query: when did the first public kindergarten open in the united states

pos: Susan Blow while abroad she came across the kindergarten teaching methods of German idealist and philosopher Friedrich Froebel. Froebel believed in "learning-through-play" and cognitive development. Susan was inspired to bring these ideas back to St. Louis and her father offered to set up a kindergarten as a private school. Susan felt she could better serve children through the public school system. In 1871 Blow traveled to New York, where she spent a year being trained at the New York Normal Training Kindergarten, operated by Froebel devotee Maria Kraus-Boelté. Blow returned to St. Louis in 1873 and opened the nation’s first public kindergarten

pos: Preschool founded in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856 and was conducted in German. Elizabeth Peabody founded America's first English-language kindergarten in 1860 and the first free kindergarten in America was founded in 1870 by Conrad Poppenhusen, a German industrialist and philanthropist, who also established the Poppenhusen Institute and the first publicly financed kindergarten in the United States was established in St. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow. Canada's first private kindergarten was opened by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1870 and by the end of the decade, they were common in large Canadian towns and cities. The

neg: Richmond Public Library (United States) Richmond Public Library (United States) Richmond Public Library is a public library in Richmond, Virginia. While many other libraries in the United States were provided initial funding by Andrew Carnegie, the City of Richmond famously rejected Carnegie funding twice. After the City of Richmond's finance committee rejected the first Carnegie offer in 1901, Richmond formed a Richmond Public Library Association in 1905. The Association did not gather sufficient funds to open a library until 1922, when John Stewart Bryan became president of the Association. The next year, in 1923, Bryan became chairman of the Richmond Public Library Board, and in

neg: Richmond Public Library (United States) to its Main branch in Downtown Richmond, RPL currently operates eight other branches to serve the Richmond City population. Richmond Public Library (United States) Richmond Public Library is a public library in Richmond, Virginia. While many other libraries in the United States were provided initial funding by Andrew Carnegie, the City of Richmond famously rejected Carnegie funding twice. After the City of Richmond's finance committee rejected the first Carnegie offer in 1901, Richmond formed a Richmond Public Library Association in 1905. The Association did not gather sufficient funds to open a library until 1922, when John Stewart Bryan became president

neg: Student "juniors" and "seniors" is seldom used or even understood in Canada. In some occasions, they can be called "senior ones", "twos", "threes" and "fours". In the United States, the first official year of schooling is called kindergarten, which is why the students are called kindergarteners. Kindergarten is optional in most states, but few students skip this level. Pre-kindergarten, also known as "preschool" (and sometimes shortened to "Pre-K") is becoming a standard of education as academic expectations for the youngest students continue to rise. Many public schools offer pre-kindergarten programs. In the United States there are 12 years of mandatory schooling.

neg: Susan Blow 1876, the United States Centennial Commission in Philadelphia gave St. Louis and Blow an award for excellence of kindergarten in public schools. Blow was able to open her school, in part, thanks to the support she received from William Torrey Harris, the superintendent of schools in St. Louis. Harris believed the greatest educational concern of the time was the amount of young children who dropped out of school. Blow believed a kindergarten system would improve the dropout rate, for children would be starting school at an earlier age. Although he originally resisted the idea of a public program, he was

neg: Cedarsong Nature School Island, Washington and serves the Greater Seattle area. Cedarsong Nature School Cedarsong Nature School is an early education nature immersion program based on the German forest kindergarten model. The students are children ages 2–6 and the curriculum is based on interaction with the environment and establishing a connection to the natural world through play. Founded in 2006 by naturalists and childhood educators Erin K. Kenny and Robin Rogers, Cedarsong was the first school in the United States to open a forest kindergarten, and was the only school in the United States offering Forest Kindergarten Teacher Training and Certification. The school

neg: Cedarsong Nature School Cedarsong Nature School Cedarsong Nature School is an early education nature immersion program based on the German forest kindergarten model. The students are children ages 2–6 and the curriculum is based on interaction with the environment and establishing a connection to the natural world through play. Founded in 2006 by naturalists and childhood educators Erin K. Kenny and Robin Rogers, Cedarsong was the first school in the United States to open a forest kindergarten, and was the only school in the United States offering Forest Kindergarten Teacher Training and Certification. The school is located on a five-acre campus on Vashon

neg: Early Childhood Education Act from the Early reading grant and those who did not. Early Childhood Education Act The Early Childhood Education Act is the name of various landmark laws passed by the United States Congress outlining federal programs and funding for childhood education from pre-school through kindergarten. The first such act was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Congresswoman Patsy Mink of Hawaii in the 1960s. The theory behind the act is that the years before a child reaches kindergarten are the most critical to influence learning. Many children do not have access to early education before entering kindergarten. The

neg: Primary education in the United States which the students normally complete when they are age 11 or 12. Some elementary schools graduate after the 4th or 5th grade and transition students into a middle school. In 2001, there were 92,858 elementary schools (68,173 public, 24,685 private) in the United States. Some private schools, and some public schools, are offering pre-kindergarten (also known as pre-K) as part of elementary school. The first three to five years of an individual’s life can be the most critical period of their education(nursery school). During this time period young minds work on several physical, intellectual, and emotional developments, including curiosity, formation

neg: Mary C. Seward president. It acquired property in Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York for a larger facility to function as a combined home, nursery, hospital, and kindergarten. They petitioned the New York City Board of Education for support and in 1907 the Dyker Heights Home for Blind Babies became the site of the first public kindergarten for blind children in the United States operated by a major board of education. Seward subsequently became president of the Arthur Home for Blind Babies in Summit, New Jersey when it was established as a second combined facility in 1909. The Department for the Blind also pursued

