query: what is the administrative distance for ospf in cisco networking

pos: Administrative distance network administrator. On Cisco routers, routes issued by OSPF have a lower default administrative distance than routes issued by the Routing Information Protocol. By default, OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110 and RIP has a default administrative distance of 120. The administrative distance (AD) value is assigned by the router on a per-protocol basis. Routers, by design, should not install multiple routes into the routing table as this has the potential to cause routing loops. While a router may run multiple routing protocols on the same device, it is necessary for the router to implement a process to

pos: Administrative distance network administrator. On Cisco routers, routes issued by OSPF have a lower default administrative distance than routes issued by the Routing Information Protocol. By default, OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110 and RIP has a default administrative distance of 120. The administrative distance (AD) value is assigned by the router on a per-protocol basis. Routers, by design, should not install multiple routes into the routing table as this has the potential to cause routing loops. While a router may run multiple routing protocols on the same device, it is necessary for the router to implement a process to

pos: Administrative distance administrative distances to determine which protocol has the lowest value. The router prefers protocols that have a lower assigned administrative distance. For example, OSPF has a default distance of 110, so it is preferred by the router process, over RIP, which has a default distance of 120. The administrator can arbitrarily reconfigure the administrative distances, which affects the ranking of the preferred routes by the routing process. On Cisco routers, static routes have an administrative distance of 1, making them preferred over routes issued by a dynamic routing protocol. The administrative distance is a value that is always only referenced

neg: Control plane are not standardized among IP routers. It is fair to say that subnets on directly connected active interfaces are always preferred. Beyond that, however, there will be differences. Implementers generally have a numerical preference, which Cisco calls an "administrative distance", for route selection. The lower the preference, the more desirable the route. Cisco's IOS implementation makes exterior BGP the most preferred source of dynamic routing information, while Nortel RS makes intra-area OSPF most preferred. The general order of selecting routes to install is: See forwarding plane for more detail, but each implementation has its own means of updating the forwarding

neg: Administrative distance a last resort. codice_2 In the event that two routing protocols are configured with the same administrative distance, the Cisco router will ignore the configured values and instead use the default values. Verifying the configuration of the administrative distance is done on Cisco equipment using the "show ip route" command in privileged exec mode on the console of the Cisco router. In the example shown below, the administrative distance is 1. The letter "S" indicates that the route is a static route that has, for all intents and purposes, been added manually to the router process by the administrator and

neg: Administrative distance by the local router itself. The administrative distance is not advertised on the network. The following table lists the default administrative distances for various routing protocols used on Cisco routers. The network administrator may modify the administrative distance to change the desired ranking of router protocols. This may be necessary in cases where routing redistribution has to be used, otherwise, routing loops could occur. The Cisco Internetwork Operating System enables network administrators to modify the distance by changing the distance value in sub-router configuration mode. In the example below, RIP's administrative distance is changed to 89 so that it used

neg: Administrative distance in preference to OSPF. codice_1 Manually configuring the administrative distance is also required when configuring a floating static route. Floating static routes are used to provide an alternate path when a primary link fails. In order for static routes to be configured as a backup, the static route's administrative distance would need to be adjusted. Otherwise, it will take precedence over all routing protocols and routes issued from a routing protocol will not be inserted into the routing table. The example below shows how to configure the administrative distance to 254 to specify that it should only be used as

neg: Distance-vector routing protocol routes are preferred or avoided. BGP is used by internet service providers (ISPs) and telecommunication companies. Among the distance-vector protocols that have been described as a hybrid, because it uses routing methods associated with link-state routing protocols, is the proprietary Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It was developed by Cisco in the 1980s and was designed to offer better convergence and cause less network traffic between routers than the link-state routing protocol Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Another example of a distance-vector routing protocol is Babel. Compared to link-state protocols, which require a router to inform all the nodes

neg: Open Shortest Path First to share information about group memberships. In broadcast multiple-access networks, neighbor adjacency is formed dynamically using multicast hello packets to 224.0.0.5. A DR and BDR are elected normally, and function normally. For non-broadcast multiple-access networks (NBMA), RFC 2328 defined the following two official modes for OSPF: Cisco has defined the following three additional modes for OSPF in NBMA topologies: OSPF is the first widely deployed routing protocol that can converge a network in a few seconds and guarantee loop-free paths. It has many features that allow the imposition of policies about the propagation of routes that it may be appropriate

neg: Network Systems Corporation the router manufacturers to gain position. Vitalink had a very good router running SPF, the predecessor to OSPF. Eventually, this nifty router proved to be too little too late. Vitalink was the "bridge company" while Cisco, Wellfleet, Proteon, and others were the router companies. By 1995, NSC could not adapt to changing market conditions and merged with StorageTek. Network Systems Corporation Network Systems Corporation (NSC) was an early manufacturer of high-performance computer networking products. Founded in 1974, NSC produced hardware products that connected IBM and Control Data Corporation (CDC) mainframe computers to peripherals at remote locations. NSC also developed and

neg: Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician CCENT curriculum covers networking fundamentals, WAN technologies, basic security, routing and switching fundamentals, and configuring simple networks. The applicable training is Cisco ICND1 ("Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 1") and the exam is ("100-105" ICND1), and it costs $165 retail. The certification is valid for 3 years, and professionals may retake the exam to re-certify. Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician The Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification is the first stage of Cisco's certification system. The CCENT certification is an interim step to Associate level or directly with CCNA and CCDA certifications. While the CCENT covers basic networking knowledge;

neg: Link-state routing protocol was divided into areas) so that each switching node does not need a map of the entire network, only the area(s) in which it is included. The technique was later adapted for use in the contemporary link-state routing protocols IS-IS and OSPF. Cisco literature refers to enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP) as a "hybrid" protocol, despite the fact it distributes routing tables instead of topology maps. However, it does synchronize routing tables at start up as OSPF does, and sends specific updates only when topology changes occur. In 2004, Radia Perlman proposed using link-state routing for layer 2 frame

neg: Cisco IOS used by the forwarding function of the router. On router platforms with software-only forwarding (e.g., Cisco 7200) most traffic handling, including access control list filtering and forwarding, is done at interrupt level using Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) or dCEF (Distributed CEF). This means IOS does not have to do a process context switch to forward a packet. Routing functions such as OSPF or BGP run at the process level. In routers with hardware-based forwarding, such as the Cisco 12000 series, IOS computes the FIB in software and loads it into the forwarding hardware (such as an ASIC or network processor),

neg: Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician The Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification is the first stage of Cisco's certification system. The CCENT certification is an interim step to Associate level or directly with CCNA and CCDA certifications. While the CCENT covers basic networking knowledge; it does not get involved with the more intricate technical aspects of the Cisco routing and switching and network design. The certification does validate the skills essential for entry-level network support positions. CCENT qualified individuals have the knowledge and skill to install, manage, maintain and troubleshoot a small enterprise branch network, including network security. The

