query: an ancient city state on north african coast in present day tunisia

pos: Tunisia known as Mauri, later Moors. The Numidians and Moors belonged to the race from which the Berbers are descended. The translated meaning of Numidian is Nomad and indeed the people were semi-nomadic until the reign of Masinissa of the Massyli tribe. At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 12th century BC (Bizerte, Utica). The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC by Phoenicians. Legend says that Dido from Tyre, now in modern-day Lebanon, founded the city in 814 BC, as retold

pos: Utica, Tunisia Utica, Tunisia Utica () was an ancient Phoenician and Carthaginian city located near the outflow of the Medjerda River into the Mediterranean, between Carthage in the south and Hippo Diarrhytus (present-day Bizerte) in the north. It is traditionally considered to be the first colony to have been founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. After Carthage's loss to Rome in the Punic Wars, Utica was an important Roman colony for seven centuries. Today, Utica no longer exists, and its remains are located in Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia – not on the coast where it once lay, but further inland because

pos: Africa African coast at Carthage. European exploration of Africa began with Ancient Greeks and Romans. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great was welcomed as a liberator in Persian-occupied Egypt. He founded Alexandria in Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty after his death. Following the conquest of North Africa's Mediterranean coastline by the Roman Empire, the area was integrated economically and culturally into the Roman system. Roman settlement occurred in modern Tunisia and elsewhere along the coast. The first Roman emperor native to North Africa was Septimius Severus, born in Leptis Magna in present-day Libya—his mother was

pos: History of Tunisia History of Tunisia The present day Republic of Tunisia, "al-Jumhuriyyah at-Tunisiyyah", has over ten million citizens, almost all of Arab-Berber descent. The Mediterranean Sea is to the north and east, Libya to the southeast, and Algeria to the west. Tunis is the capital and the largest city (population over 800,000); it is located near the ancient site of the city of Carthage. Throughout its recorded history, the physical features and environment of the land of Tunisia have remained fairly constant, although during ancient times more abundant forests grew in the north, and earlier in prehistory the Sahara to the south

pos: North Africa during Antiquity The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the mtDNA haplogroup I2, a maternal clade that is believed to have originated in Western Asia. Phoenician traders arrived on the North African coast around 900 BC and established Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) around 800 BCE. By the 6th century BCE, a Punic presence existed at Tipasa (east of Cherchell in Algeria). From their principal center of power at Carthage, the Carthaginians expanded and established small settlements (called emporia in Greek) along the North African coast; these settlements eventually served as market towns as well as anchorages. Hippo

pos: Utica, Tunisia of the Cascade at Utica is typical of most Roman houses excavated in North Africa. Utica, Tunisia Utica () was an ancient Phoenician and Carthaginian city located near the outflow of the Medjerda River into the Mediterranean, between Carthage in the south and Hippo Diarrhytus (present-day Bizerte) in the north. It is traditionally considered to be the first colony to have been founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. After Carthage's loss to Rome in the Punic Wars, Utica was an important Roman colony for seven centuries. Today, Utica no longer exists, and its remains are located in Bizerte Governorate

pos: History of Tunisia "its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011". History of Tunisia The present day Republic of Tunisia, "al-Jumhuriyyah at-Tunisiyyah", has over ten million citizens, almost all of Arab-Berber descent. The Mediterranean Sea is to the north and east, Libya to the southeast, and Algeria to the west. Tunis is the capital and the largest city (population over 800,000); it is located near the ancient site of the city of Carthage. Throughout its recorded history, the physical features and environment of the land of Tunisia have remained fairly

pos: History of Algeria Islam between the 7th to 9th century, and Arabic is now the language spoken by a majority in the country. Phoenician traders arrived on the North African coast around 900 BC and established Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) around 800 BC. During the classical period, Berber civilization was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organization supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew, but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others. The Carthaginian state declined because

pos: Abthugni Abthugni Abthugni (, , or , ) was an ancient city in Roman North Africa at present day Suwar (Henchir-es-Souar) in Tunisia. It was in Roman times in the province of Africa Proconsularis, Africa, and latter in Byzacena. In late antiquity Abthugni was also the seat of a bishop, and the diocese is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church to this day. The city was located at Henchir-es-Souar in the hill country south of Uthica, from Zaghouan at an elevation of above sea level. It was a suffran of Carthage. According to Ferchiou the name of the place

pos: Africa (Roman province) Africa (Roman province) Africa Proconsularis was a Roman province on the northwest African coast that was established in 146 BC following the defeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly comprised the territory of present-day Tunisia, the northeast of Algeria, and the coast of western Libya along the Gulf of Sirte. The territory was originally inhabited by Berber people, known in Latin as "Mauri" (English: Moor; Spanish: Moro) indigenous to all of North Africa west of Egypt; in the 9th century BC, Phoenicians built settlements along the Mediterranean Sea to facilitate shipping, of which Carthage rose to dominance

pos: Africa (Roman province) factions were vying for control of the province by means of force. Governors are directly chosen by the Emperors, without Roman Senate approval. Africa (Roman province) Africa Proconsularis was a Roman province on the northwest African coast that was established in 146 BC following the defeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly comprised the territory of present-day Tunisia, the northeast of Algeria, and the coast of western Libya along the Gulf of Sirte. The territory was originally inhabited by Berber people, known in Latin as "Mauri" (English: Moor; Spanish: Moro) indigenous to all of North Africa west

pos: History of Tunisia state to the north of the infant city of Rome. A merchant sailor of Carthage, Himilco, explored in the Atlantic to the north of the straits, along the coast of the Lusitanians and perhaps as far as Oestrymnis (modern Brittany), circa 500 B.C. Carthage would soon supplant the Iberian city of Tartessus in carrying the tin trade from Oestrymnis. Another, Hanno the Navigator explored the Atlantic to the south, along the African coast well past the River Gambia. The traders of Carthage were known to be secretive about business and particularly about trade routes; it was their practice to keep

pos: Monarchies in Europe democracy as well in 322 BCE. In the subsequent Hellenistic period (334–30 BCE) numerous diadochs (successors of Alexander the Great) fought one another for the kingship of Macedon, definitively obtained by the Antigonids in 277 BCE. Meanwhile, the Phoenician city-state of Carthage, located in present-day Tunisia, aside from settling large swaths of North Africa's coast, also set up several colonies on Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Baleares and in southern Iberia. The Carthaginian empire, according to tradition founded in 814 BCE, started out as a monarchy, but in the 4th century transformed into a republic where suffets ("judges") ruled. Finally, Rome

