query: 5 animals that belong to the mammal group

pos: Mammal Mammal Mammals ( from Latin "mamma" "breast") are vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia, and characterized by the presence of mammary glands, which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young; a neocortex (a region of the brain); hair; and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which they diverged in the late Triassic. There are around 5,450 species of mammals. The largest orders are the rodents, bats and Soricomorpha (shrews and allies). The next three are the Primates (apes, monkeys, and allies), the Cetartiodactyla (whales and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats,

pos: Sleep in non-human animals prey for predators. Thus, dolphins, whales, and pinnipeds (seals) engage in unihemispheric sleep while swimming, which allows one brain hemisphere to remain fully functional, while the other goes to sleep. The hemisphere that is asleep alternates, so that both hemispheres can be fully rested. Just like terrestrial mammals, pinnipeds that sleep on land fall into a deep sleep and both hemispheres of their brain shut down and are in full sleep mode. Aquatic mammal infants do not have REM sleep in infancy; REM sleep increases as they age. Among others, seals and whales belong to the aquatic mammals. Earless seals

pos: Marine Mammal Stranding Center Marine Mammal Stranding Center The Marine Mammal Stranding Center (established in 1978) is a private non-profit organization located in Brigantine, New Jersey. The Stranding Center's main goal is to rescue, rehabilitate, and release stranded marine mammals and sea turtles. They are the only marine stranding center in New Jersey. Since 1978, the Marine Mammal Stranding Center has rescued more than 3,500 whales, dolphins, seals, and sea turtles. Although rehabilitation is costly, over 90% of the animals rehabilitated at the Marine Mammal Stranding Center make a full recovery and are returned to the wild. As well as dealing with marine animal

pos: Marine mammal Marine mammal Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence. They include animals such as seals, whales, manatees, sea otters and polar bears. They do not represent a distinct taxon or systematic grouping, but rather have a polyphyletic relation due to convergent evolution, as in they do not have an immediate common ancestor. They are also unified by their reliance on the marine environment for feeding. Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle varies considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers. Seals

pos: Shrew Shrew The shrew (family Soricidae) is a small mole-like mammal classified in the order Eulipotyphla. True shrews are not to be confused with treeshrews, otter shrews, elephant shrews, or the extinct West Indies shrews, which belong to different families or orders. Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are. It is in fact a much closer relative of hedgehogs and moles, and shrews are related to rodents only to the extent that both belong to the Boreoeutheria Magnorder – together with humans, monkeys, cats, dogs, horses, rhinos, cows,

pos: Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre The Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre or AMMRC was established in 1996 as a co-operative centre of the University of Sydney and the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales. The centre’s research program includes the impacts of climate change, the spatial, haul-out and foraging behaviour of leopard seals, population monitoring of Antarctic marine mammals, and the development of non-invasive techniques that will allow researchers to monitor the hormones of wild populations (whales, dolphins and seals) without having to restrain the animals. The researchers, behavioural ecologists and veterinarians, work on projects including: The research is

pos: Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre supported by such organisations as the (Australian) Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre The Australian Marine Mammal Research Centre or AMMRC was established in 1996 as a co-operative centre of the University of Sydney and the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales. The centre’s research program includes the impacts of climate change, the spatial, haul-out and foraging behaviour of leopard seals, population monitoring of Antarctic marine mammals, and the development of non-invasive techniques that will allow researchers to monitor the hormones of wild populations (whales, dolphins and seals) without having to restrain the animals.

pos: Interatheriidae genus is "Interatherium", particularly well represented by "I. robustum". Interatheriidae Interatheriidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals from South America. Interatheriids are known from the Paleocene or Eocene through the Miocene (McKenna and Bell, 1997). These animals were principally small-sized, occupying a habitat like hares, marmots and vizcachas.The majority were very small, like rodents. This was a group that lasted a long time, from the Paleocene to the last of the Miocene. Interatheriidae is one of the mammal groups that best represent the fauna from the Santa Cruz Formation. Particularly "Protypotherium" with three species is characteristic of the formation:

pos: Interatheriidae Interatheriidae Interatheriidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals from South America. Interatheriids are known from the Paleocene or Eocene through the Miocene (McKenna and Bell, 1997). These animals were principally small-sized, occupying a habitat like hares, marmots and vizcachas.The majority were very small, like rodents. This was a group that lasted a long time, from the Paleocene to the last of the Miocene. Interatheriidae is one of the mammal groups that best represent the fauna from the Santa Cruz Formation. Particularly "Protypotherium" with three species is characteristic of the formation: "Protypotherium australe", "P. praerutilum" and "P. attenuatum". Another well-known

pos: Thylacosmilus Thylacosmilus Thylacosmilus is an extinct genus of saber-toothed metatherian that inhabited South America from the Late Miocene to Pliocene epochs. Though "Thylacosmilus" is one of several predatory mammal genera typically called "saber-toothed cats", it was not a felid placentalian, like the well-known North American "Smilodon", but a sparassodont, a group closely related to marsupials, and only superficially resembled other saber-toothed mammals due to convergent evolution. A 2005 study found that the bite forces of "Thylacosmilus" and "Smilodon" were low, which indicates the killing-techniques of saber-toothed animals differed from those of extant species. Remains of "Thylacosmilus" have been found primarily in

pos: Animal Liberation Front Hawaii's Marine Mammal Laboratory. The North American Animal Liberation Press Office attributes the dolphin release to a group called Undersea Railroad, and says the first ALF action was, in fact, a raid on the New York University Medical Center on March 14, 1979, when activists removed one cat, two dogs, and two guinea pigs. Kathy Snow Guillermo writes in "Monkey Business" that the first ALF action was the removal on September 22, 1981, of the Silver Spring monkeys, 17 lab monkeys in the legal custody of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), after a researcher who had been

pos: Volaticotherini eutriconodonts. Combined with long canines, this seems to indicate that, like their relatives, they were probably carnivorous. "Ichthyoconodon" was fairly large by Mesozoic mammal standards, and were probably capable of tackling vertebrate prey. In a study about Mesozoic mammal diets "Argentoconodon" ranks among carnivorous species, while "Volaticotherium" ranks among insectivorous taxa. It has been noted that most gliding mammals are predominantly herbivorous, which would make volaticothere carnivory truly exceptional. In particular, "Volaticotherium" itself has been compared to insectivore bats. Volaticotherins, as is typical for gliding animals, were adapted for an arboreal lifestyle. One volaticotherin, "Ichthyoconodon", was recovered from marine facies