neg: Cisco ASA Cisco ASA In computer networking, Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances, or simply Cisco ASA, is Cisco's line of network security devices introduced in May 2005, that succeeded three existing lines of popular Cisco products: The ASA is a unified threat management device, combining several network security functions in one box. Cisco ASA has become one of the most widely used firewall/VPN solutions for small to medium businesses. Early reviews indicated the Cisco GUI tools for managing the device were lacking, but that the device was otherwise impressive. A security flaw in Clientless Secure Sockets Layer Virtual Private Networking

neg: Cisco Systems nine different paths, Routing & Switching, Design, Industrial Network, Network Security, Service Provider, Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, Datacenter and Wireless. A number of specialist technician, sales and datacenter certifications are also available. Cisco also provides training for these certifications via a portal called the Cisco Networking Academy. Qualifying schools can become members of the Cisco Networking Academy and then provide CCNA level or other level courses. Cisco Academy Instructors must be CCNA certified to be a CCAI certified instructor. Cisco often finds itself involved with technical education. With over 10,000 partnerships in over 65 countries Cisco Academy program

neg: Named data networking application developers, and sometimes users, to design their own namespaces for data exchange has several benefits: NDN routes and forwards packets based on names, which eliminates three problems caused by addresses in the IP architecture: NDN can use conventional routing algorithms such as link state and distance vector. Instead of announcing IP prefixes, an NDN router announces name prefixes that cover the data the router is willing to serve. Conventional routing protocols, such as OSPF and BGP, can be adapted to route on name prefixes by treating names as a sequence of opaque components and doing component-wise longest prefix match

neg: Cisco Press Cisco Press Cisco Press is a publishing alliance between Cisco Systems and Pearson, the world's largest education publishing and technology company which is part of Pearson PLC, the global publisher and co-owner (47%) of Penguin and formerly Financial Times. Cisco Press distributes its titles through traditional resellers as well as through the Safari Books Online e-reference service.Cisco Press is the Cisco Systems authorized book publisher of Cisco networking technology, Cisco certification self-study, and Cisco Networking Academy Program materials. Leading authorities from Cisco Systems and other industry innovators write and contribute to the various titles and series that make up the

neg: Lakeshore Catholic High School Subsequent to the election, Mike Lostracco was transferred and became principal of St. Paul Catholic in Niagara Falls. The current principal of Lakeshore Catholic is Glenn Gifford. Lakeshore has a partnership with Cisco systems in the Cisco Systems Canada Networking Academy. "Part of the Networking Academy content focuses on teaching students how to design, build and maintain computer networks through two certification driven programs (Cisco Certified Networking Associate CCNA, and the Cisco Certified Networking Professional CCNP)." Students acquire IT industry skills such as (IT Essentials I & II, Panduit Network Infrastructure Essentials, Fundamentals of UNIX, and Fundamentals of Java Programming)

neg: Static routing typed at a terminal:- Enterprise-level Cisco routers are configurable using the Cisco IOS command line, rather than a web management interface. The commands to add a static route are as follows: Network configurations are not restricted to a single static route per destination: Static routes can also be added by specifying the exit interface rather than the "next hop" IP address of the router. codice_1 The administrative distance can be manually (re)configured so that the static route can be configured as a backup route, to be used only if the dynamic route is unavailable. codice_2 Setting the administrative distance to

neg: CCIE Certification still relevant to the software-defined networking era. CCIE Certification The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, or CCIE, is a technical certification offered by Cisco Systems. The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) and Cisco Certified Design Expert (CCDE) certifications were established to assist the industry in distinguishing the top echelon of internetworking experts worldwide and to assess Expert-level infrastructure network design skills worldwide. These certifications are generally accepted worldwide as the most prestigious networking certifications in the industry. The CCIE and CCDE community has established a reputation of leading the networking industry in deep technical networking knowledge and are deployed into the

neg: Open Shortest Path First Routing Protocol (IGRP) by Cisco. OSPF supports complex networks with multiple routers, including backup routers, to balance traffic load on multiple links to other subnets. Neighboring routers in the same broadcast domain or at each end of a point-to-point link communicate with each other via the OSPF protocol. Routers form "adjacencies" when they have detected each other. This detection is initiated when a router identifies itself in a "Hello" protocol packet. Upon acknowledgment, this establishes a "two-way state" and the most basic relationship. The routers in an Ethernet or Frame Relay network select a "Designated Router" (DR) and a "Backup

neg: Cisco certifications architecture. The course also includes remote labs that help gain practical skills for deploying basic Cisco IOS / IOS XE and Cisco IOS XR software features. Part 2 is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides knowledge of network construction and IP NGN architecture. The course includes additional remote labs. Valid for 3 years. The CCNA Wireless certification covers wireless LANs, including networking associates/administrators, wireless support specialists, and WLAN project managers. The certification validates skills in the configuration, implementation, and support of wireless LANs. 200-355 WIFUND (Implementing Cisco Wireless Networking Essentials) is the required exam. Valid for 3 years. Cisco Certified

neg: Cisco Eos supports all entertainment genres and incorporates social networking, content management, site administration, and audience analytics features into a single operating environment, using CMS similar to Joomla! or Wordpress. Cisco Eos is developed by the Cisco Media Solutions Group, led by Cisco employee Dan Scheinman. Cisco concerns manufacturing network devices. In 2003, Cisco acquired Linksys and its line of home networking products. Cisco acquired Scientific Atlanta in 2006 and Pure Digital (the maker of Flip video cameras) in 2009. Eos was launched as a homegrown addition to Cisco’s Consumer portfolio in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). At CES

neg: Long Reach Ethernet Long Reach Ethernet Long Reach Ethernet (LRE) was a proprietary networking protocol marketed by Cisco Systems, intended to support multi-megabit (5 to 15 Mbit/s) performance over telephone-grade unshielded twisted pair wiring over distances up to 5,000 feet (1.5 km). Supporting such distance ranges, LRE is technically classified a Metropolitan area network (MAN) technology. Technically the protocol was similar to very-high-bitrate digital subscriber line (VDSL), practically Ethernet over VDSL (EoVDSL). The technology was sometimes considered an example of Ethernet in the first mile (EFM). Several networking vendors offered compatible networking hardware, but the technology became obsolete. Like standard VDSL, LRE allowed

neg: CCIE Certification CCIE Certification The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, or CCIE, is a technical certification offered by Cisco Systems. The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) and Cisco Certified Design Expert (CCDE) certifications were established to assist the industry in distinguishing the top echelon of internetworking experts worldwide and to assess Expert-level infrastructure network design skills worldwide. These certifications are generally accepted worldwide as the most prestigious networking certifications in the industry. The CCIE and CCDE community has established a reputation of leading the networking industry in deep technical networking knowledge and are deployed into the most technically challenging network assignments. The Expert-level