pos: Vaga (Tunisia) Vaga (Tunisia) Vaga, Vecca and lately Theodorias is an ancient city in Tunisia built by the Berbers and ruled sequentially by the Carthaginians, the Numidians, the Romans, the Vandals and the Byzantines until it was captured by the Arabs who changed its name to the present day Béja. The town was the capital of the Numidian Kingdom during the rule of Jugurtha. Little is known about the date of the foundation of Vaga, but it's sure that it was before the foundation of Carthage. The place of the current city was inhabited by Berber tribes, notably the Avrigha tribe, and

pos: Cinema of Tunisia only two Tunisian films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and neither was nominated for an Oscar. Cinema of Tunisia The cinema of Tunisia has been present since 1896, when the Lumière brothers began showing animated films in the streets of Tunis. In 1919, the first feature-length movie produced on the North African continent: "Les Cinq gentlemen maudits" ("The Five Accursed Gentlemen") was filmed in Tunisia. In 1924, Samama-Chikli directed a medium-length film called "Ain Al-Ghazal" ("The Girl from Carthage") thus making him, one of the very first native filmmakers on the North African

pos: Caesarea, Numidia Caesarea, Numidia Caesarea in Numidia was an ancient city and bishopric in Roman North Africa. It was a Roman colonia (called "Caesarea Mauretaniae") in Roman-Berber North Africa. It was the capital of Mauretania Caesariensis and is now called Cherchell, in modern Algeria. Phoenicians from Carthage founded a settlement on the northern coast of Africa, 100 km west of the present-day city of Algiers at present Cherchell around 400 BC to serve as a trading station and named the city Iol or Jol. It became a part of the kingdom of Numidia under Jugurtha, who died in 104 BC and it

pos: Carthaginian currency from an early borrowing of Punic ("Pane" or "Pene", "Face"), as the face of Carthaginian fertility goddess Tanit was represented on nearly all Carthaginian currency. The theory is, however, still disputed. Similarly, the supposed discovery of a cache of Carthaginian coins on Corvo in 1749 is the basis for supposing that the Carthaginians reached the Azores, but remains contentious. A collection of recovered coins is maintained at the Tunisian Mint Museum () at the Central Bank in Tunis. Carthaginian currency Carthaginian or Punic currency refers to the coins of ancient Carthage, a Phoenician city-state located near present-day Tunis, Tunisia. The

pos: Flag of Tunisia The color red is a symbol of resistance against Turkish supremacy. Whitney Smith states that the crescent was first emblazoned on standards and buildings in the Punic state of Carthage, located in present-day Tunisia. Since appearing on the Ottoman flag, they were widely adopted by Muslim countries, and have become known as symbols of Islam, when in fact, they may be cultural symbols. Likewise, the sun is often represented with the crescent on ancient Punic artifacts and is associated with the ancient Punic religion, especially with the Sign of Tanit. The Tunisian flag is visible on all public and military

pos: Cura Annonae of the total grain imported and consumed in Rome. By the late 200s BCE, grain was being shipped to the city of Rome from Sicily and Sardinia. In the first century BCE, the three major sources of wheat were Sardinia, Sicily, and North Africa, i.e. the region centered on the ancient city of Carthage, present day Tunisia. With the incorporation of Egypt into the Roman empire and the rule of the emperor Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE), Egypt became the main source of supply of grain for Rome. By the 70s CE, the historian Josephus was claiming that Africa fed Rome

pos: Caesarea, Numidia bishopric of Caesarea in Numidia. It has had the following incumbents, partially of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank, "with two archiepiscopal exceptions: Caesarea, Numidia Caesarea in Numidia was an ancient city and bishopric in Roman North Africa. It was a Roman colonia (called "Caesarea Mauretaniae") in Roman-Berber North Africa. It was the capital of Mauretania Caesariensis and is now called Cherchell, in modern Algeria. Phoenicians from Carthage founded a settlement on the northern coast of Africa, 100 km west of the present-day city of Algiers at present Cherchell around 400 BC to serve as a trading station and named the

pos: Ancient Carthage and repairing his battered fleet. The Carthaginians marched along the coast to Himera, and made camp before engaging in the Battle of Himera. Hamilcar was either killed during the battle or committed suicide in shame. As a result, the nobility negotiated peace and replaced the old monarchy with a republic. By 410 BC, Carthage had recovered after serious defeats. It had conquered much of modern-day Tunisia, strengthened and founded new colonies in Northwest Africa; Hanno the Navigator had made his journey down the African coast, and Himilco the Navigator had explored the European Atlantic coast. Expeditions were also led into

pos: Thagaste Thagaste Thagaste (or "Tagaste") was a Roman-Berber city in present-day Algeria, now called Souk Ahras. The town was the birthplace of Saint Augustine. Thagaste was originally a small Numidian village, inhabited by a Berber tribe into which Augustine of Hippo was born in 354. His mother Saint Monica was a Christian and his father Patricius (with Roman roots) was at first a pagan who later adopted Christianity. The city was located in the north-eastern highlands of Numidia. It lay around from Hippo Regius, (modern Annaba), southwest of Thubursicum (Khamissa), and about from Carthage (on the coast of Tunisia). Thagaste was

pos: Phoenicia Carthage in Northwest Africa, southeast of Sardinia on the peninsula of present day Tunisia. Ancient Gaelic mythologies attribute a Phoenician/Scythian influx to Ireland by a leader called Fenius Farsa. Others also sailed south along the coast of Africa. A Carthaginian expedition led by Hanno the Navigator explored and colonized the Atlantic coast of Africa as far as the Gulf of Guinea; and according to Herodotus, a Phoenician expedition sent down the Red Sea by pharaoh Necho II of Egypt () even circumnavigated Africa and returned through the Pillars of Hercules after three years. Using gold obtained by expansion of the

pos: Cinema of Tunisia Cinema of Tunisia The cinema of Tunisia has been present since 1896, when the Lumière brothers began showing animated films in the streets of Tunis. In 1919, the first feature-length movie produced on the North African continent: "Les Cinq gentlemen maudits" ("The Five Accursed Gentlemen") was filmed in Tunisia. In 1924, Samama-Chikli directed a medium-length film called "Ain Al-Ghazal" ("The Girl from Carthage") thus making him, one of the very first native filmmakers on the North African continent. In 1966, the first feature Tunisian film (95 minutes) "Al-Fajr" ("The Dawn") was directed and produced by Omar Khlifi; it was shot

pos: Tunisian people star. The crescent and star recalls the Ottoman flag and is therefore an indication of Tunisia's history as a part of the Ottoman Empire. Whitney Smith states that the crescent was first emblazoned on standards and buildings in the Punic state of Carthage, located in present-day Tunisia. Since appearing on the Ottoman flag, they were widely adopted by Muslim countries, and have become known as symbols of Islam, when in fact, they may be cultural symbols. Likewise, the sun is often represented with the crescent on ancient Punic artifacts and is associated with the ancient Punic religion, especially with the