neg: Danian the first appearance of calcareous nanoplankton species "Neochiastozygus perfectus". The Danian stage overlaps the Puercan and Torrejonian North American land mammal ages and the Shanghuan and lowest part of the Nongshanian Asian land mammal ages. It includes the oldest Mammal Paleogene zones, all included in the 1 - 5 group. Though the non-avian dinosaurs were gone, the mammals and other land animals remained small, most not even bigger than a sheep; however; a few (like "Ankalagon saurognathus)" reached the size of a medium-sized bear. Numerous lineages of modern birds also survived, particularly in the area around Australia but also elsewhere,

neg: Therapsid The extremely mammal-like family, Tritylodontidae, survived into the Early Cretaceous. Another extremely mammal-like family, Tritheledontidae, are unknown later than the Early Jurassic. Mammaliaformes was the third group, including "Morganucodon" and similar animals. Many taxonomists refer to these animals as "mammals", though some limit the term to the mammalian crown group. The non-eucynodont cynodonts survived the Permian-Triassic extinction; "Thrinaxodon", "Galesaurus" and "Platycraniellus" are known from the Early Triassic. By the Middle Triassic, however, only the eucynodonts remained. The therocephalians, relatives of the cynodonts, managed to survive the Permian-Triassic extinction and continued to diversify through the Early Triassic period. Approaching the end

neg: Triatoma virus different enough from picornavirus that it should belong to entirely new family of viruses that only infected insects, "Dicistroviridae". The most notable genetic difference between the two categories of viruses is the presence of only one open reading frame in typical picornaviruses and two distinct open reading frames in viruses like triatoma virus. Triatoma virus has since been confirmed to be unable to replicate in many mammal species by experimental testing, specifically including humans, so it does not pose a risk to humans or wild or domesticated animals if used as a biological vector control agent. Triatoma virus infection leads

neg: Anachlysictis Anachlysictis Anachlysictis gracilis is an extinct carnivorous mammal belonging to the group Sparassodonta, which were metatherians (a group including marsupials and their close relatives) that inhabited South America during the Cenozoic. Unlike other remains assigned to the family Thylacosmilidae (a group of metatherian predators equipped with "saber teeth") that had been found previously, "Anachlysictis" is the first record of such borhyaenoids in northern South America, and also most primitive and ancient in the family (in fact, is the first confirmed record that did not belong to the genus "Thylacosmilus", until the official publication of "Patagosmilus" in 2010). This species was

neg: Venomous mammal Venomous mammal Venomous mammals are animals of the class Mammalia that produce venom, which they use to kill or disable prey, to defend themselves from predators or conspecifics or in agnostic encounters. In modern nature, venomous mammals are rare. Mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group having different compositions and modes of action and are present in three orders of mammals, Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Chiroptera. A fourth order, Primates, is proposed to have venomous representatives. To explain the rarity of venom delivery in Mammalia, Mark Dufton of the University of Strathclyde has suggested that modern mammalian predators do not need venom

neg: Fruitafossor Fruitafossor Fruitafossor was a termite-eating mammal endemic to North America during the Late Jurassic epoch (around 150 mya). The description is based on a surprisingly complete skeleton of a chipmunk-sized animal. It was discovered on March 31, 2005, in Fruita, Colorado. It resembled an armadillo (or anteater) and probably ate colonial insects in much the same manner as these animals do today. Other skeletal features clearly show that "Fruitafossor" was not related to armadillos, anteaters, or any modern group of mammal. This indicates that specializations associated with feeding on ants or termites have independently evolved many times in mammals: in

neg: Venomous mammal venomous bite. There are only a few species of venomous amphibians; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs. Several definitions of venomous animals have been proposed. Bücherl states that venomous animals must possess at least one venom gland, a mechanism for excretion or extrusion of the venom, and apparatus with which to inflict wounds. Mebs states that venomous animals produce venom in a group of cells or gland, and have a tool, the venom apparatus, which delivers the venom by injection during a bite or sting. The venom apparatus in this definition encompasses both the gland and the injection

neg: Paraphyly lineages that led to these species from their last common ancestor contains nonviviparous animals, the pelycosaurs ancestral to mammals; vivipary appeared subsequently in the mammal lineage. Independently-developed traits like these cannot be used to distinguish paraphyletic groups because paraphyly requires the excluded groups to be monophyletic. Pelycosaurs were descended from the last common ancestor of skinks and humans, so vivipary could be paraphyletic only if the pelycosaurs were part of an excluded monophyletic group. Because this group is monophyletic, it contains all descendants of the pelycosaurs; because it is excluded, it contains no viviparous animals. This does not work, because

neg: Cifelliodon of mammals called multituberculates. However, examining the anatomy of "Cifelliodon", Huttenlocker et al. (2018) found it to be closely related to "Hahnodon" and "Vintana", and placed them outside of Multituberculata and outside the crown mammals. This makes hahnodontids a late surviving stem mammal group. It also suggests that there were greater links between the tetrapod animals across the continents in the Cretaceous. Cifelliodon Cifelliodon is an extinct genus of haramiyid mammal from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. It is a mammaliaform, and is one of the latest surviving haramiyids yet known, belonging to the family Hahnodontidae. Its discovery led

neg: Venomous mammal the mustelid family, such as the striped polecat ("Ictonyx striatus"), also have this capacity to an extent. Pangolins can also emit a noxious smelling fluid from glands near the anus. The greater long-nosed armadillo can release a disagreeable musky odor when threatened. Venomous mammal Venomous mammals are animals of the class Mammalia that produce venom, which they use to kill or disable prey, to defend themselves from predators or conspecifics or in agnostic encounters. In modern nature, venomous mammals are rare. Mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group having different compositions and modes of action and are present in three orders

neg: Dinocerata American hoofed mammals, namely, the primitive "Carodnia" of Paleocene South America. Another idea is that dinoceratans are closely related to pantodonts and tillodonts. A more controversial view is that dinoceratans descend from the anagalids, a small group of rabbit-like mammals. But they may be related to an ungulatomorph group called zhelestidae. Many dinoceratans are large, but they have one of the smaller brains in relation to body size among the mammals (the smallest brains of the mammal class belong to pantodonts), distinctly smaller than those of later ungulates (hoofed mammals) and other mammals. Although dinoceratans have traditionally been placed in

neg: Long-eared hedgehog with some worms and a tiny amount of slugs and snails. The idea that these animals eat "only" slugs and snails is a myth; this type of food makes up only about 5% of their natural diet. The breakdown of a wild hedgehog's diet is as follows: 30% beetles, 25% caterpillars, 11% earthworms, 10% bird eggs, 5% mammal meat, 5% slugs and snails, 3% millipedes, 3% earwigs, 2% bees, 1% bird meat and 5% that has been undefined by researchers. This diet breakdown is not specific to "Hemiechinus auritus" but a generalization about most hedgehog species. More specific to this