neg: École secondaire catholique Garneau bacteria called Bti. Garneau offers a variety of specialized courses including programming and economics in addition to traditional coursework. Garneau and Cisco Systems have paired together to offer the students of grade 10, 11 and 12 a college-level Cisco CCNA networking course. The Cisco Networking Academy Program lists 114 Secondary Schools and 29 Colleges as participating schools. The School's name is not specifically mentioned on the list, however it is listed under the official school board's name the "Conseil scolaire de district catholique du Centre-Est de l'Ontario". The Cisco 3 class was split into Cisco 3 and Cisco 4 classes,

neg: Cisco certifications for CCIE certification as of April 2006, which gets spent mostly on practice equipment and study material. No formal prerequisites currently exist for the CCIE written exam, but Cisco recommends at least 3–5 years networking experience. CCIE exists as the first "Cisco Certified" qualification and no other Certifications have existed previously. The associate and professional Certifications recognized the fact that CCIE is overkill for many networking personnel. Cisco has chosen not to make lower level Certifications prerequisites for the CCIE certification. One may have the knowledge to hold multiple CCIE Certifications. As of September 9, 2008, 1,729 individuals held multiple

neg: Administrative distance ensure that multiple routes, pointing to the same destination do not simultaneously exist in the routing table. Each process running on a router advertises its administrative distance value to the local router. The router uses this value to determine which route should be used. Once a route has been selected, the routing information database is updated. If two routes have the same administrative distance, the router uses its vendor-specific algorithm to determine which route should be installed. Cisco routers simply ignore the values and fall back to the default values, which are never the same. The router will usually compare

neg: Cisco certifications Cisco introduced new ICND1 and ICND2 exams (needed for the new CCNA Routing and Switching). ICND1: 100-105 (Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 v3.0) became the new exam required for CCENT. With this change, CCENT became a sufficient pre-requirement for CCNA Security, CCNA Voice and CCNA Wireless. Exam Blueprints can be found here: https://learningcontent.cisco.com/cln_storage/text/cln/marketing/exam-topics/100-105-icnd1-v3.pdf Valid for 3 years. Cisco Certified Technicians have the skills to diagnose, restore, repair, and replace critical Cisco networking and system devices at customer sites. Technicians work closely with the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) to quickly and efficiently resolve support incidents. As of November 2017,

neg: New Era University College New Era University College New Era University College (Chinese: 新纪元大学学院), abbreviated as NEUC is a non-profit, private university college in Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. NEUC is a LCCI Registered Training Centres (RTC). NEUC also a Cisco Networking Academy, teaches students networking and other information technology-related courses such as CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) and CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional). Planning for the college started in earnest when a formal application for a College license was made in August 1994. After waiting for three years, the college was eventually approved by the Malaysian Education Ministry on 28 May 1997. The first intake

neg: Dell Networking Operating System and RIP version 2, OSPF, IS-IS and Border Gateway Protocol version 4. Under the name OpenAutomation 2.0 Dell Networking switches running DNOS 9.x offers a number of features under this name. These features include: Dell Networking switches support so called smart scripting. It is possible to develop scripts that run on the switches running DNOS 9. Both Perl and Python are supported as scripting languages to automate environment specific repetitive tasks or to build in custom behavior. Users who write such scripts are promoted to share these scripts with the user-community and make them available to other Force10/DNOS users. Force10

neg: Cisco Discovery Protocol Cisco Discovery Protocol Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a proprietary Data Link Layer protocol developed by Cisco Systems. It is used to share information about other directly connected Cisco equipment, such as the operating system version and IP address. CDP can also be used for On-Demand Routing, which is a method of including routing information in CDP announcements so that dynamic routing protocols do not need to be used in simple networks. Cisco devices send CDP announcements to the multicast destination address 01-00-0c-cc-cc-cc, out each connected network interface. These multicast frames may be received by Cisco switches and other networking

neg: Waterloo Collegiate Institute Spirit Days, Sports Nights, Movie Nights, Spirit of Waterloo, Valentine's Formal, Charity and Food Drives, Charity Golf Tournament, Semi-formal, and Dance-a-thon. Senior boys rugby team has not lost a WCSSAA regular season game in 7 years. The Cisco Networking Academy is the Cisco Certified on-line learning course for computer networking and computer engineering. From a completely online curriculum, students learn how to create networks, and repair, build & format computers. This course was unique to Waterloo Collegiate Institute as it was the only location in southern Ontario to offer Cisco Certified courses, but the program was suddenly discontinued in the

neg: New Era University College of students at New Era University College started their courses on 1 March 1998. It was officially upgraded into a university college on 10 January 2017. There are three schools and seven departments under New Era University College: New Era University College New Era University College (Chinese: 新纪元大学学院), abbreviated as NEUC is a non-profit, private university college in Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. NEUC is a LCCI Registered Training Centres (RTC). NEUC also a Cisco Networking Academy, teaches students networking and other information technology-related courses such as CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) and CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional). Planning for the college

neg: Cisco Catalyst are no longer sold by Cisco Systems. All models have basic layer 2 functions and are capable of switching Ethernet frames between ports. Commonly found additional features are VLANs, trunking and QoS. The switches, whether IOS or CatOS, are fully manageable. Many Catalyst switches that run IOS are also capable of functioning as a router, making them layer 3 devices; when coupled with TCP and UDP filtering, these switches are capable of layer 2-4 operation. Depending on the exact software image, a Catalyst that runs IOS may be able to tackle large-scale enterprise routing tasks, using router technologies like OSPF

neg: Pica8 The traditional network can optimize packet transport and performance with protocols, such as OSPF, Spanning Tree, and BGP. Pica8 Pica8, Inc. is a computer networking company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. Pica8 is a vendor of open-standards-based operating systems on white box network switches delivering software-defined networking (SDN) solutions for datacenter and cloud computing environments and traditional L2/L3 solutions for large enterprise customers. The company's products include a Linux-based L2/L3 and OpenFlow-supporting network operating system, PICOS, which is shipped as standalone software that can be loaded onto a range of 1/10/40/100 Gigabit Ethernet switches based on commoditized ("white

neg: Cisco DevNet Cisco DevNet Cisco DevNet is Cisco's developer program to help developers and IT professionals who want to write applications and develop integrations with Cisco products, platforms, and APIs. Cisco DevNet includes Cisco's products in software-defined networking, security, cloud, data center, internet of things, collaboration, and open-source software development. The DevNet site also provides learning and sandbox environments for those trying to learn coding and testing apps. Cisco has a long history of building a developer community. Cisco began its developer initiatives in 2000 with the Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Devices (AVVID). At this time, most developers were focused