neg: Elementary school (United States) Elementary school (United States) An elementary school is the main point of delivery of primary education in the United States, for children between the ages of 4–11 and coming between pre-kindergarten and secondary education. In 2001, there were 92,858 elementary schools (68,173 public, 24,685 private) in the United States, a figure which includes all schools that teach students from grade one through grade eight. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in the fall of 2017 almost 35.6 million students attended public primary schools. It is usually from kindergarten through fifth grade. Primary education tends to focus on basic

neg: Pre-kindergarten Florida had the highest enrollment in 2012 — almost four-fifths of all four-year-olds. About 84 percent were in private, religion-based or family centers. That state's preschool programs did not fare well on quality measures. Other states with more than 50 percent enrollment included Wisconsin, Iowa, Texas and Vermont. Florida was one of the first states to establish free prekindergarten. The programs offer a jump start to young children on their education. The program is open to all 4 and 5-year-olds who reside in Florida and have birthdays before September 1 of the current school year. Voluntary Pre-Kindergarten gives each child

neg: Oakland Unified School District taught older students. The first public high school opened in 1869 with 29 students. By the end of the 1870s, there was a public high school and nine public grade schools. In the 1880s, the first kindergarten and the first night school in Oakland opened. A 1909 Chamber of Commerce guide to the city includes this description of Oakland public schools: "Oakland's chief pride is its public school system and the fact that her schools rank among the highest in the United States. No more modern school buildings can be found in any city in the United States than in

neg: Avoyelles Public Charter School star label for the score. The school had a 96.2% attendance rate for the 2009-2010 academic year. 63.5% of the classes were taught by highly qualified teachers in 2009-2010. Avoyelles Public Charter School Avoyelles Public Charter School is a K-12 charter school in Mansura, Louisiana, United States. The Avoyelles Public Charter School was founded as a Type 2 charter school open to any student in the state of Louisiana in 2000 by Julie C. Roy (then Julie Durand). It initially consisted of grades kindergarten through fifth, and one grade was added every year until 2008. In 2005, construction, funded through

neg: Avoyelles Public Charter School Avoyelles Public Charter School Avoyelles Public Charter School is a K-12 charter school in Mansura, Louisiana, United States. The Avoyelles Public Charter School was founded as a Type 2 charter school open to any student in the state of Louisiana in 2000 by Julie C. Roy (then Julie Durand). It initially consisted of grades kindergarten through fifth, and one grade was added every year until 2008. In 2005, construction, funded through a loan from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development, began on the high school building, performing arts building and gymnasium but wasn’t completed until September 2006, postponing the

neg: Florida Virtual School take online courses with FLVS and cannot be denied this option by their district per Section 1002.37(3)(c), F.S. Select videos from FLVS courses are available through FLVS Study Hall, a section of the FLVS YouTube channel that includes open video resources for students. Florida Virtual School Florida Virtual School (FLVS) was founded in 1997 as the first statewide Internet-based public high school in the United States. In 2000, FLVS was established as an independent educational entity by the Florida Legislature. Recognized as its own district within the state, it provides online instruction to Florida students in Kindergarten through 12th grade.

neg: Charlotte Woman's Club involved with charitable and public service work since its early days. In 1900, members of the group sent care packages to United States soldiers in the Philippine Insurrection. The CWC advocated for public children's playgrounds as early as 1910. They were also involved in citywide cleanup and beautification projects. Members of the group have been involved in education. The CWC wanted the city of Charlotte to take the lead in public education. CWC created the first kindergarten in Charlotte. When the NCFWC was requesting in 1910 that individual clubs vote on whether or not they wanted to address the issue

neg: Draw poker (though it was always secondary to lowball). At that time, there were more public poker tables in that small city than in all the rest of the United States. Public poker rooms are still a big industry there, though Las Vegas, Atlantic City, and other locations now have many more poker rooms than they did at that time. Because "Jacks to open" was the primary form of high-hand draw poker played there, traditional draw poker was often described by the retronym "Guts to open". In home games, it is common that when a deal is "passed out" (that is, when

neg: Central Curry School District Central Curry School District Central Curry School District (CCSD) is a public school district that serves the communities of Agness and Gold Beach in Curry County, Oregon, United States, as well as the surrounding area. CCSD was formed in 1997 when four elementary school districts and one high school district were merged, because of an action by the Oregon State Legislature that required districts without a kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) educational program to merge into a single district that did offer such a program. The districts that merged were: Gold Beach Union High School District, Riley Creek Elementary School

neg: Summer learning loss the first day of kindergarten. The authors also confirmed that the SES achievement gap continues to grow after schooling starts, with summer learning accounting for the vast majority of the difference. While the average kindergarten learning rate was 1.65 test points per month, a standard deviation’s advantage in SES predicted a relative gain of 0.16 points per month during summer, 0.07 points per month during kindergarten, and 0.05 points per month during first grade. The United States has a K-12 public school enrollment roughly 48 million, of which only 9.2 percent attend summer school programs. These summer school programs typically

neg: Forum (legal) Forum (legal) In United States constitutional law, a public forum is a property that is open to public expression and assembly. Forums are classified as public or nonpublic. A public forum, also called an "open forum", is open to all expression that is protected under the First Amendment. Streets, parks, and sidewalks are considered open to public discourse by tradition and are designated as "traditional public forums". The government creates a "designated public forum" when it intentionally opens a nontraditional forum for public discourse". Limited public forums", such as municipal meeting rooms, are nonpublic forums that have been specifically designated

neg: Margarethe Schurz the German language. The Watertown kindergarten continued until the outbreak of World War I, when it was closed due to opposition to the German language's use [Notation; the Watertown Kindergarten was in operation from fall of 1854 to fall of 1856, when Margarethe Schurz and her family relocated to Milwaukee, WI for the winters-returning to Watertown only in the summers*. In 1856 the mortgage on her home was foreclosed. As a result, she moved back to Hamburg in June of the same year. After about a year she returned to the United States and settled in Missouri. The school did