neg: Mammal the early [[Permian]]. Nonmammalian synapsids are sometimes called "mammal-like reptiles". [[Therapsid]]s, a group of synapsids, descended from [[pelycosaur]]s in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal [[Eupelycosauria|eupelycosaurs]] in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger skulls and [[incisor]]s which are equal in size in therapsids, but not for eupelycosaurs. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very similar to their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with [[probainognathia]]n [[cynodont]]s, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those

neg: Synapsid Synapsid Synapsids (Greek, 'fused arch'), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, 'beast-face'), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes. They are easily separated from other amniotes by having a temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each; this accounts for their name. Primitive synapsids are usually called pelycosaurs or pelycosaur-grade synapsids; more advanced mammal-like ones, therapsids. The non-mammalian members are described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics; they can also be called stem mammals or proto-mammals. Synapsids evolved

neg: Mammal species included 96 recently extinct. The word "[[:wikt:mammal|mammal]]" is modern, from the scientific name "Mammalia" coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] "[[wikt:mamma#Latin|mamma]]" ("teat, pap"). In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] as the [[crown group]] of mammals, the [[clade]] consisting of the [[most recent common ancestor]] of living [[monotreme]]s ([[echidna]]s and [[platypus]]es) and [[theria]]n mammals ([[marsupial]]s and [[placental]]s) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the [[Jurassic]] period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier [[Triassic]], despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the [[Haramiyida]] have been

neg: Evolution of mammals so. Most paleontologists, however, still think that animals with the dentary-squamosal jaw joint and the sort of molars characteristic of modern mammals should formally be members of Mammalia. Where the ambiguity in the term "mammal" may be confusing, this article uses "mammaliaform" and "crown mammal". The Morganucodontidae first appeared in the late Triassic, about 205M years ago. They are an excellent example of transitional fossils, since they have both the dentary-squamosal and articular-quadrate jaw joints. They were also one of the first discovered and most thoroughly studied of the mammaliaforms outside of the crown-group mammals, since an unusually large number

neg: Ina Plug Ina Plug Ina Plug (née Post) (born 5 August 1941) is a South African archaeozoologist (or zooarchaeologist), and teacher. Her long career included field research and in museums such as Transvaal Museum (now the Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History) and for the University of Pretoria on southern African mammals, starting with the animals from Iron Age sites at the Kruger National Park. Her work resulted in her publishing 130 scientific papers mostly on the skeletal remains of animals. She also published a book titled "What Bone Is That? A Guide to the Identification of Southern African Mammal Bones". During

neg: Marine mammal training Since there are few marine parks and aquariums that open each year the demand for marine mammal trainers is very competitive. Marine mammal trainers can work in aquariums, zoos, non-profit environmental advocacy organizations, eco-tourism companies, university research laboratories, industrial research centers, private companies, and government research laboratories or marine stations. Since marine mammal trainers tend to be secure in their position and close to the animals they work with, the job turnover rate is low. Once people secure a job in this field, they tend to stay for life Here are some great schools for marine mammal training, University of

neg: Mammal of reproductive success, especially in [[harem (zoology)|harems]] where one or a few males (resident males) have exclusive breeding rights to females in a group. Non-resident males can also be accepted in harems, but some species, such as the [[common vampire bat]] ("Desmodus rotundus"), may be more strict. Some mammals are perfectly [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]], meaning that they [[pair bond|mate for life]] and take no other partners (even after the original mate’s death), as with wolves, [[Eurasian beaver]]s, and otters. There are three types of polygamy: either one or multiple dominant males have breeding rights ([[polygyny in animals|polygyny]]), multiple males that

neg: United States Navy Marine Mammal Program care of the animals, including the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Animal Welfare Act. The program is listed as an accredited institution by the Association for the Accreditation of Animal Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), whose voluntary accreditation program requires research programs to demonstrate that they meet standards of animal care beyond those required by law. As a standard targeted at laboratory animals, this accreditation requires a specific standard of general animal care, but does not set restrictions on the purposes for which the animals are used. The NMMP is also listed as a member of the Alliance of Marine

neg: Evolution of mammals for example, but about 310 in 2007, with an increase in quality such that "at least 18 Mesozoic mammals are represented by nearly complete skeletons". Some writers restrict the term "mammal" to the crown group mammals, the group consisting of the most recent common ancestor of the monotremes, marsupials, and placentals, together with all the descendants of that ancestor. In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe advocated this restriction, arguing that "ancestry... provides the only means of properly defining taxa" and, in particular, that the divergence of the monotremes from the animals more closely related to marsupials and placentals "is

neg: Eutriconodonta in unresolved polytomy with multituberculates and trechnotherians. If confirmed this would make eutriconodonts one of the groups that can be classified as mammals by any definition. Several other extinct groups of Mesozoic animals that are traditionally considered to be mammals (such as Morganucodonta and Docodonta) are now placed just outside Mammalia by those who advocate a 'crown-group' definition of the word "mammal". However, Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska and Cifelli (2002) tested alternative possible phylogenies as well, and found that recovering eutriconodonts outside the crown group of Mammalia required only five additional steps compared to the most parsimonious solution. The authors stated that

neg: Oligokyphus The possible presence of the early true mammal "Dinnetherium", and a haramyid mammal has also been proposed, based on fossil finds. Vertebrate trace fossils from this area included coprolites and the tracks of therapsids, lizard-like animals, and dinosaurs, which provided evidence that these animals were also present. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included microbial or "algal" limestone, freshwater bivalves, freshwater mussels and snails, and ostracods. The plant life known from this area included trees that became preserved as petrified wood. It is very likely that "Oligokyphus" had parental care. This is assumed to be true because most derived cynodonts have several

neg: Tritylodontidae and persisted through the Jurassic until the early Cretaceous. "Montirictus" was the latest surviving tritylodontid, from the Cretaceous Barremian-Aptian Kuwajima Formation of Japan. Some authors argue "Chronoperates" is a tritylodontid member that persisted into the Paleocene after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but this is not widely accepted. If true, then tritylodontids would have to be extremely rare during the Late Cretaceous, because no tritylodontids were found by that time. "Chronoperates" anatomy closely resembles that of symmetrodonts—a mammalian lineage. It is therefore more likely to belong to this group. Because of their extremely mammal-like appearance, tritylodontids were originally placed within Mammalia.