neg: Cisco Press Cisco Press product family. Products from Cisco Press are part of a recommended learning path from Cisco Systems that combines instructor-led training with hands-on instruction, e-learning, and self-study. Created By Bryan Hill. Cisco Press Cisco Press is a publishing alliance between Cisco Systems and Pearson, the world's largest education publishing and technology company which is part of Pearson PLC, the global publisher and co-owner (47%) of Penguin and formerly Financial Times. Cisco Press distributes its titles through traditional resellers as well as through the Safari Books Online e-reference service.Cisco Press is the Cisco Systems authorized book publisher of Cisco networking

neg: Cisco IOS contains information such as the IP address, interface state, and packet statistics for networking data. Cisco's IOS software maintains one IDB for each hardware interface in a particular Cisco switch or router and one IDB for each subinterface. The number of IDBs present in a system varies with the Cisco hardware platform type. In all versions of Cisco IOS, packet routing and forwarding (switching) are distinct functions. Routing and other protocols run as Cisco IOS processes and contribute to the Routing Information Base (RIB). This is processed to generate the final IP forwarding table (FIB, Forwarding Information Base), which is

neg: Bev Facey Community High School Bev Facey: Bev Facey is a Cisco Networking Academy, and is certified as a Pearson VUE Testing Center so that students may take their CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+, or Cisco Certified Network Associate–Routing and Switching Essentials certification exams at the school. The school was one of twelve schools worldwide (and the only non-university) to participate with Cisco Networking Academy in the 2015 pilot of the Internet of Everything course. Bev Facey's sports teams are known as the Falcons, and their mascot is Chuck the Falcon, a blue falcon. The school competes in the 51-school Metro Edmonton High School Athletics (Metro

neg: Cisco DevNet at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. This partnership was intended to build greater interoperabiility between Cisco gear and Apple iOS. Some of Cisco's supported APIs include: Cisco DevNet Cisco DevNet is Cisco's developer program to help developers and IT professionals who want to write applications and develop integrations with Cisco products, platforms, and APIs. Cisco DevNet includes Cisco's products in software-defined networking, security, cloud, data center, internet of things, collaboration, and open-source software development. The DevNet site also provides learning and sandbox environments for those trying to learn coding and testing apps. Cisco has a long history of building a

neg: Cisco ASA had too little capacity to include the features needed, such as anti-virus, or sandboxing, and so introduced a new line called next generation firewall. These run in 64 bit mode. Models as of 2018. Cisco ASA In computer networking, Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances, or simply Cisco ASA, is Cisco's line of network security devices introduced in May 2005, that succeeded three existing lines of popular Cisco products: The ASA is a unified threat management device, combining several network security functions in one box. Cisco ASA has become one of the most widely used firewall/VPN solutions for small

neg: Webel Informatics Limited host of IT courses for beginners, with special emphasis on training college students to help make them industry-ready professionals after their graduation. WIL is the Regional Cisco Network Academy for Eastern India and awards Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA). It is also the Authorized Training Partner of Red Hat, conducting Red Hat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA) and Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) for individuals and corporate clients. Being Cisco Networking Academy, students get huge benefits from Cisco as well as from WIL. The total CCNA course is divided into 4 semester (as per Cisco guidelines) - 1-1.5 months is approx.

neg: Cisco certifications (CCIE SP) certification validates expert level skills required of a Network Engineer to configure, build, troubleshoot, and optimize a complex highly available Service Provider IP NGN core infrastructure. Candidates preparing for CCIE SP certification possess thorough knowledge in IP core, aggregation/edge, and remote access technologies, Layer 2 and 3 VPNs, plus managed services traversing an IP core network. Candidates who pass the CCIE Wireless certification exams demonstrate broad theoretical knowledge of wireless networking and a solid understanding of wireless local area networking (WLAN) technologies from Cisco. In addition to the vast amount of Certifications above, Cisco also provides Specialist Certifications.

neg: Cisco certifications certification program aligns to the job role of the Cisco Network Security Engineer, who has responsibility for security in routers, switches, networking devices, and appliances, as well as choosing, deploying, supporting, and troubleshooting firewalls, VPNS, and IDS/IPS solutions for their networking environments. The CCNP Security certification requires CCNA Security or any CCIE Certification. The CCNP Service Provider certification replaced the retiring CCIP certification. Required exams: CCNP Wireless covers all aspects of wireless networking principles and theory. This certification requires four tests, covering Wireless Site Survey, Wireless Voice Networks, Wireless Mobility Services, and Wireless Security. The prerequisite acts as a valid

neg: Dynamic Trunking Protocol following switch port mode settings exist: The configured switch port mode setting is referred to as the port's "trunking administrative mode". The current behavior of a given port after negotiating with the neighboring port is referred to as the port's "trunking operational mode". Disabling Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP). Stretch, Jeremy. Retrieved 1 June 2016. Dynamic Trunking Protocol The Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) is a proprietary networking protocol developed by Cisco Systems for the purpose of negotiating trunking on a link between two VLAN-aware switches, and for negotiating the type of trunking encapsulation to be used. It works on Layer 2

neg: Cisco Systems US$7 billion. It was the most expensive acquisition made by Cisco to that date, and only the acquisition of Scientific Atlanta has been larger. In 1999 Cisco also acquired stake for $1 Billion in KPMG Consulting to enable establishing Internet firm Metrius founded by Keyur Patel of Fuse. Several acquired companies have grown into $1Bn+ business units for Cisco, including LAN switching, Enterprise Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) platform Webex and home networking. The latter came as result of Cisco acquiring Linksys in 2003 and in 2010 was supplemented with new product line dubbed Cisco Valet. Cisco announced on January

neg: Linux Foundation Cisco and chair of the FD.io technical steering committee). FOSSology is primarily a project dedicated to an open source license compliance software system and toolkit. Users are able to run licenses, copyright and export control scans from the command line. A database and web UI provided a compliance workflow. FRRouting (FRR) is an IP routing protocol suite for Unix and Linux platforms. It incorporates protocol daemons for BGP, IS-IS, LDP, OSPF, PIM, and RIP. The Hyperledger project is an global, open source effort based around advancing cross-industry blockchain technologies. In addition to being hosted by The Linux Foundation, it is

neg: Kabul University (ITCK). Each building is connected to the campus network and is provided with the internet connection from a fiber optic backbone. The Voice over IP (VoIP) technology was also part of the networking project, which improved the quality telephone communication at the university level. The faculty of Computer Science was separated from faculty of Natural Sciences in 2008. At that time the faculty had 17 lecturers, 215 students, 3 modern and equipped laboratories, one library, examination centre for long-distance exams, and was part of the CISCO regional project. The faculty has started lectures with three departments namely software engineering, information