neg: St. Thomas, North Dakota St. Thomas, North Dakota St. Thomas is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 331 at the 2010 census. St. Thomas was laid out in 1881. The city was named after St. Thomas, Ontario. A U.S. post office has been in operation at St. Thomas since 1881 and is open weekdays. The St. Thomas Public School was established in 1882. St. Thomas Elementary School and St. Thomas High School offer classes for pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. An extended school program is available after school hours. The St. Thomas Cafe is open for breakfast and lunch

neg: Pre-kindergarten Pre-kindergarten Pre-kindergarten (also called Pre-K or PK) is a classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada and Turkey (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school. The term "pre-kindergarten" is often used

neg: United States Post Office and Courthouse (Charleston, South Carolina) story above the rest of the building is located at the confluence of Meeting and Broad Streets. The uppermost story of the tower contains a series of arched windows. The tower is topped with an open balustrade. The interior contains opulent public spaces, which were restored in 2002. Like the dignified exterior, the interior splendor indicates the importance of public buildings at the end of the nineteenth century. The postal lobby on the first floor appears much as it did when the building opened in 1896. Rich finishes include red Brazilian marble wainscot and floors, and mahogany walls at the

neg: Public library seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated large book collections. The first modern public library in the world supported by taxes was the Peterborough Town Library in Peterborough, New Hampshire. It was "established in 1833." This was a small public library. The first large public library supported by taxes in the United States was the Boston Public Library, which was established in 1848 but did not open its doors to the public until 1854. The Redwood Library and Athenaeum was founded in 1747 by a group led by Abraham Redwood. It was the first library

neg: Settlement movement citizens. They attempted to gain the trust of residents by serving the surrounding community by providing public health care, combating poverty and opening a day school for children. Houchen had “two initial goals: (1) Provide a roominghouse for single Mexicana wage earners and (2) open a kindergarten for area children. Houchen’s staff was geared toward assimilating Mexican American immigrants into mainstream American society. As the missionary was geographically placed on the border land of Mexico and the United States, Methodist staff embraced the idea of the melting pot. Dorothy Little, a Methodist missionary that served Houchen House states, “Houchen Settlement

neg: Charles Spencer Elementary School Charles Spencer Elementary School Charles Spencer Elementary School is a public school in Tifton, Georgia, United States. The school was built in 1956 and was originally named Southside Elementary School. It was renamed in 1973 for its first and longtime principal, Charles Spencer. The school was built to serve grades one through six, but was changed in 1974 to serve grades 1 through 5. In 1979, kindergarten was added. From 1979 until 1998, Charles Spencer served kindergarten through fourth grade, and in 1998 it was reconfigured to include pre-kindergarten and sixth grades. The physical plant was expanded to include sixteen

neg: Pre-kindergarten US students, English fluency is essential. Pre-kindergarten Pre-kindergarten (also called Pre-K or PK) is a classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada and Turkey (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.

neg: Southwestern Oklahoma Air Force Base, are large employers in the region. Cattle is a major agricultural product of the region. Wind farms and oil and gas companies are other major employers in the region. Southwestern Oklahoma is home to both public and private primary and secondary schools, though there are fewer private schools than in other parts of the state, such as Oklahoma City and Tulsa. The Oklahoma public school system is known for its pre-kindergarten education. The National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in

neg: History of St. Louis any other city in the United States. Union Station's rail platform expanded in 1930 and operated as the passenger rail terminal for St. Louis into the 1970s. By 1870 the public and parochial education systems expanded, to 24,347 and 4,362 students respectively. St. Louis educators established the first public kindergarten in the United States, under the instruction of Susan Blow in 1874. Proposals for a free library system originated prior to the Civil War, and after the conflict the St. Louis Public School Library was established. During the 1870s and 1880s, a variety of local fee-based libraries consolidated with the

neg: Open secret Open secret An open secret is a concept or idea that is "officially" (de jure) secret or restricted in knowledge, but de facto (in practice) may be widely known; or it refers to something that is widely known to be true but which none of the people most intimately concerned are willing to categorically acknowledge in public. One famous "open secret" is that of Area 51, a United States military base containing an aircraft testing facility. The U.S. Government did not explicitly affirm the existence of any military facility near Groom Lake, Lincoln County, Nevada until 2013, when the CIA

neg: Progressive education the first kindergarten in the United States at Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856, and she also inspired Elizabeth Peabody, who went on to found the first English-speaking kindergarten in the United States – the language at Schurz's kindergarten had been German, to serve an immigrant community – in Boston in 1860. This paved the way for the concept's spread in the USA. The German émigré Adolph Douai had also founded a kindergarten in Boston in 1859, but was obliged to close it after only a year. By 1866, however, he was founding others in New York City. William Heard Kilpatrick (1871–1965)

neg: Supreme Court of the United States police force separate from the Capitol Police. Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4:30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays. Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half-hour informational film. When the Court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9:30 am to 3:30 pm and reservations are not necessary. When the Court is in session the public may attend

neg: Valwood School Valwood School Valwood School is an independent, coeducational, college preparatory school, and segregation academy located four miles (6 km) outside of Valdosta, Georgia, United States. It offers programs from pre-kindergarten through high school. Five hundred eleven students were enrolled in the 2015-16 school year. Valwood School was founded by local reactionaries in response to the federally mandated racial desegregation of public schools. Valwood's first classes were inaugurated in September 1969, in the old Central Elementary School building in Valdosta. Classes were offered to white students for grades 1-10, with kindergarten and eleventh grade programs being added in 1970. The first