neg: Women in Montenegro Women in Montenegro The women in Montenegro are also known as Montenegrin women. They live in Montenegro a country in southeastern Europe, a region commonly known as the Balkans. They belong to a group of people known as South Slavs. An early description of women from Montenegro comes from a column of "The New York Times" on November 5, 1880, wherein the newspaper said that "The Montenegrin woman takes an equal share of labor with the man at field-work, and she does all the carrying" in relation to travel by horse ride and other forms of transport by animals. The

neg: Animal welfare and rights in Azerbaijan Azerbaijan. The Book differentiates between rare and endangered species. The last version of Red Book published in 2013 contains information about rare and endangered 14 mammal species, 36 bird species, 5 species of fish, 13 amphibians, and reptile species, 40 insect species. AARC (Azerbaijan Animal Rescue and Veterinary Care Center), the first animal protection center in Azerbaijan, has been founded by Ms. Hedieh Roshanzamir. The primary goal of AARC is to minimize street animals. The organization neutered more than 4000 animals free of charge until the end of September 2017. For spaying of animals and other medical purposes, AARC employs

neg: Belongingness in groups. Belonging to a group allowed tribe members to share the workload and protect each other. Not only were they trying to ensure their own survival, but all members of their tribe were invested in each other's outcomes because each member played an important role in the group. More recently in Western society, this is not necessarily the case. Most people no longer belong to tribes, but they still protect those in their groups and still have a desire to belong in groups. The need to belong is rooted in evolutionary history. Human beings are social animals. Humans have

neg: Marine mammal training are for striving to continue the existence of oceanaria, aquaria, and laboratories housing marine animals. There are four rules for the Code of Professional Ethics. Each member is committed to: For more information you can visit a variety of authority resources such as aza.org, imata.org (international marine animal trainers association) and marinemammaltrainer.com Marine mammal training The trainers train these animals by using a positive reinforcement method called operant conditioning. There are five steps needed to become a dolphin trainer: earn a high school diploma, considering volunteering, earn a degree, obtain an internship, and become SCUBA certified. Most marine mammal trainers

neg: Aublysodon equivalent to the modern Theropoda. Marsh however, in 1892 was misled by the small size of the teeth, their D-shaped cross-section and their lack of serrations into considering "Aublysodon" a mammal exceptionally large for the Cretaceous. By the early twentieth century it was again generally understood that "Aublysodon" was a theropod reptile; later it would be typically assigned to the Deinodontidae, a group today called the Tyrannosauridae. "Aublysodon" was by Paul in 1988 thought to belong to a unique subfamily of tyrannosaurids called the Aublysodontinae, a name already coined, together with an Aublysodontidae, by Franz Nopcsa in 1928. This was

neg: Mindomys to "Megalomys". In the 2005 third edition of "Mammal Species of the World", Guy Musser and Michael Carleton listed "O. hammondi" as an "Oryzomys" of obscure affinities, but suggested that it may be related to "Megalomys". In 2006, Marcelo Weksler published a large-scale cladistic analysis of Oryzomyini ("rice rats"), the group (tribe) to which "hammondi" and the related species mentioned above belong. He used both morphological and molecular characters, but had only morphological data for "Oryzomys hammondi". The placement of the species in his results was unstable; some trees placed it close to the tree rice rats, "Oecomys", within clade

neg: Metatheria metatherians. Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a slightly more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as well as many extinct non-marsupial relatives. Metatherians are one of three main classes of extant mammals: Metatherians belong to a subgroup of the northern tribosphenic mammal clade or Boreosphenida. They differ from all other mammals in certain morphologies like their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.

neg: Metatheria Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a slightly more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as well as many extinct non-marsupial relatives. Metatherians are one of three main classes of extant mammals: Metatherians belong to a subgroup of the northern tribosphenic mammal clade or Boreosphenida. They differ from all other mammals in certain morphologies like their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars. Other

neg: Dinosaur alongside predatory mammals, and ratites are still fairly successful as mid-sized herbivores; eogruiids similarly lasted from the Eocene to Pliocene, only becoming extinct very recently after over 20 million years of co-existence with many mammal groups. Dinosaurs belong to a group known as archosaurs, which also includes modern crocodilians. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side. Collectively, dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches, Saurischia and Ornithischia. Saurischia includes those taxa sharing a

neg: Mammals of New Zealand New Zealand Threat Classification System. Māori introduced two species kurī (dog) and the kiore (Polynesian rat) and European settlers introduced many other mammal species. Agricultural animals such as cattle and sheep were also introduced, as well as alpacas and llamas. Mammals of New Zealand Prior to human settlement, the mammals of New Zealand consisted entirely of several species of bat, and several dozen marine mammal species (though the Miocene Saint Bathans Mammal shows that at some point there were terrestrial, "archaic" mammal species). The Māori brought the "kurī" (Polynesian dog) and "kiore" (Polynesian rat) in about 1250 CE, and Europeans

neg: Marine mammal training Marine mammal training The trainers train these animals by using a positive reinforcement method called operant conditioning. There are five steps needed to become a dolphin trainer: earn a high school diploma, considering volunteering, earn a degree, obtain an internship, and become SCUBA certified. Most marine mammal trainers earn their degree in marine biology, psychology, and/or animal behavior. Even though a formal education is very important, it is even more important to get a hands on experience with a senior team member and learning and becoming familiar with the animals behaviors. Training marine life is a very big task and

neg: Kayentavenator turtle "Kayentachelys", a sphenodontian reptile, various lizards, and the pterosaur "Rhamphinion". Also present were the synapsids "Dinnebitodon", "Kayentatherium", "Oligokyphus", morganucodontids, the possible early true mammal "Dinnetherium", and a haramiyid mammal. Several early crocodylomorphs were present including "Calsoyasuchus", "Eopneumatosuchus", "Kayentasuchus" and "Protosuchus". Vertebrate trace fossils from this area included coprolites and the tracks of therapsids, lizard-like animals, and dinosaurs, which provided evidence that these animals were also present. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included microbial or "algal" limestone, freshwater bivalves, freshwater mussels and snails, and ostracods. The plant life known from this area included trees that became preserved as petrified wood. Gay,

neg: United States Navy Marine Mammal Program United States Navy Marine Mammal Program The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP) is a program administered by the U.S. Navy which studies the military use of marine mammals - principally bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions - and trains animals to perform tasks such as ship and harbor protection, mine detection and clearance, and equipment recovery. The program is based in San Diego, California, where animals are housed and trained on an ongoing basis. NMMP animal teams have been deployed for use in combat zones, such as during the Vietnam War and the Iraq War. The program has been

neg: Taeniodonta Taeniodonta Taeniodonta ("banded teeth") is an extinct early group of cimolestid mammals known from the Palaeocene to the Eocene. Taeniodonts evolved quickly into highly specialized digging animals, and varied greatly in size, from rat-sized to species as large as a bear. Later species developed prominent front teeth and huge claws for digging and rooting. Some genera, like "Stylinodon", had ever-growing teeth. Two families belong to this group, Stylinodontidae and Conoryctidae. They were endemic to North America. The scarcity of taeniodont fossils can be explained by the fact that these animals probably lived in dry or arid climates unconductive to fossilization.