neg: Jayshree Ullal communications, IP telephony, content networking and policy networking. She oversaw some 20 mergers and acquisitions for Cisco in the enterprise sector. Ullal was eventually named Senior Vice President of Data Center & Switching, reporting to John Chambers. Responsibilities included the direction of the modular Nexus and Catalyst Data Center Switching and Application/Virtualization services which saw about $15 billion of direct and indirect revenue. Ullal’s career at Cisco spanned more than 15 years. In October 2008, co-founders Andy Bechtolsheim & David Cheriton named Ullal CEO & President of Arista Networks, a cloud networking company located in Santa Clara, CA. Ullal was

neg: Flooding (computer networking) Flooding (computer networking) Flooding is a simple computer network routing algorithm in which every incoming packet is sent through every outgoing link except the one it arrived on. Flooding is used in bridging and in systems such as Usenet and peer-to-peer file sharing and as part of some routing protocols, including OSPF, DVMRP, and those used in ad-hoc wireless networks (WANETs). There are generally two types of flooding available, uncontrolled flooding and controlled flooding. "Uncontrolled flooding" is the fatal law of flooding. All nodes have neighbors and route packets indefinitely. More than two neighbours creates a broadcast storm. "Controlled flooding"

neg: Port Aggregation Protocol Port Aggregation Protocol Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is a Cisco Systems proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, logical aggregation of Ethernet switch ports, known as an EtherChannel. The PAgP is proprietary to Cisco Systems. A similar protocol known as LACP — released by the IEEE and known as 802.3ad or 802.1ax recently — is an industry standard and is not tied to a specific vendor: PAgP can be configured on a Cisco switch to operate in three different modes: On Cisco network devices running CatOS, a single switch module may only be configured to run in either

neg: Cisco Systems operates in many exotic locations. For example, in March 2013, Cisco announced its interest in Myanmar by investing in two Cisco Networking Academies in Yangon and Mandalay and a channel partner network. Cisco products, including IP phones and Telepresence, have been seen in movies and TV series. The company was featured in the documentary film "Something Ventured" which premiered in 2011. Cisco was a 2002–03 recipient of the Ron Brown Award, a U.S. presidential honor to recognize companies "for the exemplary quality of their relationships with employees and communities". Cisco has been included as part of Fortune's "100 Best Companies

neg: Routing routing table (sorted by priority): Because a routing metric is specific to a given routing protocol, multi-protocol routers must use some external heuristic to select between routes learned from different routing protocols. Cisco routers, for example, attribute a value known as the administrative distance to each route, where smaller administrative distances indicate routes learned from a supposedly more reliable protocol. A local network administrator, in special cases, can set up host-specific routes to a particular device that provides more control over network usage, permits testing, and better overall security. This is useful for debugging network connections or routing tables. In

neg: Dial-on-demand routing It is common to see static routes defined for these connections in order to avoid extra service charges. Other routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) only send updates when a connection changes. These routing protocols are ideal for DDR and must be configured with "default-information originate" on a Cisco router. Dialer maps are configured on each interface to specify which numbers to dial and how long to stay on the line waiting for the receiving end to pick up. For example, if two dialer map commands on the Serial Interface

neg: Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) The Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) is a new computer network architecture proposed as an alternative to the currently mainstream TCP/IP model. The RINA's fundamental principles are that computer networking is just Inter-Process Communication or IPC, and that layering should be done based on scope/scale, with a single recurring set of protocols, rather than function, with specialized protocols. The protocol instances in one layer interface with the protocol instances on higher and lower layers via new concepts and entities that effectively reify networking functions currently specific to protocols like BGP, OSPF and ARP. In this way, the

neg: Hall High School (Arkansas) in tuition costs. Textbooks are currently provided at no cost to students by the Little Rock School District. Additionally, professors from UALR are onsite with Hall teachers at the school. Another unique program for Hall High in the LRSD, is the Cisco Academy. Internetworking Technologies is a four semester hands-on curriculum prescribed by the Cisco Systems. At the end of the fourth semester, students take a certification test which is recognized throughout the computer industry. This curriculum is open to 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students. Cisco Networking Academy prepares students to take the CCNA certification exam. Cisco provides the

neg: Multiven bug fixes/patches and updates for its operating system software to its maintenance services (“SMARTnet”) and through a series of other illegal exclusionary and anticompetitive acts designed to maintain Cisco’s alleged monopoly in the network maintenance services market for Cisco networking equipment. In April 2009 during a Cisco-initiated mediation, Cisco offered Multiven a few million dollars as settlement and limited software updates for its customers but insisted that Multiven couldn’t advertise its access to Cisco software updates. Multiven declined this offer as it still limited free and fair competition. The following month in May 2009, Cisco filed a set of false

neg: Cisco certifications Cisco certifications Cisco Certifications are the list of the Certifications offered by Cisco Systems. There are four or five(path to network designers) levels of certification: Entry (CCENT), Associate (CCNA/CCDA), Professional (CCNP/CCDP), Expert (CCIE/CCDE) and recently Architect (CCAr: CCDE previous), as well as nine different paths for the specific technical field; Routing & Switching, Design, Industrial Network, Network Security, Service Provider, Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, Datacenter and Wireless. There are also a number of the specialist technician, sales, Business, data center certifications, CCAI certified instructor (Cisco Academy Instructor). The table below shows the different paths and levels for Cisco

neg: Cisco Systems this project was in cooperation with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Ramallah-based Exalt Technologies handles the software development that Cisco outsources to the Palestinian Territories. Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate headquartered in San Jose, California, in the center of Silicon Valley, that develops, manufactures and sells networking hardware, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Through its numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as OpenDNS, WebEx, Jabber and Jasper, Cisco specializes into specific tech markets, such as Internet of Things (IoT), domain security and energy management. Cisco stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial

neg: Cisco Nexus switches rack-switch with 1, 10 and 40 Gbit/s ethernet interfaces is designed for use in colo center. Offers layer2 and layer3 capabilities at wire-speed for all 64 interfaces running in 10 Gbit/s. Layer3 routing protocols supported include static routes, RIP v2, OSPF and BGP-4.The switch-fabric can switch 2.28 Tbit/s and forward up to 950 million packets per second. The switch is capable of building a route-table with up to 16000 prefixes, 8000 host-entries and 4000 multicast routes and up to 4096 VLANs are supported. On top of that a high number of ingress or egress ACLs can be configured. The 3064

neg: Cisco Systems Systems acquired Cognitive Security, a company focused on Cyber Threat Protection. Cisco also acquired SolveDirect (cloud services) in March 2013 and Ubiquisys (mobile software) in April 2013. Cisco acquired cyber-security firm Sourcefire, in October 2013. On June 16, 2014, Cisco announced that it has completed the acquisition of ThreatGRID, a company that provided dynamic malware analysis and threat intelligence technology. On June 17, 2014, Cisco announced its intent to acquire privately held Tail-f Systems, a leader in multi-vendor network service orchestration solutions for traditional and virtualized networks. On April 2, 2015, Cisco announced plans to buy Embrane, a software-defined networking