neg: Nepalese Americans Madhesis and Tharus. Nepalese Americans began migrating to the United States from early 20th century. The first Nepalese immigrants to enter the United States were classified as "other Asian". Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890 1,910 "other Asians" were admitted to the United States. However, Nepal did not open its borders until 1950, and most Nepalis who left the country during that time primarily went to India to study. Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974, when 56 Nepalese people had immigrated to the United States. The number of immigrants from Nepal remained

neg: Central Curry School District School, serving students from kindergarten through eighth grade, and Gold Beach High School, serving grades 9 through 12, are located in Gold Beach. Central Curry School District Central Curry School District (CCSD) is a public school district that serves the communities of Agness and Gold Beach in Curry County, Oregon, United States, as well as the surrounding area. CCSD was formed in 1997 when four elementary school districts and one high school district were merged, because of an action by the Oregon State Legislature that required districts without a kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) educational program to merge into a

neg: Audubon School District Kindergarten to sixth grade. This continued until the 2009-2010 school year when they were reconfigured so that Haviland is PreK-2 and Mansion is now grades 3-6. Core members of the district's administration are: Audubon School District The Audubon School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Audubon, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its three schools had an enrollment of 1,381 students and 130.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.6:1. The district is classified

neg: Margarethe Schurz a small farm, where Margarethe's gift for financial affairs put them at an advantage. Margarethe Meyer brought Froebel's ideas to America. She spent 2 years in New York then went west.She employed Froebel's philosophy while caring for her daughter, Agathe Schurz, and four neighborhood children in Wisconsin, leading them in games, songs and group activities channeling their energy and preparing them for primary school. Other Wisconsin parents were impressed and prevailed upon Schurz to open a Watertown kindergarten, the first in the United States. And like most of the early kindergartens in the United States, the class was conducted in

neg: Neal Macrossan Playground design of Central Park, New York City. Generally these American playgrounds were incorporated in large public recreation parks, usually with elements such as playgrounds, open air gymnasiums, running tracks and field houses, which provided covered accommodation for halls, administrative offices, libraries and club rooms. Unlike the large recreation parks constructed in the United States for the whole community, the playgrounds established in Queensland by the Playground Association were planned on a smaller scale, focussing solely on children and providing a playground and usually a field house. Usually the playgrounds were associated with an adjacent kindergarten or creche, and this is

neg: Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny The Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny is situated in the Allegheny Center neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Donated to the public by entrepreneur Andrew Carnegie, it was built from 1886 to 1890 on a design by John L. Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz. It was commissioned in 1886, the first Carnegie library to be commissioned in the United States. Yet it did not open until 1890 thus making it the second library to open. The first one to open being the Carnegie Free Library of Braddock, built for steel-workers in Braddock, 9 miles up the Monongahela

neg: Oaklyn Public School District Oaklyn Public School District Oaklyn Public School District is a community public school district that serves students in kindergarten through fifth grade from Oaklyn, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. Prior to the 2018-2019 school year Oaklyn Public School served students through ninth grade. Oaklyn was the last district in New Jersey that used a Kindergarten through ninth grade format. As of May 2018, the district and its one school had an enrollment of 356 students, down from 483 students in 2015, for a student–teacher ratio of 9:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education

neg: United States effect are issues of controversy. American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or first grade) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17. About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2% of children are homeschooled. The U.S. spends more on education

neg: Fair Lawn Public Schools than 2-to-1 margin a $12.8 million expansion and capital improvement referendum to be implemented by the Fair Lawn Public Schools that includes roof repairs to several school buildings and added classrooms to enable the initiation of full-day kindergarten. Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics.) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Fair Lawn Public Schools The Fair Lawn Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district serving students in kindergarten through twelfth grade from Fair Lawn in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year,

neg: Louise Plessner Pollock Louise Plessner Pollock Louise Plessner Pollock, born in 1833 in Germany, died July 24, 1901 at Skyland, Virginia, was an influential early advocate of the Kindergarten Movement in 19th century America. Born Louise Caroline Frederica Augusta Victoria Wilhelmina von Pless (Anglicized as Plessner), she married in 1850 in Dresden to George Henry Pollock, who was born in Massachusetts in 1829. She is often stated to have opened the first kindergarten in America, but that seminal event actually took place in the home of Margarethe Meyer-Schurz in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1854. Pollock did open the first kindergarten in West Newton, Massachusetts,

neg: Garwood Public Schools neighboring Clark as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Clark Public School District. As of the 2014-15 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 790 students and 68.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.5:1. Lincoln School served 372 students for kindergarten to eighth grade as of the 2014-15 school year. Core members of the district's administration are: Garwood Public Schools The Garwood Public Schools is a community public school district that serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade from Garwood, in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15

neg: Ireton, Iowa fall of 1959. Prior to that time, education in Ireton was provided by the Ireton Public School. The town is home to the Ireton Elementary Center which offers classes for grades Kindergarten through first. The town is also home to Ireton Christian School. The Ireton Christian School offers classes for grades Kindergarten through eight. It is a member of Christian Schools International. Ireton, Iowa Ireton is a city in Sioux County, Iowa, United States. The population was 609 at the 2010 census. Ireton was platted in 1882. It was named after Henry Ireton, who served under Oliver Cromwell during the

neg: Susan Blow Susan Blow Susan Elizabeth Blow (June 7, 1843 – March 27, 1916) was an American educator who opened the first successful public Kindergarten in the United States. She was known as the "Mother of the Kindergarten." The eldest of nine children, Susan Blow was the daughter of Henry Taylor Blow and Minerva Grimsley Blow. Henry owned various lead-mining operations, was president of the Iron Mountain Railroad, was a state senator, and was a minister to Brazil and Venezuela. Minerva was the daughter of a prominent manufacturer and local politician. The Blow children grew up in a deeply religious family surrounded