pos: Souk Ahras Hippo Regius, (present day Annaba), southwest of Thubursicum (present day Khamissa), and about from Carthage (on the coast of present-day Tunisia). Thagaste became a Roman "municipium". The city was mentioned by Pliny the Elder. As a "municipium", Thagaste was not settled by Roman Italian immigrants, but was inhabited by Romanized native Berbers. In 1830 Souk Ahras became a colonial settlement of French Algeria (1830 – 1962). Late 19th century connection via the Algerian Railway, and 20th century iron ore and phosphate mining, brought some modern significance and prosperity to the town. During the Algerian War of Independence (1954 - 1962),

pos: Ounga, Tunisia Ounga, Tunisia Ounga, also known as Younga and Jounga, is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia, located south of Sfax along the Mediterranean coast. The area is also known for its oil fields. Ounga was a Phoenician and Carthaginian colony under the name (, , "New Place"). The coastal town was the intersection of the road from Carthage to Tacape and the road branching off to Sufetula. After the Punic Wars, the area fell under Roman control. The name was latinized to Macomades. It was variously distinguished from the Macomades in present-day Algeria as ("Lesser Macomades") during

pos: Acholla Acholla Acholla (, "Akhólla") also latinised as Achilla or Achulla, was a Roman-Berber city on the sea-coast in the ancient province of Africa Propria (Byzacena) in modern Tunisia. It was located little above the northern extremity of the Lesser Syrtis, and about 20 Greek miles south of Thapsus. It was a colony from the island of Melita (Malta), the people of which were colonists from Carthage. Under the Romans, it was a free city. In the African War, 46 BCE, it submitted to Julius Caesar, for whom it was held by Messius; and it was in vain besieged by the

pos: Carthaginian currency Carthaginian currency Carthaginian or Punic currency refers to the coins of ancient Carthage, a Phoenician city-state located near present-day Tunis, Tunisia. The base currency was the shekel, although its Punic pronunciation was probably . The Phoenicians, despite their extensive trading empires, began minting coins relatively late. Siculo-Carthaginian currency began to be issued in the mid-4th century and probably preceded Phoenicia's own Tyrian shekels, which developed . Carthage was also the first known state to utilize lightweight, flexible leather promissory notes. Carthage issued ½-shekel, shekel (7.20 g), 1⅔-shekel, double shekel, and triple shekel coins. 5-shekel pieces were issued in Sicily. It

pos: Ancient Carthage the sole significant broker of tin and maker of bronze in its day. Maintaining this monopoly was one of the major sources of power and prosperity for Carthage; Carthaginian merchants strove to keep the location of the tin mines secret. In addition to its role as the sole significant distributor of tin, Carthage's central location in the Mediterranean and control of the waters between Sicily and Tunisia allowed it to control the eastern peoples' supply of tin. Carthage was also the Mediterranean's largest producer of silver, mined in Iberia and on the Northwest African coast; after the tin monopoly, this

pos: Maghreb Carthaginians arrived for trade. The main Berber and Phoenician settlements centered in the Gulf of Tunis (Carthage, Utica, Tunisia) along the North African littoral between the Pillars of Hercules and the Libyan coast east of ancient Cyrenaica. They dominated the trade and intercourse of the Western Mediterranean for centuries. The Carthage defeat in the Punic Wars during 206 BC allowed Rome to establish the Province of Africa and control many of these ports, and eventually control the entire Maghreb north of the Atlas Mountains. Rome was greatly helped by the defection of King Massinissa and Carthage's eastern Numidian Massylii client-allies.

pos: Beneventum (Africa) Beneventum (Africa) Beneventum was an ancient city and bishopric in Tunisia. It is now a Latin Catholic titular see. Beneventum was a Roman and Byzantine era city in the province of Africa Proconsularis. Its presumed present location is at the ruins of Beniata, located near Bizerte in modern Tunisia. Beneventum was import enough in the Roman province of Africa proconsularis to become a suffragan of its capital Carthage's Metropolitan Archbishop, yet was to fade. Very little is known of the ancient bishopric and though suffragan of the Archdiocese of Carthage no Bishops are known by name. The diocese ceased to

pos: Biskra proposed to marry Élyssa (or Dido for the Romans), the founding queen of Carthage (present Tunisia) around the year 815 BCE. However, references in ancient Egypt of certain tribes go back to 1350 BCE about in the reign of Akhenaton of the eighteenth dynasty that speaks of cattle trade with this people. The Gétules are probably also the origin of the Berber calendar which begins around 943–949 BCE. The beginning of this calendar would follow the victory of a coalition of Gétules on the Egyptians. This coalition, formed by the North African tribes, left the south-west of Algeria, reinforcing its

pos: Vazari-Didda as Latin Catholic titular bishopric in 1933. It has had the following incumbents, of the lowest (episcopal) rank "with an archiepiscopal (intermediary rank) exception" : Known Bishops Vazari-Didda Vazari-Didda or Vazari Didda) was an Ancient city and bishopric in Roman Africa, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. Its presumed modern site is Henchir-Badajr, in present Tunisia. Vazari-Didda was important enough in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis to be one of Carthage's Metropolitan archbishopric's. Vazari-Didda, perhaps identifiable with Henchir-Badajr in today's Tunisia, remains an ancient episcopal titular see of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, and a suffragan of

pos: Punic Wars the mid-3rd century BC, Carthage was a large city located on the coast of modern Tunisia. Founded by the Phoenicians in the mid-9th century BC, it was a powerful thalassocratic city-state with a vast commercial network. Of the great city-states in the western Mediterranean, only Rome rivaled it in power, wealth, and population. While Carthage's navy was the largest in the ancient world at the time, it did not maintain a large, permanent, standing army. Instead, Carthage relied mostly on mercenaries, especially the indigenous Numidians, to fight its wars. These mercenaries were primarily led by officers who were Carthaginian citizens.