neg: Cisco Systems Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate headquartered in San Jose, California, in the center of Silicon Valley, that develops, manufactures and sells networking hardware, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Through its numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as OpenDNS, WebEx, Jabber and Jasper, Cisco specializes into specific tech markets, such as Internet of Things (IoT), domain security and energy management. Cisco stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also included in the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth

neg: Missoula College University of Montana a member of several organizations, including Cisco Regional Networking Academy and North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners. The department offers Certificate of Applied Science programs in Computer-Aided Design and Computer Support, as well as Associate of Applied Science Degrees in Computer Technology, Electronics Technology and Energy Technology. A Bachelor of Applied Science Degree is also available to students who have completed an Associate of Applied Science Degree. The Business Department is the largest within the college, covering six academic areas: Accounting Technology, Administrative Management, Culinary Arts, Management, Medical Information Technology, and Paralegal Studies. Each respective program offers an Associate

neg: Linksys 2003, when the company was acquired by Cisco, it had 305 employees and revenues of more than $500 million. That was also the sum paid by Cisco for the company. Cisco expanded the company's product line, acquiring VoIP maker Sipura Technology in 2005 and selling its products under Linksys Voice System or later Linksys Business Series brands. In July 2008, Cisco acquired Seattle-based Pure Networks, a vendor of home networking-management software. Pure Networks had previously provided the tools and software infrastructure used to create the Linksys Easy Link Advisor. Cisco announced in January 2013 that it would sell its home

neg: Barton Secondary School School Board's Programs of Choice method that tailors learning to specific areas of interest. Barton Secondary School's focus is on the manufacturing industry and offers programs accordingly. Grade 9 and 10 students in the program are offered introductory courses in the manufacturing field, while grade 11 and 12 students have the option to specialize in the program. Barton Secondary School also provides a Cisco networking course through the Cisco Networking Academy. This program is taught largely through the use of online material (with the exception of students creating an Ethernet Cable) as the school does not have the required equipment

neg: NetFlow Based on the NetFlow Version 9 implementation, IPFIX is on the IETF standards track with RFC 5101 (obsoleted by RFC 7011), RFC 5102 (obsoleted by RFC 7012), etc. which were published in 2008. Many vendors other than Cisco provide similar network flow monitoring technology. NetFlow may be a prevalent name in the area of flow monitoring, because of Cisco dominant market share in the networking industry. NetFlow is thought to be a Cisco trademark (even though as of March 2012 it is not listed in Cisco Trademarks): Also flow-tools collection of software allows to process and manage NetFlow exports from

neg: Port Aggregation Protocol of packet ordering, while the latter assures no packet reordering to occur but limit a single transfer to the bandwidth of a single interface. Port Aggregation Protocol Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is a Cisco Systems proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, logical aggregation of Ethernet switch ports, known as an EtherChannel. The PAgP is proprietary to Cisco Systems. A similar protocol known as LACP — released by the IEEE and known as 802.3ad or 802.1ax recently — is an industry standard and is not tied to a specific vendor: PAgP can be configured on a Cisco switch

neg: St Crispin's School faster computers with more educational software, available for the students' use. Also, Cisco has provided the school with servers and switches which are being set up in a "Networking Lab" to set a base for practical networking and server running for Cisco Students in A-Level. In 2012, work was started on building a new Science Block on the area where the current tennis courts are located. A new Multiple Use Games Area was then built in another location on the existing school field. The existing science block will be refurbished and the English Department will then move to this location.

neg: Cisco DevNet wide variety of technologies. For each product, individual API guides and documentation are provided. Several API types are supported, depending on the product. For example, many of the newer technologies have REST APIs, while some of the older collaboration-based products might support XML coding. DevNet's Learning Labs provide individual labs, learning modules, and learning tracks for coders of all skill levels. Developers and students can learn coding basics. Network engineers can get more familiar with Software Defined Networking (SDN) and other networking-specific areas. Experienced coders can get more in-depth training on Cisco APIs. Sandboxes on DevNet provide a free space

neg: Stephen Wolff ARPANET network. Wolff also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-DARPA project designed to prove the feasibility of IP networking at gigabit speeds. In 1994, Wolff left NSF and joined Cisco where he helped with projects such as Internet2 and the Abilene Network. Wolff's career at Cisco began as business development manager for the Academic Research and Technology Initiative program. There Wolff helped advance the University Research Project (URP) which supports academic research candidates with grants to further networking technology. He was named the interim Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Internet2 on March 31, 2011. In 2002 the

neg: Broadcom Corporation high-speed 10Gb+ switches from the largest switch-vendors such as Cisco Nexus switches running NX-OS, Dell Force10 (now Dell Networking) running FTOS/DNOS, all Arista 7050-series switches, the IBM/BNT 8264, and Juniper QFX3500. The latest 'member' of the Trident family is the Trident II XGS which can support up to 32 x 40G ports or 104 x 10G ports (or a mix of both) on a single chip. Examples of switches using this Trident II XGS chip are the Dell Networking S6000, Cisco Nexus 9000 and some smaller vendors like: EdgeCore AS6700, Penguin Arctica 3200XL or QuantaMesh T5032 VideoCore is the GPU

neg: Open Shortest Path First Open Shortest Path First Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a single autonomous system (AS). It is defined as OSPF Version 2 in RFC 2328 (1998) for IPv4. The updates for IPv6 are specified as OSPF Version 3 in RFC 5340 (2008). OSPF supports the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing model. OSPF is a widely used IGP in large enterprise networks. IS-IS, another LSR-based protocol, is more common in large service provider

neg: Cisco certifications Certifications. All Certifications, except for CCAr, require passing one or more theoretical exams offered by Pearson VUE. CCIE Certifications also require a hands-on exam administered at special labs around the world. Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician represents the lowest level of certification which covers basic networking knowledge. Until its introduction, CCNA represented the first level of the certification program. It has appropriate use for an entry-level network support position. CCENT certified staff can install, manage and troubleshoot a small enterprise network, including basic network security. The first step towards a CCNA certification must start by having a CCENT. In 2017,

neg: Faculty of Information Technology, University Džemal Bijedić of Mostar of information technology allows its students, but others too, to study the Cisco Networking Academy to get a certified CCNA. Additional information can be found on the following web site: FIT - Cisco Networking Academy Faculty of Information Technology, University Džemal Bijedić of Mostar Faculty of Information Technology (FIT) is the public institution belonging to the University "Džemal Bijedić" of Mostar, located in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Program and curriculum are based on Bologna declaration. FIT offers three-year bachelor's degree and two-years master's degree in the field of Information Technology. FIT was founded in 1997 by prof. Dr. Safet Krkic.