neg: Philanthropy the new welfare state, in terms of heavy use of museums, gymnasiums (high schools), universities, scholarships, and hospitals. For example, state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost; private philanthropy became the essential ingredient. 19th century Germany was even more oriented toward civic improvement then Britain or the United States, when measured in terms of voluntary private funding for public purposes. Indeed, such German institutions as the kindergarten, the research university, and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo-Saxons. The heavy human and economic losses of the First World War, the financial crises

neg: Susan Blow is a list of Blow’s published works: Susan Blow Susan Elizabeth Blow (June 7, 1843 – March 27, 1916) was an American educator who opened the first successful public Kindergarten in the United States. She was known as the "Mother of the Kindergarten." The eldest of nine children, Susan Blow was the daughter of Henry Taylor Blow and Minerva Grimsley Blow. Henry owned various lead-mining operations, was president of the Iron Mountain Railroad, was a state senator, and was a minister to Brazil and Venezuela. Minerva was the daughter of a prominent manufacturer and local politician. The Blow children grew

neg: Greenfield, Massachusetts Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district, and is represented in the 113th United States Congress by James McGovern. , Massachusetts is represented in the United States Senate by Senators Elizabeth Warren and Edward Markey. Greenfield operates its own public school system for the town's 1,700 students. Greenfield operates the Academy of Early Learning at North Parish for pre-kindergarten students, three elementary schools – the Four Corners School to the north, the Federal Street School centrally, and the Newton Elementary School to the west – for students from kindergarten through fourth grade, the Greenfield Middle School for students from

neg: Friedrich Fröbel Karl Fröbel had written and published "Weibliche Hochschulen und Kindergärten" (Female Colleges and Kindergartens), which apparently met with some disapproval. To quote Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, "The stupid minister (Karl Otto) von Raumer has decreed a ban on kindergartens, basing himself on a book by Karl Fröbel. He is confusing Friedrich and Karl Fröbel." Fröbel's student Margarethe Schurz founded the first kindergarten in the United States at Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856, and she also inspired Elizabeth Peabody, who went on to found the first English-speaking kindergarten in the United States – the language at Schurz’s kindergarten had been German,

neg: Medford Township Public Schools Medford Township Public Schools The Medford Township Public Schools is a community public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Medford Township, in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. The district has five elementary schools serving students in kindergarten through fifth grade, a single school serving sixth graders and a school serving seventh and eighth graders. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its seven schools had an enrollment of 4,157 students and 205.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 20.3:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department

neg: San Francisco graft trials of tell-all columns for Older's "Bulletin" newspaper implicating a number of companies, executives, and public officials. Mayor Schmitz was found guilty, jailed, and then released and retried, but did not serve any time. All of the business owners and supervisors implicated received immunity for their testimony about Ruef's and Schmitz's complicity and were not arrested or charged. When new District Attorney Fisker, a former athlete, was elected, he stopped the investigations and all further prosecutions. During the first decade of the 20th Century in the United States, employers supported an open shop movement and were decidedly anti-union. They were able

neg: Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology is a comprehensive public charter elementary school / high school that serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grades located in Paterson, in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The school operates under the terms of a charter granted by the New Jersey Department of Education granted in 2003, with authority to open in September 2004 with up to 178 students in grades six through nine, eventually expanding by the end of its initial charter in 2007 to nearly 500 students in grades 6 to 12. The

neg: Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology women). Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology Paterson Charter School for Science and Technology is a comprehensive public charter elementary school / high school that serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grades located in Paterson, in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The school operates under the terms of a charter granted by the New Jersey Department of Education granted in 2003, with authority to open in September 2004 with up to 178 students in grades six through nine, eventually expanding by the end of its initial charter in 2007 to nearly 500 students in grades 6 to 12.

neg: Seaside Park School District Seaside Park School District The Seaside Park School District is a non-operating community public school district that operated one school serving students in Kindergarten through sixth grade from Seaside Park, New Jersey, United States, until it closed at the end of the 2009-10 school year. District officials announced in May 2010 that the school would be closing and that students would attend elementary schools in the nearby Toms River Regional Schools for grades K-6. Officials cited costs of $37,000 per student if the school remained open, versus $10,500 per student if attending the Toms River district. The shared services agreement

neg: Forest Grove School District v. T. A. Forest Grove School District v. T. A. Forest Grove School District v. T. A., 557 U.S. 230 (2009), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) authorizes reimbursement for private special education services when a public school fails to provide a "free appropriate public education" (FAPE) and the private school placement is appropriate, regardless of whether the child previously received special education services through the public school. T.A. attended public school in the Forest Grove School District in Forest Grove, Oregon, from kindergarten through the winter term of his

neg: Moorestown Township Public Schools Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Board of Education members (where year represents when term ends) are: Moorestown Township Public Schools The Moorestown Township Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Moorestown Township, in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its six schools had an enrollment of 3,940 students and 330.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1.

neg: Latin American Montessori Bilingual Public Charter School protection and employment. It was one of the first schools in Washington to open after Congress authorized the education of African Americans. The students who attended school came from the neighborhood, traveled from other parts of upper Northwest Washington as well as from Montgomery County, Maryland. The school remained open until 1954 when the "Brown v. Board of Education" decision desegregated public schools in the United States. Beginning in the 2003–2004 school year, the school has been used as the Latin American Montessori Bilingual Public Charter School. The front part of the present school building was one of the first

neg: Plainfield Public School District to construct a new elementary school that will replace the Cook and Woodland Avenue schools, which will both be demolished when the new school is completed. Core members of the district's administration are: Plainfield Public School District The Plainfield Public School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Plainfield, in Union County, New Jersey, United States. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation

neg: History of education in the United States governments during the Reconstruction era established the first public school systems to be supported by general taxes. Both whites and blacks would be admitted, but legislators agreed on racially segregated schools. (The few integrated schools were located in New Orleans). Particularly after white Democrats regained control of the state legislatures in former Confederate states, they consistently underfunded public schools for blacks which continued until 1954 when the United States Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. Generally public schooling in rural areas did not extend beyond the elementary grades for