pos: Vazari-Didda Vazari-Didda Vazari-Didda or Vazari Didda) was an Ancient city and bishopric in Roman Africa, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. Its presumed modern site is Henchir-Badajr, in present Tunisia. Vazari-Didda was important enough in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis to be one of Carthage's Metropolitan archbishopric's. Vazari-Didda, perhaps identifiable with Henchir-Badajr in today's Tunisia, remains an ancient episcopal titular see of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, and a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Carthage. Among the bishops at the Council of Carthage (411), between the Catholic and Donatist bishops of Africa, was one Adeodatus, described as "Publianus

pos: Libya–Tunisia relations Libya–Tunisia relations Libyan–Tunisian relations are longstanding between the two neighbouring North African Maghreb states, Libya and Tunisia. Being the two neighboring Maghreb nations with Berber and Arabic heritages, the relationship between the two is friendly but sometimes rocky. Tunisia is known to have some issues with Libya including political differences. Nonetheless, the two nations developed a strong connection, a part of their long, rich historical tie. Libya has an embassy in Tunis whilst Tunisia maintains one in Tripoli, but it has been closed since 2015. Ever since Carthage started expanding into the Mediterranean, Tunisia has held control over Tripolitania (modern-day

pos: Dura, Africa Dura, Africa Dura was an Ancient city and bishopric in Roman North Africa, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. Dura was among the many cities in the Roman province of Byzacena that were important enough to become a suffragan diocese, but destined to fade so completely, that even its precise location, in present Tunisia, remains unknown. Its only historically documented bishop, Quodvultdeus, was among the Catholic bishops attending the Council of Carthage called in 484 by king Huneric of the Vandal Kingdom on the heresy Donatism, after which and many of his party were exiled, unlike their schismatic counterparts

neg: Ancient Carthage others developed larger populations. Although Strabo's claim that the Tyrians founded three hundred colonies along the west African coast is clearly exaggerated, colonies were established in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Iberia, and to a much lesser extent, on the arid coast of Libya. The Phoenicians were active in Cyprus, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Crete, and Sicily, as well as on the European mainland at present-day Genoa in Italy and Marseille in present-day France. The settlements at Crete and Sicily were in perpetual conflict with the Greeks, but the Phoenicians managed to control all of Sicily for a limited time. The

neg: Nabeul Nabeul Nabeul ( "") is a coastal town in north-eastern Tunisia, on the south coast of the Cape Bon peninsula. It is the capital of the Nabeul Governorate. The city had a population of 73,128 as of the 2014 census. Nabeul was founded in the 5th century BC by the Greeks of Cyrene, serving as a trade port. Its present name is an arabization of its Greek name Neápolis (, "New City"), which was a common name of Greek colonies. During antiquity, Neapolis was also the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric The Bishopric was founded during the Roman Empire

neg: Opanda Kingdom years later Ohimi's brother Owutu founded the present-day Kotonkarfe (Igu). A third group, led by Ohimenegedu, the grandson of Ohemi, moved east in 1750 and reoccupied the city of Opanda in the present-day Nasarawa state. The sister kingdoms of Opanda and Kotonkarfe flourished side by side for some time until they were attacked by the Nupe/Nulani from the west and the Fulani from the north. Opanda Kingdom Opanda Kingdom was an ancient African kingdom located in what is now Nigeria. The ancient Opanda Kingdom was founded by the Egbiras ethnic group. Its growth culminated in the Umaisha (Yimaha), which is

neg: History of the Jews in Africa History of the Jews in Africa African Jewish communities include: The most ancient communities of African Jews are the Ethiopian, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. In the seventh century, many Spanish Jews fled persecution under the Visigoths to North Africa, where they made their homes in the Byzantine-dominated cities along the Mediterranean coast. Others arrived after the expulsion from Iberia. Remnants of longstanding Jewish communities remain in Morocco, Tunisia, and the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla. There is a much-diminished but still vibrant community on the island of Djerba in Tunisia. Since

neg: Thuburnica Thuburnica Thuburnica was an ancient Roman-Berber city in the Maghreb. It was located in the present-day El Kalâa, near Chemtou in western Tunisia. It may have been the ancient town of Bulla Regia. The Late Roman Republican general Caius Marius started the Roman presence in Thuburnica, allowing some of his veterans (the "Conditores coloniae" or 'founders of the colonia') to settle in a small ancient Berber village just south of Tabarka, near the border between present Tunisia and Algeria. A few decades later, the first Roman emperor Augustus settled there some of his veterans creating officially a Roman colonia, governed

neg: Ottoman Tunisia particularly the Algerian were in political disarray and fragmented. One of its quasi-independent sea ports Algiers [ancient "Ikosim"] became among the first to fall under permanent Turkish control (in 1516). Its early capture gave Algiers some claim to primacy within the expanding Turkish Empire. It was only under the Ottomans that Algiers became a favored city. Before, Algiers was not particularly significant; the middle Maghriban coast (present-day Algeria) for the most part had long lain in the shadows of Tunis to its east and of Morocco or Tlemcen to its west. During early Ottoman rule, Tunisia lost control (in the

neg: Korba, Tunisia Korba, Tunisia Korba ( '), ancient Curubis, is a town in Tunisia on the eastern shore of the Cap Bon. It was the place of exile of the Carthaginian bishop Cyprian in the year leading up to his martyrdom. Modern Korba is in the Nabeul Governorate and had a population of 48,314 in 2014. Ancient geographers and itineraries mention the town Curubis on the African coast between Clupea (modern Kelibia) and Neapolis (modern Nabeul). The earliest historical record is an inscription from the time of the Roman civil war, which records that the Pompeian generals P. Attius Varus and Gaius

neg: Tunisia the Tunisian Tennis Federation that this kind of action will not be tolerated." Tunisia Tunisia is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, covering . Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas

neg: Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, covering . Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest

neg: Stagira (ancient city) Philip later rebuilt the city and resettled the old city's inhabitants, who had been enslaved. Many new structures were built at this time, including an aqueduct, two shrines to Demeter, and many houses. Stagira (ancient city) Stagira (), Stagirus (), or Stageira ( or ) was an ancient Greek city, located in central Macedonia, near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, and is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle, who was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The city lies approximately north northeast of the present-day village

neg: History of the Jews in Africa in an anti-Semitic act of violence. According to the 2011 census carried out by Statistics Mauritius, there are 43 Jews in Mauritius. History of the Jews in Africa African Jewish communities include: The most ancient communities of African Jews are the Ethiopian, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews of North Africa and the Horn of Africa. In the seventh century, many Spanish Jews fled persecution under the Visigoths to North Africa, where they made their homes in the Byzantine-dominated cities along the Mediterranean coast. Others arrived after the expulsion from Iberia. Remnants of longstanding Jewish communities remain in Morocco, Tunisia, and the

neg: Stagira (ancient city) Stagira (ancient city) Stagira (), Stagirus (), or Stageira ( or ) was an ancient Greek city, located in central Macedonia, near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, and is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle, who was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The city lies approximately north northeast of the present-day village of Stagira, close to the town of Olympiada. Stagira was founded in 655 BC by Ionian settlers from Andros. Xerxes I of Persia occupied it in 480 BC. The city later joined the