neg: Nesophontes Nesophontes Nesophontes, sometimes called West Indies shrews, is the sole genus of the extinct, monotypic mammal family Nesophontidae in the order Eulipotyphla. These animals were small insectivores, about 5 to 15 cm long, with a long slender snout and head and a long tail. They were endemic to Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands. Although reliable estimates are unavailable, these animals are widely believed to have survived the Pleistocene extinction since remains have been found among those of "Rattus" and "Mus" species. Some authorities estimate extinction coinciding with the

neg: Scorpion toxin Scorpion toxin Scorpion toxins are proteins found in the venom of scorpions. Their toxic effect may be mammal- or insect-specific and acts by binding to sodium channels, inhibiting the inactivation of activated channels and blocking neuronal transmission. The family includes related short- and long-chain scorpion toxins. It also contains a group of proteinase inhibitors from the plants "Arabidopsis thaliana" and Brassica spp. The "Brassica napus" (Oil seed rape) and "Sinapis alba" (White mustard) inhibitors, inhibit the catalytic activity of bovine beta-trypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, which belong to MEROPS peptidase family S1 (). This group of proteins is now used in

neg: Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park for animals and humans. A few others such as burrgrass were brought in accidentally, carried on cars and people. Historically 46 species of native mammal are known to have been living in the Uluru region; there are currently 21 according to recent surveys. Anangu allege that a decrease in the number has implications for the condition and health of the landscape. Moves are supported for the reintroduction of locally extinct animals such as mallee fowl, brushtail possum, rufous hare wallaby or "mala", bilby, burrowing bettong and the black-footed rock wallaby The mulgara, the only mammal listed as vulnerable, is mostly

neg: The Marine Mammal Center no longer capable of fending for itself. Some animals may have suffered injuries that have left them blind or otherwise disabled. Although their health is stable, they may no longer be able to survive independently in the wild. These too, are considered unreleasable. In these circumstances, the Marine Mammal Center works with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to find a permanent home for the animal in an approved zoo or aquarium. In May, 2011, the San Francisco Zoo accepted two such animals, both are male California sea lions; named Silent Knight

neg: Rainbow Basin found within the sedimentary rocks of the Barstow Formation. They include many animals not found in California today, including camels, horses, mastodons, and flamingos (Lindsay 1972:15), (Bureau of Land Management 1992:33). This unique collection of animals is representative of the "Barstovian Land Mammal age". In 1941 Rainbow Basin was designated the type reference for the "Barstovian Land Mammal age" by the North American Paleontological Society (Bureau of Land Management 1992:33). Rainbow Basin is open to the public by means of a one-way dirt road that loops through the basin. There is no camping within Rainbow Basin itself, but the Owl

neg: Mammal referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century. If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. "[[Ambondro mahabo|Ambondro]]" is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while "[[Amphilestes]]" and "[[Amphitherium]]" are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about in the [[Middle Jurassic]], this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. T. S. Kemp has provided a more traditional definition: "[[synapsid]]s that possess a

neg: March Mammal Madness March Mammal Madness March Mammal Madness is an alternate March Madness tournament focusing on simulated combat between non-human mammals, instead of college basketball. The bracket is run by a team of evolutionary biologists, using science and probability to determine the outcomes of the fights. The goal of Mammal March Madness is to provide a fun and exciting way to spread scientific knowledge about the competing animals, as well as awareness for animal conservation. March Mammal Madness dates back to 2013, when founder Katie Hinde discovered a Buzzfeed Animal Madness bracket online. She was disappointed to find it only contained 16

neg: Genomic evolution of birds Genomic evolution of birds Birds are the group of amniotes with the smallest genomes. Whereas mammal and reptilian genomes range between 1.0 and 8.2 giga base pairs (Gb), bird genomes have sizes between 0.91 Gb (black-chinned hummingbird, "Archilochus alexandri") and 1.3 Gb (common ostrich, "Struthio camelus"). Just as happens to any other living being, bird genomes’ reflect the action of natural selection upon these animals. Their genomes are the basis of their morphology and behaviour. Compared to any other group of tetrapods, birds are the ones that have less repeated elements in their genomes, comprising only 4-10% of its extent,

neg: United States Navy Marine Mammal Program lab was closed and the majority of the animals were moved to San Diego; some animals remained, as part of a program of joint research between the Navy and the University of Hawaiʻi. The Navy Marine Mammal Program is based in San Diego, California, as part of SSC San Diego. The animals are trained in San Diego Bay; dolphin handlers can frequently be seen on the bay, where specialized small boats are used to transport dolphins between their pens and the training areas. Other locations are sometimes used for specific research, such as San Clemente Island in the Channel Islands

neg: Bronze and brass ornamental work an ambitious group of a man turning a somersault over a charging bull, known as the Minoan Bull-leaper. This last was perhaps a weight; there are smaller Mycenaean weights in the forms of animals, filled with lead, from Rhodes and Cyprus. Among the latest Mycenaean bronzes found in Cyprus are several tripod-stands of simple openwork construction, a type that has also been found with transitional material in Crete and in Early Iron Age (Geometric) contexts on the Greek mainland. Some more elaborate pieces, cast in designs of ships and men and animals, belong to a group of bronzes found in

neg: The Marine Mammal Center weaning. At the center, they receive specialized veterinary care; diagnosed, treated, rehabilitated, and ideally, released back into the wild. Animals in need of assistance are usually identified by a member of the public who has contacted the center. These animals represent the following major species: California sea lion, northern elephant seal, Pacific harbor seal, northern fur seal, and the southern sea otter. On a few occasions, the Marine Mammal Center has taken in Guadeloupe fur seals, Steller sea lions, and bottlenose/Pacific white-sided dolphins. The only non-mammals that the center takes in are sea turtles. The research team consists of veterinarians

neg: Shenshou were discovered along with fossils of two other extinct squirrel-like animals, "Xianshou songae" and "Xianshou linglong", in strata dating back 160 million years. The animals were found to belong to a group referred to as haramiyids, now identifiable as early mammals. They lived alongside another group of small rodent-like animals, the multituberculates, which were already accepted as mammals. This discovery has pushed the date of the origin of mammals back to the Late Triassic, the period in which the haramiyid-multituberculate clade, Allotheria, originated, about 220 million to 200 million years ago. Haramiyids were previously known from fragments of teeth and

neg: History of paleontology in the past caused great excitement in scientific circles, and even among some segments of the general public. Buckland did describe the jaw of a small primitive mammal, "Phascolotherium", that was found in the same strata as "Megalosaurus". This discovery, known as the Stonesfield mammal, was a much discussed anomaly. Cuvier at first thought it was a marsupial, but Buckland later realized it was a primitive placental mammal. Due to its small size and primitive nature, Buckland did not believe it invalidated the overall pattern of an age of reptiles, when the largest and most conspicuous animals had been reptiles