neg: First Kindergarten because Schurz's school in Watertown was the first kindergarten in the U.S. First Kindergarten The First Kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin is the building that housed the first kindergarten in the United States, opened in 1856. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 for its significance to the history of education. Margarethe Schurz (née Meyer) was born in Hamburg, Germany, and at age sixteen listened to a series of lectures from the German educator Friedrich Froebel. In that time and place, young children were often viewed as little beasts to be tamed so that they could

neg: History of St. Louis (1866–1904) the 1870s, St. Louis schools adopted William Torrey Harris's discipline and curriculum, which focused on rigorous obedience and training in grammar, philosophy, and mathematics. Harris also embraced innovation by establishing the first public kindergarten in the United States, under the instruction of Susan Blow in 1874. Despite early objections to the idea, kindergarten was particularly popular in St. Louis, serving 7,800 students by the end of the 1870s. Segregated schools for African-Americans began in the 1820s under the tutelage of ministers John Mason Peck and John Berry Meachum, but these schools were closed by local police. Another school opened under

neg: Charles Spencer Elementary School classrooms, five resource rooms, a music room, and a physical education gymnasium. The pre-kindergarten was moved to the PreK Center, leaving Spencer with its current grade alignment of grades 4-5. Charles Spencer Elementary School Charles Spencer Elementary School is a public school in Tifton, Georgia, United States. The school was built in 1956 and was originally named Southside Elementary School. It was renamed in 1973 for its first and longtime principal, Charles Spencer. The school was built to serve grades one through six, but was changed in 1974 to serve grades 1 through 5. In 1979, kindergarten was added. From

neg: Education in the United States more structured skill building. The curriculum for the day will consist of music, art, pretend play, science, reading, math, and other social activities. Both preschool as well as pre-k programs emphasize on inquiry base learning, however pre-k dives deeper into preparing kindergarten readiness. Historically, in the United States, local public control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools. Elementary school includes kindergarten through sixth grade (or sometimes, to fourth grade, fifth grade or eighth grade). Basic subjects are taught in elementary school, and students often remain in one classroom throughout the school day, except

neg: Stone Bank, Wisconsin Stone Bank, Wisconsin Stone Bank (formerly Newberg) is an unincorporated community located in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, contained within the Towns of Oconomowoc and Merton, United States. Stone Bank was first settled in 1842 and had grist and saw mills. In 1858, the post office open; a blacksmith shop and grocery store also open. Churches and a cemetery were also established. The community does maintain the Stone Bank Volunteer Fire Department and has its own kindergarten through 8th grade Stone Bank School which is a part of the Arrowhead Union School District. Stone Bank is situated about 4.5 miles northeast of

neg: University Settlement Society of New York in a basement on Forsyth Street. Historically the settlement house, much like other settlement houses like Hull House (in Chicago, Illinois) and the Henry Street Settlement (also on the Lower East Side), served as a homes for hundreds of thousands of immigrants who arrived in the United States in the late-19th and early-20th century. They provided courses for new immigrants on everything from politics to the English language to basketball. The University Settlement House also included a library, kindergarten and the first public baths. These settlements were also loci of Progressive Era reform. When founded, the resident workers at the

neg: Education in the United States United States, but the age range for which school attendance is required varies from state to state. Some states allow students to leave school between 14–17 with parental permission, before finishing high school; other states require students to stay in school until age 18. Public (free) education is typically from kindergarten to grade 12 (frequently abbreviated K–12). Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. Approximately 85% of students enter the public schools, largely because they are tax-subsidized (tax burdens by school districts vary

neg: Boeing OC-135B Open Skies Offutt Air Force Base near Omaha, Nebraska, for operations, training and maintenance. When tasked, ACC's role is to transport a DTRA observation team to an Open Skies point of entry airport, conduct the observation flight, and then return the team to the continental United States. This article includes public domain text from the following United States Government source: Boeing OC-135B Open Skies The OC-135B Open Skies United States Air Force observation aircraft supports the Treaty on Open Skies. The aircraft, a modified WC-135B, flies unarmed observation flights over participating parties of the treaty. Three OC-135B aircraft were modified by the

neg: Languages of the United States their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words. Furthermore, it is a lingua franca among Orthodox Jewry (particularly Hasidic Jewry), concentrated in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York. The first Nepalese to enter the United States were classified as "other Asian". Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890, 1,910 "other Asians" were admitted to the United States. However, Nepal did not open its borders until 1950, and most Nepalis who left the country during that time went primarily to India to study. Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974 when 56 Nepalese immigrated to

neg: United States open-container laws not to the level of TEA-21 compliance. United States open-container laws In the United States, open container laws regulate or prohibit the existence of open containers of alcohol in certain areas, as well as the active consumption of alcohol in those areas. "Public places" in this context refers to openly public places such as sidewalks, parks and vehicles. It does not include nominally private spaces which are open to the public, such as bars, restaurants and stadiums. The purpose of these laws is to restrict public intoxication, especially the dangerous act of operating a vehicle while intoxicated. Open container laws

neg: United States open-container laws United States open-container laws In the United States, open container laws regulate or prohibit the existence of open containers of alcohol in certain areas, as well as the active consumption of alcohol in those areas. "Public places" in this context refers to openly public places such as sidewalks, parks and vehicles. It does not include nominally private spaces which are open to the public, such as bars, restaurants and stadiums. The purpose of these laws is to restrict public intoxication, especially the dangerous act of operating a vehicle while intoxicated. Open container laws are state laws, rather than federal laws;