neg: Earthquake activity in the New York City area Ocean, in the Caribbean Sea, and along the west coast of North America. The seismicity of the northeastern U.S. is generally considered to be due to ancient zones of weakness that are being reactivated in the present-day stress field. In this model, pre-existing faults that were formed during ancient geological episodes persist in the intraplate crust, and the earthquakes occur when the present-day stress is released along these zones of weakness. The stress that causes the earthquakes is generally considered to be derived from present-day rifting at the Mid-Atlantic ridge. The northeastern U.S. has many known faults, but virtually all

neg: Haram (Yemen) Haram (Yemen) Ḥaram (Old South Arabian "ḥrm-m", with mimation "Ḥaramum") is an ancient city in the north of al-Jawf in modern-day Yemen, at about 1100 metres above sea level. It is bordered by the Yemen Highlands to the north, in the west by the ancient Kaminahu (present day Kamna), in the east by the ancient Qarnāwu (modern Ma'īn) and in the south by the Ghayl, otherwise known as the village of al-Ḥazm. In early times Ḥaram was a city state, which however by the early 7th century BCE (according to the so-called "Long Chronology") was already a vassal of the

neg: History of the Jews in Tunisia likely that these Jews founded communities on the territory of present-day Tunisia. A tradition among the descendants of the first Jewish settlers was that their ancestors settled in that part of North Africa long before the destruction of the First Temple in the 6th century BCE. The ruins of an ancient synagogue dating back to the 3rd–5th century CE was discovered by the French captain Ernest De Prudhomme in his Hammam-Lif residence in 1883 called in Latin as "sancta synagoga naronitana" ("holy synagogue of Naro"). After the fall of the Second Temple, many exiled Jews settled in Tunis and engaged

neg: Buruni (North Africa) Buruni (North Africa) Buruni is an ancient city of the Maghreb, in North Africa. The city has been identified with ruins at Henchir-El-Dakhla in Tunisia. Buruni, was an ancient Roman city of the Bagradas Valley identifiable with Henchir-El-Dakhla in modern Tunisia. There is no record of the city in Punic or pre Roman Berber, times, and is presumed to be a Roman foundation, probably of coloni status. The Bagradis valley became Roman after the Third Punic War about 146BC and it quickly became an important region for agriculture, with the rolling plains home to numerous Imperial estates. The area around

neg: Thuburnica bridge is still working in perfect conditions. The ruins include: a mausoleum, two arches, a temple, four cisterns, thermae (public baths), an aqueduct and a small Byzantine fortification. Thuburnica Thuburnica was an ancient Roman-Berber city in the Maghreb. It was located in the present-day El Kalâa, near Chemtou in western Tunisia. It may have been the ancient town of Bulla Regia. The Late Roman Republican general Caius Marius started the Roman presence in Thuburnica, allowing some of his veterans (the "Conditores coloniae" or 'founders of the colonia') to settle in a small ancient Berber village just south of Tabarka, near

neg: One of Our Submarines 1942, she had a short-lived but quite action-packed career. In particular, it is now known that Stephen’s sub, P48, was actually lost off the coast of Tunisia. She was depth charged by an Italian motor torpedo boat Ardente on Christmas Day in 1942 at 37°15'N, 10°30'E, near to Zembre Island. She was tracking an important enemy ship convoy, one of which she may have destroyed. It is not clear whether she sank right away or survived initially only to perish elsewhere. In the last few months, a dive expedition off the North African coast believe they have located the wreck

neg: Tiguala Tiguala Tiguala was an ancient Roman-Berber city in the province of Byzacena. The exact location of the town remains unknown for certain, but it was in Sahel in northern Tunisia. Tiguala was also the seat of an ancient diocese, which remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church called "Dioecesis Tigualensis". The role of bishop is currently vacant. Tiguala, in today's Tunisia, is an ancient episcopal seat of the Roman province of Bizacena. There are three documented bishops of this African diocese. Gaiano took part in the council of Cabarsussi, held in 393 by the Maximianists, a dissident sect

neg: Godala Godala The Godala is a Berber tribe in Northern Africa that lived along the Atlantic coast in present-day Morocco and Mauritania and participated in the Saharan salt trade and the salt mines of Ijiil. The Godala may be linked to or the same as the ancient Gaetuli tribe of Berbers . According to a 1985 study of West African history, the area along both sides of the mouth of the Senegal River was controlled by the Godala group of Berbers. They mined the Awlil salt deposits along the coast just north of the mouth of the Senegal, and controlled a

neg: Tunisia or "encampment". It is sometimes also associated with the Punic goddess "Tanith (aka Tunit)", ancient city of "Tynes". The French derivative was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages remained untouched, such as the Russian () and Spanish . In this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic , and only by context can one tell the difference. Before Tunisia, the territory's name was Ifriqiya or Africa, which gave the present-day name of the continent Africa. Farming methods reached the Nile

neg: Ibore Ibore Ibore is an ancient city located in northern part of Esan an ethnic group in Edo state, Nigeria. It is one of the major towns in the present day Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. Ibore and Irrua kingdom has an issue of kingship. HRH Sir Odimo John is the traditional ruler of Ibore kingdom. Ibore is an ancient city located in northern part of Esan and an ethnic group in Edo state, Nigeria. It is one of the major towns in the present day Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. The original name is

neg: Tebourba Tebourba Tebourba ( "") is a town in Tunisia, located about 20 miles (30 km) from the capital Tunis, former ancient city (Thuburbo Minus) and bishopric, now a Latin Catholic titular see. Historically Thuburbo Minus was a settlement in Africa Proconsularis, located at present-day Tebourba. Thuburbo Minus is mentioned in the "Antonine Itinerary", 44, and the "Tabula Peutingeriana". Situated on a hill, the city occupied only a part of the ancient site, when it was rebuilt in the 15th century by the Andalusian Moors. The Roman amphitheatre was still standing at the end of the 17th century, when it was

neg: Segermes village of Boucher, from the Mausoleum of Zeribah, and on the ancient Roman road of Sousse (Hadramout), it is surrounded by a large number of mountains that provide visual and natural protection. It is located in the south-east of Zaghouan (Zika) and is only 20 km away. It is about 38 km southwest of the city of Nabeul. Segermes became a bishopric. While it is no longer a residential see, it is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. the titular bishop of the see is Josef Clemens. Segerme, identifiable with Henchir-El-Arat in present-day Tunisia, is an ancient

neg: Kong Empire Kong Empire The Kong Empire (1710–1898), also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire for its founder, was a pre-colonial African Muslim state centered in north eastern Ivory Coast that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso. It was founded by Dyula immigrants from the declining Mali Empire. It established a largely decentralized commercial empire based upon linkages by merchant houses protecting trade routes throughout the region. Kong rose to prominence in the 1800s as a key commercial center and center of Islamic studies. In 1898, Samori Ture attacked the city and burnt it down. Although the city was