neg: Marine mammal park as scientific studies. For that purpose many marine mammal parks joined together in the "Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums", an international association dedicated to high standard of care of marine mammals. It was founded in 1987 and established offices near Washington, DC, in 1992. In 2010, the practice of keeping animals in captivity as trained show performers was heavily criticized when a trainer was killed by an Orca Whale at SeaWorld Orlando in Florida. Orcas attacks have been documented in the film "Blackfish", released in 2013. In 2015, the California Coastal Commission banned the breeding of captive killer

neg: Menstruation (mammal) elephant shrew. Females of other species of placental mammal undergo estrous cycles, in which the endometrium is completely reabsorbed by the animal (covert menstruation) at the end of its reproductive cycle. Many zoologists regard this as different from a "true" menstrual cycle. Female domestic animals used for breeding —for example dogs, pigs, cattle, or horses— are monitored for physical signs of an estrous cycle period, which indicates that the animal is ready for insemination. Females of most mammal species advertise fertility to males with visual behavioral cues, pheromones, or both. This period of advertised fertility is known as "oestrus", "estrus"

neg: Dachshund as "dash-hound" by some English speakers. While classified in the hound group or scent hound group in the United States and Great Britain, the breed actually has its own group in the countries which belong to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Federation). Many dachshunds, especially the wire-haired subtype, may exhibit behavior and appearance that are similar to that of the terrier group of dogs. An argument can be made for the scent (or hound) group classification because the breed was developed to use scent to trail and hunt animals, and probably descended from the Saint Hubert Hound like many

neg: Secular morality subjective moral standards by which to live. Cases can also be seen in nature of animals exhibiting behavior we might classify as "moral" without religious directives to guide them. These include "detailed studies of the complex systems of altruism and cooperation that operate among social insects" and "the posting of altruistic sentinels by some species of bird and mammal, who risk their own lives to warn the rest of the group of imminent danger." Greg Epstein states that "sociologists have recently begun to pay more attention to the fact that some of the world's most secular countries, such as those

neg: Fixation index data analyzed are highly polymorphic. In this case, the probability of identity by descent is very low and F can have an arbitrarily low upper bound, which might lead to misinterpretation of the data. Also, strictly speaking F is not a distance in the mathematical sense, as it does not satisfy the triangle inequality. For populations of plants which clearly belong to the same species, values of F greater than 15% are considered "great" or "significant" differentiation, while values below 5% are considered "small" or "insignificant" differentiation. Values for mammal populations between subspecies, or closely related species, typical values are

neg: Marine mammal training the College for Marine Mammal Professions, DRCTI offers an accelerated Occupational Associates Degree in Marine Mammal Behavior, Care and Training that can be attained in 36 weeks. Additional short and long-term educational opportunities can be found here. http://marinemammaltrainer.com/dolphin-training-schools/ The International Marine Animal Trainers' Association (known as IMATA), was created in 1972. IMATA was created for communication, professionalism, and cooperation between those who serve for the marine life. This helps network and exchange ideas between marine animal trainers internationally. IMATA is dedicated to providing and advancing the most professional, effective, and humane care of marine animals in all habitats. IMATA's responsibilities

neg: Velociraptorinae direct evidence that velociraptorines, like all other maniraptorans, had feathers. While most velociraptorines were generally small animals, at least one species may have achieved gigantic sizes comparable to those found among the dromaeosaurines. So far, this unnamed giant velociraptorine is known only from isolated teeth found on the Isle of Wight, England. The teeth belong to an animal the size of dromaeosaurines of the genus "Utahraptor", but they appear to belong to a velociraptorine, judging by the shape of the teeth and the anatomy of their serrations. When erected by Barsbold in 1983, Velociraptorinae was conceived as a group containing

neg: Afrotheria not recognized as part of Afrotheria without DNA data, some precedent is found in the comparative anatomical literature for the idea that at least part of this group forms a clade. The Paleocene genus "Ocepeia", which is the most completely-known Paleocene African mammal and the oldest afrotherian known from a complete skull, shares similarities with both Paenungulata and Afroinsectiphilia, and may help to characterize the ancestral body type of afrotherians. Since the 1990s, increasing molecular and anatomical data have been applied to the classification of animals. Both types of data support the idea that afrotherian mammals are descended from a

neg: Streptococcus canis mammal species, including cattle and even humans. Instances of mortality from "S. canis" in humans are very low with only a few reported cases, while actual instances of infection may be underreported due to mischaracterizations of the bacteria as "S. dysgalactiae". This species, in general, is highly susceptible to antibiotics, and plans to develop a vaccine to prevent human infections are currently being considered. The four serogroups of hemolytic streptococci identified in domesticated dogs belong to Lancefield groups A, C, E, and G. Of these four, "S. canis" is described as belonging to group G due to it being a

neg: Spectacled bear bear native to South America and is the largest land carnivoran on that part of the continent, although as little as 5% of its diet is composed of meat. South America's largest obligate carnivorous mammal is the jaguar ("Panthera onca"). Among South America's extant, native land animals, only the Baird's tapir ("Tapirus bairdii"), South American tapir ("T. terrestris") and mountain tapir ("T. pinchaque") are heavier than this species. The spectacled bear is a mid-sized species of bear. Overall, its fur is blackish in color, though bears may vary from jet black to dark brown and to even a reddish hue.

neg: Ferugliotherium The Allen Formation is likely Maastrichtian, but not latest Maastrichtian. The Los Alamitos Formation is located in southeastern Río Negro Province, in the vicinity of the town of Cona Niyeu and was probably deposited in a marshy environment. In 1983, it yielded the first Mesozoic mammal to be found in Argentina, "Mesungulatum houssayi", and since then, the mammalian fauna has expanded to 14 species. Most of those belong to the archaic mammalian group Dryolestoidea, but the fauna also includes the gondwanatheres "Ferugliotherium" and "Gondwanatherium". The dryolestoids "Mesungulatum houssayi" and "Groebertherium novasi" and the two gondwanatheres are the most common mammals.