neg: Robbinsville Public School District Public Schools which ended with the final group of seniors who graduated in the 2006-07 school year. As of the 2007-08 school year, all four high school grades were housed on campus and the school graduated its first class of approximately 150 students. Core members of the district's administration are: Robbinsville Public School District The Robbinsville Public School District is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in kindergarten through twelfth grade in Robbinsville Township (known as Washington Township until 2007), in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. A new high school was established in the district, which started

neg: Robbinsville Public School District Robbinsville Public School District The Robbinsville Public School District is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in kindergarten through twelfth grade in Robbinsville Township (known as Washington Township until 2007), in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. A new high school was established in the district, which started admitting its first students in 2004-05 as part of ending a sending/receiving relationship with the Lawrence Township Public Schools under which students had attended Lawrence High School. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's three schools had an enrollment of 2,858 students and 221.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE

neg: Kenilworth Public Schools Kenilworth Public Schools The Kenilworth Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from the borough of Kenilworth, in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2017-18 school year, the district and its three schools had an enrollment of 1,473 students and 127.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. The district participates in the Interdistrict Public School Choice Program at David Brearley High School, having been approved on November 2, 1999, as one of the first ten districts statewide to participate in the

neg: Charlottesville City Public Schools lawsuit representing black students from Burley High School and the Jefferson School led the city to undertake the strategy of Massive Resistance, closing the public schools to avoid integrating. Charlottesville City Public Schools Charlottesville City Schools, also known as Charlottesville City Public Schools, is the school division that administers public education in the United States city of Charlottesville, Virginia. The current superintendent is Dr. Rosa Atkins. The school system comprises four levels of school which are, in order from earliest to latest: Elementary, Academy, Middle and High schools. The city schools system has six elementary schools which teach Kindergarten, First

neg: The Garden Conservancy organization for garden preservation, and the idea for the Conservancy was born. Cabot founded the organization in 1989. The first garden the Garden Conservancy opened to the public was the Ruth Bancroft Garden, which began tours in 1992 and officially became a nonprofit in 1994. Projects include: Since 1995 the Conservancy has sponsored annual "open days" at hundreds of private gardens across the United States, offering the public an opportunity to visit private gardens not generally open for viewing. Conservancy members receive a copy of "Open Days Directory," an annual regional guide to open garden days across the United States.

neg: Tyringham, Massachusetts Berkshire County and western Hampshire and Franklin counties. The town is patrolled by the First (Lee) Station of Barracks "B" of the Massachusetts State Police. On the national level, Tyringham is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 1st congressional district, and has been represented by Richard Neal of Springfield since January 2013. Massachusetts is currently represented in the United States Senate by senior Senator Elizabeth Warren and junior Senator Ed Markey Tyringham students are sent to Lee Public Schools by arrangement with that town. Lee Elementary School serves students from pre-kindergarten through sixth grades,

neg: 2006 United States elections the Republican Party. It was also the first election in U.S. history in which the results were so lopsided that the victorious party did not lose a single incumbent or open seat in Congress or governor's mansion. Reasons for the Democratic Party takeover include the decline of the public image of George W. Bush, the dissatisfaction of his administration's handling of both Hurricane Katrina and the War in Iraq, the beginning of the collapse of the United States housing bubble, Bush's legislative defeat regarding Social Security Privatization, and a series of scandals in 2006 involving Republican politicians. In March 2003,

neg: Mendham Township Public Schools (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.1:1. Mendham Township Middle School was one of 11 in the state to be recognized in 2014 by the United States Department of Education's Blue Ribbon Schools Program. Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Mendham Township Public Schools The Mendham Township Public Schools is a community public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade in Mendham Township, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district

neg: Hackensack Public Schools a two- or four-year college program. Jackson Avenue Elementary School was recognized by Governor Jim McGreevey in 2003 as one of 25 schools selected statewide for the First Annual Governor's School of Excellence award. Schools in the district (with 2015-16 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Hackensack Public Schools The Hackensack Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from the City of Hackensack, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2015-16 school year, the district and

neg: Dunellen Public Schools districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. Lincoln Middle School was recognized by Governor Jim McGreevey in 2003 as one of 25 schools selected statewide for the First Annual Governor's School of Excellence award. Schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Dunellen Public Schools The Dunellen Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade from Dunellen, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

neg: West Fargo Public Schools West Fargo Public Schools West Fargo Public Schools (WFPS) is a public school district in West Fargo, North Dakota, United States. It serves a city population of 27,478. As of the 2014–2015 school year, the district owns and operates two early childhood (kindergarten) centers, nine elementary schools, two middle schools, two comprehensive high schools, and one alternative high school. In recent years, WFPS has seen record growth. The total enrollment in WFPS on the first day of school in August 2017 was 10,635, an increase of 584 students from the 2016-2017 school year. This was an increase of 497 students,

neg: Saratoga Elementary School (North Omaha, Nebraska) Saratoga Elementary School (North Omaha, Nebraska) Saratoga Elementary School is located at 2504 Meredith Avenue in the Saratoga neighborhood of North Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Currently housing two major programs to nearly 300 students in grades pre-kindergarten through grade five, the school was founded in 1866 and was one of the first public schools in the state of Nebraska. Originally located at the intersections of North 24th and Ames Streets, Saratoga School was started by local citizens in 1866. The one room schoolhouse was one of the first public schools in Nebraska, and perhaps the first in the Omaha area.