neg: Thenae Thenae Thenae, also written Thaena and Thaenae, was a Carthaginian and Roman town ("") located in or near Thyna, now a suburb of Sfax on the Mediterranean coast of southeastern Tunisia. The city was founded with the Punic name (), similar to Semitic transcriptions of Tayinat in Turkey. Head also transcribes it as "Thainath". The Punic name was transcribed into Greek as "Thaína" () and into Latin variously as "Thenae", "Thaena", and "Thaenae". Thenae was founded as a Phoenician colony on the Mediterranean coast of what is now southeastern Tunisia. Along with the rest of ancient Tunisia, it passed into

neg: Apollonia (Illyria) Illyrians to learn how to govern. The city grew rich on the slave trade and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of asphalt which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania. Apollonia, like Dyrrachium further north, was an important port on the Illyrian coast

neg: Naraggara diocesan bishops at certain dates are known: It is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. Naraggara Naraggara was an ancient city in Africa Proconsularis located 33 kilometer northwest of modern-day El Kef, Tunisia. It is considered to be the modern-day town of Sakiet Sidi Youssef, also located in Tunisia. The name Naraggara, a Libyan inscription, suggests a pre-Roman origin for the city, along with the name being bilingual in Latin and Neo-Punic. Though not much is known about the ancient city itself, it receives recognition from Roman historian Livy as the site of the Second Punic War’s

neg: Santa Fe de Nuevo México Grande (Río Bravo del Norte): from the crossing point of Oñate on the river south of Ciudad Juárez, it extended north, encompassing an area that included most of the present-day U.S. state of New Mexico. It had variably defined borders, and included sections of present-day U.S. states: western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and the Oklahoma panhandle. Actual Spanish settlements were centered at Santa Fe, and extended north to Taos pueblo and south to Albuquerque. Except for the first decade of the province's existence, its capital was in the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains at the ancient city

neg: Naraggara Naraggara Naraggara was an ancient city in Africa Proconsularis located 33 kilometer northwest of modern-day El Kef, Tunisia. It is considered to be the modern-day town of Sakiet Sidi Youssef, also located in Tunisia. The name Naraggara, a Libyan inscription, suggests a pre-Roman origin for the city, along with the name being bilingual in Latin and Neo-Punic. Though not much is known about the ancient city itself, it receives recognition from Roman historian Livy as the site of the Second Punic War’s final battle, called Battle of Zama. The Romans, led by Scipio Africanus the Elder, defeated Hannibal’s Carthaginians and

neg: Ibore etc. Editor: Odion R. Adaghebalu a scion of the Village. Ibore Ibore is an ancient city located in northern part of Esan an ethnic group in Edo state, Nigeria. It is one of the major towns in the present day Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. Ibore and Irrua kingdom has an issue of kingship. HRH Sir Odimo John is the traditional ruler of Ibore kingdom. Ibore is an ancient city located in northern part of Esan and an ethnic group in Edo state, Nigeria. It is one of the major towns in the present day Esan Central

neg: Early African church the ancient Roman city of Septem, on the coast of Morocco. By 1830, when the French came as colonial conquerors to Algeria and Tunis, local Catholicism had been extinguished. The growth of Catholicism in the region after the French conquest was built on European colonizers and settlers (mostly in Algeria), and these immigrants and their descendants for the most part left when the countries of the region became independent. Today there are communities of Christians, mostly Roman Catholics and Protestants, in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia. Most of the Roman Catholics in the Greater Maghreb are of French, Spanish,

neg: Ruspe known as Sbia or Henchir Sbia in present-day Tunisia, four miles west of that cape. An alternative site is that of the ruins known as Ksour Siad. In the mid-20th century, a new argument emerged in favour of Koudiat Rosfa, 30 kilometers north of Sfax, because of the discovery in 1947 of an inscription at Henchir Bou Tria that seems to identify that place with ancient Acholla. (Saumagne had earlier proposed to identify it with Ruspe.) A nearby headland is called Rass Bou Tria. This identification of Acholla gives grounds for considering Ptolemy mistaken in placing Acholla and Usilla north

neg: City-state city-states of the Swahili coast; Venice; Ragusa; states of the medieval Russian lands such as Novgorod and Pskov; and many others. Danish historian Poul Holm has classed the Viking colonial cities in medieval Ireland, most importantly Dublin, as city-states. In Cyprus, the Phoenician settlement of Kition (in present-day Larnaca) was a city-state that existed from around 800 BC until the end of the 4th century BC. Some of the most well-known examples of city-state culture in human history are the ancient Greek city-states and the merchant city-states of Renaissance Italy, which organised themselves as small independent centers. The success of

neg: Coast Indian Reservation miles along the Pacific Ocean from present-day Dunes City in the south to Cape Lookout in the north. The eastern boundary was roughly the summit of the Central Oregon Coast Range. The reservation comprised 1.1 million acres, or about one-third of the Oregon Coast. The area encompassed most of present-day Lincoln County, much of western Lane County, and parts of Douglas, Benton, Yamhill, and Tillamook counties. Coast Indian Reservation The Coast Indian Reservation is a former Indian reservation in the U.S. state of Oregon, established in 1855. It was gradually reduced in size and in the 21st century is known

neg: Malabar region present known as Mappilas) in India. Though the name is sometimes extended to the entire south-western coast of the peninsula, called the Malabar Coast. Malabar is also used by ecologists to refer to the tropical and subtropical moist broad-leaf forests of south-western India (present-day Kerala). Malabar District, a part of the ancient Malabar (or Malabar Coast) was a part of the British East India Company-controlled state. It included the northern half of the state of Kerala and some coastal regions of present-day Karnataka. The area is predominantly Hindu, but a part of Kerala's Muslim population (Mappila) also live in this

neg: Shammar Islamic Empire, including Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Most of these, however, were later assimilated into the local populations or into other tribes. In the Namārah Inscription (the second oldest pre-Islamic Arabic inscription, dating from 328 CE), the name "Shammar" is believed to refer to a city in Yemen, though it may refer to the city where the Himyarite King Shammar Yahri'sh lived, the present-day Rada (located about from Dhamar, an ancient historic site). Since King Shammar Yahri'sh ruled during the last decade of the 3rd century AD, it could be referring to the city he lived

neg: Kapilavastu (ancient city) of Kapilavastu followed the accounts left by Faxian and later by Xuanzang, who were Chinese Buddhist monks who made early pilgrimages to the site. Some archaeologists have identified present-day Tilaurakot, Nepal, while some others have identified present-day Piprahwa, India as the location for the historical site of Kapilavastu, the seat of governance of the Shakya state that would have covered the region. Both sites contain archaeological ruins. Kapilavastu (ancient city) Kapilavastu was an ancient city on the Indian subcontinent which was the capital of Shakya. King Śuddhodana and Queen Māyā are believed to have lived at Kapilavastu, as did their

neg: Anarta Anarta <mapframe text="Anarta is identified as the area in and around Vadnagar (marked here in modern day Gujarat state)." width="250" height="250" zoom="6" longitude="71.697" latitude="22.350" align="right"> </mapframe> Anarta (, ) was an ancient Indian region which corresponded to the present-day North Saurashtra to North Gujarat regions in Gujarat state of India. Several ancient inscriptions and literary sources mention a town called Anartapura or Anandapura, which is identified as the area in and around the present-day Vadnagar. According to the Puranic accounts, this region was ruled by the Sharyata dynasty rulers, who claimed their descent from Sharyati, a son of Vaivasvata Manu.