neg: March Mammal Madness creating a fun and exciting atmosphere where people can learn about the animals they support. In 2017, the wildcard match was performed as a live-action movie to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the tournament. The wildcard match was also done with four mammal competitors instead of the usual two. Members of the March Mammal Madness team dressed up as the competing mammals and acted out the battle in front of a green screen. The battle was then edited together and the final video was tweeted out during the first day of the 2017 March Mammal Madness season. In 2018, brief

neg: March Mammal Madness Mighty Minis, Critically Endangered, Mythical Mammals, and Sexy Beasts Animals who did not advance to round two: jerboa, bumblebee bat, tent-making bat, pygmy mouse lemur, least weasel, pygmy possum, quokka, social tuco-tuco, dormouse, Kanko, Pegasus, Pooka, Ichneumon, Water Horse, Greek Sphinx, Kishi, Colo Colo, yellow-bellied marmot, bighorn sheep, olive baboon, vervet monkey, bongo, koala, Irish elk, European hare, silver pika, black dorcopsis, cloud rat, Siau Island tarsier, Javan slow loris, riverine rabbit, saola, Sibree's dwarf lemur. Divisions: Cold-Adapted Mammals, Mighty Giants, Mammal Mascots, and Mammals of the Nouns. For the mascot mammal bracket, the university and the mammal the mascot

neg: Protozoa In the course of the 20th century, however, the old "two kingdom" system began to weaken, with the growing awareness that fungi did not belong among the plants, and that most of the unicellular protozoa were no more closely related to the animals than they were to the plants. By mid-century, some biologists, such as Herbert Copeland, Robert H. Whittaker and Lynn Margulis, advocated the revival of Haeckel's Protista or Hogg's Protoctista as a kingdom-level eukaryotic group, alongside Plants, Animals and Fungi. A variety of multi-kingdom systems were proposed, and Kingdoms Protista and Protoctista became well established in biology texts

neg: United States Navy Marine Mammal Program attached to a buoy which then explodes, alerting the Navy personnel of the intruder. Sea lions carry a similar device in their mouth, but instead attach it by hand-cuffing one of the enemy's limbs. The animals depend on their superior underwater senses and swimming ability to defend against counterattacks. MK 5 is dedicated to the recovery of test equipment that is fired from ships or dropped from planes into the ocean; the team uses California Sea Lions to locate and attach recovery hardware to underwater objects such as practice mines. In this role they can out-perform human divers, who are

neg: Broadhaven Bay are five marine mammal species that are known to frequent Irish waters which are further listed as Annex II species (protected endangered and vulnerable animals), namely; All five species are found in the Broadhaven Bay catchment. The Stags of Broadhaven are a group of jagged rocky islands a short distance from the high cliffs of Benwee Head in Kilcommon parish. They rise out of the sea rising steeply to over 100 metres above sea level. One of the rocks is entirely bisected by a long narrow cave dramatically from one side to the other and they are a popular site

neg: Canis lupus dingo the "Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology" of the ICZN becomes the available name, which is the "scientific name applied to an animal taxon". The ICZN has entered into its official list: Genus "Canis" in 1926, "Canis familiaris" as the type species for genus "Canis" in 1955, and "Canis dingo" in 1957. Taxonomy classifies organisms together which possess common characteristics. Nomenclature does not determine the rank to be accorded to any assemblage of animals but only its official name. Therefore, zoologists are free to propose which group of animals with similar characteristics that a taxon might belong to.

neg: Bactrian camel included rope, sandals, and even tents. Their ability to feed on a wide range of foods allows them to live in areas with sparse vegetation. The first time food is swallowed, it is not fully chewed. The partly masticated food (called cud) goes into the stomach and later is brought back up for further chewing. Bactrian camels belong to a fairly small group of animals that regularly eat snow to provide their water needs. Any animals living above the snowline are obliged to do this, as snow and ice are the only forms of water during winter, and by doing

neg: Giant tortoise gigantism or insular gigantism. It occurs when the size of the animals that are isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to their mainland relatives. This is due to several factors such as relaxed predation pressure, competitive release, or as an adaptation to increased environmental fluctuations on islands. However, giant tortoises are no longer considered to have been examples of island gigantism, as they originally evolved their massive sizes on the mainland. Giant tortoises were once common across the Cenozoic faunas of Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. These animals belong to an ancient group of reptiles, appearing about 250

neg: Megalosaurus group: the Dinosauria. "Megalosaurus" was thus one of the three original dinosaurs. In 1852, Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was commissioned to build a life-sized concrete model of "Megalosaurus" for the exhibition of prehistoric animals at the Crystal Palace Park in Sydenham, where it remains to this day. Hawkins worked under the direction of Owen and the statue reflected Owen's ideas that "Megalosaurus" would have been a mammal-like quadruped. The sculpture in Crystal Palace Park shows a conspicuous hump on the shoulders and it has been suggested this was inspired by a set of high vertebral spines acquired by Owen in the

neg: Shenshou including the large incisors of "Shenshou", made the animal resemble a squirrel. However, "Shenshou" are not the direct ancestors of squirrels, the resemblance being purely due to convergent evolution. Individuals are believed to have weighed . The presence of a three-boned middle ear suggests these animals were mammals; however, it has since been determined haramiyidans developed their ear bones independently from true mammals and are Mammaliaformes outside of the mammal crown-group. The teeth, which have a number of cusps, suggest that "Shenshou" was probably an omnivore, most likely with a diet of fruits, nuts and insects. The remains of "Shenshou"

neg: Megacerops Megacerops Megacerops ("large-horned face", from "méga-" "large" + "kéras" "horn" + "ōps" "face") is an extinct genus of the prehistoric odd-toed ungulate (hoofed mammal) family Brontotheriidae, an extinct group of rhinoceros-like browsers related to horses. It was endemic to North America during the Late Eocene epoch (38–33.9 mya), existing for approximately . All of the species had a pair of blunt horns on their snout (the size varying between species), with the horns of males being much larger than those of the females. This could indicate that they were social animals which butted heads for breeding privileges. Despite resembling the

neg: Paucituberculata not consider them to be closely related. The order is subdivided into: Paucituberculata Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials. Currently represented only by shrew opossums, over the course of the Cenozoic it included a wide variety of mammal species, including the Glires-like argyrolagoideans. The fossil record goes back to the Late Paleocene (Itaboraian in the SALMA classification). It is one of two clades of Ameridelphia, a paraphyletic group; genetic studies have shown these animals to be a sister group to Australidelphia (i.e., Didelphimorphia branched off first). The strange Polydolopiformes have historically been considered part of the clade, which

neg: Paucituberculata Paucituberculata Paucituberculata is an order of South American marsupials. Currently represented only by shrew opossums, over the course of the Cenozoic it included a wide variety of mammal species, including the Glires-like argyrolagoideans. The fossil record goes back to the Late Paleocene (Itaboraian in the SALMA classification). It is one of two clades of Ameridelphia, a paraphyletic group; genetic studies have shown these animals to be a sister group to Australidelphia (i.e., Didelphimorphia branched off first). The strange Polydolopiformes have historically been considered part of the clade, which would extend its range to the Paleocene. However, most modern researchers do