neg: Open Shortest Path First exchanging DD, Request, and Update. OSPF uses "path cost" as its basic routing metric, which was defined by the standard not to equate to any standard value such as speed, so the network designer could pick a metric important to the design. In practice, it is determined by the speed (bandwidth) of the interface addressing the given route, although that tends to need network-specific scaling factors now that links faster than 25 Mbit/s are common. Cisco uses a metric like 10/bandwidth (the reference value, 10 by default, can be adjusted). So, a 100Mbit/s link will have a cost of 1,

neg: Admas University College–Hargeisa Admas University College–Hargeisa Admas University College–Hargeisa is a tertiary institution in Hargeisa, the administrative capital of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. A branch of the Addis Ababa-based Admas University College, it was established in 2006. The university also has an additional branch in Garowe, the administrative capital of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia. The institution's Hargeisa Main Campus is an autonomous branch of Admas College, founded in 1998 in Ethiopia. It offers degrees on campus and through distance learning programs. The college has links with internationally renowned institutions, such as Cisco and the University of Lübeck

neg: Coraid, Inc. ZFS products. Coraid, Inc. Coraid, Inc. is a computer data storage vendor that provides storage area network (SAN) products that use Ethernet, headquartered in Athens, Georgia. The company was founded by Brantley Coile, who previously worked on the Cisco PIX firewall and Cisco LocalDirector products. Coile began the research and development phase of the company in 2000 after leaving Cisco Systems, and developed the ATA over Ethernet (AoE) protocol, which enables storage networking using raw Ethernet frames for transport. The company began selling its EtherDrive family of storage arrays in 2004. The open AoE protocol was released to the Linux

neg: Coraid, Inc. Coraid, Inc. Coraid, Inc. is a computer data storage vendor that provides storage area network (SAN) products that use Ethernet, headquartered in Athens, Georgia. The company was founded by Brantley Coile, who previously worked on the Cisco PIX firewall and Cisco LocalDirector products. Coile began the research and development phase of the company in 2000 after leaving Cisco Systems, and developed the ATA over Ethernet (AoE) protocol, which enables storage networking using raw Ethernet frames for transport. The company began selling its EtherDrive family of storage arrays in 2004. The open AoE protocol was released to the Linux community, and

neg: Starent Networks user experience of the high bandwidth/low latency applications, transaction accounting details and access control. On October 13, 2009, Cisco announced a plan to purchase Starent for $2.9 billion USD. On December 18, 2009, Cisco completed acquisition of Starent Networks. Starent Networks Starent Networks was an information technology and computer networking products company. It was headquartered in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA, with major engineering facilities in Pune, India and Bangalore, India. On December 18, 2009, Cisco completed the acquisition of Starent Networks. Starent is a provider of infrastructure products that enabled mobile operators to deliver multimedia services such as video, Internet access,

neg: VCE (company) is currently known as the Converged Platform and Solutions Division of Dell EMC. The company initially manufactured converged datacenter units known as Vblock, which incorporate Cisco servers and networking hardware, EMC storage systems, and VMware for virtualization. Later, VxBlock was added providing the ability for customers to run VMware NSX. In 2015, VxRack and in 2016 VxRail were added as separate products. Cisco Systems, EMC Corporation and VMware (partially owned by EMC) unveiled a joint partnership in November 2009 to develop cloud computing platforms called Vblock Infrastructure Packages. The partnership was originally called the VMware-Cisco-EMC alliance, though the name was

neg: CCNA Cisco and its learning partners offer a variety of different training methods, including books published by Cisco Press, and online and classroom courses available under the title "Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices". To achieve CCNA Routing and Switching certification, one must earn a passing score on Cisco exam #200-125, or combined passing scores on both the "Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices" ICND1 #100-105 and ICND2 #200-105 exams. Passing the ICND1 grants one the Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification. Passing scores are set by using statistical analysis and are subject to change. At the completion of the exam, candidates receive a

neg: Network socket active socket pairs. Also in fair queuing, layer 3 switching and quality of service (QoS) support in routers, packet flows may be identified by extracting information about the socket pairs. Raw sockets are typically available in network equipment and are used for routing protocols such as IGRP and OSPF, and in Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). Network socket A network socket is an internal endpoint for sending or receiving data within a node on a computer network. Concretely, it is a representation of this endpoint in networking software (protocol stack), such as an entry in a table (listing communication protocol,

neg: Optical networking made possible by optical networking technologies enabled the rapid growth of the Internet and will allow it to continue to grow. The demand for bandwidth is driven primarily by Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, which includes video services, telemedicine, social networking, Web 2.0 applications that are transaction-intensive, and cloud-based computing. At the same time, machine-to-machine and the scientific community require support for the large-scale exchange of data. The Cisco Visual Networking Index predicts global IP traffic will be more than a zettabyte (10^21 bytes) in 2016. By 2018, the Index predicts, a million minutes worth of video content will cross the

neg: XORP XORP XORP is an open-source Internet Protocol routing software suite originally designed at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California. The name is derived from "eXtensible Open Router Platform". It supports OSPF, BGP, RIP, PIM, IGMP, OLSR. The product is designed from principles of software modularity and extensibility and aims at exhibiting stability and providing feature requirements for production use while also supporting networking research. The development project was founded by Mark Handley in 2000. Receiving funding from Intel, Microsoft, and the National Science Foundation, it released its first production software in July 2004. The project was then run

neg: Lollipop sequence numbering in cyclic sequence numbering schemes, and was used in OSPF version 1 for this reason. Later work showed that this was not the case, like in the ARPANET sequence bug, and OSPF version 2 replaced it with a linear numbering space, with special rules for what happens when the sequence numbers reach the end of the numbering space. Lollipop sequence numbering Lollipop sequence numbering is a numbering scheme used in routing protocols. In this numbering scheme, sequence numbers start at a negative value, increase until they reach zero, then cycle through a finite set of positive numbers indefinitely. When a

neg: Cisco certifications Retired Certifications are no longer valid. Certifications that fall into this category are listed below. Cisco certifications Cisco Certifications are the list of the Certifications offered by Cisco Systems. There are four or five(path to network designers) levels of certification: Entry (CCENT), Associate (CCNA/CCDA), Professional (CCNP/CCDP), Expert (CCIE/CCDE) and recently Architect (CCAr: CCDE previous), as well as nine different paths for the specific technical field; Routing & Switching, Design, Industrial Network, Network Security, Service Provider, Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, Datacenter and Wireless. There are also a number of the specialist technician, sales, Business, data center certifications, CCAI certified