neg: Trenton Public Schools the First Annual Governor's School of Excellence award. Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Trenton Public Schools The Trenton Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district, serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Trenton, in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, and includes 16 elementary schools, 2 middle schools and 3 high school programs. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to

neg: Racial segregation in the United States the right to vote and to elect their own political leaders. The Reconstruction amendments asserted the supremacy of the national state and the formal equality under the law of everyone within it. However, it did not prohibit segregation in schools. When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867, they created the first system of taxpayer-funded public schools. Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools. Almost all the new public schools were segregated, apart from a few in New Orleans. After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s,

neg: Hanover Township Public Schools a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1. During the 1998-99 school year, Bee Meadow Elementary School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive. Schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Hanover Township Public Schools The Hanover Township Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade from Hanover Township, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2011-12 school

neg: Voorhees Township Public Schools Elementary School received the National Blue Ribbon Award of Excellence from the United States Department of Education, the highest honor that an American school can achieve. Schools in the district (with 2013-14 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Core members of the district's administration are: Voorhees Township Public Schools The Voorhees Township Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district serving students in kindergarten through eighth grade from Voorhees Township, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2013-14 school year, the district's five schools had an enrollment of 2,994 students and 236.8

neg: Chicago Woman's Club sanitation in a school building should look like. In 1916, the club urged the school board to choose teachers based on educational merit alone. Club member, Lucy Flower, lobbied successfully for Illinois to have a compulsory education law. The Chicago Woman's Club also helped, along with Rose Haas Alschuler and her cousin Charlotte Kuh, to set up the first public nursery school in the United States, which was affiliated with the Chicago Board of Education. The club was also the first to provide funds for a kindergarten in the public schools. In 1905, the club created a fellowship for the

neg: Bundy standoff my vested grazing rights". Bundy failed to demonstrate the existence of any such special rights when given an opportunity to do so in court. Bundy lost in U.S. District Court on all his arguments regarding states' rights and jurisdiction in the "United States v. Bundy" cases. He had argued that the U.S. District Court for Nevada lacked jurisdiction because the U.S. did not own the public lands in question. The court ruled that "the public lands in Nevada are the property of the United States because the United States has held title to those public lands since 1848, when Mexico

neg: Charlottesville City Public Schools Charlottesville City Public Schools Charlottesville City Schools, also known as Charlottesville City Public Schools, is the school division that administers public education in the United States city of Charlottesville, Virginia. The current superintendent is Dr. Rosa Atkins. The school system comprises four levels of school which are, in order from earliest to latest: Elementary, Academy, Middle and High schools. The city schools system has six elementary schools which teach Kindergarten, First Grade, Second Grade, Third Grade and Fourth Grade. Unlike most traditional American school systems, Charlottesville City schools have an Upper Elementary which adds an additional step between Elementary school

neg: Haworth Public Schools by the United States Department of Education. As of the 2014-15 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,218 students and 94.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1. Core members of the district's administration are: Haworth Public Schools The Haworth Public Schools are a community public school district, serving students in kindergarten through eighth grade from Haworth, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its one school had an enrollment of 666 students and 38.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a

neg: Oldest public university in the United States encouraged, and promoted, in one or more universities” . The legislature chartered the University of North Carolina in 1789, and construction on the campus in Chapel Hill began in 1793. The university became the first public institution of higher learning in the U.S. to open its doors in 1795 when it completed construction on its first building, Old East, and admitted its first students. Graduating its first class in 1798, UNC was the only public institution to confer degrees in the 18th century. Now a public university, College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, was founded by royal charter

neg: History of transgender people in the United States first openly transgender contender for the U.S. Olympic team, but he failed to qualify and did not go to the Olympics. Three groups - the Girl Scouts, the North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance, and the Episcopal Church in the United States - announced their acceptance of transgender people in this decade. In 2011, after the initial rejection of Bobby Montoya, a transgender girl, from the Girl Scouts of Colorado, the Girl Scouts of Colorado announced that "Girl Scouts is an inclusive organization and we accept all girls in Kindergarten through 12th grade as members. If a child identifies as

neg: Ruth Bancroft Garden succulent, an Aeonium grown by plant breeder Glenn Davidson. By 1972, the collection was moved to its current site, when the orchard was cut down and the land was rezoned. In 1989, it became the first garden in the United States to be preserved by The Garden Conservancy, and has been open to the public since 1992. Today the Garden is an outstanding landscape of xerophytes (dry-growing plants). It is open to the public for an admission fee of $810. Garden collections include the following plants: Ruth Bancroft Garden The Ruth Bancroft Garden is a 2.5 acre (10,000 m²) public

neg: First Kindergarten First Kindergarten The First Kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin is the building that housed the first kindergarten in the United States, opened in 1856. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 for its significance to the history of education. Margarethe Schurz (née Meyer) was born in Hamburg, Germany, and at age sixteen listened to a series of lectures from the German educator Friedrich Froebel. In that time and place, young children were often viewed as little beasts to be tamed so that they could become productive workers. Froebel instead saw natural curiosity in children, which he

neg: Health care in the United States no nationwide system of government-owned medical facilities open to the general public but there are local government-owned medical facilities open to the general public. The U.S. Department of Defense operates field hospitals as well as permanent hospitals via the Military Health System to provide military-funded care to active military personnel. The federal Veterans Health Administration operates VA hospitals open only to veterans, though veterans who seek medical care for conditions they did not receive while serving in the military are charged for services. The Indian Health Service (IHS) operates facilities open only to Native Americans from recognized tribes. These facilities,

neg: James v. United States (2007) offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter or remain." Florida law also defined an "attempt" as requiring the defendant to commit "any act toward the commission of" the target offense. The attempted burglary did not qualify under the first prong of the definition of "violent felony", since it did not involve the use of force against any person. And it was not any of the enumerated offenses in the second prong—it was not robbery or extortion, and it did not involve the use of explosives.

neg: Freedom of information in the United States be open to the public and sufficiently advertised; these are known as open meeting laws. The provisions of these laws vary considerably by state. Florida, Ohio, and Vermont are known for having pro-access freedom of information laws. Florida was one of the first states to enact an open government sunshine law. Other jurisdictions, such as Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia, were until recently known for being relatively non-transparent but have since made significant changes to their open government laws to foster greater public access to information. On April 29, 2013, in the case of McBurney v. Young, the United