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1795, when the latter had indicated he would support a bill for Catholic relief. In much of rural Ireland, law and order had broken down as an economic crisis impoverished the already poor Irish peasantry and a sectarian war with many atrocities on both

neg: Catholic Church in Ireland to Catholic sensibilities; he wished to uphold the liturgy in Latin, while also offering Irish as the vernacular (he promoted an Irish language provision more than other Bishops). Since the Celtic Tiger and the furtherance of cosmopolitanism in Ireland, Catholicism has been one of the traditional elements of Ireland to fall into decline; particularly in urban areas. Fewer than one in five Catholics attend Mass on any given Sunday in Dublin with many young people only retaining a marginal interest in religion the Archbishop of Dublin, Diarmuid Martin, said in May 2011. According to an Ipsos MRBI poll by the

neg: Maynooth Grant Maynooth Grant The Maynooth Grant was a cash grant from the British government to a Catholic seminary in Ireland. In 1845, the Conservative Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, sought to improve the relationship between Catholic Ireland and Protestant England by increasing the annual grant from the British government to Maynooth, a Catholic seminary in Ireland in dilapidated condition. It aroused a major political controversy in the 1840s, reflecting the anti-Irish and anti-Catholic feelings of the British Protestants. In 1795, the British government supported the founding of a Catholic seminary in Maynooth, Ireland. It was named St. Patrick's College and is