neg: Twelfth Night the exotic setting of "Twelfth Night", is important to the play's romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast (the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea which is the only part of ancient Illyria which is relevant to the play) covered (from north to south) the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania. It included the city-state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting. Illyria may have been suggested by the Roman comedy "Menaechmi", the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each

neg: USS Yukon (AF-9) following morning received orders to move immediately to Castellamare Bay to provision the fleet preparing for the invasion of southern France. "Yukon" left the Naples, Italy, area on 5 August and set a course via Palermo on the southern coast of Sicily for Bizerte in Tunisia. The ship entered the North African port on 8 August and, the following day, sailed with a westbound convoy, GUS-48. On 28 August, after crossing half the Mediterranean and the entire Atlantic, she entered port at Boston, Massachusetts. After upkeep at Boston, she put to sea on 5 September to carry supplies to an

neg: USS Sentinel (AM-113) departed Oran on 12 May for anti-submarine patrol until her return on the 16th. The minesweeper got under way again on the 20th, entered the harbor at Philippeville on the 24th, and reached Bizerte, Tunisia, on the 25th. On 30 May, "Sentinel" stood out of Bizerte as an escort for Task Group 81.1. After conducting sound and radar search ahead of the convoy, the minesweeper reached Ghazaouet, Algeria, on 2 June. Departing the harbor on the 3rd, "Sentinel" reached Arseu the same day. "Sentinel" continued her escort and patrol duty along the North African coast until 8 July, when she

neg: Pattin Pattin Pattin (also known as Pattina, Patina and Unqi), was an ancient Luwian Syro-Hittite state at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. It was known to the Assyrians as Unqi. It was located at the north-western coast of ancient Syria, associated with the modern-day Sanjak of Alexandretta. The capital of the state was Kinalua (Kunalua, Kalneh, or Kinaluwa), which has been tentatively associated with Tell Tayinat in modern-day Turkey. The state was formed in the 9th century BC towards the end of the dark age period, and shared a north-western border with the Syro-Hittite state of Quwê. Khazazu (modern-day

neg: Uqba ibn Nafi Fihrids. ʿUqbah is the founder of the cultural city of Kairouan in Tunisia. ʿUqbah accompanied al-ʿAs in his initial capture of cities in North Africa starting with Barca, then proceeding to Tripolitania in 644. In 670 now the emir or commander, ʿUqbah led an Arab army to North Africa, crossing the Egyptian deserts, and setting up military posts at regular intervals along his route. In a region of what is now Tunisia, he established the town now called Kairouan (meaning "camp" or "caravanserai" in Persian) about south of present-day Tunis, which he used as a base for further operations. According

neg: Ashoka of the Buddha's teachings after his conquest of the Kalinga on the east coast of India in the present-day states of Odisha and North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Kalinga was a state that prided itself on its sovereignty and democracy. With its monarchical parliamentary democracy it was quite an exception in ancient Bharata where there existed the concept of Rajdharma. Rajdharma means the duty of the rulers, which was intrinsically entwined with the concept of bravery and dharma. The Kalinga War happened eight years after his coronation. From his 13th inscription, we come to know that the battle was a massive

neg: Limyrike Limyrike <mapframe text="Possible extreme points of Limyrike in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="6" longitude="76.28" latitude="10.24"> </mapframe> Limyrikê is a historical region of present-day India, mentioned in the ancient Greco-Roman texts. It generally corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast of Kerala. According to the "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" (53:17:15-27), Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis; Ptolemy (7.1.8) mentions only Tyndis as its starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. "Tabula Peutingeriana", an ancient Roman map uses the name "Damirice" to describe an area between the Himalayas and the Ganges River,

neg: Cividade de Terroso free. </div> Cividade de Terroso Cividade de Terroso was an ancient city of the Castro culture in North-western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, situated near the present bed of the Ave river, in the suburbs of present-day Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal. Located in the heart of the Castro region, the cividade played a leading role in the early urbanization of the region in the early 1st millennium BC, as one of the oldest, largest and impregnable castro settlements. It was important in coastal trading as it was part of well-established maritime trade routes with the Mediterranean. Celtic and later Carthaginian

neg: Cividade de Terroso Cividade de Terroso Cividade de Terroso was an ancient city of the Castro culture in North-western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, situated near the present bed of the Ave river, in the suburbs of present-day Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal. Located in the heart of the Castro region, the cividade played a leading role in the early urbanization of the region in the early 1st millennium BC, as one of the oldest, largest and impregnable castro settlements. It was important in coastal trading as it was part of well-established maritime trade routes with the Mediterranean. Celtic and later Carthaginian influence are

neg: Konkan south. The Gangavali flows in the district of Uttara Kannada in present-day Karnataka. Its northern bank constitutes the southernmost portion of Konkan. The towns of Karwar, Ankola, Kumta, Honavar and Bhatkal fall within the Konkan coast. The exact identity of the Mayura River, the northern limits of the historic Konkan, is indeterminate. The largest city on the Konkan coast is Mumbai, the state capital of Maharashtra. It lies within the Konkan division, an administrative sub-division of Maharashtra which comprises all the coastal districts of the state. These are, from north to south: Some of the ethnic groups and communities found

neg: History of Nigeria city-states. A state council (the "Oyo Mesi") named the "Alaafin" (king) and acted as a check on his authority. Their capital city was situated about 100 km north of present-day Oyo. Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. The Benin Empire (1440–1897; called "Bini" by locals) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin,

neg: Economy of ancient Tamil country Marungurpattinam (present day Alagankulam) and Kumari (present day Kanyakumari) as their centers of trade along the east coast, while Niranam and Vilinam were their west coast ports. Muchiri, Tondi, Marandai, Naravu, Varkkalai and Porkad were the principal ports of the Cheras, all of them on the west coast. To collect revenue from commerce, the state installed customs checkposts ("sungachavadi") along the highways and the ports. In the ports, duty was collected on inland goods, before being exported, and on overseas goods meant for the local markets, which were stamped with the official seal before being allowed into the country. The