neg: Kosmaj edible and 5 are under the strict protection. Cleared areas are mostly used as pastures or are being cultivated as orchards and vineyards. There are 17 newly discovered species of Sesiidae and it is believed that this is their only habitat in Serbia. Animals inhabiting the mountain include 50 mammal and 100 bird species, including the more common hares, roes, pheasants, foxes, partridges and quails but also in Serbia rare, Red Listed corn crake. Wolves, once living on Kosmaj, are extinct from the mountain. The Kosmaj is touristically well prepared for hiking, cycling and touring historic and religious landmarks. It

neg: Polar ecology survive in the cold temperatures. In the Antarctic some invertebrates that exist are mites, fleas and ticks. Antarctica is the only continent that does not have a land mammal population. There are also no birds that reside in Antarctica. Though, it has been known that various birds from South America have been spotted in Antarctica. For animals to be able to live in the polar region they have to have adaptations which allow them to live in the cold and windy environments. These animals have originated with these adaptations, and animals that live in these regions are accumulating adaptations to

neg: Tuyên Quang Province textured wood, limestone vatica, hoang dan and abony-tree. There are 293 faunal species, of which there are 51 animal species belonging to 19 families; there are 175 bird species of 45 families; there are 5 reptile species and 17 amphibian species from 5 families. The animal species are found in abundance, although 39 animal species are listed in the scarce and precious category. Fauna in danger of extinction comprise 18 species of animals, 12 species of birds, 12 species of reptiles and one species of amphibian. The six mammal species particularly identified in the area are the tiger, the Asian

neg: Giant otter The indigenous Kichwa peoples from Amazonian Peru believed in a world of water where Yaku runa reigned as mother of the water and was charged with caring for fish and animals. Giant otters served as Yaku runa's canoes. A Maxacali creation story suggests that the practice of otter fishing may have been prevalent in the past. Giant otter The giant otter or giant river otter ("Pteronura brasiliensis") is a South American carnivorous mammal. It is the longest member of the Mustelidae, or weasel family, a globally successful group of predators, reaching up to . Atypical of mustelids, the giant otter

neg: Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition and the Smithsonian shared many duplicate animals with other museums. Regarding the large number of animals taken, Roosevelt said, "I can be condemned only if the existence of the National Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned." In assessing whether the toll of animals was excessive in that the animals taken spanned a period of ten months, and were procured over an area that ranged from Mombasa through Kenya, to Uganda and the Southern Sudan, a distance travelled, with side trips, of several thousand kilometres. The diversity of larger mammal species

neg: Poikilotherm the vernacular "cold-blooded", which is sometimes used to refer to ectotherms more generally. Poikilothermic animals include types of vertebrate animals, specifically some fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as a large number of invertebrate animals. The naked mole-rat is the only mammal that is currently thought to be poikilothermic. The term derives from Greek "poikilos" (), meaning "varied," ultimately from "thousand-making" and "thermos" (), meaning "heat". Poikilotherm animals must be able to function over a wider range of temperatures than homeotherms. The speed of most chemical reactions vary with temperature, and in order to function poikilotherms may have four to

neg: March Mammal Madness vole of the bank Divisions: Adjective Mammals, Coulda Shoulda, Desert Adapted, and Two Animals One Mammal Animals who did not advance to round two: snow leopard, fisher, rhesus macaque, sac-winged bat, long-tailed pangolin, burrowing bettong, hairy-nosed wombat, bat-eared fox, red squirrel, brown-throated sloth, silky anteater, southern marsupial mole, meerkat, patas monkey, marbled polecat, bilby, long-eared hedgehog, sand cat, jerboa, giant red flying squirrel, lion, leopard, fossil baboon, dire wolf, giant armadillo, Irish elk, quokka, shrew mole, raccoon dog, otter civet, kangaroo rat, mouse opossum, deer mouse, squirrel monkey, grasshopper mouse Divisions: Antecessors, Great Adaptations, When the Kat's Away, and Urban

neg: Dentition mammals the infants have a set of teeth that fall out and are replaced by adult teeth. These are called deciduous teeth, primary teeth, baby teeth or milk teeth. Animals that have two sets of teeth, one followed by the other, are said to be diphyodont. Normally the dental formula for milk teeth is the same as for adult teeth except that the molars are missing. Because mammal teeth are specialised for different functions, many mammal groups have lost teeth not needed in their adaptation. Tooth form has also undergone evolutionary modification as a result of natural selection for specialised

neg: Carbonic anhydrase considerably. The eta family of CAs was recently found in organisms of the genus "Plasmodium". These are a group of enzymes previously thought to belong to the alpha family of CAs, however it has been demonstrated that η-CAs have unique features, such as their metal ion coordination pattern. Several forms of carbonic anhydrase occur in nature. In the best-studied "α-carbonic anhydrase" form present in animals, the zinc ion is coordinated by the imidazole rings of 3 histidine residues, His94, His96, and His119. The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base

neg: Genetically modified mammal Genetically modified mammal Genetically modified mammals are mammals that have been genetically engineered. They are an important category of genetically modified organisms. The majority of research involving genetically modified mammals involves mice with attempts to produce knockout animals in other mammalian species limited by the inability to derive and stably culture embryonic stem cells. The majority of genetically modified mammals are used in research to investigate changes in phenotype when specific genes are altered. This can be used to discover the function of an unknown gene, any genetic interactions that occur or where the gene is expressed. Genetic modification can

neg: Evolution of mammals of which all modern orders had appeared. Mammals are the only living synapsids. The synapsid lineage became distinct from the sauropsid lineage in the late Carboniferous period, between 320 and 315 million years ago. The sauropsids are today's reptiles and birds along with all the extinct animals more closely related to them than to mammals. This does not include the mammal-like reptiles, a group more closely related to the mammals. Throughout the Permian period, the synapsids included the dominant carnivores and several important herbivores. In the subsequent Triassic period, however, a previously obscure group of sauropsids, the archosaurs, became the

neg: C tactile afferent C tactile afferent C tactile (CT) neurons are a class of low-threshold C neurons that innervate the human skin. In animals, these neurons are referred to as C low-threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs). CT neurons belong to a group C nerve fibers; these are unmyelinated, and have slow conduction velocities. CT afferents were discovered by Åke Vallbo using the technique of microneurography. In humans, using microneurography, CT neurons have been found in the hairy skin. In animals, these neurons have been genetically labelled and visualized with their relative patterns of axonal endings in hairy skin and in the spinal cord. In the

neg: Iguanodon forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been "transmuted" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures. In 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Mantell realised that iguanodonts were not heavy, pachyderm-like animals, as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs; however, his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades. With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, he had nearly two dozen