neg: Hewlett Packard Enterprise Networking include workshops, consultation, network assessment, and architectural design services involving network virtualization and SDN. Hewlett Packard Enterprise through Aruba Networks sells HP Networking Products for businesses, schools, and government entities. HP Networking Training covers product-, solution-, and sales-oriented topics. The HP ExpertOne program networking training and certification program covers a range of networking curricula, from beginning-level courses to Master engineer classes, on three separate tracks: technical, sales, and partner-restricted. Fast-track programs are designed for participants to build upon current industry certifications from Cisco and other companies. In early 2014, HP initiated eight new sales certifications for its technology partners, designed

neg: Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol In computer networking, Rate Based Satellite Control Protocol (RBSCP) is a tunneling method proposed by Cisco to improve the performance of satellite network links with high latency and error rates. The problem RBSCP addresses is that the long RTT on the link keeps TCP virtual circuits in slow start for a long time. This, in addition to the high loss give a very low amount of bandwidth on the channel. Since satellite links may be high-throughput, the overall link utilized may be below what is optimal from a technical and economic view. RBSCP works by

neg: Routing Information Protocol routing tables were small enough that the traffic was not significant. As networks grew in size, however, it became evident there could be a massive traffic burst every 30 seconds, even if the routers had been initialized at random times. In most networking environments, RIP is not the preferred choice for routing as its time to converge and scalability are poor compared to EIGRP, OSPF, or IS-IS. However, it is easy to configure, because RIP does not require any parameters unlike other protocols. RIP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its transport protocol, and is assigned the reserved port

neg: Open Shortest Path First to the area identifier "0.0.0.1", but some have been known to expand it as "1.0.0.0". OSPF defines several special area types: The backbone area (also known as "area 0" or "area 0.0.0.0") forms the core of an OSPF network. All other areas are connected to it, either directly or through other routers. Inter-area routing happens via routers connected to the backbone area and to their own associated areas. It is the logical and physical structure for the 'OSPF domain' and is attached to all nonzero areas in the OSPF domain. Note that in OSPF the term Autonomous System Boundary Router

neg: PARC Universal Packet before the arrival of the more modern OSPF and IS-IS. It is still in use as an interior routing protocol, in small sites with simple requirements. In terms of flaws, the PUP protocol family was not device independent, in modern terminology the IP and MAC layers were combined into a single layer, which made wide scale adoption difficult. PUP's 8-bit network and 8-bit host could scale to at most 64k machines, before an inter-network bridge or gateway would be needed. For this reason a successor, the XNS (Xerox Networking System) was developed by the Xerox Office Systems Division using many

neg: Dell Networking PCM6348 in a single stack. (But it is NOT possible to combine a PCT6200 rack switch with a PCM6220 blade-switch). The PCT6200 series is the first real 'multi layer switch' and the PCT7000 is a more advanced and powerful multi-layer switch. But for both models the following characteristics apply: besides the basic IP features offered by the PCT5500 the PCT6200 series (and above) are real multi-layer switches offering dynamic routing features like RIP and OSPF. The PCT6200/PCT7000 series offer either 24 or 48 port switches with a PoE enabled variant on both the 24 and 48 port. And there are

neg: Cisco Valet routers Cisco Valet routers On March 30, 2010 Cisco unveiled a new series of home networking products called "Valet". The focus of this series is to simplify the installation and configuration of a typical wireless home network by shipping routers partially pre-configured and bundling with them software that aids the user in setting up their network with a step-by-step wizard. While the early Valet routers are based on variants of Cisco's Linksys routers, the Valet series is not tied to the Linksys brand and is marketed separately. The Valet M10 along with the Valet Plus M20 were Cisco's first routers in

neg: Cisco Valet routers color and features a silver trim. Cisco Valet routers On March 30, 2010 Cisco unveiled a new series of home networking products called "Valet". The focus of this series is to simplify the installation and configuration of a typical wireless home network by shipping routers partially pre-configured and bundling with them software that aids the user in setting up their network with a step-by-step wizard. While the early Valet routers are based on variants of Cisco's Linksys routers, the Valet series is not tied to the Linksys brand and is marketed separately. The Valet M10 along with the Valet Plus

neg: Cork Institute of Technology BA in Multimedia offers a joint accreditation from CIT and h_da. CIT offer a number of degree courses in conjunction with University College Cork, including their BSc in Architecture and BSc in Biomedical Science. The CIT Blackrock Castle Observatory runs a programme in partnership with the Chabot Space & Science Center in Oakland, California. CIT has also established various industrial alliances, particularly with Dell EMC and VMware, both of which have a business presence in Cork. The college also maintains close ties with Cisco Systems and the Cisco Networking Academy. CIT is itself both an official VMware and Cisco academy,

neg: ASR9000 switch and router in their product names, Cisco divided their high-end networking products by market. However, many enterprise customers chose equipment Cisco categorized under the banner of Service Provider, and vice versa. Prior to the ASR9000 series, Cisco's high-end SP product portfolio consisted of the CRS-1, the GSR, and the 7600 (and the 6500). The ASR9000 series devices is the successor to both the GSR and the 7600. When the CRS-1 is deployed in a large network at the core, the ASR9000 complements it on the edge; both run IOS-XR. In 2011, Cisco announced capacity upgrades and support of network

neg: Judith Estrin co-managing, and left the company nine months later. In 1988, they offered to join the founding team of Network Computing Devices (NCD) as executive vice president, later becoming president and CEO in 1993. In 1995, six months after leaving NCD, Estrin co-founded Precept Software, Inc., which developed networking software. She served as its president and CEO until its acquisition by Cisco Systems in 1998, when she became its chief technology officer and senior vice president of Cisco Systems until 2000. In 2000, Estrin co-founded Packet Design, LLC, a networking technology company, with her husband William N. Carrico, Jr., with $24

neg: Cisco DevNet technologies, including networking, IoT, collaboration, open source, data center, and others. It also contains learning labs, a sandbox, and a community where developers can share their creations. DevNet also attends and hosts many developer events, such as hackathons and coding camps DevNet holds developer events around the world, including the DevNet Zone at Cisco Live. DevNet will hold its first DevNet Create developer conference aimed at an application developer and DevOps audience in San Francisco, California on May 23-24, 2017. DevNet has several components that help developers learn how to code and work with Cisco APIs. Cisco DevNet supports a

neg: Linksys Linksys Linksys is an American company selling data networking hardware products mainly to home users and small businesses. Its products include wired and wireless routers, Ethernet switches, VoIP equipment, wireless Internet video cameras, audio visual products and network storage systems. Linksys was founded in 1988 by the couple Victor and Janie Tsao, both Taiwanese immigrants to the United States. The company was purchased by Cisco in 2003, and sold to Belkin, the current owners, in 2013. Its products were branded as Linksys by Cisco when it was part of Cisco. Belkin has kept the Linksys brand and released new products