neg: History of the world Aztecs and the Inca. Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France all made extensive territorial claims, and undertook large-scale settlement, including the importation of large numbers of African slaves. Portugal claimed Brazil. Spain claimed the rest of South America, Mesoamerica, and southern North America. Britain colonized the east coast of North America, and France colonized the central region of North America. Russia made incursions onto the northwest coast of North America, with a first colony in present-day Alaska in 1784, and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day California in 1812. In 1762, in the midst of the Seven Years' War, France

neg: Earthquake activity in the New York City area formed during the past half billion years when the Earth's crust underlying the Northern Appalachians was the site of two major geological episodes, each of which has left its imprint on the area's bedrock. Between about 450 million years ago and about 250 million years ago, the Northern Appalachian region was affected by a continental collision, in which the ancient African continent collided with the ancient North American continent to form the supercontinent Pangaea. Beginning about 200 million years ago, the present-day Atlantic Ocean began to form as plate tectonic forces began to rift apart the continent of Pangaea. The

neg: Tebourba at the junction with Oakley Road. Tebourba Drive in Alverstoke, Gosport is also named after the battle. A row of 8 council houses on Outlands Lane in Curdridge, Hampshire are named Tebourba Way. Tebourba Tebourba ( "") is a town in Tunisia, located about 20 miles (30 km) from the capital Tunis, former ancient city (Thuburbo Minus) and bishopric, now a Latin Catholic titular see. Historically Thuburbo Minus was a settlement in Africa Proconsularis, located at present-day Tebourba. Thuburbo Minus is mentioned in the "Antonine Itinerary", 44, and the "Tabula Peutingeriana". Situated on a hill, the city occupied only a

neg: Godala coastal trade route that linked southern Morocco. Godala territory bordered that of Takrur, and Godala caravans traded salt mined at Awlil along the north bank of the Senegal. Godala The Godala is a Berber tribe in Northern Africa that lived along the Atlantic coast in present-day Morocco and Mauritania and participated in the Saharan salt trade and the salt mines of Ijiil. The Godala may be linked to or the same as the ancient Gaetuli tribe of Berbers . According to a 1985 study of West African history, the area along both sides of the mouth of the Senegal River

neg: Ayodhya capital to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya after the legendary city. Alternative, but less likely, theories state that Saketa and Ayodhya were two adjoining cities, or that Ayodhya was a locality within the Saketa city. Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that the site of present-day Ayodhya had developed into an urban settlement by the 5th or 6th century BCE. The site is identified as the location of the ancient Saketa city, which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the Shravasti-Pratishthana north-south road, and the Rajagriha-Varanasi-Shravasti-Taxila east-west road. Ancient Buddhist texts, such

neg: Beneventum (Africa) function with the arrival of the Islamic armies in the 7th century but was nominally restored in 1933 (Curiate Italian title "Benevento". The city should not be confused with the Italian city of the same name. It has following incumbents, both of the lowest (episcopal) and intermediary (archiepiscopal) ranks : Beneventum (Africa) Beneventum was an ancient city and bishopric in Tunisia. It is now a Latin Catholic titular see. Beneventum was a Roman and Byzantine era city in the province of Africa Proconsularis. Its presumed present location is at the ruins of Beniata, located near Bizerte in modern Tunisia. Beneventum

neg: USS LST-371 USS LST-371 USS "LST-371" was a of the United States Navy. She was laid down at Bethlehem Steel Co., Quincy, Massachusetts on 29 October 1942 and launched on 12 December 1942. The ship and crew went from Quincy to New York City, New York for final outfitting. On 1 May 1943 they left New York for Tunis, Tunisia, on the North African coast, arriving there on 27 May 1943. While in North Africa "LST-371" was based at La Goulette Bay. "LST-371" participated in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, on 10 July 1943, landing troops of the First Division at

neg: Erik Rico for artist/photographer David LaChapelle. Between 2007 and 2011, he toured Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Indonesia and the Islamic Society of North America convention as a member of the, Hip Hop Ambassador program, an extension of the Remarkable Current Music Collective, sponsored by the United States, State Department's Performance Arts Initiative, a program to present positive examples of African American musicians to the international community. On August 1, 2013, Erik Rico released Love's Dance Vol. 1, a series of various styles of dance music. Erik Rico Erik Rico is an American musician, singer, songwriter, producer, and DJ. Erik Rico was born in

neg: Dioces of Thysdrus City. Dioces of Thysdrus The Dioces of Thysdrus (Latin: Dioecesis Thysdritana) is a suppressed and titular See of the Roman Catholic Church. Thysdrus, corresponding to the city of El Jem in present-day Tunisia, is an ancient episcopal seat of the Roman province of Byzacena. Thysdrus was the seat of a council celebrated in 417. The bishopric lasted until the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, but was reborn in name at least in the early 20th century as a titular see. Today Thysdrus survives as a titular bishop's seat, the current titular bishop is Abelardo Alvarado Alcántara, former auxiliary bishop of

neg: Agrigento sizeable area of the Greco-Roman city has also been excavated, and several classical necropoleis and quarries are still extant. Much of present-day Agrigento is modern but it still retains a number of medieval and Baroque buildings. These include the 14th century cathedral and the 13th century Church of Santa Maria dei Greci ("St. Mary of the Greeks"), again standing on the site of an ancient Greek temple (hence the name). The town also has a notable archaeological museum displaying finds from the ancient city. Agrigento is twinned with: Agrigento Agrigento (; or ) is a city on the southern coast

neg: Military of ancient Rome done: soldiering, manning vessels, carpentry, blacksmithing, clerking, etc. They were trained as required, but also previous skills, such as a trade, were exploited. They brought to the task and were protected by the authority of the state. The military's campaign history stretched over 1300 years and saw Roman armies campaigning as far east as "Parthia" (modern-day Iran), as far south as "Africa" (modern-day Tunisia) and "Aegyptus" (modern-day Egypt) and as far north as "Britannia" (modern-day England, south Scotland, and Wales). The makeup of the Roman military changed substantially over its history, from its early history as an unsalaried citizen militia

neg: Scolt Head Island prevailing very cold conditions, but also because the coastline was much further north than at present. As the ice retreated during the Mesolithic (10,000–5,000 BCE), the sea level rose, filling what is now the North Sea. This brought the Norfolk coastline much closer to its present line, so that many ancient sites are now under the sea in an area now known as Doggerland. Early Mesolithic flint tools with characteristic long blades up to long found on the present-day coast at nearby Titchwell Marsh date from a time when it was from the sea. Other flint tools have been found